AKAAEMYI5I HAYK CCCP

HHCTI1TYT YlCTOPI1Yl MATEPI1AAbHOYI KYAbTYPbl HMEHYI H. B. MAPPA

ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES DE L'URSS

INSTITUT N. J. MARR D'HISTOIRE DE LA CULTURE MATERIELLE

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MATEPMAAbI 11 11CCAE4"OBAHI151

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MATERIAUX ET RECHERCHES D'ARCHEOLOGIE DE L'URSS

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Vl34ATEAbCTBO AKA4EMYIH HAYK cCCP MOCKBA • 1941 • J\EHYlHrPAA

EDITIONS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES DE L'URSS MOSCOU • 1941 • LENINGRAD

MATEPYIAAbI I-1 I1CCAEAOBAHI-15I no APXEOAOfYlYl CCCP . N2 6

Iv1ATERIAUX ET RECHERCHES D'ARCHEOLOGI£ DE. L'UKSS . NQ 6

3THorEHE3 BOCT04HbIX CAAB5IH

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L'ETHNOGENESE DES SLAVES ORIENTAUX

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113jJ.ATEAbCTBO AKAtJ.EMYlI1 HAYK CCCP MOCKBA • 1941 • AEHI1HfPAl(

EDITIONS DE L'ACADEMIE. DES SCIE.NCES DE L'URSS MOSCOU • 1941 • LENINGRAD

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n. H. T peT b 5[ K 0 B. Ceaepasre BOCTOtIHOClI.aBHHCKHe TIAeMeHa : • • • • • • • • • •

H. B. C'r a H K e B H q. K sonpocy 06 9THHqeCKOM COCTane HaceAeHHH RpocAaBcKoro OOBOAm.bH B IX-X CT. •••••••••

fl. A. C y x 0 B. C.l\aBHHCKoe ropomnge IX-X CT. B lOm.HOM Bexoaepse ....

,H. H. 4 e p u H r H H. )lAHHHble xypraasr H C011KH (apxeOAOrHQeCKaX xapra) . . . .. 93

H. H. Bop 0 H II H. MeABeamif: Ky.l\bT B Bepxaex nOBOJUKbe B XI B. • • • • • • • 149

11. H. A Ii 11 Y III K H H. Cxasxso-pyccsae nOCe.l\eHHH IX-XII CT. xa )lOHY H TaMaHH no apxeOAOrnqeCKHM rraMHTHHKaM. 191

M. A. T Ii x a HOB a. Ky.l\bTypa sarraansrx o6AaCTeH YKpaHHbl B rrepasre aexa aa-

IlleH 3 phI. • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 247

CP.· A. r y p e B H tI. 36pytICKHH nAOA ••• 279

SOMMAIRE

9

Avant-propos .......•....... P. T ret j a k 0 v. Les tribus nord des slaves orientaux. . . . . . . . . . .. ~ . . . . . .

Pages 7

9

56

J. S tan k e vic. Sur la composition ethnique de Ia population de la region volgienne de Yaroslavl aux IX-Xc siecles .

P. Sue h 0 v. Un gorodistche slave des IX-Xe siecles dans le sud de la region du lac Bi6Io"ie. . . , . . . . . . . . . . .

89

56

89

N. C ern i a gin. Les "tumulus longs" et

les "sopki" (carte archeologique) . . .• 93

N. V 0 ron i n. Le culte de l' ours dans la region de la Volga moyenne au Xls siecle, 149

I. L i a pus kin. Les stations slavo-russes

des IX-XIle siecles sur Ie Don et dans

la presqu'ile de Taman d' apres les donnees archeologiques . . . . . . . , . . . . .• 191

M. Tic han 0 va (M. Tikhanova]. La culture des regions occidentales de l'Ukraine

aux premiers siecles de notre ere. 247

F. G u r e vic. L'idole du Zbruc . . . . .. 279

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~ B. B. XBoi1:Ka, YK. COg., crp. 181-185.

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3mH.O~eHe3 80CmO'tHb!.1:: C.Aa8JtH.

70

OKOAO 4HerrpOneTpOBCKa.1 KpoMe 9TOrO 6bIAO yCTaHoBAeHO MeCTOHaXOm,ll',eHHe HeCKOAbKI1X ,ll',eC_!-J:TKOB MOrYIAbHHKOB, n03BOMllOl!:!HX 06pI1COBaTb DaHOH pacnpOCTpaHeHH.H «noxeii norpetieaafi». Ha BOCTO' xe 06AaCTb «rroxeji norpe6eHHH» ,D;OXOp,I1T ao DOATa'BIgHHbI, cosnaaaa C o6AacTbIO ropoztmg CKll'Iq:>oB"3eMAep;eAbgeB; rro TeqeHHIO ,lI,Henpa MO~ rI-IAbHI1KH H3BeCTHbI nOBceMeCTHO aa Y'IaCTKe YCTbe li:ecHbl - 4HenponeTpoEcK. OTClQ.1J.a OHlI mapoxcii noxocoii H.1J.YT na aarrazt H Ceeepnoe npHKapnaTbe, BblcTynaf[ TaM nozt HaMMeHOBaHHeM AHnegKoH KY AbTypbl ~ (pHC. 1).

B CpeAHen EBpone «nOMI norpe6eHHH» PI1Mcxoro BpeMeHH BOCXO,lI)IT K naMHTHHKaM TaK Ha3. AYmlHQ;KOH KyAbTYP1>1, OTHOCHIgeHCH K anoxe 6POH- 3!>! H pannero meAe3a. B nOP;HenpoBbe mtBeHTapb «rroxeii» YKa3bIBaeT He aa cpezrre-eaponeiicxne, a npeiK,ll',e f]3cero aa r xyfioxae MeCTHble KY AbTypHbIe Tpa,ll;HgHH. 3 HaH6oAe'e ztpeaaee H3 «rtoxeii norpe- 6eHHib DOAHenpOBM[ - 3apy6HHcKHH MOrHAbHHI{, OTHOCRIgHHCH K nocAep;HuM lBeKaM AO H. 9. H nepBbIM BeKaM H. 9.,-p;aAO 60Ab1lIOH: xepaxrnsecrmH MaTepHaA,'\ nOAHOCTbIO nOBTop.snolQ,HM: rrocyp;y HeCKOAbKO 60Aee paHHHX CKHCPCKHX xypraaos. 11 TaM H 3,ll',eeb rAHHHHaR nocyaa HMeeT qepHblH: gBeT, rroxperra AOlQ,eHl1eM H npezcraaxeaa OAHRaKOBbIMM BH.llaMH cocyaoa, a MMeHHO: BbICOKHMlI1 pe6pUCTbIMl1 roptnxaxn, COCYAaMH C py.u,aMH H HH.3KHMH MHcaMH. OCHOSaHH:eM .n;AH .llal1HpOIBKH 3apy6HHcKoro MorHAoHHKa }!BARIOTCR HaH,lI;eHHble TaM npOBHHQ;HaAbHble pHMCKHe qIH6YAbl apxaaxecxoro THina. norp.e6aAbHbIH o6p5f,ll', «noA'eM: norpe- 6eHHH), HelHSBeCTHbIH B CpeAHeM nOp;HenpoBbe B CKHcficKoe BpeMR, TeM He MeHee B IT3BeCTHOH qaCTH MomeT 6blTb reHeTHtIeCKH YB5f3aH C rtorpe- 6aAbHb1MH o 6 bPIaJ'IMH CKHcfioB~3eMAep;eAbyeB. B CKH!PCKHX xypraaax KneBIgHHbJ, nOATaBrglHHbJ n BOAbIRH Moamo BCTpeTHTb KaK rpynocoaoseaaa, nepeaxo rroMergeHHble 'B ypaer H oKpymeHHbIe 60AblUHM KOAHqeCTBOM rAHHHHb1X COCy.n:.OB, TaK H 'rpyIIonOAOmeHH${. 5 MoruAbI, 06AomeHHbIe ~epeBoM, OTKpbJTb1e B «nOARX norpefieaaii», o 6bP-IHb1 H B CKHcJlCKHX KypraHax, npH'-IeM cnocof KpenAeHMH p':epeBHHHbIX CTeH c rrosrorgero sepTHKaAbHb1X CTOA- 60B COBepmeHHO aaaxorrrsea B Tex H ,n;pyrHx rraM5ITHHKax. no YTBe;pm.lleHHIO B. B. XBOHKa, KOTOpoe HI1KeM He 6NAO onposeprayro, KYAbTypHble OCTaTKH snoxa «noAeH norpefieanji» HMelOTC.q na MHOI1HX cpenaeaaenposcxax rOp0.llHlgax, BOCXOA~IgHX K CKH!pCKOH nope. 6

TaKHM 06paBOM apxeOAOrHqeCKHH MaTepHaA KaK 6YATO 6bI CBH.lleTeAbCTiByeT 06 aBTOXTOHHOCTH aaceAeHHH, OCTaBHBmero «noJUI TI()Irpe6eHHH» Cpez-

1 Marepaax B ,l(HenponeTpOBCl\OM xysee.

~ W. Ant 0 n i e w i c z. Archeologie Polski, CTp. 174.K. T a eke n b erg. Zu den Wanderungen der Ostgermanen. Mannus, 1930.

a B. B. X B 0 H K a, yx, CO<l., CTp. 188_:_ 189. 4 TaM me, crp, 182 H CA •• 189.

5 A. A. C II II 11 bI H. KypraHbl cxaqioa-rraxapeii. I1AK, asm, 65, CTp. 87-143.

6 B. B. X B 0 H K a. rOpOJJ;HI,Ye Cpezrrero DO,llHenpOBbiI.

T p. XII Apxeox. C'be3p;a, 1905, eTp. 93 H CA,

Hero TIoAHenpOBbH. nOHBAeHHe 3/l:eCb aTHX MorHAb~ HlIKOB orpaacaer, OAHaKO, orpoenrere rrepesieaet B mH3HH MeCTHoro seMAeAeAbqeOKorO HaCeAeHM5I H nepesrener, HeCOMHeHHO, He 1'O)\bKO eO;!HaAbHble, '06- 1!!He .n;MI: BceH aapaapcxoii nepmpepaa PHMCKOH I1MrrepHH, CS${saHHble C anoxoii «rrepecexeans aaPOP;Of]3», HO Ii aTHHqeCKI1e, CB7f3aHHble C npogecCOM 9THorOHHH.

KYAbTypa HaceAeHHH, H3BeCTHoro no «nOMI.M norpe6em:ti1:l>, CAOmHBlUa5IC5I OKOAO HaqaAa Hamel{ aper, E OCHOSHblX xep'rax ocrasaxace HeH3MeHeHHOH B reaenne fUITHCOT AeT. Orpoxnsre «nOMI norpe6eHlf.H», cxyaoraume KAa.ll6HIgaMH S TeqeHl1e CTOAeTHH, rOBOp.HT 06 OTCYTC1'SHM 3Ha'IHTeAbHbIX nepeABHmeHI1H HaceAeHHH.

CYjJ;}! no pacxonxasr OKOAQ MacAoBKH H Flpasoxerroro, rp;e HeAaAeKO 01' «noAeH norpefieaaii» 6bIAM OTKpbrTbI onnosperaenaere C HHMH cexmga, B aasraxe aaureii aper, KaK H B CKHc{)CKYIO nopy, .mHAHrgeM IB DOAHerrpoBbe cAymHAI1l 3eMMIHKH, TOtIHee, nOAyseMMIHKH: C KpblmaMH na noaepxnocrn 3eMAH. 1 I1HseHTapb nor;pe6eHI1H CBl1.lleTeAbcTsyeT o MHPHOM 3eMAeAeAbtIeCKOM 6bITe o6HTaTeAeH Cpeaaero Dop;Henpo'BMI. B MOrf-lAaX BCTpeqaIOTCf!: xepaenrxa, qarge MeCTHaR, pytIHOH pa60TbI, aepezxo npHB03Ha51 HAM m·e HsrOTOBAeHHaf! na rOHtIapHOM xpyre no rrpHqepHOMOpCKI1M o6pasyaM, rrpemserer ytiopa II yxpaureaan, r AMHHHble npxcxa ,l1,A~ nepeTeH, HHorjJ;a meAe3Hble CepITbI 1M naxonej; KOCTH p;OMaIIIHHX mHBOTHbIX H nTH!! (OBQ;bI, CBHHblH, KYPbI).

OCTaBafICb, nOBHAMMOMY, BHe aKTH.BHOH nOAHTI1- qeCKOH JRHSHH, paSBepTbl!BalOIgeHCJ'[ aa rpaHHgax BOCTOqHbIX IT ceaepasrx npOBHHYHH HMIIepiHH, rrxeMeHa Cpeanero DO,1l;HerrpOBMI TeM He MeHee 6bIAH TeCHO CBR3aHbI C TIpHLJepHOMOpbeM; 06 ~TOM roBO:PHT rrpoBHHgHaAbHo-pHMCKa.5J oxpacxa HHBeH~ Tap51' rrorpedeaaii, 60Aee npxas na rore, M-eHee BbI" AeAf!torgaRc5I B cesepnerx paiioaax, EOAbml1HCTBO rrpeztraeroa yfiopa H YKpaIIIeHHH, npOUCXOAHIgHX 113 «rroxeii norpefiermii», npeacraaxeao <p0pMaMH. urapoxo 6bITosaBIIIHMH B Flpaxepxowopee. 3Aecb 'BCTpet.laFOTCfI ¢H6YAbI T-06pa3Hbre- I-III CT., C xorrac'reto Hap; npHeMHMKoM -III-IV CT., ABYX~ xonac'msre - IV-V, a MomeT 6bITb H VI CT. H. a. 3Aecb MMelOTCf! pasnooopaaasre noacasre np.H1KKH, HaqHHaR OT _ rroaaaecapxrarcsrax H KOHqaR paHHHMH: cpopMaMM TaK Has. «rOTCKHX» npazsex. 3Aecb npeacraaxensr pasaooopaaaere 6yCbl, nop;BeCKU H3 MOPCKI1X paKoBMH 11, HaKoHeg, MOHeTbI II-III CT. 'It. 9. Bee 9TH lBergH HeAb3.5J paccxrarpaaa're B xaxecrae 06jJ3aTeAbHO npHB03HbIX; 60AbmHHCTBO H3 HMX H3rOTOBA5IAOCb aa MeCT·e. Ho 3aKOHo,n;aTeAeM MOAb! 6bIAO np'HqepHOMopbe, OTTYAa mAli' HOBbIe 06pa3j!bI. Orposnroe KOAHt.leCTBO pHMCKHX MOHeT nepasrx BeKOB H. 9., HaXO,ll',HMbIX B BI1Ae KAaAOB, CIBH.1leTeAbcTByeT 0 TOM, qTO 'HaceAeHHe Cpeaaero nO,ll',HerrpOBbR TeCHeHUlHM 06pa30M 6bIAO CBRsalID CPHMCKWM npHtlepHOMopbeM Ht.lTO pI1MCKa5I MOHera ${BA5IAaCb Ba:ameHUlHM 9AeMeHTOM 9KOHOMH'leCKOH mlH'SHll srecraoro napaapoaoro HaCeAeHH5I.

:1 Marepaaxsi uaxcnsrca B 4HenponeTpOBCKOM Myaee,

71

n. H. Tpemeexoe, CeBepllble 80CmO'{HO-C';W8R.NC1Wr: lTA.e.\leHG

CY,ll,5'{ no MaTepHa.J\aM, co6paHHhlM. erge B. I', AHCKOPOHCKIIM, l KAa)l,bI pHMCKHX MOHeT cocpeaoroxaBafOTCH, rAaBHbIM 06pa30M, B ofixacra TIpaBo6epe2Kb5I, HO OHH aepeaxa H B AeBo6epembe. YIx pacnpocrpaneaae B OCHOBHOM COBIla~aeT C Teppnropneii «noxeii norpeoeaaii».

B aacroaigee BpeM51, BCAep,CT!BHe nxoxoji H3YJ tIeHHOCTH apxeoxorursecxnx rra;.urTHHKOB YKpaHHbI, OCTaeTC5{ rroxrn He,ll,OCTYIlHbIM AMI HCCAeJl,OBaHllJ'l BpeM5l VII-VIII CT. H. 9. HeH3BeCTHO, 'lTO CAe.zJ:yeT sa KYAbTy·pOH «noxeii norpefieaaii», KaKOH MaTepHaA 3anOJl.HJ1eT TpeXBeKOBOH npoMeiKYTOK Me:IKAY «noMIMJ.f» H naM5lTHHKaMH arroxn B03HHKJ HOBeHll5I lJ;peBHeH PYCH. OT,1I;eJ\bHble BergH aTOU 3nCXH, npoacxoaargae H3 cAyqaHHblX HaXO,1l.0K HAR CTapbIX pacxonox, He MorYT nOCJl.YliHITb OCHO'BaHHeM Jl,AH KaKHX-AH6o cepeeansrx BblBOJl,OB. EJI,HHCTBeHHO, na qTO MomHO orrepernca, IIbITa5Ieb no,ll,OHTH K peUleHHIO nonpoca 0 p,aAbHeHweH cy tJ,b6e uacexeaas «noAeH norpeoeaaii», - aTO MHeHMe B. B. XBoih,a 0 reaeraxecxoii CBH3H aroro naceAeHHl'! C HaceAeHHeM Cpe,1l;HeBeKOBoH PYCH, LITO 6bJAO YCTaHoBAeHo HM na OCfiOSaH']i[H H3yqeHWI MHorO'lHCAeHHbIX ropoamg, 2 KaK Mbl YBHP.HM lUllKe, conocraaxeaae MaTepHaAOB «nOAeH rrorpetienaii» C apxeOAOrHqeCKHMH naMflTHHKaMH IX-X CT. He npOTHBOpeQHT 9TOMY MHeH'HIO. CAeJl,OBaTeAbHO, orpOMHbIH 9THH'IeCKHH MaCCHB, 3aHHMaBUlHH Cpennee TIO,lJ;HenpOBbe B aaxaxe If cepeanxe I TblC5l'ieJ\.eTH5I H. 9., CAomHBlUHHC5I B npe.1l.bII1.YIgHe CTOAeTHH HS MHOrOqHCAeHHbIX CKH¢CKHX 3eMAe.n;eAbQe' CKHX nxexea II HX 6AHlK.aHUlHX cocezieii, npotixeMaTHqHO MomHo paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK MaCCHB ,1l,peBHeCAaB5IHtKHH.

II

K ceaepy H ceBepOJBOCTOKY OT TeppHTopHH cpeaneanenpoacrorx «nOAeH norpetienaji», B AeCHOH o6AacTH BOCTOqHOH EBponbI B aaxaxe nanreii 8Pb! 06H"TaAO MHomeCTBO aapaapcxnx I1AeMeH, pacnaJl,aBIlIHXC5I rra ge.l\bIH p5ll( AOKaAbHbIX rpyrrn, 06bPlHO CB513aHHbIX C 6aceeHHaMH peI( H.I\li .lI.pyrHMH eCTeCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M Ot.lep'IeHHbIMH paHOH3MH. OaM}1THHKaMll I TbICH'leAeTH5l l1.0 H. a. li naxaxa naureii sper B AeCHOH noxoce BOCTOQHOH E'Bponbl }1BAHIOTC5I MHorOLlHCAeHHble ropoznnga. B OTAHtIHe or OTKpbITblX nOCeJl.eHHH Cpep,Hero TIO.ll.HenpOBb51, ua cesepe B STY anoxy 6blAH pacnpOCTpaHeHbl MHHHaTlOpHble nocexxa, 06bIQHO pacno xoaceanere ua TpY,1I;HO,1l;OcTynHblx MeCTax, aa orporax :pel.J:HbrX oeperoe, H o6seAeHHbIe HeBbICOKHMH 3eMAJ1HbIMH BaAaMH ill pBaMH. Tlpa pacxorncax na rOpO.ll.Hrgax BCTpeqalOTCfI oCTaTKH mHAmg, nOAY3eMA5IHDIX HAll Ha3eMHbIX, C KaMeHHbIMH o-raraxa. KYAbTypHbIe OCTaTKIT pU.CYlOT npHMHTHBHblH CKOTOIBOl1.QeCKO-3e" MAe.lf,eAbQeCKHH 6bIT narpaapxaxemsx 06I!J,HH, orHOCHTeAbHO OAHOPOAHbIH aa UIlHpOImx npOCTpaHJ

CTBax BepXHero OO.:lHenpOBb5I. B fiacceime OKM Ii S Bepxaesr nOBO.\lKbe.

Ko.\HqeCTBO ropO~HIQ, H3BeCTHbIX B HaCTOJ1rgee apexx, HCqHc.\HeTCl1 TbIC5I'Ia:o.Hi. Ewe A. A. CnagbIHbI)'! 6bIAO 3a:'IeQeHO, '-ITO B;l,O,\b 6eperos pex OHH pacnpeaexato rca nepannovepao, a l(OMnaKTHbH-m rpyrmasra no 3-4. T axaa rpyrmaposxa nocexeaaii npencrasxaer c06011: Qpe3BWlaHHo xapaxrepayio xepry snoxn nepBo6bITHO-o6IQ;HHHoro CTpOH, xoraa Kam.ll.blH pO,:J; HMeA CBOIO ofiocofixenHYIO reppuropmo, sacre reppnropna nAeMeHH, 11 xcr.aa nccexxn, npHHa,J,.\('iKaBIllHe Otl,HOMY poay, r-pynnapoaa.vnc» B:'leCTC. I

HaQaAO 6oJ\ee HAn MeEee CHCTe~faTHQeCKOrO u3YQeHHH J.peaHHX rcpozian; AeCHOH nOAOtbI BoCTO'lHOH EBPOflhI 6bL\O rrOA01"KeHO .J,Bj'M}1 CBOk HbIMH pa60TaMIf A. A. CnHgbIHa: <TopO.Qluga iJ.bRKOBa nma;) '! H (!.HOBbIe CBe,1l.eHHJ1 ° rOp0Jl.Hwax .iJ,bHKOBa rana» , 3 aemrezmax B caer B 1903 ; 1905 rr, 40 aroro BpeMeHH MaTepHaAbIOTAeAbHbIX naM5ITHHKOB ny6.'1.HKOBaJ\HCb A. C. YsapoShIM,·1 H. 11. EVAbIQeBbl~i, 5 B. 11. CI130BbIM, ti B. A. r OPO.:J.l.!OBbn~ 7 H HeKOTOpblMI1 l1.pyrHMH HCCAejJ;OB3TeA5IM!1. OOl1.bITOlKHB HMeBIlIHeC5I MaTepHaxsr, A. A. Cm-l!!bIH omH6o'IHO 06'bHCHHA ropo.rr,HIg_a B xasecrae OCTaTl\OB KYAbTOBbIX MeCT,OTHec HX K na!',U!THIIKRM «P.0pYCCKoro» HaCeJl.eHH5I H onpe.rr,eAHA HX BpeM5I VI-VIII CT. H. 01. B 8TH lKe rO,'l;bI p5I,1I. C006pa2KeHHH a ropoznnuax AeCHO}! rro xocer "BbICKa3aA B. A. r 0P0l1.IIOB. Ha oCHOBaJ HHH MaTepHaAOB rOpOtl,HIQa y c. r oponeg aa xeaov 6epery 0101 OIWAO r. Cnaccxa 11M 6blAO YCTaHDBAeHO, t:jTO 8TH naM}1THHRH cxeayer paccaarpaaare H KaK oe:rRTKH rrOCeAeHHH. 11M 6bIAH OTKpblTbI OCTaTKH i'KHJ\Hrg B SHp'e rrpaaoyroxenerx 3eMMIHOK. ~ r opoamga l1.aT.HpOBaAHCb B. A. r OPOP'1l,O~ SbIM anOXOH OT III CT. lI,O H. 8.l1.O III CT,H.S.,· '-lTO, RaK Mbl YBH,1l.HM HHme, 3Hal.J:HTeAbHO 60AbUle OTBeQaAO ,lI,eikTBHTeAbHoeTH, qeM .n;aTHpOBKa

1 n. H. T P e.r b H K 0 B. K acrcpaa ,':lOlC'\.aCCOBoro 06zgeCTBa Bepxncro nOBO.\;j;1>11. Mr AHMK, aisrn, 106, 1935. CTp. 154-155.

"2 3an1lCIO-l OT,J,eAeHjUj PYCCKoi! H c,\aSnncKol'1 apxeo!\OnrM (30PCA), V, Bblrl. 1, 1903.

3 Ta me cepaa, VII. Bbm. 1, 1905.

.j A C. Y B a fOB. MepllHe H I!X 6blT no fCypraJlllblM

pacxonxasr. T p. Apxeox. C'be3;J.a, II, 1871.

" H. H. ]3. y A bl 'l e B. [KypHaA paCKOnO!( 1898 r. no 6eperaM OKH. M.. 1899.

;; B. H. C H 3 0 S. 4bllKOSO ropcamge. T p. IX Apxeox. cseaaa, II, 1897. - 0 H m e. Pacxonsa ,lJ.blllloBa roponmga. Aoxeox. 1-13B. H aax., 1893.

7 B. A. r o P O;J. \1 a B. Pe3YAb'TaTbl apxeOAOf!i1.JeCKHX

HccMjJ,OBaHHH: B DeMIBclwM H Pl!3aHCKOM yeaz ax B 1897 r. Apxeox. H3S. H 3aM., VI. 1898, C'Tp. 218-223.-0H lK e. OT'leT 06 apxeoxornxecxax HCCAe;J.OBaIUHI.X B p;OAHHe p. 01UI B 1897 r. .ll.peBHccTH, T. XVIl, CTp. 1-10.OHm. e. ,l(HeBHHK apxeOAOrH'leCKI-IX HCCJl.e.D;OSaHIIH: B ,tl,OJl.HHe p. OIlH, npOH3Se![eHHbIX B 1898 r. ,lJ,peBHocTIf, T. XVIII. 1901. - 0 H me. MaTepHaAbI J( apxeoxoruqeCKDH xap're XII ApXeOAOrH'IeCKOrO C'be3![R, T. 1. 1905.

