m A thermal power station is a power plant in

which the prime mover is steam driven.

m Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a
steam turbine which either drives an electrical
generator or does some other work, like ship
propulsion.
m As we know thermal power plant is
conventional type power source.
m In thermal power plant coal is use as fuel.
m Commercial electric utility power stations are
most usually constructed on a very large scale
and
designed for continuous operation.
m Electric power plants typically use three-phase
or individual-phase electrical generators to
produce alternating current (AC) electric power
at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz depending on
its location in the world
m !eciprocating steam engines have been used
for mechanical power sources since the 18th
Century, with notable improvements being
made by James Watt .
m The very first commercial central electrical
generating stations in New York and London, in
1882, also used reciprocating steam engines.
m As generator sizes increased, eventually
turbines took over.
a V


0
a Thermal power plant is simply work on the steam
generation and driven generator.
a High potential steam is rotate turbine ,thus
generator operate.
Construction:
1. Cooling tower
2. Cooling water
3. transmission line
4. Step-up transformer
5 . Electrical generator
6. Low pressure steam turbine
7. Condensate pump
8. Surface condenser
9. Intermediate pressure steam
turbine
10. Steam Control valve
11. High pressure steam turbine.
12. Deaerator
13. Fee-dwater heater
14. Coal conveyor
15. Coal hopper
16. Coal pulverizer
17. Boiler steam drum
18. Bottom ash hopper
19. Super-heater
20. Forced draught (draft) fan
21. !e-heater
22. Combustion air intake
23. Economiser
24. Air pre-heater
 
 
  

 V

  

a Below is a Diagram of the Basic Operation of a Thermal

Power Station.
mWe used coals as fuel for the generation of heat
energy. As the water in the Boiler evaporated due to the
intense heat, it becomes high-pressurized steams.
m And the steams are passing through a conduit , it
forces its way through the Turbine, thus rotating the
Turbine.
m The Turbine is connected to a Generator via a
coupler. As the Turbine is rotating electrical energy is
being produced.
m After the steams have passed through the turbine, it
enters a Condenser. The Condenser has got a cooling
agent and the steam will go through the cooling agent
via a pipe.
a The steam thus changes back to its liquid form and returns
to the Boiler.
a Then the quantity of coal required per hour would be
given by Weight of Coal !equired ==> Capacity * Steam
Requirement * Heat Delivered/Calorific Value of Coal *
Efficiency of Boiler
mSteam is generated in the boiler of the thermal
power plant using heat of the fuel burnt in the
combustion chamber.
mThe steam generated is passed through steam
turbine where part of its thermal energy is
converted into mechanical energy which is
further used for generating electric power.
mThe steam coming out of the steam turbine is
condensed in the condenser and the condensate
is supplied back to the boiler with the help of
the feed pump and the cycle is repeated.
mThe function of the Boiler is to generate steam.
The function of the condenser is to condense the
steam coming out of the low pressure turbine.
a The function of the steam turbine is to convert heat energy
into mechanical energy.
a The function of the condenser is to increase the pressure of
the condensate from the condenser pressure to the boiler
pressure.
a The other components like economizer, super heater, air
heater and feed water heaters are used in the primary
circuit to increase the overall efficiency of the plant
 In general, both the construction and operation of
a power plant requires the existence of some
conditions such as water resources and stable soil
type.. The following list corers most of the factors
that should be studied and considered in selection of
proper sites for power plant construction0

m0 Easy and enough access

to transportation network is required in both power
plant construction and operation periods.

m[icinity to the gas pipes reduces

the required expenses

m0 To transfer the

generated electricity to the consumers, the plant
should be connected to electrical transmission
system.Therefore the nearness to the electric
network can play a roll
m ! 0 The power plant should be
built in an area with soil and rock layers that could
stand the weight and vibrations of the power plant.
m"#$!%&$0 Even weak
and small earthquakes can damage many parts of a
power plant intensively. Therefore the site should be
away enough from the faults and previous
earthquake areas.
m" 0 It is proved that high elevation has a
negative effect on production efficiency of gas
turbines. In addition, changing of a sloping area
into a flat site for the construction of the power
plant needs extra budget. Therefore, the parameters
of elevation and slope should be considered.
a V$%0 For the construction and operating of
power plant different volumes of water are required. This
could be supplied from either rivers or underground water
resources. Therefore having enough water supplies in
defined vicinity can be a factor in the selection of the site.
a $%0 For the same reasons as above, the
site should have an enough distance from population
centers.
a '$%0 Operation of a power plant
has important impacts on environment. Therefore, priority
will be given to the locations that are far enough from
national parks, wildlife, protected areas, etc.
Ä


Ä
Ä

a  In fossil-fueled power plants, team
generator refers to a furnace that burns the fossil fuel to
boil water to generate steam.
a The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the
high purity, pressure and temperature required for the
steam turbine that drives the electrical generator.
a 6

 
    
 

 
  
