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PaCCMaTpI1Sa51 TaKWM )l{e 06pa301M l1'CTOPI1IO -renceevecraa, Mbl MQ)K'eM CKa3aTb, '4TO pa3Hl1''-\a B HeCKOJ~KO TbICH4 ner He 'I1MeeT

1) eM. R" t z l' I, .,Hi~tory of Mankind". a r.uotce Sop h u S M (i II c I . . J lJ ~~,·srhlt-hk Furopas".

3HalJ,eHlHI no Cpa'BHeHI1IO C npOI1DJ1)K'I1TeJlbHOCTblO cymecTBDBaHI1S1 'IeJlD.setIeCKOrO pCY)1a. BpeMYI, norpeeceaaureecs AJIH pa3BI1TI1Y1 cymeCT18YlOml1X pac, MO}I{eT 6bITb onpeAeJlSleMO Jll1ll1b nyres 110ifa110K, HO Mbl MD}I{eM 6bITb enome ysepeau, tITD OHO BeCbMa npOADJ1)K'I1- TeJIbHO. HaM 113BeCTHO TaK}I{e, tITO tIeJIOBeK cymeCTBQBaJI B BOCTQtIHOoM l1 3ana):lHOoM nonyurapnax U 3:IlQXY, npOAaJI}I{I1T,eJIbHa'CTb «oropat! Ma,}I{eT 6bITb onpenenena JlI1Wb na OCHaBaHJ.111 reOJIOrl1lJeCKI1X ll'aIHHbfx. Hel;:(l1IBIHIJ1Ie' ll1IooJ]e'J1018<1IH1l1'SI neIHIKa: 1) o J]elJl!H1l1iKaIBOIMI ITIiepl10~e B Ansnax npneenn ero K TOMY BbJiBOAY, tITO C [laSlBJIeHI1H tIeJIQtBeKa npourno donee CTa TblCHtI JIeT, 11 tITO '-II1BI1JII13a'-lI1Y1 MarAaJIeHCKQfi 3nOXI1, xapaKTepl13YlOmaSIICYI 3HalJI1TeJIbHblM pa3BI1TI1eM cnennana- 3a'-lUI1, I1,M,eeT 3a co6ofi He MeHee, tIe'M IllBa,[l'-laTtI1TblCSltIeJIeTHIOIO ~aBHaCTb. HeT Oc.HOBaHI1ti nonarars, srro 3Ta CTa',[IJ1.H 6blJIa ,[IOCTl1rHYTa l.JeJIOB,e'tIeCTIBOIM nOBCIOAY B al'll1H 11 TOT }I{e nepnon epeaean; HO Mbl ,QaJI}I{Hbl np1.fHSlTb aa I1'CXOiAHblti nyHKT OTAaJIeHHetimI1e spexeaa, B scoropue Mbl HaXO,[ll1'M CJle,[lbl '-IeJlOBeKa. :YlTa'K, passe I1MeeT xaxoeHI16YJ1b 3HalJeHI1e, tITD D~Ha rpyrma IB rexenae era TblCHlI JIeT noCT<I1rJla Tati }I{e CTa,'(l1l1 pa3BI111I1'SI" xoropoa npyras rpynna ',[IOCTl1'rJIa B TetIeHl1e CTa -rerupex TbICH'l JIeT? PaSBe nenocraro-mo nCTDpl1l1 }I{113HI1 aaponos 11 I1CTOpI1'leCKI1X nepexea ,[IJISI nomoro oo'scHeHI1H raxoro PQ,[Ia 3aMe,[lJIeHI15J, TaK 'lTQ HeT Ha,[la6HaCTI1 11 AanYCKaTb pa3JTI1'lI1S1 :B onoco6HOCTYlX naponee If( COo'-II1aJIbHaIMY paI3IBIHTI1'IO 2). 3Tia' 3aIMe)J;J1e'Hl1i(' iJiI:MieiJ'1IO 6'b13Ha'lJ'eIHll1le Jlll1lll1b B 110M cnysae, eCJII1 6bI IMD}I{HO 6blJIa AOKa3aTb, -rro, He3aBHCI1MD DT IlPYJ'I1X YCJIOBl1ti, DHO HeOl,UHOKpaTHO BCTpe'laeTC5J y O,[lHati 11 TaH }I{,e pacu, rorna KaK Y IlPYifl1X pac HaOJIlOllaeTCSI oonsuras 6bICTpaTa pa3BI1TI15J.

T,e'M He MeHee aacnyacaaaer BHI1MaHH5J TDT tPaKT, -rro B nacrosmee BpeMSI see 'lJIeHbl 6eJIDH pacu tPaKTI1I'le'CKI1 'B Oa1lbllleH 111111 MeHbllleti CTeneH'H npl1HI1MalOT yxacrue B nporpeoce '-1J1lBI1JJI13aL{l1l1, Me}I{AY TeM KaK '-I'I1Bl1JlI13a'-lI1'5J npyrnx pac OKa3aJ1aCb HecnocQ6HQH pacnpocrpaHl1TbCYI Cpeilll1 scex 'DJIeMeH '111111 HapO,[lQB lAaHHOH pacu. 3TO noece He 3'Ha'lIofT, 'lTa Bee 'l1le'HbI 6eJIOH pacu 6bl1l11 CnQC06HbI cosnars 11 passars 3a'laTKI1 ''-II1IBI1)1l13aQl1ol1 C O)l,HHaKoBati 6bICrpDTOti: HeJIb35J noxasars, 'lTO ,[IJIH pO,UCTBeHHbIX !APyl' IlPyry nnenen, KOTQPble pasBWBa1lUCb non B)II1HHl1eM '-IHBI1JI113a'-ll1l1, C0'3,[1aHHati HeMHa~I1MH 'llJIeHa,MI1 :nQH pacu, 6e3 :nOH nOoMOml1 He nDTpe60BaJIDCb ObI ropasno oonee npOAOJI}I{HTe1lbHOrO <spe.MeHI1 tJI)lH AQICTI1}I{eHI15J Tam BblCalKOrQ ypoans, na KDTOPOM OHH lH'aXO,[l5JTCH IB Hl'C1105Jmee BpeMH. O,[lHaKO aro, nOBI1,[1I1MOMY, CBI1,[1ere.TJbCTByeT a 3aMe'laTeJlbHQH cnOC06HOCT.l1 K YCBOeHl11O '-1'I1Ill1m~3a'-l11111, He npo.HIB}"IYIBllIei1cYl B TaKQH CTeneHI1 HI1 Y KaKQH IlPyrQti paw.

Hra«, cnenyer BbmCHI1Tb, n04e'MY nnexena IlpeBHeH Esponu nerxo YCBal1BaJII1 '-1I1BI1J1113a'-ll1lO, TorAa 'Ka'K B 'HaCTOHmee BlpeMH MbI Ha6JIIOnaex, 'lTO nepaoosrmue 'DJIeMeHa npaxonsr B ynano« H BblpO}I{,[IaJOTCYI

I) A. P e-n c k, .,Das Alter des Menschengeschlechtes". (Z (' its c h r i I t t' iI rEt II II () log i c, vol. XL. pp. 390 et scq.). P e-n c k 11 n d II r Ii c It II c r, .Dic Alpr-n im Eiszeltaltor" (Leipzig).

~) Tit. W ,I i v., .. Anthropoloqic dcr Nalurvolkcr". :) ·('d. \ III. 1, I'. ,I!{I.

II

npa COnpH'KOCHOBeHH-H C LlHBHJ1113aLlHeti, £MeCTO Toro, '1TOObi onaronapa eti paaaxsarscs. He HBJ1HeTCH J111 3TO ~OKa3aTeJ1bCTBOM oonee BblCOKOti opraunaauna 06l1'TaTeJ1eti Beponu>

no MoeMY MHeHI1IO, HeT Ha~06HOC1'11 ,r(aJ1eKO HCKaTb iIlpJ1l11I1H sroro ¢aKTa, '11 He HY)I{HO npennonarars, 'ITO 3TH npHlll1Hbl 3aKJ1IOllaIOTCH B 60JlbWI1X cnoco6HOCTHX esponeacxax 1'1 a311aTCKHX pac. no saeunreay BHAY nepaoosrrnue 11'1 oonee LlJ1IBHJlH30BaHHble JlIOAH .npeBHeH Esoonu 6blJlH CXOAHbl ,Me)l{AY C060H. nO'3TOMY He cYllIeCTB0- BaJlO OUHOBHOH TPYAHOCTH, npenHTcTBYIOllIeH B03BbIWeHHIO nepso- 6blTHbiX nneaea: OTAeJlbHaH JlH'IHOCTb, YCBOI-mWaH ce6e 60J1ee BbICOKYIO LlI1BI1JlI13aLlI1IO, Y)I{e He C'II1TaJlaCb rtpananneacautea K HI13weti pace, TaKI1M 06pa30'M, B npeenocra B 'KOJlOHlliIX B03MO)l{eH OblJ1 pOCT 061l1eCTBa nYTeM npI1Coe)J,I1HeH'I1H K HeMY Jl[1l-lHOCTeH, Bblwe)J,WI1X 113 napona, xym.rypa xoroporo 6blna 60JIe<e npI1IM'l1THBHa.

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Kpoae roro, KOHTpaCT Me)l{Ay TO'M xynsrypoa, npetJl!CTaBJ!JlTen5lMH 'KOTOPO'H HBJ1HIOTCH 6eJlble B HOBoe 'BpeMH, H nepBo6bITHOM xynsryPOH ropasno rJly6)1{e, lleM KO'HTpatCT Me)l{AY ApeBHI1MH KynbTypHbIMH naponaaa 11 TeMH, C KOTOPbIM,H 11M npl1XO')J;l1nOCb COnpI1KaCaTbCH. B uacnosutee Bpe1M15I, r.rraiBHbIIMI ol6ipa3,olM 6JlalJ'OJlapSl KIQ:~QlOC"l'nbHlOrM'Y pa3BI1THIO ¢a6pl111HOrO npOH3BO,ACTBa, npOMblWJleHHOCTb OTCTanblX HapOAOB, necnocoonux KOHKYPl1pOBaTb C npOH3BOAI1TenbHOCTbIO, CBOHCTBeHHOIO MaWI1HHOMY np0l13BOACTiBY 6enblX, rJ1i6HeT BcneACTB'l1e ):\eweBl13Hbl 11 orpoanoro KOJIl11·IeCTBa rnpO)J,YKTOIB, BB0311MblX 6enb!MH TqJf'OBU'(lrN"lJ.1, 1Iv.'€?KiW TIEIM' IK:aIK IB A:pf!BIHOCTIJ.1I llliPOI,T:IYiK,T 'P'ytlJHrO'ro rpyna sucurero KalJeCTOa :[(QHKypI1PQBaJI C npQAYKTOM pYlJHOrO TPYAa HI1'3W€lfQ 1'l1IITa. KO'rAa JlJJIH 111)CMoop,el'eIHlI1I51 .JlP'I1'J10!DJHbIX J( Yf1lQTpeOJl21HIJiIIO QPYAI1M J1m1 H3~eJll1J1 QT TQPro:BLla )J,OCTaTOlJHO OAHQ['Q AHH pa6QTbI, MI€I)KrPY T€r'Vl' Ka'K )l;r5I il1l3'rQTO'BJlle:HI~5I COlO'l1BleT!CllBeHHbIX OPW(lHIH '111)1"1 MaTepHaJIOIB 'CaMI1M TY3eMLleM 'flOHa)lOO}WOCb ObI HeCI(O'JlbKQ aenens, BnQJ1He eCTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO 1'Y3eMHoe nacenenne 'BCKQpe nepecraer 3aHJ1MaTbCH oonee Me)J,Jl,eHHbIMH 'l1 YTOMHTenbHblMI1 nponeccaxa.

CJleAJ'I€T Ta'K)I(e npHrH5rTh IB pacver, lJl1O' B IHe.K,orrO!pbIX crpaaax, QCQ6eHHO B AMepHKe 11 B HeKOTopbIX llaCTHX CI16HPI1, nepaoosrraue nnexejra nQ):laBnHIOTC5I lJl1CJleHHOCTbIO pacu, nepece.enouieacs B naceJlelHIH'yIO J1IiVlll1' cnpratHrY 111, CTQ1nh 6bFC1'PO 'BbIT,eCHSlIOlllerH rl1rx 1113 MIX CT3:PiHlIntnx y6~/K1I'llI, lfTO Hie O'I<'aGh!1llaeTrC5I SpeMlelEllIl1 !r.'IiH 'flOICTe'flE'HHO'i1 aCGI1IMH-

10

J15U.(I1I1. B ,[IpeBHOCTI1, HeCOMHeHHO, He cyll.(eCTBO~'JaJIO raxoro rpoMa,[lHOrO 1II1CJJeHHOrO Hepa'BeHCTBa, KaK HblHe aacmoaaeaoe BO MHOfI1X crpanax,

Hra 1< , YCJIOBI1SI ,[IJISI aCCI1MI1JISIQl111 H ,[IpeBHeti Espone 6bIJrl1 rOpa3,[10 OJlaI'OnpI1SITHee, lIeM B Tex crpanax, rne B naure BpeMSI nepsodsrruue HapOAbI COnpl1KacaJOTcSI C QI1BI1JII13a~l1,eti. I109TOMY HaM HeT HaA06- HOCTI1 npennonarars, lITO npeanne eaponeauu OTJIl1lIaJIl1eb 60JlbweJO oAapeHHoCTbJO, tJeM npyrae pacu, He nO\I\BepraBWMeCSI ,[10 nenaaaero SpeMeHI1 BJII1SIHI1JO QI1BI1JlI13aQI1111).

3TO'T BblBOI,[l lII'OI)KHlO nO'JJ:TB£'P')]I1:Tb eute 111 .!1!pyrl1lv\I1' <pa'KTa'M'H.

B Cpe,[lHI11e sexa apaou, HeCOMHeHHO, ,[IOCTI1,fJII1 oOJIee BbIeoKoti CT<l,u11J11 QI1IBI1JII13aQI1I1, lIeM MHome esponeacxae HaQHI1 B 9TOT n epa 0,[1. 06e 9TI1 QI1BI1Jll13aQI1l1 pa3BI1mKb B 3HallHTeJlbHoti CTeneHI1 113 O;lHI1X 11 rex )Kle I1CTOlJHI1KOB, OHI1 ;lOJI)KHbI OblTb paccaarpasaeaa, KaK BeTBVI O,ll,HOrO 11 roro )Ke nepeaa. Apa6bl, SIBJlSIBWl1eeSI HOCI1TeJlSIMI1 l.{I1BI1JII13aQI1I1, BDBce He Obml1 tJ.rIeHaMH TOH )Ke pacu, II< KOTOPOH npl1HaAJIe)KaT esponeauu, 'HO HI1KTO He CTaHeT ocnapasars I1X ,Ba)KHbIX sacnyr. I1HTepecHO HaOJIJO,ll,aTb, lI<aKI1M 06pa30M OHI1 noBJlHSIJl'11 Ha Herrpl1TSIHCKl1e pacu Cynana, B paHHJOJO anoxy, rJlaBHbllM 0'C!;Ja301M li\1'EI)I{')]:Y BTClpoH nOJlOIBIHI:-lIOH 'BOICblMO'f1G IBeiKa HI l(),)lll1!HIHial;(uaTbEvl BeKOM XpHCTl1aHCKOro JIeTOI1ClIHCJIem1SI, GYAaH nonseprancs naureCTBI1)]M XaMI1TCKI1X nnenen, 11 'MarOM'eTaHCTBO ObICTPO pacnpocrpaHSIJIOCb B Caxape 11 B 3ana)J.HOM CYAaHe. C TGrO BpeMeHI1 B03HI1'KaJIIA IA paapyuramrce B oopsce C 'COeeAHI1MI1 ,roCYAapCTB&M:JA OOWlApHbIe I1Mnepl1l1, 11 ,,[IOCH1raJlaCb CpaBHI1TeJlbHG BblCOKaSI xyns'rypa. 3aBoeBarena BCTynaJlIA 'BopaiKH C TY3e'MQaMI1, npn 1I,eM cxeuranaae pacu, ;.13 KOI1X aexoropue OKa3bIBalOTCSI nOlITH ~I1CW HerpI1TSIHOKllIM'I1, nOlAHSIJlI1Cb BbICOI<O HaH YPOBHeM .ipyrux ac}lpI1KaHCKI1X aerpos. OHJ.1H ,113 J1YtJWI1X npnaepoa nroro npe)1CTaBJI51eT, 6blTb MO)KeT, I1CTOPI1SI SOPHY. Bapr 2) 11 Haxrurans 3) 03HaKOM'I1JII1 Hac C I1/(TOpl1eH STOlfO roCY;IapCTBa, curpanurero aecsaa sa)l(HYIO pons BI1CTOPI1IA Ceaepaoti Ac}lpHKIA.'~

I10lJe1MY )Ke 'MarOMCTaHe 6blJIil1 cnOCOOHbI UlABI1JlilA30BaTb 3TIA nneMeHa 11 nO,ll,H51Tb I1X nOlJTI1 ):(0 roro YPOBHSJ, icoroporo CaMIA OHIA .:IOCTJ.1rJI'I1, Me)KAY TeM KUK OeJIbJe He 6bJJ1H !3 COCTOSIHIAIA B GKOJIbKOHHOYAb 3HalJlATeJlbHOH crenenn nOB,'1HSITb aa nerpoe B Arppmce> OxeBI1';,{HO, 3TD 06'SICH5I'eTC'51 pa3JIl1lJl1('.M B cnocooax paonpocrpaaesas 'KYJlbTYPbJ. Men(AY TeM KaK MafOiMeTaHe BJlI1SIIOT ua napoaa TaK,l1M )Ke oopaso», IKaKI1M ApeBHIA,e QI1BI1.'11130BaJl.11 eaponencsne nJIC'MeHa, 6eJIbJe nOCbIJlaJOT B Herpl1TSIHCKl1e crpanu nuun, np0AYKTbI CBOI1X MaHy<paKTYP 11 HeMHOrlAX nnu 113 CBoeH cpensr, I10,ll,JlHHHOrO CMeweHl1SI Me)KAY

I) G e 0 r g G e r l a n d, "l)a~ Ausstsrben .der Nat trvolker". F. Rat z e I, "Ant'lro-og~og'a'1hie" vol. II, pp 330 et seq.

2) I Ie 11 r y Bar t h, .Travcls and Di-covertes in North and central Africa" (21. eu., l.o ido 1 1857-58, vol. II, pn, 253 et SE'q; vol. III, pp. 425 et seq, 528 et seq.; vol. IV. p, 4°6 et seq., 579 et seq.),

S) G 11 S t a v N a c h t i ~ a 1, "Sah~ra und Sudan", vol. II, pp. 391 et seq h'll r-I scq.: \ nl. Ill, pp 270 et seq., 355 et seq.

J 1

(')D.rlee 06pa30BaHHbIM'H 6eJlbIMl1 11 HerpaM.H HH'KOfAa He npD'HCXDAHJlO. Caeuienae arerpoa 'C MaI'OM'eTaHaMYI ocooeuno 06Jler4aeTC51 6JlarDAap51 MHOrOI>KeHCTBY, npa lJeM 3aBOIe'BaTeJl·11 BCTYiflalOT B 6paI<11 C TY3eMHbl'MH >KeH~I1HaIMn ·11 BOOnYlTblSalOT CBOYlX AeTetl, KaI< 4JleROB CBOI1X ceaencra.

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Ha OCHDBam1'l1 ssnuenpaeeneauux CO06pa)l<eHHI1 Mbl npHXD.L\j1;M i( CJIeAYIOIl~·eMY BbIBO'AY: Y pasnux pac pa3BI1J1aCb l1H13HJII13aWI5I, CXO'Anas TID THiny C T 0110 , 'OT KO'TDPOti npOH30IllJIa naura C06CT1BteHHa51 III1IBHJlI13aIlIH51. Hexoropue onaronpaarnue YCJIOHl1'51 06JIer4l1ITH OblCTpoe pacnpocrpanenae 3TOH L\HBHJlI13aIlHH B Eapone. vb 9THX YCJlO'B'l1H CI1%Hee scero BJlIJ151.'111 OAI1HaKO'lBblH <p113YI4'eCKHH BHelUHHH BH;::(, 6J1I13- xoe CDcep;CTBO, He3HalJ-I1TeJIbHOCTb pa3JI!l14HH B cnocooax npOH3BDAcrsa. Korna BnOCJle)J;CTBMI1 1I1118'HJIHSaIlH5I nauana palCnpOCTpaH5ITbC5I 11 na APy.r,I1X 'I<OHTI1HeHTaX, re pacu, C KOTOPblMH ccnpaxacanacs L\HBHJlH3al.1l151 HDBDro Bpel\1eHI1, He HaXOAI1JlHCb B CTOJlb >Ke 6J1arDnpl151THOM nOJ1Q)KeHI1I1. Pe3KHe pa3JlH4H.51 pacosux THflDB, npenuieCTBOBaIBIlIa51 H30JlHpOBaHHOCTb, O'6YCJI0BJlHBa'BlUa51 BO BHOBb OTKPbTaaexux crpanax onycrounrrensnue 9nHAeMI1H, 11 ocnee 3Ha411- Te.%HbIH rrporpecc 1II1BI1J11133I1H'H nenanu aCCI1MI1J151ltI11O rOpa3;.10 6DJIee TPYAHO'ti. Bacrpoe paCCeJIeHHe esponetiuea no BceMY CBeTY YHI14TO'»cano ace B03HI11KIlIHe B pasaux crpanax 11 ooeiuaanrae nansnetiuree pa3BHTI1e Ha4aT,KH. TaKl1iM 06pa30M, 'H'11 O):lHOH pace, aa I1CKJl104eHI1eM BOCTD'4Ho-a3HaTCiI<OH, He 6blJIO naao maHCOB ,J,Jl51 TO'rD. '-ITOUbl r33[tHTb He3aBHC!1IMYlO UHBH.1113aIl11l0. Pacnpccrpanonae esponeticxon

II Milr\, Wliit,' OVillgloll •. .Hall 'a Mall, tit·, Status oi (lll' Nt'glll III N,·\\· York: INn\' )'''11\. I ()lll~llIall~, (in'('II, and Co. Ell 1).

I"

pacu npecexno POCT cy~eC'r'BOIBa!BWI1X He3aJlil1C111'11bIX aapoaaurea, He C4I1Ta,flCb C Y NI,CTBeHHblJI1H cfIoco6HOCTH1'IIJiI rex HapOAOB, cpena KOTOPWX OHQ COiBepWaJIOCb. C ~py,rOM: CTOPQHW, 1'IIbi BI1\!1.eJH1, tiro Henb351 npasasars oonsuroro 3Ha4e.HHSI oonee pa!l-IHeMY B03Hl1tKHOBeHI1JO QHBl1nl13aQJilVI B CTapOM CBeTe, xoropoe YAOBneTBOpk1TenbHO 06'51CH5IeTC5I KaK cnY4atiHWM: ycnex. CnOBOIM, ,HCTOpW4eCKl1e C06WTI151, nOBHAH1'IIOMY, ropaano oosee cnococcreoaana pa3Bl1Tl1JO QI1Bl1nM3aQI1I1, 4eM cnoc06HOCTl1 pa3JJ114Hb1X pac, TaK 4TO, cnenoearensno, ycnexn pac He AaJOT HaM npasa npennonarari., 4TQ o.~Ha paca napoearee .!\P)'II'Qti.

Hajina TaKI1M 06pa30'M .oTBeT na nepnuri 113 auureyxaaaaaux BonpOCOB, Mbl MO}KeM npncrynsm, K paspeurenmo sroporo, a I1MeHHO:

HlaJCIKOIJThKO Mbl Il1lMeelM npaeo 'PlaICCMaT!pl1lB'aTb T€ <lJHaTOIMII1'qelCI{H€ [l'PII1- 3HaKI1, 1110 oTHOllleHI1Kl K KOTOPblM HH03'e,MHble pacu OTJlHqaJOTC5I OT 6eilOM:, xax Jl.OKa3aTenbCTBQ roro, 4To. 3Tl1 pacu oKa3bIBaJ01'C5I HJ1'3WI1J\1'I1. B O,!(HOM o.THOllleHHI1 OT'BeTI1Tb na 31'o.T sonpoc nerve, qeM na npeJl.bI7lYI~I1H. Mbl npnsuana, 'ITO. OJl.I1H ycnex He naer Hall'll npaaa npennonarars Y 6enoi-i pacu 60nbllll1e YMCTBeHHble cnoc06HOCTH, 4eM 11 Jl.PYrHX, ecnn Mbl He B COCT05lHl1l1 nOJl.TBepAI1Tb Hallie npennono}KeHl1'e AOIKa3aT,e.'1bCTBaMH. 113 3TOro BbIT,eKaeT, 4TO He cnenyer HCTOJIKOBbIBaTb pa3J1l1lJl1ti Me}KAY 6eJloti pacoio 11 APYrHMI1 B CMblCJle npesccxoncraa 6enoti pacu HaA OCTaJlbHbIMl1, eCJlI1 raxoro COOTHOweHl151 Me}KJl.Y HHM,11 HeJlb351 'AOlKa3aTb aHaTo.MHqeOKHMI1 MJIM IP113110.JlOrWleCKMMH AaHHbIMI1.

He mnunee n05lCHI1Tb npaaepox nenco 11 OlJeHb qano sxpanaBaJOllIYJOC5I norusecxyio 01llM6KY. B CTapaTeJlbHOIM HCCJ1eAOIB<liHMI1, np0il13'Ble~e:HlH'OIM lH'e'C'KOln'b>l{IO JIleT TOIMY Ha3aliJ" r. P. E. El1IH 1) Jlie'M'OIHICTipil1'poaan H3BeCTHbie xapaxrepnue pa3JlH4I151 BIPOPM€ scero Moma M era 'IaCTeHMe}Kil,y 6aJlTl1MOpCKM'M aerpox 11 OaJlTHMOpCKHM QeJlbIM. Pa3- .fll1'-ll151 3Tl1 3aKJlJ04aJOTC5I B cI>o.pMie l1 OTHOCMTeJlbHoti BeJl'i1"I'I1He n06HoM: 11 aa Tbl')]lO'lJIH!O'H JWJlen 111 B 'E'elJ1ll1'lJll1lHe IMOGOIJIHICT'Olro TeJIla. l1CTOIJI'KlQlBaHl1e sroro pa3JliMlJH5I TaKOIBO, 'ITO. MeHblllHe paaaepu nepemmx AOJleH 11 M030}IltCTOfO rena YKa3bIBaJOT na HM31llee YMCTBeHHoe PW3BMTl1'e. 3TOT BblBOA 6blJl onpoaeprayr <DpaHKJlMHOM D. MOJlJleM 1). 3AeCb, rae sac rJIaBHblM 06pa30M anrepecyer JIOfMqeCKa51 OlllJ1160qHOCTb TaK,MX BbIBOAOE, AOCTaTOqHO 06paTI1Th BHI1'M'aHHe H<t' TOT IPaKT, 4TO IB peaynsTaTe cpaBHieHH5I AnHHHOrOJlOBblX 11 KOPOTI<OfOJlOBbIX MHJ\I1BM:AYYMOB OAHoti H TOH }Ke pacu, nanpnaep, AJlI1HHOrOJlOlBblX IPpa'HQY30B cesepHOM ¢paHQI1I1 M KOPOTKOfOJlO'BbIX <I>paHQY30B ueurpansaoa <DpaHQI1I1, nOJlY4.l1J1l1Cb 6bl nOAo6H1om }Ke pona pa3Jll1qM5I, HO 'ITO B TaKOM cnysae He 06HapY}KI1JlOCb ObI TaKOH irOTOIBHOCTM BbllBeCTM OTCJO}:Ia 3aKJlJ04eHl1e OTHOCHTeJlbHO 60Jlbllll1X I1JlI1 MeHbllll1X cnocoonocren.

KOHeqHO, He nOAne}KI1T COMHeHMJO, 'ITO B xapaxrepnux IPH311qeCKHX 4epTax qeJlOBeqeCKI1X pac 06HapY}KI1BaJOTC5I anasarensnue paa-

I) Rob e r t Ben net Be a n, "On a Racial Peculiarity in the Brain of the Negro". (American Journal of Anatomy, vol. IV [1935].)

2) l" r. P. M a II, .On Several Anato:nical Characters of the Human Brain, ~aid to vary according to Race and Sex, ctc." (Ibid., vol. IX, pp. 1--32.)

.111 I.J H5I. Ilser KOiK'I1, 8o.JIOCbl 11 04epTaHI151 ryo ~I uoca HBCTBeHHO OTJII14alOT acppl1KaH~a OT eaponeaua. Cnenyer paapeunrrs eonpoc:

B KaKI1X OTHOWeHI151X HaxoASITC51 3TH4epTbl K YMC"f'BeHHblM cnocooHOCTHM pacu> dTOT sonpoc MOJKHO paccaarpaaars C ,lIBYX T04eK speHI1H. Bo-nepaux, MOJKHO YTBepJK,lIaTb, sro paca, Y KOTOPOti OK'a3bDBalOl'CH ()lco6eHI{lOICT!H1, xaoeacrepaue J]JJli5! HH3'lli'I1IX CTaJI;I1'M B JKI1- IBo.11H10M, !p'5l1!lY, ifDpe.,rIjCTaIB1Jl5lleT BO scex O'fIHOWEI}];I1I51X H'l1'3W1I1'H TI1'D. BoBTOPbl~, 'Mbl MO>KeIM 1016paT'l1Tb IBiHll1JM'alH'v.:e, fJlWBlHlbIIM O!6tP:W30M, lHa' ueaTipatJ]bHlylO 'Hlep!BH'YIO aI1ICTleIM~' M 1I110CJIeAO'Bla'Tb, asnue .l]l1ee ana T'OI;Wi1'lIecxoe crpoenae y O~HOH PWCbI, lJelM Y .mP'Y1f10H.

,UJ151 BbI51CHeHI151 nepaoa TOllKI1 spenus 51 ynoM5IHY 0 H'eKOTo.PbIX 113 06pa30Ba!HI1H B lIeJIOBelleCKOM TeJle, npaanaeaeaux xapaxrepauaa ,lIJI5I Hl13WI1X pac, TaK KaK .oHI1 IBCTpellalOTC5! B xaxecrse Tl1nl1lJHblX xepr pa3BI1TI15! y >KI1IBOTHbIX. CIOAa OTH'.oCl1TC5! 113MeHeHI1e is cp.oPM,e EI1COlJHOH KOCTI1, 'KOTOpa5! Y lIeJIOBe'Ka 06bIKHOBeHHO OTAeJIeHa OT .'106HOti KOCTH .KJII1HQ.BH,lIHOIO ,J1 T'eMeHHOIO KOCT5!MI1. OKa3bIBaeTC5I, -rro y HeKOTopbIX JII1~ 'BI1COllHa5! K.oCTb 3aHHMaeT no OTHOIlleHl11O K KJII1HOlsl1:\HOH H K TeiVleHHblM KOCT5!M 6QJIbIlle lVl'eCTa, lJe.M OObIKHOBeHHQ, 11 CQnpI1KaCaeTC5I C JlQ6HQH KQCTblO. dTQ npeoonanaer Y 06e3b5lH. ,UOKa3a1HQ, 4TQ 3TQ 'l13MeHeHI1'e BCTpellaeTC5I y scex pac, '110. He QAI1HtaK.oBQ sacro,

OCQ6a5! cpQPMa 6QJlbWe6ep~OBQH KQCTH, H3BeCTl1a5! non I1MeHeM frna1'I1IK'HeMIIUI (nonepeusoe CnlJI'IO~elHlI1le), 'H!aOJlIO!:\·aIJI(tICb na oxenerax npenaenumx OCTaHKOB '4eJlQBeKa B Espone 11 TaIOKe na CKeJleTaX pa3J1I1l1HbIX pac. 'uPyrl1,MI1 xapaxrepnuan -ieprawa, llanOMI1HalO~J1,MI1 ~113Illl1e CPOPMbI, 51BJl5!IOTC5I OCQ6eHHQCTl1 B QOpa30BaHI1.J1 CYCTaBHblX nQBepXHQCTeH 6QJlbIlle6epQQBQH KQCTH H oenpa, HaH,lIeHHble Y HeKQTOPbIX lIeJIOSelJe.CKI1X TUnQ'S: II( '0 C T b 11 H K 0. B, I1JIH KOCTb, HaXQ,lI5!~a5!C5! Me>K,lIY TeMeHHbIMI1 KQCT5!MH 11 3aTblJlQlJHQH KOCTblO, BCTpe'-IalOutascs Y scex pac, HQ OCQ6eHHQ lJaCTO Y nepyanues '11 Y QOHTaTeJleH ,lIpeBHHX nY36J1oCOB; ,MeJIKl1e HQCQBble KOCT,H 11 I1X cpacrauae C sepxHeH lJeJlIOCTblO, TaK uaauaaeaue fossae praenasales, 11 H€KOTQPble SapI1IlH..\1l11W B Ip(tIClIlOIJllO>roeHl1l11i rup·Teptl1M H' lWblmQ. Bee 3TII1 '1113M'e'H''-III1lBble 4epTbi BCTpe'-IaIOTC5I Y scex pac, HQ crenens 113MeH411BQCTH He seane O,[lHHaKQBa. BepQ5ITHQ, TaKHe BapHa~1111 MaryT 6bITb paccaarpasaeau, KaK xapaxrepnue qepTbl qenQBeKa, euie He ycneaume CTaTb ycroa,{HBbIMI1, TaK xro B 3TQM CMbICJle l1X 'MOJKHQ npI13HaTb ace euie f1U,llBep>KeHHb~MI1 npoueccy 3BQJ11O~1111. ECJI'H 3TQ I1CTOJl,KQBaHl1e npaBI1JlbHQ, TO, tIl0BI1,l1HMOMY, MbI M0'>KeM npnanars re pacu, Y KOTOPbIX xapaxrepnue sepru xenosexa ynQHlIl1Bee, Qj');1a,llaIOU(HMI1 6Q.TJee BbICQKQH opranaaauneti.

MQ>KHQ Ta,K>Ke KJlaCCllcpH~l1pOBaTb PWCbl CQQTB'eTCTBeHHO pa3Hbl," TI1HH4HblM lJepraM TaKI1M 06pa30M, -rro Q,lIHa U3 HHX npencraIJJl5!e1'C5! Haw60Jlee ynaneanon or THnQB Bb!CIllI1X >KI1BQTHbIX, a APYme - MeHey. BQ scex 3Tl1X KJlaCCW<pHKaQI151X M,e>K,lIY lIeJlOBeKOM H >K11:BOTHblM .oKa3bIBaeTC5I 3HallHTeJlbHbIH npooen, Bapl1a~I1H >Ke, Ha6JIIOnaeaue npn nepexone DT DJI,HQH pacu K npyroa, neana-nrrensua no .cpaBHetHH'IO C 3TII1IV1 npo6eJFOIM·. TaK, Mbl: H'aXlO(illl1'V1, 'lTD, lITO cpasne-

14

tlHIO C xepenon, paeaepu JII1l.\a uerpoe 60J1bLlle, 4eM pasaepu naua axepmcaaua, paasepu JU1Qa KO'TO'PO'rO', B CBO'IO oxepens, ooneure, lIeM paaaepu JlI1Qa oenoro. Hl1)l{HSlSl lIaCTb ero nnua l1MeeT 60JlbLlll1e paaMepbl. AJibBeO'JlSIpHa}l lzyra BbI~I1HyTa snepea, nonysas TaKI1M oopa- 30M 'BI1,!:(, HanO'MI1HalOLllHW 'BblCWI1X 06e3bSlH. Hensas O'Tpl1'QaTb, -rro ara lIepTa CO'CTaBJfSleT B BblCllIew creneun nO'CTO'SlHHblti xapaxrepaua npaanax lIiepHbIX pac, H' -rro O'Ha npencraanser ran, HeCKO'JlhKQ oonee npI1CiJ1l1)l{alOLlll1ticSl 'K )l{I1BO'THO'MY, lie)'! eBponeH'CKl1ti rnn. TO' )l{e caaoe MO')l{HO' CKa3aTb 11 0' LU.l1POKl1X I1 npl1JnJllOcHYTbIX HO'CaX aerpos ,11 MOHI'OJlOB.

ECJIl1 MbI npaaex o6~I1e TeOpl111 Knaasa 1), Illrpaua 2) l1 Illerencaxa 3), npaenarourax aBc11PaJl11l1Qa ApeBHeHWl1M 11 Hal1:6O'JIee o6oo~ llleHHbIM Tl1nO'M xenoaexa, TO' MbI MO')l{eM raxxe 06paTl1Tb BHl1~ Mamie aa TOHK,l1e nO'3BO'HKl1, na Hepa3Bl1TO'CTb 'Kpl1Bl1'3Hbl nO'3BOHO'lI~ HOrO' cToJl16a, aa ,KOTOIPbFe" enepsue 06pa:l1WJI IBlHII1:MaiHll1'e Ke:J-mI1IH'f31M 4), I1 na O'(O'6eHHOCTl1 HO'rl1, Ha.nOM'i1HalO~I1'e '0 )l{HBO'THbIX, )l{l1By~I1X na nepeassx, HOrl1 KOTO'PbIX AOJ1)l{Hbi 6blJIl1 C;1Y.)l{l1Tb ~JI5I JIa3aHl151 C BeTKI1 na BeTKy.

OTHO'Cl1TeJlbHO' MCTO'J1KO'llaHl151 acex 3Tl1X Ha6J)IO!AeHI1W, aeooxo;:(HMO ooparars ocoooe BHHMaHH,e na TO', ''ITO' 're pacu, «oropue MbI npl1BblKJ1'H Ha3bIBa:Tb «BbICllIl1l\1H», HI1KOI1:11 06pa301M 'He CT05lT BO' scex OTHO'LlleHI151X B KOHQe psna I1 He OKa3bIBalOl1C5I HaHIDOJlee ,aaJIeKI1MI1 O'T )l{HBO'THbIX. Y enponeanes H YMOHrO'JJOB caMblH 6O'JlbLlloti Moer, y eeponesues - aeoonuuoe JIHL\O H, .Bbll,aalO~I1t\C5I HO'C; Bee 3TO -repru, 6101Jlee y',LtalJleHHble OIT BepOI5Jl1HiOrO )l{'H1B'O"flHO[1n-npe:)lJKa -ienosexa, tJe~i COO'TBeTcTBylO~l1e xepru npyrax pac, C APyrO'H CTO'POHbI, y eaponeanes Hl'vl'eIOTC5I I1 Hl131l1He OlfJl'l1l1HreJlbHblellepTbl, CBO'HCTBeHHble aBCTpaJll1HQaM: l1 re 11 npyrae B CHJlbHeHllIeH CTe.neHH CO'XpaH5IIOT sonocarocrs )l{I1BO'TI-IO'rO npemca, rorna KaK cneQI1q>HlIeCKH CBO'HCTBeHHoe 'lIeJlOBeKY pa3B!1THe xpacaux ry6 HaH60JIee pesxo supaA\eHO' Y aerpos. COO'Tl-IOllleHH5I ,Me)l{!AY lIaCT5IMI1 rena y aerpos TaK)Ke 6O'J1ee pesxo O'TJll1l1alO1'C5I DT CO'O'TBeTCTBylO~Hx CnOTHO'LlleHI1H y BbICllIl1X 06e3b5lH, lIeM y eaponeauea,

J.1CTO'JIKOBblBa51 3TH ,LIaHHble C TO'tJKI1 3peHI151 COBpe:MeHHO'H 6110- JIOrHI1, ,MbI MO)l{eM CKa3aTb, -rro lIepTbI, GneQl1<pl1tJecKH CBO'HnBeH~ Hble lI€JInBeKY, nO'5!'BJ151IOTC5I y paana-nnax pac C nepeMeHHO"1O 'YIHTeH-

i) H. K I a a t s c h, .The Skull of the Australian Aboriginal" (R e po r t s fro m the Pat hoI 0 g I c a I Lab 0 rat 0 r y 0 f the L una c y 0 epa r tmen t, New South Wales Go v ern men t, vol. I, part III [Sydney 19C8], pp. 3-167); .Oer primitive Mensch der Vergangcnheit und Gegenwart ' (Ve rhandiungen der Geselischaft d e u t s c h e r Naturforscher u n d A e r z t e, 80 Vers zu Coln, part I, p. 951; Anatomische Hefte, 1902.

2) C. H. S t rat z den H a a g. .Oas Problem der Rassenelnteilung der Menschheit" (Archiv I u r Anthropologie, N. S., vol., I, pp. 189 et seq.).

S) 0 t t 0 S c hoe ten sac k, .Oic Bedeutung Australens flir die Heranblldung des Menschen aus elner niederen Form= (Z e its c h r 1ft f ii r E t h n 0 log i e, vol. XXXIII rI90l], pp. 127 et seq.).

t) O. I. C un 11 i n g ham, • The Lumbar Curve in Man and Apes" (C u 11- II i n g h a OJ Me 111 0 irs [Dublin 188611.

CI1'~HOCTblO H -rro OTKJlOHeHHe 0'1' lKI1!lf011Horo-npeJ.\Ka pa3BHJlOCh B PaGlll1lJHbIX aanpasneansx.

Pa3 .u:aHbI see 3Tl1 pa3Mf,l{.I151 i\le)KAY paC~MI1, B03Hl1KaeT BOIllPOC:

IBlelOT lll1 OHI1 xaxoe-nnoo 3Ha4eHI1e no OTHOmeHl1lO K YMCTBeHHbIM cnOCOOHOCTSIM? B naHHbIH MOMeHT ;H Mory n03BOlll1Tb ce6e He KaCaTb'CSI pa3llI14l1M 13 BeJII14l1He 11 B CTPYKTYPHOM pa3BI1TI111 HepBHOH CI1CTeMbI 'l1 orpaH114HTbC5I 3Ha'l,eHl1eM 'Apyil'l1X 'IepT All51 y,MC'TlBeHHbIx cnOC06HOC TeM. 06Il\a51 aHaJI0Ifl151 YMcTB,eHHoro pa3BI1TI151 lKl1IBOTHbIX 11 'IeJlOBeKa nooyacnaer Hac npl1BOAI1Tb Hl13llJMe YMCTBeHHb1e'lepTbI B CB5I3b C 3Bepo06pa'3HbfMM -repraeta. MbI J.\OlllKHbI, 'OJ.\HaKO, pa,3JII1- '-IaTb 3l.\eCbMelKAY TeMI1 xaparcrepauaa aHaTOIM'I1'1eCKI1'Mll1 np113HaKaMM, 0 KOTOPbIX MbI rOBopI1Jll1, >VI pa3Bl1TI1leM ,MY,CKYJIOB JlI1~a, rynoI311Il\a 11 'I}I'eHOB, 13bI3Ba'HHbI:M npMBbI'IHOIO JI;e5lTellbHOCTblO. B pyxe, HI1KorJ.\a He ynoTpeOJI5IeMOH AJI5I P0J.\O>B Ae5lTellbHOCTM, Tpe.6ylOIl\I1X TaKOfO YTOH'IeHHOrO npHonoco6JI'eHI151, xoropoe xapaxrepao J.\jJ5I nCMXOJIDl'l1'1eCKH CllOlKHbIX .n:eHCrBHH, He OKalK,eTC5I CPOPMHpOiB~Hl1.5I, BbI3bIBae;\lOrO pa3BHTHeM Ka)K}J;OI'O MycKylla. B nnue, 'MYCKYJlbI KOTOporo He OT3bIBallMCb aa nepsaue BD36YlK}J;eHH5I, conpceocsnaiourae r;Iy60I<l1e MbICJIH H YToQHlIoeHHbI'e 'IYBCTBa, OKalK'eTC5I HeJ.\OCTaTOi< l1H,,":IMBHJ.\yaJIbHOCTH 11 YTDH'IeHHOCTI1. Illes, aunepaoraaauras T5I)K'eJIbJ.e rpysu 'I He BblDOllHSlBllJa51 pa3HDo6pa3HbIX Tpe6DBaHHH Ae_lJl1KaTHbiX '11'3MeHe'HHH nOJ1DlKeH'l151 [DnOBbI H rena, nOKalKeTC5I MaccMBHoti H HeYIKJIIO)Keti. 3TH pa3llHlJH5I, DTHDC5IIl\HeC5I K CPH3HDHOMHl1, He J.\OlllKHbI COHlBaTb Hac npa aaumx H'CToQJlKOBaHH5IX. Ho aaace H 6e3 HI1X Mbl CK.ii9HHbI aenars BbIBDAb[ OTHDC'I1TeJlbHO Y'McTBeHHoH lKI1'3HI1 na oQCHDBa'hl1l1 orcrynaioiuero naaan JI6a, rpY3HoH lJelllOCTI1, 6D.1Jb1llH'X 11 15I)KeJlOBeoCHb[X 3y6oB, a nOlKallYti. J.\alKe 'VI aa OCHOBaHl111 lJpe3MepHoM .:\J1HHbl PYK HJI'I1 He06bllJHOf'O pa3BHl'l151 BOllocaTDCTH.

CoO crporo HaYlJHDH TOlJKI1 apenns 3TH BbIBDJ.\b[, nDBI1)lHMDMY, auausaior B BbIcmeti CTeneHI1 cepseanue COM'HeHH5I. OTHOCI1TellbHO 3TYIIX npD6J1,e1l1 6b[JII1 npDI13Be;J,e'Hb[ J111ll1b He1l1HOfl1'e I1CCJIe):lOrBaHI151, HO HX peaynsraru OKa3aJlHCb snonne orpauarensnuaa. Bazoreauree H3 3THX HCCJ1e):lOBaHHH, - CAellaHHa51 Kapnox nl1pCOHOM 1) ruiarensHa51 nonsmca HCCJle)lDBaTb OTHOllJeHHe YMa [( BellHlJHHe H cpopMe 1'0.llOBbI. ErD BblBO):lbl CTDJlb BalKHbl, 'ITO 51 nosropio I1X snecs: «Ilo 'l\10e'MiY MHe<Hll1i1O Tie, xoropue a priori ClJMrrallOT Be!pD'5}THOj,j TaKYIO Co85I3b, Jl,DJllKHb[ OblJIl1 Ob[ AOK'a3aTb, lIToQ MHb[eI13MepeHl1!51 H oonee TOHK'I1e nCI1XDJlo.fHlJeCKl1e Hao!llO)leHH51 npnsena Ob[ ;J( oonee o[1pe,lJ,eJ]eHHbJ:M pe3YJ1b~a;TaM. MeH5I JIHlJH,O peay m.rar HaCT05lIl\er'0 HCCJ1eJ.\OBaHH5I yoeJl,HJI B TOM, lITO' Y 'IellDBeKa MaJloQ CB5I3H iMe)K,Qy BHlellllHll11MlI11 CPI113iH1'IeICJ(II1IMiVll '11' I1JCiI1IX.J1'4eOK'I11~1'M XaplU'l(TepHibIINl'M lJep:raL'VI1I1;). Ilo IMIDlelMIY MlHelH'l1'lO, see IlItp0Il1!31BeAeHHbLe ~o OI1,x nop I1CCJJe~OBaHIH5I aacra1BlJl5l'IOT 'I1pe)JII1'OIJII~raTb, -rro Hla C'aIMOl\1 ,IIie'J]e He ()IKa3b[OOeTCH H'I1KalKoti np5lli\lOM IO[H1131111 ,~'lIellKI)JJy ,xapaKT'epHbD'VIll1I npl1i3HaKalMII1 CI1JCTeIM' KOC'11HO'ti,

!) K a riP ear son, "On the Relationship of Intelligence to Size and Shape of Head, and to other Physical and Mental Characters" (8 i 0 111 et ric a, vol. V, PI1. ] 36 et seq.).