1 B. r. All C K 0 P o H C. 1\ H i1. HaXO,ll,KM plfMCKMX MO- CTp. 515 H CA.

HCT B 06J1.aCTH Cpeaaero OpH)l.HenpOBbH. T p, XI KHCS- !I B. A. r 0 p o .D; g D B. Pe3YAb'TaTbl apxeOAOfH'-!eCKm::

(KOrO apxeoxv c-seaza, T. I, 1901, CTp. 458. MCCAc.a.OBaIlMI[ 1898 f. Apxeox, H3B. H 3aM., VII, 1899 .

. ~ B. B. X S 0 M K a. OOM norpe6emdi B Cpc.ltHeM OpH" •. n B. A. r o p 0 .D; l! 0 B. BblTOBall acxeoxorxx, M., 1910.

ARenpOBbe. 3PAO, T. XII. ROB. cep., 1901, CTp. 189. CTp. 375.

2*

12

- ... ------------------

3mllOt'!He3 eocmovnstx CAa8Jf.H

A. A. CnH~bIHa. B nocxeanae rO,ll;bI, 6AarO,ll;apj'{ pa60TaM B. A. fOp0.1J.yoBa, I A. B. ApYMXOB~ cxoro, 2 O. H. 5a,ll.epa 3 M .1J.pyrnx MCCJ\e,ll,OBaTeAeH, BpeMR ropoaarg YCTaHOBAeHO erge 60Aee TOtIHO, HaMe-qeHbI XpOHOAOnH'IeCKHe H AOKaAbHbJe rpynnsr 9THX naMHTHHKOB R, HaKoRey, OKOHQaTeAbHO YCTaHOBJl.eHO, T.JTO OHM RBAHIOTCR OCTaTKaMH nccexeHHH, a He KYJl.bTOIBbIX MeCT.

OKa3aAOCb, t.ITO ApeBHeHIlIHe H3 ropoamg, raKMe, KaK Crapnree KalIlHpCKoe na OKe OROAO KaumpbI, 4 KOHApaKOBCKOC aa ORe 13 paiione MYPOMa, 5 ropoznrge y C. f OpO,ll,HlQH I3 Be;pXHeM DOBOA1f(be OROJ\O Ka,UIuma 6 H aexoropere APY· r-ae, BOCXOAllT K cepeaaae H .n;a:1Ke K nepaoii nOAOBHHe I TbICHt.{eAe1iIHI AO H. 9. EOAee roro, ec're aexoropsre ocuoeaaas rrpezmoxarare, qTO nepasre ropoaarga B J\.eCHOH noxoce nOfIBHAHCb ewe B arroxy 6P'OH3bl, aa rpaaa II H I TbICllt.IeJl.eTHH .a.'o H. :3.

BepXHH}l XpOHOAOrHt.IeCKa5! rpaaaga rOpO,ll,Htg pa3AHt.IHa B paaxsrx paiionax, Ha OKe, B cpeaaea H HH1KHeM ee Tet.IeHHH, ropoaarga, KaK npaBHAO, He HAYT AaAbIIIe III-IV CT. H. 3.7 B BepxHeM f101BOA:1Kbe OHIT AOXDAJtT AD IV-V H aaxaxa VI CT. B BepXOBMIX OKR IT 4Henpa eepxaae CAOH ropoaarg AampYIOTCll VII-VIII, a aepeaxo H IX-X CT., aaxeraa Henoc.:pe,ZJ;CTBeHHO nOA aaCJl.OeHlHrMH iH OCTaTKaMH KYAbTYPbl anoxa j'LpeBHen PYCH.8

XpOHOAoma paHHHX AbHKOBbIX rOp0,ll,Hlg, - a 6o.J\.ee n03,1tHHX peQb 6y AeT HTTH HH2Ke, - CTPOHTC.ll aa OCHOBaHHH HaXO,ll,OK BeIgeH IO:1KHOro HJl.H npaKaMCKoro npOHCX02KAeImIH, BpeMll KOTOPbIX M02KeT 6bITb orrpenexeno C ~ocTaToqHoH TOt;[HOCTbJQ. Ha lOXHOBCKOM ropoaarge na ,l(ecHe 9 H Ha Crapnrea KawupCKOM ropoaarge 10 HaHAeHbI BeI!!,H, H.3BeCT. Hble no CKH4JCKHM naM.l1THHKaM cepeztaasi

1 B. A. r 0 p 0 lI. g 0 lB. CTapIlIee KaIUHpclwe roponarge, Hf AI1MK, Bbrn. 85, 1834. - 0 H a£ e. Crapmee KpoIToTOBCKoe roponmge. T p. 8rHorpacpo-apxeoA. MY.3e$l MfY, asm, IV. - 0 H me. BOAOTHoe Ory6~KOe ropoamge. T p. Foe. HCT. MY.3e$l, T. I, 1926. -0 Ii me. Pe3YAbTaTbI HccAe,zr,oBaRUH T pOfl"ge-neAeHH!,!;Koro ropo,1!;Hl!!a-XOJl.MHl!!a. P.Hsaae, 1930.

Z A. B. A p !! Ii X 0 Be K Ii iI. Bopo,zr,HHcKoe rOpO,!l,HI!!e.

T p. CeKymr apxeoxcrmr POCCHHCKOU: aCCO!!Ha~!Iur xayxHbl~ HHCTI1TYTOB o6l!!ecTseHHblx HaYK (PAHHOH), r, IV.

O. H. E a,1l; e p. OT<JeT 0 pa60Tax 1932-1933 rr. Ha CTOOHTeAbCTBe KaRaM MOCI\Ba - BOAra. I1f AI1MK asm

109, 1935. ' .

: B. A. fop 0 II gOB. CTapruee KaumpcKoe ropo,1J,1nge.

HCCAe.1(OBaHO O. H. EaAepoM, MaTepaall. zpaarrrca ]!; MYPOM:CROM xyaee.

6 I1CCAMOBaHO aBTopOM B 1935-1937 rr. Marepaax xpaHHTCH B J\.eHHHrpa,1J,CKoM roc. Ylfl1BepCHTeTe.

7 n. n. E tp H M e H l< O. K HCTOPHH aanaanoro no·1937b8: B nepaox TbIC.Il:<Jell.eT11H H. a. COB. apxeox., NQ 2,

• I _ I I

8 c~{. yxaaaaasre asnne MaTepHaJl.bl H. H. EVAbl'l:eBa n:

MaTepaaAbl 113 06CAep,OBal"IHH llOCAe.1(HRx AeT, 'olly6AHIW~ MHlINe B C60pHfrKaX «Dpago! ApxeOAeri'!HaH xasricii AH

BeCp,> (I-III, 1926-1930).

9 H. B. T p y 6 H i-! R o B a. K sorrpocy 0 lOxHOBCR:OM rono~Hl!!e. To. foc. VIeT. MY3eR, 8bITI. VIII, 1938, crp, 123 H CA.

10 B. A. fop 0 lJ, Yo 0 B. C'rapmee KalmrpcKOe ropozrarge.

I1f AHMK, BblTI. 85, 1934, CTp. 45.

I TbICR'IeAeTH5I ,lI,O H. 9. Ha rOpOAHJQaX y c. r pe~ M}lt.IerO na OKe, 1 aa T orropxe 2 H YepHOH rope 3 B BepXHeM TIoBoMKbe HaH,1l;eHb[ 6POH30Bble yxpaIIIeHHH, XOPOllIO H3BeCTHble no n03,1lHeaHaRbllHcKHM H paHHenb5lH06opCKHM MorHAbHHKaM IlpHKaMb51 nepastx BeKOB ,lI,o H. 8. II nepBbIX seKOIB nocxe H. 9. Ha EaHgepoBcKOM ropozunge OKOllO MHHCKa HaH~ ,lJ,eHa apXaHqHa}l c{JH6YAa,4 TaKaH me, xaxne BCTpe~ qalOTCa B HaH60.J\.ee paHHHX «noxax norpefienxii». KOA·HT.JeCTBO nO,ll,06HbiX HaXoAoK, ocofienao aa noCAeAHee BpeMR, CTaAO HaCTOJ\bKO 3HaQHTeAbHbIM, qTO nOJl.BHAaCb B03M01KHOCTb pa36HTb ropo"(Jnga J\.eCHoH DOAoebI na p.l1,l1, xpoaoxor'axecxnx rpyrrrr, B qa'CTHOCTH BbI,lleAHTb mrrepecyrorgyro Hac CeH'IaC rpynrty naM.ll.THHKOB naxaxa I TbICH'IeAe· TH.sJ. H' 3.

DapaAAeAbHO YTOt.IHeHHIO XpOl-IOAOrHH rop0,lJ,Hlg Bee 6oJ\.ee H 60Aee OTt.IeTAl:iBO asic'rynaxa ax reppnropaaxeaaa Jl.H<f><pepeHgIHa:gH$l H 06PHCOBbIsa· AlIC!;) oc06eHHOCTH, CBOHCTBeHHble TOH RAH APyrol-i J\.OKaAbHoH rpyrme naM5ITHHKOB, OTpamalOI,gHe pasJ\.Ht.IHH KYAbTYPbl OT,ZJ;eAbHbIX nAeMeHHbIX rpynn, Erge A. A. CIIHYbIHY B 1905 r. 6bIJl.0 RCHO, 'ITO ropoamga COCTaBJlJUOT pj!.ll; OC06bIX rpyrm, OH rracax TOr,ll;a 0 ropoamgax TBepCKIHX, Ct.IHTaH HX Hal160Aee n03.ll;HHMH, 0 rpyrme BepXHeOKCKHX roPOAHIg, 0 ropoaargax BAap.HMHpCKO~MOCKOBCKHX, cpeanenaerrpoacxax, AHTOBCKHX H HeKOTO,pbIX ztpyrax rpyrmax, HaMeqel-IHblX npeancxoaerrexsno, TaK KaK MaTepHaA B TO BpeM.l1 6blA exge neaeJ\.UK. 5 B. A. r 0POAYOBbIM 6bIAa 06pHCOBaHa rpyrma fOPOAM!,!! HH30E:beB U cpeaaero reseaas p. OKR H 3ana,lJ,HOrO DpHBOAmb5l, Ha3BaHHaH HM «ropoaegxoii», no HMeHH yme vnoxaayroro BblIIIe ropO.ll;HJga y C. r opczeu.

B aacroatgee BpeM.H repparopaaxenax KAaCCHqmKagHR rOpO,ll,Hl!!. H caaxpoaasasrx HM naMHY·

HHKOB - ce.J\.Hl!!. 1I MorHAbHHKOB - TaK2Ke He

Mom.eT CT.JHTaTbC.sJ. aaxoaxeaaoji. CA02KHOCTb ee

IIOCTpoeHHR 3aKAlOt.IaeTC5I B TOM. t.ITO B Tet.IeHHe CTOAeTlHH: l1J\.eMeHHble rpynrrer AeCHOH nOJ\.OCbI, noBHAHMOMY, He OCTaBaAf!Cb HeH3MeHHbIMIf. Cpean ,1J,peBHeUWHX ropoaarg, CHHX'POHHt.IHbIX CKm:pCKHM naMRTHHKaM na tore, HaMet.IaIOTC5I ocofiere Jl.OKaAbHble rpynrrsr, ClBR3aHHble C paSARqHblM xaparcrepOM KYAbTYP srroxa 6POH3bl, aa oeHOBaHHlH KOTO· psrx CJl.omHAHCb 9TH BapHaHTbI ApeBHeH KyAbTYPbI meAeSHOrO aexa A,eCHOH nOAOCbI EBponeHCKOH qaCTH CCCP. C Teqel-IHeM BpeMeHH, K nepBbIM BeKaM H. 9. 3TH rpyrrrna HecKOJ\.bKO BH,lI,OH3Me'HH· AHCb.

J H. 11. 13 Y A bI'l. c B. i'KYPI-laJl. pacxortote 1898 r. no 6eperaM OKIi, M., 1899.

2 10. r. r e H s: y H e. r opo.n;H"l!!e TOllOpOK. T p. II 06A.

TaepcKoro apxeox, C'besp,a, 1903.

3 A. A. elI H g bI H H H. K. Pep H X. MeAKl1e 3aMeT~ RH. 30PCA, T. VII, BblIT. 2, 1905, crp. 251-252.

4 Marepaax xpaHHTCH B I1HcTHTYTe HCTOPHH AH

BCCP.

5 A. A. C n H g bl H. HOBble cseaesns .0 ropop.l1l!!ax p,b$lROBa Tl1na. .30PCA. T. VII, Bblll. 1, 190~, CTp.

91-9). ,..

II. H. T pemssueoe. Ceeepnsu: 80CmO'l.HO-CAQ8J!HCKlle n.te.l!eHQ

13

--------------------_------------- --_._._-_ .. _ .... -_--.---.

III

B BepXHeM TeqeHHH jJ,Henpa, BbIIlle cesepasrx rpaHHg «noAeH norpetieaaii», aaxesaro rca TpH AOKaAbHble rpynner naMffTHllKOB naxaxa HarneR aper - O.ll:Ha B npaB06epe2fi.be H 6accermax 0PHIIffTU H De-pesHHbI, .zr;pyra.sr - B BepxoBMIX AHerrpa, TpeTMI - no J\eBo6epemblO, B 6aCCeH:He AecHbl (puc. 1).

3a nOCAe,1l,HHe rO.ZI.bI no 6eperaM ITpHmlTH If B 06AaCTH Mem,1Lypeqb51 npHIlffTH, Eepe3HHbI H AHenpa 6bIA'H OTKpbITbI caoeoepasasre naM.RTHHKH, B BH.zr;e «noxeji rrorpefieaaii», HO He cpeaaeztaenpoacxoro, a HeCKOAhKO auoro xapaxrepa. Bo scex H3BeCTHbIX cxysaax OHH npep,CTaBAHAH co- 60H MHHHanopHble MorHAbHHKH, pacnOAom.eHHble 06blqHO aa ,1!;IOHHbIXBCXOAMAeHH.RX no 6eperaM pexa, coaepasargae HCKAlOtHITeAbHO rpynocozoseHH.l'I. KepaMIH'-IeCKIcIH MaTepHaA ceaepnsrx «noxeii rrorpe6eHHH» OTAHQaeTCH rpy60H BbI.zr;eAKoH, HO 6AH3KO HarrOMHHaeT MeCTHYlO nOCYAY ropoamg H «rroAeH» Cpe.aaero [IoP,HenpOBb.R. KpoMe xepaxmen aa MorUAbHHKax 6bIAO HaHp,eHO HeCKOAbKO MeAKHX npe,ll,MeTOB, xa OCHOBaHHH KOTOPbIX BOSMomHO YCTaHOBHTb BpeM.R naM.H.THHKOB.

HaH60Aee 3Ha'-lHTeAbHble HaXo,n;KH 6blAH caexaHbl na MorHAbHHKe B ypo'-lmge Ka3aprag aa - 0PRWiTH OKOAO T ypona, «nOAe norpefienaii» pacno~ xaraxoce aa xparo aroaaoro BCXOJl.MAeHH5I 11 coCT05lAO He 6oJl.ee QeM H3 20-25 rrorpe6em-di Op,HO~ poaxoro xapaxrepa.

nepe2fUKeHHble '-IeAOBeqeCKHe KoeTH nOMeIgaAl-ICb B aerwyfioxae HMbi U conposoasnaxuce rAHHJJ:HbIMH cccyaasm, HHOrlJ,a C AorgeHoH nOBepXHOCTblO xepaoro ~BeTa, B qJopMe BbICOKH.X ropuncoa, IllHpOKHX MHe HAM He60AhIllHX cccyncs c 60iKOIBOH PY'-IKOH, !lO'-ITH TaKHX .me, KaK MeCTHajI nocyzia HS cpeaueaaenposcxax «noAeH !lOrpe6eH11H» (puc, 2). 3,11,ecb 6bIMI HaH,lJ,eHbl raxace 06AOMKH MeAKHX 6POH30BbIX H meAe3HblX yxpaureaaii, cpeaa KOTOPbIX AHIlIb OP,HO xoacer CAy.mUTb p,Mr OIIpe,neAeHM.l'I AaTbl naMRTIIHKa. aTO rparregaeaaaaaa 6poH30Ba.l'l rroaBeCKa, yxpaureaaas IIIOKpalO :BbIlIYKAOCTRMH, OObI'-rHaR cpep,l-f ,lI,peBHOCTeH cepep,HHbI I TbIC.l'I'-IeAeTHH H. a. (pHC. 2). 1

Pff,ll,OM C MOrHAbHRKOM aa TOM: me .1I.lOHe BCTpe~ qeHbI OCTaTKH nOCeAeHH)I. DOMHMO KepaMHKH, rtoBTOp.l'llOI!!eH naxoaxa xa «noxe no rpe:6eHHib, TaM 6bIAa Hai1:p,eHa rpytiaa xenaaa nocyna, yspaureaHaR no BeW-IMKY oxpyr AbIMH jIMKaMI1, CKB03HbIMH OTB<epCTH.l'IMH MAH .IKe Bp,aBAeHHJIMH HerrpaBHJl.bHOH cpOPMbI. no ureiixe HeKOTopbIX COCY,ll,OB npoxozmx BblrryKAblH BaAlIK (puc. 2). cha xepasraxa OqeHb HarrOMHHaeT nocyay CKHCPCKHX ropOAHtg 60Aee lO.mHblX paiionoa, OTAH'-Ia.l'lCb OT nee rpyriocreto H3rOT'OBAeHH.l'I. 2 T aKaR me KepaMHKa HaHAeaa aa ypos. npHCTaHb, B 9TOM a;,e paiioae. BMecTe C HeH or-ryaa npoxcxoaar apxansnaa ap6aAeTOB11,II.Ha51 gm6YAa I-II CT. H. 9. (pHC. 2).3 Haxoneg Ta,Ka51 ~c::__ TO'-lHO xepaxaxa HaH,lI.eHa na cocenxex r-o po-

l npagJ:>1 Aoxeoxerisaas KaMicii AH scc=, rr. 1930, crp, 351-356

2 TaM me, CTp. 342-351. 3 TaM me, CTp. 358-362.

p}!c. 1. CxeMa KapThl AORaAJ:>liblX rpymr apxeoxoranecxax

naMSl;TliHKOB Ha'laAa H. e,

A- nOM1 norpe6euuii Cpenaero Ilomrenposua (1- Iloropexoe, 1- ,l!e.!lOB!J,!IIHB, 3 - Tarapcsoe ceAHlJ,le, 4 - 1.{epullxoBO, 5 - POMaWI(I!, 6 - 3apy6HHJ!bI, 7 - nY"OBI(~, H - fyp61l1i!!hJ, 9 -- Maexoao, 10 - Bapauoaea, 71 ~ FlpuBOJ\hHoe); fj - .f.IIIHo-6e_JIOpyccKHe ropOllm)1a; B - AeCHHI!CKlte rOpOi\HlJta; r ~. aepxueaaeupoaceue ropOjl,HlJ1a. nOM. nQI'pe6el!IlH Bepxaero nOAHe' npOBbii 0608Ha',eHl>l P"MCI:HMH !!1-I<ppaMIf (I Kaaapra\!, i! ,- CTSP0(,kH, ll/- IIpoCRypbl, lV·~ HOB<>-E"'KOB, V -- Bepxnue HaMbiKapl>I; VI- Ilesl<YPbl, V/1- Ileucxnc necxu]; A - cenepo-Sexopycceue ropOilllllla; E-HepXHenKCKHe ropOJlHll!a; m -_. aepxueaoxxcsue rO?"illlll!n; -'-BO-NJ;niicKlIC rOpO,!lHIJl:l; M .- ... BOHO-Q~CKlle ropOmll11a; K -- cpelllleBO.AlI>c.",-e rOjlo.~ltll1a.

,lJ;.HI,!!e, npe.zr;CTaBJl.RlOIgeM c06oi:i: MHHI1aTlOpHOe yxpenxemre xpyr AOM q_JOPMbI, 3aHl1MalOI!!ee He6oAbIlIoe 13CXOAMAeHHe, p,HaMeT'pOM scero AHlllb 40 M. I

MHHHaTlopHble «nOMI norpefieaaii» 6blAH BCTpe'1eHbI lIO CAyqH B paiioae CTapa6HHa H no npaBbIM npHTOKaM DpnmlTH K rory OT Bo6pyiicKa. ~ 3arraP,Hee TaKHe «nOAH) AOXOtl,51T, rrOBHJJ.I1MOMY, ,lI,O cpeanero Te'-leHHH BUCAbI. l1x paCCMaTpHBalOT TaM 06bl<lHO KaK raJl.bUITaATCK11e naMHTHHKH.:1 KepaMHKa YKa3aHHbIX THnos BO BceM aTOM paiioae BC1'pe'-IeHa B HMrEHHX CAORX MHOrO'-IHCAeHHbIX roPO.lI,HI_g, i! 1< comaAeHHlO, nOQTH He nOJl,BepraBWHXCR HCCAeAOB aHHl-O.

r pynna rraM51THHKOB ,li;HerrpoBCKoro [lpaeotiepe2Kb.l'l B 06AaCTH 6acceHHa Dpl1fl5lTH 11 Eepe3HHbl s p,aAbHeHIlIeM 6yp,eT HMeHOBaThCjI I02KHO-6eAOPYCCKOM.

«DoAH norpefieaaii: C TpyrrocomllieHHKMH, 6AH3- KHe romHo-6eAOPYCCK'liM, acrpeseast M K ceaepy OT CMOAeHCKa, aenne ero, ua npaaov 6epery

I TaM me. CTp. 362-363. ~ TaM me, CTp. 285.

a T. R e y man. Cmentarzysko poznobronzowe i halsztackie w Pia sku, w pow. [ublinieckim na C. Slasku. PrzelSl~d Archeologiczny, IV, 1. r103HaHh, 1929, CTp. 47 Ii CA. 4 r1pagbI Apxeoxerismail xassicii AH Beep, II, 1930,

CTp. 285.

1-/

9mHOlf:l-(eS nocmoinmix C.Aal1J1H

AiHerrpa y /1.. BepXHHe HaMblKapbI III B pairone HOBO~5brXO~a, 2 'rAe enre B 1904 r. asa <mOJI..l'I» o6cAe4oBaJ\. E. P. POM-;HOB.:' Kepasnuca ztpeannx CMOAeHCKUX ,rop0lJ;yctg OKa33)\aCb, ozraajco, aeCKOAbKO MHOH, qeM IIOCY,l(a roponmg 6acceHHa DPHII5lTI1. OHa He HMeeT, KaK npaanxo, HIIKaKOH opaaneara~HH. nOB'H/1.HMOMY, BepXOBbfI ,4Herrpa 6blAH 3aH5lTbI OC060H nAeMeHHOH rpynrroii - BepXHeAl-lenpOBCKOH, o KOTOPOH: i.B HaCTO.IIr,gee BpeM.fI MOfRHO CKa3aTb OtIel-Ib MaAO, TaR RaJ< pacxornca ApeBHHX ropcamg, H3BeCTHbIX B STOM paiione B llHCAe HeCKOJ\bKHX COT, rrOLITI1 He IITpOH:'1BO~'J;.HAHCb. ·1

1

8

CeAeHH5i OT rrA3TO BbICOKoro 6epera, AH60 HMelOT 60AbWYIO rrpOT$llKeHHOCTb, oxpyzsax A:peBHee nocexenae co acex CTOpOH.

B 1906-1907 rr. C. A. raT~YKoM 50lA 06C'Ae,ll;OBaH yeAblH pRA roponmg B 06AaCTH cpeanero TeqeHHR i{.ecHbI. I Ha l()XHOiBcKOM ropOAHIgle B paiione Hoaropon-Ceeepcsa, na Me3HHcKoM ropo,a,mge OKOAO KpoAeBga, xa roponmgax Toro LJ1e paHO]-Ia - P5I,!1,H'IeBCKOM MergaHcKoM, P.l'IAHtIeB~ CKOM MOCKOBCKOM, r OpO,11,HI,geI-lCKOM H p5IAe ll.py~ nIX 6bIAa HaH,11,eI-la B oCHOBaHIiH KYAbTypHbIX naCAoeHHH rpy6u5I r AHH5IHZl5l nOCYAa, vxpaurennas no

5

8

Puc. 2. 1O.KHo-6eAopyccluie rop01ll-!lga H "nOM! norpe6emili".

r~l- rrocyxa 112 ,,!lOA"" Ka!lapray; 5 II 7 - yKpnmeRHfl oTTYlla me; 6 - <jm6y_"a 113 ypon. TIpucTaHb; 8-···10 KepaMI!1<a 1111 ypOq. TIPIlCT!tIib II Kaaaprag.

TpeTbeH nAeMeHHOH rpynnoji 6bIA 3aH5IT 6ac~ CeHH 4eCHbI, Cei1~a H, nOBH,Il;HMOMY, HnYTH. nO 6eperaM aTHX pex H MX MeAKnx rrpHTOKOB H3BeCTHo MHOfIieCTBO rOpO,ll;HIg, 06llI'IHO TaKHX me fIe6oAb~ max, RaK H tozsao-Sexopyccxae. EOAbUlHHCTBO ropOARIg pacnoxaraercs na orporax BbICOKoro pexnero 6epera. POB H BaA AH60 OTpe3alOT 'MOCTO no-

I TaM me, CTp. 282. :I TaM me, CTp_ 356.

3 APXH:B IWIMK, ,1J,eAO N~ 184/1904 r.

4 A. H. A H B JI. a H C K H: If. Hesoroosre ,zr.aHHble 0 ropo,zcRrgax CMOAeHCKOH ry6. HaY'IH. H3B. CMoAeHcKoro rOC. YHI{R., 1'- III, sem, 3, 1926.

meHKe npHMHTHBHblMH Y30paMH 113 HerrpaBHAbHblX 5IMO'lHbIX B,ll;aB.II.eHHH (pHC. 3). Ha 9THX m.e ro.po~ ,1l;Hlgax acrpexenei .S 601l.bIIIOM 'IHCAe nenoaaraere rAHH5lHble 6AOKH, rrrapoaaaaoii, KOHmrecKoH, 6nKO~ -" HH'l~e'OIWH H: 3AAHlncoHAIHOH ¢OpM. GHn c»a61KeHbI OTlBepCTH5lMH, 06bl'·mo He CKB03HbIMH. a npoxoaaIgHMH. 11.0 noxosaasr HAH ztsyx Tpe-reii TO AIJ!HHbI HAn BlllCOTbI r AHH5lHOrO 6AOKa. Hasnaseaae :nux rrpe,ll;MeTOB. qaCTO B orpOMHOM KOAH'ieCTBe BCTpe~

I APXHB HYIMK.