     
 
     
a   
          
     
a º Boiler is a cylindrical closed vessel made from the
steel is called boiler. In which by boiling water high
pressure stem can be produce.
a In boiler coal is mainly used as fule.The other material like
oil , wood, gas, sawdust ,bagasse etc are used as fuel.
a Boiler is a heart of the thermal power plant system
a The types of boilers use in thermal power plant are as
below0
(1)Circulating fluidzed bed boiler.
(2)Water fired tube shell boiler.
(3)Water tube boiler.
(4)Fully automatic oil &and gas fired boiler.
a º&$%!!$
a Once water inside the boiler or steam generator, the
process of adding the latent heat of vaporization or
enthalpy is underway.
a The boiler transfers energy to the water by the chemical
reaction of burning some type of fuel.
a The water enters the boiler through a section in the
convection pass called the economizer. From the
economizer it passes to the steam drum.
a Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down the
down-comers to the lower inlet water-wall headers.
 $"
a Fossil fuel power plants can have a superheater and/or
reheater section in the steam generating furnace
a In a fossil fuel plant, after the steam is conditioned by the
drying equipment inside the steam drum, it is piped from
the upper drum area into tubes inside an area of the
furnace known as the superheter.

"(

a Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section

containing tubes heated by hot flue gases
a outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure
turbine is rerouted to go inside the
a reheater tubes to pickup more energy to go drive
intermediate or lower pressure turbines. This is called
thermal power plant.

M
$
a In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal
storage area is first crushed into small pieces and then
conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers.
a The coal is next pulverized into a very fine powder. The
pulverizers may be ball mills, rotating drum grinders, or
other types of grinders.
a Some power stations burn fuel oil rather than coal. The oil
must kept warm in the fuel oil storage tanks to prevent the
oil from congealing and becoming un-pumpable.
a The oil is usually heated to about 100 °C before being
pumped through the furnace fuel oil spray nozzles.
a "External fans are provided to give sufficient air for
combustion.
a The forced draft fan takes air from the atmosphere and,
first warming it in the air preheater for better combustion,
injects it via the air nozzles on the furnace wall
m $)  
m  "%%Fly ashis captured and removed from the
flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag filters located
at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan.
m The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers
below the precipitators or bag

m º"%%!! At the bottom of the

furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash.
m This hopper is always filled with water to quench the ash and
clinkers falling down from the furnace.
m º($! Since
there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return
of condensate to the boiler, losses due to blow-down and
leakages have to be made up to maintain a desired water level in
the boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is
added to the boiler water system.
 $*(!'%%
a The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment
generally has a heavy, large diameter shaft.
a The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has
to be kept in position while running. To minimise the
frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number
of bearings
m º
m Barring gear or turning gear is the mechanism provided to
rotate the turbine generator shaft at a very low speed after
unit stoppages

m !
m The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in
which cooling water is circulated through the tubes.
m The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the
shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate by
flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent diagram.
m For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must
be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest
possible pressure in the condensing steam.
a Since the condenser temperature can almost always be
kept significantly below 100 °C where the vapor pressure of
water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the
condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of
non-condensible air into the closed loop must be
prevented
a !" Preheating the feedwater reduces the
irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore
improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This
reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid
thermalshock to the boiler metal when the feed-water is
introduced back into the steam cycle.
Œ
a Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the
removal of air and other dissolved gases from the boiler
feed water.
a A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration
section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel
which serves as the deaerated boiler feed water storage
tank.
a There are many different designs for a deaerator and the
designs will vary from one manufacturer to another
 $)  
 
a An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the
start-up of the steam turbine generator.
"!
a The electricity generator requires cooling to dissipate
the heat that it generates.
a While small units may be cooled by air drawn through
filters at the inlet, larger units generally
a require special cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas
cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used
a because it has the highest known heat transfer coefficient
of any gas and for its low viscosity which reduces windage
losses
""' 
a The generator voltage ranges from 11 k[ in smaller units to
22 k[ in larger units.
a The generator high voltage leads are normally large
aluminum channels because of their high current as
compared to the cables used in smaller machines.
a The generator high voltage channels are connected to step-
up transformers for connecting to a high voltage electrical
substation(of the order of 115 k[ to 520 k[) for further
transmission by the local power grid
 " 
a ! 
a º $!% "!
%$%
 

m Power is energy per unit time.

m The power output or capacity of an electric plant can
be expressed in units of megawatts electric (in Mwe).
m The electric efficiency of a conventional thermal power
station, considered as saleable energy (in Mwe ) produced
at the plant bus-bars as a percent of the heating value of
the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48% efficient.
m This efficiency is limited as all heat engines are governed
by the laws of thermodynamics.
 !'
a The fuel used is quite cheap.
a Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants.
a It can be installed at any place irespective of the existence
of coal. The coal can be transported to the site of the plant
by rail or road.
a It require less space as compared to Hydro power plants.
a Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.
Œ!'
a It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large
amount of smoke and fumes.
a It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric
plants.
     

 V



(1)Power plant should be far away from the recidential
area
(2)Plant should have enough space for the future
implimention
(3)The physical west should be remove at proper place to
avoid its harm effect.
(4)Plants machinery should be maintain well and their
inspection must done the proper time interval
(5)Safety of the plant worker or employ should be
maintain
(6)All machinery of plant should as per standard
regulation by Government.
(7)Policy of worker and machinery should be paid at
proper time


 V

+,
0
(1)Gandhinagar thermal power station-870.
(2)Ukai thermal power plant-850mw.
(3)Wanakbori power plant-1470mw
(4) Sikka thermal power station-240mw

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