16

MYICKy.%J-IOH, EiHYTpeHHlocTei1 111 (J'PmHOB KPOIBO'OOpaLl(eHHlH 11 YLV1CIWHHbl-M'I1 CnOCOCiHOCT5IMI1 JIIo;leti (MaHYBpl1e) 1).

nepeXO'AI1M K Ba}!(HOMY sonpocy 0 BeJIl1'4I1He M03ra, ,KOTOpa$l, nOBI1AI1MOMY, OI<a3bIBaeTC5I e~I1HCTBeHHOIO aHaTOMl14eCKOIO 4epTOJO, I1MelOLl(eIO npsmoe O~HOWe'Hl1e K 3aHI1MalO~eMy HaC B naanoe spema sonpocy. Kaacercs npaBAon0;106HbIM, 4TD, lIe.M CiOJIbWe pasaepu LleHTpaJIbHOH HepBHOH CHCTeMbl, TeM naposnree paca, TeM CiOJIbWe ee YMCTBeHHbl·e cnoc06HOCTH. ,Ua;1HM D630P 113BenHblX cpaKTOB. ,UJI$I YCTaHOBJleHl15I BeJll14l1Hbl ueurpansaoti HepBHOH Cl1CTeMblnpHMeH5IIOTC5I ABa MeTDAa: onpenenenne seca M03ra Ii onpenenenne eMKOCTH xepennca nO;10CTI1. Vl3 3TI1X 'MeTOAOB nepBblH oceuiaer lHaHCioJIee T04Hble pe3YJ1bTaTbJ. KOHelIHO, 411CJIO eaponeaues, sec M03ra KOTOpux CiblJI onpenenen, 3Ha4'11TeJIbHD npeasnnaer 4HCJlO I1H.LII1'BI"'~YYMOB APyrl1X pac. O;1HaKO, I1MeeTC5I AOCTaT04HO AaHHblX ;1)151 roro, 4TOCibI YCTaHOBI1Tb KaK HeCOJlU-IeHHbIH cpaln, 4TO aec M03ra y 6eJIblX 60JlbWe, lIeM Bee M03ra y CiO)lbweii 4aCfl1 npyrnx pac, 'B ocoCieHHOCTI1 Y aerpos. Bee ,Jl103ra oenoro MY}!(4I1Hbl paBH5IeTC5I npl1CiJl11311TeJlbHO 1360 rpaaMDB. VlCCJIeAOBaImst eMKOCTI1 xepenoa anonne cOrJlacYIOTC5I C 3TI1MH pe3YJlbTaTaJV:Il1'. no TO'n'I1Hapy 2), e'M'KOICTb sepena MIy:)j(l{111H HeOJlI1 TH4eCKoro nepl10Aa B EBpone paBH5IeTC5I npI10JlI13I1TeJlbHO 1560 KYO. caar, (B 44 CJlY4a5lX); eMKOCTb xepena HbIHeWHI1X esponetiues - TaKOBa }!(e (B 347 CJIY4a5lx); MOHroJl0HAHOH pacu - 1510 KYO. caar. (B 68 CJIY4astx); acpPI1KaHCKI1X nerpos - 1405 KYO. caar, (B 83 CJIY4a5lx); aerpos Tnxoro oxeana - 1460 KYO. cairr. (B 46 cnysasx}. CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, 3AeCb Mbl I1MeeM 51CHO supaxeanoe OTJlI1411e B nOJlb3Y CieJIOH pacu.

VlCTOJlKOBhlBa5I 3TI1 cpal<TbI, MbI .AOJI}!(HbI nOeTa'BI1Tb nonpoc: AOKassmaer JlI1 B03paCTaHI1e l3eJll14YIHbl M03ra B03pacTaHHe cnocooaocrea> 3TO npe.LICTaBJ15lJ10Cb 6bI secsaa Bep05lTHbLM, H JI10}!(HO CibIJIO ObI npaBeCT'i1 cpaI<TbI, CBI1.L1eTeJlbCTByIOLI~l1e B nOJlb3Y 3TOro npe,J,nOJIO}!(eHI151. nepBbIM :113 3TI1X ¢aKTOB 51BJ15IeT'C5I OTHOCI1TeJlbHO OOJlbIlIa51 B'eJIHlIHHa M03ra y BblCIlIHX }!(I1BOTHbIX H euie OOJIbWa51 ero BeJIH4I1Ha y 4eJIOnexa. Ilanee, MaHY!3tpl1€!l) H'3:wep!I1IJl €IMIK'QiCTb q,epenOB TipXlA~a"f.11 mnH BbIAalOLl(I1XC5I JlIO,LIeH. OH HaWeJI, lJTD OHa B cpemrea p8JBH5IJIaCb 1665 KYO. caar. no cpaBHeHl110 C 1560 KYO. cairr., T.-e. C OOLl(I1M CpeAHI1M, nOJIY4eHHblM ua OCHOBaHl111 H3MepeHI1t1 eMKOCTI1 lIepenOB

I) L. Man 0 u v r i e r, .Les aptitudes et les actes dans leurs rapports avec la constitution anato.nique et avec Ie milieu exterieur" (B u II C tin s del a Soc i e ted' Ant h r 0 polo g i e de Par i s, 40 series, vol. 1. [189J], pp. 918 et seq.).

2) P. Topinard, .Elements d'Anthropo'ogle generale·, p. 620. 3~ecb BeJIH'II1Ra )JJIl! a:PPHl{a'lCKHX RCI POB aecsxa Ma ra . .upyroH Pl!iI, npHBOJl.liMblH TOIIHHapOM (Ib.d., p. 6:12" 3aKJIIO'IalOlllHi:l no 100 'IepenOB Ka>K.lloH rpynnu, naer cJleJ(YIOa!Hc CP:.!lRUC 'IHCJIa: napfl>KaHe-1551 Ky6. c 'RT, OB~PRllbl- 1585 Ky6. caar., a¢PHKaHCKHe Rei pbl-1471 Ky6. caar., HUBOKaJIe.lloRubl-1488 l<y6. caar.,

(uarppa 1588 Ky6. caar, B KRUI e Tonanapa - onesarxa). •

S) L. Man 0 u v r i e r, .Sur l'interpretatlon de la quantite dans reneephalc". (M e m 0 ire s del a Soc i e ted' Ant h r 0 polo g i e de Par i s, vol. III, pp. 284, 277, 21l1.)

17

110 l1HAI1BI1AYYMOB. C APyroH CTOPOHbI, OH aauren, 4TO eMKOCTb lIepenon copoxa nsrn y6H~U paasanacs 1580 Ky6. caar., T.-e. rax )ICe npeesnuana ooinee cpenaee, TaIK'OH )K1e peayns'rarr T10IJhY4I1VliCSI '11' UYl'e<M B3B'elUllJ1!BalHll15I IM<o~ra l~bllAlallOIW1X'G5I ~eH. M03r TipHAl.(a'T'11 lJ'eTblpex 11'3 HI1X 06HapY~I1Ban cpe'!(Hee YBeJll14eHI1e B 93 rpaMMa no cpaBHeHI1ID C cpe,!(HI1M BeCOM M03ra, paBHSIIOlI.{I1MCSI 1357 rpaaaaa. ~pyroti <paKT, KOTOPblH MO~HO npaaecrn B nOJIb3Y reopan, rnacsuren lJTO 60JlbUll1H M03r conposoisnaerca 60JIbUll1MI1 cnOC06HOCTSIMI1, 3aKJllOlJaeTCSI B TOM, 4110 rOJIOIBbl 'JlY'lJUl'I1'X aHlrJDl1IMICKIl1IX 'CllY,I:\eIHTOIB 601J1bme ronoa 3a'ypH~HbtX cTy,!(eHTOB (I'ans'roa) 1). Ho He CJIe,!(yeT npeYBeJIl1lJHBaTb 3Ha4eHHSI aprYMeHTOB, IBbIT,eKalOlI.{HX 113 3TI1X Ha6JlIO,leHI1H.

Bo-nepsux, He y acex BbIAalOlI.{I1XCSI JlIO):(eH M03r He06bllJai1Ho Bem1'K. Haooopor, B pHJ:lY I1X 6blJlO HaH,!(eHO He60.lJbUlOe KOJll1lJeCTBO Heo6bl4aHHOMaJlblX 'M03rOiB. Ilanee, 60JlbUlaH 4aCTb BeJll1411H seca M03ra, CQlCTaBJlSIlOll\l1X 061l\I1H PHA, onpenenaercs B aHaTOMl1lJeCKI1X HHCTI1TYTax; HlH,!(I1B'I1'!(yYMbl, TYAa nonanaiouiae, cnaoo pa3BI1Tbi BCJIe,!(CTBl1le nnoxoro fJl1TaHI1H ,11 ~113HI1 npa neonaronpaarnax OOC110HTe;lbCTBax, TOfAa KaK BblAalOIl\I1eCH JlIOAH HBJlHIOTCSI npe,':(CTaBI1T€JlHM.l1 ropasao ny-nue naratotueroca xnacca. TaK KaK nnoxoe nnrauae yaeasiuaer aec 11 pasnepu scero rena, TO OHO Bbl30BeT 11 YMeHbUleHHe pa3M'epOB'11 seca ,M03ra. CJl'e,1.0BaTeJlbHO, He YCTaHOB;lCHO AOCTOBepHo, -rro Ha6JlIOAae'MaH paaanua BCel.(e;10 06YCJIOBJleHa 60JlbUll1MI1 cnocooHOCTHMH iBlbl,!(aIOIl\I1X'C5I J1IOAeH. OTO Mo~eT TaK ~e 06'HCHI1Tb 60Jlbunre pasaepu ,M03ra cneuaanacros no cpaBHeHl110 C He06y'lJeHHb1MI1 pa60411MIl1 (cDetppatiJpa,) 2). GJlC;J:lY'eT nepellHlCm1'Tb A'a,JIblH'ei1ml1e <I>a'KTbl, orpaaxxasaioume 3HalJeHI1'e asnuenpaaeneaaoro BblBO;:J.a. Ba~HetiUlHM 113 HI1X HBJlHeTCSI paamorne B sece M03ra Me~JlY MY~lJI1HaMI1 H ~eHIl\I1HaMI1. KOf)J.a CpaBHI1BaIOTCSIMY~lJI1Hbl 11 ~eHll\l1lIbl OJlI1HaKOBOro pOCTa, OKa3bIBaeTCH, lJTO ,M03r ~eHlI.{I1Hbl ropaano nerve M03ra My~lJl1Hbl. Te,M He menee, cnoco6HOCTI1 ~eHIl\I1Hbl, KalJ,eCTBeHHO, Mo~eT 6blTb, OTJll1lJalOll\WeCH OT cnoc06HOCTeH MY}KlJI1Hbl, He MorYT 6blTb npaaaaau CTOSIIl\I1MI1 HI1~e nOCJIeAHI1X. Cm;~AOBaTeJIbHO B ,!(aHHOM CJIYlJae, MeHbUlI1H nee M03ra nOBCIO,!(Y conpOBO~AaeTCH OAI1- HaKOBblMI1 cnoc06HoCTHMH. 113 aroro <paKTa Mbl AeJIaeM TOT BblBOA, lJTO B03MO~HO, lJTO MeHbUlI1H M03r MY~lJI1H npyrnx pac BblnOJIHHeT TY ~e ,caMYIO pa60TY, KOTopaH npOH3BOJll1TCH 6C)JlbUlI1'M M03fO'M nlO,neH 6enoti pacu, Ho 3TO cpaaaeaae np0l13BOJll1TCH He npn nOJlHOiM paBeHCPBe YCJIOBI1H, TaK KaK Mbl 'Mo~eM npeAnOJIOJh.HTb,' lJTO Me~AY MY)KlJI1HOH 11 ~eHIl\I1HOH CYll\eCTBy,eT 11.3BeCTHoe crpyxrypaoe pasJIl1lJl1e, ooycnoanaaaiotuee pa3HI11..1Y B paanepax Me}K;:J.Y nonaan, TaK lJTO cpasnenae 'Me~ny MY)I{lJHHOt-i 11 ~,eHIl\HHOH He TO~AeCTBeHHO CO cpaBHeHl1eM 'l\le~AY pa3nl1llHblMH MY~lJ'I1Ha'MI1.

i) P. Gal ton, .Head Growth in Students at Cambridge", (J 0 urn a I of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ire 1 and, vol, XVIII, p. 156.)

2) A. d a Cos t a Fer r air a, .La capaclte du crane chez les Portugais'. (B u II e tin set Me m 0 ire s del a Soc i e ted' Ant h r 0 polo g i e de Par is, Serle V, vol. IV [19031, pp. 417 et seq.)

IH

Hecaorps aa 31'11 orpaunseuas, YBemt4E!HHe paaaepos M03ra y BbICWI1X IKI1BOTHblX Ii HejlOCTaTOtIHOe pa3BI1Tl1e y l1Hjll1BJ.ijlYYM08 ~mK'PO'l1e<paJDB F.lBJlI5iliOTC5l O'CHClJo'Hb:':vlH <paKTa'lV;II1, AeOOlOillH':WH oonee tI€'M B€PO'SlT'l-lb:IMI, tITO B03paICTaHI1,e pa'3IM€'POB 'M'O'3m 06¥'C'JlCBIJ]l1tSaeT B03ipa'CTaHII1,e onocccaocrea, X'O'T'SJ 3TIO' 'C'QoO'TIHOmeEIVole IHi Hie OKa3blBael1C$J CTOJlb HenOCpeACTBeHBbIM, KaK tIaCTO npennonaraior.

HeTPYAHO HaHnl 06'$JCHeHl1e roro, tITO Me)KAY BeCOM M03ra Ii YMCTBeHHbIMl1 cnoc06HOCT$JMl1 He OKa3bIBaeTC$J TOtIHOrO COOTBeTCTBI1$J. <PYHKl1I1OHl1pOBaHl1e M03ra 3aBl1Cl1T OT HepBHbIX KJIeTOK l1 BOJIOKOH, QTHIOAb He COCTaBJI5IIOLL\l1X sceri MaCCbI M03ra. M03r co MHOrl1J11l1 KJTeTKaJl1l1 l1 CJJO)KHbIMl1 CB5I3$lJl1I1 JI1e)KAY KJJeTKaMl1 MO)KeT conepxars B ce6e MeHbwe COe):ll1Hl1TeJJbHOH TKaHl1, tIeJl1 npyron JI1Q3r, HepBHa5I crpyxrypa xoroporo npouie, ,Upyrl1Ml1 CJJOBaMl1, ecnn cYLLleCTByeT TeCHa$J CB$J3b Me)K):Iy <POPJl10H l1 CnOCQ6HOCT5IMl1, ee CJJeAyeT l1CKaTb cxopee B Mop<pOJJOrl1tIeCKl1X -reprax M03ra, tIeJl1 B ero paaaepax. CB$J3b Me)K,ny a3eJJl1tII1HQti M03ra 11 KOJJl14eCTBOM KJJeTOK l1 BOJJOKQH CYLLl'€crsyer, HO 3T'a CB$J3b cnaoa ('uOHaJJb)JjWH) 1).

HeCl\lOTp51 na MHQrO'411CJleHHbIe HOtnbITKl1 HaHHl raxae crpyxrypHb['e pa3JJl1tIl15I Me)K):Iy M03raMl1 y pa3Jll14HbIX tIeJJOBetIeCKI1X pac, KO'TOpue MOrJJl1 6bI 6bITb HenO'Cpe,nCTBeIlHO' BbIpa)KeHbl B nCl1XO'JJOrl1tIeCKl1X TepMI1HaX, He 6bIJIO 1Il0.1Y4eHO HI1KaKl1X il.OCTOBepHbIX pe3YJlbTaTO'B. COCT05IHI1e HaUJI1X HbIHeWHl1X 3IlaHl1H 6blJIO XOPOWQ pe3IOM'l1pOBaIlO <PPalH'KJlI1HtOM n. MOIJJlJlleM 2), lHa ,l1'CCJleAOIBa'H'Hte KO'TOPOf'O $I Y)Ke CCbIJJanC5I. OH nonaraer, tITQ BCJle,nCTBl1e 3Ha4l1TeJlbHQH l13MeHtII1BOCTl1 l1BAI1BI1AYYJl1QB, COCTaBJ15IIOLLll1X Ka)KAYIO pacy, tIpe3BbItIaHHO TPYil.HO' cnpenenars pacosue pa3,1l1'lI1$J, 'l1 4TQ noxa Be HaHAeHQ paCOBbIX pasJIl1lJI1H, 'Bbl,nep)Kl1BaIOLLlI1X cepsesnyio KPl1Tl1KY.

Teneps MbI MO)KeM pe3IOMl1pOBaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI aaiuero npenaapaTeJIbHOrO l1CCJIe,!10BaHI15I. MbI HaWJll1, lJTO HeAOKa3aHHoe npenno.no)KeHile TO)KAeCTBeHHOCTl1 KYJIbTYPHbIX ycnexos l1 YMCTBeHHbIX cnoCo6HOCTeH OCHOBaHO na O'Wl1,6Ke CY)KAeHI151, lJTO aapaaun» B KYJIbTYPHOM pa3BI1TI1l1 JI10)KHO' 06'5ICHl1Tb '11 06LL1I1M XO'AOM HCTOpl14eCKl1X CO',6bITI1i1, He npnoeras K TeO'PI1l1 MaTepl1aJJLHbIX pa3JlI1tj.I1HMe)K,ny YMCTBeHHbIMl1 cnOC06HOCT5IMl1 y pa3JJl1tIHblX pac. MbI HaWJII1, nanee, lJTO nO):106Ha$J )Ke oWH6Ka JJe)KI1T 11 B OCHOt1e 06bItIHOrO' npeAnO'JIO')K,eH 1151 , cor JIaCHO' KO'TO'POMY oenas paca npe):lCTraBJ15IeT <p11311'QeCKI1 BbICWl1H ran tIeJIOBeKa, l1 lJTO' aHaTQMl1lJeCKl1e l1 <Pl13l10JJOfHlJeClme CO- 06pa)KeHl15I He nO)1TBep)KJlaIOT 3Tl1X B3r JJ$J):IOB.

t) H. H. Donaldson, .The Growth of the Brain" (1895); Raymond Pea r I, • Variation and Correlation In Brain-Weight". (B i 0 met r I k a, vol. IV, pp. 13 et seq.).

2) F ran k 1 i n P. M a I 1. .On Several Anatomical Characters of the Human Brain, said to varyaccording to Race and Sex, ets.·.

19

II

BJUHIHHE OKPY.lKAIOW,di CPE)J.hI HA lJEJIOBElJECKHE ranu,

Y6e;1HIBWHCb B TOM, lJTO BblCOKaSI crenens HaWeW 4HBI1Jl1.13a4HH He 06YCJlOBJIHBaeTCSI nenpeaeuno npeBOCXO:J,CTBOl\l UHaTo.lI1HlJeCl<OW o.praHH3a4HH aocurenea aroa 4HBHJ1H3a4HH cpaBHHTeJlbHO C )l.pyrHlI1H pacaan, MbI Mo.iKei\l 3aHSITbCSI oonee nOilPo6HbiM I1CCJle)l.o.BaHHell1 xapaxrepnux npH3HaJ\oB pa3Jll1lJHbIX no.)l.pa3;J,eJleHI1W lJeJlo.BelJeCKo.ro. pona, 5IcHo., sro naum I1CCJle;1o.BaHI1SI moryr OCHo.BbIDaTbCSI He aa neonpenenenaux OnWCaHI1SIX nYTeweCTBeHHI1KOB, J\!eJlalOLl.{I1X aaaelJaHHSI 0. rpoxannux nmneeapurensnux oprauax nepsocsrrxux JlIO)l.eW, 0.6 IIX nerionsuroa pocre, Hej:lQlCTaTo.lJHOM pa3BHTHH HX lJJleHOB HJlI1 )l,aiKe 0.6 HX cxoacrse C 06e3b51HaMH, a aa cepseaaoa 113YlJeHHH xapaxrepnux aHUTOi\lI1lJeCKI1X npI13HaIWB.

3)l.eCb lI1o.)l{HO pa3,lHlJl1Tb nse npodneuu, xcropue CJll1WKo.lI1 lJaCTo.

CMeWHBaJlHCb npa paCClI10TpeHHI1 xapaxrepnux YMCTBCHHbIX npnaaaKo.B l.\HBHJlH3o.naHHbIX 11 nepaocsrruux JlIO;.1ew. Ilepsas 113 9TI1X npodnea o.THo.CI1TOI K pa3JlHYl1SIM lI1eiK)l.y pacaan, a BTopaSI - K paaJlHlll110 Me)l{AY COl.\l1aJlbHblMI1 CJlo.SIMI1 o.)l.HOH 11 To.H iKe pacu. COOTBeTCTBeHHo. CMblCJlY Tep,VlI1Ho.B «l.\HBI1J1H30BaHHbIH» 11 «nepBo6bITHbIH», BnOJlHe nOHSITHo, lJTO Mo.rYT CYLl.{eCTBo.BaTb xax lIHBI1Jll130BaHHbie rpynnu, ntpHHa)l.JleiKall{l1e K pa3JlHlJ'HblM pacaet (nanp., K KI1Tat'J:..(aM f.1' eaponenuaa), 11 KaK l.\HBI1J1113o.BaHHble, TaK 11 nepnocarnae rpyrmu, npanannescaume K OAHo.H 11 TOH iKe pace (nanp., K CI16HPCKI1M IOKarHpaa .J1 K KH'Tav.'uaM, HJlH K rpynne 06pa,30BaHHb1X nerpou B COCi1HHeHHbIX lllrarax 11 K nepBo6hITHblll1 Herpl1TSIHCKI1M nnemeaaa na acpPHKaHCK'OM npx!5peiKMI). Ilpodneau, npeACTaBJ151eMble pa3Jll1lJH51MI1 MeiK}1Y pa3'HblN'11 lJeJlOBelJeCKI1M'If pacaM'I1' 11 pa3JlHlJl151iMI1 MeiK)l.Y Co.L;iI1aJIbHblMI1 rpynnaxa B npenenax o.AHI1X 11 rex iKe pac, KOHelJHo., anonne pa3J1l1lJHbI, 11 ,KaiK)l.aSI 113 HI1'X Ao.JIiKHa 6blTb paccaarpnsaeaa o.TA,eJlbHO.

Y o.6eHX T1po.6JleM ecrs OAHa 06Ll.{aSl oco6eHHOCTb, I<OTo.PYIO cnenyer o.TMeTHTb, npexae lJeM Ha,:{Jle)KaLl.{Hl't1 06pa3o.M rtpucrynars K HX paCCMOTpeHHIO. CpaBl-IHBaSI HH)l.HIBHAyyl't10B, npnnannexauncc K KaKOMYJlH60 pacoaoay l-L1H COl.\HaJlbHOMY THny, Mbl HaxOAHM, lJTO 'OHI1 BOBce

20

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1415-1955 .lUI. 5 cnysaea.
1455-1495 » 11
1495-1535 44
1535-1575 » 135
1575 -1615 » 325
1615-1655 » 607
1615 -1695 » 882
1695-1735 » 1000
1735-1775 " 882
1775 -1815 » 607
1815-1855 » 325
1855-1895 » 135
1895 -1935 . 44
1935-1975 » ·11
1975-2015 » 5 I) R H. L 0 c k, .Recent Progress in the study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution" (1906), pp. 73 et seq.; A. L. Bow 1 e y, .Elements of Statistics' (1901).

23

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14~5 -1535 " 1485 -1515 " 44 "
1535-1575 " 1.')15-1545 ,: r-s "
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1615 -1055 " 1575- 1605' " 607 "
1655-1695 .. 1605-1635 " 882 "
1695 ~-1735 ,. 1635-1665 " 1000 "
1735-1775 ,. 1665-1695 " 882 "
In~-1815 " 16~)5-1725 " 607
1815-1855 .. 1725-175') " 325
18.15-1895 ., 1755-1785 " 135 "
189)-19,5 1785-1815 " 44
1915-1975 " 1815- 1845 " 11
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TpYAHO npncrynars K 3TOMY 11CCJIeAOBaHHIO nYTeM npsaoro cpaBHeHI1,Sl M,e>K;:ty Tl1rIai\m nepsooumux '11- ~HBI1JII130BaHHbIX JIIOAeH, lIpI1HaA,1e>Kall\I1X ,J( OJ\HI1M 11 TeM >Ke pacaa, OT4aCTl1 BCJIeACTBl1e roro, '!TO He}1-erKO HaHTI1 marepnan, OTlJaCTI1 BCJIeACTB11e roro, 41'0 4aCTO' OJ(HOPO'AHOCTb pacu npeJ~cTaBJ1SleTCSl COMHI1TeJIbHOIO. Ho nenocpenCTBeHHO' OlJeBI1AHO', -rro BCSlKoe I1CCJIe;lOBaHl1e ,J-13MeH4I1BOCT11 T1-1HO''B JII0Ael1, )l{11By~I1X no~ BJJI1SlHl1elM pa3JI114Hb1X TI1HOB OKpY>KalO~ei1 cpenu, nOMQ)KeT HaM BblHCHI1Tb 3aHI1MalO~1111 Hac sonpoc, TaK 4TO !I1bl )lOJI>KHbl nepetirn K 60JIee 06~eMY paCCMOTpeHl11O npooneau YCTOH4l1BOCTl1 11JI11 113MeHlJl1J30CTI1 CPO'PMbl 4eJIClBelJeCKOrO' TeJIa.

npl1'H~I1.nbl 6110JI0fl1lJeCK0l1 HayKI-1 He nO'3BOllSlIOT HaM npennonarars nOCTO'SlHHYIO YCTO'H4l1BOCTb TeJIeCHO'H i{>0PMbl. Bee name CO'BpeMeHHO'e nOHSI:Tl1e pa3Bl1Tl1Sl pa3HOBl1AHOcTeti 11 BHAO'S OCHO'BaHO na :lOny~eHI-1I1 Bapl1a~11I1, coaepuraiouteacs 11JI11 nYTeM HaKO'nJIeHI1SI 113MeI-IeHl111 I1JII1 cpaay. Bapl1a~11I1, oracpsrrue B 4eJIOBe4eCKm1 TeJIe, :BnOJIHe cO('JIaCYIOTOI c :noH T04I<OH 3peH11Sl, 11 >1 ~tOry I1pHUCCTI1 ~iJtCCh HC-

•• r: .,)

CKOJlbKO CJlOB 113 aaaexarem.aoro rpaxrara Bnnepcreaaa 1) 0 rex YKa3aHl'HIX na jrcropmo l.JeJlOU3eKa, xoropue naer ero crpoeane: «B TeQeHJ1'e <pHJlOreHeTHl.JeCKOrO npouecca reno lJeJIOBe:Ka noasepranees P5l')J!Y H3MeHeHHH, OT~IaCTH see eute HaXO',rJ,5Ill\HX BblpaJKe'HH€ B ero OHToreHHH. I1MeIOTc5I YKa3aHH5I na TO, lJTO 113MeHeHH5I B ero opraHH3aI.{HH ace eme npO'JI,O'JlJKalOT COBepllIaTbC5I, H lJTO' lJeJlOBeK 6YAYll\,eW 6Y)J,eT OTJlVll.JaTbC5I DT nuaeumero -ienoeexa». JIYl.JllIeW l1llJlIOCTpal.{HeH 3T11X 113:vIeHeHHW CJlYJKaT <PO'PMbl opranos, nonsepraioll\HX<C5I peAYKl.{HH. TaK, IMbl MOJKe'M Ha6mOAaTb, lJTO y CO'Bpe,MeHHorO' xenceexa 'MaJlbIH naneu na nore lJaCTO' CO'AepJKHT ABe <paJlaHl'H. 3TO' 51BJleHHe, BepO'I5lTHO', Bbl3BaHO' HeAOCTaTKO'M <PYHKl.{HOHaJlb'HOrO' ynorpe- 6J1eHI151, ,11 OHO' Ha6J1IOAaJ10Cb KaK Y pac, XOA5Ill\I1'X 6O'ICHKOM, TaK 11 y pac, HOC>51ll\I1X 06YBb, TaK lJTO ero HeJlb351 npartacars ,I1CKYCCTBeHHbIM' n'P'I1'lJ'l1Ha'MI B 3)n6a/X l'aK~ei !ll1P1O!5!U3\Jl1sre''J1C5I T€H\U.elHl.IIJ1I5I K n,QICTene'HHO'il: pe~'yKl\MM, is OCO'I6ie'HIHlO'CTiH OKa3blBmO'maStOlll IS MI3MleHlJII1lBbliX pasaepax 'KO'peHHbIX 3y60B H sepxnax 60KOBbiX peauon. TpeTI1H IKO'peHHO'H 3y6, MIJ]11' 3y6 'My:rrPOCT'H, xacro 100/X'Pa!lf51e'n:~, M y 601l'bllI'HHICl'Ba pac aemflJl1Ha ero 3HalJI1T,eJlbHO' Y'MeHbllIaeTC5I. Coxpaaeane HJlH CJla6O':e pa3BWTl1e sepxaero '6O'K'O'BO'rO peaua TaK'JKe lJano BCTlpelJaeTC5I. nO'~O'6HYIO JKe peAI)I1Kl.{111O MOJKHO Ha6J1IO)laTb na HHJKHe,:vI KO'Hl.{e rPYAHO'H nO]IQICTI1, nle O'I6HapYJKI1BaIOTC5I 3HalJI1TeJIbHbre eapaamra B paa-

BWTI1W pe6ep 'H rpYAHOH KOCTI1. ,

3HalJeHI1e 3TI1X 51BJleHI1H 3aKJlIOlJaeTC5I B TO'M <paKTe, lJTO B 3BO';11Ol.{110HHOM P5lAY nenopaansaue cnysan, ecrpevaioumecs y pasaux pac HeO',ll.I1Ha,KO'BO' lJaCTO', 51BJI5IIOTC5I HOBblMI1 lJepTaMI1 pa3BI1TI151, KO'TO'Pble yseJIl1lJl1JII1 6bl ',!II1<p<pepeHl.{l1al.{111O Me)!()lY 'lJeJIOBeKOM 11 HI13111I1'MH <popMa'MI1, 'e'CJII1 6bl 0'H11 CTaJIH HO'PMaJIbHbLMI1. B ,ll.etlcTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 He AOxaaaao, lJTO' 3TI1 xeprsr BCTpelJaIOTC5I lJall\e 11 oripamaiorcs B noCTO'5IHHble xapaxrepnae npl13HalKI1; HO' 3TO' npeJl:CTaBJI5IeTC5I 6O'JI,ee lJeM BepO'51THb!M.

GI1J1bHbIIM apryaenrov B nOJlb3Y :31'Oro BbIBO'jia 51BJI5IeTC5I cYll\eCTBO'BaHHe pYAHMeHTapHbIX, He <PYHKl.{I1O'HI1PYIOll\iI1IX opranos 11 speaeaaoe nosrBJI'eIHl1e HH13WI1X -repr B TelJeHHe OHToreHeTHlJeCKOrO' pa3B!1.TI1SL

EblJIO' BbI5ICHeHO', lJTO nexoropue 113 3TI1X peAYKl.{I1H, - aanpaMep, COXpaHeHl1e 60KOBbiX peauoa - HaCJ1e.L(CTB'eI-l'Hbl 11 TaKI1M oopa- 301M MO'ryT CTaTb nOCTO'5IHHbI'MH. 3Tl1M IilO' HeKOTOPO'H CTeneHH 06'51CH5Iel'C5I TO', lJTO', KaK Ha6JIK).L(aJlO'Cb, 113BeCTHbie BapvIal.{1111 BCTpelJalOTC5I saute Y nepsoriuruux trIJle'M'eH, lJe'M Y 11I1BI1J11130BaHHbIX JlIOAetl. Ilepaoournue nnexena 60JIblllelO xacrsto oseas MaJIOlJHCJIeHHbl, HJII1 B T'€'lJ'€IH'Hle 'AIQIJ]PJ1X nepI1tO,ll.IQIS, 'K0111Jll(l ,QIHil1J 'lJ'l1CJ]€IHIHtO IBt03pWCTaIJIII'l, HX CHOme'H1J1151' C :I1IHO'13eMlUalMI!1 6bIlJIIl1 pe:;JJKiYf. E,CJlM B TalKoi1 rpyrate B 'K'aKO;\1- JlI16O' 113 nepaonauam.aux ceMetiCTB O'6HapYJKI1BaJIaCb 113BeCTHa51 OCO- 6eHHO'CTb, nOCJIe,ll.H5I5I llO'JIJKHa 11 reneps BCTpelJaTbC5I lJall\e Y 31'01'0 nJleMeHI1, lJe," Y npyrnx nnersea. 3Toro pona CJIYlJa5lMI1 51BJlflIOTC5I nnurHl1e n03BOHKI1, lJaCTO scrpevaioutaecs Y I1H,ll.eHl.{eB na O'CTpoBe BaHKY-

f) R. Wi e d e r s-h e i m, .Oer Bau des Menscheu- (4 ed., 1908); • The Structure of Man an Index to his Past History" (1895).

:20

eepe, a Bep05lTHO, 11 torus palatinus, 4aCTO BCTpe4aIOI.l\I1HC5I Y JIanJIaHAuen, Bonpoc 0 TOM, MO}l{HO JII1 06'51CHI1Tb TaKI1M }l{e 06pa30M tIaCTO BCTpetIaIOI.l\YIOC5I Y I1HAetl~eB, oonrarenea nY36JIoCOB, 11 Y nepyamtes «KOCTb I1HKOB», OCTaeTC5I aepeureaasm. n03TOMY B03MO}l{HO, tITO 60nbwa51 113MeH411BOCTb 113BeCTHbIX pac no OTHOmeHI1IO K 3TI1'M 51BneHl1'5fM He ecrs nupascenae HH3weH HJII1 BbIcwetl - CMOTP51 no 06CT05lTeJIbCTBaM - CTeneHH pa3BI1TI1S1 BceH rpyrmu, HO ):IOKa3bIBaeT cymeCTBOBaIme 60JIbIlIOrO tIl1CJIa t.lJleHOB ceaeticra, 06JIaAaBWero 3TOtl ocoooa xapaxrepaon 4epTotl. B 3THX cnyxasx MbI HMee'M ):IeJIO He 'C caMOnp0I13BOJIbHbr.MH BapH<tJ~l1i5lMI1, HO C HX HaCJIe):lCTBeHHbfM BOICnpOI1'3BeAeHHCM. I1HbIMI1 cnO'BaMI1, eCJIH 6bI HaM npl1WJIOCb npl1H5ITb TOT 'Bb:IBOJj, I.fTO 6oJlibma51 11J3Mie1H41111B:QICTb 'OGIH'a4laJeT HH3WYlO 'HIJIIl1 BbI':uiyio CTaAHIO pa3BI1TI151, TO He06xOAI1MO 6bIJIO 6bI npensaparensao AOKa3aTb,4TO 3TH 'Bapl1aI._(I1H H05lBn5lIOTCSI caMonpOH3BOJlbHO Y JII06oro 4JIeHa rpynnu, a He npnnanneacar H3BCCTHbIM ce'MeHCTBaM, ill KOTOPbIX ):(a:HHaSl -repra Hacn,eACTBeHHa. I1HatIe Heo6xOAlfMO 6Y,AeT ):IOKa3aTb, QTO ill 06ml1IPHIblIX rpyrmex !pIOJI'a: l.feiJ]CIElC'l..lI€lCKOIf1O T,elM II~JeIM€i1:CrB'ZI:\1, B KOTOPbIX 06HapY}l{I1BaeTC5I oc06a51 aHOMaJII1S1, '6bIJIa caoacrsenaa 60Jlb'llla5F Bep'05rTHOCT'b l1eip'e)K1~Ba:Tb JllPY'rl11X, t.leM ocmnbHblM'.

KaK 6bI TO HI1 ObIno, TO 06CTOSlTeJll~CTBO, 41'0 raxae Bapl1a~1111 BCTpel.JaIOTC5I, AOKa3bIBaeT, l.JTO Henb351 npennonarars, tITO l.JeJIOBCKY CB'0tlnBeHHa YCTotltIl1Ba51 <popMa. CaMO c06010 pa3YMeeTCSI, aonpoc o TOM, ;KaKOBa npOAO;I}l{I1Te!1bHOCTb BpeM'eHI1, HY}l{HOrO AJISI TOro, tI'r06bI KaK'aSl-JIJII60Jll3 paCCMaTpJIIBaeMbIX lHaMH Bapmvl.(Jllfi CTaJIa nOCT05lHHbIM npI13HaKOM,BOBce He paspeuren.

061.l\a51 TeHAeHLlI151 anrpononoru-recxoro I1ccneAOBaHl1'51 3aKnIOl.Janacs ill TQ.M, tITo6bI npennonarars nOCT05lHCTBO xapaxrepnux aHaTOMI1l.JeCKJIIX xepr HbIHeWHI1X pac, Hal.JJIIHaSl C eHpOneHCKJIIX pac paHHefi HeonJIITJIIl.J,eOKoH 3nOXI1. Haaconee peWJIITCJIbHbIfi J113 CTOPOHHJIIKOB aron T,eO!plJIIM" KOIJIJ]b:M'aIH 1), y;rtB'eipJ.K\..UaeT, 'l.JTO rJlpe[lHci1illl1J11'e l.JeJlOB'etIeCIGfe OCT<l!HKI1, Hafi):lCHHbIe B HeOnJIITJIIl.JeCKJIIX OT,'lO,}l{eHI1S1X Eapona, npeACTaHn'SlIOT Tl1'nbI, see euie HCTpel.JaIOI.l\I1'C'C5I B HeI13MeHHO,M anne cpeAJII auneumero QI1BI1Jl1130BaHHoro HaCeJIeHJllSI sroro KOHTI1HeHTa. OH nbITanC5I OTO}l{Ae'CTBI1Tb ece pa3HOBI1AHOCTI1, HafiAeHHbIe cpenn JIOI1CTOpHl.JeCKOrO HaCen,eHJllSI HeOJIJIITIJ!I'l.JeCKOrO nepaona, C pa3HOBI1AHOCT5J:MJII, }l{JIIB'yI.l\Jll.MI1 B HaCT05lIl\ee 'BpeM5I.

Bee JII'CCJleAOBaHJII5I, np0I13BOAJiIBWJiIeC5I AJI5I BbI5IOHeHI151 pacnpeneJIeHI151 <POPM rOJIOBbI JII APYrHX aHTponOMeTpl1l.JeCKI1X -repr, 06HapY}l{I1JII1 HX 0,[{Hoo:6pa3I1e aa npOT5I}l{eHI1J11 06WJiIPHbIX cnnoumux 'llpQ.CTpaHCTB JiI B resenae npono.oxarensnux nepJiIOAO:B. ECTe'CTBeHHbIM BbIHO):lOM OTiCIOi.\a 6blJIO T'0, tITO aIHTponOMeTpl1l.JeCKJiIe <POPMbI ICOXpaH5IIOl'C5I 6JIaroAap51 HaCJICtAC1'BeHHOCTI1, a :nOTOMY 31'11 <POPMbI OKa3bIBaIOTC5I YCTOH'l.JI1BbIMI1 (AeHI1Kep) 2).

t) I. K 0 11 man n, .Beitrage zu einer Kran'olog'e der Europa'schen Volker~. (A"rchiv flir:Anthropologie. vol. XIII; vol. XIV, r p. I, 70.179); Ole Rassenanatornie der Hand und die Persistenz der Rassenmerkmalen. (Ibld., vol. XXVIII, pp. 91 et seq.)

~) I. De 11 ike T, "The Races of Man".

'27

Cy~eCTByeT J1I1Wb O',nHQ '110KJ1I04eHHeI13 :3TOrQ npaBI1J1a. 80' scex rex cnyxasx, KOI',na aHTPQnQMeTpl111eCKl1e llepTbl nQ,II:BepraIOT.c51 secsaa SHU4I1TeJ1bHbIM I1SMeHeHI151M B reseuae nepnona PQCTa, CKaSblBaeTC5I BJ1I1~IHl1e 6J1arQllpl151THbIX HJ1H He6J1arQnpl151THbIX llpl14l1H. I1cCJ1e.noBaHI1'S1, rrpOl11l3Be.n:elHHbl'e ry,nOJ:\1 11 ne'KCTepO'M 1) Bel B'PeN:'H ,M,e*no,YOOOHOH B0I11-lbl, nOKa3aJ1H, -rro npencrasarenn eaponeticxax Hal..\l1i1, ponnaWl1eC5I B Aaepmce, sutne POCTQM, 4eM npe.nCTaBI1TeJ111 rex iKe na I..\I1H , ponaaumecs B Enpone. Buno BblCI<a3aHQ npeanoncxceaae, -rro J1Y4wee 1111TaHl1e, '11J111, 6bITb Mo.iKeT, soocuie ny-nuae rl1f11eHI14eCI<I1e 11 31<0- Ho.MI111eCKl1e YCJ10BI151, moryr aaanars nosumeaae pOCTa J1IO)leti. 3TI1 BbIBO,nbl 6b!J111 nonrsepanenu 113i11epeHI151MI1 acres, o6yllaIO~I1XCSI B unco nax ill nOlCTO'H'e, n!pOII1'3S'€I,[t€IHHbl'M!11 naY)lJI1I11'e"1 2) J.1 3JHTtpOlnOMeTpl1- q,e'OKHM'H HlOCJ1e.wOIB>alHl1'~MII1 neK'K3'Ma 3) IB MI1'Jlb'BOKIl1'. 3TH H!3IM'eH'e:H;I1~ B pOCTe, Bbl3BaHHble 1131\1eHI1BUJ1111111C5I YCJ10BI151MI1, 6b1JII1 He,UaBHO no'K83alHbl HI B Esporre, orne AMIM'OH 4) nC,Ka3aJ1, -rro 'P'GleT Hla:c'eJN:IH'H>I Banena cy~eCTBeHHQ nQBbICI1J1C5I B, TelleH'l1e nQCJ1e,UH'I1X rpanuarn J1eT. ,ilpYfl1e naHHble, nonrsepxnaioutae 3TQT BbIBO)l, 6blJlH ,Uo6blTbl nYTeM I1SYlleHI151 pa3J1I111HbIX couaansaux l<J1aCCQB, npa lleM naY,Ql1l1 HaWeJ1 nCIBb!meHI1'e pocra, Ha'llll1'Ha:IO~ee>C5I C ,Qe>Teii He'Clo,yqelF'H>b'IX pa604,l1'X 11 BQ3paCTaIO~ee y ,neTeti Q6Y4eHHblX pa6QlIl1X, llJ1eHOB TQprQBQrQ xnacca 11 ]1111..\, 3aHI1MaIO~l1XCSI CBQ60,nHbIMl1 npO¢eCCI151MH, 11 nYTeM Ha6J1IO,neHl1H, 06Ha'PYiK'I1IB1allO~l1iX COOTIBe'TICT'Bll1le iM,e)J{,I1!Y xaoaxrepoa YJ1!I111, IHa,C€'JIleHHbIX COICTI{),5rTeJlbIHb1MIl1 Jlro.DIb'M~1 il1 6€!II!H5hl<aIMIl1', I1 PO(l'OIM I1X 06J.'lTaTeJleH (PI1'f1JleH) 5). TeM He MeHee 31'11 113M,eHeHI.f51 B pOCTe He 6blJ111 I1CTQJlKO'BaHbl KaK l13MeHeHI151 B Tl1ne, TaK KaK I1X, KQHe4iw, MOiKHO 06'51CHI1Tb YCTpaHeHl1eM 3a,nep)Kl1SaIOI.l\I1X BJlI151HI1H, npensrCTBylO~I1X MHO'fl1oM l1I-l;:\I1BI1.u.YYMaM ,UQCTHrHYTb HOpMaJ1bHOfO pOCTa.

Pe3YJ1bTaTbl Ha6J1IO,UeHI1H Ha,Q POCTOM nO;:\TBepiKj\aIOTC5I 'uPYfl1MI1 aHTpanO,MeTpJ.fll'eCI<l1'MI1 I1CCJle~QBaHl151MI1, QTHOC5I~~MI1C51 I< pa3J1114Hb1M nporpeccasx. Hanoonee ,UO'CTOBepeH cpaKT pa3J111111151 MeiK,UY Tl.fnaMI1 MQP5lKOB l1 CQJI,UaT, 113Mepe'HHblx' oS TelleHl1e MeiK,UQYCQOHOH aM,epI1KaHCKOH BQHHbl, OCHOBaHlHblH na Ha1100J1bWeM K0J1'l111€<CTBe HaOJlIO,UeHI1H. Euno YCTaHQBJIeHO, -rro y MQP5lKQB HQm CTQJlb iKe }lJlI1HHbl, xax y Herpos, H -rro Y HI1X CQOTBeTCTBeHHQ xopose TyJ10BI1~e, MeiK,Uy TeM KaK HX pyKI1 CT'OIJlb iK'e ,UJlII1'HlHbl, xax Y aipM'ev.ICK'I1'X CO'JIJlaT. Mbl ,XODK€'M TaKiKe Q6paTl1Tb BlHl1MaHl1'e na I1CCJIe,QOIBaHI151, np0I13BO}lHBWl1eC5I B HaWI1X KQJlJJe}liKaX 11 noxaausaiourae, 4TO MHOfl1e 113MepeHI151, B 3Ha4I1TeJ1b-

I) B. A. Go u I d, .Investtga'Io-rs in the M'lta-y and Anthropological Statist.cs of Amerir a t Sold-ers- (New YO'k 11'69); I. H. Baxter, .S~ajstics, Medical and Anthropol gcal- (W8s1~i 19'Ol 18751.

2) H. P. Bowditch, .Tile Go,vth of Chl lren" (Eigth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts

[B03to 1 I 877D. .

3) G e o. W. P e c k ham. • The Growth of Children" (S i x t hAn n u a I Rep 0 r t 0 f the S tat e Boa r d 0 f He a It h 0 f Wi s k 0 n sin).

') 0 t to Am m 0 n, .Zur Anthropologe der Badener- (lena 1899). p. 514; E1v. Ph. Mac k e p ran g. "De Varnepl gt'ger Lege nshoide I Dann a; k" (M e d del s e rom Dan mar k sAn t h r 0 pol og i e IK o pen hag en 19071, vol. I); Han s D a a e; Legernets udv.kling hos No ges mandl ge ungGom.

5) Will i a m Z. Rip ley, • The Races of Europe- ~Ne\V York. 1899). p. :381.

HOM CTeneHI1 3aBYI(SI~He 0'1' CPYHKl!HH rpynn MYCKYjIOB, J.13MeHSIIOTCSi OtICHb 6bICTPO nOA BJlI1SIHHeM ynpaxorenas. CaMO C060H pa3YMeeTCSI, cneayer npnana rs, tITO pa3J1HtIHSI B <!>YHKl!110Hl1pOBaHI1I1 MYCKY;10B D AeTC'K'OIM B03'paCTe, KOTopOe .fIpoAO'JlJlCaeTCH 11' 'B ;1aJ.TJbHetimeli iK'I1'3HtH, ,,:{OJl)KHbl saaaaan, nOCTOSIHHbI'e HJlI1, no KpaHHeH Mepe, speaeanae pa3J1l1tIl1SI B CTpOeHI1I1.

l1cCJleAO'BaHl1e YCJlOBI1I1 pOCTa nOKa3bIBaeT, KaK J\OJl)KHbI pa3BI1- BaTbCSI raxne H3MeHeHI151 B <popMe 'rena. OCTaBJI}1SI B CTopOHe paaBI1'me OpraHI13Ma AD pO~KAeHI1SI, MbI HaXDAI1M, -rro KO BpeMeHI1 pO)KAeHH}I aeicoropue lIaCTI1 'rena AO TaKOH CTeneHI1 pa3BI1TbI, sro OHI1 He OlleHb AaJleKI1 OT CBOHCTBeHHbIX 110M OKOHlIaTe.lJbHbIX paanepos, rorna KaK npyrue COBepweHHO Hepa3BI1TbI. TaK, lIepen CpaBHI1TeJlbHO BCJll1K KO BpeMeHH pOiKj(eHI1SI, GH 6bICTPO pacrer B reueane KpaTKOfD Bpe~lCHI1, HO osem. CKGpO AOCTl1raeT pa3MepOIB, npI16J1I1)KaIO~I1XCSI K ero OKOHlIaTeJlbHOliBeJll1l1l1He, 11 3aTeM npOAOJl)KaeT paCTI1 DlJeHb ~leAJleHHO. C APyroH CTOPOBb!, KOHetIHOCTI1 pacryr 6bICTPO B rexeaae MHUrl1X ner. Ilpyme opranu Halll1HaIOT 6bICTPO pa3Bl1BaTbCSI JlI1Wb E! ropasno oonee n003AHI1H nepnon )K113HI1. TaKJ1.l\l 06pa30M OKa3bIsaet CSI, xro AeHcTByto~l1e ua TeJlO B pasnue nepaonu pOCTa aaae}1J1SIIOIl\ll1'e .J;[IJIIM y'C!(IO'PSIIO~l1l<! BJlII1'5I1H'W;:[ MiolryT BbI3blB'allb COIB'epWeHHO pa3J11111,HbI,€ pesynsraru. Ilocne roro KaK POCT rOJlOBbI nO'lITl1 3aKOHlIHJ1CSI, 3aMeAJlSIIO~l1e YCJlOBI1SI xoryr see euie BmlSITb aa AJIlmy J<OtHelJHOcTeti. JIHlIO, 6blICTPO pacryiuee B Tell·eEII1IC' 60iJlee npO'A'O'Jl)KHre.u.aoro nepnona, lIeM xepen, MO)KeT noaseprarscs pa3J1l1tIHbIM 13;1HSIHI1SIM noannee, lIeM nOCJlep,HI1H. Op,HHM CJlOBOM, BJlHSIHHe GKpY)KaIOmeH CpC)1bI MO)KeT 6bITb HiM conee supaxreuo, lIeM MeHee pa3Bl1T OOAeepraioutaaca eMY opran. Ilaauae OTHOCI1TeJlbHO HepaBHOMepHOH CKOPOCTH pOCTa pa3J1l1lJHbIX xacrea rena npaneneau y Benccenoepra 1).