N!:t 41/1907 r,

55/1906

1'.

H

II. fl. TptmnRJW8. Ceeeplibze SOCmO'IHO-c.W8RHC1{1le 1YAe_,reHU

--~-----

qalOIgHXC5:I na tl,eCHHHCKHX ropoaargax, ),0 CHX nap He paaraaaao, ,ZLA5:I Hac OHH BamHbl B xa-recrae csoero pO,IT,a «9THRlleCKoro» npasnaxa. Ha ceaepe BHe 6acceHH~ 4ecHbl noaofinste H3p;eJl.H5:I He BCTpeqalOTC.s:J, na rore fKe noztofiaere f'AliHHHble rrpeaxeTbI H3BeCTHbI na CKHCPCKHX rop0.1l;.Hlllax, B qaCTHO-

E l'T -

eTR xa eJl.bCKOM. aKHM 06pa30M H saece Ha-

MeQaIOTC5:[ napaAAeAH C lOrOM.

T axae LKe HaXOlJ;KH B nOCAe,21,HHe roaer 6bIAH caexaaer na ropoztatgax y C. TIYlUKapH, aa ,ZlecHe B paiione HOBropOA-CeBepCKa!l H asmre no )LecHe OKOAO r. T py6QeBCKa. Bo BTOPOM paiioae ocofienHO 60raTbIH xarepnax ,lJ,aAH ceAHr,ge «ErOpbed

1

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Ee nepexpsraaer rOHQapHa5:I nocyaa BeAHKOKH5IfKeCKOll ::mOXH.

110 I1nYTH B paiioae MrJ'HHa naMHTHHKn C naXOl1.KaMH raxoro LKe xapaxrepa OTKpbITbI C. A. faTgYKOM. 1 11M 6blAll npousaezeasi npodasre pacKonKH na rOpOAH!£aX y JI'.. '4eWYHKli na p. Cy.zr,bIHxe, npHTOKe l1nYTH. H B r, MrAHHe aa STOH LKe petIKe. TIaM.s:JTHHKH C TaKHMH me naxoaxava OKa· saAHCb aa p. Cy.zr,OCTH. npHTOKe AeCHbl. c. A. FargYKOM 06CAeAOBaHO ropoamge y ,i'J,. Bopo6eHKa aa rIpHTOKe CYAOCTH - p. Tepeaourxe.

f10BH,J;lil'.IO:'IY K <lTOH LKe rpyrme npanaaxeasar .J.peBHeHllme ropo.nnga, o6cAe,n;oBaHHble A. H. Co-

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pOB» H ropoAmga y c. CeAeg, ,n;. KBeHTYHb Ii Y lJ.. T eMHoH. 3 Bee 3TH naM5I'THHl<H ocofieano H11- repecasr erge H nOTOMY, lITO OHM llMeWT geAylO CBHTY KYAbTypHblX OTAOLKeHHit Bsnne TOAbKO tITO Onl1CaHHOH KepaMliKH TaM AcmHT lJ.pyra.H, 60Aee rpyfiaa, AYQIlIe oOoiKmeHHa5I. oTAHllawI,!!a.aC5:I 60Aee npOCThlMH yaopaxa, Erge nsnne aaxeraer KepaMHKa VIII-X CT. TaK Ha3. poveacxoro r ana.

1 B. A. r 0 p 0 /I, g 0 a, AHeBIUlK apxeO,\OrH'lCCKMX MCCAe· /I,OBaHHH B 3CHbKOBCROM y. nOATaBCKOH r~'6. 8 1906 r. T p. IV Apxeox, C'beMa, Ill, 1911, CTp. 93 l! CA.

2 Marepaax xpamrrcs B l1HcTHTYTe apxeoxoraa AH

veer.

:; rIaM),!THHKH 06CAelJ,oBaHbI B. n. AeseHKoM B 1935- 1936 rr. Marepnax xpaHHTCSl 8 T py6QeBCIWM MY3ee.

AOBbeBblM no CeHMY B OKpeCTHOCT.HX KYPcKa. B ocnoaaaaa KY Jl.bTypHoro CAO}! MHonlX ropoaaig n ceJ\.HJ:M TaM BCTpeQaeTCR nocyzia, no MHeHlllO A. H. CO.ll.OBb eaa , HanOMHHaWl!!aR CKH¢!CKYIO. KameTC5J. TaM HMeeTC5:I H AorgeHa5J nOCY,lI.a '-1epHOM OK;paCKH. f10BM.zr,HMOMY, 13 8TOM 60Aee IOmHOM paiioae CHAbHee CKa3bIBae1C.n 6Ali30CTb xy AbTypbl CKHqJCKHX ropoztnrg H cpenneanertpoacxnx «noxeii rrorpetieaaii». A. H. CCAOBbeBblM 6hlA.O oricxenoBaHO cnenne Aec.nTH nYHKTOB C IIO,1l;.o6HbIMH naxoa-

o

KaMH. -

1 APXHB YU1MK, /l.eAO Nil 55/1906 r, H AeAO

NQ 41/1907 r.

~ A. H. Co A 0 B b e B. CTonfllU! H ropOlJ,ll!.ga oxpecruocref r. KYPcKa. I:-13B_ KYPcKoro ry6. OOl!!. I-:paeBe/t •• N!! 4. 1927. crp, 12-33.

76

3mHozelie3 BOCmO'lHbIX C.AaB.RH.

OaMHTHHKH ~eCHHRcKOil: rpyrnIbI, TOtrRO TaK me, KaK H npe~bIl-l;yrgue, H3BeCTHbI nO'-ITH 'HCKAIO'lH~ TeAbHO no MaTepHaAaM 06CAe,ll,0IBaHHH. AHIllb B 1937 r. O,n;HO H3 ropozmg aepxaero Te'-IeHH.H 4ec~ Hbi 6b[AO nO.1!.BeprHYTO 3HaLJHTeAbHbIM pacxorncax. 2ho ropoasnge, aocatgee HaHMeHOBaHl1e « T op!peAb)l, HaXO,ll;HTCJr OROAO 0p,ll;mOHHKli,ll;3erpa,n;a, B paiione 6pRHcKa, na AeBOM KopeHHOM 6epery ,lI,ecHbI. T oprpeAb aaanxaer orpor BbICOKoro 6epera, OrpaHHLJeHHbIH C OAHOM CTOPOHbI KPYTbIMH CKAOHaMH u C ft:pyroH HeBbICO'KHM BaAOM H ,lI,SYMfl pBaMH, BHyTpeHHHM U HapY2KHbIM. f1Aorga,ll,b noCeAemrH eOCTaBAReT .acero AHlllb 1600 KB. M. f1pa paCKOl1KaX 6NAl! 06HapY2KeHbI OCTaTKH rpex nOAY~ 3f.MA5IHblX mHAHI!)): onaor o xpyr xoro flo A'ByX OBaAb~ HbIX. HaH,lI,eHbl MHOrO'-IHCAeHHbIe H.3,l1,eAIUI 113 2Kexeaa (ronop, 06AOMRl1 ceprros, HoaH1, HaKOHe'-I~ HaRH crpex), H3JJ;eAIUJ K3 KOCTH, yase 3Hat'0Mb1C HaM fA.HH51Hbie 6AOKH, 'laCTWIHO opHaMeHTHpOBaHHbIe, xepaxaaa, KoeTH mHBOTHblX, 6POH30BbIC yxpaureaaa, f1ocAep,HH51 rpynna npeaneroa n03BO-

l AHeT OTHeCTH ropoaarge K nepBbIM CTOAenHIM H. 3.

B BepXOBb5lX Flcxa OKOAO 06051HH KYPCfWH 06A., rJJ;e U3BeCTHbI roponatga, HanOM'HHaIOIgHe AecHHHcxne, 6bIAH cnexaaer HaXO.ll.KH, yxaasraarorgne, B03~ MomHO, aa cyrgecraosaaae rtorpefiaxaaoro «nOMI». Ha .lI.fOHaX npH CAHHHllli pex Flcxa H f1eHbI 6bIA11 06Ha2KeHbI aerpox MHOrOqHCAeHHbIe rAHH}l:HbIe COey,ll;bI 3HaKOMbIX HaM THITOB. BCAeJJ;CTBlie llAOXOH coxpaHHOCTH naxrarmnca, ero xapaxrep He 6blA OKOaqaTeAbHO YCTaHOBAeH. KpoMe KepaMHKH, TaM 6bIAII BCTpe'-IeHbI H r AHH5lHbIe 6AOKH. TIoAo6Hble me HaXO,ll;KH B 8TOM paiioae C,lI;eAaHbI aa 4epHegKOM rOpO,ll;HIge, OKOAO JJ;. KpHBegKHe EY,lI;bI, aa AeBOM 6epery p. CTpblrOCAbI. 2 C.II.e,lI,bI zipyror-o «norpecaxsaoro nOAH», TaKme He BnOAHe orrpeaexeaxere. 6bIAH scrpeaeasr B BepXHeM Te'-IeHMH .llecHbI y ,n;. Flexxyper OKOAO POCAaBA.5I. 3

AeCH'HHCKa.lt nxeuennas r,pYITl1a nanaxa HalIIe}1 9pbI no csoeii KYAbType 6bI.II.a 6AH.3Ka fOmHo-6eAoPYCCKOH, a BMeCTe C HeM ,- cpeanennenponcxcii, n09ToMY cxeayer 02KIIJJ;aTb na 4eCHe urapoxoro pacnpocrpaaeaas norpe6aAbHb'IX l1aM.ltTHliKOB B BH,lI;e «110AeH ypH». B HH30Eb.ltX l(ecHbI, B OCTep~ CKOM paiione, H3iBeCTHbI HeCKOAbKO «11oAeH:» cpezHep,He1npO'BICKO,ro TH!na: Tlyxoaxa, M. T HXOMJUi HAP·4

Ceseoo-sanaaaee 6acceHHa ,lI,Henpa no MaTepna.ll.aM ropoamg HaMeqaeTCH etge OJJ;Ha AOKaAbHa.lt rpyrrna naMHTHHKOB, CB.5I3aHHaJr C cesepo-sarraaHbIM f1pH.1J.HenpOBbeM H HH2KHHM TetIeH11eM 3an. j{BHHbI, - ceaepo-fiexopyccxas 'HAM AHTOBCKa5l. Ha BoeTOKe ee rpaHHga Y11HpaeTCH B AHenp, B paiione Opma - Mornxea, orcro aa OHa H,lI;eT aa

1 Pacxonxa npoasaeaeaet B 1937 r. £. A. KaAH1'HHOW If E. '11. rOpIOHOBOH. Marepaax xpaaarcs B CMOAeHCKOM My3ee.

2 OT'leT Apxe01\OrnQeCKOH KOMHCCHl{ (OAK), 1909·- 1910, CTp. 187-189. IlaM51THHKH 6hl1\H 06CAellOBaHbl r. n. COCHOBCKHM (ApXHB HI1MK. aexc . .N1l 86 aa 1910 r.).

3 APXHB A. A. CrlH(!bIHa (xpaHHTC.II B I--]]1MK). 4 APXHB A. A. CrlHgbIHa.

ioro-aanaz H nepecexaer 6epe3HHY Mea",lI;y BOPH~ COBOM H 606PYHCKOM, JJ;aAee, npoxoas 11pHMepHO HeCKOAbKO ceaepnee CAygKa, rpaanga noaopa-raaaer xa cesepo-aanan H HJJ;eT KY,lI,a-TO K 6acceHHY HeMaHa. Ha cesepe B rpaHHgbl ,lI;aHHoi1: rpyrmst BKAfQqaeTC.fI, nOBH,lI;HMOMY, iSCJr 06AaCTb 6eCttHC~ .ll.eHHbIX osep, AemaIf!,HX no 06e CTOPOHbI cpeaHero Te'-IeHHJr 3an. 4BHHbI. 1 3anaJJ;Ha5l rpaanga ro-rao HeH3BeCTHa.

f1AeMeHHaJr rpyrrna, 3aHHMaBUIa5l cxepxeaayro TepPHTOPHro, 3aMeTHO OTAH'-IaAaCb OT 0611TaTeAeu 60Aee lOmHbIX H3 roro-BOCTO'lHbIX paHOHOB. Cy,ll;jJ no HaXOJJ;KaM, npOHCXO,ll;Jl:I,!!HM C ropOAHIf!" KYAbr'ypa aroH reppnropaa 6blAa 60Aee OTcTaAoi1:, COXpaH5lroIf!,eH: nexoropsre '-Ie p nsr 'lyTb AH He xaxrerrnoro nexa. OXOTa H PbI6oAOBCTBO arpaxn 3.l1.eCb oxean 60AbUIYro pOAb. Ha ro;poAHrgax scrpeQaIOTC51 IB 60AblIIOM q'HeAe paanoofipaansre KOCTJl:~ asre 0PY.1J.HJr: HaKOHelIHHKll cTpeA, rapnyasr, pa3- aooopasaere OCTpHR. MeTaAAHtteCKHe H3AeAll5I nonanaro rca '-Ipe~'BbltIaHHO peJJ;KO. Oc06eHHO xapaxrepna r .ll.HH51Haa nocyzra ceBepo~6eAopYCCKHX ropo,lI;Hrg. flAOCKOAoHHbIe COCYAbI 6aHOQHOH: cpOPMbI, rpyfisre H TOACTOCTeHHbIe; no nOBepXHOCTII noKpbITbI rpy60H lllTPHXOBKOH, a B nepxaeii tIaCTH HMeroT npHMHTHBHbIe Y30PbI H3 pa3Ho06pa3HbIX 5lMOQHbIX BJJ;aBJl.eHHH H aargnnon. ,ZL.peBHeHlllHe ropOl-l;HI;Q;a C TaKHMH HaX0.ll.KaMK OTHOCJrTCJr HeCOMHeHHO K I TbICJl:'-Ie.ll.eTHlO AO H. 9, 0 TOM, '-ITO 3Ta xyxe rypa COXpaH}l:Aa csoa apxaasxsre qepTbI a: B aarraxe nameii sp sr, rOBOp51T HaH,lI,eHHbIe B AaHHOM xoxrrrxexce ApeBHHJl: ap6aAeTOBIIJJ;Haa cpH6Y.II.a, nPOHCXOA5lrgaR 'HB HH1KHerO CAOR Eangepoacxoro ropozrmga (pHC. 4), H pHMCKHe MOHeTbI apewea MapKa-ABpeAHJr (161-180 r. H. 9.), npOHCXOJJ;}l:~ rgHe H3 ropOAHIf!" 06CAeAOBaHHbIX A. KpmHBHg~ KHM.2

Topozanga aroro rarra HBBeCTHbl rrpeHMYIf!,eCTlBeHHO no paCKOIIKaM B IOrO~BOCTOqHOH ttaC'rlI AHTBbI, B qaCTHOCTU no rexeaaro p. Bll.ll.HH. CYJJ;5l 110 011HcaHHID, ropoamga C TaKOM KepaMHKoH 06- CAe.ZJ;OBaHbI CD. B. f10K·POBCKHM B 03epHoH 06AaCTH, npHMbIKaroIQei1 K sepxnesry TeqeHHID BHJl.HH. 3 K HHM OTHOCHTC5l ropoznnga .HKy6uIllcKoe 3aM~ tIHCKO 4- H EorYl,JHM<:KHH IIHAbKaAbHHoC (HH2KHHH CAOH).5 PJI'A TaKHX ropOlJ.m:g 06CAe,ll;OBaH A. KpamBHgKllMB BOCTOqHbIX paiioaax AllTBb!. 6 HaH60~ xee SHaqHTeAbHbIe pacxomca naMJrTHHKOIB a'roro THna 6blAH npoasaeaeaet OKOAO MHHCKa na EaHgepoBcKOM ropozmge (puc. 4).7 HaxoAKH Toro me xapaxrepa npOMCXO,ll,HT H3 HHA'KHerO CAOJr H3- necraoro nHAbKaAbHHca y c. MemY.ll.RHbl B 6ac-

I npagbl Apxeoxerisnail xaxricii, II, 1930, crp, 336. 2 JI. K p ;oK H B H ~ K H H. [1ocAeJl.H.Hf! MOMeHTbI HeOAI1TH'1eCKOR snOXH B J\.HTBe. C60PHHK B "leCTb CeMH.llf!CJ'ITHAETHlI A. H. AHY'IHHa, M., 1913, CTp. 301-317.

3 ttl. B. n 0 K P 0 B C K H H. K HCCAe,1(OSaHHlO 6acceHna BnARR B apXeOAOrH'l:eCKOM OTHOllieHHH. T p. X Apxeox. Cbe3.lla, T. 1.

" TaM m.e, CTp. 165-167.

5 TaM 2Ke, CTp. 192 H Ta6A. XIII. 6 A. K p 2K H B n ~ K n H, YK. CO"!.

7 Marepaaxsr XpaH$lTC~ B HHCTHTY1'e HCTOPHH AH

BCCP. •

I

o

5 eM

7

PHC. 4. CeBepo~5eJ\.opycCIOl:e ropOllHtga. 1-3 -l{epaMHKa -B3 HHlI!HerO exoa EaHycpeBcJ{oro ropo,ltHtgn; 5-7-1{< pnM1Hta H3 lIHmaero CAOII flHJl.bRa x. bHacu Memy-J\.IIHbl; 4 - c{>a6YAn H3 EaH!J,cpcBClwro rop0J!Hl!:!.a.

~ MaT. 11 nccaen. llO apxeua. CCCP, J'I~ 6

18

3mH:OZflle3 80CmO'IllblX c.la8Jzri

-------~

ceH.He BU1I.UR, HCC1I.e",OSaHHoro B. A. KamupCKHM B 1907 r.l

3a nOCAe,1l;.HHe rO,1l;.bI ropozratge raxoro Tuna 6bIAO aCCAe.n;OBaHO na reppuropxa AaTBHH B cpezmev TeqeHHH .l(.BHHbl OK01l.0 Dignajas, B6AH3H H3BeCTaoro cpeaaesexosoro ropozta r epunrce (J ersika). 2 B OCHQlBaHlfH KyAbTypHoro CAO}l ITOCAC,1l;.HerO TaKfl<;.e HaH,1l;.eHa rpytiaa IIITpllXOBaHHa.a xepasraxa . .3 CYA.!I no pacxonxasr OKOAO Sarnates, rp,e OTKPblTO OLIeUb aarepecaoe TOpCP5IHHKOBOe nocexeaae, mTpHXOBaHHa5I KepaMJ-ma na repparopnn AaTBHH BOCXOp,UT K anoxe n03p,HeH 6POH3bL 0\

OqCHb B03MomHO, "ITO B p,aAbHCH.WeM ara rpynna ropop,MI!! pacnanaercs aa pRP' 60Aee MeAKHX AOKaAbHbIX no.n;pas.n;eAeHHH.

K cesepy H BOCTOKY OT Bepxnero nO,ll;HenpOBb5I, B 6acceHHe Bepxaeii BOAf'H H OKH, Aen'1HT 06AaCTb aanooxee xapaxrepuerx ,1l;.bHKOBbIX ropO,ll;Htg aasaxa HarueH spsr - rOpO,1l,HIg C TaK Ha3. CeTtraTOH HAll TeKCTHAbHon KepaMHKOH. (nOKpbITOH OTITeqaT~ KaMH TKaHM). KYAbTypa HaCeAeHHR: aToll oomnpHOH o6AacTll B aaxaxe Ham en apb! OTAHtlaAaCb OTHOCHTeAbHbIM o,cJ;Ho06paSHeM. B paiione BaA,ll;aUCKOH B03BblLUeHOC'l'H, na BOAre H na OKe, npa pacxorncax ropO,ll,uIJ! MomHO BCTpeTHTb MHoro 06- tgero: O,ll,HHaKOBbIe 2KeAe3HbIe H3,11,eAH5I, 6AH3KYK> no 0pHaMeHTY Ii cnoco6y H.3rOTOBAeHH5l: KepaMHKY, O.ltHH H re me csoeotipaaaere rAHH5l:HbIe npe,cJ;MeTbI HeH3BeCTHoro Ha3Ha"IeHH5I - TaK naasraaeusre «rpY3'HKH ,1I,b5IKOBa rnna» H T. s: Cpenn KOCTHbIX OCTaTKOB c aTHX ropoaarg ITpe06Aap,alOT KOCTH xonraaa H CBHHbH, "ITO YKa3bIiBaeT na csoeoopasHbIn xapaxrep CKOTOBO,ll;CTBa, BHAHMO 60Aee pa3~ BHToro snec», "IeM na t!:.Henpe, r lJ;e KOCTH AOIIIa,ll,H BCTpe'laIOTC.!I OqeHb pezxc.

HeCMOT;p5I rra HaAH[JHe 06rgHX 'lepT, CB5J3bISaIOI!!,RX apeanax 06HTaTeAen Bepxaero nOBOAl'Kb5I 13 O,ll;HO ge1l.oe, BHYTPH non 06mHpHon IlAeMeHHOH rpyrrsr Ha6AIO.n;aAHCb H .3HatrHTeAbHbIe AOKaAbHbIe OTAH"IH}l. OHa pacnaaaxacs aa TpM, a 1B03MO;KHO H na xersrpe 60M!e MeAKH.X rpyrmm: sepxaeoxCKYIO, BOAro-OKcKYIO, aepxaeaoxascxyro H BaA.n;auCKYlO. r paHHQ,bI 9'THX rpyrm xoryr' 6bITb naxe'{eHbI AHLUb oseas npH6AH.3UTeAbHO (pHC. 1). I1ocAe,1l,H.H:a rpynrra He MOmeT C"IH'TaTbC.!I OKOH"IaTe.i\.bHO YCTaHOBAeHHon, HO KaK 6Y.llTO 6bl ropo,1I,H!ga 6accenHa MC'TbI H BaA,lI,aaCKllX osep, oqeJ.!b n.i\.OXO IH3BeCTHbIe 'B aacroaigee BpeM5J, HeCKO.i\.bKO OTAUtralOTCa OT BepXHeBOAmCKHX. MaAO roro, oCTaTKH nocexeaaii C OeTqaTOH KepaMHKOH, HO He ropozonga, a ce1l.Hl!!a. H3BeCTHbI TaK me 3Ha"IHTeAbHo cesepaee H sarrazraee BaA.llaHCKOH B03BblIIIelHHOCTH - aa repparopaa AeHHHTlpaACiKoH 00611.., I02KHOH. KapeAHH 1'1 Cl)uHA5l:H,lI,HH H, naxoaeg, 3CTOHHM. 3a nOCAeAHue rozcsr ceAurge nasaxa H. a., ITO COCTaBY H xapaxrepy naxoaox oxeas 6AH3Koe

1 OAK, 1907, CTp. 106-107, MaTepHal1. xpaHHTC.I! B roc. 9pMHTame.

2 E. S nor e. Dignajas pilskalns. Senatne un Maksla, IV. Riga, 1939.

3 F. B a I 0 0 dis. jersika, Riga, 1940, Ta6A. 1.

4 Ed. Stu r m s. Sarnates purva mitnes, Senatne un Maksla, I, Riga, 1940.

BepXHeBOAmCKIIM H 'BaA,1I,ai1cKMM ropO,1l,HIgaM, 6bIAO HCCAe,ll,OBaHO OKOAO CeAeHH5I ACBa (Asva) na OCTpO!Be Caapevaa (3.3eAb). Oco6eHHOCTbK> cexarga ACBa 5iBA5IeTClI ,PR:,ll; 911.eMeHT'OB MaTepHaAbHoH KYAbTYPbI, CAomHBIIIHXC.!I non !BJ\.HHHHeM cpeane,eBpOneMCK:OH npOBHtI!!,HaAbHo- HAH, T04:Ht'e, nepnq)epHHHO-PHMCKOH: I,!,HBl1AHsaguH. 1

T aKHM o6pa30M aa npnxaraexoii xapre (pll1C. 1 ) WTPHXOBKY, IlOKpbIBalOIgYlO 06AaCTb 'fOPOAMIg C cer-raroii KepaMl1KOH,B03MO)KHO, CAe.zr;OBaJ\.O 6bI npOJJ;OAmHTb na cesep H ceaepo-sanan, TaK xax aa TeppliTopHU8cTOHHH, AeHHHrpa.n;CKoH 06AaCTH H IOmHbIX t.taCTe:H COHHA5IHAliH ,R KapeAHH B aa-raxe aaureii 9 pbI 06HTaAH nxexsena, nOBH.n;HMOIMY, 6.1\.1'13- KHe BepXHeBOA2KCK'RM H saAAaHcKHM.

r OpO,1l;.HIga mepxaero TeqeHH.!I BOArn H OKH HCCAe,ll,OBaHbI 3HatI'HTeAbHO xy-nne, "IeM ace npeasr,lI,YIgHe. EAarO,ll,ap.!I MHOroqHCAetIHbIM pacxcnxax BITOAHe YCTaHoBAeH xapax rep noCeAeHH:H II )KHAHlg, BbI}lBAeHbI MHOfHe oco6eHHoCTH aKoHOMHKH, mH3Hl1 H 6bITa ApeBHHx o6MTaTeAeH a1'HX MHHHano:pHbIX YKpenAeHHH.. 3Ha"IHTeAbHo xysme npopafioraaer l1 XpoHOAOrHqeCKHe aonpocsr, HeCMOTp5I na TO, "ITO HaXO,1l;.KH AaTHpYlOIgHX BeI,!!eH aa 60Aee p,peBHHx ropoamgax aroro paiioaa AeAaWTC.!I qpe3BblqaHHO peaxo.