,1l0CKOJlbKY 6bIJlO. J.13YlJa·eMo BJlI1'SIHI1e 3a,Mep,JleHJ.1'SI, DHO, nOBI1AJ.1- MOMY, OKa3bIBaeTCI! npOlJHbIM. l1HbIMH CJlOBaMJ.1, YIllCp6, BbI3BaHHblti 3aMe}1J1eHI1'eM B pa3BI1TI1I1, HJ.1KOrp,a He B03Me~aeTCSI np0;10Jl)KI1TeJlbHblM pa3BI1Tl1eM. ECJlJ.1, HCJleACTBl1e He6J1aronpl1SITHbIX 'BJJJ.1SIHl1ti, I1:1TSI POCJlO MeAJleHHO B reueuue HeCKOJlbKI1X ner, TO OHO, BepOSITHG, 6yp,eT npononacars paCTJ.1 AOJlbWe, lIe.M npyrne, aopnansnue p,eTI1, HO B Q16~€IM I1TOIre ero POCT HlaiBCe'!1llia 10CTalH'eT'CSI 'CJ.ll1mKOIM MQ'JI'bI'M (Boac 11 BMIC,CJI€'p) 2). C tI:P)I1f'OIH C1'OPOIHlb!, lAeTI1, pa3BJ.1TYlle KO'TOipbIX YCKOPHJlOCb, pauo p,OCTJ.1rHYT 3peJlOCTJ.1, HO TeM He MeHee B D6~€M I1TOre I1X POCT OKa)KeTCSI OTHOCI1TeJlbHD OOJlbWYIIM. 113 sroro paCCMOTpeHJ.151 AetiCTBI1SI, oxaausaeaoro 3aMeAJleHI1eM 11 pa3J1111111eM B nepaone pOCTa, BbITeKaeT, -rro He TOJlbKD a6COJlIOTHaSI BeJlJ.1l1J.1Ha rexa, HO I1 CDOTHOllIeHHSI B HeM AomKHbI nOABepraTbCSI BJlH5EHI1IO nepaonos 3a,1WeAJleHHSI HJlH YCKopeHI1SI.

TaKI1M 06pa30M, 06maSI TeH~eHlIJ.1SI I1'CCJle~OBaHl1ti pOCTa nonsepKHBaeT Ba)KHOCTb AeticTBI1SI ObICTPOTbI pa3Bl1Tl1SI aa OKOHlJaTe;lt>HYIO

t) OTHJCIlTeJlbHO 06UlllX .Il'!lHbIX 0 pJCTe ex, S. Wei sse n be r g. .Das Wachstum des Menschen= (1911).

t) F. Boa sand C. Wi s s I e r, .Statistics of Growth" (R e p 0 r t 0 f the ll. S. Com m iss i 0 11 e r 0 fEd u cat j 0 11 for 1!-104, pp. ~5 - 132).

29

<P0PMY rena, 'OOJle3Hb B paHHeM JJ;eTCTBe, IIJlQ.XOe IUITa:HHe, He,nOCTaTOK lI'11CrOrO 'I>O,3Jl;y~al1i ¢a1l3ll11l100KHIX ynp<l,)J{He'EIl1'H O'K"li3b:lBaIOT'CSl 3aMe~JI5lIOlI.\I1MI1 npl1l1l1'HaMI1, o6y'CJI,o.BJlI1BaIOlI.\I1MI1 TO., sro pacryuma J1IH.IlI1:BI1.1lYYM 113BecTHoro. sospacra 5IBJl51en:51 no CBO€MY IPI13110JI0!J'l1- lIeCKOMY pa:3BI1TI1IO ,MOJlo.)J{e, lIe'M 3.1l0POBbIH, xopouio T1I1TaIOlI.\I1HC51 I1H.IlI1BI1.1lYY.M, nOJlb3YIOlI.\I1HC51 0611J1l1eM csexero aoanyxa 11 XOPOWO ynpa)J{H51IOlI.\I1H OBOIO MyCKyJlbHyIO CI1.cTeM'Y. O~HaKO, BCJleACTBl1e 3aMeJJ.JleHI151 11J111 YGKOpeHI151 113MeHSleTCH ~aJlbHeHWI1H XO~ pa3BI1TI1H, TaK -rro KOHellHa,HCTai1:I1H OKa)J{eTOSI TeM oonee Y.llOBJI'eTBOpHTeJlbHQH, lIe'M M,eHbme 6blJlo. 3aMe~JJHIOlI.\I1X npl1l1HH.

Cy~SI no xony pa3BHTl1,SI rex HeiMHOrHX npocrux POJlO:B YMCTBeHHOH ~eSlTeJlbHOCTI1, xoropue OblJlI1 113Y4€Hbl, npeA'CTaBJI~eTCH 60Jlee lIeM BepOHTHbIM, -rro y,McTBeHHoe pasmrrue nO):(lIHHeHO 3aKQHaM, npeJJ.CTaBJlHIOlI.\I1M nonayio aHaJlo.!I'l1IO C '3aKOHaMl1 IPH31111,eCKQro pas- 8l1TII11H (MeHMalH') 1).

3TI1 IPaKTbI, OTHOCHI1~l1eCH K PQCTy, HMeIOT IPYHMMeHTa,lbHoe snasenne ~JlH npaBI1J1bHQrO HCTQJlKQHaHHH lIaCTO 06CY)J{,JlaBWI1XCH 5lBJleHI1H pauaea OCTaHOBKH PQCTa. Mbl BH~eJlI1, '-ITO. y 4J1eHQB O~HOH 11 TOH )J{e pacu npQIV1eHHe nepaona PQCTa aner pyxa 0.6 PYK'y C He6Jlaronp11HTHbI,M pa3BI1TI,fe,M, Me')J{.IlY TeM KaK 6Jlaro~apSi COKpalI.\eHHIO nepaona pOCTa npn scex IPl131111eCKHX 113MepeHl1HX nonylIaI01'CH OOJlbWl1e 'BeJll1l1l1HbI I1 .Il0CTl1raeTCH npeBOCXQ,iI,CTBo. YMCTBeHHOM ,neSlTeJlbHOCTI1. CaMQ c06011 pa3YMeeTCSI, -rro oona He o.THOCHTCH naTOJlOrHlIeC'Kl1e cJlYllal1 nOJlHQH npe)J{,UeBpeMeHHQH o.CTaHQBKH pa,3BI1TI1H I1J1H 4pe3M,epHoro pa3BI1TI1S1,-CJlYllal1 'KapJ1l1KOBQrO pOCTa HJTI1 MI1KpOlleIPaJlI1I1, paBHO KaK 11 cnyxaa runeprpoqnorecxoro pOCTa opraHOB. OTClO.Ila surexaer, liTO npa CY)J{,neHI1I1 0 IPl13l1QJlQfl1l1eCKOM auaxeHI1I1 OCTaHOBKI1 pOCTa HeJlb3H npl1~aBaTb caMOCTOHTeJlbHOrO 3HalleHHSI TOMY npOCTOMY IPaKTY, liTO POCT npexpauiaercs y Q,nHOH pacu panswe, lIeM y npyroa, 6e3 Ha6J1IO)J.eHI1H OTHOCI1TeiIbHO 6bICTPOTbI pOCTa.

Bee eure OICTaeTC5I uepaapeiueaaua sonpoc, HaCKO.'IbKO B03MQ.}KHbl Ta,KHe H3MeHeHUH B lIeJlOBelieCKI1X rnrrax, xoropux HeJlb3S1 o.6'SlCHl1Tb YCKopeHl1eM HJJa 3a'Me1lJleHI1,eM pOCTa.

Pl1II"ep 2) queJ]alJl rtonemoy 0,6' 9.IC1HiHTb pal3J1:l11lJl1iSl IB IPOpM'e J10JiIO'Bbl n e'HICTIEll1le M, CPI1311110iJI10lnl1'lI'€IClKlI11X 11 'MleJx'alP.lJ.1I4:elCKl1lX Y'C'J]OIB!HIH, '11 :3 Hire JIb 3) no.JJ.lIepKI1BaeT ,neHCTBl1e JJ.aHJI'eHHSI MYCKYJlOB na IPOPMY rOJI0BbI. BaJJbX'Elp 4) nsrraercs 06'5!lOHlI1Tb paGHlble <pO!p'M'bl rGI,roOlBbl' pacoaorpeHl1,eM 'Il0'JIO)J{teII-I'HiSl POIJJ!OlBbD IMlJlal)JjeHillaJ B KOIJIbl.aeJ1H'. OH JlJY'.VI'aeT, lIT'O, ecnn peoenox JIe)J{HT ua cnnse, nOJlY'lIaIOTC5I xpyrnue rOJIOBbl, a eCJII1

i) O. Me u man n, • Vorlesungen zur Elnfuhrung ill die experimentelle Padagogik" (Leipzig 1907), vol. I.

2) R i e g c r, .Ucber die Beziehungen der Schadellehre Zll Psycholog.e, Psychiatrie und Ethnr log.e- (1882).

S) Joseph Engel. .Untersuchungen tiber Schadellormen- (Prag 1851). ') O. W a I c her, .Ueber die Entstehung von Brachv-und Doliclu.kephalie" (Zentralblatt fUr Gy na k o l o g I e, vol, ""XIX [19041, N2 7); CM. rax xe Ant 0 n Ny s t r o m .Ueber die Forrnenveranderungen des rnenschlichen Schadels und deren Ursachen" (A r r h i v f li rAn t h r 0 p oJog i e , vol, XXVII, pp. 211 et seq.).

:m

OH JleIKI1T na (}oKY - AJ}'I1Hl-ible r0)10Bbl. O)lHaKO pa3J111'41HI B <pOpMe rOJIOBbl aa npOn[IKeHI1I1 06Wl1PHblX npOCTpaHC'f1B B Enpone, rAe oopalI.(t"HHe C MJ1aJ{eHl.{a,MI1 OAI1Ha'KOBO, nO'BI1AI1MOMY, C;lI1WKOM aemtKI1, 4T06bl 3TO o6'51CHeHl1e MOrJ10 6b1Tb npI1H5ITo.

EbIJ10 np0113Be,[leHO nexoropoe 411'C;10 H<l!6mo)leHl1tf, y6eAI1Te;lbHO AOKa3bfBaIOllII1IX pa3JII1411e MeIKAY rOpOACKI1M 11 Jl,epeB.eHCKI1M THna~li1. 3TIl1 H'a6JIIIO',[IeiHi1'51 6blJlll1 BinepBblle IDpOII1I3B<eJlleHbI AMIM'O'H'OI:YI 1), KOTOPhlH YCTaHOBHJI, 4TO I~ Baneae rOpO,[lCKOe aacenenne OTJIWmeTC5I OT nepeaencxoro <pOPMOtf fOJIOBbl, POCTOM 11 nl1rMeHTal.{I1ei1. OH AonYCKaeT Bb~BOA, '4TO MbI I1MeeM B .uaHHOM CJIY4ae Jl,eH,CTBI1Te;lbHoe 113MeHeHI1C B rane, IBbI3BaHHoe, OAHaKO, He np51MbIM Aei1cTBl1eM OKpYIKaIOllIeH cpenu, a cxopee YCTpaHeHi1'eM B roponcicoa IKI13HI1 113Be-crHbIX rnnon; I1HblMI1 eJIOBaMI1, neiicrsae e'CTeeTBeHHOrO oroopa.

3TO Ha6J1IOAeHl1e cor nacyercs C Ha6JIIO.ueHI151Ml1, np0l13BeAeHHbIMI1 )1I1'BII1 2) B l1T;aIJlJb'5ilHICKII1'X ropoaax, rae TaK)({,e ,0161H1aJP'Y'IK1}.I3U1en.:,SI pa3,'L11- 4l1e no cpaBHeHl1IO C oKpy)({aIOIlII1Ml1 ,MeCTHOCT51J\111. CpaBHeHI1'51 HOpMaJ1bHOfO JIOH,[IOHC'Koro HaCeJIeHl151 c JIl1l.{aMl1, COAep)l{HMbIMI1 B rocnalaJJ5LX, npOl1113Bei!\elEIHlbl'e Wpe<6l3aIJl'JI'eIM' 3), He Il'POTII1IHOp-e4a'T )JJO<lllyu,(eH'1110 l13BeCTHOH 'CTeneHI1 'COOTBeTCTIBI151 'MeIKJ{Y 60JI'e3HeHHOCTbIO l1 <p113l1- 4eCKl1'M Tl1nOM, XOT51 O'AHOPOP;HOCTb MaT'epl1aJIa, OTHOC5IllIe'fOC5I K raKOi1 CTOJII1[.je, Ka'K JlOHi\OH, '11 B351Toro 113 paann-mux 'COl..\l1aJIbHbiX CJIOeB 60JIbWOrO ropona, ecerna OCTaeTC5I CO'MHHTe;1bHotL

.npyroe 06'51CHeHl1'e, nasaeaoe Jll1'BH, nOBl1,[1HMOMY, Yi10BJleTBOpl1- TeJIbHO 06'5J,CH5IeT pa3JIl1'4l1e Me)l{AY rOpOACKl1iM l1 ,[IepeBeHCKHM aaceJIeHHeM, He 3aeTaBJI5I5I npnderars K AonYuteHI1IO 'KaKOrO-J1l160 3Ha- 4l1l'eJIbHOrO J\eHCTBH5IeCTe'CTBeHHOrO 0'J160pa, npennonaraiourero HeBep05lTHOe 'COOTBerCTBl1e, C O)J,HOi1 'CTOPOHbl, Me)l{AY CMepTHOCTbIO 11 nJ10,!(OBHTOCTbIO, a C npyroa - Me)l{,!(Y TaKI1MH 4epTaMH, KaK <PoPM<U ronoeu :HI 'nHI!1MUcI'Tall..\'l1'H. TIOOKIQ<;1bIKY Ha6JlIO~aJlOlCb !l1'3'M'eHI2'HHe Tl1na B roponax, OHO HOCI1T TaKoti xapaxrep, 4TO B repone scerna 06HaPYIKI1'BaeTC51 60J1bWe'e CXO'llCTBO ccpeAHHM Tl1nOM acero 06Wl1pHoro OIKIp')'II'a, ell KOITIOIP01MOH' paIC~O';1IQ~eIH. E<CJlI1 IMieCTHioe ,~e'PeIBeH'aKOe HaCeJ1'eHl1e 3aMeTHO KOPOTKO'fOJIOBO, a 061l1l1H Tl1n aa npOT5IiKeHl1l1 roro oonee 06WHpHOIro paaona, H3 «oroporo aaonpaercs roponcxoe HaCeJIeHHe, 60JJee ,[IJlHHHOrOJIOB, TO roponcicoe aaceneane OKaIKeTC51 B 60JIbWeHCTeneHH AJIHHHOrOJIOIBbI'M, l1 06paTHO. ECJ111 He;1b351 noxasars, 4TO B ,!(OCTaTO'4HOM 'KOJIW-leCTBe onpeneneenux ceaencrs npOJ1lCXOJ\l1T OT60p, TO 3TD 06'51CHeHHe npeACTaBJI5I,eTC5I conee npOCTbIM 11 Y,!(OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM •

Ilo nocneanero 'Bpe~MeHl1 He 6blJIO npe~CTaBJIeHO AOKa3aTeJ1bCTB ,il.eHCTBl1T€;1bHbIX l13MeHeHHH runa, aa l10KJ1i04eHl1eM euureynonsny-

t) 0 t t 0 Am m 0 n, .lur Anthropolcgle der Badener= (lena 1899), p. 641; Die naturliche Ausiese beim Menschen (1893); CM. TaK>Ke DeL a p 0 u g e, .Recherches sur I'anthropologle de l'rlle-et-Vilaine" (B u II e till del a Societe Scientifique et rn e d i c a l e de l'Ouest [Rennes l895J).

2) Rid 0 If 0 L i v I, .Antropometria Militarc« (Rome 1895), pp. 87 et seq. S) F. O. S h rub s a l l, .Physical Characters and Morbid Proclivities" (St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, 1904, \'01. XXXIX, pp. 63 ct scq.).

TblX Ha6JIIOJleHI1I1, npoasaeneanax AMMo.Ho.M 11 JlI1BI1 nan xapaxrepHblMI1 cpl1311lJeCKl1MI1 npl13HaKaMI1 nepeeeacxoro W ro.po.ACKOJ'O naceneaaa, '11 nexoropux APYfHX Ha6JllOAeHl1l1 o.THOCI1TeJlbHo. BJll1llHHll BblCo.TbI HaJ( ypOBHeM MOpll aa cpW311l!eCKYIO CPOPMY. B cnopax o pacnpenenenaa paannsnux lJeJlOBelJeCKWX Tl1nOB B Espone, ocooeaHOCTH CPOPM'b1 reua B II1I3BecT'H'bIiX Mle'CTHIOICTllX, ~ HWnplv,IM,ep, B ropax uenrpansnoii <tJpaHJ.\I1I1, B HeKOTOpblX lJaCTSIX Tocxaau, B npOBI1HJ.\lU1 3eJIU'H1,QIW'11 B rOJ]ImHAHII1, B ioro-sananaor; HOpSe'rl1IW', - 06'5DCHIllIJtJ1lCb COXpaHeHl1eM ApeBHI1X pacosux TWno.B, BJll1llHl1eM eCTeCTBeHH'Jro crcopa, l1JlI1 npllMblM BJlWllHl1eM o.KPY)I{alOll{etl cpena, CMOTPll no. TOMY, npeacraananocs JIl1 B AaHHo.M cnysae I1CCJlel\o.BaTeJllO Heo.6xo.AI1'11blM yxasunars TY I1JlW I1HYIO npWlJl1HY l1JlW Ko.M6I1HaJ.\111O KaKl1X-JlI16o. ,QBYX I1JlW scex npl1lJl1H, Ka'K nonxonsutee 06'51CHeI-ll1e TPYllHo. o.6'llCHI1MOro. nBJleHI111 (Pannea) 1). Camo cocoa paayaeercs, '-ITO. pncxoaaanoe npnaeneaae HeAo.Ka3aHHbIX, xorx H 'Bo.3Mo.iKHb1X reopna He MOIJ(eT CJlYiKHTb ,Qo.Ka3aTeJlbCTBOM ,QeI1CTBI111, OKa3bIBae~1Oro. o.T6o.POM l1JlH oxpyacaiouieio cpenoio aa 113MeHeHI1e Tl1nOB. ,lLeik rsae croopa MQ.)k.e I' 6bITb Ao.Ka3aHO JII1111b I1CCJle,QOBaHl1eM rex 113 06HI1Mae'MbIX rnnox -meHOB, xoropue DCTalOTCll B )l{I1BbIX, no. cpaBHeHl110 C '-IJleHaMI1, ycrpaHlleMblMI1 caeprsro, I1JlW 113MeHlJWBDCTI1 Ha::eJleHI111, aaxonsuieacs B CB1l311 C o.T6o.POM 113BeCTHo.rD rana, R'1V111Hl1e oxpyacaiouiea cpeuu rpeoyer npsaoro CpaJ3HeHI151 pomrrenen, )(,WI8YIl{I1X B DAHo.H DKPY)KalOIl{eti cpene;c )leTbMI1, )l{WBYll{l1n1l1 B npyroa DKpYiKalOll{eH cpene,

51 He .i\wry YI<a3aTb HI1 DAHOro cnyxas, B Ko.TOPOM 6blJlD 6bl oeccnopso ADKa3aHD BJlI111HWe oroopa, Kaxercs aepoaruua, lJTD AettCTBI1'e sroro cpaKTDpa MDrJlD nposearscs B ,KDJIDHI111X npeCTynHI1KoB B npeaome nepaonu, B 3aCeJleHI1W aanana AMepM"KI1 ::lHeprl1lJHeHllli1i\Hi lJ.rreHUMI1 nauiero BDCT04HorD HaCeJleHI111 VI B ADnDJllil1TeJlbHDH lJl1CTKe Cl1JIbHbIX 3JleMeHTDB B HeKDTDpblX '-IaCTllX HOBDH AHrJlI1I1, HD Y Hac HeT cpaKTI1l!eCKI1X AaHHbIX ,QJlll YCTaHo.BJleHI111 CBll311 HeCDn'IHeHHo. npOI1lCXD.L\HBWerD oroopa C cpl13I1lJeCKl111111 TlmaMl1.

C npyroa CTOPOHbl, MHe YAaJlDCb noxasars cyuiecraoaanae npsMDra BJlI111HI111 OKpYiKalOlJ.{eH cpenu na TeJleCHYIO CPOPMY lJeJlOBeKa nYTeM cpaBHeHI111 l1MMHrpaHTOB, POAI1BWI1XCll B Espone, l1 I1X nOTDMKOB, POllHBIlll1XCll B repone Hsio-Hopxe (Boac) 2). 51 I1CCJleAOBU,l xerupe rpynnu HaCeJleHI111: IO)I{HblX l1TaJlbllHQes, npeACTaBJllllOlJ\I1X CpeJtl1'3eMHI0-MOipCK'l1'Vt €IBponeH10KHVt' rurr, xlaopaIKT1ep:vtGY'IOlJ.{l1ifcll HII1I31KII1M POCTOM, ,QJlHHHOH r0;1013ol1, CMYI'JlDCTblO KO)l{l1 l1 TeMHblMIi[ BOJlOCUMU; I\eHTpaJlbHO-eBpOneVtCKI1Vt Tl1Il, Xapal<TepI13YIOIl{Ii[VtC5I cpe)J,HIi[M POCTDM, KOPOTKOI1 rOJlOBol1, CBeTJlbIMl1 BOJlOCaMI1 l1 CBeTJlOH oxpacxoa KD)I{I1; cesepo-aanannua eBpOneVtCKl111 ran, xapaKTepI13YIOIl{l1I1'c5I BblWKI1M POCTOM, ,QJlI1HHOti rOJlOBol1, CBeT JIoti oxpacxon KO)l{I1, 6eJloKYPbllVH1

t) CM. nanp. W. Z. Ripley, .The Races of Europe" (New York 1899). 2) F ran z Boa s, .Changes in Badily Form of Descendants of Immigrants, b=nig partial report on the results of an anthropolog.cal investigation for the U. S. Immigration Commission" {Senate Document ."11'2 203, 6] st Congress, 2d session, Washington 1910; .Abstract of the Report on changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants" (Washington 1911).

nonocaan, Ilanee, 51 HCC,le.WBa;1 ;lJll1I1Hbll~i psu BOCTO'1HO-CBpOnei~CKHX espees, CXO,[lHblX B HeKOTOpblX OTHOWeHHSlX C uenrpaneno-esponenCKOH rpynnoa. ;J.ml HCCJIeAOBaHI1S1 51 Bbl6paJJ cneayioume xepru: 113MeHelJme ronoau, pocr, sec 11 QBeT BOJJOC. 1-13 3TI1X sepr ;ll1Wb poe r 11 Bee HaXOAJITeSi B TeCH-OM CB5I3H e 6blCTPOTDH pDCTa, Me)l{)IY TeM KaK 113M·epeHI1S1 rDJJOBbll1' QBeT BOJJDe JJ'I1!Wb B cnaooa creneun nonsepxenu 3TI1M BJrHISlHVI'SI'M. Pa3J]114H5I B I1SeTe BOJIOe 11 B pa3'BHTI1II1 rDJJOBbl He npl1'Ha)1}re)l{aT K BblweynDMsmYTOH rpyrme, B KDTDPOH onpenensexue 113M'CpeHl1eM OKOH4aTe'JIbHble BeJII1l{'HHbl 3aBI1C5IT DT CPl1'3I1DJIQ.r.I1''1CCKI1X YCJIOB'I1H B reseane nepnona pOCTa. CY)lSI no BCCMY TDMY, '1TD MbI 3Ha,C'M 0 HHX, DHI1 3aBHC5IT, rJJaSHbl'M D6pa30M, DT Hae.TJeueTBeHHoeTI1.

B pesym.rare naurero I1CGICUOBaHI1S1, Mbl npl1WJJI1 K HCD)I{l1uaHHDMY BbIBO,QY: POAI1BUlHCe51 B AMepHiKe nOTOMKI1 npencramrrenea 3TI1X Tl1nOB DTJrI14:aIOTiCSI DT CBDI1X pO,QI1TeJlcii, npa 4eM 3TI1 p,a3JJI1- 41151 pa3BI1'Ba1OTeSl B paHHCM ;:.(eTCT,Be 11 coxpaasrorcn B rexeaae BeeM )I{113HI1. Ilanee 3aMC4aTeJlbHD, 4TD Ka)l{jlbll1 Tim 113M'eHSleTCSI aa DeD- 6blH nan. Y pD,[II1BUlerOCSl B AM'CpI1Ke el1'Q'I1.1lI1Hqa ronosa CTaHOBI1TCSI xpyrnee, 4eM Y PDUI1BUlcrocSl He B AMCpI1Ke. 3TD oGYCJlDBJII1Bae ITS! YMeHbUJeHl1ei'l\ A;lI1Hbl 11 YBeJl114eHI1eM UJI1j}I1Hbi. ;II1Qo CTaHDBI1TCSI y iKt.', pOICT 11 eec y'M'CI!1b<UJaKlTCSI. rOJ,FO'B<l PO!-,\I1IHlUerOCSI B AMC!p'I1'Ke LtCIH'T'pa'JlbHom eeponeaua CTaHOBI1TCSI MeHee ,QJlI1HHOH 11 M,CHee UJI1PDKOIoi, I1pl1 4eM YNICHbwemle UIHPI1Hbl npessnuaer yxensurenae AJll1Hbl, 11 TaKl1M D6pa30M nO,IY'1aCTCSI Y):\;ll1HeHl1e ronosu. Wl1pHHa nuua secsaa 3Hall'l1'T'CJlb'HO YVlelJ-lbmaCTC'Sl; pocr !J1 I6CiC Y1BeJIJ1114I1iBaIOTiC5i'. VlGI:Y]:CH:eHI151 POAI1BUJI1XCS! B AMCpl1Ke 110TOMKOB UJOTJlaH,[ICIWrO runa He aupaj~€lHbl, 3'U' IVJCKJ1ID'lIeHII1I€IM YIHeLTHlIelHlI1,S! pOICTa 11' neca. Y PO';liI1BmerO(5I B A:WcpI1'Ke e'BPCiSl fO'.T10Ba 'Y,)Ke, 4C'M y PO!JjHlE>UJiI1X,CSI S Eeeone: nO\3T'O'~ly nonyvaerca 3Halll1TC;lbHoe YlJ.TII1'HeHl1e ronoau, Ero nnuo yxce; pocr 11 sec YBe;lHlII1JlI1Cb. Hl1 Y OJ~HDro 113 3THX fl1110B He 6bl11D Haii)l;cHO Hblpa)l{eHHblX pa3:111LJ11i1 '8 L\BeTe BOJ10C Me)l{lJ.Y JlVli.\aMI1, PO;:lI1BUJI1,Mi'KSI B AMepl1Ke 11 PO,ll1BWJ1IMHCSI B npyrnx crpanax.

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:0

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Ilepeceneuae nram.sanes OTHOCHTC5I K CTOJlb He,I:laSHeMY BpeM~HI1, 4TO' JIHua, PO';1l1BllH:IeC5I vepea MHoro ner nocne npl10hlTI151 HX PO'.lI'l1TeJleti B AMepI1KY, BeCbMa HeMHOI O'4HCJleHHbl, JlI1Q >I<e BTO'POrO' nO'KO'JleHI151 BO'SCe He OKa3blBaJlOCb. OO'STO:vlY Bp5!;J. JfH DO'3NlO'>I<HO peunrrs, npO'AO'JI>I<aeT JlI1 I1HJleKC BOGpaCTaTb BNlleCTe c npO';1O';l>I<ll1TeJlbHO'CTblO apexenn, npouremuero Me>I<AY nepecenennen PO';:u.neJIeH 11 PO'j!{ilieHHeM perienxa.

3TH aaxe-ta TeJfbHible 51BJIeHI151 nenenco 0'6' 5ICHI1Tb. Ka'KQBbl 6bl HI1 6bUIl1 I1X npH4HHbl, lf3MPHeHHe B <PopMe He nO',lIJle>I<I1T CO'MHeHHIO. MO>I<HO 6bl;1O' 6bl, QAHaKO, HblCKa3aTb npe):lTIO'JlO>I<eHHe, 4TO' 31':1 113M~eHeHI151 Bb13blBaIOTC5I HE I'JlYU(}KHMI1 <PH,3110J'lO'nt4E.'CKI1:MH npwH'lHaMH, a 113lVleHeHv,eil'l I13SeL'rHbIX I3HelllHHX <paKTopOB. CO'CTan nepecensiourer 001 HaCeJleH115! ;\lO)J(eT OLITb TaKOB, 'lTO nnua, npaouaurae B AMeprlKY II pasnue nep110ALI, 06JIa):(aJll1 pa3J1H4Hb1MI1 xapaxrepnunn IPI13!1'1eCKI1.'1l1 npH3HaKa:Y.1I, 11 'ITO' 3TI1 nocnennae HbTHe OTpa>I<alOTCq B nO'TOMKaX crapux nO'I{OJICHI1H npa cpaBHeHl111 I1X C .rmQaMI1, nepecemlBllIHMHC5I CpaBHI1TeJlbHQ He.!laBHO'. OAHaKO', Jilo}KHO' noxaaars, 4TO' pa3J1114H5! Me>I{;.\IY ,eIBpte5lMIl1, 11INlLilII1I[lpl1!pO'IBaBm:I1I?1'I1 'B pU3HbJ.e nepl1«),.'\bl M'e')!{AY 1860 iI1 1909 1'1'., HaCTOJlbKO H'e3Hatfl1l'eJlbH'bl, qTO' HiM 11 He MO)l(,e1' 6blTb 06'HCHeH Tl1n nO'TO:vIKO'B I1Ml\1I1rpaHTOB. 3TOT Ba}k.Hblll rryuxr NlO)!{eT UhlTb ro-uree Bb!5lCHeH nYT'e,:\II npaaeaenns I1HO'rO M,eTO:I<I. C 3TOl1 ue.u.ro 51 cpaanasan rOHOBHO'ti VlH;J.€JKC soex 11,MMI1-

rpaHTOB 113BeCTHo.ro. rOJ1a C ro.;1()BHblM I1HAe'KCOM I1X no.TOiMK01J. Y13 3TI1X CpaBHeH¥fA ssrrexaer, sro paamoms, 06HapYJKI1BalOl..Ql1eCSl so ,BCeM pane, CYl..QeCTBYIOT TaKJKe Me)KAY HMMl1TpaHTaMI1, npOObl8- WI1IMI1 B AMepl1KY B 113BeCTHo.IM rony, 11 I1X noroaxaxa. CJIeAo.BaTeJIbHo., 31'0 tIl1CTo. CTaTl1CTH4eCKo.e o6'srcHeHl1e SlBJIeHI1S1 MOJKeT 6blTb OTBepmyTO.

Bonee 3Ha'4HTeJIbHble Tpy):tHOCTI1 AJISI accneaosanus npencraanaer ranoreaa, cornacao Ko.TQPGti MeXaHl14eCKl1e Bo.3AeMCTBl1S1, KQTQPbfM nonaeprarorca AeTH, MQrYT HMeTb peuiaiomee BJIHSlHHe aa CPQPllty ro.JIOBbI, H 113MeHeHI1S1 IS cnocooax Ka4aHI1S1 B Ko.Jlbl6eJIl1 11 YKJIaJ1KH H nocrens, npo.H3Bo.:!II1Mb1e aexoropuem 'I1MMl1rpaHTaMH no-rra aenocpe,ACTBeHHQ BCJIeJ1 sa l1X npl16blTI1·eM B AMepI1KY, 06'SlCHSlIOT H3Mt!HeHI1S1 <po.PMbl ro.JIQBbI. ECJll1 6b1 31'0. 6bl;lo. BepHQI, TO. aenpepueasre H3MeHeHI1S1 y eapees CBI1J1eTeJlbCTBOSaJIl1 Obi TQJIbKO 0. TQM, 41'0. aMepwKaHcKYlM MeTOJ1 Ka4aHI1S1 B KOJIbl6elll1 npl1iMeHSteTCSI 11eM xaure, 4eM ,Ao.JIbWe J1aHHo.e ceseacrao npOJKMJIO B AMepl1IKe. Hexoropue 11CClle,AOBaTeJII1 YTBepJKAaJII1, 41'0 nonozceuae, npa Ko.To.POlM pe6eHOK ,1eJKl1T na crnrne, cnOCo.OCTByeT B03HHKHQBeHI1IO KOPo.TKOro.JIOBOCTH, a nonozcenae, npl1 Ko.TOPOM OH JIeJKMT na Oo.KY, cnocoocrsyer B03- HHKHOBeHHIO AJlI1!HHoronQBo.Cm (Bansxep) 1). CYl..QeCl'ByIOT secrote ;:(o.Ka3aTeJIbCTBa roro, 41'0 3aTblJIOK CnJIlOl..Ql1BaeTCSI npa ynorpecneHMH 04eHb JKeCTKo.H nO,AYWKH 11 B rex CJIYlJaSlX, xorna J.l.Hl'SI nOCTo.SlHHo. .1eJKHT aa cnnae. TaK 6bfBaeT, nanpnaep, y MHOrMX HHAei10KHx nne:,1'eH, 111 nO(UOOHlbl'e 'P,e3YJ1bTaThI MlQ'rJlIH Obi ,nIOIJI)-'llIa(f1bCSI, elCnvt: Obi cneneHyro.L'Vl'Y pooe'HIKIY np'l1iXOtJIHI;10Cb ITOCTOSliHIHO m~JKaTb ira cnaae. PaCJlPOCTpaHeHHQCTb paXHTH3Ma B Hsio-Hopxe ceanerenscrnyer 0.6 HCKPMBJIeHHI1, Bbl3bIBaeMQM JlaBJIeHl1eM.

He 6YAY4W B COCTOSlHMM onpoeepruyrs cYll{eCTBOBaHHSI TaKMX B.1H51HMH, SI nonaraio, -rro nporns ,'IOnYl..QeHM5! HX MMelOTCSI BeCKI1C co06paJKeHMSI. ECJIl1 Mbl npe,[(noJl0JKI1M, 4To. y €Bpeti,cKKX AHeM, poAI1BWI1XCSI B npyrax crpanax, ronoau MeHee J1JII1HHbl, 4€iN! Y POAI1BIllHXCSI B AMieipl1lKe, ~1C'JIe.mcl1Il'We TOro, 4ro iQlH!I1 6bl'BalOT ClJle'JI1eHYTbl 11 '-lal..Qe JIe:JKaT Bee BpeMSI aa cnnae, 4eN! l(eTI1, POIiJ,I1Bllll1eGl B Aaepmce, Mo.rYl..Ql1e G130160AHo. nepensararscs, TO .Mbi j:(o.JI)l{Hbl cnenars TOT BblBO.L\, 41''0 Y P0j:(I1BWl-fXCSI B AMepl1Ke ~eTeti: npOHCXO;:I,I1T 113BeCTHoe YM,eIHbWe.Hl1>e JJ:PY.rl1IX tllJHalMleTpOIB ronosu, M'C)rYl..Qee CJIY)wH'Tb BOGM'el..QeHl1eM aa aro YMeHbweHl1e J.(lIl1Hbl. TaK xax 31'0 B03M,el..QeHMe pacnpeneneno no acex HanpaBlIeHI1SIM, TO ero paaaepu 'B KaKOM-J1H60 (),!{HO'M Hla>fIlPaIBJlelHWI1 OIKaJ)l{'Y1'C5! uelCbMU IMI,l;J!bIM'11 (Boac) 2).

HaOJllOAaBWeecSI YMeHbWeHl1e umpanu ronoua HaCTO,lbKO 3HalJl1- TeJIbHO, 41'0. ero HeJlb3SI paccxarpnaars npocro KaK CJI€L\CTBl1e B03- M,el..QeiHl1S1; ao HaM npI1Xo.lj:(I1TCSI /lOnYCTI1Tb euie 11 Ao6<l!B04HYIO rnnoTe3Y, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOti: JIe'TI1, Po.L\I1BWHelCSl B Aaepnxe, rax nonro .rexcar aa OOKY, 41'0 Y anx CYJKeHI1'e ronoau npOM3BOAI1TC51 mexaHI1l.!eeKHM nas.teaaex. Te JK€ CaMb!eCo.06paJKeHI1S1 npYlMeHl1'Mbl 11

I) Wa 1 c her, .Ue1)('f die Entstehung von Brachy .: und Dolichokephelie '. 2) F. Boa S, • The Cephalic Index" (A mer i can Ant h r 0 polo g i s t, N S. V('1. I. pro 448 et scq.),

KO scex .npyn1M TwnaM. VlTa!I<, ecnu B O;lHOM c.iysaeconee CBOQOAHOe nO}lO)l{eHWe peoeaxa ysemf411'BaeT Jl.JlWHy ero ronoau, TO TPY,UHO 06'SlCHHTb, n04eMY y 6ore,;I,1QeB re ace caaue npw4HHbI yaeasuiaior 06a f10ipI1130IHrmJ]bHbl€ ,!lJ11:aIMte'Tlpa [10J1'0IB:bl:, :H n01y,e,:'Ill)I Y CH[J;H~'1'HI~'e<B ,JJ;Jl!WHa YM,eHbwaeTcSI, a WHpHHa YBenH4HBaeTcSI.

no Moe,:vty MHe'HI1JO, 113MeHeHI1e Wl1pl1Hbl J1HlIa scero 51CHee noxasuaaer, 4TO BOBee He MexaHYt4eCKHe B03;1ei1cl'BI1S1, KOTOPblM noneepraeTCSI pe6eHOK, Bbl3bIBaJOT re H3MeHeHI1S1, 0 KOTOPblX 11,UeT pess. fOJlOBHOW HH!Ae~C secsna H'e3Ha4Hl1eJlb'HO YMelHbwaeTC5I co sroporo rona ,lI0 JlOCTI1)KeHH5I 3peJlOCTH. VlTaK" 04eBI1jl;HO, lJTO ner 11 , npnec)I{aJO~l1'e B AMepHKY scxope nOICJle pO,)I{AeHH5I, He MoryT B 3HalJHTeJlbHOW CTeneHI1 nonaeprarscs BJIH5IHI1JO aM,epHKaHCKOW OKpY)l{aJO~ew cpenu no OoTHOWeHI1JO K I1X rOJIOBHOM'Y HHjl;eKCY. C ;!l.py,roH CTOoPOHbl, ecnn Mbl CTaHeM paccaarpnsars H3MepeHI1'e, 3a'MeTHO B03- pacraioutee B re-reaae nepnona pOCTa, TO Mbl MO)l{eM Q)KH)]aTb, lJTO y p.eT-ei1, P0,llI1BWI1XGl B ,UPYrHX crpanax, HO pano npneeaeanux B Aaepnxy, POCT B lIeJ10M MOo)l{eT H3MeHI1TbC5I non BJII151Hl1eM aaepnKaHC'IWW oKpy)KaJO~ew cpenu, Hal1nY4WI1w MaTepl1aJ1 AJlSl aroro 111CCJle,!lOBaHI151 npejl;CTaBJ1S1JOT 60,reMlIhl, cpe:):{11 KOTOPblX I1MeeTCH CpaBH'HTeJlbHO MHoro B3POCJlbiX I1HLlI1BI1).(yYMOB, P0p'I1BWI1XC5I B Aaepaxe, ECJlH pacnonoaorrs lIHIPPbl, nosaausarounre WI1PI1Hy ,11111a y 60re'MlIeB B nopsnxe, COOl'BeTCTByJO~eM I1X B03paCTY BO SpeM51 nepecenenas, TO 06HapY)l{HBaeTC51 I1X yaeusurenae y rex, xoropue npH6hlJll1 B A:VlepHKY B pannea .neTCTBe, npn lJeM 3TO yaeasurenue TeM ana-nrrenenee, lJe.M ilWJ10)Ke OHI1 ObIJll1. npOAOJ1)Ka51 3TO cpasaeHHe C jJHlIaMI1, PO,flHBWI1MHC51 B AMepHKe xepea ron, ):IBa rona I1JlI1 oonee nocne npl16bITH51 l1X Mal'epeW B A;\lepHKY. MO)KHO KOHCTaTl1pOsars, lJTO umpana ,11111a npoao.rxaer YMeHbWaTbC51. Hrax, ooaapy)KH'BaeTIC5I, tJTO aMepl1KaHCKa51 oxpyacaioura« cpeaa o6ycnOBJ1l1Ba,eT 3aMe,llJ1eHI1,e B03paCTaHYf5I WHpHHbl .nrua II nepnon, xoraa Y)Ke HeB03-

;V1O)KHbI MeXaHl1lJeCKl1e BJlI151HI151.

5I He np0Il113B0:i1H';1 aH'aU]Oinl1llJHOI[10 i'lICtcn'e!LI()HaIH1l1'5J p'QICTa, T,U( KaK B ,lIaHHOM cnyuae ero YBenH4eHI1e 'NIn)KHO Ohl;10 ObI npnnacan, npOCTO ynYlJWeHl110 f1I1TaHI151 60JlbWf.1HCTBa I1M\~I1'rpaHTOB H3 ceuepnoa 11 ueuTpaJ1bHOH Esponu nocne HX nepeCen€I-II151 B A~le'PI1KY.

Oyuiecrsyer npyras rnnoreaa, c nOMO~blO KOTOPOH MO)l{HO 6bl!10 6bI 06'HCHI1Tb Ha6J1JO.Jlae:Vlble 11;~;VleHeHHSI runa. ECJ1H npennono;'!{I1Tb, 4TO cpena P0:L\I1BWHXC51 ;(3 Aaepuxe nOTOM'KOB ImUl'lHirpaHTOB HeMaJlO T3K<I1X, xorcpue B ,lIev.CTB'f.1'TeJlbHOCTH' OKa3bfBaJOTC51 )leTb\H1 aMepH:KaHlleB, a He HX ,MHI1'N1bIX OTUOB, TO npOHCXOA11Jla ObI 06U(aH aCCI1MHJl51llH51 aMepl1l<aHCiI(l1M Tl1nOM. B COlll1aJlbHOM OTHOWeHl111 3TO OTHIOLlb He npejlCTaSJ15leTC51 npa'BLlOIlOi106HbIM; HO BBH;Iy Ba')KHOCTI1 3aHI1MaJO~e'fO Hac 5lBn'eHH51, ero cnenyer paccaorpers, 5I He ,lIy'MalO, lJTO 'KaKHe-nI100 113 np0I13BO,llHBWI1XC5I Ha6nJO;:jeHI1W CBH,lIeTenbCTBYJOT R nOJlb3Y 3TOH 'reopnn. V13M,eHeHI151, BCTpelJaJOll\l1eC51 y 60reMlIeB, npHe3)KaJO!l.(HX B AMepl1l<y B paHHeM neTCTBe, TO 06CT05lTeJJl~CTBO, 'ITO y paanasnux TI1HOB 113MeHeHI151 npO'HoCXOI~51T B paanasnux nanpaB;Il'IIH~1 x, !l oco.oeHHOCTf.1 yrcopoueuue !'O;101l y 60l'eMlleB 11 y uram.su-

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CpaBHeHiI151 OTlIOB 11 Ma repea C I1X Ae1'bMI1. PO)l,I1[lWI1M'I1IC5I 'B I.\PYrI1X crpanax, rarose noxaauaaior, 'ITO ara runm eaa He BblAep)!{I1BaeT I{PI1T14KI1. 3TI1 CpaSHe'Hl151 noxaauaaior, 'ITO pa3.'lH'II151 O:lHHaKOBbl Ka'I( y O1'lIOB H :le Tetf , TaK 11 Y MaTepetf 11 AeTetf, TaK 'ITO, O'leBI1,':1HO, COOTHOWeHI151 Me)!{JlY O1'llaMH H I1X ,':1eTb'MI1 11 Me)!{)lY MaTep5l;\1I1 11 11X :leTbMH Bb13blBalOTC5I Oi~HI1MI1 H Te'MJA )!{e YCJTOBI1HMI1.

Cepsesaae CTOPOHHI1KI1 TeOpl111 oroopa MOrJ1I1 Obi yrnepxaars, '1T'0 Bee 3Tl1 113MeHeHI151 06YCJTOBJTI1BaIOTC5I pe3]'JTbTaTalV1l1 11.3MeHeHI1H B npouenre eMepTi-IOCTI1 )l,JT5I nau, POi)l,I1'BWI1XC5I B APyrl1X crpasax 11 !.l A,Mepl1Ke; 'ITO I1nl1 aa rpaHl1l1eH I1JTI1 B AM'epl1Ke )l.M nl1'lI 113'HeCTHbIX rnnoa cyiuecrsyer oonsuias Bep05lTHOCTb YM,epeTb, 11 'ITO TaKw,'il 06pa30M', 3TI1 113MeHe'HHH Bbl3blnalOTCH nOCTeneHHO. B 06~eM, re, KTO yrsepacnaer cyuiecrnouanae raxoro, no M'0eMY ,MHeHII1IO, secsaa HenpaBAOnO)l,06HOrO COOTHeTCTHI15l M'e)!{AY roJlOBHblM I1H)l,eKCOM, WI1PI1- HOIO JIIHlIa H 1'. 1.\.11 npoueuroei CMepTHOICTI1, xoropoe MO)!{eT 6blTb npennonaraevo JT'l1:illb }.1m! roro, 'IT06bl OTCTa:I1'BaTb TeOpl111O '0T60pa, a He na OCHOBaHl111 KaI('l1IX-JJlI160 A:etfc1'BI1TenbHblx q,aK1'OB, ,!tOJT)!{Hbl 6blJTliJ Obi AOKa3aTb csoe yrsepxneane. 51 npaanaio )!{enaTenbHblM paapeureane aroro sonpoca q,aKTI1'1eCKI1MI1 HaOnlO.!I.eHI15lMI1; HO 110K;1 He 0YAYT npoasaeneau raxosae, Mbl MO)!{eM nOCTaBI1Tb na BI1)l" 'ITO caaas 6bIICTpOTa 113MeHeHHl1 nocne nepeceneaaa 11 O1'CYTC1'Bl1e 113MeHeHiI1H, xoropue BbI3bliBaJJll1Cb Obi OT60pOM, onaronaps CMepTHOCTW Y sapocmex I1H03eMI~eB, norpecoeana 6bl CTOJTb CJT'0)!{HOrO CJTl'U'IeHI1'SI 11 pl1l'1l1Hbl 11 ;.(eHCT'BI1'51 Ain5l Y'CTaHo,BJleHI1I5l COOTBe1'CTBI1'SI M'e')!{,UY CMepTHOCTblO 11 reJleCHOH ¢OPM'O'H, 'IT'0 TeO!pI1SI crane Obi neseposrmoa BCJTe,UC1'Bl1e ee CJlO)!{HOCTH.

YTBep)!{AaTb, 'ITO ace pa3J11NHbie eaponeacxue TMBbi CTaHOB5I1'CSI n,U'I1IH'aiKOrBhJlMIi1' B AC\1Iep'I1IK'e 6e:3 cM,eWeHI1iSl, I1ICKJllIO'ttI1ITe'JTbIHO oJT:mrO,)lap51 ]eHCTBI1IO uosoa ·OKpy)!{alOll~·eH cpenu, 3Ha'll1JTO Obi I1TTI1 CJTI1WKOM :.Ia.1JeKO. Bo-nepnux, 51 I1CCJleUOBan ,111111b }l,eHCTBI151 O)J;HOH OKpYlKalO~eH cpenu, HO see 3'aJCPal3iJlHeT II 0 nara-n, , llTIG B Ariwelpil1r!(le pa3BHBale'TCSI HeCKOJlbKO pa3JII1'1HbiX ranoa; HO Mbl OCTaBI1M 3TO B CTopOHe 11 paadepex .1HWb HaWI1 HblO-HOpKCKl1e HaonlO;IeHHSI. XOTSI ilJl'HHHOHJ:JIOBbIH C'l1l1l1- :ll1e'l.l CTaHOBI1'TC5I B Huo-Hopxe 60JTee xpyrnoronouun, a «pyrnoroJ10Bbie ooreweu 11 eapeii - oonee AJTI1HHOrOnOBbIM'I1, OilHaKO, HeJTb35I YCfaHOBI1Tb npI16JIH)!{eHHe K O!~Ho06pa3HoMY 06~e'MY THlny, H60 !\Ibl eute He 3HaeM, rK3JK Jl!0J1f10 6~l)y1' InpO~OUIOK'a:TbIC5I ~!3'Me'HeHlH5I, H npl1- BeAYT JTI1 BCe OHI1 K OLlI1HaKOBOMY pe3yJTbTaTY. Op113Ha1OCb, 51 He C'lv,raio Ta'Koro pesynarara BepOSITHbIM, '11:60 )lOKa3aTeJlbCTBO I1JlaCTH4- HOCTI1 TI1:110B He nOApa3IYM·eBae1', 'ITO 31'a nnaCHl''1HOCTh oecnpe.iem.na. HCT'0pmI 6pl'lTaHCKI1X Tl1nOB s AMepl1Ke, ronnasnuee - B OCf- 1111)IHH, ncnannen -- I! JO)KHOM AMepl1Ke. cnHlleTenhcTByeT B nonsay

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npeAn0J10)){,eHI1~ crporo OI'paHl1lJ'e'HHOH nnaCTl1lJHOCTl1. KOHelJHO, Hallie I1CClIeAOBaHl1le AOJDKHO OCHOBblBaTbC5I aa 3TOM, ooaee KOHCepBaTI1BHOM CPYHAaMeHTe, noxa uensas AOKa3aTb cyutecraosanne HeO)){I1- AaHHD MHorooo'eMmo~eM 113M,eHtII1BOCTI1 runos. Onna 113 BaAffieMllIl1X npoenen, BbIABl1raeMbiX 3Tl1M I1CClIe,ll,OsaHHeM, 3aKlIlOlJa,eTC5I B TOM, lJTDObi onpenemrrs, KaK nanexo MO)){eT npOCTl1paTbC5I HeYCTOMmf BOCTb 111111 nllaCTl1lJHOCTb Tl1nOIB.

Ka'K ObI HI1 ObIJ111 3HatIl1TeJ1bHbI 31'11 renecxue 113MeHeHI151, ecn» MbI npaanaex npamon.aocrs saurax BbJBOAOB OTHOCI1TeJIbHO nnacrucHOCl'l1 lJeJ10BelJeCKI1X Tl1nQB, 31'0 HeQ6xQ,ll,I1MO anever sa C06DIO 11 npasnaaae 3HalJl1l'ellbHOM nJI(lICTl1lfHOCTI1 CKJIa.na YMa 4eJIOBelJ,eCIUlX Tl1nOB. MbI HaOJIIO,ll,aJIl1, -rro B TeJIeCHbiX xeprax, nOlITW nQJ1YlfI1BIlIWX CBOti OKOHlfaTeJIbHbIM BI1A KQ BpeMeHI1 PO)){.neHI151, B HOBOH DKpy)){aIO~eti cpene OOHaPY)){WBaIOl'C5I secsaa Ba)){HbI,e BI1,ll,DI13MeHeHI151. MbI BI1,ll,eJ1H, -rro npyrne lJepTbI, pa3BI1BaIO'~l1eC5I B rexeaae scero nepnona pOCTa 11, CJIe,uOBaTeJ1bHO, rtonaepscesnue nenpepusnoay ,ll,eticTBl11O HOBoi1 oxpyxaiomea cpenu, BI1,ll,0113M1eH5IIOTC5I .L(a)){e Y I1H,!J;I1BI1,ll,YYMOO, npl10bIBIlIl1X B AMepl1KY B nercrse. 113 3THX cpaKTOB MbI ,ll,QlI)){HbI 3aKJIlOlJl1Tb, lJTQ QCHOBHble lJepTbI YMa, xoropue HaXD,I\51TC5I B recnoa CB5I311 c cp113J1,lJeCKI1MI1 CBQHCTBaMI1 rena, 11 pa3BI1THe KOTOPbIX npO,IlOJI)){aeTC5I B rexexae MHOrl1X JIeT nOCJI,e npexpauieaaa cp113l1'lJeCKQrD pDCTa, TeM oonee noaaepscenu nanexo npOCTl1palO~I1MC5I 113MeH(;~HI15tM. Ilpaana, 31'01 -I)'lM03<VKJ]IOlJelHll1ie no aHaU]OI1l1II1I, HO ecna Ha'M YAalJlOCh ;:\OKa3aTb 113MeHeHI151 B cpopMe Tena, TO re, xoropue, HeCMQTp51 aa 31'11 113MeHeHI151, npQ,ll,OJ1)){aIOT yrsepxnars aOCQnlOTHOe nQCT05lHCTBQ npyritx CPOPM 11 CP)llH'KQI111 rena, 06513<VHbI noxasars 31'0.

,nJI5I npaBI1JIbHDrO nOHI1MaHI151 Ba)){HOCTI1 113MeHeHl1H B cpopMe lJeJIOISelf,elOKOII'O rena )){'e;ra'l'eJlhHO paooaorpen, 11HIIl 'HbIHe'IlIHe[10 lJeUIOsexa 'C HeClKOJIbKQ I'IHOH TDlf'K'11 3peHHSI.

npOWJIO ysce He'MlaIJlO ner C 1'ex HOp, xaac <t>P:I1TlJ 1) YKa3aJl B CB0l1X l1'CCJIeJlOBaHH5IX no aHTponOJIOrHH IO)KHQti ACPPI1KI1, lfTO cyuiecrsyer oc06oe pa3JIHlJl1e B cpopMe TeJIa 6YllIMeHoB 11 rOTTeHTOTOB rro cpaenenmo C CPOPMOti TeJIa esponeauen, a I1MeHHQ y nepaux QKa- 3blBalOTC5I 6QJIee TOHKl1e CPOPMbI xocrea, HO KOCTb oseas 'DJIOTHa no csoeay CTpOeHI1IO; M,e)){AY TeM KaK y eeponeauea CKeJIeT npencrasJ15leTC5I oonee T5I)){eJIbIM, HOI OOJI,ee OeTlJaTbfM nQ CBoeMY crpoemno. nO,ll,06HbIe )){e pa3JIl1lJl151 MO)){HO Ha6JIIOAaTb 11 npn cpaBHeHl111 Me')){AY CKeJIeTaMI1 ,ll,I1KI1X 11 np!1pYlJeHHbiX )){HBOTHbIX, npn 4eM 113 eroro Ha6JIIOAeHI1S1 6bIJI cnenan BbIBOA, tITO 1001 CBoeMY cpl13l1tIeuKOMY TeJIOCJID)){eHI1IO 6YlllMeHbI no 113SeCTHOH CTeneHH CXD)l.HbI C ,ll,I1KI1,MI1 )KHBDTHbIMI1, Me)){,ll,Y TeM KaK esponeauu nOXO,I\51T no CBoeMY CTpOeHl11O Hd npapyxeamrx )){I1BOTHbIX.

3Ta TOlJKa 3peHH5I, C KOTOPOH q,eJIOBeqecKYIO pacy B ee QI1BI1JIVl- 30BaHHbiX cpopMax cnenyer CpaBHI1BaTb He c cpopMaMI1 AI1KI1X )){I1BOTHbIX, a cxopee C cpopMaMI1 npnpyvemnrx )KHBOTHbIX, npe,ItCTaBJl5IeTC5I

t) Gus t a v F r its c h, .. Die Eingeborenen Siid Afrikas" (Breslau, 1872), pp. 30 et. seq,

:l1HeBeCbMa Ba)I{HOK). Eonee nonpoouce H3Yll'eHl1e YC-'1OJ3I111, B KOTOpux )I{HByT pa3.1114Hble pacu, HUBOJ.(I1T na Mblc:Jb, 'ITO B nacrosuree npeMR J.(a)I{e HaH60Jl,ee nepaoournue 4eJlOB€1..JeCKl1e THnbl nO'4TI1 1I0BceMeCTHO nonaeprnncs 113MeHeHHRM, 3aBHCRIl\HM OT npl1Bbl4Kl1 I( JlOMawHetl )I{H'3HH.

CJ1eJlyeT RCHO pa3J1H4a Tb pasnue THnbl 113MeHeHl1t1, Bbl3blBa,eMblX npHpY4eHHeM. C Oi.\HOti CTOPOHbl, rena npapyxaesux )I{HBOTHbIX noaBepraIDTCR 3Ha4HTeJ1bHbl,M H3MeHem-mM, 06YCJlOBJlHBaeMblM 113M,eHeHHRMH B mnaHI1H 11 B renecaux <PYHI(IIHHX. C i.\pyroH CTOPOHbl, OT60p 11 cxpeumaaaae HrpaJIH Ba)I{HYIO pOJ1b B pa3BI1TI1H pac npapy-reaaux )I{HBOTHbIX.

Hexoropue H3MeHeHHR nepsoro pona 06YCJJOBJII1BaIDTCR perynspHbl,M H ocnee 06HJIbHbiM rnrraaaea, ,I:IpyrHe H3MeHeHI1R Bl>[3bISaIDTCSI BH,I:I0I13MeHeHI151MH PO,l:lOB naura, ynorpeonsexoa ,I:IOMaWHHMH )I{HBOTHbl'MI1 no cpaBHeHHID C ,QHKI1MH )I{I1BOTHbIMH roro )I{e Bi1,1:1a; }l.aJlbHeHWHe H3MeHeHI151 BbI3bIBaIDTC5I pa3JI114Hb1MI1 cnOC06alMl1 <PYHKQI10HI1- pOBaHH5I MYCKYJIbHOH H HepBHOH CHCTeMbl. 3TI1 113M'eHeHI151 He BnOJIHe Oi.\I1HaKOBbI Y nJIOTOR,I:IHblX I1 Y TpaB05lJ.\HbIX )I{I1BOTHbIX. Hanpawep, cooaxa 'H KOWKa B npl1pY4eHHOM COCT05lHI1l1 nHTaIDTCSI J.(OBOJlbHO perynspno, HO )IaBaeMa51 HM nama H,MeeT coeepmenno I1HOtl xapaxrep, lJIeM Ta, KOTOPYID eAslT }l11'KHe cooaxa 11 KOWKa. Y rex JlID,Qetl, nmua KOTOPblX COCTOI1T nOlJTI1 I1>CKJ1K)4I1TeJlbHO H3 M5ICa, cooax 06bIKHOBeHHO KOPM5IT BapeHblM IIUICO'M, H;111 T04Hee BapeHbIM!1, CpaBHI1Te)lbHo MeHee nl1TaTeJIbHblMH 4aCT5IMI1 )I{HBOTHbIX; Me)I{JlY rex Y npyrax nJIeMeH, nOJlb3YIDll\I1XC5I B 3Ha 4.neJlbHotl CTeneHH pacrarem.aoa nl1ll\etl, cooax lJaCTO' KOPM5IT MaHcoBotl Kawetl 11 JlPYfHMII1 paCTHTeJIbHbl,MH Bell\€CTBaMI1. TO' )I{e canoe MO')I{HO CKa3aTb 0' HaWI1X xouncax, ;KO'TOPbIX KOPM5IT BOIBce He HlCKJlK)4I1TeJlbHO MHCHOi1 nauteii. ,llHKI1'M flJlOTO'51JlHbIM )I{I1BOTHbIM npI1XO,QI1TC5I nenars i.\Jl51 ilOObIBaHH5l flHll\11 HecpaBHeHHO 60J1bWHe ycmu15I, lJeM npapyseanax nJIOTOSI,I:IHblM )I{HBOTHbIM. 04eBHi.\HO, 41'0 BlCJle;:(CTBI1€ sroro MYOKYJlbHa51 VI HepBHaH OH'.cTeMib[ )!(I1IBOTHbl'X iM10IPyT noasepra TbC5I 3Ha~Hi1'€JIb'HbIM 11I3MlerrIeHiI1~M.

MYCKYJlbHble YCI1JlH5I TpaB05li.\HbIX )I{I1BOTHbIX, nOCKOJlbKY OHI1 KOPM5ITC5I ua nacroaurax, He CTOJlb CYUleCTBeHHO 113MeHRIOTC5I. 0P1- Bb[4KH nacymeroca pyxncro poraroro CKOTa J1 OBeQ npI16m13I1TeJlb·1Q TaKOBb! )I{e, KaK 11 npHBbl4KI1 rtacyumxca ;:I.HKI1X )I{HBOTHbIX roro )Ke KJIaCCa, HO 6blCTpble J.(fll1)I{eHI151 H 6,1:1WreJlbHOCTb, HY)I{HbIe ;:I.JI5I npenoXpaHeHI1'51 crana OT H)10T05lJlHbPX )K11'BOTHbIIX, COBepweHHO I1C4e3JII1. Te )KHBOTHbJ'e, KOTOPblX 1(0PM5IT B xnesax, )ffiHByT B 4pe3BbIlJa~HO HCKYCCTBeHHblX YCJlOBI151X, 11 Y HHX MoryT nponCXO,QI1Tb CYll\eCTBeHHble H3MeHeHH5I.

Do MoeMY MHeHH'ID, 113:MeHelH'HR, o6Y'CJIOBJIH'>Ba'€Mbfe 3TI1MI1 npa- 4HHaMI1, MO)I{HO Ha6JlIDJ.(aTb aa ;:(peBHetJWI1X rtmax npapyseansrx )I{HBOTHbIX, H3XOi.\HMbIX B HeO;1I1TI14e,cKHX nepesasx EBPO'fIbl, B K010- pux TY3eMHble eaponeacxxe BH;'~bl 51BJI5IIDTC5I B rtpapyaeauox COCT05lHI1H (Kennep) 1). YIx MO)I{IHO rascxe Ha6J1ID~aTb IHa pasnux :KOHTI1H~HTaX

I) C. K e II e T, .Die Hanstiere als menschl'chcr Kulturerwcrb" (De r Me n sell 1111<1 die' Er d e [Berlin, 1906], vol. 1. pp. 16.') ·304'); Studer, Die prahlsto

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Ilepsas 11 TpeTb51 113 3TI1X npl1l1l1H DKa3blBaJIl1 CI1JIbHel1Wee BllI1SIHHe Ha pa3Bl1THe lIeJl0BelJ'eCKI1,X pac. Y CllOB~UI )J{113Hl1 lJ'eJlOBelJeCKI1X IlJIe,MeH rnOBCIO;:jY TaKDBbl, lJTO' Jll1111b Y OlJeHb He'MHOrl1X 113 HHX cnoe06 nl1TaHI1S1 CXD;:\eH co cnococoa nlVlTaHI1S1 AliI'KI1X )J{I1BDTHbIX, a paccnorpenne cTa;:(l1ti lJeJlDBelJeCKDti xym-rypu nOKa3bIHa,eT, lJTD

nonoonue YCJlDBl151 npeocnanana B resenae :LIDJlrOrO' nepaoaa.

TID -M-DeMY MHeHHIO, MO,)I(HO C YBepeHHOCTblO YTBep)J{.lI.aTb, lJTD

BD ncex rex CJlYlJa,51X, xorna lJeJlDBeK 3aHI1MaeTC5I 3e'MJle.ll.eJll1e'M, xorna on S1BJl5IeTC5I CDOCTBeHHI1KDM cran npapyueuaux )J{I1BDTHbIX, ynorpe- 6J1SreMblX B rnnuy, cHa6)J{eHl1e nl1w.eti CTaJlD perYJlSIpHbl,M, J.1 DHO'

rischen Hunde in ihren Beziehung zu den gegenwartig lebenden Rassen (ZUrich, 1901).

I) Bee k m a n n, "G~schichtc und Beziehung der Rassen der Hunde" (Brunswick, 1~94-189J).

2) W, Bogoras, .Tile Chukchee lPublications of the Jcsup North Pacific Expedition" [L2yden,1904-1909],voI.VII,p;J.73et seq ). Cp .. O}l'IaKO • .I. A. Allen, .Report on the Mammals collected in Northeast Sib eria by the Jesup North Pac.fic Expedition". (B u II e tin Am e ric an Ml1~('nm o f Na t n r a l Historv [New York, 19O'.1J. vol. XIX. p, 121)).

HI

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BCBSl3H C STI1'1I1H YCJlOBI151MI1 HaXO,[(I1TC5I rasoxe xapaxrepasra RbI60p nHU~e'BbIX Beu~eCTB pa3HblMI1 nJI€MeHalVll1, KaK-TO HCKJII04I1- TeJIbHO M5!CHa51 mnua HeKOTopbIX nJI'eMeH (6bITb MOiKeT, aaaooxee BbIpa)!{eHHa5! y 3C'KI1MOCOTl) J.1 II1C,](,lI04I1TeJlbHO paCTI1TeJIbHaSl nl1111a npY'f'HIX Ifl';I€'IVI€IH, 0'4eHb pacnpOIC'Pp!U'H'en-JIHU'SI, H'a1flpH'M1ep, B IO)!{HOH A3IHIH. no BeeM Bep05lTHOCTH KaK TOT, TaK H ,[(pyroH PP'j:\ nI1U~H OKa3bIBaeT 3Ha'4HTeJIbHOe BJIJ.151Hl1e aa TeJleCHYIO <l!0PMY STI1X pac.

BTopa51 rpynna np114HH, osaasraatouias Cl1JIbHeHlllee BJIIl1S1Hl1e na pa3BI1TI1·e pa3JII14HbIX pac npl1pY4eHHbIX )!{HBOTHbIX, a l1MeHHO C03HaTeJIbHblH OTOOP, BepOSlTHO, HI1Kor):(a He nrpana aecsxa 3Halll1- rem.noti PO,IH y 4eJIOSelIeCKI1X pac. MbI He 3HaeM HI1 Q):1HOrO cnysas. 1l0)J,TBep)K'Il1I()II\ero. 'ITO 6paKI1 :I'IeJK!lY 'l'1111<1'1111 (}Jlpe!l·e_'1E'-HHhl" "mOl'l

_ ·11

omrnaxosoro npOYI'CXO)K;J,eHM5I 6b1Jut aocnpeuieau. 110BMJ(MMOMY, TOT OT60p, KOTOPblH MOr COBepWaTbC5I npn pa3Bl1Tl1H nepaocsrraoro oouiecrsa, cxopee npananxexan K rimy eCTeCTBeHHOfO oroopa, 6JIarOnpl15I1'CTBYIOll.\erO COlJeTaHl11O nOA06Hblx, 11.111 :3'1'0 6biJ1 TaKOH CJIOJKHbIH OT60p, KaK TOT, KOTOPblH 06YC.'IOBJDI1BaJIC5I COl(l1aJIbHbIMI1 3aKOHaMI1 OTHOCI1TeJIbHO 6paKOB, 'He J\onYCKaBWI1MI1 6paKOB MeJKJ(Y JII1l(aMI1, HaXOMll.\I1MI1:c51 B 'l13BeCTHbIX CTeneH5IX pO;J,CTBa apyr C npyrOM, a lJaCTO 11 MeJKJlY lJJleHaMI1 pa3JIl1lJHbIX nOKOJleHI1H. TaK, 6J1afO;:(ap51 aecsaa 06bIKHOBeHHOH <popM'e OrpaHl1lJeHI151 opaxa, y 113BeCTHbIX nneaen AeTI1 opara M cecrpu scrynaior B opax npyr C apyron, Me'JKAY TeM KaK HI1 J\enlM oparsea, HI1 AeTHM cecrep He A03BOJleHO acrynars B cpax MeJKAY c06011. DO)l,06Hble OrpaHl1lJeHI151 BCTpelJalOTC5I B 60JlbWOM KOJll1lJeCTBe, 11 OHI1, 'MOJKeT 6bITb, np0113B'eJlI1 113Be(THOe AeHcrsae, CBOHCTBeHHDe oroopy, XOTSI BP5l)), JlI1 MOJKHO npeAnOJlOJKI1Tb, lJTO OHI1 BbI3BaJll1 OlJeHb saaeraue peaynsraru B CMbfCJIe H3MeHeHlI151 <POPM 4eJIOBe4eCKoro TeJIa (DMpCOH 1).

B HeKOTopbIX CJIY4a5lX KOlcaeHHbIM nOCJle,!lCTBl1eM COI~l1aJlbHbIX 3aKOHOB 6bIJIO YBeKOBelJeHl1e pa3JlI1,lJ'I1H MeJKJ\Y OT)),eJlbHblMI1 lJaCT5IMI1 WlJCe'JlelHl11SI ,111.'111, no KpaHIH'eH M'e:p;e, 3aIM'e.,UIJ]eHrI1,e 11'X nOJlHOrO caeuieHI1S1. 8 3TOM cnyxae 3aKOHbI 3HJ(Ofa,M:1111 OT'HOCSITCSI K rpynnaa paaJlJ1.4HOrO npoI1CXOJKJ(eHI1SI, 11 ero MOJKHO Ha6JIIOJ(aTb, aanpanep, y xacr B SeHfaJII1I1, rne H11311J11'M KaCTaM CBOHCTBeHeH xapaxrepnua IOJKHOHHJ(I1'HCK'l1H ran, 'MeJKJ(Y TeM KaK Bbl'CWHe xacru cox:paHSIIOT ran nneaea ceeepo-aanannoa I1HAI1'l1 (P,I1CJTeH 11 Fer) 2). OilIHalKO cymeCTBOBaHl1e MHOf0411CJleHHbIX npOMeJKYT04HbIX KaCT ao taasmaer, 4TO J(aJKe 11 TaM, rne 3aKOHbi OTHOCI1TeJlbHO 3H)l,OraMI1I1 CTOJlb CTpOrl1, Ka'K B I1HJ.U'II1, OHI1 He MOryT npe)),OTBpaTI1Tb CMeWeHI1SI KPOBlI1. Ha BOnpoc, noanexna JII1 aa c060H B KpaHHI1X C'1YlJaSIX 3HAnraMIHSI y He60JIbWI1X rpynn, KaK y J.l,pe~3HWX erl1!f1TSIH, paamrrae pe3KO aupazceanux TanOB, HeJIb3SI )),aTb OTBeTa; HO 113BeCTHO, 4TO HI1 OAI1H 113 3Tl1X THHOB, xorna OHH BCTpelJalO'foCSI cpenn MHOrOlJl1CJIeHHOrO HaCeJleHIHI, He COiXpaHI1J1eSI.

LjTO JKe xacaercs rpersero 3.'IeMeH1'a npI1PYlJeHiWH, TO OH, BleiplO~11HO, ~'IIMieJT OlJ'eH b lBIalJKlHO'e 31H'a'lJeIHIHle B PaGIBIH'J'l111l-f lJ,e'JIIO'13 e'l! eOKl1 x pac. CKpelllHBaHI1SI MeJKlzy pa3}]MtIHblMI1 TiWnaMI1 AO TaKOH CTeneHH 06bIKHOBeHHhI B l1CTOPYll1 nepaoouraoro naceneana 11 )10 TaKOH CTeneHI1 peiJ;KI1 B I1CTOPI1l1 AI1KH.X JKl1BOTHbIX, lJ1'O B 31'OM cnyxae aHaJIOfIl1SI M,eJKAY np"pYlJeHHbtMI1 JKHBOTHbI'Ml1 H lJeJlOBeKOM CTaHOBI11'C5I aecsaa SIBcTBeHHoH. CJIYlJal1 m6pH,UHb1X <popn1 B npnpone nOlJ1'H nOBclO,':\'Y P€I,'liKH; MeJK~W rev, KaK MliOIO YKa3aHO m-nne, n;mpYlJeHIHble JKHBOTl-lbJle nonaepramscs 6eClJ'I1CJI'e'HHbfM iCKpe~YlBaH'I1}lM. CxpeuuraaHHSI MeJKAY B BbICweH CTeneHI1 pa3JIHlJHbIMl1 lJeJlOB,elJeCKIHMH nmaMI1 T~KJKe npolHcxOlIl,5fT O'lJe'Hb 4a:CT'0. Ka« flIpIl1IMep" 51 MOifY yno'VWfrH'yTb 6parKH MeJK).Iy XaMI1TCKH'MI1 n,l'eMeHaMI1 Caxapu H HerpH1'SlHCKHMH

I) K Pea r son, .Mathematical Contributions to the Theory uf Evohtion, III" (P h i los 0 phi c a I T ran sac t ion s, 1896-97, pp. 2,53 ct seq). !) H. H. Risley and E. A. G a it, .Census of India". 19()1 (Calcutta, 190.3). vol. I, pp. 489 et seq,

OJLeMemMll1' CY,lIa'Ha (HaXT!HfYJJ}Tb) l); CMelUleHIJ1€ M€)K.:lIY H€rpHTOC'<liMI4 H MaJIah~aMH, CTDJIb xacroe aa MaJIaticKDM nDJIYDCTpDBe (MapTHH) 2), l1, BepO,5ITHO, B 3Ha'4l1rr€'JIbIHOtti crenena OO)llCJlOIB'I1tBme'e xapaxrepaoe pacnpenenenne runoa BO scea MaJIatlcKoM apxanenare; CMeWeHl1e, npOI1CXD,lII1BWee na DCTPDBax <P11,[I)K111; CM'ewemle annocoa 11 5InDHQeB B ceeepnoa lJaCTI1 5InDHl1l1; €BponetiQeB 11 MDHrDJIOB B BOCTOlJHDH Espone ; ue rosops Y)Ke 0 CpaBHl1TeJlbHD He,llaBHI1IX CMeWeHl151X eaponeauea C ,lIpyrl1Ml1 paCaMI1, 06bIKHOBeHHO npDI1CXOJ.\I1BWI1X npn pacct'JIeH1J111 esponeacxoa pacu no BoeMY MHPY.

dTa TDlJKa 3peHHl1, a HMeHHD B3rJll1,l1 na -renoaexa, Ka'K aa npapyy.eHHoe cYI.Q'eCTBO (sa eAHHCTseHHbIM, 6blTb MO)KeT, I1CKJIIOlJ€HHeM llelMlHl()t!'l1IX OXOTHI~lJMIIX fIIJ1EIM,elH), IJ1IM'eeT 6DJJbWO(' 3HatqeH'He 11 Jl,;l\l l1CHOrO nOHI1MaHHl1 npD~IBJleHHti ero YMCTBeHHDH neHl'eJlbHDCTI1. noseneHHe nepBo6bITHbIX npapyseaxux )KHtBOTHbIX, nanpaaep, 3CK11oMOCCKOti c06aKI1 HJlH lJYKD1'CKOrO cesepnoro OJl'eHl1, pe3KD OTJlWiaeTCl1 OT 1TI0IBe~eI-DI1:11 A'I1IKiI11X ~1100THbllX. BDI)KaJlyt1, ,M'OI)KHO ocaears, lJTD, 8 06llte'M, YiMCTB€IHIH'bliti K'P)'lrDOOp HPtH'P'Y'lJ'e'H'HbIIX CPDtp'M" 110IBH,)J;I1M'OIM!)" umpe, npn lJeM 3Ta Wl1pDTa xpyrosopa B03paCTaeT no Mepe roro, KaK npnpyxenae nD.l{BIJ1raeTCl1 snepen. CJlYlJaH, B KOTDPblX npDl1BJleHHSI YMcTBeHHDti ,!lie5!TeJlbHDCTH npl1pYlJeHHblX )l{11'BDTHbIX aecosepureaaee, lJeM Y ,lIHKI1!X )l{HBOTHbIX, BCTpelJalOTCl1, HD OHH He CTDJIb xacru, KaK npOTHBonOJJO)KHb~e cnysau. Ilpnaepox 3TOro pona MOryT cnysorrs oauu.

TaKl1M 06pa30M, M1>1 npl1XOAI1M K TDMY 3aKJIlO4eHHIO, sro OKPY)I{alOI.Qal1 cpeaa oxaaseaer aaxoroe BJIIHl1HHe Ha aHaTDM114eC'KDe CTpOeHI1,e 11 na CP11311DJlDrl14<eCKI1,e CPYHKlll1l1 4eJlOBe'Ka, 11 4TO, BCJJenCTBHe 3TOI'O, HY)I{HO O)KI1J1a Tb pa3J111'4I1ti B rune 11 B ,lIetiCTBl1l1X Me)l{J1Y nepB06b1THbl'MH 111 Qi1'BHJlI130BaHHbI'MH rpynnaan OAHDtiH TOH )l{e pacu. npeLlCTaBJIl1eTCl1 BepDl1THbIM, 4TO OAHY 113 rJlaBHeHWHX npl14HH 3Tl1X Bl1A0113MeHeHl1H CJ11eAyeT YCMaTpHBaTb B TDM, '4TO npn pa3Bl1Tl1l1 lll1:Bl1JJH'3a:l.{Hl1 4eJIDne,J( uce oonee 11 oonee npnsuxaer K AOMawHei1 )I{l13Hl1.

I) C. N a c h t i g a I, .Sahara und Sudan", vol. n, pp. 424 et' seq.

2) R II d 0 J f Mar tin. "Die Inlandstamrne der Malayischen Hatblnset(lena, 1905), pp. 1011-1012.

43

III

BJUUIHME HACJ1EJJ.CTBEHHOCTM HA QEJ10BEQECKME TMOhl.

Teneps MbI MO)I('eM nepearu K paccaorpesmo npyroro 3JIeMe1HTa, onpenensnourero <p113J14eCKI1H THn 4eJIOBeKa. XOTSI MbI Y)I(e BI1'AeJlI1, 'ITO OKPY)I(aIOll\aSl cpena, B OCOOeHHOCTI1 npI1BbI4Ka K AOMaUlHeH A<j,13HI1, I1'M'e,eT nanexo npocrspasouieecs Bnl1S1HJ1e aa TeJIeCHYIO <P0PMY 4eJIOBe4eCKI1X pac, 3TI1 BJ1I1S1HI1S1 I1rpaIOT COBepweHHO BTopOCTeneHHYIO pOJIb no CpaJIllHeHI1IO C AaJle'KO npOCTI1paIOll\I1MI1CSI BJII1S1HII1S1M'f11 aaCJle)lCTBeHHOCTI1. ECJII1 ):Ia)I(e AonYCTI1Tb Hal100JIbwyIO creneus BJlI1S1- HI1S1 OKPY)I(aIOll\ei1 cpena, BCe)I(e JIerKO y6ellI1TbCSI B TOM, 'ITO Bee cyutecrseanue 4epTbI tJeJIOBeKa 06YCJlOBJII1BaIOTCSI, rJlaSHbIM 06pa30M, HaCJ1enCTBeHHOCfbIO. DOTOMKI1 uerpou scerna 6YAYT aerpaaa, nOTOMKI1 OeJIbIX - 6eJIbIMI1; MbI ,MO)l{leM Aa)I('e noi1TI1 3Ha4I1TeJ1bHO nansure 11 npnanars, 'ITO' cyutecrsennue neransnue xapaxrepnue yepTbI rnna scerna 6YAYT BOCnp0I13BOAI1TbCSI B nOTOMKax, xors OHII1 MO[,YT B 3HalII1TeJlbHOH CTeneHI1 BI1~0'I13MeHSlTbCSl nOA BJI'l1S1HI1'eM oxpyacaiomea cpenu, 1I CKJIOHeH nonarars, 'ITO' BJII1S1HI1e oxpyzcaioutea cpenu I1MeeT TaKOH xapaxrep, 'ITO', XDTSI Y OAHOH 111 TOH )l(e pacu MD)I(,eT BbIpa6arusarscs HHDH THn npn nepexone f1,3 OAHDH OKpY)I(aIOll\ei1 cpenu B npyryio, OoAHaKO, OHa BepHeTCSI K CTapOMY rnny, ,eCJII1 6YAeT BHD8b nepeaecena B CTapyIO OKpY)I(aIOll\YIO cpeny. 3TD He' ObIJIO AOKa3aHO cpaKTI14eCKI1,MI1 aHTpDnOJlOrI14eCKI1MI1 llaHHbIM'I1, HO npeACTaiBJISleTCSI palll10HaJIbHbIM C;:IeJJaTb 3TD npeanonccsenae no aHaJIOrl1'11 C TeM, xro MbI 3HaeUI'I 0 TO;I'I, 'ITO' npOlI1cxOAI1T B TaKI1X CJIYtJaSlx C )!(J1BDTHbIoMI1 11 paCTeHl1SloM'I1. KOHe4HD, 6!.>IJID ObI llpe3BbI4aHHO )I(eJIaT,eJlbHO BbISlCHI1Tb 3TOT nonpoc cODTseTCTHeHHbIMI1 I1'CCJIeAOBaHI1S1MI1.

llns 60JIee scnoro rrOHI1'MaHI151 paCOBOH npOOJI,eMbI rrpe,QCTaBJl'SleTCSI He06xDAI1MbIM onpenenesnee oxapaxrepaaosan, HaCJIeACTBeHHOCTb. B crropax aHTpOnOJIOrO'B noeoro Bpell1eHI1 OTHOCI1T,eJIbHO cnoc06a YHaCJIeAOB<tHl1,SI pOAI1Te_%CKl1X -repr ,D,eTbM'11 OTCTa'l1BaJIl1Cb ABe reopan. (DpeHCHC I'ansron l1 ero Cll0POHHI1KI11) Ao,rrYCKaJI'H, 'lTD <popMa 're.na

I) Francis Galton, .Naturallnheritance".Karl Pearson, .Law 0 Ancestral Heredity" (P roc e e din g s 0 f the Royal Soc i e t y 0 fLo ndon, vol. LXII, PD. 387, 38 'l); • Law of Reversion" (I bid., vol. LXVI, pp. 142 et seq); .. On a Criterion which may serve to test various Theories of Inheritance" (Zeitscilfift fur Morphologie u n d Anthropologic, \'01. VII [1904]. pr . .')24 et seq.),

1-1

11H~Htll1,.lyy)1U onpeaenaerca Te~1 pacoeua T~nOiH, 1\ J(OTOpO~ly npuHaAJIe)J{aT pO,;:(I1Tem1, npl1 lIeM, O,'lHaKO, OB BI1'!{OI113i\1eH5IeTCSI TeH.neH~l1et1 ,B03BpalllaTbCSI K rany npOMeil<YTOliHOMY Me)J{,UY cnel.{l1aJIbHbl,MI1 Bap"a:l.Il1S1MI1, npe.nCTaBJISle'Mbl'MI1 p0)lI1TeJISIMI1. Hanpaxep, eCJII1 OTeLt KaKOrO-JII160 I1H,UI1BI1.L1YYMa lIpe3Bbl4aHHO BbICOK, a MaTb HeCKOJIbKO suure cpenaero pOCTa, TO rtpennonaraercs, -rro Y nerea 6Y.LIeT OOHapY)J{I1'BaTbCSI TeHAeHl.IfllSi K POCTY, HeCKOJlbKO npl1!6J1I1.)J{alOlileMYOI K o6111eMY nmy, HO B TO xce BpeM5I 3am1c5Illleill'Y 01' npoM'e)J{YToliHOH BeJII1,lII1Hbl, JI,e)J{al.ll'eH Me)J{,J,Y POCl'OM ,Mal'epl1 11 POCTOM orua. C APYrOH CTOPOlHbl, pa3BI1TI1e YlIeHJ1e MeHAeJISI 0 Hacne,!:\CT'lleHHOCTI1 (JIOI(K. 6e'TICOH) 1) no6YJl.'I1,J]O ,)1P'yrHD< a1C1CJleI!l:O;Bia'1'e'JIet'! npe'Jl.'nOJIiJ~l1'l'b, 4Tt, ,J,eTI1 J1Hl.I ,'l,BYX paannvnux Tl1nOB MorYT npencraenars C060H CM,ewaHHblH TI1J1, HO -rro I1X nOTOMKI1 06HaPY)KaT TeH,'leHl.{111O BOGBpauiarscs 11J111 K O.LIHOMY I1Jll1 K ,J,PyrOMY 113 pO)lI1Tem~CKI1,X T1l1nOB, 'l1J111 41'0 Bfll1S1Hl1e O,'lHOrO 113 pO,'lI1TeflbCKI1X Tl1nOB MO)J{eT npeoonanars aan BJII151Hl1eM npyroro pO.LIl1'reJIbCKOrO runa. I1cCJle.LIOBatIl1H, OTHOCSlI.lII1XCSI J( 3TOH npooneae, He 04eHb MHoro; HO nO;1'Y4€HHble.LIO CI1X nop peaym.rarsr, nOBI1,'lI1'MOMY, B oouie», oBI1AeTeJIbCTBYIOT cxopee B nOJlb3Y BI1,'l0I1'3M,eHe'HHOH IPOPMhl HaCJI€,J,CTB'eHHOCTI1 B CMbICJ1,e Mennens, cleM B nOJIb3Y HaCJIeACTl:!eHHOCTH, xapaxrepaayiometica soaspautenaex ,'leTeH K cpeaaeay rnny M1e)J{)lY pO,UI1TeJ15lMI1, vlJl'l1 K THny, 3aBI1CSll.lIe'MY 01' raxoro cpennero rnna.

HeOKOflbKO ner TOMY naaan MHe npeACTaBI1JlC5I CJIY'lIat1 I1CCJlell,Oaars 3Halll1TeJIbHOe 1I11C~0 I1H)leHl.IeB cxeuiaunoro npOHCXO)J{,l1eHI1Sl, T.-e. PO)l,I1BIJ1I1XC5I OT I1HAeHCKI1X MaTepeH '11 6eJIblX OTl.{OB 2). Haaoonee xapaxrepnux pa3JI:1111I1e:vI Me)K)l,Y aM,epI1KaHCKOIO I1Hp;eHCKOK) 11 esponeHCKOIO paCaMI1, HOCKOJlbKY 31'11 pa3JU11I1151 MoryT 6blTb supaaceau KO)1I111eCTBeHHO, OKa3bIBaeTCSI ml1pl1Ha naua. 06UII1PHblH psn 113'M'epeHI1H 1l1l1pl1IHbl JI'I1l.1a, npOH3Se;\eHHbIX Y ;1111.\ CMelJ1aHHOrO npOHCXO)J{',IleH:I151, y6e;\I1TeJlbHO )l,OKa3aJI, -rro unrpnaa nnua He I1MeeT T,eH)leHQ'I1H rpynnapoaan.cs soxpyr 113BeCl'HOH npOMe)J{YTOliHOH BeJll1l111HbI, J1e)J{aUleH Me)J{)l,y WI1PI1HOH JIl1l1a y 6eJIOH pacu 11 IUl1pvlHOH JliI1l1a Y I1H,[(eH«KOH pacu, HO -rro Y nereri oxaauaanaci, aupaxennas T,eH)l:eHl.\I151 nOXOj1ll1Tb a1J1H Hn 1111f)IeV:,~,I(iyllO J1:.J1\H aa 6e~lyllO :pa:~y. ]1.Hbl'~~Pyf CJ1iQBa'WI'I. ra tj,epnl HaICJ1e)l,CTBeHHOCTI1 B CMblCJloe Meuae.na, xoropas Bbl3blBaeT n05lBJIeHI1e cMemacHHblx xapaicrepnux npl13HaKOB y nepsoro I'HOPI1:).:(Hom 'nOKo;]oeHI151, He narimonaaacu, a BMeCTO aroro aao.uonanaci, 51CHO aupaaceunas remenuna BO~1Bpall~aTbCH K TOMY II.lK I1HOil1Y runy 11 CpaIBHI1J1eJlbHa51 pesxocrs npOiVIe)J{YTOllHbiX q)OpM. f1013111l\HMOMY, 3TH peaynsraru CB(1)l,eTeJlbCTBYIOT elite H 0 TOM, -rro I1pl1 31'01\1 CMememll1 I1HAeH'CI~a51 <POp:~1a npeorinanaer Hall 6eJloti cpoP,JOti, HO He B CMbICJle Me'H,'leJ1Sl, Tpe6YIOIl\erO Ha,lHlIHOCTH rOcnOL\CTBYIOIl\HX xepr y 1131:!eCT-

f) R. H. L 0 c k, .Recent Progrcss.. Jl the-Study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution" 11906); Bat e son. .Mencclisrn-.

2) P ran z Boa S, "2ur Antlu opologie dcr uordarnerikanischen Indianer" .Vc r h a n d l u n g e n der Bcrlincr GeseIIschaft flir Anthro p () log i r, E t h n 0 log; e U 11 d IJ r f! f' S c hie 11 t e. 1'01. XXVII [189.')], pr. a66 et scq ): .Thc Half Blood Indinn" (P 0 P U 1 a r Sci c n c c M 0 nth I y_ \,01. Xl.V IIX~JII. liP. 71il d "c\I.).

uoro onpeaenenaoro 4HCfla 11H)l,I1'BI1JAYYMOB, a fll1Wb B To.M CMbTCfle, 4To. I1H)leHOKI1H T.I1n BCrpe4aJlCSI aecxonsxo same, 4eM eaponeacxan, acnencrsae 4'ero. Cpe')l,HSISI unrpana naua scero PSIAA oxaaanacs HeCKo.J1bKo. 6mt)l(e K I1H)l.eHCKo.H, 4eM K 6eJlo.H rpynne.

Onnoro sroro I1CCJI,e)l,OBaHI1S1 HI1KOI1'M 06pa30>M He)l,o.CTaT04Ho. )l,JlSI nonnoro onpeneneana sepr HaCJle)l,crueHHOCTI1, xapaxrepuux )l,JlSI pacCiMaTpl1BaeMo.rO SlBJleHI1S1; ao OHo. peunrrensao 11 6eCCno.PHo. YKa3bIBaeT ua TO., 4To., no. KpaI1Heti M,epe, B 3TOM cnysae, 'MbI I1MeeM neno C saneHl1eM, Ha3BaHHbIM KapJlOM Dl1pco.HOM «aJlbTepHaTI1BHOIO aacnencrseuHo.CTblO». CTOI1T OTMeTI1Tb, xro He BO scex seprax rena I1HAetiL\eB CMeWaHHo.rO npo.>I1CXO)l(AeHI1S1 06HaPY)l(I1saeTCSI OAHa .11 Ta )l(e TeH)l,eHl.\'I1'SI; TaK, HaIllIPlI1IM1Cip, OTHIOICII1'DeJl'bHO pocra ,MODl<iHo. lHaOJIIO,!JJ'aTb oomee YBeJ1H1yeHI1,e pOCTa JlI1iL\ caeuraaaoro npOI1CXO)l()l,eHVLSJ no. cpasaeHHIO C po.CTOM tIl1CTbIX pac.

¢eJlI1KC cpo.H Jlyinan 1) ooparan BHHMaHl1e aa cxonaoe SlBJleHYIe, acrpevaiouteecs y cxeurannoro HaCeJleHHSI IO)I(Ho.H MaJIo.H A31111, rAe, no. ero MHeHHIIO, J1.M HaI1)l,eHo. aJlbTepHaTI1BHOe YHaCJIeAOBaHl1e ¢o.PMbI ronoau, B oco6eHHOCTI1 B OTHOWeHI1S1X Me)l()l,Y Wl1pll1Ho.I1 11 ,[(JIHHo.i1 ronosu: y He'Ko.To.PbIX JlIO)l,eI1 y)l,ep)l(.I1BalOTcSI KOpOTKl1e, BbICOKl1e ¢o.PMbI ro.JIo.18, CBoH,cTBeHHbFe CXO):\HOMY C apMSlHCKI1)M Tl1'ny enyrpeanea MaJIoti A3HH, Ilte)l()l,Y TeM, 'KaK y npyrnx O'Ka3bIBalOTCSI AJII1HHble HYI3- Kl1e ronoeu ceMHTOB CI1Pl1l1.

,UJlSl 51CHoro no.HI1MaHI1S1 3aKo.Ho.H HaCJle)l,CTB'eHHOCTI1 npencraBJl5fel1CSI Ba)l(HbIM 3HaTb, BCTpe4a'eTCSI ,111 TIO)l,06HOe ans'repaarnaaoe YHaCJle,'lOBaHl1'e npaasaxos npa 6paKax Me)l()l,y JIIHL\aMH, npnaanne)l(all{HlMH K OJl,Ho.iMy 11 roay )l(e THiny. 51 l1MeJI Bo.3Mo.r)l(HOCTb I1CCJ1enosars 3To.T sonpoc nYTC:M 113Yl.JeHI151 BOCT04Ho.-eBPo.neI1CKHX eapeen, )l(I1BYll{I1X B Huo-Itopxe. Ilpocroe cooopaxeaae nOKa3bIBaeT, xro. eCJlI1 Y Ae'Teti 06HapY)I(I1BaeTCSI l1eHAeHL\HSI npananneacars K THIlY npoaexyro-moay Me)l(')lY T1maMH pomrrenen, TO. B o.)l,Ho.I1 cexse n nersx 06HapY)I(I1TCSI OAI1HarKo.BaSl crenens B3a'l1MHOro. CXo.)lCTBa, npa 4eM Oe3pa3JlHI4HO, KaK BeJIHKo. pa3.'1W4I1e Me)l(llY po.)l.l1·reJISIMJ.f. Bens eCJIH ):IeTI1 npocro ,HMelOT TeHAeHL\HIO l)OCnpo.H,3Bo.)l.HTb Cpe)l.HI1I1 THn, TO. 6e3pa3J1l1tDHo., tJpe3MepHo. JlI1 HI131(o.ro. Po.CTa MaTh, a OTeL\ 4pe3Merpao. BbIrCDKOrD, }fJlH pO,[lH'DeJII1 o6a cpenaero pOCTa. B odoax CJ1Y4aSlx rtpomeacyrosnas BeJ1114~Ha oxaaanacs 6bl D,[IHOIO .Ii 1'0.10 )l(e, a n03To.,MY HaM CJIeiUOSaJlO 6bI O)l(I1)J;aTb, 4TD AetlCTBHre na nerea oxaaanocs 6bI o.,[IHHM 11 Te'M )l(e. C ,[Ipyro.H CTOPo.HbI, eCTbH cymecrsyer KaKOrO-JII160 pona a_'1bTepHaTI1BHOCTb B YHaCJleAOBaHl1l1 npI13HaIWR, TO. i:\eI1CT!3I1e sa 'CeMblO oxaausanocs 6bl COBepmeHHO IHHbIM. CJ1e):{o.BaJlO 6bI o.)I(I1rAaTb, 41'0. B cease, B KOTo.POti Po.)I,l1TeJlI1 o6a npl16ml)l(a!OTCSI ,I( THnWtJeCKOMY CpeAHreMY, ,[IeTI1 TaK)I(e OIm)l(YTCSI 6JlI13IG1,;1I1 K 3TrOMY cpenneay. C npyroa CTOpo.HbI, eCJlI1 MaTb 4pe3MepHO H113- xoro pDCTa, a oren - 4pe3MepHo. sucoxoro, TO. cnenosano 6bl 0.)1(11- ,'IaTb, 4To. nexoropue 113 ):IeTeI1 6Y,[IYT Bo.Cnpo.113BO,[lI1Tb Hrl13KI1l1 Po.CT

i) F. V 0 11 L usc h a 11, .Die Tachtadschy nnd andere U"h"rreste der aJteu Bevolkerung Lykiens' (A r chi v f ii rAn t h r 0 polo II: i e, \'01. XIX, pp.31-5:1).