CY,lJ,51 no ApeBHeH.lmtM naM5ITHHKaM, OTHOC.!I-

IgHMC5I K aaxaxy I TbIC}lqeAeTIUI .n;o H. a., OTMe- • xemraa senne O,ll,HOPOj'J;HOCTb KYAbTYPbI nAeMeH BOArH H OKH ITO}lBllAaCb ,ll;aAeRO He cpaay. B naqaAe U cepeaaae I TbIC5I'leAeTH.!I ,lI,O H. 9. B KYAllType 06HTaT,eA:eH p,peBHHX yxpenxennsrx nocexeaaii 04:eHb CHAbHO CKa.3bISaAaCb KYAbTypHa.a HeO,ll,HOPOAHOCTb nAeMeHHbIX rpyrm arroxn 6pOH3bI. KaK noxaaaxn HCCAep,OBaHH.!I M, B. T aAMgKoro, 06HapymHBllierOB BepXHeM Te"I,eHHH OKM erge 60Aee ztpee aae ropoznnga, qeM Crapuree KaLUHpCKoe, .n;arapyexoe B. A. r OPO.n;Q,OBbIM . VI I-V CT. zto H. 8., xyxe rypa 06I'iTaTeAen .n;peBHeM.llIHX OKCKHX ropo,lI,HIg YAepmHIBaAa MHorHe qepTbI MeCTHOH KYAbTYPbl snoxa 6POH3bI, aasecrnoii no paCKOITKaM n03AH5IKOBCKOro H flo,ll;6opHO'BClKOrO ceAHr.g, a TaKme MaAo-OKYAoBcKoro MorHAbHHKa. 2 T axoe me HBAeHMe B:bI.!IBHAOCb rrpa 113Y"IeHHH ,lJ,peSHeHWHX BepXHeBOAmCKIIX ropoamg. TIPOHCXO,ll,.!IIglie OTTY,1l,a KYAbTypHb!e OCTaTKH 3aKOHOMepHO 3aMbIKalOT XpOHOAOrH"Iecn!:H pH,ll, BepXHeSOAmCKHX ITaM}lTHHKOIB 9nOXH 6POH.3bI, xoropere .3aMeTHO OTAH"IalOTC5I OT OKCKHX, 3 KYAbTypa ropO,ll,.HIg C «cernarofi» xepaMHKOH OKOH"IaTeJ\.bHO CKAa,n;bIsaeTC.a AHlIIb B noCAe,1l,HHe CTOAeTHH AO H. 9.

He OCTaHaBAHBaalCb aa xapaxrepacraxe nepeQHCAeHbIX BbIllIe nxexennsrx rpynn Be:pxHen BOAm:

H OKH, OTMeTHM Hau6oJl.ee CYIBeCTBeHHble ocotieaHOCTH Kam,ll,OH H3 aux. 06HTaTeAui BepXHero T1e"IeHH5I OKH, eCAH Cy,ilMTb no MaTepHaAaM H3BeCT-

I R. Indreko_ Asva linnus-asula. Muistse Eesti linnused, Tartus, 1939. CTp. 18 Ii CA.

2 E. C. iK y K 0 B_ TeopIHI TeppliTopliaAbHbIX Ii XpOHOAOTIi'IeCKHX MOtJ;HqHl:Ka!!HH HeOAHTH'IeCKHX RyAbTyp. 3THOr parpna, NQ 1, 1929.

3 n. H. T p e r b H K 0 B. naMHTHHKH I TbICJI'IeAeTH.Il ,1l,0

H. a, B BepxHeM nOBoAmbe. KpaTKHe coo6r,g. I1I1MK, II, 1939, CTp_ 24-26.

noro roponarga y c. r peM51'lerO 1 H paaa Apymx naM51TH~IKOIB, B CBoeH KyAbType COLIeTa.'l.M "l:epTbI, npMCYI;gHe BeeM BOArO-OKCKHM IIlI.eMeHaM, c xepTaMH, xapaKTepMsyrorgM'MM 06HTaTeA'eu 6acceHHa jJ,eCHbI. Oco6eHHO 5IpKO crpasaxoce 9TO na xepa'MH'ieCKOM MaTepHaAe. Ha MHorHX ropoamgax sepXOBb(;:B OKM 6bIAH BCTpeG:eHbI OCTaTKH IIOAY3eMM.lHbIX lliHAHIg HeH3MeHHOH KpyrAoM qWpMbI, yaeplKHBalOIgHX 06AHK IIOCTpoeK 9IIOXH HeoAHTa. B BOAfO-OKCKOM paiioae, TotIHee B 06AaCTH Mea\:,1I.ypetIbR Bo.IITH H OKH. mHAHIgeM CAya>.HAll npeHMyxgeCTBeHHO He xpyr Able, a npawoyr-oxeaere 3eMA.RHKH. 8AeMeHTbl KYAb TY:_P bI ,ll;eCHHHCKHX IIAe'MeH 3p,eCb He rrpeacraaxexsr, HO CKa3bIBaeTC.H. 6AH30CTh nxexea BOCTO<IHoro flOBOMKb51, 2 H3BeCTHbiX ITO TaK Ha3blBaeMbIM «KOCTeHOCHbIM» rop0,ll,HIgaM I1pHKaMb51 H nOBeTAymMl. 3 Oco6eHHO OTQeTMiBO BH,lI,Hbl aTH BOCTOqHble qepTbl B MaTepl1aAaX ropo,lI,HIg nepxnero TeqeHH51 KOCTPOMbI, llCCAe,n;OBaH~ HbIX B 1908 r. B. H. fAa30BbIM4 H B' 1928 r. B. 11. CMHPHOBbIM.;; B 06AaCTH BepxHero OOBO.l\mMI HaMetIaIOTC51 60Aee cyigecraenaeie ocobennoCTH KYAbTypbI HaqaAa aaineii 9pbI. Toponmga HMelOT 3,1J,eCb HeCKOAbKO OC06YID ff!0PMY, nOAytIHB~ nryroca B peayxzrra're nO,ll,CbIIIaHHf[ IlJl.orga,n;KH 11 YKpeIIAeHH51 ee C IIOMOIgbIO ,n;BYX HAll rpex pBOB H HeBblcOKHX !BaAOB MemAY HHMH. HeCMOTpa Ha 3HaqHTeAbHbIe pacKoIIKH, Hll na OAHOM 113 sepxaeBOAmCKHX ropoztmg He H,all.n;eHbI CAe,lJ,bl 3,eMll51HOK • .?KHAHrgeM cAymHJl.H aaecs Ha3eMHbIe IIOCTPOUKH, o6HapymeHHbIe aa T onopxe, 6 aa ropO,ll,I1Igax CaBHHKOBCKOM, 7 r pexooyseacxox, r opO,ll,HIgeHCKOM 8 H ll,p. KepaMH'ieCKHH MaTepl1aA BepXHeBOAmCKHX ropCJJ:,HIg Yll,epiKHBaeT B opaaxenragna nexoropeie apxaannere q,epTbl, qTO p,eAaeT IIOCYP,y 60Aee pasaoofipaaaoii H Hap51,ll,Hoit 4arge, G:eM aa OKe, s aecs BCTpeqalOTCfI paaxnxaere KOCT51Hble H3,l1,eAH51, G:TO rarese r0J30pHT 06 113BecTHoM OTCTaAOCTH sepxneBOAmCKHX IlAeMeH no cpasueamo C ax lO1KHb[MJI coceaaun, naMfITHHKH BaAP,aMcKoll B03BbIllIeliHOCTH. HBBeCT'Hble no pacxonxaa rOpO,ll;HIM aa 03e~ pax Kal{JTHHcKOM,9 SOAoroM,10 Dy,ll,0po 11 M no p. MCTe. HeSHa'lHTeAbHO OTAlIqaIOTCfI OT aepxneBOAa>.CKHX H BbIll,eAeHHe nx B xasecree OC060ll rpyrrrrer He HBMleTC.$!. 6eccnopHbIM.

I H. vI, By J\ hI 'I e B. iKYPHaA paCKOll01{ 1898 r. 11;) 6eperaM OIur. M., 1899.

2 n. H. T p e r b ,H K 0 B. K HCTOPHH llAeMCH Bepxnero nOBOAiKbH B nepBOM 'blC;1T.IeAeTHH H. a. Me-rep, H HCCAep;. 1.0 apxeox. CCCp, N2 5, 1941.

3 A. 11. B a p a I{ C H H a. KOCTeHOCHble ropoAHlga KaMcxo-Bsrcsoro xpaa. 11:;!B. 06tg. apxeox., !leT. H aTHorp. npa KaMCKOM YHHB., T. XXXIV, ShIll. 3-4, CTp. 83-112.

4 APXHB I1HMK, ,ZleAO B. H. I' Aa30Ba sa 190B r. r, APXHB Hl1MK ,il,UO B 11. CMHpHoBa aa 1928 r.

6 lo, r. r e H l1. Y H e. r OpO;l'.HI!!e TonopoK. T p. II T aepcxoro OOA. apxeox. cneana. Tseps, 1906.

7 O. H. B a A e p. OT'leT 0 patio-rax 1932-1933 rr. aa CTPOHTehbCTBe KaRaM Moen a - BoAra. Vir AI1MK. 8blII. 109,1935, crp, 36.

8 I1cclle.zr;OBaHbI anropou B 1935-1937 rr. n 30PCA, VII, 8bUl. 2, CTp. 235.

10 J.1ccAe,llOBaHO aBTopOM B 1935 r.

JI PHA ropo,llllIg HCCAel(OBaH aBTopOM B 1929 r.

3*

B 1934-1935 rr. aaropou 9THX CTPOK 6bl.\H npoaaseaeaer paCKOIlKH roponmga OKO"\O f.l.. EepesH5IKH, B paiioae PbI6HHCKa, OTHOC,HIf!erOC51, npasaa, cxopee K cepeaaae, tIeM K aaxaxy HameR apbl. a HMeHHO K II I-V CT., HO no paAY ocotieaaocreii fiOAHOCTblO n_PllMbIKamrgero K ,lI,bfIKOBbIM ropOJ1,Hl!!,aM HaqaAa Harudi: SpbI. B BH,lI,y roro tITO aTO rOp0J,l,Hrge 5lBAfIeTCH e,lJ;l'!HCTBeHHbIM navaraaKOM ll,aHHOrO rana, HCClle,ll,OBaHHblM nOAHOCTblO, na HeM CAe)I,yeT KpaTKO OCTaHOBRTbCfI, <no6bI HeCKOAbKO .c:;onOAHHTb KOHKpeTHbIM MaTepHaAOM xapaKTepHCTHKY KYAbTypbI ropoamg, ,Il,aHHYlO B 06- 19HX qepTaX BbIllle.

-ev.

-o

<>

.~'.

....... ---10

-,

~.~i ~-- 6 ~ - t

~ -!

0.-8

P.le. 5. CxeMa"n1.qCCT~ljH Il!l.3.H paCKona aa ropOAHl!!e y

JI.. Bepe3a~HOl C 0603HaQeHlleM OCTaT!(OB DOCTpoeK.

I .- ()CTaTRIl "'lU.blJ< lIQMe'llelillti; 2 - ocrarxa 1>6!I.lCCTBeI!!Wl'O "'/llIUI!l'; 3- llOMeIJ.\elllle JlA" sepaa: 4 .- I<.y>!lmya; 5 - IlOcTpoilRa AMI IIp "AeIHlJl U rxaxe"~'na; 6 - lIorpe6aJl!>llblii IIQMHl<; 7-oc'raTl'>l Aepel3>'1HBOil Ol'paAbI: a·- J(y~H

nel'elRlI<eR!IOrO KaMHfJ; 6 - CTa.PJ~e pacsonxat 11 -- j[Mbl (IT C'l'OllOoa;

lc_. crop~B[!Jee ,J;epeno: .4 -~~ KlI.MlUl R O"!anL

Ha lIAOIgMH ropoaatga, He IlpeBblwaIOIgeH 2000 KB. M, oKpymeHHoH aexoraa npOqHOH orpa,ll,OH 113 6pCBeH, IIAeTH51 H 3eMAR, 6bIAH OTKpbITbl OCTaTKH O,ll,11HHa,ll,.gaTH nocrpoes Ha3CMHOl'Q rana, He CtIH.TafI sarona tJ;Jl.ll CKOTa, paCIlOAaraIBUICrOC51 OKO/lO BOPOT (pRC. 5), IJeHTpaJl.bHYlO xacre nxoLgalJ;IUI 3aHHMaA 60AbIllOH 6pCBeHt.IaTbIH ,lI,OM, C OTK:PbITblM OqarOM B CPCP.HCH 'IaCT:H'. 3Ta nocrpoiixa npC,lI,CTaBAHAa C060H 06r.geCTBeHHoe 3tJ;aHHC, 'ITO cxeayer He TOAbKO H3 MeCTonOJ\.omelUHI H 60AbIlloro pasxtepa ee, HO H H3 COCTasa HaXO,ll,OK, concex zpyroro, tIeM B iKI1AblX IIoMergeHI1,HX. OCTaTKll nOCJI.,C,1(HHX 6blAH scrpeseasi 13 qHCAe IlleCTH. OHM flIBM!AHCb B ll,peBHOCTl1 cpaannrexe-

20

PRC. 6. PeKoHcrpYKYHH nocexeaaa Y l!;. Depe3HHKH.

HO He60AblIIHMH np.R:MoyroAbHblMH 3,l1,aHH$lMH C oxarasra y .3a.ll;HeH CTeHbI. OKOAO geHTpaAbHoro ,ll.OMa acrpexeaer OCTaTKH aM6apl.J:HKa, cAyamBIDero ,ll;JI..sI xpaaeaas sepaa. P.R:AOM C HMM: nOMerga.l\.aCb o6mu;pHa.a KyBHH:ga, a aarrporan, no tJ;pyrylO CTOPOHY nAorgap,KH, - nocrpoiixa ,lI,.I\..R: 2K,eHCKHX pa- 60T: np5I,ll;eHb.R:, TKaQeCTBa, UIHTb.a. Haxoneg, BAeCb me. 6Al',(me K yeHTpaAbHoH qaCTH ropO<'!;HIQ,a, 6blAM BCTpeT.J:eHbl OCTaTKH norpedaxsaoro coopy.m:eHHH - MaAeHbKoro AOMHKa" B KOTOPbIH rrosreIgaAll OCTaTKH YMepUIHX, comm.eHHblX Ha orne rze-ro Ba npezexaxa nocexxa. B KOH'ge V CT. 9TOT lIOceAOK lIOfH6 OT nozsapa, qTO q;peSBblqaHHO 6AarOnpIH'ITHO OTpa3HAOCb aa coxpaHHOCTH ero OCTaTKOB.

BCKpbIT35I pacxomcaan xaprnaa H.Bo6pamaeT narpaapxaxsnoe raeaao (pRC. 6), nOCeJl.OK 60Jtbmoa ceMbH, na o6q!,mmblx nasaxax Be,ll,ytgeu csoe X035IHCTBO, HMeroIfI;eH o6lJ!He sarracer, naxoaeg, rrorpe6alOl!!eH OCTaHKH CBOHX Mep11BbIX B ceMeii:HOll ycemaxsaage - «,ll;OMHroe MepTBbIX». 1

«t(OMllK Me,pTBbIX» ropoznnga y ,It. Eepe3H5IKH - arc jiepaaa H noxa e,ll;HHCTBeHHa5I naxoztxa norpe- 6aAbHoro naMSlTHHKa snOXH JJ;bJrKOBbIX ropoamg 13 BoJtro-OKOKOM 6accerrHe. [JOSTOMY HeAbS.R: yrsep-

I n H. T p er b jJ f( 0 B. K acropaa nxexea Bepxaero flOBOJl.lKbSl BnepBIlM 'l'bIC~lIeAeTlIH H. a. Marep. H accxen, no apxeox, cecp, N~ S, 1941, CTp. 51.

mAaTb, xro TaKHe AOMHKH HMeAH nrapoxoe pacnpocrpaaeaxe. B TO 2Ke BpeMH 6blAO 6b! nenpaBHJtbHO paCCMa1'pHBaTI~ 9TOT tJ;OMHK KaK .aIBJl.eHHe e,ll;HHHQHoe. 1 KaK Mbl yBH.n;HM AaJthUle, ecre BCe OCHOBaHH.R: AYMaTb, qTO TaKHe tJ;OMHKH 6bIAH pacnpocrparreasr B BepXOBbfIX BOAtH, B 06AaCTH BaA.n;aHCKoH B03BblllIeHHOCTH H B aepxoae ax OKH, T' e. B T'eX 06AaCT$JX BOA2IS:CKOrO 6acceHHa. KOTO~ pere BnOCJl.eJl:,CTBHH astcrynaror KaK CAaB,SIHCRHe.

Bnoxae onpeaexeaao YCTaHaSAHBaeTC.a B HaCTO.llrgee BpeMJI 60J\bUla5IrIAeMeaHa.II rpynna 3anaP,Horo IloooAmb.a, 06pHCOBaHHa5I ropop,mgaMH C TaK ira- 3bIsaeMOH «porozsaoji» KepaMHKoH. Ta caMMI, ROTOpylO B. A. r OpO,ll;gOB na,3bIBa.J\ «!,opop:ey;~orr». Pa60TaMH B. B. rOAbMCTeH.2 H. Ap31OTOBa 3 - ii--,zt;p. rerreps 60Jtee HAH MeHee TBep.1l;O BbI.R:C'HeHO. \:fTO Ky.J\bTypa 9TlIX ropo;::t;HI!! reHeTWleCKH CB.R:aaaa c n03tJ;Herr «XBaJtbIHCKOH» KYJl.bTypOH anoxa 6POHSbI Cpeaaero DOBOA2Kb5I. Mnorae roponmga aa CpMHeH BOAre B HHm.HeM KY Jl.bTypHOM cxoe coaepacar «XBaAbIHCRHe» OCTaTI(H.

1 TaM zse, CTp. 58.

2 B. B. r o A b MeT e H. Apxeoxoraaecxae naMlITHHKH CaMapCIWH ry6. Tp.CeKgIiH apxeox, PAHl1.0H. IV,

1~a .

3 H. A p a !O TO B. ,l(peBHHe !PHHRol Haasaero no-

BOAmbH. CapaT013, 1928. - 0 H me. K sonpocy 0 TaK HaSblsaeMoii pOrOl{{HOH KepaMHKe. Tp. HmKHeBoAlKcK. 06A. o6rg. xpaeaezr., 1926, aem, 35, "Ii. 1.

II. H. Tpemsneo«: CeSepH.ble SOCmO'l.1-.0-C.IGBJ£XCKlle rrAe.'I1:-~Ha

----------- -------- -- .. - .. - .. - ... -

PacnpOCTpaH5I5!.Cb npeasrytgecraenao B o 611. acrn J\.eCOCTeIIH, ropcztatga 3anatJ,Horo OOBOJ\.*o51 IlOt.{T!! He 3axOA5IT na BOCTOt.IHbIH 6eper BO.h.r'H, rae E OpI1KaMbe 11 OOBeTJ\.yas:be, KaK yase OTMeQa.'I.0Cb, xeasaxa o6J\.aCTb rrJ\.eMeH coaeprneaao HHoro xapaxTepa, 113BeCTHbIX no KOCTeHOCHblM rOpOAm;!!aYl H rrb5lH06oPClKKM MOfHAbHHKaM.1,:J

Ha tore, B npezexax CapaTOBCKOH H OTlJ:aCTH BopOHemCKOH 06A., ropcznnga 3arra;(HOrO [10BOJ\.mMl rpaaaxar C TeppHTOpI1eH: crena, 3aH}{TOH B srroxy HX 6bITOIBaHH5I ROqeBblMH nAeMeHaMH, apxeoxornvecxae naMHTHHKH KOTOPblX XOPOlllO H3~ BeCTHbI.3

Ha ceaepe OHn conpHKaCalOTC5I C jl,b5lKOBCKHMH BOJ\.ro~oKcKHMH rOpO,1J,IHgaMH, pexe 0 KOTOPbIX WA::t asmre. r paI-ll-iga npOXO;I.HT npH6AH3HTeAbHO no OKe. B paiione PH3aHH rpamrga ropOAHI:g C poro.amoH KepaMHKoH HtI"eT na tor no BOAOpa3tI"eJ\.Y UHbI H jI,oHa. Ovens BepORTHO, tITO aTH ropo,lI,Hrga B tI"aAbHeHureM pacnazyrca na p5lJl, AOKaJ\.bUbIX rpynn. B HaCTORIgee IBpeM5I OHH erge oneae nxoxo HCC.I\.etI"OSaHbl. TIo COCTaBY HaxOAOK OHH oseae 6AH3KH rOpOJl,HrgaM C CeT'IaTOH KepaMI1IWM, HO lB xy AbType OCTaBHBIIIero HX HaCe.l\.eHHH CKa- 3bIBaeTCR 6AH30CTb CTerrHbIX npOCT:paHCTB.

T aKOBa aTHHtIeCKa5l xapra geHTpaJ\.bHblX o 6.1\. acTeH BOCToqHOH Esponer S aaxaxe HaweR apet. KOHTypbI pa3AHtJHbIX TI.I\.eMeHHblX rpyrm B HaCTOR~ rgee BpeMR eige He MorYT 6bITb 06pHCOBaHbI C Jl,O~ CTaTOqHOH qeTKOCTblO; Ma.l\.O roro, BOSMomHO, xro aa cesepe B npenexax OqepqeHHOH TeppHTopHH 6bIAO 60Abme nAeMeHHbIX 06pa30B3HHH, qeM ceiixac HaMeqaeTC51.

OCTalOTCH noxrn HeH3seCTHbIMH rral\HiTHHIOI naxaxa HaIlleH apsr K tor-y OT 4yAcKoro csepa H osepa YiAbMeHb; HHtIerO HeAb3:'! CKasaTb 0 naMRT~ IHIKax aepxonsea )J,oHa. BbIWC yxaaersaxocc, tITO BaA,lI,aHCKa5l rpyrma rOpOtI"HI!! nsrpacoaeraaercs xpaiine neonpeaexenao. Mallo H3yqeHbl TaIK2Ke ropop;H1:ga BOJ\.rO-OKCKHe II 3anap;HOBOJ\.LKCKHe. 00- CAeJl,HHe B ,lI,aAbHeHllieM, nOBll.ll;HMOMY, paCnatI"YTCR aa pH,/I; xoxaxeaerx rpyrm. Ha ceeepo-sanaae, B 06AaCTH IO*HO" OpH6aJ\.THKH, rae aa nocxeanne rO.llbI 6blAa nposeaeaa 60AbilIaH paoora no yse'ry ApeBH"X rOpOAl-tIg,! pacxorncn aTHX naM:'!THHKOB TOJ\.bKO AHWb iHaqaAHCb. 5 Erge xY2Ke OGCTOHT p'eAO C rraMHTHHKaMH 3anatI"HOll Ee.l\.0PYCCHII. no~ aTOMY aanaaaere rpaaagsr IOmHo~6eAO:ryCCI\oH H ceBepo~6eJ\.opYCCKOH nACMeHHblX rpyrm aaxana naweH apbI He MorYT 6bITb TOqHO YCTaHOBAeHbl.

I A. B .ap a K C H H a. KOCTpOMCKHe ropoamga Ka!'<lCKOBOAiKCKoro xpas. Y'!3B. 05tg. apxeox., ncr. It 9THorp. rrpa Ka:aaHcKOM 'YHltB., XXXIV, BDIlI. 3-4, 1929.

2 n. n. E cp II M e H K O. K HCTOPllll 3anaAHOro FloBOAlKbJl. B nepBOM TblCR'IeAeTHtl H. 3. COB. apxeox., N~ 2,

1937, CTp. 40. Z . d

a P. R a u. Die Hiigelgraber romischer ert an er

unteren Wolga. 1926. - 0 H )K e. Prahistorische Aus!l!rabungen auf der Steppenseite des deutschen W olgagcblets

im Jahre 1926, 1927. . .'

4 3CTOHHR: E. La i d. Ole vorgeschichtlichcn Burgen

Eestis. Tartu, 1924; AaTBuS!: E. Bra s t i n s. Latvijas Pilskalni, I-Ill, Riga, 1926, 1928, 1930; AII.Tsa:

P. Tar a sen k a. Lietuvos Archeologijos Mcdz.laga, Kaunas, 1928.

5 Muistse Ezsti linnused, Tartus, 1939.

21

8THo~reorpaq)H'IeCKal'l xapra lOamoH npH6aA~ THKH rroaaaepancxoro BpeMeHH, COCTaBAeHHaa:

H. Moara na OCHOBaHHH MaTeplfaAoB norpe6eHliH. naxtexaer Jl,Be OCHO!BHbIX rpymrer npatiaxTHHCKHX rrAeMeH - OA-HY aa repparopaa 8CTOHHH H qaCTHqHO AaTBHH, APyrylO - B HH30Bbl'lX 3an. .llBHHbI H B 6acceHHe HeMaHa.1 BTa KapTa orpazsaer yzse nOCAel.!;Y'.orgHH KYJl.bTYPHbIH ar an. Ol.!;HaKO BTOpaJi IO*HO~IlpH6aATHii:cKall rpynna.J.peBHl'lH A-eTO-j\HTOBCKaR, - nOBHAUMOMY, C'B5IiBeTCJJ C HaMeqeHHOH aenne rpyrmoji cesepo-fiexopyccxax i! AHTOBCI<IiX ropo.aarg.

T aI<H~t 06pa30M npiraeaeanaa BbIUIe xapra HeCO!>lHeHHO nonaeprnerca B tI"aAbHeHllleM HeKOTopbIM yTOtIHeHH5IM. HeCMOTpn aa see CBOH B03MomHble Hep,OCTaTKH, HeH36eambre B nepaoii pe,QaKQ,HH, OHa rrpeztcraaxser orpOMHbIM aarepec Ii n03BOJ\HeT caexare geAbIR p5lft. CYIf!eCTBeHHbIX BbIBOAOB.