411

'VIaTepl1, a npyrne - BbICOKI1i1 pOCT orua, OKa)K,eTC5I, CJIe,IlOBarenbHO, tITO B cnyxae anbTepHaTI1BHOrO Y'HaCne,llOBaHI151 npI13HaKOB, Mbi ,IlOJ1JKHbl O)KH:,IlaTb Y ,IleTei1 B03paCraHI151 pa3H006pa31151. Conocraane'!He MaTepl1aJla, ).I.06blTOro nYTe'M I1CCJle,IlOBaHI151 HeCKOnbKI1X TblC5Ill ceaeticrn, aecsaa onpeneneano noxaausaer, -rro Y nereii, pO)J.I1Temf KOTOPblX ooa npI1Ha)J.JI'e)KaT K O).l.HOMY 11 TOMY )Ke paCOBo.MY 11 nasce K O,IlHOMY 11 TOMY )K,e MeCTHOMY Tl1ny, 113MeHlll1BOCTb B03paCTaeT secsaa 3HatIl1TeJlbHO C B03paCraHl1eM paaaauu Me)K,IlY pOJlI1Ten5lMH; TaK sro Mbl ,MO)KeM Jl;OInYCKaTb Bblpa)KeH'HYIO TeHiJleH~111O K am-repHaTI1BHOMY YHaCJle,llOBaHI1IO npnaaaxoa B STI1X cnyxasx. HeT, O,IlHaKO, HI1KaKI1X ):IOKa3aTenbCTB npeoonanaana OA'HOro rana Ha):l APyrnM.

Euno np0I13B,e)leHO 3Halll1TenbHOe KOnYf4eCTBO I1CCne.[(oBaHI1M 06 HH"l'eHCHBHOCTI1 HaCJle.[(CTBeHHOCTI1 no OTHOmeHl11O K pO.[(I1Ten5lM 11 K neny 11 K 6a6ywKe, 11, HeCMOTp51 na He,llOCTOBepHOCTb KOJTl1lleCTBeHHoro peaynsrara, nOBI1.[(I1MOMY, ·MQ)KHO YCTaHOBI1Tb, -rro Anll Ka)K)lOrO ,113 pO,llI1TeJlei1 HaCJI,e,IlCTBeHHOCTb aupaxaerca Benl1tII1Hoi1, flpil1t6J1l1'3HTeJlbl-lO palllH5liIOll.\elO,(l5I OI).lHIOi1 Tpe'TIH (n'l11pcm-l, EoaJC) 1). IloBOJlbHO TPY,llHO 0T4eTJIl1BO Bbl5lOHl1Tb 3Ha'leHl1e STOW BeJII14I1HbI. 51 mory, O~Ha'KO, BKpaTQe n05l'CHl1Tb ero CJle,IlYIOll.\I1M 06pa30M. ECJlI1 POCT marepa OTnI14aeTC5I 01' paCOBOW HOPMbl na 9 cairr., - eCJlI1, nanpnaep, OHa na 9 carrr. ssuue, tIeM CpeAHI1W HI1,I1I1BI1AYYM, - TO Mbl MO)KeM O)KI1AaTb, tITO pe6eHOK OKa)KeTC5I na O,IlHY rpers AeB5ITI1 caar., r-e, H'a 3 caar. esnue openaero. Ta'K'I1IM 06pa'3oM" OIKaDKerrC5lI, '1T.o" eCJII1 peaarenn 06a OTJll1tIalOTC5I OT cpenuero B OAHOM 11 TOM )Ke nanpaB.rleHI1I1, TO AeWCTBl1e ooonx 6YAeT CYMMl1pOBaTbC5I. EC;ll1 '06a OHI1 OTJll14alOTC5I .01' CBoHCTBeHHoro ,l1X aapony cpeaaero ua IO.[(HY 11 TY )Ke BeJll1tII1IHY, TO cosoxynnoe ,IleticTBHe 060HX pomrrenea MO)l{eT 6bITb supaxeao IW3cpcpI1QHeHTOM, npI16,1113I1Te.1bHO paBH5IIOll.\I1'MC51 )J.BYM TpeTHM. ECJIH 6bl, aanpavep, H oreu 11 MaTb OKa3aJll1Cb aa 9 canr. BbJlIIe cpeanero THna, TO cnenosano 6bl OIKHAaTb, 41'0 pe6eHOK OKa)KeTC5I rrpadnnanrensso na ABe TpeTI1 cpennero, T.-e. na 6 caar, nuure cpenHero pocra.

XOT5I eure HeT onpenenennux CBeJlemlH 0 CTeneHI1 HacneACTBeHHOCTI1 no ornourenmo K npeJlWeCTBYIOll.\I1M nOKOJleHI151M, O,IlHaKO, npeJlCTaBJl5leTC51 Bep051THbIM, 'ITO AeA ,V! 6a6ywKa BMeCT'e OKa3bIBalOT ira noroacrso ,BnI1SlHl1e, 113Mep51lOll.\eOC51 npl16Jm3l1TenbHO ABYM51 .l\eB51- 'j blMI1; npaaen 11 npaoaoynrxa BMeC'fIe - Bnl1S1Hl1e, 113Mep51lOll.\eeC5I np.J16J1H3'I1TeJlblH'O' )JJBY'M51 A[la,)l!I~aTblO 'Ct'JlhMbllM!l1:, 'l1 T. ~~.

J13Y4a51 3TH np06JleMhl COfJIaCHO CTaTJ1<C'fIH4eClnIM TeopHHM 11 npaHI1Ma51 B pacxer Ha6JlIO).I.eHH51 OTHOCI1TeJlbHO CXOACTBa oparses 11 cecrep, MO)KHO noxasars, 4TO TeOpl151 anbTepHaTI1BHOrO YHaCJleJlOBaHI151 npl13HaKOB He l\lO)KeT 6blTb npaanaaena B Cnl1WKOM 6YKBaJlbHO'M CMbICJle. Bem., eCJlI1 Obi naomonaxocs a6COJllOTHOe soaapauieane xaKOH-JlI160 nepru K '1lKTblM TV!naM npenxoe, TO MblMOrJIl1 ObI CKa-

I) K a riP ear S 0 11, .Ou the Laws cf Heredity in M8n" (B i 0 met r i ka, vol. II 11902-1£03], pp. 357 et sr q.) Frar-z P('~~, "Heredity in Antfrcpcmctrlc Traits" (A Iller i C <l.ll !\ II t II r o p 0 1(\ g i s I, N. S., \,01. IX [nJUn pp, 45:~ «t scq.)

47

sars, xro BepO)'lTHOCTb roro, -rro :.IBn opara BOCnp0I13B'e,111 6bl TeJIeCHYIO <I>0PMY O)lHOrO 11 roro )l(e npemca, 6blJIa 6bl secsxa neae.1HKa, 1160 KOJIl1tteCTBO npe.D.'KOB B .D.aJIbHI1X nOKOJIeHI151X OtteHb BeJll1KO. I1HbIMI1 CJIOBaMI1, .D.O,'l)l(Ha cyuiecrsoaan, euie .D.06aBOttHa51 np(1ttl1'Ha cxoncraa Me)l(.D.Y 6paTbHMI1 11 ceCTpaMII1. MO)l(HO rtoscaaars, xro [3 cnysae, eCJII1 YHaCJleaOBaHI1IO Hpl13HaKOB caoacraenna asuueyecaaanHa51 CI1JIa, YI eCJII1 TeJleCHa51 <popMa 113BeCTHoro HOKOJleHI151 ooycnoBJI.I1Ba,eTC5! TOJIbKO ansrepaa TI1BHblM yaacnenosansea npI13HaKOB, AetiCTB11e xoroporo HCXO~YlT OT ponnrenen, Jl,e~a YI 6a6ywKI1, npanena 11 If]paJ6a6iy/w'K!I1' 'l-t T. a., 1(1 3TO ,nev,CT13ll1e J·fIa!l1ipGIBI.me'HO npHlY.1Q Ha pacCM'aTpI1BaeMOe nOKOJIeHMe, npn tteM O,/llUf 11 Tie )I(e YlH~HBYlJI,yYMbl He BCTpettalOTC5I na paanux MeCTax B psny rtpemcoa, TO B pesynsrare Me)l(JI,Y OpaTb5lMI1 ,14 CeCTpaMI1 oxaausanocs 6bl rOpa3J1,O M,eHee CXOJl,CTSa, tteM ,nei1cTBI1TenbHO Ha6nlO]laeTC5I. Ecna KOnl1tteCTBO scex npe):1'1(OH HeBenHKO, TO 'JlOBTOpeHHe OJl!HI1IX 14 rex )I(e <pOPM crano 6b! donee Bep05lTHbiM 111 O):1HOPO;:(HOCTb psna B03POCJIa 6bl. B 06m,eM, .L\aHHble, nOBI1J1,I1MOMY, scero JIYlIwe 06'51CH5IIOTC5I, eCJlI1 Mbl npeJl,nOJ10)l(HM, 'ITO cyurecrsyer He TOJlbKO ansrepna TI1BHOe ynacnenosaane npnaHaKOB, HO 11 np5J.Ma51 3aBI1(o11MOCTb OT KO'MUVlHalll1l1 ;:\BYX pOJl,HTenbCKI1X

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B MHorOI4I1CvleHHQ;M HaCeJleHI1H, cro.n, HeYCTo!1lIoYlROM B CBOI1X npnsu-ucax, KaK nacenenne HblHewHeH EBPOl1bl VI HblHewHei1 AMepHKI1. KOnl1l1eC1 BO npenxos OJJ;Horo nuua soapacraer osens 6b1CTpO. LII1C10 pO,UHTeJlei1 paBH5J.eTC5I ;:\ByM; nenos 14 6aGyweK - 4eTblpeM; npanenos VI npaoacyurex - BOCbMYI; TeOpen111eCKOe 1IM-CI10 npemcou aa nuanuars nOKOJ1eHl1H Jl,0 HblHeWHero npeauuiano 6bl Ml1nJlHOH I1ml, TOllHee, OHO paIBH5IeTC5I 1.048.576. ,lJ,Ba.LtllaTb '110KOnetHIJ1IH npe)ljCTaiBJ15HO'T, COIOTBe'fCf'Be'HIHO K03¢¢,I1IUI11eHiTY pOCTa H'<1C,eneHIHI>I .B HlQlBOe J31peiW5I, rrpl1:6mj- 3lWfe,l1bIHO ,ceMbCiorr ner: COO'lmeTCTBeHHO K'0'3<P¢J.11Ir'HeilfTY pO'CTa naCe,1eHI151 B npeacnee BpeM5I, caaoe MeHblllee, npl1'liml31nejlbHO 4eTblpecra ,TJeT. 3TI1 1I111Cna nOJ1YlIHJII1'Cb 6bl )1)151 psna TlOKOneHI1i1, npencraaneasoro nepBOpO):1HblMI1 ):IeTbMYI 1I1Y)I(CKOrO nona; J\jI51 nepaopoaHblX neTei1 )I(eHCKOro nona coorsercrayroume lIV1CJJa 6blJll1 6bl npa- 6nH311Te:lbHO n5lTbCOT VI TpHCTa mlTb;.\eC5IT .ier. O;J,HaKO, eC111 Mbl

t) C h. B. 0 a v c tJ po r t •• Heredity of~Eye-Color in Man:' (S c i e nee N. S. vol. XXVI [1907], pp. 589-592); .Heredity of Hair-Form in M8n" (A mer i call Naturalist, vol. XLII, pp.341-349i O. and Ch. Davenl'ort, .Hercdity of Hair-Color in Mall·, (AlIJ-{'fican Na t u r a l i s t. vol, XLIII, pp.19:1-·-21lj.

crane» paccaarpasan, Aei1CTBlofleJJbHOe npOHeXOJKAeHl1e ceMei1CTBa, B COCTaB KOTOPblX BX'OJlSlT ,11 l1HJlI1BHJlYYMhI, POJlI1BWHOCSl noannee, TO 'Mbl MOJKeM, n'OOKaJIyti, npeJlTI'OJJOJKHTb, 'ITO JlBaJlllaTI1 nOKOJJemUIM B Espone COOTJ3IeTCTByeT OT BOCbMl1eOT JlO AeBSlTI1COT JJeT, a y neoBOGblTHblX HapOAOB, 6blTb MOJK·eT, HeMHOrI1M MeHee, TaK KaK B npexHYI·e spenesa pa3Jl'l1lJl1S1 B 6blCTpOTe eM,eBbl nOCJleJJ.OBaTleJJbHbIX nOKOjleHI1H B Espone 11 y nepsoournux HapOJlOB 6bml1 He OlJeHb Benl1KI1. Orctona BbITeKaeT noman HeB03M'OJKHOCTb roro, lJT06bl CTOJJb 60JJbmoe lJl1CJJO npemcoe, xaxoe Tpe6yeTlcSI reopaea, MOrJlO cnOC06CTBOBaTb pa3Bl1Tl11O H'BJlI1BH.JlYYMOB, eOCTaBJlHlOll(l1X HbIHeWHee nOKOJle~H1e. Ilpnlll1Ha 3TOro JICHa. E.1JarOJlapH 6paKaM MeJKJlY lJJJ,eHaM'11 0JlHI1X H rex JKe ceneacrs, 3HalJUTe<JlbHble KOJlWleCTBa npemcos OKaJKYTCSI qmrypl1- PYIOIl(I1MI1 B JlByX 3K3eMIl.1JSlpaX B pa3JIl1lJHbiX 'OTQOBCKI1X 11 ;'\IaTepl1'HCKI1X Ji,HHI151X. I1TaK, pan ¢a'KTl1lJeCKI1X npenxos KaJKAOrO I1HJl:I1BI1' ;;YYMa npeJlCTaBJJSI·eTCSI ropaano 60JJee CJlOJKHblM, 'Ie,," MO:)KHO 6blJ10 6b1 npeJlnOJlaraTb,I1CXOJl51 113 lJWCTO apl1¢MeTWlJeCKOrO paCCMOTpeHI1;J sonpoca. nOYlJl1TeJJbH'O, nanpaaep, BbllJl1'CJJeHl1e, npoaanenesnoe JlJl5I COCTalB.'1reHl1H Ta6JJl1Qbl npesucon repxanocoro l1MnepaTopa. Ilo O. JIopeHQY 1), KOJJl1lJeCTBO ero npemcos B nocnenoaarensnux nOKOneHI151X 6blJlO TaK0I80:

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i) 0 t t 0 k a r Lor C n z, .Lchrbuch der g~samrnten wisscnschaftlichen (Jcncalog;c" (Berlin, 1898) pp. 289 ct seq. 308. 310, 311.

2) 8TH 1I0KOJIeHHS! lie B lOJIHC BbISlCHCHbl. Y xalbIBaCMble snecs lfIlCR:! HBIHIIOTCII IJaIlOOJIblllHMH BcrIHlJIlHaMH, I<OTOPblC 6blJlll Obi naaneau B TOM CJIy'l<!C, ('CJlJi 6"1 Y HCI131lCCTllblX JiH)J.HBH)J.YYMOBIIC OKa3a.lOCh ,.noTCp" npcnxon".

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ECJ111 nlPll1HSITb IE 'POJC'leT 3WKOIHlbl Ha~J]e.):(lC'riBeHH0IC11H 'B TQIMi BI1,Ae, KaK OHli $opMymipoBaHbl suure, TO, nOBHAI1MOMY, B 06mI1He raxoro rnna, HaC'lI1TbIBaIOmeH: HeMHoro 60JIee ,nBYXCOT I1H,nI1BHAYYMOB, npeAOK Ka)J(AOrO I1HP,I1BHp,yYMa, Ha'lI1Ha51 C aocsxoro nOKOJleHI151, AOJI)J{eH OKa3aTbC5I OJl,HI1M 11 TeM )J{e, nOTOMY 'lTO AJl51 socsxoro 1l0KOJleHI151 reopernuecxa Tpe60BaJIOCb 6b! ABeCTI1 n5lTbAeC5IT meers I1HAHBI1AYYMOB, T.-e. 60JlbWe, 'leM B caMOM nene OKa3bIBaeTC5I B 06mHHe, H cymecrsoaanae TaKI1X HH1\I1BI1AYYMOB, y KOTOPblX He 6blJlO 6bl AOBOJlbHO 60JlbWOrO 'lI1CJla 6Jll13Kl1X 11 AaJIbHI1X npeAKOB, ooumx AJl51 HI1X 11 AJI5I scex OCTaJlbHblX 'lJJeHOB 06 111l1Hbl, 'lpe3Bbl4atiHo aesepo- 51THO, eCJlH He HeB03MO)J{HO.

OTCIOAa nenocpencrnenno asrrexaer, 'lTO B lIeJJOM pane I13MeH'lH'BOCTb, 06HapY)J{I1BaIOma5fC5I B KOJIe6aHI151X OKOJIO ranasecxoro AJISI aroro cpenuero psna, AOJl)J{Ha 6blTb cxopee aesenaxa, TaK KaK y scex 4JIeHOB rpynnu OKa)J{eTC5I 113BeCTHaH creneus $aMHJJbHOrO CXO~CTBa. OTO OAH06pa3He nmOB 6y~eT, KOHe4HO, TeM 60JlbWe, 'leM OAHO- 06pa3Hee rpynna npe~KOB.

C APyroti CTOPOHbl, 3THMH YCllOBH5IMH 06'51CHSleTCH 11 npyras xapaxrepaas sepra H3011HpOBaHHOH rpynnu. Bnaronaps nOCTOSlHHOMY BocnpOH3BeAeHI1IO Tl1nOB 0AHHX 11 rex )){e npeAKOB B lIellOH rpynne, THn uenoro napona CTaHOBI1TC5I necsaa CXOAHblM C xapaxrepnuna 'lepTaMH neoonsuroa rpynnu npeAKOB; H 'leM Ma.rlO'lHCJleHHee 3TH rpyrmu, Te!M HepOSITHe,e, 'lTO Tan IM-€iCTHOIH rpyrmu OK'a)J{e11CSI CO'Bepuieano OTJJl14aIOml1MCH OT rana scero napona, K KOTOPOMY npnaanJJe)J{HT 3Ta MeCTHaSl rpynna.

MHe Ka)J{eTC5I, 'lTO 3TI1 YCJIOBI151 B 3Ha'lI1TeJIbHOH CTeneHI1 oo'scH5IIOT CYmeCTBOBaHHe pa3JII14HblX MeCTHblX THnOB y nepB06LITHblX pac. ECJlH Mbl HaXOAI1M, aanpnaep, 'lTO B CeBepHOH AlI1epHKe pe3KO Bblpal)J{eIHlHbJlH: TII1ID (SOrfCTl~e!-le~ apKTII1'tJ'e'CKOMY nOOep€)J{blO KOHrfH-

50

nenra, 'lTO coeepurenuo OTJU1'laIOll.\I1"HC51 OT Hero run ucrpexaercs H oaccenae MeKeH3H, a HHble rana - B onpenenennux MeCTHOCT}1X na 6eperax Tuxoro Oxeana, onSITb-TaKI1 HHbJe THnbl B oaccenne MHCCI1CHnliI, OC06blH Tliln sa IOrO-BOCTOKe, OC06b1H ran na 6eperax Puo-I'paane IiI B MeKCHK'e, TO npe.!lCTaBJI}1eTeSI npaeaononooaua, 'lTO MO)KHO 06'OCHIiITb IiIX npOI1CXO)K.!IeHliIe B03paCTaHliIreM He60JIblllHX H30Jll1pOBaHHblX rpynn, xoropoe, KaK Mbl BH)leJ1H, nenpeaeauo )lOJI)KHO anevs aa c06010 .!IH<p<pepeHlIHallHIO nma.

3TOT B3rJl51)l, ua npOHCXO)K)l,eHHe MeCTHblX pac BnO!IHe cornacyerca C 3aMellaTeJlbHblMI1 pe3YJlbTaTaMH, nOJIYlleHHblMIiI 110raHHceHoM B ero HCCJIe)l,ORaHIiISIx 0 HaC;1eJ\CTBeHHoeTIiI 1). OH I1CKYCTBeHHO BOcnPOH3- 1l0,[(HJI YCJIOBHSI, rocnO,IJ.CTBYIOIJll1e B He60JIbWOH 06ll.\HHe, H YCHmtBaJI H)" lIeticTBl1e, Bbl6Hpa}1 Tl1nbl O,IJ.IiIHaKOBOH <POPMbl IiI pa3MHO)Ka}1 IiIX lIYTeM car.JOOnJIO,IJ.OTBOpeHI151. OH aupauuman TaKHM cnococox 6060- IlbDe paeTeHlMl5! H'3 6060lB Ou1H'HaIKOBOro Berea, H' C:vIIY Ylo'IaBa'J10eb orpaaa'lI1BaTb aapnauan rnna, TaK 4TO npaKTIiI4eC!(J1 JlI060ti pO,IJ. 6060B onpeneneaaoro seca l1 onpeneneanoa <POPMbI MOr 6blTb pa3BOt\IiIM C coxpaneaaea rana cnoero npemca IiI 6e3 CO'XpaHeHI151 CJIY4aHHblX sapaauaa npe,IJ.KOB. 13 rex CJlY4aSIX, xorna rpynna npenxos BOCXO.!lIiIT K O'rpaHI14eHHoMY 'mCJIY I1H.!II1BHJl.YyMO'B, KaK y HaWI1X 1130}lI1PO'BaHHblX nJIeMeH, sapaauas He 6Y.!leT, KOHe4HO', AO TaKOH CTeneHI1 orpaH114eHHO'H; HO' xapaxrepnoe pasaarne YCTO'H4liIBO'rO' rnna BnO'JIHe aH'aJlOPI1'4H'i) on bUT'Y , n'P'O'l1r~Be:)1eHlH'O'MIY 110rraHll-lICe'H'OM.

3)l,eCb MO)KHO euie YKa3aTb IiI na npyroe 51B}JeHHe, noxa MaJIO HCCJIe)l,OBaHHO'e, HO' BeCbMa 3aCJIY)KHBaIOll.\ee BHIiIMaHH5I. Mbl BIiIt\eJlH, 'lTO' B YCTO'H411BblX O'6Ull1HaX B penxo HaCeJIeHHblX crpanax POACTBO Me)K.!IY 4JIeHaMIiI nJIeMeH O'Ka3blBaeTC5I secsaa 6J1H3KIiIM, 11 'lTO' 3TO' PO.!lCTBO' nenpeaeuao nO'BJIH5IeT na ran 11 na ero 1iI3MeH4HBOCTh. C TelJeHl1eM BpeMeHI1 Me)K)l,y AByM5I paHO'HaMI1, HaCeJIeHl1e KO'TO'PblX pa3BMBaJlO'Cb TalKJI1iiVI 06pa30M, rM'orYT YCTa:H01BJ1'TbiCSI CHOmeH:H5J, Hr 'FIO(3,MO)KHO MHOjJ{eCTBO opaxon Me)KJ\Y I1X o6WraTeJlSIMIiI. CaMO' CO'6O'H pa3YMeeTC5I, 'no, XO<l'SI 'M!C)j{):Ily ~Byr,~l$1 TII1:na:lo:II1, nOIB1111j)l1'MOMY, cyinecrsyior JJIl111Jh He60JlblU11e pa3JII14H5J, B pe3YJIbTaTe nony-nrrcs nO'JIHblH oecnopsnox 13 <popMax HaCJle)lCTBeHHOCTI1, TaK KaK C04eTaeTCSI 60JlbWO'e KOJlH4eCTBO' JilO']lei1, npenxa KOTO'PblX paananau. Hanpaxep, IO)KHble arans}lHl\bl 11 ncnaauu 51BJI5IIO'TC5I npeAcTaBliITeJ1SIMI1 .!IByX TliInOB, He O''IeHb OTJ.l1'1aJOll\IiIXC5I npyr O'T npyra no <p1iI3114eCKI1M 4epTaM, I-10 pa3AeJIeHHblX B Te4eHHe B,eKO'B. Heoonsurae I1TaJIb5lHCKHe nepeseucxse OOll.\IiIHbl, IIO'~o6HO' I1cnaHCKHM, O'6J1aAaIOT BceMH xapaxrepuuaa npI13HaKaMI1 OOll.\IiIH, B KOTO'PblX 3H)l,OraMHble 6paKH npO'AOJI)KaJIIiICb B Te4eHHe nonroro nepnona. B ApreHTI1HCI<OH pecnyonnxe Me)KAY 3THMI1 )l,ElYM5I TIiInaMIiI YCTa'HOBlI1J10Cb O'6ll.\eHliIe 11 I1X 4Jl'eHbI 'laCTO' BCTynalOT B opa« npyr C npyrov. Y Hac HeT Ha6JIIO.!IeHl1H 0' )l,eHCTBI11iI 3TOrO' CMellleHI151 na xapaxrepaue <p11311'-leCKl1e sepru, HO' 6blJIO OTMe4eHO, 'ITO pacnpenenenne PO')K)l,aeMOCTIiI MaJIb4liIKOB H ,lIeBO'4eK OKa3bIBaeTC}1 COnepuienno IlHbIM, 'Jell! B censsx, rne pO,lI.I1TeJII1 O'6a I1JII1 acnaaua I1J1H

t) W. I () iI a n 11 ~ C n, • Elerncntc der exaktcn Erblichkeitslehrc" (lena).

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Ilocne roro KaK Mbl paccaorpenu BJIl1S1Hl1e HaCJlejlCTSeHHOCTJ1 H oKPY)KaJOllIeH cpenu, nOCKOJlbKY OHI1 onpenensnor xapaxrepaue 'lepTbl pa'3m1lllHblX 4e'JlOiH€'4IeOK!I1!X T'l1nO'B, ccraerrcn Illpil16aOOrrb HeCKOlIbKO ClIOB OTHOCI1TelIbHO J1HJJ;J1BI1AYYMOB, COCTaBlISlJOllIl1X Ka)K)l.bIH run, J1 OTHOCiIITelIbHO paann-moro pacnpenenenas I1H]l.I1BI1)l.YYMOB R paana-msrx rnnax.

MHe yxce He pas npl1XOJJ;l1lIOCb ynoMHHaTb 06 51BJleHI1SlX Bapl1aL\I1H

Y 4eJIOBe4eCKI1X pac; 11 51 Y)Ke OTMe4aJ1, 4TO, flOCKOJlbKY neno l1]1.eT 06 I1HAI1BI1)l.yalIbHblx xeprax, Mbl HaXOAI1M, 4TO paaxepu sapaauaa

B Ka)K)l,OM llelIOBe4eCKOM rune HaCTOJlbKO BeJlI1KI1, lITO nOCT05lHHO ucrpeuaercs nepexpuaaane P5l)l,OB, B KOTOPblX 06HaPY)!(I1BaJOTCSl aapaaumr, B pasnux Tl1nax. Mbl BI1)l.eJJl1, aanpanep, 4TO cpeAHeti aena- 4l1Hbl Moar esponeauea OlleHb 4aCTO BCTpelJaeTC5I y aerpoa, 11 lJTO JlI1Wb ]l.JI5I lJpe~~MepHO Ma110ro Herpl1TSlHCKOro M03ra He CYllIeCTByeT rtapannensuux <POPM y esponeauen, a COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOMY 11 l\Jl5I lJpe3MepHO oonsnroro M03ra, ncrpeuaronierocs y esponejiues, He cyurecrsyer napannensaux <POPM cpena ,M03rOB aerpos, Crenens 113MeH'!I1Boenl no OTHOllleHI1JO K pa31II1lJHbiM <p113I1lJeCKMM sepraa secsaa pa3J1M4Ha Y pasnux pac. Hanpaxep, 6011bIllaSl lJaCTb eaponeacxax Tl1nOB OTlIl1lJaeTCSl csoea 3HalJl1TelIbHoi1 113MeHlJI1S0CTbJO. To )Ke • canoe MO)!{HO cxasars J1 OTHOCI1TeJlbHO nOJII1He311HQeB 11 HeK0TOpb[X Herpl1T}1H([GiX nneaes. C npyroa CTOPOHbl, 'raxae naponu, KaK esponeH10K1l1e elBlpel1, ,~ ,;ta')!(,e B eute oOlnbmei1 crenesn Oe'BEpO-aiM1epM!KalH'CKl1e I1H]l.etiqbl, OT 1II1lJaJOTCSI CpaBHI1TelIbHO rOpa3]1.0 6011bIllI1M OAHDoopaanex. Crenem, 113MeH4MBOCTI1 npencraanser 3Ha '-llifTe f1bli re pas;[111.;1151 no OTHOmeHI1JO K pa3J1l1lJHblM <p113I1lJeCKI1M xepraa. O'leBHtlHO, nanpnaep, 'lTO user 11 <popMa BOlIOC y ceuepnux eaponesuea ropasno paanooopaanee, lJeM lIBeT 11 <popMa B0110C y KI1TdHlIeB. B Espone QBeTa BOlI'OC 'BCTpelJaJOTCSI OT oenoxyporo ]1.0 sepaoro, npn 4eM ecrs Amaro mm: C Pbl)!(I1MI1 BOJIOCaMl1, 11 <popMa BOJ10C 1 aioxe OlJeHb paanooopaana: OT npSlMoti AO Bb[COKI1X crenenen BOJlHl1CTOCTI1.

C ~pyrow CTOPOHbl, y KI1Tai1~eB Hie BCTpelJClJeTlCSl T1aKI1X )!(e OOpl1aQI1H

B 1 e~IHOTe OKpaCKI1, TaK KaK y HI1X OTCYTCTBYJOT 6eJlOKYPble 11 I1H)l.I1- BYI;lyYMbl C KYPlJaBblMYI BOlIOCaMI1. Ilonorinae )!(e Ha61IJO)l,eHYlSI moryr Ol>lTb npoaasenenu 11 OTHOCI1TelIbHO pOCTa, <pOPMbl r0110Bbl 11 JIJ060H I1HOH sepru rena, xoropas MO)!{eT 6blTb supaaceaa npn nocpencrae 113MepeHI1H.

t) M. D. and Ray m 0 n d Pea r I, "On the Relation of Rice Crossing to the Sex Ratio" (B i 0 log i c a I B It II e tin, vol. xv [1908], pro 194 et seq.).

52

npl1YI1Ha pa3nl1YI111 113NleHlll1BOCTI1 OT4aCTI1 YKa3aIm B HaWI1X I1peAllle'CTiJ}yIO~I1X 3aMe4aHI1SlX. Mbl BI1,!\eJlli, 41'0 1f3R1eH'I11'130CTb 00- pO,LIa yaeasuraercs, eCJlI1 OH npoaaouren 01' MaJI0411CJleHH0l1 O,LIHO- 06pa3HOH rpynrru; C ,LIpyroH CTOPOHbl, 113MeH'II1BOCTb MO)({eT aaaxarensno YBenI14I1TbCSl, eCJlI1 npOI1CXO)({AeHl1e rpyrmu O'leHh paanoPOAHO, Hnl1 eCJlI1 npeAKI1 npnnannexar I( coaepurenao pa3nl1'1Hhlll1 ranaa. Bo scex l1CCneAOBaHHblx cnysaax, Aa)({e l1 B rex, B IWTOPblX 113MeH'Il1BOCTb nenemnca, Me)({IW HHAl1BI1,L1yYMaMl1, COCraBJ15110Il-ll1M11 llneMeHH'YIO 1II1l1 HaI~l10HaJlbHYIO 1IJ11I lHDYIO COI..ll1anhHYIO eAll1HlIl..1Y, see )({e OCTaIOTCSl aaa-urrensnue pa3J11I4l1Sl B renecaux <popMax, npa 'IeM TO, 'ITO BepHO OTHOClITeJlhHO <pl13l14eCKl1X 'IepT, O'leBl1AHO, He meaee np1I1\H~IHl1MO 1I K YMCTBeHlHbl'M lIepTatM, HlO TPYAHO Bblpa3l1Th xapaxrepHble sepns YMa LllICJlaMl1, npa nOCpe,LICTBe KOTOPhlX onpenensercs 113MeH'Il1BOCTh. OAHaKO, npa 03HaKOMJleHlIl1 c nJ1eMeHaMlI, 6hlT KOTOPhIX, OLleBl1AHO, naaoonee npOCT B COI..ll1anhHOM OTHOWeHlIlI, 06HaPY)({I1BaeTCSl cymecrsouauae l13BeCTHbIX lIHAl1Bl1)lYYMOB, npnnanneaca~l1X K pa3Ho06pa3HeHllIl1M ranaa no CBoeMY xapaxrepy l1 yety. ECJ1I1 )({e IMbl CTaHeM paccaarpneen, YMCT'Be'HHOe COCTOSlHl1e 13 3aHI11Cl1MOCHl OT TeTIeClHOH <l>Olp'M1hr, 110 oo'JI'b'lliioe PW3HOOI6paI3l11Ie, c11p'O'e'HIl1'Sl rena, B oc06eHHOCTl1 moara, 06HapY)({l1BaIO~eecSl Aa)({e l1 B naaoonee OAHO- 06pa3HOH rpyrme, nenaer BepOSlTHbEMI1 eecsaa 3HaLilITeJlhHblie paaJll1'Il1Sl B lIH,LIl1BlIAyaJlbHbIX CBoHCTBax.

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Ba)({HOCTb 3TlIX Ha6JllOJleHI1H B crpepe YMcTBeHHoro pa3BI1TI1Si coCTaBI1T npenaer aaurero nansueaurero paccMOTpeHI1H.

IV

YMCTBEHHblE tJEPTbI nEPBOBblTHoro H UHBHJlH30BAHnoro tJEJlOBEKA.

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"

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ECJIH Mbl CTaHeM paCCMaTpHBaTb nauiy np06JIeMY C 4HCTO ncnxoJIOm4ecKoti T04KI1 3peHH5I, TO HaM npeJlCTOHT npnnepaoearscs rex }Ke npHeMOB, KOTOPbIX Mbl nepacanncs npn naurex paCCMOTpeHHH anaTOMH4eCI<oti npodnexu. Mbl p,OJI}KHbl nOCTapaTbC5I flICHO YKa3aTb runH4eCI(I1e pa3Jll14H5I Me}KP,Y YMOM 4eJIOBeKa 11 YMOM }KHBOTHbIX, KOTOpue Mbl p,OJ1}KHbl HMeTb B BI1P,Y, npacrynas K aaurexy HCCJIe)WBaHHIO. Ilpn paeCMOTpeHHH nCHXH4eCKHX pa3JIH4l1ti Me}KP,Y '-1HBI1JII130BaHHbIM 11 nepB06bITHblM 4eJIOBeKOM, Mbl p,OJI}KHbl pa3rpaHI14HTb ABe npocneau: nporineay pa3JII1411'ti B KYJIbTypHOM COeT051HI1Il1' 4JIeHOB OIlHOti 11 TOti }Ke pacu H np06JIeMY pa3JI114111ti B xapaxrepaux -reprax pa3HbIX pac; I1HbIMI1 CJIOBaMH, IMbl AOJI}KHbl pa3l1paHI1'~I1Tb np06JIeMbl BUlI151JHHti, OKa3bIsaeMbIX oicpyxaiouteto cnenoio, H np06JIeMbi BJlI1S1Hil1ti HaCJIeIlCTBeHHOCTI1.

nJISI '-1eJIeti aaurero I1CCJlep,OBaHI1S1 HaM HeT Hap,06HOCTH yr.'1yOJISlTbC5I B paCCMOTpeHHe nepeoa 113 SbIIlleYKa3aHHbIX np06JIeM, a I1MeHHO paaJI114l1ti Me}KJl.Y YMOM }KI1BOTHOro 11 YMOM xenonexa. 3Tl1 pa3JlH41151 CTOJIb pe3I(I1, 41'0 OTHOCl1TeJIbHO HI1X cy~eCTBYIOT JIl1Illb He3Ha411- TeJIbHble pa3HorJlaCI151, I1JlI1 I1X BOBce He OKa3bIBaeTCSI. )l,BYMSI snemHI1Ml1 4epTaMI1, B KOTOPblX HaXOj:ll1T aupaacenue pa3JIH4v!e Me}KAY YlM01l1 )I{WBOTHOro 11 YMOM lIeJIOBel(a, 51BJISIIOTC5I cyurecraosaaae Y tjeJIOBeKa opraHH30BaHHOH 4JIeHOpa3p,ellbHoti petjH H nOJIb30BaHl1e 0PYj:lI1S11\1H, HaXOp,SllllI1MI1 pa3JII1'-lHOe npnaeneaae. I1 TO l1 npyroe COCTaBJlSleT oouiee 1l0CTOSlHI1e scero xenoaevecrea. HI1KOrj:la He BCTpe«anocs raxoro nJleMeH'I1', xoropoe He orinanano ObI xOPOWO oprann- 30BaHHblM Sl3bIKOM; HI1KOrp,a He BCTpelJaJIOCb raxoa 06UIl1Hbl, KOTOpaM He OblJIl1 61>1 H3seCTHbl ynorpednenae l1HCTpYMeHToB AJISI pa3611- BaHJI1S1, pe~~aHH'SI YliJ111 CU€p,ler!ll15I II np:I1IM'eH(:iLHe (JPH,5I 11 0PY')!{:H5I, CJlY)I(,I,-

54

utero ;l,J15'I caaosautnru H AJl51 n06blBaHH5I cpencre I< CYllteCTOOl3aHl1l<". X0T51 y }I{l1IBOTHbiX l1MelOTCU cnocoou 06111eHl1S1 npa nocpencrae 3BYKOIB, 11 X 0'1'51, nOIB'I1JhWMOMIY, ~l}I{e y HOOW'YDX }l{'I1IBOrr'HbI'X '11IMelO"l'C5I CfIOCO" Obi A1I51 OCYlllocTBJlelHHSI COTpYJtHI1q.eCTBa Me}l{,uy pa3J1l1tJHbIMI1 l1H'Al1BI1- JYYMaMIl1, HaM Hel1'3BoeCTHIO Hl1 OItHOro cnysaa, B KOT'OIPOM Y )I{'HiBOTHbIX ObIJlO 6bl YCTaHOBJleHO CYllleCTBOBaHl1e nOAJ1I1JI-!'HOM: tJJleHOpa3,ueJlbHot1: pe411, 113 KOTOPOti I1CCJleAOBaTeJlb Mor Obi I13BJIe4b aOCTpaK11Hbie npaa~l1nbl KJlaCCI1<pI1Kaql1l1 l1,ueti.

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Mbl npl1BbIKJlI1 rOBOpl1Tb, 41'0 cyurecrseunoli xapaxrepaoa tJepTDti YMCTBeHHbiX npoueccou 4eJIOBeKa SlBmleTCSl cnDCD6HOCTb I( pacCY)I{AeHJ.1I0. XOTSl )I{l1BOTHble moryr Tal< )I{e, KaK 4eJIOBeK, coaepmars AetkTBI1S1, npscnocoonemure K AOCTl1)1{eHl11O KaKOH-J1l160 QeJlI1, OCHOsannue aa BOCnOMI1HaHl1l1 0 peaynsrarax npearnax ,Uei1cTBI1H l1 aa nOAXOASlUteM suoope neticfBl1ti, CDOTBeTCTBYIOWI1X 113BeCTHDMY HaMepeumo, y aac, TeM He M'e<Hee, HeT HI1KGI'KI1X AaHHbIX, xoropue noxasaBaJlI1 6bI, 41''0 aocrpaxraue nDH51TI151, CDnpOBQ)I(AalOI.l\l1e AeI1CTBl1e, MoryT 6blTb CDCTaBJlSleMhl )I{I1BDTHbIMVI, Me)l{AY TeM KaK ace 4eJlOaexecxne rpyrmu, 01' nepBOOblTHel1Wl1X AD CT051I.l\I1X aa BbICWI1X CTynensx pa3BI1Tl1S1, D6JlanaIOT 91''011 cnDc06HOCTblO.

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51 3,[leCb 'Y1I1aMI~Hly '0 :i101nbll11KaX K,neMIMla 1), Kapyoa 2), ,a.e-r0611H10 s),

t) Gus t a v K 1 e m m, .Allgemeine Culturgeschtchte- (Leipz'g, 1843), vol. I, pp. 196 et seq. C ero B3fJUl.lla\lH coraauraercs A. W u t t k e, .Geschichte des Heldentums= (Breslau, 1852-53), vol, I, p. 36.

2) Car I Gus t II V Car u s, "Ueber die ungleiche Beflihigung der verschiedenen Menschheitstamme fur hohere geistige l:ntwicklung" (D e n k s c h r if t z u m hun d e r t j a h rig enG e bur t s f est eGo e the's, Lei p zig, 1849). 8) I. A. de Gob i n e a u, • Essai sur l'inegalit« des races humatnes(Paris, I 853-55).

56

HOTT'd 11' fJ1l1!lIlOHa J), BaJtkla ~), Cnencepa 3), Taanopa '). Plx HCCJle).lOi3aHiI1SI 3aIOJlY'~Y.IBaIOT SHv,IM'a'HIl1'R' lK'alK OIlMOOHll1l5ll X'alPa~<'Pe'pHIbI!X lI'etpT nep'B(JVblT.HbDX JFIO~eH:, HO 'H1f 06 O~HOIM 'l113 Hll1'X IHelllb'351 CKa3aTb, 'lTO OHIYI Onl1lCbllBa'IOT HOHx!OIJfOIfll1'4'ea~IfH xapaxrep P'<lIC, He<3lU!lOOI1IMO 01' l1X CO'I.V'!laJlblHlOtti Cpe).lbl. KJFe'MM' 1111 Byrrxe Xa'paiKTetpHI3IYIOT QI1IB:111Jl1H300a'HHhFe pacu K'WK a'KT1I1'BlHbl,e, a 'Bee Jl!PYIl1-1!e' - Ka'K na'OOJ.1BlHlbl'e 111: rn:pe,!{noJla- 1'a1O'T, -rro Bee :,lJlie'MeHTbI 11 HtallJ'a 111(111 Q'l1IBiI1'lll1GaQI1I11" IBC'InelJalOl.Ql1eC5I y nelPrBOObf11HbDX JFIO.):IeH-1B A'Mep'l1IK'e 1111]]11 H13. ocrpoeax Tl1lXOfO OxeaHa - 065l13aH'b1 CBOI111M' lC~Il(eICTB'OIBaH\He'M pa'HIHle'M~ COIITPI1lKOCHlOIBle'Ii'lflO C Qil1IB'I1'JJ\l1Ga~:l1'eH. Kapyc paanenser lJ€lJlOiBl€lJ'&11BO na «HiWPOiJI:bl' ~H5I, HOlJl1 l1 aapa». ~e-r06i1HO Ha3bIBaeT )l{eJtTYIO pacy ,MY)l{CKI1'M 311eMeHTOM', 1.!€!piHYIO - Jro~HlCKil1IMI 'l11 OlJ'l1rra,err J1il1lillb 6ellbliX 6JTa1f'OIpOtUHOH: H O).lape'HHOH: pacoa, HOTT 1(.1 rJ1iI1').I).IOH Jlpl1lnl1'CblBalOT )l{H'BOTHbl,e 'l1HCTI1HKTbI JlI1!W'h H'OOml1!M paean, Y"flBejJJ)l{).IaISl, 1.!1'0 6elJ1io'H: pace CBO'l1lCTIB~HeH DbICml1M 'l1iI-FCT.I1'H'KT, iBo36~)l!a~QlIl(I1IH 'l1' H'alrFpalBJl5IIIOIl(lI1H ee pa'3BI1!TI1e.

Beposaaae B BbICIllHe nacnencraeanue cnoc06HoCTH 6eJIOH pacu B03PO).ll1JIOCb B CB5I3l1 C COBpeMeHHbIM YlJeHl1eM 0 npeporarnaax yma JII1Q, npnasannux K rOCnO).lCTBY, HaWe).lWI1M naaoonee caenoe aupa)l{eHl1e B COlJI1HeHI151X Hnume.

Bee rarore B3rJI5I).Ibl npe).lCTaBJl5IIOT C060H 0606Il(eHI151, B KOTOPblX 11I111 He npl1Hl1MaIOTC5I H'a).lJle)l{aIl(I1M 06pa30M B pacser COl.1l1aJIbHbIe YCllOBl151 )l{l13HI1 pac l1, TaKl1M 06pa30M, npl1lJl1Ha CMeWl1DaeTC5I C llef1- CTBl1eM, l111l1 )l{e OHI1 npO).ll1KTOBaHbI HaYlJHbIMI1 l11111 rYMaHl1TapHblMl1 I1HTepeCaMI1, )l{ellaHl1eM onpannars paocrso l11111 crpeaneaaex npenocraaart, Ha116011b1.UYIO CB060).ly aaaoonee onapeaaaa.

Tannop l1. Cnencep, ).IalOIl(l1e OCTPOYMHbIH aHaJIl13 YMcTBeHHot! )KI13Hl1 nepaoouraoro lJeJIOBeKa, He ).IOnYCKalOT CYIl(eCTBOBaHI1SI paCOBbIX xapatcreptrux vepr, XOTSI 3BOlllOl.1HOHHaSI TOlJKa 3peHl151 rpyna Cnencepa, nOBl1).1l1MOMY, lJaCTO npaaonar K 3T0l\1Y BbIBO).lY.

Bal1il.1 5) ,~elp)l{!I1TCSI -COBepweIHHO 1l11H10M 110lJJ~I1' 3I}eIHIHSII. OH rO'BOPIi1T: «00 pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY MHeHI1IO, CTa).ll151 I<yJlbTYPbI, gOCTl1rHYTa51 I-mpO).lOM l1JII1 11'H).Il1Bl1).1YYMOM, SIlBllSIeTCSI B 3HatIl1TeJIbHot! crenean l1Jll1 I1CKlllOlJl1TellbHO npO).lYKTOM ero cnoc06HOCTeH. MbI yrsepacnaex, 1.!TO ooparaoe nonoacenae, no MeHbWel1 Mepe, CTOJIb )l{e BepHO. Bupaaceaae «cnoc06HOCTI1 lJeJIOBeKa» 03HalJaeT 11I1Wb YKa3:J Hue na TO, 1.!T6 OH cnocooea onenars B 6J1I11)l{UHme'M OYI!l:yIl(€lM, '11, 31111- cnOICOtIJHIOCTI1 3a'B>1- CSIT OT npeaomx CTa).lHH KyJIbTYPbI l1 OT TOH cranua KYJIbTYPbI, KOTOpot! OH nocrnr».

B3rJ151).1bI 3Tl1X accnenosarenea nOI<a3bIBaIOT, 1.!TO OTHOOITeJIbHO xapaxrepnax npl13HaKOB nepB06bITHbIX pac B IIlCI1XOJI0rl111 rocnon-

II Not t and G lid don, • Types of Mankind" (Philadelphia, 1854); .Indtgenous Races of the Earth" (Philadelphia, 1857).

2) The 0 d 0 r Wa i t z, .Allthropologie der Naturvolker=, (2d ed., Leipzig, lil77).

3) Her be r t S pen c e r, • Principles of Sociology" .

• ) Ed war d T Y lor, .Researches into the Early History of Mankind; Primitive Culture".

'~) T h (. 0 d () r Wa i t z, .Anthropologlc dcr Naturvolker- (2d cd., 1877). \'01. I, p. 387.

crsyer euie 60.llbWee CMeWeHHC flOH5ITI1M, 4eM B aHaTOMHH, VI 4TO He YCTaHOBJIeHO scnoro paarpaaaxeana Me)KAY paCOBOM H couaansHOM npoOJle'M1aIM'M. I1HbIIMIH OJFOIB<l.MIl1, B OIOH'OIBe a'Pry'M:eHl'a[J:HM nezcar 4aCTbJO npennonaraeaue xapaxrepaue xepru YII1CTBeHHOM )K113HI1 pac, KaKOBa 6bI Hl1 6bIlla CTaAI1SI I1X KYJlbTYPbI, 4aCTbJO )!(e xapaxrepnue 4epTbI nneaea 11 HapOAOB, AOCTl1rWI1X pa3JII14HbIX. CTaAI1M QHBHJlH3aQI1I1, npa 4eM He npHHI1MaeTCSl B pacser, npanamexar JlI1 OHH K OAHOM VI TOti )K,e pace ,J1IJliH K pa3JFH'4IHbIIM. O,AHaIKIO 31'H nee npo6.TIeMbl COBepUJeHHO pa3nH4HbI: nepsas 113 HI1X SIBJ1SIe1'CSI npooneaoa HaCJIeACTBeHHOCTH, BTopaSI - np06neMOM OKPY)KaJOl.l{eM cpenu,

I1TaK, MbI npnaaaea B03MO~HOC1'b ABYX 06'SIcHeHHi1 pa3J1114HbIX npOSIBJleHHM xenoeevecxoro yaa. B03MO)KHO, 4TO B yxax pa3J1114HbIX pac 06HaPY)KI1BaJOTCSI pa3,lHi4<I1JI OpraHI1'3a.1I1111, TaK 4TO 3aKOHbi yaCTBeHHOM AeSITeJIbHOCHf MorYT OKa3bIBaTbCSI HeOAI1HaKOBbIMH AJISI scex yMOB. Ho B03MO)KHO TaK)Ke, 4TO opraHH3aQl1SI YMa B Aei1cTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 TO)KAe'CTBeHHa Y scex 4enOBe4eCKHX pac, 4TO YMCTBeHHaSI AeSITenbHOCTb nOBCJOAY nOA4l1HSIeTCSI OAHI1M 11 TeM )Ke 3aKOHaM, HO 4TO ee np05l1B1Jl1eiH'H'SI 3aBl1iG5IT OT xapaicrepa 111I-I~IBIHiLlyaJIbHO\rO onsrra, nO,Lmep)KeHHOrO AeMCTBHJO 3Tl1X 3aKOHOB.

Bnonne 04eBI1AHO, 4TO POAbl Ae5lTenbHOCTl1 4enOBe4eCKoro YMa 3aBl1CSIT OT 3Tl1X ABYX 3JIeMeHTOB. OpraHl13aQHSI YMa MO)KeT 6bITb onpeneneaa KaK rpyrma 3aKOHO!B, OnpelleJI5fIOI.l{I1!X <POp';1!lbI MblC,ll1 H lleOCTB'I15I, HesaBHCHMO OT roro, na I(aKOM npenaer nanpasneua YMCTBeHHaSI AeSITellbHOCTb. Taxoro pona 3aKOHaM nonsaneau cnocoo OT JJH4eHI15I OAHI1'X npeacraaaenan or npyrax, aCCOUIK1WI51 npencraaneHI1M C npe)KHJ.1IMI1 npeIlCTaBneHIf51MIJ1, ne tiCI'B115f, BbIGbfBa,eMble C1'HMYJIaM'I1', If B03H:HKHOBeHHe 3NlOUIfM, noproenaexux C1'I1MynaMIf. 3TH 3aKOHbi B 3Ha4HTeJIbH0l1 CTeneHI1 onpe)Je1lSII01' npOSIBJIeHI1SI yaa. B HI1X MbI YCMaTpl1BaeM HaCJIellCTBeHHble npl14l1HbI.

Ho, C npyrori CTOPOHbl, nerxo noxasars, 41'0 Bjll151Hlfe I1HAI1HI1- nyansnoro onura BeCbMa Be}ll1KO. Ye1l0Be4e'CKI1M onur HU'Konll5feTCSI, r1laBHbiM 06pa30M, 6naro):{apSI 4aCTO nOBTOp5I101.l{I1MC5I Bne4aT,leHH5IM. O,[lHH 113 OCHOBHbIX 3aKOHOB nCI1XOJIOrl111 rJIaCI11', 4TO nOB1'OpeHl1e YMCTBeHHblX npoueccos YBeJIl14l1BaeT JlerKOCTb, C KOTOPOIO COBepUJalO1'C5I 3TH npoueccu, 11 YMeHbUJaeT crenens 'COnpOBO)K,[IaJOl.l{eM I1X C03HaTeJIbHOCTI1. 3T01' 3aKOH nupaacaer XOPOUJO 113BeCTHbIe 5IBJIeHVl51 npHBbI4KH. KOI'Aa 113BeCTHoe npencrasnenne 4aCTO accouanpyerca C Apyrl1M npeAmeCTBOBaBUJI1M npe):{CTaBJIeIHl1eM, O,[lHO 113 HI1X 06bIKHOBeHHO oyner auausari, npyroe. Korna 1I3BeCTHbIM CTI1MYJl 4aCTO Bbi3bIsaer H3BeCTHoe ,[IeikTBl1e, OH 6Ylle1' KJIOHI1TbCSI K 1'OMY, 4T06bI 06bIKHOBeHHO BbI3bIBaTb TO )!{e caaoe ,[Iei1crBl1e. Ecmr crnayn 4aCTO nopo)KAan 113BeCTHYlO 3MOQI1IO, OH 6Y,[IeT I(JIOHI1TbC5I K TOMy, 4T06bI 60("np0l13BOAHTb ee BCSIKI1M paa, 3Tl1 npl14l1Hbl npanannexar K rpynne npaxnn, AaHHbIX B oxpyaraiouiea cpene.

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53

A<aHI~tIi y Ma, 15 TOM el1)l,e, KaK OHH ObisaJOT j.\aHbl 8 Pll3J1l1l1HblX COUHaJthHblX 11 reorpaoasecxnx cpenax. 3aAalla HCCJIeAOBaTeJISI B 3Halll1TeJlbHOi1 CTeneHI1 3aKJIJOlIaeTOI B pa3rpaHHlIeHI111 3TI1X ABYX npHlIHH VI B BbUlCHeHI1l1 POJII1 Ka)!{Aoi1 H3 HI1X B pa3BI1THH ococensocrea yma.

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51 Bbl6epy AIlS! BblSlCHeHHSI 3aHI1MaJOlllero Hac sonpoca JlHWb Hel'lHome 113 xapaxrepaux YMCTBeHHbIX -repr nepB06blTHOrO lIeJIOBeKa, a HMeI-IHO: nOAaBJI€HHe I1MnYJIbCOB, cnOCOOHOCTb cocpenorovnrs IIHHMaHI1,e, CIloco6HOCTb J( OpHl'HHaJlbHOMY MbIWJ]eHHJO.

Cnepea MbI paCCMOTpVlM uonpoc, HaCKO]lbIW nepBo6bl1'Hblti llt!'10- 11I~J( cnocooen nOAaBJISlTb HMnYJIbChI (Cneucep) 1),

t) H (' 1 11 c 1 t S P I' 11 err, "TIll' Principles of Sociology" (New-Yoill,189;{), \ 01, I, PI' ,'):') (., 'eq , :)9 -(il.

Bnevarneuae, BblHOCHMoe IVIHOrl1llUI IIYTellleCTBeHHI1KaMI1, a TaK)Ke OCHOBaHHoe aa onsrrax, np0l13BOAI1BWHXCSI B CoeAHHeHHblX WTaTa x, TaKOBO, 'lTO 06ll1eH 'lepTOH rtepsorisrruux JllOAeH acex pac l1 CpaBHI1'TeJ1bHO menee 06pa30BaHHblX J1IOAeH aaurea pacu S1SJ1S1eTCSI TO, qTO OHI" He YMelOT C)J.ep)KHBaTb 3MOl.{I1ti:, 4TO OHI1 nerve nO)J.AaIOTCSJ 11~ny J1bCaM, lIeM J11O)J.11 l.{I1BHJ1H30BaHHble 11J111 BbICOKO 06pa30BaHHhle. 51 nonaraio, qTO 3TOT B3rJ1S1)J. B 3Ha'lHTeJ1bHOH CTeneHH 06'SlcmIeTCSI Te.'VI, -rro aacxaaaeaiotuae ero IDfl.{U He BbIs:!CH5IIOT, B KaKHX I1MeHHO C;lY4a5lX B paanux cpopMax oomecraa rpeoyercs crporoe C)lep)KI1- uasne JilMnYJ1bCoB.

!30J1bWelO qaCTblO, lIT06bI AOKU3aTb 3Ty IlpeArIOJlameMYIO ocooeuaocrs, YKa3bIBalOT na HenOCTOSlHCTBO nepuoosrraoro lIeJIOBerGl, aa U3MeH4l1BOCTb HaCTpOeHI1S1 11 aa CI1JIY CTpaCTeH, B036Y)){)J.aeMblx B HeM npH4l1HallHi, nOBHj:\I1MOMY, MaJIOBa)KHbIMI1. OTHOCl1TeJIbHO aroro 51 IlpSlMO CKa)KY, -rro nYTeWeCTBeHHI1K I1JII1 I1CCJIej:\OBaTeJIb 113Mep5IeT HenOCTOSlHCTBO JIIO)J.eH 3HaqeHl1eM, npl1IlI1CbIBaeMbIM 11M Tal{l1M )leHCTBI1S1M 11 HaMepeHI151M, no OTHOWeHl11O K KOTOPblM OHI1 He oonapy)KI1BaIOT HacToti:QI1BOCTI1, 11 -rro OH B3BeWI1BaeT I1MnYJIbC, Bbl3biBal0- llIl1H sapuau CTpaCTI1, npl1MeH5ISI CBOH MaCWTa6. Ilpnaeny npnaep. nYTeUIeCTBeHHHI{, )KeJIalOllIl1H KaK MO)){HO cxopee )J.OCTl1rHYTb cnoea l.{eJII1, OOSl3bIBaeT JIIO)J.eH OTnpaBI1TbC5I B nyrs B 113BeCTHoe BpeM5I. ,UJISI Hero BpeM5I Qpe3Bbl4atlHo noporo. Ho xaxoe anaveaae H1I1eeT lIpe1l151 AJI5I nepB06bITHOrO lIeJIOBeKa, He coaaaiouiero, 4TO cnenyer OKOHlIl1Tb onpe)J.eJIeHHYIO pa60TY I{ onpeAeJIeHHOMY BpeMeHI1? Me)K)lY TeM KaK nYTeweCTBeHHHK CepAI1TCSI 11 aeronyer no nOBOJlY aaxeaneHI15f, ero IHaeMIHMI~H npOAOJI)KaIOT 'Be<ceJ10 60JITaTb 11 CMe5lTbICSl, If I1X HeB03MO)KHO n06Y.QI1Tb K YCI1JII1S1M I1Hbl1l111 cnOC06aM!1, Kp01l1e roro, 4T06bl ausaars B HI1X )KeJIaHl1e yrO)J.HTb rocnonnny. He 6blJII1 Obi OHI1 npansr, eCJIH 6bl crana nopauars MHOrl1X nYTeWeCTBeHHI1KOB aa 11X I1MnYJIbCHi8HOCTb If OTICYTCTBl1e caIM006JIa,uaHI1S1, xorna I1X pasnpaxaer raxaa MaJIOBa)KHa51 npl1QI1Ha, reate nOTep51 Bpe1l1eHl1? Ha060poT, nvTeweCTBeHHI1K )KaJIyeTcSI aa HenOCT05lHCTBO TY3eMl.{eB, CKOPO nepeCTalOllIl1X I1HTepeCOBaTbCSI npeAMeT3M!1, 3aHl1MaIOllll1Ml1 ero,

AJISI TOro' QT06bl HaAJIe)Kallll1M 06pa30M CpaBHI1Tb HenOCT05-1HCTBO J~!1KapeH 11 6eJIb1X, CJIeAyeT CpaBHI1BaTb I1X nonenenne B TaKI1X npennpl151TI151X, xoropue OAI1HaKOBO Ba)KHbl )J.JISI l{a)KAOrO 113 HI1X, r-e., xorna HaM HY)KHO )J.aTb BepHYK) Ol.{eHKY cnOC06HOCTl1 nepn06bITHOrO 1.JeJIOBeKa C)J.ep)KI1BaTb I1MnYJIbCbl, Mbl He )J.OJI)KHbl CpaBHI1BaTb cnep))WHHOCTb, Tpe6YlOllIYIOC5I OT Hac B 113BeCTHblX CJWQa5lX, 11 CAep)KaHHOCTb, npOSlBJI51eMYIO B 'rex )Ke cJlY1.JaSlX nepeodsrrnux 1.JeJIOBeKOM. ECJlI1, aanpnxep, Haw COIll1aJlbHblH 3Tl1KeT socnpeuiaer BblpaiKeHI1t' 1.JYBCTB JII1QHOrO OrOpQeHI151 l1 6ecnOKOHCTBa, TO Mbl ).10JDKHbl I10MHI1Tb, 1.JTO .iFI1QHbIH 3Tl1K'eT Y nepeoosrrsux JlIO)J.eti MO)KeT He TPe60saTb xaxoro-nnoo CAep)KI1BaHI151 QYBCTB 3TOro pona. Mbl )lOJ1)KHbl, cxopee, I1CKaTb TaJKI1X CJlYl.JaeB, 'B KOTOPblX C.Qep)KaHHOCTb Tpe6yeTCSI 06bI- 1.JaSlMI1 nepaodsrraux JlIO)leH. Taxosu, aanpnxep, MHOr01.JI1CJleHHbIe CJ1Y1.Jal1, )J.JISl KOTOPblX YCTaHOBJIeHO raoy, T.-e. aartpetueaue IIHTaTbCSI 113BeCTHblMH ueruecruaaa l1.rm BbIllOJ1HHTb uaaecrnoro poua

60

pa60TY, lJTO I1HOrAa rpeoyer 3HalJI1TeJlbHOrO caMo06J1aAaHI1~. Korna ;)CKIAMOCCKa51 061l1V1Ha rOJIO}J,aCT, a ee penarnoanue npeAnHCaHIA~ aanpeuiaior ew BocnOJlb30BaTbC5I rpelOllIViMIACSI na JlbAY TIOJleH5IMVI, TO crenens caMo06J1aAaHIASI uenoa 061l11AHbl, YAepJKIABalOllleH ee lJJleHOB OT YMepllIBJleHHSI 3THX TIOJIeHeW, KOHelJHO, OlJeHb BeJII1Ka. .uPymMI1 IlplAMepaMIA MoryT CJlYJKI1Tb HaCTOWlJl1BOCTb nepB06bITHOrO lJeJIOneKU npn JilarOTOBJleHl111 11M CBoeH YTBapJiI 11 csoero opYJKIASI, ero rOTOBIIOCTb nOJ]JBe'PmlTbOI nl1meIEIJ1'5l1M' :J1I T6tllOCT:51IM', H)I')KH'blM, iJ('an<. OH ysepen, ~JI}l l~cnOJlHe'HIJiI'51 ero JK'eJlaJHII1IH; H0.1fllptl1lMlep, 'I'OTOiBHOCTib 111H)lCHCKo:ro IOQ-IOiWl1 nOCTI1TbOI B ropax B OJKJiljlaHl111 n05lBJIeHI151 cnoero nyxa xpaarrrena; i1Jl'l1' xpaopocn, '111 BbllHiO:CJ!II1IBIOCTb, IIlPOI5llB'Jl'Sle'MbllC IAUWJ1., C qCJlhlO 'AOO>I1'fbCSl npaexa B P5lAb! MYJKlJJilH csoero HJleMelH:J1; JilJlI1 '!aCTO OnlACblBaeMa51 BbIHOCJII1BOCTb, np05lBJI5IeMa}l I1HIWHCI<I1MI1 nJ1eHHbIMI1, nonaepraeauau nurxe I1X sparaan.

YTBepJK,[Ia.1111 TaKJKe, -rro nepB06b1THb1H .. eJ10BeK 06HaPYJKl1BaeT HeAOCTaTOK C)lepJKaHHOCTI1 B CBOI1X scnuuncax CTpaCTH, Bbl3bIBaeMbiX He3Halll1TeJIbHblMH pa:3ApaJKeHJilSlMI1. no MoeMY MHeHI1IO, B 3TOM CJ1Y-iae pa3J1111111e MeJKi.lY III1BHJJH30BaHHbiM 11 nepaoosrraua lJeJlOBeKOM B cnocooe OT3blBaTbC5I I-Ia paanpaaceaae TaI<JKe I1ClIe3aeT, eCJ11A Mbl 06paTl1M H'UAJ1eJKaIQee B'HI1MaHI1e HU couaansusre YCJlOlBJ.fSI, IB KOTOpux JKHBeT HHAI1BI1AYYM.

LITO CKa3aJl 6bl nepn06b1THblW lJeJlOBeK OTHOCHTeJlbHO onaropouHOW CTpaCTI1, BCnblXI-IYBUlel1 nepen uauanon MeJK}J,oyc06HOW BOHHhl B Aaepmce H npOSlBJlSlBllleHC5I BO BpeMSI 3TOW BOHHbl? He nOI<a3aJ1I1Cb ,111 6bl eMY npana HeBOJlbHI1I<OB B aucurea CTeneHH HeBaJKHblM sonpoCOM? C npyroii croponu, HMeeTCSI MHoro AOKa3aTeJ1bCTB roro, -rro ero CTpaCTIA CT'O}!b )Ke CAepJKIABaIOTCSI, KaK IA HaWH, HO TOJ1bKO B npyrnx HanpaBJ1eHI151X. Ilpnnepoa MorYT CJIYJKHTb MHOrOllI1CJ1eI-lHble o6bJt-laIA H 'OrpaHl1l1eHH5I, perynapyioume n0J10Bble OTHOWeHI151. Pa3J1HIme B HMnYJIbCIABHOCTH MOJKeT 6blTb BIlOJ1He 06'51CHeHO pa3J1HlJHb'r" :~Ha'-leHl1eM, npanaaaeaua MOTHBaM B TOM I1 B npyron CJIYlIae. OAHHM CJ10BOM, nOCT05lHCTBO 11 CAepJKI1Bal-lHe HMnYJIbCOB Tpe6YIOTC51 'OT nepso- 6bITHOI''O lJ'eJlOBeKa TaK JKe, KaK 11 01' I.IHB'l1J]IA:~OBaHHOr'O, H'O B APyrl1x CJlYlJaSIX. ECJII1 OHI1 IHe Tpe6YIOTC5I Ta'I< lJaCTO, TO nplAliJilHbl aroro CJ1enyer I1CKaTb He B npacyruea nepB'06blTHOMY lJe}IOBeKY Hecnoc'06HOCTI1 nlXHLBJJ5ITb 1'aKOBble, a· B COllHaJIbH'OM COCTOSlHI1!J1", He 1ipe6YJOIl\eM I1X npOSlBJIel-ll151 B TaI<'OH JKe CTeneHI1.

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I) c«. "pe)(bl)(YUl)'IO BhlHUCKY.

iii

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B CB5I311 C HeAocTaT,KoM cnoc06HoCTI1 110AaB)1SITb l1MnYJlbcl.>1 uaxo,I{I1TC5I eiue 11 APYifa51 4e1j)T1a, f1Pll1lillhl':bIBae~la5I nepBOOI.>l"J HO',WY xenosexy scex pac, - ero Hecnoc061-I0CTb cocpeAoT04I1TbC5I, xorna npa'XOAI1TC5I nOJIb30BaTbCSI oosee CJIO)J{HblMH YMcTBeHHblMH cnOC06HOCTSlI\111. 51 ynoM5IHY npnmep, KOTOPbll1, KaK MHe Ka)J{eTC5I, cnocooCTByeT Bbl5lCHeHHiO OUJI16KI1, aonycxaeaon npa 3TOM npeAnOJlo)J{eHHI1. B CBoeM Onl1caHl111 TY3eMlleB sanannoro 6epera ocrposa BaHKYBepa Cnpor rOBOpI1T: «Booouie yM TY3eMqa Ka)J{eTC5I 06pa30BaHHOMY 4eJIOBeKY COHHbIM ..• Korna ero BHI1MaHl1e BnOJlHe np06Y)J{J\eHo, OH npoSlBJl5leT )J{I1BOCTb B OTBeTax VI HaxoA411BOCTb B cnope. Ho KpaTKI1W paarosop YToMJl5IeT ero, B oc06eHHocTI1, eCJlI1 3aAaiOTC5I sonpocu, rpeoyrourne C ero CTOPOHbl HanpSl)J{eHI151 MblCJII1 I1JII1 naM5IHI. Torna yM AI1Kap51 KaK 61.>1 KOJle6JleTC5I sean 11 snepen npocro BCneACTBl1e CBoeH CJla60CHI» 1). OpI1BeA5I 3Ty LlI1TaTY, Cnencep npl16aBJl5IeT psn APYfl1X cBHAeTeJlbCTB, nOATBep)J{AaiOll~I1X 31'0 YTBep)J{Ael-JI1e. 51 3HaiO ynoanaaeaue CnpOTOM nneneaa no 11114HbiM CHOWeHH5IM C HI1MIiI. B Aei1cTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 BOnpOCbJ, npennaraeaue nYTeWeCTBeHHJ.1KOM, 6oJIbwei1 4a'CTbiO KaI)J{Y'T'C5! l1'Hlfl:et!'I~1)' M1a'JIOB<li)KIHbIMl1, 11 OB, nOH5fT'HO, CKOPO YCTaeT or paarosopa, KOTOPblH Be~eTCSI na I1HOCTpaHHOM 513bIKe, 11 B KOTOPOM OH He HaXOAI1T HI1'-lerO A1I5I ce651 I1HTepeCHoro. B J\eH(TB'J.1ITeJIbHOCll1 3TI1'X TY3eMlleB .nerxo aamrrepecoaa rs, 11 4a(TO nepsua YCTaBaJI 51. CJlO)J{Ha51 CI1CTeMa 06MeHa, CYllleCTBYiO~a51 Y TYaeaues, TaK)J{e BOBce He CBI1AeTe1lbCTByeT 06 YMcTBeHHoH HenOJ\BI1)J{HOCTI1 B nenax, I1X KacaiO~HXC5I. Ee3 MHelVlOHI14eCKI1X noc0611H OHI1 COCTaBJISIIOT lIJ1aH Cl1CTeMaTI14eCKOro pacnpeneneaas csoea c06- CTBeHHOCTI1 TaKI1M 06pa30M, 4T06bl YBeJll1411Tb csoe 60raTCTBO 11 YJIY4WJ.1Tb csoe couaansnoe nOJlO)J{eHl1e. 31'11 nnaau rpeoyior 60JlbmOI1 npeJ\ycMOTpJ.1TeJlbHOCTl1 J.1 nOCT051HHOrO BHI1MaHH5I.

Haxoneu, $I »cenaio ynoasayrs 0 1'011 -repre YMcTBeHHoH )J{113HI1 nepsoouruoro 4e.10BeKa scex pac, aa KOTOPYiO xacro yxaausanocs KaK aa rJlaBHYiO npl1411Hy Hecnoco6HOCTJ.1 113BeCTHblX pac AocTl1rHYTb oonee nucoxoro YPOBH5I xynerypu, a l1MeHHO 06 OTCYTCTBI1I1 Y HI1X opnnrnansnocrn. fOBOP5IT, 'lTO KOHCepBaTI13~1 nepB06blTHOrO lfeJlO-

f) O. M. S P 1 0 it I, "Scenes lind Studies of Sayagc Life" (lR68), p. 120.

t'· ) )_

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MHe Ka)KeTCSI, lJTO B nanpaaneuna YMCTBeHHOH AeSlTeJlbHOCTI1 HHJ\11'IH11;\YYMOIB, paGIIlI1IBaIK)Ill!l1'X, TaKI1lM o.6pa3'OIM, nepOBaJHl1l$I nJle'Me'H'l1, 06HaPY)KI1BaIOTCSI TaI<He )Ke l.JepTbI, KaK y QI1BHJlH30BaHHbIX <p11J10COCPOB. J1HQaM, H3YlJalOll(I1M HCTOPI1IO <p11J10CO<PI1I1, XOPOlllO H3BeCTHO, HaCKOJlbKO CI1J1bHOe BJlH5IHHe OKa3bIBalOT aa yM Aa)Ke H BeJlHlJaHllIerO reI-IHSI pacnpocrpanennue B ero BpeMSI MblCJ1l1. 3TO XOPOIllO Bblpa3HJI O,rI'I1H H'eMle~KI1:W nI1lCaTe'JlI) (.J1elWii'H) "). OH rOIBOP'HT: «Xapexreo <pI1IJ1OCO¢CKOW CHCTeMbI TOl.JHO TaK )Ke, KaK H scsxoro npyroro nnreparypnoro npQlI13Be,UeHlI1'51, onpenenseros, so-nepsux, IDI''lIHOCTbIO ec TBOPQa. BCSlKa5I nOAJlHHHa51 CPI1J10CO<PHSI orpaacaer B ce6e )KH3Hb <p11-

I) Her b e r t S pen c c r, 1. c. p. 70.

2) F ran z Boa s, "Tile Growth of Indian Mythologies" (J 0 urn a I 0 f American Folk-lore, vol, IX [11:)96]. pp. 1-11).

S) I Moo n e y. "The Ghost-Dance Religion" (F 0 u r tee nth Ann u a I Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. Ml ct scq.),

4) 0 vie d 0 Y Val des, .Hlstorta General y Natural de las Indias" [15 )5-57] (Madrid, 1851-55), Bk. XLIII Chaps, 2, 3 (mrrupomno y Cncuccpa, Descriptive Soci()lq~y, N~ II, pp. 42-43).

:1,) R 11 d () 1 f 1 (. It 111 a 1111. .S~h()pr.llha"(,l".

11.1

jlocoqm 'rax )J{e, Ka'K OCSlKaSI aacrosutas n03iVlU - )J{11:iHb nosra. BO-BTOPbIX, oua nocnr 06Ull1tl OTne'JaTOI< nannoro nepnona, 11 'leM MorYl.IleeTBeHHee npOB03rJlaWaeMaSI eio l1J\eH, TeM CI1J1bHee OHa npoHI1KHYTa )J{113HeHHbIMI1 Te'leHI1SIMI1 MbleJlI1, cBoiicTBeHHblMI1 )J,aHHOMY nepl1o)J,y. B-TpeTbI1X, Ha Hee BJlI1HeT oc060e HanpaBJleHl1e ¢11J10CO¢CKOH MblCJlI1 naasoro nepaona».

ECJlI1 3TO MO)l{HO CI<a3aTb naace 11 0 13eJlI1'1aHWI1X ynax acex npemeu, TO 'ITO )J{e YAI1DI1TeJlbHOrO 13 TOM, 'ITO B nepB06blTHOM ooureerne na MbIC.'1I1Tem'! CI1J1bHO I:!JlI1HIOT pacnpocrpanennue B ero BpeMSI MbICJlI1? Beccoaaarensnue J1 coaaarensnue nonpaacanna SIBJlSIIOTCSI l"{Jal<TOpaMI1, BJlI1SiIOU.(I1MI1 na QI1BI1J11130BaHHoe 06l.1leCTBO He MeHee, 'leM ira [1'(iPlll0l6bITHIO,e', K'UI!{ Il'OIKa3aJl r. Tapn 1), ](O'Ka3aBWl1'H, 'lTO xax nepeoosrraun, TaK H QI1BI1J1H30BaHHbIH 'IeJlOBeK nonpaxaer He TOJlbKO TaKI1M )J,ei1cTBI1SIM, xoropue noneanu, H AJISI nonpaacaans KOTOPblM ~!,Ot)J{HI() YIKa3aTb J10[ll1I'1eC,K:I1,e OiOHlOiB<1IH1ll1H, HO \HI ):(ettcT!BII1:HM" ,']JJl!SI Y'CBO'eHI1Sl HJlI1 coxpaaenas KOTOPblX HeJlb3SI YKa3aTb HI1KaKOrO JlOrH'IeCKOrO oCHOBaHI1Sl.

no MoeMY MHeHI1IO, BbIWeI13J10)J(eHHble cooopaxeaas BbISlCHSlIOT, 4TO BO MHOrI1X CJlY'IaSlX pa3Jll1'1l1Sl Me)l{AY 'IeJlOBeKOM QI1BI1J1H30BaHHb!M 11 nepaoosrrnua OKa3bIBalOTCSI cxopee Ka)l{Yl.IlI1MI1CSI, 'leM Aet1- CTBI1TeJlbHbIMI1; 'ITO BCJleACTBl1e OC06blX xaparcrepnux xepr couaansIlblX YCJlOBI1H, 3Tl1 YCJlOBl1H nerxo np0l13BOASlT TaKoe snesarneaae, KaK 6YATO yM nepsoouraoro 'IeJIOBeKa I"{JYHKQI10Hl1PyeT cosepureaao anaxe, 'leM Haw, Me)l{)J,Y TeM KaK B )J,eHCTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 OCHOBHble xepru VMa O)J,I1HaKOBbI.

• 3TO oaaasaer He OTCYTCTBl1e BCSIKI1X pa3J111'lI1H 11)111 HeB03MO)l{HOCTb HaHTI1 raxosue, a JlI1Wb TO, 'ITO CJIe)J,yeT npaaenars I1HOH MeTO)J, I1CCJle,ilOBaHI1SI. HeBepOSITHO, 'ITO YMbl pac, Y KOTOPblX oonapy)J{l1BaIOTCSI pa3J1I1'1I1Sl B aHaTOMH'IeCKOM CTpOeHI1I1, ¢YHKQI10HI1PYIOT cosepurenao OAI1HaKOBblM 06pa30M. Pa3J1I1'1I1Sl B CTpOeHI1H )J,OJl}KHbI COBpOIBOJKJI,a TbClS'! 'Pa,3J1lI1''I'I1SFMIl1 B q,~HJ{lI'l1}1X IKlalK ¢I1I3Il1\Q100'Pl14e>CKI1'X, TaK 11 ,nCl1xoJlOrH'IeCI(JiIX; 11 nOA06HO TOMY, KaK Mbl HaWJlI1 SIBHble AOKa3aTeJIbCTBa pa3J111411Sl B CTpOeHl111 Me)l{AY pacaau, Mbl AOJl)l{Hbl npeaanner», 4TO 6YAYT orxpsrru 11 pa3Jll1411Sl B xapaxrepuux YMcTBeHHblX 'IepTax. TaK, MeHbwaSl BeJll14l1Ha 11J111 meusuiee KOJ1l14eCTBO nepsnux 3)leMeHToB, seposruo, BJleKYT aa C060H yaensureaae YMCTBenHOH aaeprna, 11 HeMHOrO'lI1>CJIleHHOCTb cBSI3eH LB QeiHTpaJlbHoi1 nepaaon CI1CTeMe, BepoSITHo, auausaer HenoBopoTJII1BOCTb yna. KaK YKa3aHo auure, BepoSITHo, 6YAYT OTKpbITbl nexoropue neoonsurae pa3J1l1'1I1SI aroro pona, lHanp'l1Mep, Me)l{AY 6eJlblMl1 11 aerpaan, HO OHl1 euie He AOKa3aHbl. TaK KaK ace CTPYKTYPHble pa3J1I1'1l1SI KOJlI1'leCTBeHHbl, TO cnenyer O)l{I1AaTb, 'ITO OKa)l{eTCSI, 'ITO YMCTBeHHble paa.TJI1'1I1SI l1MelOT raxon )I{e xapaxrep. DOA06HO TOMY KaK Mbl HaUlJIl1, lITO sapaauan B CTpOeHl1l1 nepexpuaaror npyr npyra, TaK 'lTO MHome ¢OPMbI OKa3blBalOTCSl 06l.1ll1Ml1 ,!IJlSl I1HAl1Bl1AYYMOB scex pac, MbI MO)l{eM O)l{l1,!1aTb, 'lTO MHome I1HAl1BI1AYYMbl He 6YAYT OTJlI1'laThCSI npyr OT

3) O. Tar d e, "Les Lois de l'Imitation-.

64

npyra no Cno.Co.6HOCTHM, MeiKJlY TeM KaK CTaTI1CTH'ieCKOe HCCJIeJlo.BaHHe, oxearaaaiouiee uense paca, 06HapYiKHJIO 6bJ H3BeCTHble pasJ'lH'iI1S1. l\aJlee, no~06HO TOMY KaK H3BeCTHbie aHaTo.MHl.!eCKHe xepra o.Ka3blBaIOTCH HaCJle~CTBeHHblMI1 B 113BeCTHbiX ceMbHX, a cnenosaTeJlbHO H y nneaea, a, 6bITb MOiKeT, ~aiKe 11 Y HapOAo.B, TOqHO TaK iKe H YMCTBeHHble l.!epTbl xapaKTepl13YIOT 113BeCTHble CeMbl1 11 Mo.rYT npe- 06JIaAaTb Y nJIeMeH. OAHaKo., nOBI1AHMOMY, HeBo.3MOiKHO YAOBJleTBOpl1TeJIbHO paarpatrauars COQl1aJIbHble 11 HaCJIej.\CTBeHHble 'iepTbl. Donsrnca raJIbTOHa 1) YCTaHOBI1Tb 3aKOHbl HaCJIeACTBeHHo.rO reHI151 11 n03AHeHWI1e 113bICKaHI151 B T01\1 iKe nanpaanenaa HaMe'iaIOT cnocoo I1CCJleAOBaHI151 3TI1X aonpocos, KOTOPblH OKaiKeTC5I nOJle3HbIM, 0,0.CKOJlbKY OH orxpusaer MeTOA onpenenemer BJ1H5IHI151 HaCJleACTBeHHOCTI1 aa YMcTBeHHble xauecraa.

Bbl5JCHHB, l'aKI1M oopaaoa, qTO, nOCKOJIbKY cnel.lH¢lHqeCK~e paaJ111l.!1151, AQnycKaeMble MeiKAY QI1BI1J1113o.BaHHbIM 11 nepBo.6bITHbIM xenoBeoKIO'M 11 Bb~8'el)leHlHble [113 CJ10'iK!HibDX IflCI1IXII1IQe'OKll1lx peaIKiL{IJ1IHl, IMOII)"T 6bliTb CBeil:e'H'bI K OIi]iHlI1M' VI l1e'l iKe 'OICHOIBH:bIlM ntC'l1iX'yt.lJeCKII1IM q>o:p:'.1la'M, MbI enpase OTKJlOHl1Tb, KaK oecnoneanoe, paccaorpenae HaCJleACTBeHHbIX YMCTBeHHbIX 'IepT paannvnux pa3BeTBJleHl1H 6eJlOH pacu. MHoro 6bLl0 TO.1lKOB 0 HaCJle)J,ICTI3leHHbIX xapaicrepaux xeprax eepees, uuratr, ¢lpaH- 1.IY30B 11 l1pJJaHAl.IeB: HO 51 He HaXOiKY, l.!T06bl Korp,a-J1I160 6bIJ1Y1 ynoaneTBo.PI1TeJlbHo. asmeneau BHeWHl1e 11 counam.aue npH'Il1Hbl, non BJII1S1- Hl1eM KOTOPblX CKJIaAbIBaJlCSI xapaxrep J1 11 '-I , npaaanxexaurax K 3TI1M HapOoAa,,'l, 11, oonee roro, MlHe He5ICHO, KaKI(tvl 0'6pa30~1 MOiKHO 6bIJTO 6bI 3TO caenars. Jlerxo YKa3aTh IHeCKOllbKO BHemHl1X ¢laKTopOB. BJ1HSlIOllIHX na TeJlO H aa yM, - KJ1I1MaT, rurraane, 3aH5ITl1e, - HO, icons CKOPO Mbl npncrynaea K paCCMOTpeHHIO counansuux ¢laKTopOB H YMCTBeHHoro COCTOHHI1S1, lI1bl He B COCTOSlHHH onpeneneano CKa3aTb, 4TO Sl'BJ1S1eTC5! CJle):lCTBHe~1 11 'ITO - npHll.!H'HOH,. DOiBHI):IHMOMY, rrpeaocXO):lHOe paccaorpenne aneuranx BJ1115!HHH na xapaxrep aapona 6bIJ10 ;'WHO A. BeplHHIXOIM 2) B ern X1aipatKTeplJ1iC11I11Ke '511O'OlHl.I'e'B. OH HaIXO~l1r. YTO nexoropue 113 I1X oc06eHHOCTeH 06YC;10BJlI1BaIOTC5I He):lOCTaTKOM aaeprnn MYCKYJlbHOH CI1CTeMbl H runueaaparensnux opranoa, B CBOIO O'lep€ iJ:b, 06yCJIOBJlH!Ba'eWla ,1M Hety.)l.OIBJl1eTBO!pl1'TeJliblHbl'M DlI1ITaIH!He M ; aarre VI OH ntplf3HaeT HalC'J1e!)l!CTHeHIHbll~~!I1,)lpy'f1I1le ¢lM3111OJ10f'11,q,e'C!KHle 'Iep'T'bD, iB'n:I1,~Ul!l1e am YIM. I1 see iKe H,l(KOJIb'KO HeY):IOBJleTBOpI1TeJlbHbI:VlI1 npencraBJlHIOTC5!elrO BbHBOI,:lbI, note']]€' TO'I10 KIWI( 5l.nOlHiQbI :npo.5l1BI1IJIH 3HerpJ1I1'IO 011' iBh!HOC'J]I1'BOICTh B csoew IIXi3'BII1Till1i IB II'IOiBO'€' I3tPel~~I5! ~ IS 6opb6e c PYtCCiK'I1'MI1!

MOiKHO 6blJlO 6bI ml(1):1aTb, 'iTO nOCJIe):lCTBI1S1 nnoxoro nl1TaHI151 'MHO'I1yIIX 'flOKOIJlle'f-lHtti OKa3hlB'aIOT I3JII15!HiJiIe IHa 'YiMICTlBeIHIHYiIO iK'11'3Hb UYIlIMletHOB :111 nannaanuen (Bl1tpxOIB) 3); HO ace iKe, nocne euurerrpaae-

I) F ran cis G a Ito 11, .Naturat Inheritance; Hereditary Genius". K a r I Pea r son •• B'i 0 met r i k a".

2) A. We r n i c h, .Geographisch-medicinische Studien uach den Erlebnis-

~Cl1 einer Reise urn die Erde" (Berlin, 1878), pp, 81 et seq. r

3) R 11 dol f Vir c how, "Die phvsischen Eigensch~ften'" der Lappen" (Ve r 11 and I 1I II g e II de r B c r I i II erG e s e I Is ella f t 'f ti r A'n t h r 0- polo g i c, E t h 11 0 log i e u. U r KC:s chi c 11 t c. vol. VII [1875], pp. 34 et scq.: TIIK )f(e vol. XXII [1890J, p. 411.

neanoro npuaepa, Mbl MO)l{eM, KOHelJHO, He cneuurrs aucxaaars teal{l1e-J11160 onpenenennue 3aKJ1lOlJeHI151.

I1TaK, Mbl, nOBI1J\I1MOMY, He snpaae 06'51CH5ITb paamtxae B YMCTBeHHOM COCT05lHI1H paanux rpynn J1IOAei1, B oco6eHHOCTH naxoJ\51ll1l1:XC5I ,8> 6J1111811<'OIM poncrae IMIe!)I{,AY C0i601O, 'HlaIC.neACTl3eHHlbnMIl11 In!pHlJHHaJV1I1, noxa Mbl He B COCT05lHl111 AOKa3aTb HaCJ1eACTBeHHOCTb .pH::mOJ10rI11IeCKHX H COOTBeTCTBYlOllIHX HM nCI1X0J10rl1lJeCKHX lJepT, He- 3aBHCl1MO OT COI.-Il1aJ1bHoi1 H npl1pOAHOH oxpyzraiouiea cpenu,

::horo pona TPY)J, HalJaT 31QCnep11MeHTaJ1bHb1MI1 HCCJIeAOBaHI151MH WKOJ1bHbIX AeTei1: B 06J1aCTH npocrsrx np05lBJ1eHI1H YMCTBeHHoi1 nesTeJ1bHOCTI1 11 npocrux .pH3110J10rl1lJeCKI1X npoueccos; B TPYAax KeM- 6PHI,m)I{IC!KIO'i1 lH'aiY'lJHIO~ 31KOne~11i1-l111111 oJ( T,QIp\PeIOOBY InpOlJ1ll1lBo/' (PII1IBepc) 1) 6blJ1a npOH3BeAeHa nepsas CHCTeMaTl1lJeCKa51 nonsrnca 113YlJeHH5I npoCTblX nCHXl1lJeCKHX peaKI-IHH nepaoournux J1IOAei1; nOAo6HblM )I{e I1CCJ1eAOBaHH5IM 6blJ111 nOABepHYTbl re nepeoosrruue J1IOAI1,' xoropsie .pl1rypHpOBaJ111 na Bcenapnoa BblCTaBKe B CeH-J1YH. 3TI1 HCCJ1eAOBaHI151 C!1ICTeM<l'TIl1llJeICKlI1I npOHI3iBlOI~I1iJ1II1ICb iL\OKT'OPOM iBYJl,BOIP1l0IMI2). OOKa pe3i)'UlbTaTbI II1X, B 06~eMI, OIKal3bliBa'IOTCSI He6J1aroln'PIl1I51THbIIIWI1 iI1iJ151 -re:cpm" COrJ1aCHO KOTOPOH cyU(eCTBYIOT ouens rJ1y6oKHe pa3J1l1lJl151 Me)l{AY pa3HblMI1 paCaMI1.

OCTaeTC5I Bbl5lCHI1Tb erne OAI1H nonpoc, OTHOC5IllIl1i1C5I K uaurexy I1CCJ1eAOBaHI1IO opranaxecxoa OCHOBbl YMCTBeHHOH Ae5lTeJ1bHOCTI1, a I1MlelHHO aonpoc: 6blJla JJ:11 OpraIHl1lJeCI<at51 OCHom AJl51 lJeJIOIBelJeCKI1X cnocoonocrea YJ1YlJWeHa 6J1aro~5I I-1I1BIJ1IJ1113al-ll1'l1, 11 IB OC06eHHO!CTI1, MO)l{eT J1H OpraHl1lJeCKa51 OCHOBa AJ151 YMCTBeHHblX cnoc06HOCTeH nepsorisrrnux pac 6blTb YJ1YlJWeHa 1II1BI1J1H3al-ll1ei1:? Mbl AOJ1)1{Hbl pacCMOTpeTb KaK aHaTOMl1lJeCKYIO, TaK 11 nCI1X0J10rHlJeCKYIO CTOPOHY aroro nonpoca. 71 Y)I{e YKa3aJ1, lJTO I-1I1BI1J1113al-ll151 06YCJ10BJ1I1BaeT anaTOMl1lJeCKl1e 113MeHeHI151 raxoro )I{e pona, KaK H3MeHeHI151, conpoao)I{AalOllIl1e npapyuenne )I{HBOTHbIX. Bep05lTHO, PYKa 06 PYKY C HI1MI1 I1AYT 113MeHeHI151 YMCTBeHHoro xapaxrepa, OAHaKo, Ha6J1IOAaBWl1eC5I aHaTOMl1lJeCKl1e 113MeHeHH5I OrpaHl1lJl1BalOTC5I 3T0i1 rpynnoi1 5IBJ1eHI1H. Mbl He MO)l{eM AOKa3aTb, 'ITO B 'IeJ10Be'IeCKOM opranaaae np01130WJ111 'KaKil1e-HlI1I6Yl.!lb .np()lppelCCII1IBHblle !I113MeHelHii1l5l; B tI<ruCTHOC'f11, HeJ1b351 noxasars B03paCTaHH5I BeJ1l1lJl1Hbl 11J111 CJ10)l{HOCTH CTpOeHI151 uenrpansHOi1 HepBHoi1 CI1CTeMbl, 06)"CJ10BJ1eHlHOfO 'HalKOnJ151lOllII1MI1CSI A~i1ICTBI1.5IMI1 lIHBI1J]I1'3"a'l-lI-fI1.

Ellie TPYAHee AOKa3aTb nporpecc B pa3BI1TI111 cnocoonocrea. MHe Ka')l{eTC5I, 'ITO, :8'ep05lTHO, ~J111511Hl1e I-1I1BI1JlI13aILIHI1 aa 3B0J1101-1111O 'IeJlose'IeCKHX cnocoonocrea OlJeHb npeyseJ1l1lJI1BaJ10Cb. OCI1XHlJeCKl1e 113MeHeHI151, 5IBJ151lOllIl1eC5I nenocpencrseunua CJ1eACTBl1eM npl1pY'IeHI151 11J111 1II1BI1J1113aI-lHI1, MorYT 6blTb 3Ha'IHTe,1bHbI. 3TH 113MeHeHI151 06YCJ10- BJ1l1BaIOTC5I BJ111511H1Hle'M OKPY)I{alOllIeH CpeAbI. CO'MHl-neJIbHO, O)J,HlaKO,

i) W. H. R. R i v e r s, "Observations in the Senses of the Todas" (J 0 urn a I of Pc y C hoI 0 g y, vol. I [1905], pp. 322 et seq.).

2) Floxasre pesyasraru "Tl1X HCCJlf'.IlOEaHl1i1 He ChlJlH 06Hap0.IlOBaHhl. I1CCJlC.IlOBaHIHl OTHOCHTeJIbHO cayxa 6blJIH C 6p.apO!l.OBallhl <P p a u x 0 M r. 5 p Y H e p o M, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples" (New York, Sci C 11 C e Pre s s, lS08),

f)1l

HacTyrnl1lJ1Y1' 'JI'l1 KaIK:I1Ie-JlH60' np'Olnpe:c<CI1IBH'bI'e 11:3iM'elJ-llelH'l1l5l 'l'liJlIl1 Ta!KYI'€ '113- MeHeHI151, KOTOpbIe nepenatorcs 6JlarOAap51 HaCJleACTBeHHOCTI1. {.II1CJlO nOKOJleHl1M, nonsepraeumxcs 3TOMY BJlH5IHlilO, B 061l1eM, npencrasI!51eTC5I CJlHlllKOM He60Jlbllll1M . .D.Jl51 06111HPHbIX lJaCTeM EBpOnbI MbI He M'O)KeM npep;HO)10)KI1Tb, lJT06bI 3TO lJI1CJ]O npessunano COpOK l1]]YI' n5lTbAeC5IT nOKOJleHHM, l1 Aa)Ke 3TO lJl1CJlO, Bep05lTHO, CJll1WKOM BeJ1l1I(o, nOCKOJlbKY B cpennue sexa 66Jlbllla51 lJaCTb HaCeneHH5I HaXOp,I1- .racs na necsxa HI13Kl1X crynensx QI1Bl1Jll13aQHl1.

Kpome 'roro, TeHAeHQI151 lJeJlOBelJeCKOrO pa3MHO)KeHH5I raxosa, 4TO Ha'1100Jlee :I(Y'JlbTypHIbI.e CeI:VIIhl1 II1IC'4e13aIOT, IM'e!)KJIlY TeM' Ka:K JIJPY1flIe ceMbH, MeHee nonaepramuaecs BJlH5IHH5IM, perynapyrouma )K113Hb «ym.rypaerhuero KJlaCCa, 3aHI1MalOT I1X MeCTO. n03TOMY TO, lJTO ABH)KeHl1e anepen HacneACTBeHHO, ropasno menee Bep051THO lJeM TO, 4TO OHO nepenaercs nYTeM BOCnInaHI151.