Ilpem..u.e BCerO CTaHOBHTC5I RCHbIM, 'ITO cesepHble IIAeMeHHble rpynrn» naxaxa nanreii 3pbl B ripeztexax OqepqeHHOH reppnropaa COCTaBAHAH xerupe OCHOBHblX MaCCHBa: .. p,HerrpOBCKHH, sepXHeBOJ\.mfI\J:1H, ROTOPbIH, BepOiiTHO, npaaaxsaee 6b1A'O 6bl nagBaTb ceaepnsrii, CpeP,He'BOAmCKHH Ii MaCCHB IIJ\eMeH C OC060M KYAbTypOH no 3an. ,llBliHe II HeMaHy.CYAJJ TID .llHenpOBCKIlM H sepXHeBOA}KCKHM rOpOlJ;HlgaM, H3BeCTHblM 3Hat.{l1TeJ\.bHO xyxure, qeM naMllTHHKH npyrnx >pali:oHos. OT.1I.eJ\.bHble TIJl.eMeHHbre rpyrmsr, BXOAHBiliHe 13 TOT 'R tI"pyroH MaCCHS, 3aMeTHO OTAHt1aAHCb OJl,Ha OT zipyroic, 4eTKHX rpaaag He TOJ\.bKO BHYTPH Ha3BaHHbIX MaCCHBOB, HO M MemJ1.Y HHMH,OAHaKo, He cyrgecrsosaxo. HrunpHMep 'B KYAbType l.!;eCHl1HCKOH rpynrrsr HM>eeTCji MHoro o6l!!ero c KYAbTYPOH HaCeAeHH5l aepxoasee OKH; IIJ\eMeHa aepxuero TeqeHH5I BOArH HMe.l\.H pHA 06I!!HX xepr xax c IIAeMenaMI1 sepxoaeea )J.nerrpa, TaK n C nacexennea 6acceHHa 3ana,QHOH ,llBHHbI, Ii T. jI,.

ApxeOAOrH'leCKI-Je rraMllTHHKH n03BOMUOT rOBOpHTb 0 r Ay60KHX MeCTHbIX xopnax BceX rrepexucAeHHblX Bblwe IlAeM,eHHbIX rpyrm. Sho 6bI.I\.O naceAeHHe, rrpeztxa xorcporo, Hatnll-raj{ C OTAaJ\.eHHoll npeaaocra, BO BC:'!I(OM cxyvae C 3nOXH 6pOH3bl. 06HTaAif B 3THX me caMblX 06AaCT51X 18 aenocpeaCTBeHHCM cocezcrae apyr C zipyr-ox. fl03TOMY TaR MHoro 061IJero H otiaapyasuaaerca npn conocrasJ\.eHYfU KYAbTYf)bl cocemrax nxeuennetx rpyrm.

He MeHee HHTepeCHO II TO, 'ITO nxexeaa, o6rr- .. rasurae B r Ay6HHe xecon, BHe KaKOrO~Jl.H6o 3aMen!Oro B03,ll,eHCTB'H5I co CTOPOHbI I,,!HBHAH30BaH" aoro sora, C03jI,aAH K aaxaxy aanreii apbI KYAb~ TYPY, tI"aAeKO He HaCTOJ\.bKo npllMMTHBHYlO, "lT06bl ee BOBce HeAb351 6blAO cpaaaa+s C I<YAbTYPOll o6nTaTeAeH Cpeaaero OOAHenpOBbll. ECAI1 rtorrsrTaTbC:'! BbIAeAHTb B MaTepHaAe «rroAeii norpetieHHib MeCTHbre xeprer, reHeTU'IeCKH BOCXO'.ll51IgHe K arroxe CKHlf!0B-3eMAe,ll;ellbgeB. OT6poCHB 3AeMeHTbl npoaanrjaaxsao-pnwcxoro xapaxrepa, TO B KYAbType cp>eJl.HeAHerrpOBCKMX ITJ\eMeu nasaxa uaurea apbl 11 MX 6MUKaMIllHX ceaepaetx coceaeii TaKJKe 06HapYiBHBaeTCll MHoro o6rgero. OqeBH)J,HO,

I H. Moo r a. Die Eisenz.eit in Lettland bis etwa 500 n Chr., II, Tartu, 1938, CTp. 622.

22

3mH.OZeH.€3 80CmOI{}{blX CAa851H.

Me*AY nxeueaaaa Cpeaaero nOAHenpOBbR H nacexeaaea 60Aee CeSepHlJIX 06AaCTeH He 6bIAO HenpOXO,lJ,HMOH nponacra, He 6bIAO pe3KOH rpaua.

jJ;aAbHeHUIaR eYAb6a ceaepmsx nAeMeH, H3AOmeHHaH B nocxenyroigax rwaaax, nOSBOA)leT YTBep~ m.l{aTb, 'ITO IITAeMeHHbie r-pyrmsr naxaxa HarneH apsr HBAHA'HCb npe,1l;KaMH cesepnerx CAaSHHCKHX, qlHHeKHx H AeTO~AHTOBCKHX rrxeven, nAeMeHa aaxaxa Harneli: 9pbI - 9TO Te caxsre «ceaepnere capxarm», 0 cyr,geCTIBOBaHHH H OTHOCHTeAbI·lOH OlJ;HOPO.n;HOCTH KOTOPbIX aa UIHpOKHX npocrpanCTBax AeCHoro ceBepa rOlBO:pHA H. 5I. Mapp. 1

BODPOCbI 3THOrOHyH1 CEBEPHbIX CAABflHCKHX f1AEMEH

I

K cepeaane I TbIC51qeJl.eTHH H. 9. aTHH"IeCKa51 xapra AeeHbIX 06AaCTeH BOCTO"IHOH EsponbI np'H~ ofiperaer HOBbIe KOHTypbI H HOBoe cozepasaaae, OHa eTaHOBHTCR M,eHee AOCKYTHOH. MeHee necrpOH. Ha MeCTe O'f\lJ;eAbHbIX nxeneaaerx 06pa30Ba. HHH nasaxa HarueH aper ,BO.3HHKaIOT otitnapaere aTHHqeCKHe rpynnsr, COCTOHI,!!He eCAH He HS O.n;HOpoaasrx, TO BO BCRKOM cayxae us 6,,\H.3KHX no caoeii KYAbTy:pe cxaraexrerx. O.l{Ha H3 TaKHX rpynrr TIIrOTeAa K Cpe.lI.HeMY f1oBoAmblO, .l);pyraa K 06~ AaCTH BepXHero nOAHenpOlBb~, 'rpere s K lOmHOH ITpH6aATHKe. Ceaepasre capnarer B 0AHHX Mecrax, HaqHHaR C II-III CT. H. 9., B .lI.pyrHx - HeCKOAbKO noazse nOBceMeCTHO BCTynHAH. B HOBylO 1la3Y pa3BHTHR, 3aKAa,1l,bISaR OCHOBbl 9THliQeCKOH xap rsr, HSBeCTHOH no «nOSeCTH IBpeMeHHbIX AeT» H coxpaHHKlIQeHCR B OCHOBHbIX xeprax anxor» AO HaCTOH,":

I,gero B:peMem-l.

8rHHqeCKHH COCTas HaceAeHHH AeCHOH rrOAOCbI BOCTOqHOH Esponu B cepeaaae I TblC}):'leAeTH1! H. B. HaIfaA BbIJICHHTbCH AHUIb B rrOCA,eAHHe fOAbI. B patiorax Il. TI. EqlHMeHKo nOAYlJ:HAH r Ay60Koe ccseigeaae xarepzaxer 3ana.n;Hofo DOIBOA2'KbH, npHH:a,1J,Aem.al!l,He npenxaa MQip,IT,OIBCKO-MypOIMCKHX nxexea, El!l,e B 1926 r. B CBoeK nepaoii pafio re, nOeBRIgeHHOH: MorHAbHHKaM cpeanero Te"IeH'H1! OKH, IT. n. E!lllIMeHKo 6bl.l\.O YKa3aHO, 'ITO «HerrOCpe,1l;CTBeHHbIM coceaora aToH HapoAHoCTH aa aanane 6bIAO otimnpnoe n.,\eMJI, xcropoe Mbl 3HaeM KaK HOCHT'e.l\.H OKcRo·,IT,HerrpOBcKo-6a.,\THHcKOH KY.,\bTYPbI H KOTOPoe nesorcpeie CKAOHHbI CqHTaTb roTaMH, XOT5I HM'eerCR 60Abme OCHoBaHHR BH,zJ;eTb B HHX npezxoe NHToBcKo-6aATHMcKoM 9THH'lecKoH rpyrrmr, a MomeT 6bITb H He pa3lJ;e.,\eHHbIX C HHMH CAaBHH)}. 2 HeCKOJ\bKQ HHoe, 60Aee onpenexeaaoe, ocsergeaae nOJ\yqHJl.H BOCTOqHble cocezra rrpHBOA2KCKRX rrxexea B nOCAe,1J,YlOI,!!HX pa60Tax Toro me anropa. «Becaaa B03MomHo, - nacax TI. IT. E!llH~ MeHKO, - qTO OHH oKamYTC5'I TeM'H :aaqaTOIfHbIMH HeTOpH"IeeKHMH 06pa30BaHH.s:!MH, as KOT6pbIX SbI~ paCTaKlT ,1I;petBHepYCCIKHe ITA'eMeHa Harr:aAbHoro rre-

I H. 5I. Map p, l.JYBaWH-.IIq'JeTH,1l;bI na BOAre. Yh6p. pa6" T. V. CTp. 361.

2 D. D. E q'J H M e H K O. P~3aHCKHe MOrHlI.bHHKl{. MaTep. no araorp., III, asm, 1, 1926, CTp. 82.

paoza pyccxoii HCTOPHU».l B aTH rozrsr, 6AarO~ p,apH pa60TaiM H. Moora, 2 F. Balodis'a 3 H APY. rHX HCCAelJ;OBaTeAeH., rpyrrrra 6aATH~kKHX nxeerea H xapaxrep ee lJ;peBHeH: xyxe ryper yzse HaCTOAbKO orrpenexaxacs, qTO CTaAO BO.3MO~mbIM pacxxenare «OKCKO~,IT,HerrpOSCKo~6aATHHCKYKl IKyAhTYPY» na ,1I;BC qaCTH: C06CTBeHHO 6aATHMCKYlO H .lI.HenpOBCKYlO.n;peBHeCAaBHHCKYKl.

B nOCAe.lI.YIOrgcM H3AomeHHU 0,11;80 as BamHeH~ UlHX MeCT .D.oAmeH aaaxrts aorrpoc 0 npn-norax nOfIBAeHHH na ceaepe COBpeMeHHblX 3THHQeCK'HX fpynrr, 06 s rarte HCTOpHQeCKOrO npogecca, orrpeaexasurero 9TH rrpHIfHHlJI, HaKOHe!! norrpoc 0 BHeIlIHUX HCT'OpH'qeCKHX YCACIBHRX, xoropere, BepORTHO, TaKLI~e csrrpaxa HeMaAOIBa2KHYIO POAb B 1>opMHpoBa~ HliH cesepasrx BOCTOqHO-CAaSSlliCKHX, nOBOAmCKHX n AeTO-J\.HTOBCKHX n.l\eMeH.

Crapas apxeoxoraa, CJ\.e,1l;YR YKopeHHBUIHMCl'J

MeTarpH3urr:eCKHM B3fAH,lJ,aM na HCTOpHqeCKHH: npogece, oc060 non-repxnaaxa SHaqeHUe BHeI1IHHX YCAOBHH, a nepe axo TOAbKO UMH !oJ 06'b.R:CHHAa ace H.3MeHeHHH B llCTOpHqeCKOH mH3HH. T ax, nanpsorep, H3BeCTHbIH: 3HaTOK BOCTOlJ:HO-eSponeHCKHX zipeaHOCTeH A. M. T allgreu, B rrpencr aa.xennn KOTOporo nacexenae AeCHOH nOAoCbI BOCTOqHOR Esporrsi HBA.s:!AOCb, arrpoxew, aMopqlHoM MaCCOH yrpo-rpnnCKHX nxesrea, eAHHCTBeHHOH rrpH'fHHOH Kop·eHHbIX rtepevea B mHSHH aroro HaCeAeHH1! B III-V CT. H. a. CqUTaA BAHB"HHe rOTCKOH KYAbTyphI. Mory~ Ifero ro'rcxoro racy p,apCTBa, 5IKo6bl pacnpocrpaHlfBIUerOC1! B 9TH CTOAeTH}! AaAeKO aa ceaep OT YepHoro MOP1!,4 KaK aTO 06PHCOBblBaeT rOTCKHH:

HCTOP11K HOp,lI;aH. HeAlJ.3H corxacrrreca C TaKHM O.lI.HOCTOPOHHHM asr A5I.lI.OM Ha HCTOpH'leCKHH npogeec. 06uTaTeAH cesepasrx AeCOB B rexeaae TbICHqeAeTHH rrpoaexaxa orpoMHbIH nyrs OT' xaxerraoro sexa JJ;O anoxn 2KeAe3a, OT rrpHMHTHBHoro OXOTHHqberO X03S1HcTBa .1);0 3eMAe.lI.eJ\.HH H CKOTOBOk craa. ,l(aAbHeHmaH HX HCTOPHR, lJ;a'AbHeHI1Iee pasBHTHe HX KyAbTYPbI TaKme rraraxoce npezsne scero BHYTpeHHHMH CHAaMH.

Ho rrpexcae rr:eM nepeiirn K aTHM CA01KHbIM BO:qpocaM, Heo6xo,lJ,HMO ofiocnoaare cpaKTH"IeCK'HM MaTepHaAoM OCHOBHYIO Mb[CAb - aBTOXTOHHOCTh HCTOpU"IeCKOrO n.pogecca B '1'eqeHHe I TbICHtIeAeTHJI H. a. 'Ha BoeH T'ClppHTOpmr Bepxu:e,lJ,HerrpOBcxoro H BOAro~OKcKoro 6aC'ceiiltoB, a TaKme 06pH. COBaTb KOHTypbI HOBOH aTHHqeCKOH: xaprer, CAO~ mnBmeHca K cepezane I TbIC5'I"IeAeT'HH H. a.

II

flOJ); aa A II 10 Igee ,60AbIDHHCTIB0 ropozong BOAroOKoC,Koro6aoceHHa CO.lI.e:p2KHT CAe.lI.bl 06HTaHHII He

1 n. D. E!tJ H M e H K O. K HCTOPHH 3arraJJ.Horo Do-

BOAmb.ll B nepaosr TbIC.II'leAeTIHI H. a. (Te3Hcbl ,1l;oKAall,a).

l,h,lJ,. AH CCCP, 1936, CTp. 3.

2 H. Moo r a, Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500

n. Chr. I-II. T artu, 1939.

3 F. B a 1 0 dis in: R. S nor e. Latviesu kultura se~ natne. Riga, 1937.

4 A. M. Tall g r e n. L'Orient et l'Occident dans rage du fer finnoougrien jusq' au IX-e siecle de notre ere. Suomen Muinaislnuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja, XXXV,

3, 1924. ..

TOAbKO B nasaxe HameR spsr, HO H B rrccxeayioIgHe CTOAeTIUi. El!!e co speaea B. B. CU30Ba, HCCAe.n;OBaBillero «ropOAOK)} Y c. ,lLbJrKoBa nOA MocsBoil, 1 CTaAO H3BeCTHO, tl:TO y 60AbIIIHHCTBa ropoA'H~ Ha.n; OCHOBHbIM KYAbTypHblM CAoeM C cerxaTOa KepaMHIWH: HMeerCH CAOH C nocynoii 6e3 OPElaMeHTa. .z:LpyroH BergecTBeHHbIH: MaTepHaA BepXHHX cxoes TaKme OTJl.IIT·meTC$I HeKOTopbIMH ocofieanoCT5IMH. flo MHeHIUO 6cAblIIllHCTBa HCCAe,1l;OBareAeM, paSAj.ftme B xapaxrepe xrarepaaxa as .BepxH'IlX H HlimHliX CAoeB AbHKOBbIX rOpOAHI!! Hym.HO paCCMaTpHBaTb AHIllo B XpOHOAOrUqeCKOM UJ\aHe. OHO rOBopHT 06 H3Me:aeRHH KyAbTypl:>I op,Roro H roro me HaceAe1HH1, npHTOM TaKOM H3MeHeHHH, xoropoe IliAO no nYTMl paspyureana CTapbIX MeeTHbIx KYAbTypHbIX ocotiennocreii.

OAHO BpervuI rtpo'ras aSTOXTOHHOCTH HCTOpI1Qecxoro npogecca B 06l1.aCTH cpenaero Te'l:eHH.H OKM sospazsax n. fl. Eq:lHMeHKo, aa OCHOBaHHH CSOHX pacxonox na ropozarge y c. BbIlllfOPOP" OKOAO P513aHM. MOIgHbIH KYAbTypHbIll cAoH c CeT':IaTOH KepaMHKoH 6blA OT,lI,.eAeH TaM OT sepxaero CJ\.O.H XOP0Il10 BblpameHHOH CTepHlI.bHOM. rrpOCAoHKOH. [1oAYQall.OCb nnexarxeaae, 'ITO' BepXHIfH: ropH30HT

. OCTaBAeH coecen ApyrIfM aacexeaaew, BaHa-BWHM crapoe MHoro AeT nYCTOBaBwee rOpOAI'rIMe.:l BrIO~ CAeACTBIfH OKasaAOCb, 'ITO CTpaTHrpa({nH[ BbIwropO.;:l;CKOrO ropOJ);'IfI.ga rrpeacras.xner C060H eAHHW·IHoe 5lBAeHIfe. nOJJ;aBAJrIOIgee OOAbIllMHCTBO OKCKMX ropoamg, coaepzsatgnx KYAbTypHbIH: CAO» C neop:aaMeHTHposaHHoH KepaMHl'WH:, He HMeeT HHKaKIIX CTep!IAbHbIX npocxoex. MaAO roro, aa 8THX ropo-

. jJ,IiIgax, TOqHO TaK ?Ke KaK II{ na BOJUKCKHX, Me1liAY HHmHHM H BepXHHM CA051MH He Ha6AIO,lJ.aeTCH HHKaKOM orrpeaexenaoii rpaHlrgbr. HaAHgo rrOAHej:'!~ uraa npeeMCTBeHHOCTb B pa.3BHTHH KyAbTYPbl; CTOAeTHHMH sp,eCb mHAO OjllHO II TO me aacexeaae.

113 ropoamg, crpararpaqiaa KOTOPblX nOAHOCTblO nO,1(.TBep2KljlaeT 9TOT BbIBOp" fB aepxaera TeqeHHH OKH Ha3'OBeM <lJe,lJ;.HmeBCKOe 3 H r peM5lqee, 4 Ha Mocsaa-peee - 4bHKO!BO 5 III EapBlIxHHCKoe, 6 B cpeAHeM TeqeHlfH OKII - ropcamga OaAegKoe;' Axrraraescxoe, MllTHH'CKOe, f1aAbHoBCKoe, TpoaneFlexenagxoe H MHome APYfHe,7 B BepxHCM DoBOMKble·_, roponmga CMHbKoBcKo'e, g T orropox, \l

I B. 11. C H 3 0 B. ,lLb1IKOBO ropoAHrge. T p. IX Apxeox.

C'beS,1J,a, II, CTp. 256-257.

2 n. n. E <p If M e H K O. P xsaircxne MorHAbHHKH. MaTep. no ar aorp., II L BbIll. 1. 1926, CTp. 63-64.

3 B. A. r 0 p 0 Ago B. OT'leT 06 apXeOAOrH'lCCKHX HeCABp,OBaamlX B l{OAHHC p. OKM B 1897 r. ,lI,peBlIocTH,

XVII,cTe. 1-10. I I l i I; "I

4 H. 11. E Y A hI 'I e B. IKYPHaA pacxonos 1898 r. no 6eperaM Or-tH. M., 1899.

5 B. 11. C H 3 0 B. YIC cos., CTp. 258.

6 A. A. E B T 10 X 0 8 a. EapSlfXHHCKoe ropoamge, COB. apxeox. III, 1937, CTp. 113-126.

7 O. H. T p e r b .Il K 0 B. K HCTOPHH p,Of:(AaCCOBOro 05.

I)!ecTBa BepxHero ITOBoMKbJl. 11T AI1MK BblII. 106, 1934, CTp. 155.

ri A. A, e CI H 16 bl H. HOBbIe CBMeHlut 0 ropoxnrgax

,lI;bRKoaa nma. 30PCA, T. VII, BblII 1, 1905, CTp. -85 If ex, IiI nOCAe.n;HHe rozrei naMJ!THHK 6blA HCCAe.n;oaaH O. H. 6a.ztepoM.

9 10. r. r e H JI. Y a c. r cponmge T onopox, T p. II 06A.

Tsepcsoro apxeox, C'bC2.n;a. TBepb, 1906, crp. 261.

23

Tpexopvseacsoe, I'opoamgeacxce HAP.) B 06- AaCTH BaAJI,aHCKOH: B03BblweHHOCT'lf raKYIO RapTHEy .w;"aeT rOp0Jl,Mrge WBe,lCKaH ropxa aa 03, BOAorOECROM:) H ropoamge aa 03. T aureapa, 8 HaKoaeB, B Cpe;J,HeM DOBOAllibe }f3 rOpOAHl!! C poromrIOH Kepal\.!HKOH ~ HHmHeM CAOe H C HeapHaMeHTHpOBaHHOH nocyaoii B BepXHeM cxoe aasoBeM 4ap.n;bIHCKoe.4

DpHBe.rr.eHHbIH C!lnCOR MOIKHO 6blAO 6bl 6e3 TpYAa yseAHqHTh H B IT5ITb H B AeC.l'ITb pa3, YKasaa na ropOAMIQ,a, accxenosaamse sa TIOCAe,1;HHe ro,rr.bI B SOHe CTpOHTeAbCTBa xaaaxa MOCKsaBOAra, xa ropO,J,Hrga no p. IVlo,'I.Ore H f\.1cTe, aa rpynny KOCTpoMCKllc ropoanrg, aa ropoamga rro HepAH BoAmCKOH, HepAH KA.!l3bMeHCKoH If KA51- soMe, aa ropoamga no MOKrne, Y rpe, lKll3-

,lI,pe Ii T. ,lI,. .

Bpexa aepxaax CAoeB cpeJJ;HeBOMKCKHX H OKCKHX roponaq; - III, HepeAKO IV-V CT. OE» O,ll,HOBpeMeHHbI, CAep.OBaT(~AbHO. 60Aee paHHHM OK~ CKHM Ii cpe;.l,HeBOMKCKHM MorHAbHHKaM. BepxneBOMKCKHe roponarga ,11,OXOJJ;51T ;;;0 V 'H aaase VI CT. I'opoanrga nepxaero TeqeHHJI OKH npop,OMKaAIi CPYHKgHoHMpoBaTb !B xasec'rae noCeAeHHH: ex,ge aoxeure -,lJ;O VIII-X CT., a HeptJJ;KO M )1;0 XII-XIII CT, 06ocHoBaHlle scex STftX gncpp 6Y,ll,CT ziano s ClI.e,ll,YIOLBeil: r xase.

He Meaee onpenexenaaa KapTHHa aBTOXTOHHoro pa3BnTM~ B resenae I TbIC.lilJeJ\eTHlI H. EI. set- 5:lBlI.5:leTC.H na ocaoaaaaa vcrpararpatpaa H Bel!!e~ CTBeHHoro MaTepY.laJl.a r40p0,ll;HIg 6acceHHa ,ZJ,Hel1pa.

BbIllle (CTp, 15) 6bIJ\.O nocsmgeao HeCKOAbKO CTPOK COCTaBY KYAbTypHbIX HaCAoeHllH ,lLeCHHHCKHX ropoaarg, rae eAOH c naxop,KaMH naxaxa aameii spsr nocxenoaarexeuo CM·ell5110TCa CAO$lMli cepezraaer H KOHga I TblCaqeAeTlHI H. 9., a aepeaxo H BeAHKOKH5:HlieCKOH anOXH, orpazsas nocrenennoe paSBHTHe MCCTHOH xy AbTypbI. Taxoe me HBAeHi-le rrpOCAerKHBaeTC5l npa IHsyqeaHH MHOfHX AeC.HTKOB rcpozcs GMO AeHIgHH bI If EeAOPYCCHH, Ka!K wmHoH, TaK a ceaepaofi. npHMepOM MorYT CAya:.WTb y*e 3HaKoMoe HaM EaHgepeBcKoe roponmge OKOAO MHHCKa, rae nosepx CAO)! aaxaxa nauieii apb! Af£KaT OCTaTKI1 KYAbTYPI.>! VI--VlII CT., 5 1V\11 repMuHOBCKoe roponmge OKOJ\.O Opura, conepzsargee ,lI;peBHIOIQ lllTpnXOBaHHYIQ, 60Ace nOS,lI,HIQIO rpyoyio HeopHaMeHTHpOBaHHYIO U, aaxoueg, rOHqapHYIO K·epaMHKY XI-XII CT.6 TaKHe me uaXO,ll,RH C,l(eJl.aHbI ua CTapoceAbCKOM ropOAHllJC OROAO

1 [1. H. T p e r b JI )( a B, K 11CTOPHH ITil.eMCH Bepxnero nOBOAlKbJl B rrepaox TblCHqCAenili H. s. Marep. Ii uccxea, POO apxeox. cecp. NS! 5, 1941. Il pIUtoJICeH.He I.

2 PaCKonKH asropa 1935 r.

3 06C.II.e]lOBaHO aaropox B 1929 r.

·1 l-hsecTl-m CapaTollt:Koro HHamc-BoAll'{CKorO IlHCTHTYTa KpaCBCp,eHH5.l, T. V, 1933, CTp. 63~65.

5 Marepaax xpaHHTCH B HnCT}fTYTe lICTOPHH AH

BCep. KpaTKI:!C ,ll,aHHble oCIy6AIH(oBIl.Hbl IB ,(Varia) «Ficrap.bIlIHa-Apxeo.I\.C·mqHarO 360puiKa IHcTblTYTY Eexapycxae KYAbTYpW) (N! 1, 1927).

(l Ma-repaax xpaaarcn TaM me. Kpa'l'lUie p,aHHble orryfiAHl\OBaHbl B C60pHURC «Dpa1'!l:tI ApxeoAel.'illl:aii KaMicii AH Beep» (II, 1930, CTp. 81-83, 96-97,.