Ilpn BbI5ICHeHI1l1 6JlarOTBOpHbIX )lei1CTBI1i1 QI1BI1JlI13aQHI1, YCBaHBae,'wi1 nYTt:M nepenaan, nooouie npI1MeTIC5I oonsiuoe 3HIa'lJ1eBI1e CJI'YlJa5lM 1l03npaU~eHI151 I1H)lI1BI1.QYYMOB, npnnanneacaumx K nepB06bITHbIM pacaa 11 nOJlYlJHBWI1X oopasonamre, B nepaoosrraoe COCT05lHl1e. 3TI1 CJIYlJal1 B03BpallleHiJ15I B nepnooarnoe COCTOSJH!1e I1'CTOJlKOlBbliI~a'IOT'C5f Ka!K ;\0I<a3aTeJlbCTBO aecnocooaocrn peoenxa, npananneacautero K HI13- mei1 pace, npI1CnOC06I1TbC5I K naurea npeBOCXO.QHOM QI1BHJll13aQHI1, j:ja)Ke xorna eMY npeAOCTaBJl5lIOTC5I Hal160JJee 6JJarOnpl151THbIe yCJJO- 111151. Ilpasna, ynOMI1HaeTC5I 3HalJI1TeJJbHOe lJI1CJJO TaKI1X CJlYlJaeB. YnOM51HY 0 TOM OrHe3eMeJJbQe, KOTOPbli1, no CJJOBaM .D.apBHHa 1), npo)KI1JJ B AHrJJHI1 HeCKOJlbKO ner 11, B03BpaTI1BlllI1Cb aa P0.QI1HY, sepHYJlC5I K oopaay )K113HI1 CBOI1X nepB06bITHbIX COOTelJeCTBeHHI1KOB; 11 o .ue'lll)'illi'K,e l1i33all1al~Hlo'i1 AIK:TpaIJJII1H, KOT:O'Pa'5J BbIIWIJI3J 3aIMyoK sa oenoro, HO iEIHe3anHO 6e)Ka'Jla 181 lJall\Y, yMepTBI1B csoero MY)Ka, I1i CTaJIa CHOBa II{11Tb C TY3eMQaMI1. CJlYlJaH aroro pona Aei1cTBHTeJIbHO 6bIBaJll1, HO Hl1 O)lI1H 113 HI1X He onncan C AOCTaTOlJHblMI1 nO)lp06HOCT5IMI1. 0611\eCTBeHHoe nOJlO)KCIII1e 11 YMCTBeHHoe COCT05lHI1e ynoxnnaeaux I1H)lI1BI1AYYMOB HI1KOr,f\a He nOABepraJII1Cb TllIaTeJJbHOMY aHaJlI13Y. 5l CKJ10HeH )lYMaTb, lITO l~mKe H Kpai1HI1X CJIYlJa51X, HeCMOTp51 na noJ1YlJeHHOe 3Tl1M I1H;I'HIl'I1'AYYMaMI1 ny-nuee 06pa:30B'a'HI1e, I1X nOJlO)KeHl1e B OOIl\eCTBe scerua 6bIJlO 11:30JJl1pOBaHHbIM, Me)KAY TeM KaK OJlarOAap51 Y33JM PO)lCTB£l nponorosana cYllIen8l0B3JTb I1X ICB513b C I1X Heql1BI1JIl130naHHblMl1 COOpaTb5lMI1. Ta CI1JIa, C KOTOPOIO 061l1eCTBO YAepII{!1BaeT Hac B ce6e I1 He naer HaM B03MO)KHOCTI1 BbIMTI1 Vl3 CBOI1X npenenos, He merna OK'a3hliuaTb na HI1X CTOJIh »ce Cl1'JlbHOrO Aei1Cl1BI151 IWI( aa Hac. C npyroii croponu, COCT05lHI1e, AOCTI1I'HYToe MHOrHMVl HerpaNII1 B YCJJOBI151X Halllel1 I(l1BVlJIVl3aQl1H, VlMeeT, MHe Ka)KeTCH, He "ieHblllee 3lH<l'lJeHl1e, 4€'M OlJeHb CTapaTeJIb'H'O If ycepnno nonoopaaaue IleMIHIOrOlJl1'CJJeHHble 'CI!ylJaH B03BpalqeHI151 B rtepsoosrruoe COCT05lHVle. I-Ia-pH:1Y C Hil1i'VIIJ.11 M10)KHIO, 1[10 'MOe'M'Y MHeHtHlO, nocrarsrn, TiC GIyllJ'a'l1,

I) C h a r I c s n a r Will, .. .lou mal of Researches into the Natural History .uul O('o1(Jgy of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Be a g I c i ouud the World" (New York, 18~).)), pp.228-229.

li7

xorna cpean TY3eMHbiX nJleMeH JKlmyT 6eJ1ble JtIOAI1, nOlJTI1 scerna Bnap,aIOlll.l1e II ncnyaapaapcxoe COCTOSlHl1e, 11 xoraa lJJleHbl npeycneaaioutax CeMet'ICTB npeAn04Ji1TalOT HeOrpaHJilT.{eHHYIO CB060,!l'y 06ll1,eCTBeHHblM CTeCHeHHSlM H 6erYT B nYCTblHIO, rne MHOrHe H3 HHX BeAYT JKJil3Hb, HM B KaKOM oTHOWeHHJiI He CTOSllll,YIO ssnne JKH3HH nepaoouraoro lJeJlOBeKa. Ilpn MCCJleAOBaHHH nOBeAeHI1S1 lJJIeHOB MHO- 3eMHbiX pac, nOJlYlJMBWMX 06pa30BaHMe B esponeacxox oomecrse, Mhl AOJ1JKHbI TaKJKe HMeTb B BHAY BJlHSlHHe MbICJIei1, lJYBCTB M ,Qei1CTBI1H, K KOTOPhlM OHH npMBhlKJIM B paanea )leTCTBe, H 0 KOTOPblX Y HHX He COXpaHHJIOCb aaxaxoro BocnoMMHaHHSI. ECJ1M BepHO npe,Qn0J10JKeHl1e C. <t>peI1Aa, COrJ1aCHO KOTOPOMY 3TH aacsrrue BJ1HSlHHSI OCTalOTCSI JKHBOI1 CJilJ1oi1 B rexenne Bcei1 JKI13HH, npn lJeM HX Aei1cTBMe TeM CMJ1bHee, lJeM oonee OHH 3a6blTbl 1), TO HaM I]PHWJlOCb 6bl CAeJIaTb BbIBOA, 41'0 MHOrHe 113 MeJ1KHX lJepT HHAMBHAYYMOB, xoropue Mbl 06blKHOBeHHO ClJHTaeM HaCJIeACTBeHHbIMI1, npvlO6peTaIOTCSI onaronapa BJlHSlHHIO rex HHAI1BHAYYMOB, cpenn KOTOPblX pe6eHOK nponen nepsue nsrs J1eT caoen JKI13HH. Bee Ha6JIIOAeHHSI HaA CHJIOH npHBbllJKH M HaA HHTeHCHBHOCTbIO conpOTHBJIeHHSI, oxasuaaeaoro H3MeHeHHSlM B npaasnacax, nOATBepJKAaIOT sry TeopHIO.

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I) Kparxoe PC310MC TCOpHII <t> P C H Jl. a MO)f,HO nallru II A 111 (" r i c n 1\ .l o u r u a l of P s y c h o l o p y, vol. XXI !l91m,

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10

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Hal160JIee Tl1nl1lJeCKOH nOnbITKOH KJIaCCI1<pl1l1l1pOBaTb lJeJIOBelJeCTSO' Ha OClH01BaH'l1l1 1«111( QjHaTOMl1lJeCKI1X, TaK' 11 J1I1H1rBl1CTl1lJeCKI1X TOlJeK 3peHI151 51BJISleTCSl T10flbITKa ct>pI1API1Xa MIOJ1J1epa 3). OH KJ1aAeT B OCHOBY CBOI1X rnaaaux AeJleHI1H <P0PMY BOJIOC, Me)l{AY TeM KaK ace )(aJlbHeHl1ll1e nOApa3):(eJleHI1Sl OCHOBaHbl aa JlI1HrBl1CTl1lJeCKI1X cooopa}l(eHI151X.

. t) I1cTOpH'IeCKllfi 0630p 9TI1X IIOlIbITOK MOlKHO naara y P. Top ina r d ' a .. Elements d'Anthropologie gcncrale" (Paris, 1885), pp. 1--147.

2) H. H u x ley, "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications or Mankind". (Jonrllal of the Ethnological Society, N. S. vol. II [18701 pp. 404-412).

3) F r i (. d ric 11 M ii Ill' r, "Allgcl11l'inc Ethnographic" (ViClIlI:I, 11\79).

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Hoseaume I1CCJJeJlOBaHI1H cpl13l1l1eCKl1X Tl1nOB Esponu 04eHb HCHO nQKa3aJlI1, 41'0 pacnpenenenae Tl1nOB He 113MeH5IJlOCb B reseane nonroro nepaona. He paCCMaTpl1Ba51 AeTaJJeH, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 41''0 JJerKO OTJll14lfTb a'JlbnI1H'CKI1H l'lfJl, ,C O~HOti C110POHbF, OT cesepo-eeponescxoro, a C npyron CTOPOHbl- '01' IO)I(HIO-eBponeHCKoro nma (Pl1'I1neti) 1). AJlbnHi1cKI1H THn npejJ.CTaBJJ5IeTCH jJ.QBOJJbHQ OJlHoQ6pa3HbIM na npoT5I)I{eHHH' 06WH!pHlO'H TeppHTOpI1iH, KaKOIBbl 6bI 'HH 6blJJll1' 5F3bIK HP.la'l.ll110IHaJlbHa.51 KylJ1bTylpa, rrpeOI6JJaii:{aro~alH B TOi1 I11JJII1 WHOti Q6JlaCTH". Cpenae-eaponencrore cppam.IY3bI, repMaHIlIbI, I1TaJlb5FHqbI 11 CJlaBHHe JlQ TaJK'OM CTeneHII1' npl11H'alAJle')I('aT nQ'I'f1H II{ O'~HOMY 11 TOM'Y)I(e T1Imy, '1TQ Mb! enpaee npeiD,ll10JJ:0~J1rn. !Me)l(J1:Y H'lHIMG13tJ:<l'4lHToC'JJb'H'Y'IO crenens :POlACTBa no npOII1lOXO)l('AeHHIO, HleCMorr.p51 aa JlH'HDBHICTH'Ie>CK'l11e pa3JJ114HH.

nOA06H1oro pona npHMepbI, B KQTQPbIX MbI HaXQAHIM' HeH3MeHHOCTb KPOBH npa 3Ha'lHTeJlbHbIX H3MeHeHHHX B 513blKe )i] KYJJbType, BCTpe'lalO'TCH B JlJP)'II11IX 4<lCTHX csera. MOI)l{HO ynoM'5lIH'Y'Tb, IH<lIJllp:I1Y1lep, oueaJlOHCKHX sennax. 3TQT HapO,lJ. rnyooxo OTJHlll1aeTlCH no runy OT CQCe,!:{HHX CI1HraJle3QB., H3bIK KOTQPbIX 00, nOBHJlHMOMY, yOOQI1Jl 11 lOT KOTQPbIX OH, 04eBHJlHO, 3al1MCTBQBaJl H nexoropue KYJ1brYPHble lJepTbI (Capa3HIH) 2). npMMepOM 3TOro MOryT Cny)Kl1Tb 51nOHQbI cesepHOH 4aCTH 5inoHHH, H3 KOTOPbIX MHome, HeCOMHeHHQ, npOI1CXQJlHT

1) W. Z. Rip ley, "The Races of Europe" (New York, 1899); l. Den ike r, • The Races of Man" (London, 1900).

2) P. Sa r a sin, .Ergebnisse naturwlssenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon" (Wiesbaden, 1892-93), vol. III, pp. 569 et seq.

7':!.

or a~HOCOB (5eJ1bl1) 1), 11 cH611pClme roxarnpu, xoropue, B 3Ha4J.iTeJit,· l-lOJ1 CTE~neIHI1 coxpamea 41111CTOry xpoea, 6b1Jl11 aC(i11J~1HJ]!1:paBaHbl no OTHoweH111O IK xynsrype 11 5I'3bllKy coce,nHI1IMI1 TY"Hry3aMII1' (I1QXeJlbCOlH) 2).

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1) E. B iI. 1 z, "Menschenrassen Ostasiens mit specieller Rticksicht auf Japan" (V e r han dIu n g end e r B e r 1 i n era nth r 0 polo g i s c hen G e s e l ls c h aft, vol. XXXIII [1901], pp. 166-189); H. Ten Kat e, "Anthropologisches lind Verwandtes aus Japan" (I n t ern a t ion a I esC e n t r a I b I a t t f ii r Ant h r 0 polo g i e, vol. VII [1902], p. 659)

2) W. Joe h e 1 son, "The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus" (P II blie at ion S 0 f the .J e sup Nor t h Pac i fie E x p e d i t ion, vol. IX [1910], p. 59).

3) eM. Kapry B Handbook of American Indians (B u II e tin 30 0 f the B 11 rea u 0 f Am e ric ant: t h n 0 log y), part. I. (1907).

4) F ran z Boa s, "A. I. Stone's Measurements of Natives of the Northwest Territories" (B u II e tin 0 f the Am e ric an Mus e t1 m 0 f N attl r a I His tor y, vol. XIV [New York, 1901], pp. 53-68); "Zur Anthropologie der nordamerikanischen Indianer" (V e r han dIu n g e 11 d e r B e r I i 11 e r G e sell s c h aft [ii rAn t h r 0 polo g i e, E t h 11 0 log i e u n d U r g e sl' hie h t e, vol. XXVII [18951, pp. 367 et seq.).

B) PlIny Earle Goddard, .Life and Culture of the Hupa" (Ll n iv e r sit y of C a I i for n i a P II b lie a t ion s, Am e ric a 11 Arc h a e 0- l n rr v and Fthll!ll()gy. vol, I [Bcrkclev. 1903--19041): W:l'11il1~t()11

aroro !JlJleMleIHH .nepec,euII5!1.ffWCb '1113 O:,IlJHOi1 tKI01H :Ho>i1 OIOm:I1I[)HOi1 reppu'IOpll1'11 B ,'IPY~'Y'IO, II!!(e {lilliif' IGVlleHIIHfll'£LlIICb C i({)ICel,l~HllliNl HltCeJIeHiHeiVI, 11 T<ld{'MlM o6pa':~om .J1iX X,iIpiU'ICrepI-lblle <p11'3Hi'l'eCIK1We LlerpTbl ,11I3NlieHvIUll1iCb, a Sl3bTIK coxpaiI-l,111.'1CS1. K'OHe'lHO, 3TOIro 'll'PO'I~eOCa HeJlb:1'51 ~()IKal3<lTb 6e3 I1ICTOiP~1''l e OKI1'X CBlHI):Wf e JI~CTIB.

3Tl1 naa, nOBI1AI1MOMY, npOTI1BOnOJIO)I{Hble npyr npyry SlBJlemm, a HMeHlW coxpanenue runa npa 113MeHeHl1H Sl3blKa H coxpaneaae Sl3blKa npu H3MeHeHl1H 'rnna, ace )Ke naxonarcs B recnon B3al1MHoti CBSl3H H BO MHorHX cny-iasx I1J(yT pyxa 06 pyxy, npl1MepOM aroro MO)I{eT CJIY)I{I1Tb paccenenne apaooa BAOJIb ceaepnoro 6epera A<l!PI1KI1. B 06lqeM, apa6cK'l1ti 3J1eM'eH,T cOXpaHHJ1 CBOti Sl3bi'l<; HO B TO )I{e BpeMSl opaxa C TY3eMHblMl1 paCaMI1 6blJIl1 06bIKHOBeHHbl, rate 'lTO y nOTOMKOB aparios 'laCTO COXPUHSJJICSI ,I1X .lI13b11K 11 H3IM,eH51JICSI Tl1'Il. C A'PYf'oti CTOPOHbl, TY3eMQbl ).110 aexoropon rCT,en:eHI1 OTK£li3a:JII1Cb OT CIBOI1X Sl3bi'l\)OB, HO B'P0).1iO'Jli)I{arJIH scrynare B 6palKI1 M'e')KAY C060H, '11, TaIK,J1'M, 06pa30'M, I1X Tl1n COXpaHI1J1CSI. DOCKOJlbKY KaKOe-JIl160 113MeHeHl1e aroro po AU Ha'xoAwKSI B CBSl3'l1 CO c'MlemeHl1eM, 113MeHeHl1Sl roro 11'J1'i1' npyroro THna scerna ,'(OJICtKHbl npOI1I(1X()I,LI'l1Tb oAHoBpeM,eH'HO, 11 l1'X npw'll1cJI5IIOT ,[{ 11'3'M'eHeHI1'SllM 1ll1ina I1'JIiJ1 II( 113~~ieHeI-l'I1'5LMI Sl13b1Ka, C'MOTPsr no TOMY, na TOT 11J111 na npyroa napon oopameno aaure BHI1MaHl1e, I1JII1, B nexoropux CJIY'laSlx, CMOTPSl no TOMY, rcaxoe 113MeHeHl1e pesve aupaaceno. CJIY'lal1 nonnon aCCI1MI1J1SlQI1I1 6e3 acsxoro CMeWeHI1Sl MelKAY nO.II.BepralOlql1MI1CSl 3TOMY npoueccy aaponaan, nOBI1AI1MOMY, peA'KII1I, 11J111 ,[(a~e M,X BOBC€' He 6bmaerr.

CJIY'lal1 Hel13MeHHOCTl1 'rnna 11 Sl3blKa 11 113MeHeHl1Sl KyJ1bTYPbl ropasno 60JIee MHOrOllI1CJIeHHbI. B caMOM AeJIe, see I1CTOpl1'leCKoe pa3B:l1l1ll1'e EBiponbF, C ,JJiOl1crlolp:l1,tjleICKMlx' BpeiM'eIH, olIpelII,CTa!BJISJeT 6ecKOHe4H'bl'i1 pSl~ np'l1'MlepOB 31'01[100 nponecca; [J{OTO!p'bFMJ, nOIBlI1I)J;I1JMOtM1Y, cosepllIaeTCSI ropasno .ner-re, TaK KaK aCC'J1IMI'iJ1'srLtI1'51 KYJIbTYP npol1'CXOAWf nOBCIO,Qy 6e3 ¢>aKTI1'leCKoro CMeWel-Il1Sl KPOBI1, KaK peaynsrar nOApa)I{aHI1Sl. L(oKa3aTeJIbCTBa AI1<l!¢>Y31111 KYJIbTYPHblX 3JIeMeHTOB MO)I{HO HatiTI1 B KalKAoti KYJIbTYPHOi1 crpane, oxsaruaaiotuea 06JIaCTI1, rne roaopar na HeCKOJIbKI1X sauxax. B Cesepaon AMepl1Ke XOpOWI1M npnMepoM sroro CJIY)I{I1T KaJIl1<l!0pHI1Sl, Tal[{ KUK TaM rosopsr aa HeCI~OJ1bKI1IX .lI3bl'Kax H' Ha6JIIOAaeTCSll1'3BoeCTHaSi creneas AI1¢>¢>epeH'Q'l1aQI1lf1 rnna, HO B TO )I{e BpeMSl npeoonanaer 3Ha'll1TeJIbHOe OAH006pa3l1e KyJIbTYPbl 1). 'L(PYfl1M npnaepoa MO)I{eT CJlYlKl1Tb nooepexo,e HOBOti I'saaea, rne, necaorps na 3Ha'll1TeJIbHYlO MecTHYIO AI1¢>(pepeHQl1aQI1IO, npeoonanaer 113BeCTHblti, AOBOJIbHO xapaxrepnsni, Tl1n KYJIbTYPbl, I1AYlqeti PYKa 06 PYKY co 3Ha'll1TeJIbHoti AI1¢><l!epeHQl1aQl1eti 513bIKOB. 113 HapOAOB, CTOSllql1X na 60JIee BblCOKOti CTyneHI1 QI1BI1JII13al.(l1l1, MOlKHO npl1BeCTI1, KaK npnaep, 06l1TaTeJIeti scero paaona, HaXOASllqerOCSI nOA BJIl1'SlHl1eIM KI1TaticKoti KYJIbTYPbI.

, Mat the w s, "Navaho Legends" (1897); P. A. G. M 0 ric e, "The Great Delle Race" (A 11 t h r 0 p 0 s, vol. I, II, IV [1906. 1907, 1909]).

I) A. L. K roe be r, "Types of Indian Culture in California" (U 11 i v e rsit Y 0 f C a I i for n i a Pub I i cat ion s, A mer i c a 11 Arc hac 0 log y and Et h no log y, vol. II [1904-07], pp, 81-103).

74

3nl C006pmKeHll~ II ,L\OCTaTOtIHoi-'l crertenn Bhl~CH5IJOT, -rio, no Kp,l'i-ilHeii 'M1erpe, B aacrosuuee BpeuVHI CY1J.lI,:(la ,I'IlLlTo,,\IH4eCi1<oro TI1IU:I, 5UhllGl 11 tcy.n.t ypu ne ueupeaenno 0AI1H<lK0l1a: Tl1n Ii 513blK napona woryr ocrarsca HeI13MeHHblMI1, aero icym.rypa MO)J{eT 113MeHI1TbC5l; Hel13MeHHbiM MO)J{eT OCraTbC5l ero Tl1Il, HO ero 5l3bll{ Mo)KeT 113MeHI1TbC5l; I1JlI1 ero 5l3b1K MO)J{eT OCTaTbC5I HeM3MeHHbIM, a THn 11 KYJlbrypa - 113MeHI1TbC5I. I1TaK, O'leBI1,L\HO, 'lTO nOnbITKl1 xnaccmpatca~1111 'leJlOBe'leC11Ba, OCHOBla'HHble na HblIHeWHeM pacnpenenema:

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76

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77

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MHeHl1e 0 He).lOCTaT04HoH ¢OH€TI14eCIWH ).I11¢¢epeHlIl1alll1l1 onnpaercs na TOT ¢aKT, 'ITO 113B€CTHbIe 3ByKI1 nepB06bITHbIX Sl3bIKOB I1CTOJIKOBbIBaIOTCSl esponeauaan nnorna KaK OAI1H, I1HOr).la KaK APYrow YI3 npl1Bbl4HbiX AJISl Hac 3BYKon: I1X Ha3hIBaJIl1 aJIbTepHanlBHbIMI1 3BYKa"MI1. OAHat!(O, BO 'Bcex 3Tl1X tCJlY4aSlX 60JI'€e TOlliHoe 113Y4eiHl1e ¢OHeTHKI1 noxaaano, 'ITO 31'11 3UyKI1 BnOJiHe onpenenenna, HO, 'ITO 6JIarOAap51 cnocooy I1X np0I13HOW€HI151, OHI1 5lBJI51IOTC51 nponexyrouHbIMH Me)J{AY npHBblllHh!MI1 3BYKaMI1. TaK nanpnwep 3ByK M, np0l13HOClIMbIM npa 04eHb CJIaOOM CMbIKaHI1I1 ryo 11 C nOJIypaCKpbITbIII\ HOCOM 3IBiYt:DI1IT J(;15l' naruero yxa OT'4taICTl1 ({all( M, OTLJaICTU1' 'KalK (j 'If, OTq'atCT'11 IKaK B, 111', OMOTP51 no CJla6bDM CJIIY'4a11IHbIIM HI3!Vl'eH€'HM'5l'M, 'npH npo- 113H1€CeHI1H ero CJIhllIlI1TCSl TO OJ(H'H, ToO npyroa 113 3TI1X 3BYI<'OB, XOTSl Ea calMtOIM! Ae'JIe 3TOT 3B'YK H€' uOJ]e€ i113:vI'eH'LJI1B, 4efll naure M. C~'4al1 sroro pona B€CbMa MHOrOqI1CJIeHHhl, HO CChlJIaTbCSl na HI1X, KaK aa AOKa3aTeJIbCTBO He;.\OCTaT04HoH onpeAeJIeHHOCTI1 3BYKOB B nepao- 6bIT'Hbl'X5lI3bIK<l!X, 3HlaJ4'J.1'JIO 6bl JlOI)J{HO ax II1ICT'OnIW[lbl:B>a.Tb (Boac] 2), B caMOM AeJ1e, OrpaHI14eHI1e 4HCJIa 3BYKOB, nOBI1AI1MOMY, HeOOXOA!1MO B Ka)J{JlOlVl 5l3bIKe, qT06bI B03MO)J{HO 6bl;10 6blcrpoe oouieuae. ECJII1 6bl 411CJIO 3BYKOB, ynorpeonsewux B KaK0I\1-JIliIOO 5l3b1Ke, 6blJIO 6e3-

i) eM. 33MCQalIIIH OTHOCIfTC.TlbllO sroro y G cor g v () 11 de r G;l b c \ C 11 t z, "Die Sprachwisscuschaft- (Leipzig, 1891) pp. 371 ct seq.

2) F ran z Boa s, ,On altcrnating Sounds" (A ill e ric a 11 All t h r 0- polo g i s t, vol, II [1889], pp. 47 ct seq.

7R

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3Ta KJIaCCI1<!>I1Kal.\115I 11 HeOOXOAHMOCTb supaxars 113BeCTHbie (Jl1blTbl nocpeACTBOM npyrax onuron, xoropue HaX0)151TC5I B CB5I311 r HI1MI1 H, OrpaHl1lJI18a51 npyr npyra, onpeAeJI5IIOT ry cnennansayio

I) 1. W. Po \V ell, .Introduction to the Study of Indian LlJIgl1<1f?;es" (2d ,'(1., Waschington, Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 69 ct seq.),

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82

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YTOObl npasansno CYAl1Tb 0 BJlH51HHl1, OKa3bIBaeMOM Sl3blKOM aa MblCJlb, cnenyer HMeTb B BHAY, lITO HaWl1 esponeacxae 513bIKl1 B I1X HblHelllHeM Bl1Ae B 3Ha'll1TeJlbHOH CTeneHI1 C<POpMl1pOBaJlI1Cb onaroAap5I OTIBJlelieHiHOMY MbIWJleHI110 CPI1JJOCO<POB. Tarore TepMI1HbI, lKaK «CYll\HOCTb» l1 «CYll\eCTBOBaHHe», MHOfl1e 113 KOTOPbIX reneps yno-TpeOJl5l10TC5I OObIKHOBeHHO, 51BJl5IIOTC5I no CBoeMY npOI1CXO)l{J].eHl1lO l1CKYCCTBeHHbIMl1 cpeACTBaMl1 Jl.Jl51 BbIpa)l{eHI1S1 pe3YJlbTaTOB OTBJlelIeHHoi1 MblCJlI1. TaKI1M oopaaoa, l1X MO)l{HO npnanars CXOAHbIMl1 C l1CKYCCTBeHHbIMI1, HecBoticTBeHHbIMI1 513bIKY OTBJlelleHHbIMl1 repMl1HaMI1, 00pa30BaHl1e KOTOPblX B03MO)l{HO B nepBOOblTHbIX sasncax.

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84

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85

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-recrue Ta,HIiOipO::vl t), Cneaceposr 2), <l>tp:J3epU:V1 '), lJa'OT.l1aiHU'.vl {), AlInpee G), nOC1'OM 8) iii MHOrHMIiI J1PYrHMIiI, TaK 4TO He1' Ha,llo6HOCTl-l nonpooaee ~0lKa3bPBa1'b 3'):IeCb 31'OT <pa'KT. !lJ,oc1'aT04'H'0 npnsecra HeCKOJlbKO npnaepoe. 113 oo.iee OOll\I1X liI,l1eti 51 Mory YllOM5IHYTb 0 sepoHaHll1ilil B crpasy ayur YMepm:I1X, pacnOJIO)l{e:HH'YIO 11m aanane, npa 4e'M ,(Jl51 roro, 41'06 nonacri, B nee, HY)I{HO nepenpasarscs 4epe3 percy; 3TO Yl3BeCTHoe BceM HaM H3 rpe4eCKOH MYl(pOJIOrHH sepoaaaae pacnpOCTpaHeHO TaK)I{e 11 cpenn TY3eMHblX nJIeMeH AMepYlKI1 iii Ilomme- 3YlYl. ,llPYrHM npnaepoa MOIKeT CJlY)I{HTb l1,l1e51 MHo)KeCTBeHHOCTI1 1'.111- POB, 113 KOTOPblX O,UI1H YlJII1 HeCKOJlbKO HaXOA5ITC5I I-IUA HaMI1, npyrne npOCTHpaliQTC5I nOA Hal\1YI. npu 4eM B uenrpansaor, MHpe )l(l1BeT 4eJlOsex: 'B ,sepXiHEI.VII )l{l1IBY'1' 60m H IC4'aCTJI'I1IBble ,f]JYLlJIi-l', B ,[1'O')l,3'e'iVIIHO'~i ~1HPE' )l{I1ByT HeC4aCTHble ,lIYWYl. 3Ta l1,l1e51 3HaKOMa HaM no noJIO)l{eHtl1;H~l, OTiBO,UII1MbIM aeoy '11 any, HO OHa He 'MeHee pacnpocrpaaexa B l1H,lIYl 11 , B Cn6Ylpl1 11 B Cesepnoa AMepYlKe. Ilpyroa npnxep npenCTaBJI5IeT l1,l1e51 0 TOM, 41'0 4eJIOBeK cnocooen CHI1CKI1BaTb 6JIarOCKJIOHHOCTb nOKpOBI1TeJIbCTnYliQll\l1x eMY AYXOB-XpaHYlTeJIeti. CTOJIb )l{e nopaaarensnue npaaepu npeilCTaBJI5IeT npyras 06JlaCTb y:\lCTBeHHoi1' )l(113HI1. Ilonceaecrao pacnpocrpaaeaaoe YMeHl1e ,lI06bIBaTb orons TpeHHeM, aaptca nl111(I1, :~HaKOMCTBO co CBepJlOM CBYlAeTeJlbCTBYliQT () TOM, 41'0 113BeCTHhie 11:~o6peTeHI151 nOBceMeCTHbJ. npYrHMI1 51BJIeHH5IMI1 31'01'0 pona 0I<a:1blBaliQTC5I naaec'ntsre anemenrapnue 4epTbl rpaaaarnxecxoa CTPYI<TYPbl, upone ynoTpe6JleHI151 Bblpa)l{eHl1ti )lJl51 ,~eCTOI1MeHI1H Tpex 1111l(, - a YlMeHHO ,[11151 o603Ha4eHI151 roaopsmero JII1L(a, roro J111L(a, K KOTOPOMY oopamena peus, 11 roro JlI1L(a, 0 1<0- TOPOM I1lleT pens, I1JJI1 4aCTO acrpesaiouteecs pa3J1114eHl1e 411CeJI e,QI1HCTBeHHoro 11 MHO)l{eCTBeHHoro.

npl1'M1epU<M111 GfleU:Yla'JlhHhIX J11060flbI11Hbl'X ananontsi, IBC1'pelJaliQll(Yl'XOI II i-Ia:J1e<KI1X JIPyr or APyra 'MeCT'HOCT5IX, MorYT CJ1Y)l{,(1Tb T1a'KIHe sepoea- 111151, xax nepOIBaHI1'e '3 B03MO%:HQlC1'b npe):lCKa3bllBaTb oyayuiee no pacrpeCK'I1IBaHI1,!{) )l()I{e'HbIX KOCTew (AH):~pee) 7); T'OT <paKT, 4TO nerenna o <Pw::nOHe pacnpocmeaeaa n rpeLtwll1 11' B ·oeB€IP'O-<3atflla\LijHOH A,M1ep'YloKe (BOUIe) 8); YlflO'flpeOJIelHHle lHe.om1bLlJOll'O JIyu<a 1l1' C'1'peJ1bI J:(IJ15J1 il<pO'BOlIll)'lCKa-

t) E. B. T Y lor, .Primitive Culture; Researches into the Early History

of Mankind".

2) Herbert Spencer, "The Principles of Sociology".

3) I. G. F r a z e r, • The Golden Bovgh; Totcmism and Exogamy".

i) A. Bas t ian, .Idea!c Welten" (Berlin. 1892); .Dle Welt in ihren Spiegelungen unter dem Wandel des Volkergedankens-, (Berln,1887); .Allerlel aus Volks-und Menschenkunde" (Berlin, 1888); "Geographische und ethnologische Hilder" (Jena, 1873); etc.

S) Ric h a r dAn d r e c, .Ethnographischc Parallelen und Vergleiche" (Stuttgart. 1878; Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889).

6) A I be r t H. Po s t, .Grundriss der Ethnologischen .Jurisprudenz" (Oldenhnrg lind Leipzig, 1894),

71 In r 11 a r d A II d r c c, .Scapultmautia", ill Boas A 11 11 V e r s a r y Vol 11- 111 e (New York. G. E. Stecher!, l~i06) pp. 143 et seq.

8) F r a n z R 0 a s, .Jndianischc Sagen von der Nord-Pacilichcn Kuste l\'IH·lika," (Bcrltu, A. Ascher, 1(-.95) pp. 3~;~---~a9

HI1,J1 Y )lmBOTllblX (I'erepl 1); pJ1300lTlI'e <lCfpOJI0I1I1il1 B CTapOM II HDIBOM CBeTe; (XiQ~CTIBiO Te'XHiHIK!HI H y30\PO,B JlI)JI'f mDorrOlBJ~eHHlH Kop3il1iH B AcppWKe 111 B A'M,epl1JKe OX;HJ(COH) 2); 1I11300peTe1HMle ;u),!xolBoro PYJKb51 B A,JWepl1ll~e il1' Y Mla,naH[Je!B.

3T!1 npaaepu HaBO}J,SIT na MblCJlb 0 TeX KJlaCCaX 51BJle~ll1ti, KOTOPblC 51 I1MelO B BHAY. 113 3TI1X Ha6JJIO}J,elHHH HbITeKaeT, "4TO, «orna MbI H!aXD,UI1M Y pasaux HapD}J,DB aHaJ1DnlI1 B DT,UeJJbHbIX -reprax KyJJbTYPbl, CJIe}J,yeT npennonaran, He oymecreoeasere oomero ]J.JI5I H!I1iX I1CTOpI1"4eCKDrD I1CTD4HI1Ka, a TO, 4TD OHI1 B03HI1KJJI1 He3aBI1CI1MO npyr DT npyra. npe}J,'CTaBJ151le'1'CSl n:p'liB}J,ono~o6Hoti TeopmI, 'COM'atOHo 'NOTOPOi1 TO., "4-1'0 3TI1 51BJJeHI151 I1DCT05lHHD BCTpellalOTC5I y pa3Ho06pa3HetiWI1X "4JJeHDll qeJIOBeqeCKDrD POM, K KalKDi1: 6bI pace OHI1 'H11 npI1H!aAJIe)J{auru, 06'- 51CHSleTC5I D}J,HDi1: 06u\ei1: npI14I1HDi1.

Ilansaetiuree I1CCJJe}J,OBaHl1e noxaaueaer, "4TO 3TH D6b14aI1 pacnpocrpaaenu 'He 'BnOuJ'Hie o.r\I1HaIKOIBo, HO 4TO ,CYll\eC11By,eT J1.3BOCl'HaH 6DJJee I1JJI1 MeHee TeCHa51 CB5I3b Me)J{}J,Y pa3BHTI1eM np0I13BO}J,CTsa, CDQl1aJJbHDti opraanaauaen 11 peJJI1rI103HbIMI1 BepOBaHI151MI1 HapO}J,DS, HaCeJI5IIOll\I1X 3eMJJIO, TaK "41'.0 y napona C npOCTblMI1 ¢>opMaMI1 npo- 113B10:D,CTBa MD)J{HO Hai1:TI1 1'IIbJ!CJJI1, aecKOJIbKO .01' J11I1"4alOll\I1OCSl OT MblCJJei1 napona, nanee nO}J,BI1HYBwerocSI snepen B pa3BI1TI111 MaTepl1aJJbHDi1 "YJJbTYPbl. OblJJO TaK)J{e KDHCTaTI1pOBaHO, 4TO CYll\eCTByeT CB5I3b Me)J{,UY 3THI1"4eCKOIO )J{113HblO napona 11 reorpa¢>l1qeCKoi1 cpenoa, cnoCOOCTBYIOll\ei1 I1'J1W npenSITCTlBYIOll\ei1: ero M<tT,epl1aJJbHOMY pa3BI1TI1IO.

Ooniyto npl1"4I1HY 3TDro CXD,UCTBa ,Uei1cTBI1H 11 sepOBaHI1H HapD}J,OB 11 nJJeMeH, DT}J,eJJSIeMbIX npyr DT npyra 06Wl1PHblMI1 npOCTpaHCTBaMI1, npiI1IH3\llJ1e)J{au.\l1JX K pa3JII1'41HlbLI1 pacaa 1111 HaXO~51Ill\I1IXCSI IHa paaaax crynensx 'KYJlbl"ypHoro pa3'OO11'I151, crapanscs Hall~i:TlI1' paG'J]I1'"4Hbl·M 06pa3Q;M.

Hexoropue I1'CCne,UOBaTeJJH, uanpasep, PaTQeJIb 11, B npeacaee BpeM'SI, Kap'JJ Pil1rrTep u flOi1:0, ocooeaso HQ,U4epiKHiBaJiMi B'J1I1I51iH11e reorpaca-recxon OKPY)J{alOll\ei1: cpenu aa )J{113Hb "4eJJOBeKa. Oaa BbI,UBl1ralOT re "4epTbl cxoncrsa, xcropue np05lBJInlOTCSl B CXO,UHbIX TI1- nax DKPY)J{alOll\eti cpenu.

~py'rHe nonaraior, 1.{T0 .MHO<f1l1e'l18 D6bI'4weB, BepOBa~'lIlrti:l1J 11806peTeHWi1, COCTaBmJIOll.\I1X oomee ,11IOCI'05IHl1e JIIO~ei1, )J{I1iB~ill.\I1IX 113 crparrax, HaXO)J;SI<ll\I1'XCSI na OOJIbWl1'X PaJCCTOffi!1111SIX O)J!Ha OT ·APyroti:, SIBJlsmDTC5I 06ll.\11~1 HaCJJe)J)l1eM, nDJJY'"4eHHbIM OT .ilIpesHei1lWl1:X I3peM,eH:, KOfJ\a pO}J, "4eJIOBe"4eCKI1H see eute HaCeJJHJI JlI1Wb He!60JJb<WyK> "4a:cTb 3eMH!oti nOBepXHOCTI1.

Hexoropue CTapaJII1Cb 1130J11I1POrs1<lTb 1H'a1160nee OOOOll\eHHbIe

<pDPMbl CXO}J,HbIX 3THI14eCKl1X 51BJJeHI1i1. OaCTl1aH, Ba)J{Hei1WI1i1: 113 npenCTaSI1TeJJeti 3TDti rpynnsr I1CCJJe}J,OBaTeJIeti, Ha3BaJI 3TI1 ¢>OPMbl «3JJeMeHTapHblMI1 l1,UeSlMI1» 11 CTapaJJCSl noxaaars, "4TO OHI1 He06'SICHI1Mbl.

HaKOHeQ, nClJ.1'XOJIOfl1' flbllTaJlI1ICb OO'51CHI1Tb ICxo~CTBa alHa'J11I1'30:'l1 YMCTBeHHblX npOQeCCOB.

I) P ran z" He g e r, .Aderlassgerllthe';'· bei den Indianern ' und Papuas' (M itt h e i I u n g e n der Ant h r 0 polo g is c hen G e sell s c h aft in

Wi e n, vol, XXIII [1893], Sitzingsberichte, pp. 83-87). -"'" .

2) R 0 I and B. D i x 0 n, .Basketry Designs of the Indians of Northern California"tBulletin of the American Mu s c u m of Natural Hi.

s tor y, vol, XVII, p. 28). - - -

8R

Heo6xOA~DMO Hen:Om.KO nOAPOUHee paccaorpen. :~nl uerupe ,\,eToM 06'SlCHeHHSI.

HeTPY)l,HO BblSlCHHTb saxoroe BJlHSlHHe reorpaqiasecxon OKPY)J{UIOlI~eH .cpenu na <{:lOPMbI 11306peTeHHH. Pa3Ho06pa3He )J{11J1HIJ.{, KOTOPblMH nOJlb3YlOTCSI nnexena paaaax CTpaH, npe)l,CTaBJISIeT npaaep aroro BJlHSlHHSI. CHe)J{HbIH )l,OM 3CKHMoca, YCTpaHBaeMblH H3 npesecHOH KOPbl BHrBaM HH)l,eHQa, neuiepaae )J{HJlHlJ.{a nnemea nYCTblHH MOrYT CJlY)J{HTb HJlJlIOCTpaQHSlMI1 roro, KaKHM 06pa30M 06eCnelJI1BaeTCSI B03MO)J{HOCTb YKPblTbCSI OT aenoronu, CMOTPSl no TOMY, xaxoro pona MaTepHaJlbl OKa3bIBalOTCSI )l,OCTynHbIMH. .uPYrHMH npaaepaaa MorYT CJzy)J{HITb <{:lOPMbl 60nee cneQHRIIbHblX J1.306peTeH'Hlif, 'Ka'K-TO: COCTaBHble JlYKH 3CKHMOCOB, ynorpeoneaae KOTOPblX, nOBH)l,HMOMY, Bbl3BaHO OTCYTCTBHeM )l,JlHHHOrO ynpyroro ma'repaana )1,JlSI nanox, CJIY)J{aIJ.{HX !VISI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI JIYKOB; cnocoou ooecnesars ynpyrocrs JIYKa, xorna Tpy~HO AOCTaTb ynpyroe nepeso, WIlli KOr)l,a .1lyK )l,OJDKeH OblTb 04eHb KpenKHM, KO)J{aHble BMeCTHJIHlJ.{a H KOP3HHbl, 4aCTO 3aMeHSllOIJ.{He I'JlHHSlHYIO nocyny Y nnexea, He HMelOlJ.{HX nOCTOSlHHblX )J{HJIHIJ.{. MbI MO)J{eM TaK)J{e YKa3aTb na 3aBI1CHMOCTb Bbl60pa MeCT )l,JISI nepeseas OT cHa6)J{eHHSI nHlJ.{eH H OT C0061J.{eHHSI no )1,OcTynHblM noporax HJIH OT JIerKOCTH C0061J.{eHHH no BO)l,HbIM nYTSlM. BJIHSlHHe OKPY)J{alOlJ.{eH Cpe)l,bl 06HaPY)J{I1iOOeTCSI B TeppHTOpHUJ]bIHbfX rpaaauax H3BeCl1HblX ITJIeMe'H H IHapO)l,OB, pa'BHO KaK H IB pacnpeneneaaa HUCeJIeHHSI Ii' 'B era rYCTOTe. BJII1S1Hl1e OKPY)J{alOlJ.{eif cpenu MO)J{HO OTKPblTb )l,a)J{e B 60- nee CJlO)J{HbIX <{:l0pMax YMcl1seHHoH )J{H3HI1, HoopHMep, B! MH<{:lax 0 npapone, OO'SlCHSlIOIJ.{HX J1,eSlTeJIbHOCTb BYJIKaHOB HJII1 cYlJ.{eCTBOBaHHe crpamrux 04epTaHHH 3eMJIH, HJIH B sepoaaaasx H 06b14aSlx, OTHOCSlIJ.{HXCSI K MeCTHblM xapaxrepacraxaa spexen rOM.

ECJ1H B HaWI1X TeOpl1S1X Mbl npanaea 3Ha4eHI1e JIHWb HaOJIIO)l,eHHSlM, nOKa3blBalOlJ.{HM, 4TO 4eJIOBeK 3aBHCHT OT reorparpa-recxoti OI(PY)J{alOlJ.{eH cpena, H npennonaraex O)l,HHaKOBocTb HJ1H CXO,!{CTBO YMa Y scex 4eJIOBe4eCKHX pac, Mbl HeH30e)J{HO npHxOAHM K TOMY 3aKJ1104eHHIO, 4TO O)l,HHaKOBaSl OKpY)J{alOlJ.{aSl cpena nOBclOAY Bbl30BeT O,l(I1HaKOBble KYJIbTYPHble pe3YJIbTaTbI.

3TO, 04eBHAHO, HeBepHO, TaK KaK B <{:l0pMax KYJIbTYPbl HapO)l,OB, )KI1BYIJ.{HX B onanaxonoro pona OKPY)J{alOlJ.{eH cpene, 4aCTO ooaapy)J{HBaIOTCSI pestcre pa3JfHl4HSI. MHe HeT 1Ha)1.06HOCTH nOSlCIHSlTb 31'0 cpasaeaaea aaepaxancxoro K0J10HHCTa C cesepo-aaepmcancxax HH!le'Hqe'M IHlfH' CpalBH'eHl11eM Mle~(JlY' a060lH H1a!poIJlIHIOICTe,H, iIl0CneAIOBaTeJlbHO nOCeJlSlBWHXCSI B AHrJIHI1 H pa3BHBaBWHXCSI OT KaMeHHOI'O sexa )1,0 coBpeMeHHoH aHrJII1HCKOH KYJlbTYPbl. O)l,HaKO, )J{eJIaTeJIbHO nosaaars, QTO lIa)J{e Y nepnoournux nnexeu THn KYJIbTYPbI BOBce He onpenenserca O,JIHOH reonparcpHllJeCKO'H ,qpeJ\oif . .uoIK'ar3arre'J]bCTOOIM' 3TOOO <{:laKTa MIO)J{'eT CJIY)KHTb oopaa )J{H3HH 3KCHMOCOB, 3aHHMalOIJ.{HXCSI OXOTOH H PblOHOH JIOBJleH, H 4YK4eH, pa3Bo,!{SlIJ.{HX onenea (Boropas) 1), a<{:lpHKaHcKHX na-

1) W:II d e mar Bog 0 r as, "The Chukcheev (P 11 b lie a t ion S 0 f the Y (,-s 11 P N () r t h Pac if icE x P c d It i 0 11, vol. VII [Leiden, 1904 - 09]):

I' rail 7. Boa~. "The Central Eskimo' (Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Llllllology rW:lshill~:toll, 18R8t),

X!I

CTYXOIH'OTTCHTOTOIl 11 OXUTHHKOH-OYllilVleH03 npl1 HX IlPCWHCM pacCeJI,e'H'111111 lHa iflpOTSIDKeHII1'11 oonee 06llil1PHblX 1'eppl1TO'p.I1'H (WYJIM-te) 1); iH'erp'l1TO~OB 111' MI:lIJllaH[.jelB IOm~BOCT04HIOH A3iVliJ1 (MaipTH1H) 2),

8TOpbIM 11 60JIee 'B>a)KHbDM 3JleMeIHTOM, KOTOPbIH cneuyer npl1'HI1- MaTb B pacser, 51BJISIeTC5I COQl1aIlbHOe COCTOSIHl1e KaIK):IOrO aapona. MOIKHO 6bIJIO 6b1 ):IYMaTb, 4TO OKpYIKaJOll(a51 cpesa saxoia JII1Wb noCTOJIbKY, nOCKOJIbKY OHa CTeCH5IeT npOSIBJIeHI1SI ):IeSITeJlbHOCTI1, CBOi-iCTBeHHble KaKOH-JII160 oc060i1 rpynne, MIII1 6JlarOnpl1SITcTByeT l1NI. MOIKHO AaIKe noxaaars, 4TO crapunnue 06bIllal1, rapMOHl1pOBaBWI1C C l13BeCTHbIM Tl1nOM OKPYIKalOll(eW cpenu, 06HapYIKl1BaIOT TeH):IeHQVlIO COXPOOiSITbC5I npa HOBbIX )"CJlOBl1SIX, npa KOTOPbIX O'Hl1 cxopee iHeBbIronnu, lIeM BblrOAHbI aapony. Dpl1MepOM 3TOl'0 pona, B3SITbIM 113 HaweH QI1BI1JII13aQI1l1, MOIKeT CJIYIKI1Tb TO, 4TO MbI He YTI1Jll1311pyeM raxoro pona fll1llI{l1l, IK KomopOHIMbI 'He ,n:piJ.1:BbIKJlil1 :11 ]{OTOPYlO ':vI'bI .:vI:QoIKeiM Hai1nl B HeAaBHO 3aCeJleHHbIX crpaaax. Ilpyroji npaxep npe,[lCTaBIISIIOT pa3BO):lSIIl(l1e OJIeHei1 xosesue lIYK4l1, xoropue B0351T C c060i1 04eHb CJIOJKHble nanarxa, no CBoeMY Tl1ny COOTBeTCTBYIOIl(l1e npeIKHI1I11 noCTOSIHHbIM ):IOMaM 0611TaTeJlei1 n06epeJKb5I l1 npe):lCTaBJ1SIIOIl(l1e B BbICwew CTeneHI1 pe3KHH KOHTpaCT npocroa 11 nerrcoa 3CKI1MOCCK0i1 nanarxe (Bornpaa) 3). ,Ua:JKe y 310KI1'M:OCQ'8, KOTOIPbliM YAUII'OlCb Ta'K 3aMe4aTeIlbHO npI1CI10C06I1TbC5I K OKpYIKalOll(eH I1X reorparpasecxoa cpene, MbI MOIKeM Hai1Tl1 06bI4al1, npensrcreyioume naaooxee nonHOMY I1CI10JIb30BaHl11O B03MOIKHOCTeH, I1peACTaBJ1SIeMbIX CTpaHOIO; npamepoa sroro MOIKeT CJlYIKl1Tb 3aKOH, uocnpeutaiouura cneuiaauoe Yl1oTpe6JIeHI1e B f1l11l(Y :\1SICa I(aHaAC'KO]'O cenepnoro OJleHSI 11 M5ICa l~IOJleHiSI (Boac) 4).