24

BHTe6cKa, H na MHOrHX CMOAeliCKHX ropoamgax B BepXOBb5lX 4Henpa. I

K cepeztane I TbIC}lt{eAeTHa H. 9. B OOp;HenpOBbe, KaK H B BOAro-OKCKOM 6aCCeH.He. 0 qeM rOBOpHAOCb senue, 3aMeTHO CTHpaIOTC}I crapsre AOKaAbHble pa3AHQml:, YCTynaH MeCTO OTHOCHTeAbHOMY oJJ.Hoo6pa:;HUO KYAbTYPbl. Eha HOBaa KYAbrypa 06HTaTeAea Bepxsero OOAHenpOBbH, nOAp06- nas XapaI<TepHCTHKa KOTOPOH 6YJJ.eT JJ.aHa HHJKC, 3aMeTHO OTAH'laAaCb OT HOBoa KYllbTYPbI nAeMeH OOBOAiKb}l. r pamrga Mem,lJ,Y TeMH H ,n;PYrHMH nxeMeHaMH npOXO,lJ,HAa He TOqHO no BOMKCKO-,IJ,HerrpOBCKOMY sonopas.aexy, a HeCKOAbKO BOCTOtIHee, OTcexaa 'OT BOAro-OKCKoro 6acceMHa aa tore aepxnee TeqeHHe OKH c ee npHTOKaMH Y rpoii H fi'i.H3.u,pOM. na cesepe - BaA]J,aHCKYffi B03iBbIllieHHOCTb Ii KaK 6YATO 6bl caMbIH BepXHHH orpesox Te'leHI151 BOAI'H.

HaH60Aee nOI(a3aTeAbHblM MaTcpHaAoM, HpKO 06PHCOBblBalOI!!HM xonrypet napozsaaiorgaxca ceaepnmx BOCTOqHO-CAaBHHCKHX rrACMeH H coceznero socroxao-onacsoro MHpa, cAy.maT He CTOAbI\O MaTepHaAbl ropO]J,Hl!!,. CKOAbKO norperiaxsmae rraM5lTHHKH, cosepurenao pa3llH'lHble B DOAHenpO{Bbe H f1oBOA2Kbe. OT V-.-VII CT., a B03MO.mHO 1t OT HeCROAb!W 60Aee panaero BpeMeHH no aceii rep.pHTOpHH ceaepnsrx BOCTOqHO-CAaBHHCKHX nAeMeH coxpaanxace norpetiaxnnere naMJlTHHKH B BHAe xypraaoa C TpynoC02K2KeHHeM, B HeCIWAbKO BH)l;OH3MeHeHHbIX ¢opMax ,lJ,OmHBaIOIg'Hx y aTHX nxeMeH, KaK H3BCCTRO, /1,0 IX-X, a MeCTaMI{ H XI CT. Y 'lTAC:MeH 3ana]J,Horo DOBOll.mb5I, Ra'<IHHaJl co II-II I CT., aaxaxa pacnpocrpaaareca rrorpefiaxuHbre 06bP~all COBepmeHHO aaoro xapaxrepa, 0 qeM rOBOp5[T pHl]J,OBble MorHAbHHKH 6e3 KaKHX~AH6o aacsmeii. ITOr'pe6aAbHbIM 06PHAOM 6blAO npeaxyIgeCTBeHHO rpynorroxozceaae. MOfHAbHHKH raaoro rnrra Y acex RapO]J,OB DOBOJl.m.b5l ,1l;O.<KHAH ,lJ,O XVXVII CT., ,lI,O xpHcTHaHH3a~HH, xoraa OHM CMeHHAlICh KAa,lJ,6mgaMH cospeneaaoro rana. Mare pHaAbI xypranos C rpyrrccoa .. m.eHHeM, KaI< M HaXO,lJ,KH MorHAbHHKOB, CBH.1I.eTeAbCTBYlOT 0 TOM, qTO 9TH IIaMHTHHKH rrpaaaaxeasar HaceAeRHIO 6AH2KaHIIIRX IIoceAKOB - ropoaatg HAH CeJl.HIg. 06 9TOM me rOBopHT 'H TeppHTopHaAhHaJl CBfl3b IIoceAeHHH Ii noroefiaxnamx naM.lITHHKOB.

B I02KHOH IlpH6aATllKe 113BeCTHbl rrorpeoaxsHble naMHTHllKli AUBOB H aCToB B BH]J,e HeBbICOKHX xvpranoa HAH MOfHAblU[I\OB C KaMcmrOH KAa]J,KOH, a B 60A.ee 1I03.11.Hee BpeMH - PHAOBbIX MorHAbHHKOB. AeTO-llHTOBgbl HMeAH xypr-aasr C TpyrrocOmmeHHHMH H norperieanaua, HeCKoAbKO narroxnaatotgae CAaB~HOKne, HO OTAUqaIOIgu.eCfl OT HH}:, no xapaarepy HHBeHTapH.

Cpasy iKe B03HHKaeT aonpoc, npaBHAbHbI Ai{ aercxaaanasre neune coo6pa.meHHlJ: 06 aBTOXTOHT-tOCTH HCTODHtteCKoro noogecca B xecnoii noxoce BOCTOqHOH EBponhr 'B I TbICH~leAeTHH H. a.? OTKY,1l;a M nOtteMY Y 06HTaTeJ\eH IToAHenpOBbJl nozBHAHCb norpefiaxsrrsre naMHTHHKH B IBH]J,e xypra-

1 A. K. A J! B jJ, a H C K H H. Hexoropsre ,1l;aHHbIe 0 ropOllHl!!aX CMoAeHcKoH rvfi, HaY'IH. H3ll. CMOA~H«Koro rOC. YHRB., T. III. Bhlrr. 3, 1926,

HOB C rpynccoxcseaaex, IHeH3BeCTHble B 9THX MeCTax panee? DblTb M02KeT 1I0HBAeHHe 9THX naMHTHI'IKOB rOBopHT see me 0 CMeHe nacexenna? He npHUlAO AH TaK.me Ii B Oo:soA.m.be HOBoe nacexeaae, rrpaaecuree C C060H 06PH,lI, saxopoaeaaa

B PHJJ.OBMX MorHAbHHKax? '

B OTHOIJIeHHH HCTOp'HQeCKOrO npogecca B 06AaCTM 3ana,lJ,HOrO OOBOM'KbH B nacrcargee BpeMlJ: yzse He MomeT 6bITb ]J,BYX :pa3AHQRbIX MHeHHH. Opo,lI;OA.maH CBOIO pa60TY Ha,ll, naMflTRHKaMH aTOH: 06AaCTH, n. O. E(ImMeHKo, BH,lI,eBIlIHH panee B nOJlBlleHHH MOfHAbHHKOB H KYAbTYPW ~epXHHX cxoen OKCKHX roponmg CBH]J,eTeAbCTBO B nOAb3Y npH3HaHHlJ: CMeHbI HaCeAeHHlJ:, B aacromgee BpeMH. BCTaJ\. na rrpOTMBonOAom.HYlO TOqKY 3peHHJl. «HAKonAeHHble cejixac <PaKTbl, - nHweT OH, - peWHTeAbHO roaop ar npOTHB IBepOfITHoCTH CMeHbl nacexeaaa B STY anoxy B 3alla/1,HOM OOBOALKbe KaI~ 5lBAeHHH MaCCOBoro rropaaxa». 1 OKa3aAOCb, qTC' KyJl.bTypa 9nOXH MorHAbHHI{QB He TOJ\bKO no MaTe· PI'!aAY ropopHIg, HO H 110 .zr.aUHbIM caMHX MOfHAl)HHKOB npencraaxaer C060ll peayxe rar 3aIWHOMepHoro pa3BHTHJl KYJl.bTYPbI npenmecrayrorgnx croxernii, 06pJl,lJ, norpetiena a B P5l,lJ,OBbIX MorHAbHHxax B IToBoALKbe CYIg'eCTBOBaA exge c aIIOXH 6POH- 3bI, 0 qeM ronopnr CenMHHCKHH, 2 T yp6HHCKHH 3 H MAaAlUHH BOAOCOBCKHH 4 MOrHAbHHKH. B I TbIcasexerrra ,lJ,0 H. EI. pa,lJ,OBbIe MOfHAbHHKH aaaanHHCKoro THna HMeAH IlIHpOKoe pacnpocrpaaeaae H3. KaMe.5 B KOHge I TbICHqeJl.eTHfl AO H. 9. aTOT 06PHA norperieaaa HatIaA nOCTeneRHO nepeopacsrBaTbCJl B 3ana,lJ,HOe OOBOA.mbe, 0 qeM fOBOPfIT MOfHJ\bHHKH IIbHH060pCKoro THna. 6 B npogecce nOCAe]J,YIOIgCH KOHCOAH.1I.agH'H KyAbTYPbl nOBOMKCKHX nxenea 06PH,lI; norpeoeaas B P5!,ll,OBllIX MO~ fHAbHHKax nOAYtIHA llIHpOKOC pacnpocrpaaeaae.

T aKLKe BnOAHe 06'hHCHHMO WHpOKoe pacnpoCTpaHeHHe Cpe,ll,H rrxesrea DO,lJ,HerrpOBbII rrorpeoaxsHbIX naMflTHHKOB B BH,ll,e KypraHOB. 06bltIaH C2KH~ ra're CBOHX MepTBbIX Y aexoropsrx, a Mo.meT 6bITr) H Y scex nxeseerr 9TOH- 06AaCTH 6bIA pacrrpocrpaHeH H B npeAbIJJ;Y!QHe CTOAeTHH. Mol SHaKOMHAHCb semre C roaoro-oexopyccxaau H nepxae- 7J;HenpOBCKHMH: «nOAHMH norpefieaaii», coztepasatgHMH OCTaTKH TpYI10Com.meHHH (CTp. 14). Bbl'CKaSblBaAOCb TaKme npearroxozceane, qTO nO,lJ,06- Hbre «1I0Jl.H» 6YAYT HaHfJ;eHbl 13 60AbweM 'lneAe H B 6accdiHe lJ,ecHbl (CTp, 16). OT MHIHH&TlOPHOfO «11011.51 norpe6eHHH».saHHMaBlUero He60Abilioe BCXOAMAeHHe, ,11;0 xapaxrepnoro ]J,AR VI-IX CT.

I n. n. E ~ H M e H K O. K llCTOPIH{ 3al1. nOBOAmbH B 'epBOM TbICJI'feAeTHH H. a. COB. apzeox. II, 1937, CTp.45. 2 B. A. r 0 p 0 lJ. ~ 0 B. Aoxeoxoraxecxae HCCAe,ltoSaHHH

CpeAHei:i POCCHll. OT'IeT POCC. HeT. MY3eR. 1914 r.

M .. 1916.

:3 A. V. S c h mid t. D~,.. Auszrabungen bei dem Dorf Turbina an der Kama. Finnisch-ugrischs F orschungen, XVIII. Helsinki. 1926,

~ B. A. r 0 p 0 n: r~ 0 B. Apx:po},orHtfeCKHe HCCAepOR:urt.rq B OKpeCTHOCT5IX r. MypoMa B 1910 r. )l;peBHocTH, XXIV, 1914. crp, 147-150.

5 A. M. T a I I g r e n. L' eooque dite d' Ananino dans la Russie orientale. Helsinki, 1919.

6 A. A. C n H g bI H. llpeBHOCTH 6acceHHa pex OKI1 H KaMbl. MAP. N!l 25. 1901.

II. l!. TpETllb$lKDO. C{ l1eplible 80CmO'lHO-C.llCBJ1HCXUe Tr.W.Hem;:

xypraxa B BHAe HeBblcoKOM .n;AHHHoH nacsma, CO~ .n;epmaI,!!eH OCTan<H MHOfHX TPYIIoco*JKeHUH, CO~ BeeM He TaK p'aAeKo, KaK ~romeT noxaaareca na rrepBb!H B3I'M!jJ;.

KypraHbI C rpynocoasrseaaea BeAyT caoe naxano, oaaaxo, He CTO)\.bKO OT «nOAeH norpeoeaaa», CKOAD~ KO OT AP)TOrO Bllp,a rrorpetiaxensrx rraMHTHMKOB, HMeBlliHX, IIOIBHP;llMOMY, 3Ha'IHTeAbHoe pacnpocrpaHeHMe Y HaceAeHIHI ceaepaerx o6AacTeii. 3fJ;ecb IiMero rca B BEP,Y norpeoaxenere AOMHRH, anaxoraxHble .n;epeE5IHHOH IIOCTpOHKe, OTKPblTCH Ha rope,ll,H1:ge Y JI,. oepe3HHKM B BepXHeM nOBO.UKbe (CTp. 20).

25

.-----.-.--.-.---------~--

JHglLRa HM:eAaCb orpaaa 113 BepTHKaAbHO CTO~Uk UHiX CTo.\60B (puc. 7).

B 06J1.aCTH aepxaero resesna BOAm 11 AHenpa H 4aAbllie na cesep HMeIOTCl'I xypraae; Toro iKe BpeMem! B Bli,.'te AAHHRbIX RaCbITICH, TaKme conep- 1KargHx OCTaTlm MHOrIlX Tpynocomm.eHl1H. 06 9THX . xypraxax A. A. Crm:gblH, He 3HaBllIHH norpecaxsHOI'O ,1!,OIlnn,a rra ropoamge y n, Depe3H5'J.KH, r.!l!CaA cAep,yrorgee: «ECJl.H C'IMTaTb B03MO.mHbIM Cal\IO~ CT05l:TeAbHOe nOEBAeHHe y I,pHBH"-IeH o6p.E,1I,a norpe6eHH.II 13 YAJl.HHeHHblx xypranax, TO MbI rr03BOAllAH 6bl ce6e BbICKa3aTb npennoxozseane, tJ:TO xypraasr er oro nma 6AI11Ee 'Bcero HarrOMHHillOT

Pac, 7. KypraHbI OKOAO :SOPw.~DcKoro rop0.1Vllga, BOfOl!elKcKol.i o5".~ BllP; norpe6ahbHoro eoopylKel!lla.

tI,epeB.lIHHbIH p,OMHK rOpO,1!,HUja y n. Bepe3H5l:I-m, CAYrKHBIIIMH B cace BPCM5! csoeofipaanoii KO.l\AeK~ THBHoH YPUOH ,!I,Jl.f.t xpaaeaaa OCTaTKOB TpyrrocoLi~LKeHI1H, npencrasxae'r coOOH,npaJB.l(a, noxa qTO eJJ;HHcTBeHHYIo naxoaxy. Ho ropoJJ;'Hrge Y A. BepesH.fIKH - 9TO e,ll,HHCTBeHHbIM CeHqaC naM.fJTHHK, H3YQeHHbIM nOAHOCTbEO rry ren pacKoIIKH sceii nAOrgaJJ;H. 0 WHPOKOM pacnpocrpaaeaaa B llaAeKOM npomxox nor.pe6aAbHblx ,1J,OMHKOB cBHp,eTeAbcTBY101' caMH p,ptSI-IHe xypratret C TpynoCQ2Km.'eHlleM, npenCTaBJl.moI,1'!He C060H no eYIg,ecTBY 're ;i>.e caMbre ,lI,OMHlur, AHIllb cxpsrrsre noz; 3eMJI..fIHOH I-IaCbUlblO.

HaI160Aee rrOKasaTeAbHble B aTOM OTHornCHHI1 xypraasr HSBeCTHbl B 06J1.aCTH aepxoseee OKI1 H tI,oHa. TaM H3BeeTHbI xypraasr VI-X CT., C~~ l.lepmaIg'He nOA HaCbInblO cpyf HJl.ll JJ;epeB}lHHbIJ1 I'UgHI~, BHYTPb xcroporo 6bIJI. aocryn CHa.pyam II Kyp;a rrOMeIgaJl.H OCTaTKH TpynocomLKeHHH. Boxpyr

4 Mar. a nCC<ICJJ;. no apxeoa- CCCP, ;N,1, 6

06rgHH BH,IJ, iliUAHIga; B noxsay TaKoro npeauoxcLl'>.eHIU! ocotieaao rOBopHT OCHoBaHHe 9THX xypraHOB, tIeTblpeyroAbHoll <POP-Mbl, IfBllJ( 60KOBbIX CTOpOH, HMeroIgHX HHorp,a ¢lOPMY CKaTOB. ECJl.H rrpaH5!Tb. 't[TO OTMeqeHHbIH y Hecropa .n;peBHeihuUM PYCDKHH 06PRll norpefienaa "Ha croxoex aft nyrex' ecre He 'iTO 11HOe, KaK norpetieaae g H.e6oAbIDHX ,p,OMHKax MAll .l(OMOBHlgax, nOCTaBAeHHbIX sa ClBa.l'J:X, TO nepexoa OT p,epeBl'lHHOrO ,1I,OMOBI-lIga K nOApamaHHlO eMY H3 aeMi\n 6blA 6bl He OqeHb p,aAeK». 31(eCb cxeayer AHUIb OTMeTHTb, 'l.TO B 1903 r., Kor.l(a A. A. CrrHll,bIH nacax sra crpoxn, I BpeMH «,I.I,AHHHbIX» xypranos onpeaexxxocs VII I-X cor. Ceiisac YCTaHOBJl.eHO, qTO OHI'! OTHOCffTC71 K VI~ X, a ,B03'MOmHO H K V CT. H. 9., pel!b 0 qeM 6y p,eT

1 A. A. en H l! bl H. Y IJ.A'l}l:eH.Hble Ii )J.A1UIHble PYCCKHe ~y"ra}!bl. 30PCA. V, asm. 1, 1903,c'l'p, 202.

26

3mH.OleH.e3 eocmoutcux CAGBJlH.

------------.--.----~

HH1Ke IIpn rrop.po6HoH xapax-repucrarce CAaB5IHCKHX naM5ITHHKOB BTOPOH nOAQ;SHHbI I TbICjlQeAeTH5I H. :~.

T pen!H BMP' .lJ.peBHHX cesepaerx xypraaos C TpynoCOItOKeH!1eM, TaK Ha3blBaeMble noaroponcxae conxa, TaKme npep,CTaBMleT C060H KOAJl.eKT'HBHble . norpefiaxaaete naM5ITHHKH, BHYTpH KOTOPbIX Hepezxo BCTpeLIafOTC.5I OCTaTKH «.lJ.0MHKOB» 113 aepesa HAH RaMHH.

T aKHM 06pa30M eCAH HCXO.lJ.HTb AHllib 113 rpopMaAbHbIX rrp'H3HaKOS, TO nOHISAeHHe rcypraaoa C rpynocoasacenaea SIlOAHe B03MomHO rrpH3HaTb CAe,ll;CTBHeM aBTOXTOHHoro pa3BHTHH KYAbTypbI.

III

florpe6aAbHbln 06p.f.l;J;, CTOAb pa3.AHtiHbIH y CAaB5IHCKHX1 BOCTOLIHO-CPHHCKHX II rrpH6aA THHCKO-J\nTOBCKHX nAeMeH, B ,Il;aHHOM cxyxae MO)KeT paccxaTpHBaTbC5l B KaLIeCTIBe Ha,ll;ei'KHOrO 9THHqeCKOrO npxaaaxa. 8TOT npH3HaK .$IBMleTC5l, o,n;HaKO, naAeKO He e,n;IutCTseHHbIM. CAaB.5IHCKIIe nxejaeaa BbI.lJ.eA.5IAHCb cpezm CBOHX coceneii H ,lI;pyrHMH rrpa-

1

npeaurecraeanagy. Hepenxo BCTpeQalOTC5l TaKme COCYAbI, COqeTaBWHe B ce6e LIepTbI KaK crapoii, TaK H HOBOH KepaMMKH. Eho COCY,lI;bI C He6pemHoll mTpHXOBKOH HAM cer-raroil opaaxearauaeji, noKpbIBalOIgeH AHllb qaCTb nOBe:pXHOCTI1, - sepxHIOlO HAM HMmHlOlO. C 'HCqepnbIBalOIgeH nOAHOTOtl CMeHa CeTtIaTOH nOCYA-bI HeopHaMeHTHpO!BaHHOM. KepaMHKOM npocxeaseua no MaTepHaAaM ropoAHlg Bepxaero nOB OMKb.$l , TaKMX, KaK r opcziatgencxoe, r pexopyxencrcoe 1-1 MHorHe ,ll;pyn-re. 1

B BepXOBb7lX )lHenpa, no )lecHe Ii npllII7ITH r AHH5IHaH rrocyaa K cepezraae I TbIC7IQeAeTH5l H. 3. nperepnesaer MeHblUHe HSMeHeHH5I. YICQeSaeT ApeBWUI «CKHCpCKa7l» -rep'ra - BaAHK no ropAOBHHe; opHaMeHTay;n71 B B,epXHeH qaCTH COCy:.zr.OB CTaHOBMTC7I OAI-IO06pa3He,e. Haatioxee cyigecraeanoji oco6eHHOCTbIO nOCYAbI cepeaansr I TbIC7IqeAeTHH H. 3. .5'IiBA7IeTC7I HHO'll COCTaB r AMHbI '11 3aMeTHO YAYLImeHHblH 06mHr. nOCYAa aaxaxa naureii sper H3rOTOBMIAaCb H3 r AHHbI C OTHOCHTe.AbHO MeAKOH necxanoji npasrecsso. DOKasaTeAeM cAa60CTH ee o6ai.Iua cAymHT neOp'HopO.ll.Ha5'! OKpaC::Ka xepawa-

5"

PHC. 8. Kepanaxa HZ CAaBHHCKHX ropo~"n!! H xypraaoa VIII-X CT. H. a.

1,3- EOpmeBC1{oe rop",pl)!C; 2 ~ rHeSIlOBcKMii MorM.\bl'!l-n~; 3-5 - KypraHbl C TpynoCOlRltIeHHeM B BepXHeM TCqeHHH 3an, ABH"bl.

3HaKaMH, He MeHee .HpKHMH U IIoAHogeHHbIM'U. Pe'Ib MOiKeT MTTH snccs eCTeCTBeHHO AHIDb 0 rex OC06eItHOCTfIX KYAbTypbl. xoropere BOCCTaHaBAH~ BaIOTC.H no apxeOAorHLIeCKHM ,n;aHHbIM. Cpeaa HUX oco6eHHO BbI.n;eAHfOTC.H KepaMMLIeCKMM: MaTe:pM:aA H npenxersr ytiopa Ii YKpaWeHH.H, COCTaBA.HBWHe QaCTb KOCTlOMa. OCHOBbIBaaCb na 8THX npaaaaxax, rpaHHJ;!bI CAaB5lI'[CKHX IIAeMeH MOi'KHO 06pllCOBaTb TIO'lTH CTOAb me OTtreTAHBO, KaK H Ita OCHOBaHMM norpe6aAbHbIX naM.HTHHKOB.

)LpeBHHe AOKaAbHbIe paSAHLIH5I B KepaMHqeCKOM MaTepMaAe, CBOHcrneHHbIe naxaxy HalUell aper, HCqeBAH He cpasy, a B ;peSYAbTaTe ,lI;J\HTeAbHOM 8BOAlOY;HH. Havanas co II-III CT. H. EI. aa OKe, B BepxHeM OOBOA1Kbe H B cesepasrx paiioirax EeAopYCCIIH aa CMeHY rJ\11HaHOU nocyne, IIOKPbITOH rnTpaXOBKOK H ornesarxecnr TKaHH H IIAe~ TeHHR, nOBCeM'eCTHO rrpHXoft,HT' rxaaxa« aeopaaMeItTHpOBaHHMI rrocyaa, AHllib B BepXHeH 'laCTH aaoraa YKpaweRHa51 HeCAOiKHbIM Y30POM H3 HMOqHbIX B,ll;aBAeHHll HAH OTUeqaTKOB rpeoeasaroro nrrasma. B reseaae oaaoro-asvx CTOAeTHll o6a BHp'a rrOC)"AbI 6blrOBaAH COBMeCTHO. OHM BCT;peQalOTCR B 0P.HMX H rex me CAOflX, npHtIeM l3HH3Y npeotixaaaer CTapa51 nocyaa, a BBepxy HOBa5I, B KOH~e KOH~OB OKORqaTeAbHO BbITeCI-I5IlOrga51 CIBOlO

KH B M3AOMe, a HMeHHO TeMHbIll, Henp02KmeHHbIH. cAoH B cepeaaae, Flocyaa cepeaaaer H BTOPOll noAOBHHbI I

rARHbI

TbIC.Hq·eAeTH7I H. EI. H3rOTOBJ\.HAaCb H3 06HAbHOH JIpRMeCblO KPYIIHblX 3epeH

C

Ksapga HAH nraxro-ra; ee rrOBepXHOCTf:> BC.AeACTBl1e ElTOrO OT AWlaeTC7I HepOBHOCTblO. Flocyaa Bblr M!AHT 60Aee rpy6oll, qeM ee rrpeAIIIeCTlBeHHHga. YIsMeHeHHe B COCTaBe upHMeceH CB5I3aHO C IHHbIM xapaxrepou 06lfmra. Flocyaa 06i'KHraeTC.H OqeHb XO~ pouro, aaorna «i,1J,O SBOHa». YIcKAlOtteHHe cocraaAHIO'r AHmb neicoropere COCYAbI H3 xypranoa, H3rOTOBAeHHbIe cnegaaxstro B KaQeCTB-e, ypn Ii ITAOXO 060i'KmeHbIe. T axae m.e TOl{HO H3MeHeHHJI B xapaxrepe TeCTa H o6m'Hra rrperepneaae'r nocyAa aepxoaeea OKH, Bepxaeii BOArH 11 Cesepaoii DeAOPYCCHH, peQb 0 KOTOPOH mxa semre.

B ;pe.3YAbTaTe ofipacoaanaoii 9BOAlOgHR na BceH repparopaa ceaepnsrx BOCTOqHO-CAaB7IHCKHX rrxeMeH YCTaHaBAHBaeTC.5I 60Aee HNH MeHee OAHOpO,n;~ HblH xapaxrep KepaMHKH. Dpeo6Aa,ll;alOrgeu rpopMOM jlBA.5IlOTC5I BbICOKHe COCYAbI, 60Aee Y3KHe y .lJ.Ha, C np7lMbIMH, u-eCKOAbKO paCmnp5llOIgHMncH KBepxy CTeHKaMM H HeBbIcoKOH pesxo cyaseaaoji

I n. H. T p e r b H K 0 B. K HCTOPHH nAeMeH Bepxaero nOEOJl.al.MI E nepsox TbIC.IlqeJl.enl:H H. 9. Marep, Ii accxez; no apxeox. CCCP, Ng 5, 1941.

fl. H. Toemnxxoe, CeeepHb!e 80CmO'lHO-C<ta8RHC~l!e tt •. te_lH?HQ

27

ropAOBUHOH (puc. 8). OpHaMeHTagHH COCYAOB, cocroaigaa, RaR YRa3aHO, 'U3 OTIIeqaTKOB rpeoeaxaroro mTaMIIa, 06pa3}'lOI,gHX reoxserpnsrecxaii Y30P, HAU U3 aMOqHblX B,lI,asAeHHu, aa cesepe npeacraaxeaa 3HaQHTeJl.bHO cxafiee, qeM B 60Aee IOmHblX paiioaax - na 4eCHe HAll aa TIPHIUITH. Peme BCTpeqalOTCH qxpyr.asre rAHHaHbIe Ta:peAKH C HeBbICOKHMH BepTHKaAbHbIMH CTeHKaMH H He- 60AbllIHe COCYAbI B <popMe llIHPOKHX MllC. T axaa xepaxaxa XOPOIIIO H3IBeCTHa ITO pacxorrxaa Ha .11,ecHHHCKHX roponmgax, 1 no MaTepHaAaM rcpoztan; H xypranos C TpynocommeHHeM CMOAeH.t,!!HHbI H EeAopYCCHH,2 no MaTe:pnaAaM KypraHoB BepXHero f]oBOl\.mba H 06l\.aCTH BaA,lI,aUCKOH B03BblLUeHHOera. OHa Ha.ll.Hgo B HHmHHX C.II.O.aX r oueacxoro ropoaarga, 3 B r He3,ll,OBCKOM ropozonge, 4 B HUjKHUX CAOHX HOBrOpO,ll,a,5 DCKOBa 5 H CTapOR AaAorH. 7

nOCY)J.a BOCTOl.lHO-l'HHCKHX rrxevea B TeqeHHe II-' -I I I CT. npozte.aaxa aHaAOrH'IHYIO aBoAlOgHlO or «porozanoii» H «cerxaroii» K HeopHaMeHTHpOBaHHoiL ctlOPMbI HOBoH nocynsr, xopowo H3IBeCTHOU no MaTepHaAaM p.a3aHCJKHX, MypOMCKHX H TaM60BcKHX MorHAbHHKoB,3aMeTHo OTJl.HqaJl.HCb OT CJl.aBHHCKHX.

--~ . ---~----

opaa!>!:eHTagHH aa BOCTOqHO-CPUHCKOH nocy.re He BCTpeqaeTCH.

TIocy,lI,y 06eHX BOCTOqHO-CPHHCKHX <POpM AM CapCK'HH MOfH.II.bHHK VI-VIII CT., HaXO~51IgHHCH B ;paHoHe 03. Hepo, y H3BeCTHoro Capcxoro ropO,1l;HI,ga. 1 I1HTepecHO, 'ITO pefiepxarere COCY,1l;bl nepeasaaaror B 3THX MeCTax BIIJl.OTb .11.0 XI1- XIII CT., xoraa rrocyaa yase H3fOTOBMIAaCb na

"

rOHqapHOM xpyre. u

KepaMUKa IIpH6a.HHHCKHX IIAeMeH, BC.II.e,1l,CTBHe OTCYTCTBHH ny6J1.HKagHH, aBTOpy BTHX CTpOK no-rm He H3BeCTHa. OqeHb HHTepeCHO, qTO B 06J1.aCTH BOCTOl.lHOH: TIpH6aATHRH na TeppHTopHH 9CTOHl1H H AaTBHU' KepaMHKa cepe.aansr nepsoro TblCHqeAeTUH H. a. (60Aee n03)J.HHH H3BeCTHa o-reas nxoxo) 6A'l13KO HanOMHHaeT nOEOMKcKYlO, HMe.H TaKYlO me pe6pHCTOCTb. 3

9BOJl.:ogHH r AHHHHOM nOCYAbI cesepnerx BOCTOqHO-CAaSf.lHCKHX rrAeMeH 6bIAa YC.II.OIKHeHa erge onHHM J1.I06onbITHbIM HBAeHueM. B cepeanne I TbIC$lqe.ll.eTIHI H. a. no BceH geHTpaAbHoll H cesepaof BOCTOl.lHO-CJl.aBHHCKOH: TeppHTopUH B He3HaqHTe.ll.bHOM KO)UlqeCTBe rIOS'!BAHeTCH rJl.HHHHaH nocyzia C

PHe. 9. KepaM,ma 113 MorHllbl1HFWB 3anaAHoro Ilosoxass.

1 - 3 - 1\~IlI1IlCI<HH. M,:.rnAbHHK, 4 _. KOllln6eonCKl11[ MorHAbHluq 5 -- MaKcH>!ollCKHi' Morl1~t>"IIJ(.

3p;eCb UMeAHCJ:l J1.H60 BbICOKHe rOpII!I(H 6aHOqHOH, HHOr)J.a noxra gHAHHAPHqeCKOR C:POpMbI, co CTeHKaMH cxerxa BbmYKhbIMH H M.HrKO npoqmAHpoBaHHbIM, cAa60 Bblpam'eHHbIM rOpAOM, .ll.R6o urapoxae ropmRH, CTeHKH KOTOPbIX aa rrOJl.OBHHe IBbIeOTbI 06 paSY:oT peaxoe pe6po, 'ITO C6AHmaeT STY nocyay, B03MomHO He CAYl.laHHO, eo «epy6HOH» nOCY)J.oH snoxa 6pOH3bI (pac, 9). ,l(alKe npa caMOM 6erAOM cpaBHeHHH C}.aB.HHCKaH xepamrxa AerKO OT.ll.HqaeTCR: OT BOCTOl.lHo-qlHHCKOH. TIoCJl.e,1l;HHa 06bIQHO xyace 0602KlKeHa 11 COOTBeTCTseHHO aTOMY ee r AHHa J1.HmeHa xpynrroaepancrerx npasreceii. Xapaxrepaas ,1l;A51 CJl.aB1'IHCKOH: nOCY)J;bI rpeoensaras

I Heo,ll.HoKpanio ynoM.fIHYTble 8b!nre MaTepHaAbI Hi! pasBe,ll.oK B. n. J\eBeHOKa (T py6QeaCKHH: MyseH:). C. A r arI.!YKa (ApZHB I1HMK, AeAO N2 55/1906 r. H N! 41 /1907 r. HAP.)·

2 Dpal.!bI Apxeoxerixsaii RaMici; AH BeCp, II. 1930, CTp. 184, 188. 281.\

3 PaCKonKH B. A. PbI6aKoBa 1937-1938 rr.

4 B. vI. C H 3 o.e. KypralibI CMO.ll.eHCKOH ry6. MAP,

NQ 28, 1902, CTp. 202, 204.

5 PacKonKH 1935 r. r. D. rp031J,HAOBa, M, K. Kaorepa Ii B. 11. PaB.!J.oHHKaca aa PIOPHKOBOM ropoAlHge. HOBrOpO)l.CKHH Myseii.

5 PaCKOml.H 1936 r, H. H. l.fepH.fIrHHa. DCKOBCKHH MYself.

7 Marepnaj, H3 pacxonox H. 11. PenHHROBa 1909- 1913 r-r. xpaHHTCJ! B roc. Mysee ElTHOrpaCfJHH B J\eHHHrpaze.

4*

qepHOM J1.orgeHoH nOBepXHOCTbID, H3rOTOB.II.eHHa51 TIgaTe.ll.bHO, HO 6e3 nOMOIgH roauapaoro xpyra. CoeYAbI HMeAH ¢OPMY AH60 BbICOKHX ropmxon, AH60 W'HPOKHX pe3KO nporpaxapoaauaerx ropmKOB, AH60 umpOKHX MHC, TaKme C pe.3KO 0603HaqeHHblMH CTeHRaMH H ,l(OHHOH sacrero. KaK no TeXHHKe H3fOTOB.II.eHHH, TaR H no ctJopMaM 9Ta noey p,a nOBTopHeT KepaMHKY «nOAeH IIorpe6eHHH», Ty caMY:O, KOTo:paH iBep,eT caoe aaxaxo CO CK'HtpcrWH 9nOXH.

Cpenueziaenpoacxoe npoacxozsneaae qepHOH J\.O~ rgeHOH: nOCY,lI,bI, nmlBHBllIeHCH y cesepnerx CAaBflHCKHX nJl.eMeH, oc06eHHO HCHO cxeayer HB ee pacnpOCTpaHeHH5I. B 60Aee lOmHbIX paiionax, na lLeCHe, aa OKe, B :omHon xacru Ee.ll.0pYCOIH H CMO.II. e:HIgHIHbI ira rOpOAUIgax H :s xy pranax cepenaasi I TbICf.lqeAeTH51 H. a., ara nocy p,a npencrasxeaa OTHOCHTeJl.bHO H306uAbHO, COCTaBAHH aepezxo ao 15-20% ncero ]{epaMHl.leCKOrO MaTepHaJl.a. 4eM )J.aJ\.bIIle K cesepy, TeM ee KOMllleCTBO 'Bee 60Aee H 60Aee COI~palQ,aeTCf.I. B BepXOBMIX ,l(Henpa H BOJl.fH BCTpelIaIOTC51 Jl.'HlIIb e,1l;HHHl.lHble 06AOMKH

I MaTepHa.ll.bl POCTOllCKoro My3eH flpOC.II.aeCIWI{ o6.1\aCTH.

2 Fl. H, T p e r b SI K a B. KOCTpOMCRHe xypram».

Hf At-1MK, T. X, Bb!l1. 6-7, 1931, CTp. 28-29.

3 H. Moo r a, Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500

n. o-, II, Tartu, 1938, CTP, 555,

28 3mH01ef!e3 80CmO'lHbZX C./W8f1H

----.-~-~~- .-~.-.-- ..... --------_-. ---------

T.lepHOH Jl.OIgeHOH: KepaMHKH, HeH3MeHHO conyrcrsYlOIgeH paHHeH: HeopHaMeHTHpoBaHHoH nocyae. Haaooxee ceeepaerx H3BeCTHbIM CeHlJaC rrYHKToM HaXOm,D;'eHlUI qepHOH Aor.geHoH nocyzrer 5IBA5IlOTC}l HHlliHHe CAOH OCKoBCKoro r-oponmga, OTHOC5IIgneOJ, B'H,lI,HMO, K V-VII CT. I Ha OKe, B ee !BepxHeM TeqeHHH, xepuas AorgeHMI xeparaaxa xoponro I:I3BeCTHa no ropo,n;HlgaM MOIgHHCKoro THna:

MOr.gHHCI\OIlIy,2 Ory6C'I\OMY, ,1 ,lJ,yne,'\ CnaCCKOMY 5 H MHorHM Ap. H no ApeBHl1M xypranaja C T'pynoC01KmeHueM. 6 B oeAopYCCHH H CMoJl.eHIgHHe OHa npoacxo anr 113 «nOAeH ncrpetieaaii» 7 H pR,lI,a ropO,lLl1tg. B BepXHeM TeqeHHH BOJl.fH TaI(af! nocyna H3BeCTHa B CHHbKOBCKOM, 8 r pexopy-reacxoxr, Depe3H}!KOBCKOM 9 H ApyrHx ropozrmgax H aa ce,Ullge KpaCHblH XOAM OKOJl.O HpOCAaBMI.10 HH1Ke no Boxr-e QepHa5I Jl.OIgeHaR nocyaa, TIOBHP;HMOMY, He BCTpeQaeTC5I. B He3Ha'JHTeAbHOM KOAH'IeCTBe nocyaa C AorgeHoH nOlBepXHOCTblO HMeJl.aCh Y ApeBHero MOptJ;OBCKO-MypoMcKoro HaceAeHH}J B cpeaHeM Te'leHHH Olm, KY.lI.a OHa 5IBllO rronaxa OT sana,ZJ;HbIX COCe,lI,eH •

.PacnpOCTpaHeHMe T.lepHOH Jl.orgeHoa nocyasr «noAeH ilorpe6eWIiH»' B cepeaane I TbIC~qeJl.eTH~ H. 3. snxore ,ZJ;o AClll.eIWrO CJl.aB~HCKoro ceBepa rosopnr o BbtPOCIIIHX CB}J3~X IOlimbIX H cenepusrx nJl.eMeH H ~BA5leTCH OAHHM HS apxeOAOrHqtCKHX noxaaa reAeH aaqaAhHblX aranos 06pHcoBaHHOH asnne ROHcOAHAagm1 BOCTOQHOrO CAaB5IHCTsa.

tJ;pyrHM, He MeRee 51pRHM nOKa3aTeAeM aroro me npogecca CAYLKHT pacnpocrpaneaae no Bcd! BOCTOt[Ho-CJl.aSHHCKoH repprrropaa oaaoodpaaaerx npezoreroa yfiopa H yxpanrexna, cpeaa KOTOpbIY ocofieaao B bI.ll. e MilO TC5I BeIUH reOMeTpHqeCKOrO CTHMI,,, 6POH30Bhle, HHKPYCTHposaHHble RpaCHOH H SeJl.eHOH 9MaAhlO.

B CTapOH PYCCKOH apxeoxor-auecxoii xxreparype H COBpeMeHHOH npH6aJl.THHCKOH npe.ll.MeTbI y60pa H YK:pameHHR V-VIII CT., npoacxoztargne liS Bepxacro DOAHenpOlBb}!, C aepxoasea aRM H BOAra, H3 06AaCTH BaA,ll;arrcKoH B03BhlIlleHHOCTH H apyrax zpesaax BOCrOqHO-CJl.aB}!HCKHX MecTHocTeiI, 06bl't:Ut,O paCCMaTp'HBalOTCSl KaK Jl.HTOBCKHe HAIl npn6aATHHCKHe. npH6aATHKa ogem·rsaeTC5l npH aTOM KaK KYAllTYPHh!H yeHTp, KaK HCTO'lHHK KyJ\.ll~ TypHoro B03.l1.eHCTBH5I, nOp,'IHHHSIIIero ce6e nOCM

I Pacxonxa H. H. l...JcpHilrHHa 1936 r., nCKOtBCI(Hn .MY<leE.

2 H. V!_ I) y A bI 'I e B. [KypHaA pacxonox no· '1aCTH BO" .lI.Opa3,l(CAa BepXHHX npHTOXOB BOArH H 4Henpa. M., 1899, Ta6J\. XIV, 12-13.

J B. A. r 0 p 0 II. g 0 B_ BOAoTHoe Oryecxoe roooamge, 4 10. r. r e H p. Y He. ropO.ll.H1ge llvHa. C06_, 1903.

5 PaCKonXH n. H. T peTbRKOBa, 1936.

6 H. H. By A hI q e B, YR. CO'l., Ta5A. III, 1-8, Ta6J\.

V, 2 H 6. . . I ;: ;'-"':,' 1I'l!'r1'!1:::

1 [Tpagbl Apxeoxerixaak xaxicii AH BeCp, II,1930, CTp. 282-285. '

B A. A. CIT H IJ. bl H. HOBbIe CBe.ll.eHIUI 0 ropcaanraz

lI.bJlKOBa nma. 30PCA, T. VII, aern 1, 1905, CTp. 88. 9 I]. H. T p e r b H K 0 B_ K HCTOpHH nJl,eMeH Bepxsero floBoAmb51 B ITepBOM TblCJl'leAenm H_ 9. Marep. Jot HCCJl.eA. 110 apxeOA. CCCP, NQ 5, 1941, CTp_ 65_

10 n. H. T p e 'I'b R K 0 B_ OTlJeT 06 apxeOi\.OrH'IeCKHX

pafio'rax na CTPOUTe.ll.bCTBe f(pocAaBeKoH rHll009AeKTpo" craHgaH 5 1933 r. I1r AI1MK, sem. 109, 1935, CTp. 119.

cepeznnrsr I TblC}JqeJl.eTH~ H. 3. .ll.06.PYlO nOAOBHHY BOCTO'"lHOH Espoms. T axoii B3rAEp, aa ApeBHOCTH V-VUI CT., rrpOHCXO,ll,5II;!:!,He as 3anaAHOH noxoBHHbI EBponeaCKOH T.laCTH CCCP, He oraexaer ,1l,dicTBHT'eAbHocTI1. OR csror CAOm.HTllC}1 11 OKpeIIayr» Jl.HIIIb 6AarO,lI,ap51: TOMY 06CTORTeJl.bCTBY, '"lTO ,Il,peBHOCTIf aroro BpeMeHH Ra repparopna OP'H- 6aATHKH H3AaBHa CAymHJl.H npeAMeToM HCCJl.e,1l,O~ saHHR, Tor tJ;a KaK B POCCHH HM'H cepeeano RHIno He 3aHI1MaAC5I_ 3,n;eCh OHI1 6hIAH H3BeCTHbI npeHMy!!!,eCTIBCHHO TIO CAY'!aHHhlM HaXOIAKaM M AHllib B petJ;KHX cayxaax no MaTepHaAaM pacxorrox, TO',IT,a KaK B DpH6aJl.nme B Te'IeH'He MHorHX AeT WH· POKO HCCJl.eAOBaJl.HCb MorHAbHHKH cepezraaer If BTO~ POH nOJl.OBHHbI I TlllC}J'IeJl.eTH5i H. a.

HeCMOTp}! Ha YKa3aHHoe 06CTORTeJl.bCTBO, see HaH60Aee ~pKlle H 3HaqllT,eAhHhle HaXOAK'H «npntia.i\THH'CI<HX» npeserocreii 6bIJl.11 C,1I,eAaHbl OTHlO,1l.b He B ITpH6aJl.THKe, a IOamee-B 06AaCTH. ,1l,peBHHX BOCTOqHO~CAaBj}HCKHX .seMeJl.b. AOCTaTOt{HO yxaaare aa 3HaMeHllTbIH: MOtgHHCK'HH KJl.aJJ;, rrpoHCXO.1l:.atgllH: U3 aepxoasea OKR, 1 MemHropCKHU KAaA HS OI<peCTHOCTeH Kaesa, 2 Dop3eHCKHH KAatJ; H3 l.JepHHfOBl!!,HHbI, 3 HaHtJ;eHHhIH cpaBHiHTeAhHO HeAaBHO OROAO Dp7!HCKa KJl.a,lI, :setgen C ElMaAbIO 4 II apyrae MHOrOq1{CAeHHllle cAyqaHHhle HaXQ(,1l,KH. ECJl.11 1Ke 06paTHTbC}! K MaTepuaAaM pacxonox, noxa 'ITO OqeHb He3Ha'IHTeAhHbIM, TO CTaHOBHTC~ snoxae OqeBH,ll;HhIM, 'ITO B HetJ;aAeKOM 6Y,ll;yrgeM MhI 6Y,1l.eM 06J1.aAaTb 06UHI:pHblMU c06paHHRMH «npa- 6aATHHCI<HX», a B .lI.eHCTBHTe.\bHOCTll me CJl.aBHHCKHX, Jl.peBHOCTeH, npoacxonamax H3 xypranos Flonaenposea, aeoxoasea OKM, BOArH, 3an. ABHHbI If o6AacTH Dp'HHJl.bMeHb~. 06 9TOM rOBOp5IT He nOJl.Y'IHBUIl1e AO cax nop H3BeCTHOCTH paCKOTIKU B. 11. CH30na B oapecraocrxx CMOAeHCKa, BO speMR KOTOPbIX 6b1AO nccxenoaaao .11:.0 nRTHAeC5ITH ,D;Jl.HHHbiX xypraaos VI-VIII CT. C 60raTbiM 11 ()a3HOo6paSHbIM 'HHBeHTapeM,5 pacxorrxa H. H. 4e:pHHfHHa, OTKpbIlaruero xyoraasr V-VII CT. eKOJl.O DCRosa, 6 paCKOIlKI1 n. A_ Ca,ll;HIWBa n n. r. A!06oMHpOBa B lOmHoM DpHl1.'1.bMeHbe 7 H MHorHe APyrHe HCCJl.e,n;oBaH:HJ!.

GAHon H3 HaM60Aee RpKHX H. xapaKTepHhIX rpyrm (lpe,ll,MeTO~ yfiopa H YKpameHH5I cepeaaasr I TbIC~qekeTH~ H. 8. 5fBJl.HlOTC~ BeI.gH C 9MaJl.blO. aTO 60AhlIlHe H MaCCHBHhle 3aCTe2EKH, azsypasre TpeyroJl.hHbIe ct)H6y AbI, nOABeCKH s 1BH,lI,e AyHH'Hll.. KpyrAhle azsypnere 6AHXH, MaCCHBHhle 6paCJ\.eThI Ii aexoropere ApyrHe yaparnerraa, np'eHMyrgecTBeHHO reOMeTpHqeCKOrO CTHASI. C,1l,eAaHHhIe HS 6POH3hI 11 noxpsrrere KpaCHOH H 3eJl.eHOH 9MaAhlO. VIx XpO-

I H_ 11_ E Y A bI 'I e B, yx. cox., CTp. 1 S H CI\., Ta611.

VIII-XIII.

2 A. A. C rr II l!. bI H. nOl'lI]111'eTbl C n .... eMO'iHOH aMaJ\MO. 30PCA, T_ Y, BNn. 1, 1903, CTp_ 170.

3 M. M a K ape H K o. Bopseacsxi eMaAi crapi eMa .... i Y'lwaiHa B3C1raAi. KHia, 1927.

4 A M. T a I I 11: r e n. Enamelled Ornaments in the VaI~ It;V" of the Desna. ESA, XI. Helsinki, 1937.

- 5 BergH xpaaarcs ,B roc. HCTOpH'IeCKOM My3ee. YKas. foc. HCTOp. My:aeJl, M., 1893, CTp. 111-115, 119-123. 6 HaCT. C60DH.. crp, 102.

7 APXHB 1111MK. Pacscnaa neTep6yprcKoro apxeoxorn'1CCKOrO HHCTHTYTa 1911.

II. H. TpembJl.KOB. CeSepH.ble 80CmO'lHO-CA.a8}ll{c~Ue rc_le_~!el-i._a

HOJ\.orH5i B aacroxrgee 'BpeM5i erge p,aAeKO He paapatioraaa. HaH60Aee pamrae yxpameaaa BOCXOp,5IT, nOBHAHMOMY, K IV-V CT. H. 9.; HaH60Aee rr03AHHe npllHap,Ae2KaT VI-VI I I CT_ OCHOBaHHeM AMi YKasaHHbIX AaT cxyzaar COBMeCTHble naxonxa BeIQeH C 9MaAblO HAH corrYTCTBYlOI,gH:X HM p,pyrnx Bergei! C rrpep,MeTaMH rrpHqepHOMOpCKHMH - Tall:

HaSbIBaeMbIMH rOTCKHMH.

ECAH o6paTHTbC5[ K 06AacTH pacnpocrpanenuz Ber,geH C 9MaAblO, TO CTaHeT BrrOAHe OqeBH,ZlHbIM, "KaK'HM rrAeMeHaM MorAH npHHap,AemaTb 9TH }lpKHe

• II 6AeCT5iIgHe YKpameHH5I. 1 DOAee scero HaXOJI,OK BergeH C 9MaAblO czrexano na rpanage CpeJI,HerO H Bepxsero rIop,HerrpOBbJl; OHH MHOrOtJ:HC)I:eHHbl B 'sepxoee.ax OKH H BOAI'H. flpH6aATliKa TaK2Ke .1I.aeT 60AblUee qHCAO HaXOAOK Bel!!,eH C ::lMaAblO, HO Beqpr HeCKOAbKO 'HHble. .lI.ocTaTOqHO YKa3aTb, xro TpeyroAbHhle QJH6YAbI, CTOAb 06bI1!Hble B Tlcnnenpoase, TaM n01!TH He scrpeseaer. Ha06opOT, TaK Ha3bIBa,eMbIe nepexxaaxarere qm6YAbI BCTpe<IalOTC5I rrpeaaytgecraeano B IlpH6aATHKe_ 3HaQUTeAbHo OTAIIqalOTC5I zpyr OT Apyra H .3aCTem.KH, npOHCXO,ll;51r,gHe as flpH6aATHKH H ,lI;peBHHX BOCTOQHO-CAaBaHCKHX 3eMeAb. CAOBOM, BeIgH: c axaxero, nOqTH He H3BeCTHble Y BOCTOtJ:HO-qH!HCKHX nxexea, a TaKme na aanaae, He TOAbKO 06PHCOBbIBalOT rpaaagy BOCTO'-lHO-CAaBHHCKHX ITAeMeH, He TOAbKO yxaaeisaro-r na ,lI;peBHHe CB}l3'H aTHX nxeaea C DpH6aATHKOM, 0 qeM rOBopHT H AHHr~ BHCTHKa, HO H l1,.alOT IBO.3M01KHOCTb ;pa3rpaHn<IHTb CAaB}lHCKHe H npH6aATHHCKHe TIAeMeHa.

Tome caaoe cxeayer CKa3aTb 0 apyrax rtpeztMeTax yfiopa H YKpaIlIeHM}l, conYTCTBylOIgHX BeIgaM C aMaAblO. OHH XOPOillO npeacrasxeasr B MOr,gHHCKOM KAap,e M B ynOM}lHYTOM senne KOAAeKgHH B. 11. CH30Ba, npoacxoaaigef 'H3 paCKOnOK AAHHHbIX xypraaoa OKOAO CMOAeHCKa (pac. 13. CTp. 42) H B pa,u,e KAaAOB, IIpOIiCXO,ll;ll.IgHX HB 06AaCTH Cpenaero flo.1l.HenpOBb5i. 2 3,u,ecb HMelOTC.5I 6POH30Bble TpanegHeBHAHbIe nOAseCKIi C IllTaMnOBaHHbIM YBOPOM, aaoraa cOCTaBA}lIOIJ:!;He B CO<IeTaHHH C oKpyr AOM 6A}lllIKOH cxozanoe «nryMRIgee» yxpameaae, HHor,ll;a BXO,lI,5iIgHe B COCTas BHCOQHOrO YKpameHH5I; T panegHeBHAHble nO,JJ;BecKH nOCTo.s:rHHO 'BCTpeqaIOTC5i 'H B rIp1i6aATHKe. n QaCTHOCTH B HaH60Aee paaanx norpefieaaax AlOg;HHcKoro MOI"HAbHHKa. AaA,ee saecs HMelOTC}!