TaKl1M 06pa30M, OKPYIKalOll(a51 cpena, 110BI1).l,l1MOMY, oxaauaaer 3Ha411TeJlbHOe BJll1SIHl1e na 4eJlOBe4eCKl1e 06bI4al1 11 BepOBaHH5I, HO JII1Wb nOCKOflbKY OHa CI10C06CTByeT aupaoorxe cneuuansaux ¢>OPM 06bI4aeB 11 lIepOBaHl1H. OAHaKO OHI1 06YOIOBJleHbI, rJlUBHhIM 06pa30M, I\yJ1bTYPHbIMl1 YCJlOBI1SIMl1, xoropue CaMI1 CJlaralOTCSI rinaronaps I1CTOpH4eCKI1M I1pl1l1l1HaM.

OTHOCl1TeJlbHO aroro nYHKTa araorparpu, I1bITaIOIl(HeC5I nOJ]Q}Kl1Tb B OCHOBY 06'SICHeHI1SI I<YJlbTYPHoro pa3Bl1THSI YCJlOBl15I reorpaonvecxoa OKp),IKalOll(ei1 cpena, 06bIKHOBeHHO YTBepIK).l,aIOT, 4TO 3Tl1 I1CTOPl1- 4eCKI1e np11411HbI caI'l1l1 BbITeKalOT 113 npeaanrx YCJlOBI1W, 113 1<0TOPbIX OHl1 B03HI11<JII1 110A ):IaBJleHl1eM OKpYIKalOll(eH cpenu. MHZ KaJKeTC5I, 4TO ::11'0 yl'BepIJK)JIe!H'i1Ie IHeinip'HeIMJleMO, paa !HIOCJ1'e:il:O:Bm-I'I{le BC'5IIKQlH oT;J:eJ1bHOH KYJlbTYPHOH 4epTbI ).l,OKa3bI13aeT, -rro BJII1SIHl1e oxpyxaioutea cpenu BbI3bIBaeT 113BeCTHYlO crenens npl1cnOC06JleHl1SI, YCTaHaBJlI1- aaiouierocs MeJK).l,Y oxpyzcatouiea cpenoa 11 COl\HaJlbHOH )](113HblO, l-IO rocnoncrnyiounre YCJIOBI1SI nmcorna He MorYT 6bITb BI10JlHe 06'5ICHCHbl O).l,HI1IM JII1Wb ).l,ei1cTBHCII1 OKPYIKalOll(et11 cpeasr. MbI :\0 Jl)](Hhl 110-

i) Leo n h a r d S c h II I t z e, "Aus Namaland lind Kalahari- (Jena, 1907). 2) R u dol f M J r t i n, (Die Inlandstarnme der Malayischen Halblnsel (lena, 1905), pp. 1011-1012.

3) Bog 0 r as, J. c. pp., 177 ct -eq ; Boas, l, c. pp .. 551 et seq. -) Boa s (Ibid., p. 595).

90

\llH1TbJ Ln OJ KUK Ubi HI1 UbLiO JHU 411TellbHO IlJ1hHIIl1e, IlPI1!II1CLIBUcMoe Ha<M1H OK,py*a.IOUtei1: cpene, 3TO Blll1'HHll1le 'MOJK'e'f npOISlBJ1:51'TbCSl',' JJ1J.1'Wb 6Y)lyt.m OKa3blBaeMO na yM, ra« 'lTO xapaxrepaue xepru YMa nOJIJKHbl EXO)lJ1Tb B nonysaiouiaeca B peaynsrare CPOPMbl couuanuaoa UKTl1BHOCTJ1. HeBepOSlTHO, 'lTOOIJ! YMCTBeHHa51 JKJ13Hb MOrJla 6bITb ynoaneTBlOpHTeJlbHO 06'51CHeHa O)],HOIO OKpY)KaIOUWIO cpenoro, TaK lK,e KaK oxpyacatoutas cpena He MOlKeT UblTb 06'51CHeHa BJlH5IHHeM HaCeJleHH5I na npnpony, xoropoe, KaK ncea I13BeCTHO, Bbl3BaJlO I13MeHeHI1Sl B re'JeHI1I1 perc, I1CTpe6HJ10 neca 11 H3MeHHJlO cpaYHY. I1HbIMH CJ10BaMI1, I1rHopHpOBaHHe TOi1: P();1I1, I(OTOPYIO nCI1XHlfeCI(He 3J1eMeHTbl urpaior npa supaoorxe CPOPM AeWreJlbHOCTI1 H aepoaanan, O'leHb qaCTO BCTpeljalO'IlIHXiC5I 'BO BoeiM M;l1pe, IHI1 sa qe:VI' He O'CH:O'BalH'o.

Bropas TeOpH5I, npennoacenaas )J,Jl5I 06'HCHeHHH YHI1BepcaJlbHoCTI1 uexoroporo 'mcJla OCH013HbIX l1)J,ei1: l1 l1306peTeHI1i1:, OCHOBaHa na npenII0JlOlKeHl1l1, cornacao I(OTOPOMY OHl1 npe)lCTaBJlHIOT C060M crapue «yns'rypaue ycnexn, i-\OCTl1rHYTble B nepaon, npeJ,lWeCTB013a13WI1I1 o61l1eMY paCCeJleHI1iO -renoaevecxoa pacu,

3Ta TeOpl1H OCH013aHa sa aceoomea pacnpocrpauemm l13BeCTHLIX KyJlbTYPHblX ::meMe'HTOB. Oqe'Bl1)JJHI()i, OHa npl1M,eHI1MU JII1Wb K xepraa, BCTpeqalOllIl1MCH BO ncea Ml1pe, Tal( I<aK, eCJlI1 UbI Mbl )J,onYCTHJll1 IlClfe3HOBeHJ1e nexoropux J13 HI1X B re-renae xona I1CTOpHqeCl<oro pa3BI1TI1H, TO MOrJlI1 6hl 1l0Jlyq11TbC5I canue cpaHTaCTl1lfeCI<l1e BbIBOJ,lbl. Hexoropue 3THOJl0rl1lf'eCJ(l1e nannue. nOBI1Al1iMOMY, 'CBI1J,1eTeJlbCTBYIOT B fJOJlb3Y 3TOH TeOp1111 11 3UCTaBJ15llOT Hac CKJIOHHTbCH K npennonolKeHI1IO, cornacuo KOTOPOMY nexoropue 113 nOBCeM'eCTlHblX 'lepl' KYJlbTYPbl BOCXO)l.SlT, MOlKeT UblTb, K OqeHb paHHeMY apeaenn, npenurecrsosaeuteay paiCCeJIeHHIO qeJlOBelfeCTBa, npennonaraeaoay ua OCHOBaHI1H 6110JIQmlfeCI(l1X cooupalKemlH. BalKHeHUJI1M 113 HI1X 51BJ15leTC5I, liOlKaJlYM, TO, "ITO C06a1Gl scrpesaercs B Ka4eCTBe )J,OMaIUHero )KHI!OTHOro BO scex qaCTHX CBeTa. Ilpasna, no DceM BepOHTHOCTI1, npenI\UMI1 cooax B pasnux qaCTSlX CBeTa HBJlHlOTC5I rJlaBHblM o6pa30M TY:!eMHble )lI1I(He cooaxa, HO TeM He MeHee npe)J,CTaBJIHeTCH BepOHTHbIM, 'ITO' COBMeCTHa51 )I(113Hb qeJ10BeKa l1 cooaror pa3Bl1J1aCb B ApeBHeMUJI1H IICPI10)J, qeJlOBeqeCKOH HCTOPI1I1, npe)J,weCTBOBaBWI1M OT):{eJleHI1IO pac cesepaof A31111 11 AMepl1KI1 O'T pac IOrO-BOCT04HOH A3HH. DOHBJ1eHl1e j\I1HrO (TY3eMHOM COUaI,H) B ABCTpaJlI1I1, nOBI1)lI1MOMY, ncero nerve ,\IO)I<'H'O OU'5tCiH1I1'Tb, npeiI\illOUIO)!,HB, "ITO 0iH!U' nocnecrosana 3<1 4e.'1'01B€lKO'M na :nOT OT)J,aJleHHhIH I(PYTI1IIeHT.

Ilpyrne OqeHb npocrue PO)l!.>I AeHTe.'lbHlJCTH, ill0lKeT OblTb, 130'3- IIHKJ111 6JIarO)J,apH ycnexaa, gOCTl1rHYTblM Jlpe13HeHlllHMH npenxaau '1CJIOIJeKa. I1CKYCCTBa .QQUbmaHI1Sl OfH5I, CBepneHJ151, pe3aHI1H, nnnenns, 1 )())J,eJIblBaHH5I KaMHH, Bep05lTHO, BOCXO)J,51T K 3T0l1 paHHeti: ::H10xe, 11, I ibTT" MO')!(eT, 3Tl1 HOKYCCTBa ;COCTaBJI5IJ111 TO' H,lICJle)J,l1e, aa OCHOBe I(OTOPO!'O l3CSIKHH HapQA CTPOI1J1 CBOH c06CTBeHHblH I1H)lI1BHAyaJlbHbli1: TI1r1 "Y'Jl",ryplol (BcnJre) 1). EC1'JI ObI apx(,OIJlorHq'eU\liel!CCJ!C;lO'nanll'H ,1111

I, h. \V I'" I,', .. ill!' lv.rltur ,il'l !\ 1111 url: ""II " 1,~tlltlgat1);" 1', 1< ,11/,,'1, ",\itllll"I"'I',"II;'I,II'IiIt''', \111. II (li'~"), 1', (i!):~,

J<a3aJ1H, -rro 0PY,l\HSI 11 npyrae AOKa3aTeJ1bCT8a ycnexos 'leJIOI~eKa BCTpeGalOTCSI B reonornvecxan nepaon, B renenae KOTOpOrO xenoaeGeCTBO He AOCTHrJ10 csoero HblHelllHero pacnpOCTpaHeHI1S1 no BceMY MI1PY, TO HaM npl11l1J10Cb 6bI CAeJ1aTb BbIBOA, COrJ1aCHO KOTOPOMY OHH npeACTaBJ1S1IOT pannee KYJ1bTYPHoe AOCTOSlHl1e xenoeexa, 1(0TOpOe OH pa3HOCI1J1 C c06010 no BceMY MI1PY. B 3TOM 3al(J1I04aeTCSI oonsuroe H OOHOBHoe 3!m;Qeooe 30JJl1ITl1'treOKl1'X IHIa:XOJJJ()IK, GTO'JIb 06CToSlTeJlbIHo ~AatBml1'XlCSl' IB IIlOCJlle,,[\H1H,e i1Oi.!I.bI. 513bDK TaiK')Ke SIIB.JlSlel1CSI lJe'lJrI10I0 06Il1eIO BceMY GeJ10BelJeCTBY, Tal( '-ITO KOpHH ero Moryl' BOCXOAHTb I( ApeBHefillll1M anoxam.

npOSllBJletHI1S1 aIKTl1JBHOCTI1, 06HaPY)!{'l1BlaIOIlIliJecSI Y sucumx 06e3bSlH, 110BI1AI1MOMY, CBI1AeTeiIbCTByIOT B nOJlb3Y npe,[lnOJlO)!{eHl1S1, COrJf3JCl{O KOTOPOMY 113BeCTHble I1CKYCCTBa MOrJ11iJ 6blTb ,l\OCTOSlHliJeM xenoaerca AO ero paCCeJ1eHI1S1. I1x npasusxa YCTpal1BaTb rnesna, T.-e. )!(I1J1IiJIlIa, ynorpeoneuae naJ10K 11 KaMHefi SlBJ1S1IOTCSI YKa3aHliJeM B 3TOM aanpaBJleHI1l1. ' ; U!

n03TOMY npeACTaBJ1S1eTCSI npaBAonOA06Hb1M, GTO 113BeCTHble I(YJlb· TYPHble ycnexn BOCXO,llSlT I( nOSlBJleHl1IO GeJ10BeGeCTBa. 3aIllIiJTHl1KIiJ 3TOfi TeOpl1H, KaK-TO: BeHJ1e 11 I'peoaep, nonaraior raroxe, GTO 113· secriese OOOOpereH'I1'SI, HalIlptl1lMerp, 6Y'M'epatH'r, onopa'JJ!I1I'1'elCKM ecrpelJalOIlIl1ecSI y pac, npaaaasaeaux pOACTBeHHblMl1 no npOI1CXO)KAeHHIO, MO)!{eT 6blTb, OTHOCSlTCSI K anoxe, npemuecrsosaaurea ,llIHI>tl>epeHQl1aQl1l1 11 paCCeJleHl1IO 3Tl1X pac ..

OTHOCl1TeJlbHO MHOfl1X l13 rex SlBJIeHIiJM, xoropue moryr 6bITb 06'SI!CHeHbl C 3T11X TOlJ'eK 3peHl1S1, cosepmeaso lHeB03MO)!{HO rrpencraBIiJTb deccnopnue apryaenru, AOKa3bIBaIOIlIl1e, '-ITO 3Tl1 06bl4aH Bbl3saHbi He napaJIJleJIbHblM 11 He3a'BHICWvlbIM paaarrraea, a 06Il1HOCTblO npol1CXO)KAeHHSI. Paspeurenmo 3T0i1 np06J1eMbl 6Y,llYT B 3Ha4HTeJlbHOM Cl1ene'Hll1 cnocoocrsoeam., C O\UIHO,i1 CTOrpOR:>I', pesynsrara aol1CTOpH4ecKoM apxeonoran, a C APyroH - nCI1XOJ1Ofl1l1 iKHBOTHbIX.

3Ta np06J1eMa CTaHOBHTCSI euie 60J1ee TPYAHOM BCJ1eACTBl1e roro, '-ITO xynsrypaue 3J1eMeHTbl nepenatorcs OT OAHOfO nJ1eMeHl1 K APYrO'M'Y, OT onaoro lHapo:na IK npyroay 111 }l3 OAHofi Qa'CTi1' CBeTa 'B APYryio, 4TO MOiKeT 6bITb AOKa3aHO C ApeBHeHllIl1X speaen. KaK npaaep TOi1 6hICTPOThl, C KOTOPOi1 nepenaiorcs xynsrypnue ycnexa, MO)!{HO ynoasnyrs I1CTOP"1O nexoropax sosnenuaaeaux pacrenna B HOBoe BpeMSI. Ta6aK 11 MaHI10K 6bIJ111 BBe3eHbl B Atl>Pl1KY nOCJ1e OTKPbITl1S1 AMepl1Kl1, H 3Tl1 paCTeHl1S1 6blCTPO pacnpocrpaaanacs no BceMY MaT,epil1'Ky, 11aa{ lJ'TO TelIlepb 0IH'l1 MiM'eIOT rC'J1OJ1b Bal)!{HOe 3HaQeHl1le :D!)]S!' Bcei1 KyJIbTYPbl nerpoa, 4TO HeJ1b3S1 6blJIO 6bl nonoapeaars l1X I1H03eMHoe npOHCXO)!{AeHl1e (Fan) 1). TaKl1M )!(e 06pa30M Mbl HaxOAHM, 4TO ynoTpe6J1eHl1e 6aHaHOB pacnpOCTpaHI1JIOCb n04TI1 no llcefi IO)!{Hoi1 AMepmce (4)OH'-~etH-WTeHHeH) 2).

1) Ed. H a h n, .Die Haustiere- (Leipzig, 1896) pp. 464-465; A. de' C a 11- d 0 II e .Origin of Cultivated Plants= (New York, 1886), pp. 59 -139 et- seq. 2) K a r I von den S t e i n e n, .Durch Centralbrasilien" (1886), pp. :IlO l'I scq.; .Untcr den Naturvolkcrn Central-Brasiliens- (894), pP. 210-212.

~l~

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llpyroa npaaep HeB1VIOaepHDM 6bIC,-pD'rbl, C KOTDPDJ.1 nonesaoe KyJIbTypHO'e npaoopereaae MO')J{eT pacnpocrpaaarscs no BceMY MHPY, npeACTaBJI~eT VlCTDPH~ MaVlca. YnDMHHaeTC~, 4TD DH 6b1J1 H3BeCTeH B Espone B 1539 rony. Ilo CJlDBaM n-pa Jlaytpepa 1), DH npDHHK B KVITaH xepea TH6eT Me)J{AY 1540 H 1570 r.r.

JIerKD noxasars, 4TD nDAD6Hble >Ke yCJlDBH~ cy~ecTBDBaJIH VI B npeaonie speaena. ViccJleADBaHH~ BHKTDpa I'eaa 2) ADKa3blBa1OT, 4TO KO';m4eCTBf) npVlpY4eHHblX >KVI:BO'THblX If pa3BOA11MbIX pacrenaa, nocrenesao 'If HeHpeplbllBHtO ISO''3paCTatJlO, 6J1a'l'O~alP5I !BIOO3l)' :J1'X 1113· A311111 TOT )J{e caMblH npouecc cDBepWaJlOI 11 B AO'VlCTDpVl4ecKVle speaeaa, Ilocrenesaoe pacnpocrpaaesne a311aTcKoH JJOwaJm, I<OTQPM cnepsa ynO'Tpe6J15JJ1aCb KaK ynpaaoioe >KHBDTHDe, a noanuee - )J,JI~ e3)J,b1 nepxox, pacnpocrpaaeane poraroro CKDTa B A<I>PVlKe 11 B Enpone, pa:3BI1ITl1e esponeacxax 3epHQBblX x)]e601B MoryT CJly>KHTb n05lCH5fIOIl\VlMVI npaaepaan. Tepparopns, no KDTOPDH pacnpocrpananacs 3TH ~06aIBJleHI1'51 K OCHQIBHOl'VJiY IK:aIllWTIlllllY 4eJlOlBe~eCKOH IK'Y'Jlbl')'IPbi, necsna oourapaa. Mbl BHAVlM, 4TD 60JIbWa51 4aCTb I1X pacnpocrpaJ-L5ferrC5I aa 3Wnal)l;, 'f!iOIKa: He AOICTVliraeT oeperos AT'JllaIHTIl1QeIOJ{oro oxeana, VI na BDCTDK K 6eperaM THXDrD oxeaaa. OHH npDHI1KJIH TaK>Ke 11 B A<I>PVlKY. B03MD>KHO, 4TO ynDTpe6J1eHHe MDJlDKa pacnpocrpansJlDCb CXDJl,HbIM nYTeM, TaK KaK MbI HaXDJl,UM, 4TD MDJlDKD ynDTpe6J151- noes B 'fl'H[1\<y BD IBCelH Espone, B A$pl1lKe ~ IS 3aI!1la:)J,HO!H 4aIC'fIH A311'H B r'y :,lnOXY, C KOTOPDH Ha4I1HaIOTC5I HaWH HCTopH4ecKHe CBe)J,eHH~ () JllOJl,51X, HaCeJl5l1O~HX Ml1p.

DblTb MO)J{eT, J1Y4wee ADKa3aTeJ1bCTBD nepenasn 3aKJ1104aeTC5I B <I>DJlbKJ1Dpe nJ1eMeH, HaCeJ151IO~liJX MHp. flDBHAHMDMY, 6blcTpee ncero pacnpDCTpaH5IIOTC5I <I>aHTacTH4eCKl1e paccxasu. Vi3BecTHbI CJ1D>KHble HOiBOCTliJ', KDrro:Pblte He 'MlOlr.JTI1l 6bI'fIb [l!pMIAI)'IM'<1Hbl )J,B'aI)J{)l;bf 11' «oropue paCCKa3blBalOTC5I cepoepaaa B MapDKKD, HTaJIb5lHQaMH, PYCCKHMH, B A)J{YHrJI5IX ViHJl,HH, na BD3BbIweHHDCT5IX TVl6eTa, B TYHApax CH6HPH H B npepasx CeBepHDH Al\1epHIm, TaK 4TD, MD)J{eT 6bITb, Vl3 scex 4aCTeH CBeTa DHVI He npDHVlKJ1V1 J1I1Wb B lO)J{HYIO A<I>PVlKY, ABCTpaJIVlIO, fiDJ1V1He3HIO VI lO>KHYIO AMepnKY. Ilpnaepu TaKDH nepenasn D4eHb MHOrD4V1CJleHHbI, H Mbl Ha4V1HaeM y6e>KAaTbC5I B TOM, 4TD paHHHe CHDWeHH5I Me>KAY 4eJ1DBe4eCKHMH pacaaa OXBaTblBaJ1H nD4TVI sees MVlp.

Vi3 31101ro ssrrexaer, 4110, KaJK 6bfi H'J.1I 6bllJJa ,n:eipiBo6blrrHa: IKyllhTypa ):IaHHOrD nJIeMeHVI, DHa MD>KeT 6bITb BnDJ1He oo'51CHeHa J1HWb B TOM CJlY4ae, eCJII1 Mbl npVlMeJ\1 B pacser KaK ee BHYTpeHHHH PDCT, TaK 11 ee OTHDweHMe K KYJ1bTYpe era 0JTI13KH-X M ):taJIbHI1X cocenea H TQiBJlH5Inne, KDTDpoe OHI1 MDrJIVI OKa3aTb.

MD>KeT 6blTb, 3):1eCb n0J1e3HD YKa3aTb, 4TD, nDBI1AHMDMY, cyuieCJ'1BOB<lJlH ABe orpoetaue 06m'CTH, B KOTOPbIX npOHCXOJl,HJIa AaJJeKO

I) Be r tho I d La u fer, "The Introduction of Maize into Eastern Asia" (Congres International des Americanistes, XV Session, Quebec, 1907, vol. I. pp. 22'3 et seq., ocoseaao pp. 250-252). OrHOCHreJIbHO pacnpocrpaaeaas 'la6al(a R BOCfQlIHOit A31111 ex. I. Rei n B Pet e r man n 's Mit t e i I u n g en, vol. XXIV (lR7R), pp. 215 et seq.

~) Vi r I l l v II 11, .Kulturpflanzen lind Haustlcrc- (2d. cd., Berlin, lR74).

I'

lIpOC-J'VlpaBWaSlOJ ;.\l1¢cpy8lHI. Hauru KpaTJ01e 3aMe\IUHl-!l'l 0 pacnpoClpaHeHl11A ,KYJlbTYPHbIX pacrennti 11 npI1pY4eHHblX )1{ltIBOTHbIX noxa;~bTElaIOT CYll\eCTBOIlUlll1e B3<.lHMHbIX CHomelmi'1 Me)l{I'IY EBponOM, A:meO 11 CeBepH0l1 A¢PHfWM 0'1' ATJlaHTI14eCKOrO LlO Tnxoro oxeana, Ilpyrue KYJlbTYPHble 4epThI nonruepsctaior 31'01' BbIBOA. B nOCTeneHHOM pacnpocrpaaenna 6POH3hl 113 qeHTpaJlbHoti A31111 aa aanan 11 na DOCTOK no nceii Espone 11 no KI1TalO, B 06JlaCTI1, B 1(0TOP0l1 ynorpeOJl5IeTOI ico.reco, r.te 3aHI1MaKYfC51 :ieMJJe,'1eJIl1eM, I1pI1MeHll5I nnyr 11 npnpyuemrux )!{I1BOTHbIX, OOHaPY)IalBaeTC5I TOT )!{e CaMb111 run pacnpocrpaneans (Faa) 1). Mbl MO)!{eM npnanars OAl1HaKOBOCTb xapax'repnerx 4epT B 3T0l1 06JlaCTl1 VI B npyrnx oruomeausx, J(n5ITBa 11 OPAaJll1l1 BeCbMa pasnaru B Eapone, A<ppl1Ke 11 A31111, aa I1CKJl104eHl1eil1 ceB>epO-BOCT04I-IOM 4U<CTJ.! C11611pJ11, Me)Iqy TeM xax B AMepHKe 0IH'11 Il04Tl1 ueaaaecrnu (Jlaaui) 2). ,llPYI'He 06I~l1e 4epTbl KYJlb1'YPHblX Tl1nOB Craporo CBeTa raioxe 06HaPY)l{J1tnalOl1C51 4pe3Bbl4aHHO O1'4eTnaso onaronapa KOHl'paCTY C yCJ10>BH51~1I1, CYll.\eCfiBYIOll.\l1MI1 n AMepl1Ke. OAHOH 113 3Tl1X LIep1' 5IBJ15leTC5J Ba)KHOe 3H::tlleHHe <pOpil1aJlbHOM cyneoHOH npouenypu B CTap01l1 Csere 11 f104TI1 IJ(l;1Hoe ee ()TCYTCTBl1e y nneaen cesepnoa 11 IO)l{HOH AMepHKI1, rcoropue no I1X OOIl.\eMY KYJ1bTY'PH01Nl'Y pa'3~I1THIO, IKoHe'4HO, MO)KHO CpalBiH'I1Tb C a¢<j::%KaIHCKil1.vld nerpaan. B 06naCTl1 <j)O.1bKJ10pa 51 MO!'Y YKa3aTb na OOIlJ1l1e saranox, I10CJ10BI111 11 HpaBOYlJI1TeJ1bHbIX oaceu, CTO;1b xapaxrepnux AJ1.s1 rpoNtaLlHOM lJaCTl1 Craporo CBeTa, Me)!{!.\y TeN! rcax l1X He OKa~~bIBaeTCH B cesepo-aocrc-moa Cl10l1Pl1 11 B Awepmce, Bo scex 3Tl1X ornouieHH51X Espona, 60 JlbUl<151 -racri. AI¢PHlKH 11 A3l1'J1!, aa M'CiIO)IOlJeHI1'e~l ee KpaHHel1 ceaepo-socrosaoa 4aCTI1, 11 HaXOAHll.\HeCH B CBH311 C HeM OCTPO'IHlJ\ HOCroil{¥ 01' Ma'.1a<I1CKO']'() apxunenara o:o:pa3y:IJOT 0;1;HO nenoe.

nO'J\0'6HbIVI »ce o6pai301\1 "Iibl iYlCl)!{el1 rrpOCJl'e:.'l,I1ITb 11,3BeCTHblie 04eHb 0611ll1e lJepTbl B OOJlbUiOti 4aCfH AMepI1KI1. Bcero yoemrrensnee yno'j peonenae ';VI:a'l1'C:a HO Bocei1 TOti '1aCT'I1 A:lIe'P'I1KH, I',!l!e 3aIHH,\1a'IOT,051 3<e'VI· ne;,~e}lIHel.'1, HO iI1bl :WOifJ1il1 Obi Ta'Kl)l{ie YKU3aTb 'Ha pa3SI1TYle ocoooro T:I1ml lletp'e''VIOHll1'alJ1la '11 ~l.eJ(0'Pa;TI1'BIHOiI'O 'H'C.KY,(,CT!Ba'. nOIBVII;IHiYlOlWY, cpe.iHH'e qaCTH AMepl1Kl1 I1rpaJH1 POJ1b, npe,UCTalBJ151.IOll.\YIO uexoropoe ,CXOJl,CTBO C pOJ1blO lleHTpaJ1bHOM A31111 B CTaPOM CBeTe, nOCKOJ1bKY TaM morna OblTb pOJl,I1Ha MHOrl1X 113 xapaxrepnux lJepT 11l1BI1J1113alll1l1 LlO pa3BI1TI1.s1 OOJ1ee sucoxoro T110a QI1BI1J1113al..\l1l1 UeHTpaJ1bHoi1 I1 1O)!{HOM AMepl1l(I1.

Jlpeacraanrenea rpersea TU4tKH 3pelHHi5I 5IrrllJll5IeTC5I EacTl1aH' :1), npl13HalOll.\l1M Ba)!{HOe 3HalleHl1e reOrpa¢114eCKOH oxpyacatoiuea cpenu npn Bl1)l,0113MeHeHI1I1 aHa.lIOrH4HhIX 3THI1lIeCKl1X 5IBJ1e1-II1H, no He npn-

1) Ed. H a h n, "Die Entstehung der Pllugkultur" (Heidelberg, 19091.

2) Ric h a r d L a as c h, .Der t:id" (Stuttgart, 1908). Jl iaur npHBOIl.Hr HeCKOJIbKO npaaepos KJIHrBbi B AMep'IKe. OLlHaKo OHH '1pe3BbJlIalhIO MaJIO'lHCJleHHbi no cpaanemno C 06UIHpHbiM MarepHaJIOM, co6paHHbiM HM H3 Craporo Csera

3) 113JIOlKeHlle 'fOljKH 3P'H1111 6aCTH1Ha MOlKHO HaitTH y T h. A c h eli ~, .. Moderne Volkerkundc" (Stuttgart, 1R96), pp. 189 ct seq.

94

m1CblBalOlJ~HH 11M TBOplJeCJ<OH Cl1jlbl. O)),I1HaKOBOCTb qJOpM MbICJIH, naXOJ(I1MblX B CI panax B('CbMa OTJ(aJleHHblX OAHU 01' npyroti, HaBeJIa ero na MblCJ1l. 0 CYll~eCTBORaHHH H:'lBeCTHhIX onpenenemrux rnnon iVlblCJIH, see PaI.lHlJ, cpenn IGll<I1X 6hl YCJIOBI1M HB )!(HJl 4eJIOBeK, 11 xaKOBbl ObI HB Obl;ll1 ero couaansuue 11 flCI1XI14eCKl1e OTHOWeHI151. OH Ha3BaJI 3TI1 OCHOBHble (1)0[1111bl MbICJIl1, «pa3BI1BaIOll~l1eC5I C )!{eJIe3Hoi1 lIe06XOnl1MOCTbIO nosoony, rne )!{I1BeT lJeJIOBeK», «3JIeMeHTapHbIMI1 11~~e5lMI1». OH OTpI1l1ae1' B03MO)!{HOC1'b orxpsrrs nOCJJeAHl1e, nosoony ()Ka3btBalO~l1eC5I HaJIil1Il{O H'CTO'4HI1KYE 11306peTeH'l1!i1, H,aei1,' 06bFlJael3 III JlepOBaHI1i1. OHI1 moryr 6bITh MeCTHoro npOl1CXO)!{AeHI151, MoryT 6bl1'b aanecenu, moryr npOI1CTeKa1'h 113 paanooopasnux I1CTOlJHI1KOB, HO OHI1 OKa3hIBaIOTC5I nanauo. Ye;10BelJeCKI1i1 yM TaKOB, 'lJTO OH cawollP0l13BOJlbHO orxpuuaer I1X I1Jl11 npl1HI1MaeT I1X BOIKI1i1 paa, xorna OHI1 eMY npeiVIaraIOTC5I. Teopns Bacrnana 0 nOCT05lHCTBe 3TI1X <pOPM MblC1I1 Ka)!{eTC5I MHe pO}:(CTBeHHOM B3rJIHllY JJ,11;l1'e51 sa OrpaHl1lJeHHOCTb 1l03:'W)!{HbIX Tl1nOB (1)l1}]oc0<p11l1. CXO)J,CTBO B3rJl5I)J.OB 3TI1X nsyx dBTOPOB 51BCTBeHHO 06HapY)!{I1Bae1'C5I rarose B nOCT05lHHblX CCblJJKaX BaC1'I1aHa na TeOp1111 (1)I1JJOCO<pOB, cpaannaaeaue 11M C TeMl1 B3rJl5l)J,a1l111, )\OTOPbIX ):Iep)!{I1TC5I nepnoournua lJeJIOBelC C TOlJ((11 3peHI151 EaCTl1aHa saacaa OCHOBH351 Onl1HaKOBOCTb <POP1l1 lJeJIOBelJeCKoi1 MblCJJI1 no ncex CPOPVlaX xym.rypu, xaic nporpeccupoaas LlII1X , rax 11 B nepso()hlTHbIX.

B I13J!o)KeHHbIX HM n:{r;I)!r~aX MO)!{110 Bai1TI1 113BeC1'Horo pona MI1- CTYi 1..1 113i\1 , nOCKOJIhKY anenenrapsue HAel1 npe)J.CTaBJlSlIOTC5I ero yMy lIenpI1KOCHOBeHHbIMI1 CYII\HOCT5IMl1. HI1KaKaSl )J.aJIhHei1wa51 MblCJlb He ,'W)!{eT pa3'51CHI11'b I1X I1P0I1CXO)!{)J.eHI151, TaK xax Mbl CaMI1 BbIHY)!{Ael!hl Nlb!CJII1Tb B (1)opMax ~-lTI1X 3JIeMeHTapHhlX l1Aei1.

TOtJHa51 ~1)OpMyJll1pOBI(£l 3JIeMeH1'apHoi1 l1)J,el1 ):10 113BecTHoi1 CTeIlem! BbIHCH5IeT Ha'M nCI1XOJ10rl1lJeCKOe OGHOBaHHe )J.JI5I ee CYIl(eCTJ30- B3HI151. Hanpnaep, TOT (1)aKT, lJTO TaK lJaCTO npennonaraercs, lJTO crpaaa TeHeM HaXOj\HTC5I na 3ana)J.e, HaBO)J,I1T na MhlCJIb, lJTO OHa .'IO((aJJI13I1pyeTc5I TaM, rne cKpblBalOTC5I COJIHlIe 11 3Be3)J,bl. DpOCToe 1\0HC1'a1'I1pOBaHl1e roro, 4TO nepecosrrnua lJeJlOBeK ClJr1Ta~T ), 11- B01'HblX o;:(apeHHblMI1 BCeMI1 KalJeC1'BaMI1 -renosexa, nOKa3bIBae1', lJTO aHaJIOrH5I Me)!{ny II1HOI'l1MI1 113 KalJeCTB )!{l1BOTHbIX 11 lJeJJOBClJeCKHl\ll1 IG1'1eCTBaI\1I1 suasana B:WJl5IH, COrJIaCHO ({OTOPOMY ace KalJeC1'Ba )J{I1- BOTHblX 51BJJ5II01'C5I lJeJIOBelJeCKl1Ml1. B )J,PYrHX CJ1YlJa5lX npUlJHHbl He (TOJlb caaooveannau, nanpaaep, B CJIYlJae WI1POKO pacnpocrpanennux 06hllJaeB, OrpaHl1lll1BaIO~I1X opa« 11 Bbl3blBalO~I1X HenOYMeHl1e 110 MPOrI1X I1CCJJeAOBaTeJI5IX. TpYAHOCTb 3T0i1 npoonenu HOKa3b1I3ae1'C5I /1'III())KeCTBOM nmorea, JlPH~IYlI1aBHhIX )J,JISI 06'SlGHeHiI151 'ee BO scex ee 1';i:lJll1lJHblX <POp Max.

O~HaKO npOOJIeMa IIPOI1CXO)!{AeHI1S1 sneaem ap-rux HiIei,j o'5CYII(H;UJ:lCh C nCI1XOJlorl1'1eCl(Oii TOlJ((11 3peHI151, 11 Tl.43TCJihHO sapaool,mlla'51 llYI!I.;lTO':vl' TeOpaU! III'C'11IXO'JlOfI1I1 IJ!<lP0!J]IOB, a T<l!K)!{'e 11'CCJle;l0- nal1J1H UJl\11()JIOrOIHICI1XOJIO('OU YK33blBalOT 1'e nanpaanenas, B 1(01'0- I'''IX (IICHYCT paapaoaruuan, :CITY np06J1eMY. IT!I5I Bol5lCHCHI1S1 aroro IIVIII,·1 a )I ,\I()ry YllOMlUlYTh ()()II~Cl' paCCMOTpCIIIIl' (jJYHI\I\I111 aCCOI(I1a-

!~14t 11 ~ nepn06blTHbl~ JllOll.e-t1, MHIHOe l3ryHUlTOIM,l), il1JJtt Hc~ cnenoaaaae BHyrueHI-1Sl 11 rl1nHOTI13Ma B nepeoouraoa }l{113HI1, npoaaBeJl,eHJHOe Illronex 2). Bonee no~p06Hoe 06cY}l{)WHUe 3TOrO MeTona paCCMOTpeHI1S1 06blKHOBeHHbiX aneaearapaux HAeti MO}l{eT 6b1Tb OT~ JlO}l{eHO AO VIII rnasu.

t) Wi I he I m W u n d t, "V1>lkerpsychologie" (Leipzig, Engelmann).

2) 0 t t 0 S toll, "Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Volkerpsychologtc(Leipzig, 1894).

96

VII 3B0J1IOUHOHHMI TOllKA 3PEHHSI.

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OCTaeTC5I, OAHaKO, paCCMOTpeTb OAHY T04KY 3peHWI, KOTOpa}! ,1101'JIa 6b1 AOCTaBJ1Tb OCHOBY AJUI I1CCJIeAOBaHJ151. Paaaooopaane q)OP1V!, II IWTOPblX BCTpeqalOTCSI OCHOBHble !-me-l1, AaBHO npJ1BOAI1;IOCb B CBSI:-lb r 061l1l1MI1 BneqaTJIeHH5IMI1, OTHOC5IllII1MI1C5I K cTyneH5IM 11I1BI1JIH3;U1I111, II npa 3TOM oopaiuanoct. BHI1MUHl1e na nOBTOpeHl1e 130 BceM Mllpe I \O).lHbIX <pop:vt, n01BI1).11111!W0,WY, COO(rlYeT01>ylO11~I1'X BOGpaCmHHIO cre· lIeHI1 CJIO)f(HOCTI1 KYJIbTYPhl. 3TO npl1BeJIO aHTpOnOJIOrOB K TO My BblIIOAY, 'ITO Tl1llbl qeJIOBetfeCKOii KyJIbTYPbl npeACTaBJISlIOT 3BOJIIO'-I110HIlhlii PSIA; nepnoosrrnue T1J1eMeHa natnero BpeMeHH npencrasnmor lioJIee ):IpeBlH101O cTalAI110 KYJ1bTYPH{>W' pa3BIfTI1SI, xepea ,KOTOpylO Tl1l1bl, (IOJIee nO,[lBHHYBlUl1eC5I unepen, npOUlJl11 B oonee pUHHHe nepuonu. [':cm1 3TO nepno, H eCJIIt UbI i\1o)KHO 6hLl0 noxaaars, QTO OTAeJlbHbIe 1I:leMeHa pa3Bl1BalOTCSl He:lUBI1CHNIO, TO MbI, KOHe4HO, MOI'JII1 6bl ctca,\a Th, QTO meuee 6JIUrOfIpIUITHO pU3BI1BaBIlIl1I11I1C51 ,QOJ1)f(Hbi 6bIJII1 61>1 IIKa3bIBUTbC5I Te pacu, Y KOTOPbIX oonee paanne Tlmhl KyJIbTYPhl «crpevaiorcn OtfeHb 4<1CTO, a 60JIee n03,QHHe CTaj.\HI1 pa3BI1TI1SI-Pl'}\l(o. 51 Y)f(e YIflOMflHYJI 06 :3TOH 1503MO)f(I)-{OCTl1. D031'OMY TeOpl151 II,(I{()06pa3HOI'O pa:~BHTlUI 'leJIOBe4eClWH '-II1BI1J1113a'-ll1l1 JIOJl)f(Ha OblTI> paccworpeua U naurea HCCJICJIOBUHI1I1 OTHOllIeHI1Sl Me)K1IY pacosuaa 111IIa'I\t11 If KYJIbTYPHblM nporpcccoa. I1cCJIej.lOBaHI151 Tatinopa 11 Baxo'I1l'lIa, Moprana 11 Cneucepa lJ"I:3Ba_~11 cocpenoro-reuae BHI1MaHHS1 aa uuuuax <lllTpOnOJlOI'HI1, KaK BhISlCHSllOll\I1X 1l0CTeIleHi-IOe pa3B11Tl1e IlIlI!HJIH:KHII1H. Paamrrue ~)Toii croponu mnponoJIon1l1 ouno 1I0JU!IIIIy ro IIl1er1l')1 TpYJla,\HI J],aplll1lla H ern Il()CJIeJ\oBaTeJle~'I, H ee OC] IIlB· 11I,ll' uneu ~IIII'Y'I OhlTJ, 11()1I11~1:I(,Mhl JlllIIlh I,al, IlpItJI())J(eltllH Tl'O[l1 II I

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Apryxean; B nOJlb3Y T,eOpHH, COrJlaCHD I{OTOPOi1 pa3BHTHe QI1BI1- Jll13aL\I1IH nOBClDAY llIJlO -CXOIAHbIM nYTe'M, TaK 4TO Y rtepaoournux nneaea Mbl see eme MO)l{CM 06HapY)I{I1Tb CTa~l1J1, xepea xoropae rrpouma Hiama ,cOI6cT'seHilfal51 QHIB11iJlIH3Ul1:l1i5l, 'B '3IfU4IHTeIllblH'otj, creneie: ocaosaau aa CXOACTBax Tl1nO'8 KYJlbTYPbl, HaXOAI1MblX Y pa3J1w.4HbIX pac BO BceM CBeTe, a Ta:K)I{e H ua CYllleCTBOBaHHI1 B naurea C0'6- CTBeHHOll L\'I1BI1J1113a'QHH TaK'I1X OC0'6blX 06bllJae'B, xoropue MorYT 6blTb nOHl1'MUeMbl JlHllIb «a« nepexorrxn (Taanop) 1) oonee ApeBHHX 06bllJaeB, :I1MeBllIHX ccnee rnyooxoe 3HalJ,eHUe B oonee paHHIOIO enoxy 11 see euie BC11pe4aIOUtHXOI B nonnoa CHJle Y nepB06blTHbIX JlIOAeH.

Heo6xOAJ1.MO YKa3aTb no Kpatinei1 Mepe na aexoropue 113 CTOPOH ;:nOH .o6~CH !I1p0'6J1eMbI, lJTo6bl BbI51CHI1Tb 3Ha 4eHHe 3BOJlIOQHOH'HOi1:

TeopHIH '4eJlOBelJeCKoi1 QHBHJlI13UL\HI1.

Bo MHOrwX crpaaax B COL\l1aJlbHoi1 OpraHl13aQHH nepaoosrrtrux f1J1eMeH 06HaPY)l{I1BaIOTCH CXO~Hble lJ,epTbl. BMeCTO roro, lJTo6bl onpe,rJ;emlTb npOHCXO)l{Ae'Hl1e TUI(, KaK 3TO AeIJa!eTiC5I Y Hac, MH'orwe nneMeHa npH3HaIOT ',!l.I1T5I lJJleHOM TOJlbl(O ceMbH ero marepu 'i1 ClJHTaIOT I{pOIBHOe POACTBO ,Jll1l1Ib no MaT,epHHCKOH JlI'IHHH, TaK lJTO iABOIOPOAHble 6paTb5I C MaTepl1HCKoti cropoau ClJHTaIOTC5I 6J1H3KI1MI1 PO,!l.CTBe'HH'I1lK'a';WH, Me)l{~y Te:vl KaII{ :;J.IBOI{)lPC:;I:HbI,e 6.pa'Tl:>51 C oruosoicoli CTOPOHbl 'ClJI1TaIOTC5I HaXO,'l5Ill\I1'MI1C5I Jll1l1Ib B ,f\aJlbHeM pO).{CTBe. Y APYrHX nJiP.MCiH cyuiecrayer crporo OTlWBCKa5I oprannsauas, rax lJTO )l.I1T5I npananneaear TOJlbKO K cease csoero OTQa, a He rc ceMbe CBoeH Ma repn; nexoropue nneaeaa npl1~ep)l{I1BaIOTC5I T,ex )I{e npI1HQHnOB, KOTOPblMH PY<KOBOAHMC5I Mbl, ClJI1Ta5I pO;'~CTBO no 06el1M JlI1Hl1H~. B CBH3it IC 31'HMH 06bl\lJaHMI1 HaXO~HTCH suoop MeCTonpe6bfBaHI15I HOBOOpalJHOH l.!eTbl, l1'HOr,'la )I{yfBYllleH C nneaeaen '11J111 c ceMbeH )!{eHbl, HHorAa ,C nneneaea HJII1 C ceMbeH MY)I{a. Korna 'leTa nOCeJlHCTC5I C TOH COQHaJlbHOH rpyrrnon, K I{OTOPOH npI1Ha)l,Jlle)l{HT )I{eHa, 'IaiCTO UhIBU,e'T, lJTO C ':wY)WeIM Oi6IXO';':I5I'TlC5I K<lIK 'C I10C'P0pOiH'H'J.1I'~ '4eJIOHe'I<'O:\1, noxa He PO,qI1TC5I ero [lepBblH pe6eHOK. 3TH 5IBJleHH5I 6blJlH BCeCTlOpoane nCCJI,eAOBaHbl, 11 6blJlO OTMe'lJ'eHO, lJTO 06bllJal1, O'J1HO'C5I~l1eC5I K M,ecTY )I{l1TeJlbCTBa 11 I{ .nPOHCX O)l{)J,eH 1110, OlJeBI1AHO, Haxo.r:\5ITC5I B T€CHOM B3aHlVIH{)H CB5I311 (Taanop) 2). KaK pe3YL%TaT 3Tl1X HCCJle,'IOBa'HI1M OblJl (A€JlaH TOT BbIBO;:l, 'ITO MaT·epl1HClme Y4pe)l{)J,eHI15I noBCIOAY npeAllIeCTBYIOT OTllOBCKI1M, 11 lJTO C01\HaJlbHU5I opraHH3aQH5I lJeJlOBClJ€'CTBa 6blJla TaKOBa, lITD nepaoaasansao, MOQKeT 6bITb, He cy~eCTBOBaJlO iHHKaKOH onpeneneanoti oeMeHHoti OpraIH113UQHI1; 3aTeM pa3m~JDlECb ,~lwreIPI1HCf(He Y'4rpe)l{:,1:eHI1151, aa KOTO'Pbrvl'111, 'B CBOIO OI4epe,,\h,

1) E. B. T y lor, .Primitive Culture- (3d. cd .. 1891), p. 16.

2) E. B. T Y lor, .On a Method of Investigating the Development of r nstitutlons= (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, \'01. XvnI. [18891, pp. '245 et scq.i

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I) () tis T. M a s 0 n, "TlIt· Origins of Invent ion" (London, 1895), pro 315 d ~l'q.

~) W • .I. M c G L' c, .TlIl' Bl'~illning of Zooculturc" (American Anthro- 1'"loJ.:isl. vol. X [l1i971, pp. 21.'i et scq.).

a) E d. II a 11 11, "Oil' Haustierc IIf1(l ihre Bezlchungcn zur Wirlscll"fl til'S 1\1"11',1'111'11; Ilil' Ellhlt-hllllg dcr 1'f1l1gl\llltllr" (I "'itlL:lIl('q,~. 19(9).

i •

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I) H. Coil e y Mar c h, B "Transactions of the Lancashire and Chesue Antiquarian Society, 1886, .Polynesian Ornament a Mythology' .Journal of the _ Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. XXII [18931, pp. 307 et seq.) Hi a I mar S t 0 I P e, .Entwicklungserscheinungen in der Ornamentik der Naturvolker> (Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft

in Wien, vol. XXII [1892J, pp. 19 et seq.). C h a r Ie s h. Rea d, .On the'Origin and Sacred character of Certain Ornaments of the S. E Pacific (Journ, Antnr. Inst., vol. XXI [1892], pp. 139 et seq.).

2) A. C. Had don, "The Decorative Art of British New Guinea" (Cunningham Memoirs, N~ X. [Dublin, 189m.

3) K a r I von dell S t e i n e n, • Unter den Naturvolkern ZentralBrasiliens" (Berlin, 1894).

4) W. H. Hoi m e s, .Ancient Art of the Province of Chiriqui, Colombia", (Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology [Washington, 1888], pp. 3 et seq.): S. W. Put 11 a m, .Conventialism in Ancient American Art" (Bulletin Essex Institute, vol. XVIII [1886J. pp. 155-167); G e 0 r g e G ran t Me Cur d y, • The Armadillo in the Ancient Art of Chiriqui" [Fifteenth International Congress of Arnericanists [Quebec, 19071, vol. II, pp. 147-163).

5) Von den S t e i n e n, "Prahistorische Lcichcn und Omamcnte= (Bastian Festschrift [Berlin, 1896J, pp. 247-288. 06Il\YIO TeopHIO opaaaeara c 9TOl! TOQKH 3peHHH H3JIaraJIH H. Col b y Mar c h, • The Meaning of Ornament, or its Archaeology and its Psychology' (Transactions of the Lancaster and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 1889); A. C. Had don, "Evolutioll in Art" (1895); Ernst Grosse. "Die Anfl1nge der Kunst" (189'1).

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