I H. Moo r a. Zur F rage nach der Herkunft des ostbaltischen, ernailverzierten Schmucks. Suomen Muinaismuietoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja, XL, Helsinki, 1934. K pa- 60Te npaxoasena xapra BeI!!eii c 3Ma.l\blO, aa KOTopoif OT' l\<,t:'l.eHO. O,llHaKO, He 6o.l\ee nOAOBliHbI HaXOP;OK, C,lI,eAaHHblX l!'a +eppa'ropaa YCCP H PCcPCP, 6AarO,ll;ap51 qe~ly xap'ra Jl,1.;.AeKO He orpaacaer HCTHHHOH xapraasr,

2 HanpHMep KAaJ.I, HaH.zr;eHHblH B 1905 r .• y c. YlBaxHHHKH na TIoATaBIf!,HHe (H. E. M a K ape H J( o. Ma-repv.aAbI no apxeoxoraa DOATaBcKoif !y6_ T o. nOATaBCKOrl yqeHOH apXHBHOM: J(OMHCCHH, :abln. V, 1908, CTp. 207- 211), KAa,1:(, HaH,Il;CHHhlH B 1863 r. y CA06. CblpoBaTKH aa XapbKOBI!J,HHe. COCT05ll!!HH H3 rpanegaeaaanerx rroaseCOK, 6pacAeToB C YTOAIf!,eHHbIMH f({>H!,!aMH, tl,BYX «naxs'laTblX>} qnr6YA H ,llp'ymx MeAI\HX YKpameHHH '(Apxan YlHMK. ztexo N2 15/1863 r.}: KAatl, TaKOrO me COCTaBa, Haii:.n;eHHblH B 1920 f. OROM BorO,1l.yxoBa (UHCbMO A_ C, cPe,ll0pOBCKoro K A. A. CnH!!hlHY, apXHB A. A. CIlHghIHa - «AHTbD») H ,1I.p.

29

oxpyrxere 6POH30Bble 6M!XH co llITaMrIOBaHH.bIM yBO_POM, B npH6aATHKe rrOQTH He H3BeCTHble, xpynHble 6y6eHQUKH, npoHH3KH, np.>Iiil:KH, 6YCbI H APYrue MeAKHe YKpallIeHH5I. 06bItIHble ,lI,Aa rIpH6aATHlI:H IllellHble rpHBHbI H 6paCAeTbI CpeAH ,u,peBRHX CAaBaHCKIiX nAeMeH 6bL\H, nOBH,lI,HMOMY, pacnpoCTpaHeHbI oxeae MaAO.

OCBeTHB sonpoc 0 rpaaagax cesepaerx cxaBaHCKHX nAeMeH, MomHO nepeirra K ,1I,pyrOMY, HaH- 60Aee CAOlKHOMy - K BbI5IBAeHHlO npa-ran H yCAOBHM, KBbI5IB.~eHHW BHYTpeHHHX H BHellIHHX CllA B HCTOpHQeCKOM npogecce, Bb13BaBllIHX K 1lI.H.3HH see re nepeueaei, xoropsre nosexa K C03,l1;aHHlO HOBbIX KYAbTYPHbIX 5lBAeHllll, K B03HHKHOBeHHIO KYAbTypbl cesepnsrx BOCTOQHO-C.!taB51HCKH.X nAeMtH H BOCTOqHO-!PHHCKHX nAeMeH DOBOllmb}l.

IV

B rexeaae HeCKOAbKHX AeT, C 1933 no 1938 r., aBTopOM STIiX CTPOK BeAHCb 60AbIIlHe apxeoxornxecxae pafio rer B 06AaCTH BepxHero DOBOA.l'Kb5l, sa BpeMR KOTOPblX 6blA'H accxeacaaau HeCKOAbKO p,eC5ITKOB naM5iTHHKOB I TblC~QeAeTH}l ,lI;O H. a. H I TblCHQeAeTHf! H. 9. chOT 06IUHPHbIH xarepaax ,lI,aA B03Mol'K'HacTb H3YQHTb 2Kll3Hb ~epXHeBOMr,:cxoro HaCeAeHH}l 6YKBaAbHo H3 CTOAeTHa B CTOxerae, p,aA HeKOTOpylO B03M02KROCTb npOHHKHYTb B r Ay6HHbI xoaxperaoro HCTOpH'leCKOrO rrpogecca. 1

rIaMaTHHKH aaxaaa HameH apbI pHCylOT KapTl-IHy ergc BnOAHe geAocTHoro naTpHapxaJ\.bHO-pO·" .1I.OBoro CTP05l. MHHHaTlopHbIC [lOCeACHH51 pacnoxar axac» no 6cperaM BOArH H ee npHTOKOB KOMnaKTHblMH rpyrmaan.

HaCeACHI1e KamAoro nOCCAKa, ((aK aTo npexpaCHO BbUIBHAO HCCAe~OBaHlle ropozmga Y /1,. Bepe3H~KH (CTp. 19). COCTaBA.>IJ\.O He6oAbIlIYEO 06- IgliHy, narpaapxaxsnyro CCMblO, KOAACKTUiBHO Be,lI;yrgylO caoe X03.>IHCTBO, xpaHmgyw B O~HOM MeCTe sanacei caoero xxefia H ncrpefiaroigyio DCTaRKH CBOHX MepTBblx B OAROM MeCTe - B «,1I,OMHKC MepTBbIX», peqb 0 KOTOPOM uixa asnne. nO,ll,06HYto m,e KapTHHY p'HCYlOT naM51THHKH naxaxa nameii SpbI ,ll,PyrH.x TCPPHTOpHH. r pyrmupoaxa nocexeuuii no npnsnasy npanaaxeaorocra K OI1,.HOMY p0,JJ;Y Ha6AlO,lI;aeTC.>I B o6AacTH cpennero Te4'eHHR OKH.2,3 HeO,lJ,HOKpaTHO OHa 6bIAa OTMeqeHa H ,!I,A}l Bepxaero TIoAHerrpOBb.l1.

Hasnaaa C II I-IV CT., naM}lTHIrKH BepxHero nOBOAlKb.l1 rOBOp}lT 06 911eprH'mo pasnep reraarorgeMcSI rrpogecce, KOTOPbIH He Mor 6blTb QeM-AM6o HHblM. KpOMe npogecca pacnaaa nepBo6bITHO-o6-. IgHRHoro CTP05i H COOTBeTCTBYlOIgHX ,eMY aa p,aHHOM arane narpaapxaxeno-poaoanx oraomeaxii. flpeiK,lI;e scero HCqe3aeT pacrroxozseaae rrocexxou KOMnaKT'HbrMH rpynnasor, CCl!MH nocexxa YBCAH-

I TI. H. T p e r b R K 0 B. K IfCTOPHH nAeMeH BepXHefO TI0130AmM! B rtepacx TbICJiqC . .".eTHH H. 9. Marep. H HCCAeA· no apxeox. CCCP. Nf.! 5, 1941.

2 n. H. T p e r b .Il K O.B. K HCTOPI1:H nAeMeH Bepxaero nOiBO"~Kbjj ••• , CTp. 19 _

3 n. H. T p e r b lil{ 0 B. K RCTOPHH ,Il;OKAaCCOBOro

06meCTBa BepXHero nOBOAmbR. I1f Al1MK. Shill. 106, 1934, CTp. 154-157.

3mH.oumes BOCmO'lH.bVC C.ta8.Rri

30

.---.--------------------~

tUJBalOTC~ B paaxrepax, B rpa-xererpe paaa npesemraa no n.ll.OI,ga,ll;M crapere ropoamga. Haxoaeg B .3HaqHTeAbHoM tJJieAe IlOJ:IB.lI..Il:lOTCjI nocexxa Heyxperrxennere, C VII-VIII CT. CTaIBlIIHe aficoAlOTHO npeo6.l1.a,ll;aWIgeH qJOPMOH: nOCeAelIHH: no BceMY BepXHeMY TIOBOA.?KblO. 1 P.fl.ll;O'M C rrccexeHHJlMH aroro Tuna MOlKHO BCTpeTHTb MOrH.lI.bHUKH, COCTO}!I,gRe H3 xypraaos c iTpynocoiKmeHHeM, B TOM r.rUCAe yzse 3HaKOMbIX HaM AAHH'HbIX xypranos.

flOJIBAeHHe xypranos C rpynocoaszseaaexs 'CTaHOBHTCJ!. BIlOAHe nOHHTHbIM B CB.!lSH C TeM me rrpogeccou pacrraaa narpaapxaxsno-poaoaoro CTPO.!l. B peayxs rare .11.eAOiKaAH3agHK PO,ll;OBbIX rpyrm, 0 tIeM CBU,II;eTeAbcTByeT 'HCr.re3HOBeHHe rpynrrHpoBKH rrocexeirnii, B O,ll;HOM nocexxe m.H:BYT renepe ceMbH, npl·-ma,ll,Aem.argue K pa3HbIM :pO,ll,aM. EOAbWHe paBMepbI HOBbIX nocexxos BnOAHe ztonyctcaror COB MeCTHylO mH3Hb 'rpex-sererpex 60AblllHX narpaapxaxsnerx ceMeH. MOm.HO npennoxerare, qTO P5lAOM C TaKHMH Bb[POClllHMH noceaxaxa pacnoxaraAHCb nepaonavaxano «nocexxn npezncoa», COCTOHIJJHe H3 norpefiaxoaerx ,?J;OMHKOB. B YCJ\.OBH5IX OTKpblTblX Il'OC'eAeHHH 9TH AOMHiKH 6blAH AHmeHbI aargarer, HX MorAH paspymare C geAblO pasrpaoAeHHH HAli B MOMeHT 060CTpeH'H5I craporo YXOI'!;.!ltgero B rrponrxoe Mem.pO,?J;OBoro aHTarOHH3Ma. 0 TOM, qTO 9TOT aHTarOHH3M AeHCTBHT1eJ\.bHO YXOAHA B npouixoe, CBHAeTeAbcTByeT HC'I,e3HOBeHHe yxpertAeHHbIX nocexeaaii. Ho :speMR: OT spexrena crapere MempOAOBbIe pacnpa HeCOMHeHHO MorAH acnoxaHaTbC5I. noaTOMY AOMHKH CKpbIBalOTC.5I nOA geMAeH, nOKpbIBaIOTC5I 3eMA5IHOH HaCbITIblO, npespargaJ:ICb TaKHM 06pa30M B xypraaer. 2 .

Pacnaa naTpHapxaAbHO-p0,lJ,OIBbIX OTHollleHHH,

,lJ,eAOKaAIi3aIJH.5I PO,lJ,OBbIX rpyrm Ii zpyrae conyrCTBOBaBmHe 06rgecTBeHRble 51BAeHHR, cnocoocrsoBaBlIIHe .NHKBH,1l;agHH ,npeBHen: :pa306rgeHHocTH poAOBbIX H nJ\.eMeHHblX rpyrm, 6blAH i8b13BaHbI K m.H3HH r Ay60KHMH BHyTpeHHHMH npogeccaan, nepecTpoHBUIHMH 8KOHOMHQeCK'He OCHOBbI rrepsofisrr-

• }IO-06rgHHoro CTpOR sepxaeao.oscxax ITAeMeH.

KY.ll.bTypa ApeBHHx rOpO,ll;HJ,g Ab.5lKOBa rarra B OCHOBHblX xeprax npe,lJ,CTaBA5IAa co6oH. npO,1l;YKT 8nOXH 6POH3bI H paaaero «meAe3Horo sexa». B 9TOT nepnoa Y HaCCJ\.eHHH BceH AeCROR nOJ\.OCbI BOCTOt[HOH EBporrbI, aa HCKAIOt[eH'HeM rrparroxxpHb[X 06J\.aCTeH, CAomHAOCb, KaK MbI BH,Il;eJ\.H BbllIIe, secetra oztaopoznoe XOB.!liiCTBO, caoeotipaaaoro KOMnA,eKCHoro xapaxrepa. Crapsre crtocofier noxyqeHH.!I cpe,ZJ;CTB cytgecraoaaana - OXOTa H :pbI6Haf! AOBA5I - ztaxexc He YTpaTHAH csoero BamHoro .3Hat[eHHH, HO ace m.e yCTyrrHAH nepsoe MeCTO HOBblM OTpaCAaM X03HHCTBa: CKOTOBO,ZJ;CTBY H 3eMAe,Il;eJ\.Hl<:J. X03J1HCTBO TaKoro KOMIlAeKCHoro rnna He MorAO He HMeTb crporo HaTypaAbHolro xapaxrepa, ocofienao ecxa IBcrrOMHHTb, q'TIO lII'POH!3BO,ll,CTBO mexesa H meAe3HbIX HSAeAHll raxzce 6bIAO ,11;0- cryrrao eCAM He sceu, TO B'IQ B'CR-KOM cxysae no,ZJ;aBA5IIOrgeMY 6IQAblIIHHCTBY 06:rgUH. T aKOBb[M 6b[-

I n. H. T p e r b ~ K 0 B. K HCTOPHH. TIMMea Bepxaero nOBoAmba .•• , CTp. 83-

2 TaM iKe, CTp. 86.

J\.O 8KOHOMWfeCKo·e OCHOBaHae nepaodsrraoro narpHapxaAbHO-pO,lJ,OBOrO CTpOH. 1

iJ,aAbHeHlllee paSBHTHe 3KOI'IOMHQeCKOH mH3HH BepxHeSOAmCKHX nxexerr, CB5I.3aHHOe rrpezsze acero C IIIHpOKHM pacnpocrpaaeaaexs meAe.3a, K na-raxy HameH spsr YLI .. e ReMOrJ\.O nOHTU B HanpaBAeHHH rrponcpgaoxaxuaoro pOCTa ncex OTpaCAeH: X0.351HCTBa H rrpOH3BOtJ;CTBa. j1,BHllieHHe snepea 6bIAO' B03MomHO AHllIb npH YCAOBHH pa3,lJ,eAeHHR TpYAa, npH YCAOBHH paspytueana rrep.ao6bITHOH narypaAbHOCTH X0.351HCTBa. B rraM}ITHHKax cepeznner I TblC}IqeAeTHa H. 9. IQ6rgecTIBeHHoe paaztexenae ~ TpY,ZJ;a BbHIBA5I,eTC.a yzse C rrOJ\.HoH OTtIeTAHBOCTbIO. I1sBecTHbI roponmga H cexmga cepe,nHHbI M BTOPOH nOJ\.OBHHbl I TbIC5IqeAeTH5l H. 9., nacexeaae KOTOPbIX oopaoareiaaxo zsexeac HAH gBeTHble MeTaAJ\.bI B TaKHX MaCIlITa6ax, KOTopbIe BO MHlOrO pas "peBbIIlIaAH BHYTpeHHMe rroTpe6HOCTH. Ha p.sr,ll.y C HHMH HSIa-eCTHbI nocexxa, rrpas.aa, r AaBHbIM 06pa30M, yzse VI-VIII CT., aa KOTOPblX He BCTpeqeRO( HUKaKHX CAe,ZJ;OS 06pa60TKH HH m.exeaa, HH gseTHbIX MeTaA.lI.OB.2 Pa3AeAeHHe Tpy,na H conyrcrnyrorgaii eMY o6MeH npOHI-IK1I.H. H B OC-_. HOBHb~e OTpaCAH X03R:HCTBa BepXneBIOAmCKHX nxeMeR. EC1I.H no BceMY Bepxaexy nOBOJ\.iKblO, Ha4;HHa.51 C cepe,nHHbl I TbIC5l'-leAeTll5l H. 3., a6COAlOTHO npeotixaaaiorgee axaxemre B 3KOHOMHKe npaotipeTaeT 3eMAe,ll;eAHe, TO B 60J\.ee BOCTOqHbIX paiioaax aToH repptrropan HMeAHCb I1J\.-eMeHa C pa3BHTblM CKOTOBO;ll;tIeCKMM X03R:HCTBOM, OnI-!.paBIIlHMC.5I na urapoxne nOHMeHI-lble xyr a BO.ll.rH H ee npHTOKOB. 3 Bee no r 1I.y60KO aapyuraxo 6bIJ\.YIO nepBIQ6bITayro 3aMKHYTOCTb rrarpnapxaxe aerx 06I,Q,HH H noClI.ym.HJl.O IIPHqHHOH HX nocrenenaoro pacnazta. CAetl;yeT erg·e YKa3aTb, tITO pacr yrgae BHyTpeHHHe 9KOHOMHQeCKHe CBH3M IQqeHbeKOpo npHBeAH K pOCTy BHeIlIHHX OB.fl3eH. B BepXHeM TIoBOJ\.mbe npa HCCJ\.e,ZJ;OBaHHH naM5ITHHKOB cepeaansr I TbIC.5lqeTHR H. 9. 06bIQHYIO HaXO,ZJ;KY COCTaBA5IKlT seI,Q,H HMIIopTHoro IIPOHCX01K,II;eHH.fl, POAHHOH KOTOpsrx 5IBJI..flKlTC5l cpeaaee reaeane OKH, Cpetl;Hee Flcnaenpoase Ii Aa1Ke IOm.Haa flpH6aATHKa.4

Flponecc paspymeana nepBo6blTHo-o6rgllHHoro CTpOR H cooTBeTcTBYlO1!!eH eMY narpaapxaxerroPOtl;O:SOK opraaaaanaa, B 061!!MX tIepTaX o.amra'KOHO n,poreKaBIlI~HH 'KaK B flOBO.ll.mbe, TaK H 'B ITO,lJ,HenpOBb,e, He 6blA ace me BrrOJ\.He H,ZJ;eHTMqHbIM. B pesyxarare pacrraaa ApeBH€rO KOMrr.ll.eI'Cnoro X03HHCTBa 3KOHOMHQeCl(a.fl mH.3Hb nxeuea nOAHerrpOBb.51 HaqaAa pa3BHSaTbC5I aaxeso He !BIIIOAHe Tom,ll;eCTB'eHHO. He -paBHOllleHHbIMH 6bIAH Ilr 'BH€lllHHe YC.lI.OIBH.fl, BHeWHHe 9KOIRIQiMH'qeCKHe CBH3H, conyrcrayroigae ,lJ,aAbHeKIlI'eH MCTOPllH Tex Ii .u.pyrHx ,ITJl.eMeH.

Orvesaa 3aMeTHbIH nepexou IS m'll3HH IIJl.eMeR 3ana,ll,HOrO flOBOAJfl:b51 IB nepaoii IIOAOBHHe I TbIC.Il:q·eAeTMJI H. 9., n. fl. EqHfMeHKO CYMMlIpyeT CBOH CIQ06pam.eHHJI no 9TO'My nOBO,ZJ;y CAe.1l;YIOIgHM 06Pa.30M: «Mbl HMeeM B03MomHOCTb

I TaM me, CTp. 83-85. 2 TaM aie CTp. 84.

3 TaM me:

4, TaM me.

Aora.n;bIBaTbca, t.IeM 06'bHCHHeTCH 9TOT npogecc nepexona HaCeAeHH.f.I 3anaP,Horo nOBOAmbH K HOBOMy crpmo cyrgecTBOBaHH5f. • • BblpameHHei\I aroro npogecca 6bIAO 6blcTpoe pa3BHTHe TeXHHKH, ocotieano B 06AaCTH 06pa6oTKH MeTaAAa - MeAH H meAe3a, nO.SIBAeHHe penecxa, KaK HOBOH <pCPMbI rrpOH3iBo.n;CTBa, 00 qeM rcaopar, aanpaxep, "CTaHp,apTHbIH" xapaacrep 60AbIIIHHCTBa MeTaAAHT.J:eCKHX

{ ~ 6

H3AeAHH, pOCT 0 MeHa aaoraa c OT.J:eHb OTp;aAeH-

HbIMH lOmHhIMH crpatraxsa, aaxorreg TO, qTO AOAmHO 6bIAO CT05fTb aa aTHM npogeccov, - H3MeHeHHe !POPM o6IJ!ecTBeHHoH opraaasagan, OTMCqalOrg·ee nepBbIH aran B pa3A01KeHHH panee xpenKHX H mH3HeHHbIX POAOBbIX CBH3eH}>. 1 4,aAee, noAeMH3HpYH C A. B. APIJHXOBCKHM, no MHeHHlO xoroporo B q)QpMHpOBaHIiH HOBOH KyAbTYPhI nxeMeR 3anap,Horo nOBOMKb51 3HaT.J:HTeAbHaH :pOAb npHHa,lJ,Ac:maAa POCTY 3CMAe,1l;eAlHI, 2 n. n. EqmMeHKO aa OCHOBaHHH 60Abliloro H apxoro cpaKTHT.J:eCKOrO MaTepHaAa ,lJ,OKa3bIBaeT, T.J:TO OCHOBoH 9KOHOMHT.J:eCKOH 2KH3HH 06HTaTeAeH 3arra,1l;HOrO TIoBOALKMf CTaHOBHTC}l He 3eMAe,lJ,eJl.He, a CKOTOBOP;CTBO.3 flepeXO,1J,OM K cBoeo6pa3HOMY nacrymecxovy 06pa3Y LKH3HH B 3anaAHOM OOBOJl.2Kbe 06'bHCH~eTC}l HeCOMHeHHO OTHOCHTeAbHO paanee HCt.Ie3- HOB·eHHe, xorrr H He IIOJl.HOe, CTapbIX YKpenAeHHbIX nocexerraii, yzce He cnoco6HbIX 3argHTHTb HOBoe 06rgecTBeHHoe 60raTCTBO - paapocuraeca craaa.

OCHOBHbIM 9THH'1eCKHM KOMIIOHeHTOM BOCTOT.J:HOCPllHCKHX nxeuea 3aIIaAHoro nOBOA2K.bH nOCAYmliAO aacexeaae, COCTaBAHBIIIee B npe,lJ,bI.n;yrgYK> 9110XY noxa QTO O'l£eHb nAOXO H3BeCTHYlO rpyrmy nxevea, OCTaBHBllIHX ropoamga C poroasnoii KepaMHKoH. Ha'1HHa}l C r Ay6oKOH ,or,peBHOCTH, 3TH nxexeaa, B 60Ablliea CTeneHH 'l£eM see ,lJ,pyrHe nxexeaa BOCTOqHO-eBponeHCKHX AeCOB, 6bIAH CB5I- 3aHbI C aacexeane» I02KHO-pyCCKHX creneii, "ITO He MorAO He OTpa3HTbCli aa xapaxrepe HX KYAbTypbI. ECTb OCHOBaHH5I npennoxarare, 'ITO 3IWHQMHQecxas mH3Hb 9THX nxesren erge B I TblCH<[eAenm AO H. 9. HMeAa H·eKoTopbIH CKOTOBO,lJ,tleCKHa OTTeHOK. aTUM, BepO}lTHO, H 06b.IICH}leTCR, <[TO K cepezaae I TbICjlT.J:eAeTHH H. :3., a MeCTaMH H pansure, no acexy 3ana,1l;HoMY OOBoAmblO CKOTOBOJl,CTBO npaooperaer 3HaT.J:eHHe OCHOBHoa OTpaCA" xo- 35fHCTBa. aKOHOMH'IeCKHe CB1I3H C TeppHTopHCH crerreii C a roro MOMeHTa iBblcTyrraK>T yzse BnOAHe cnpeaexenno, cxaaersaace B 9AeMeHTax KOCTlOMa, B TIme H COCTaBe BoopY2KeHHH, B TOM, tITO Y nxeMeH 3ana,lJ,HOrO nOBOAmb~ paCilpOCTpaH5IIOTCH MHorHe tpOPMbI npetl,MeTOB yfiopa H yxpaureaua, 6bITOBaBlliHX B cpeae KOqeBHrm:os. T aKoH caoe-

• 06pa3HbIH: nacrynrecxaii xapaxrep 6bIJI. CBoHcTBeH nAeMeHaM flOBOA2Kb5I BnAOTb iW VII-VIII CT. H. 9., xor-aa B HX 3KOHOMlIKe uaxaaaer npeofixa-

1 n. n. E!jJ H M e H K O. K HCTOPH'Ii 3ana}J.Horo DoBOA1Kbn B !IepBO~ TblC;rqeAeTHH H. s. COB. apxeox., II, 1937, CTp. 45.

2 A. B. A P :g Ii X 0 B C K Ii M. ApxeOAOrH"IeCKHe }J.aHHble

o B03HHKHOBeHHK CfleOp,3.AH3Ma. B CY3tJ,aAbcKo-CMoAeucKoJ:\ 3eMAe. Dp06AeMbl KCT. p,OKanRT. 061£., N9 11-12, 1934, CTp.· 40.

3 n. IT. E tV H M e H K 0, yx. CO'!., CTp. 46-49.

31

,11,aTb 3eMAe,J;eAHe,1 CTaBIIIee B!IOCAe,J,CTBHH, B 9rIOxy pamrero cpenxes eKOBb 51 , OCHOBOH HX napgexxapaoro X035IHCTBa.

B 06J1.aCTH Bepxaer-o flOAHenpOBMI, rAe 60AbIIIMe H CHCTeMaTHqeCIme pacxortxa apeaaax noceAeHHH erge He npOH3BOAHAHCb, HCTOpH'leCI01H npo!Jecc HeCOMHeHHO cxxansrnaxcs B OCHOBHbIX t.IepTax TOT.J:HO TaK )I,e, KaK H B BepXHeM IloBoAiKbe. TaM HaQ.II.K>AaeTC~ KaK o6rgee YBeAH'leHHe pa3MePOB nocexeaaii, TaK H nOHBAeHHe 60Aburoro qHCAa HeYKperrAeHHbIX 'IIOCeAKOB, OKpY1KaIOIgHX 06blT.J:HD crapere MHHHaTIOpHble ropoamga, iTIpOAOAasaamae 3,J;ecb <PYHKR,HOHHpOBaTb eIge ,1J,OArOe BpeM5I. 113BecTHbI aaecs raxace nYHKTbl Cocpe,1l,oTOt.leHHH meAeso,1J,eJl.aTeJl.bHOrO H KY3HeqHOrO npoH3BO,1J,CTBa, OTHOCH!,!!HeCH K VIII-X CT., rp;e OT-

.._,. ")

KpbITbI oCTaTKH nAa·BHJl.bHbIX nesen.>

B rrpOTHBOnOA02KHOCTb rrxexeaax 3arrap;Horo IloBOMKbH, cesepaere BOCTOQHO-CJl.aB5IHCKHe IIAeMeHa }lBJI..f.IAHCb IIpeHMyrgecTBeHHO 3eM.II.eAeAbgaMH. 06 3TOM rOBopHT HaXO,1l,KH iK·eAe3HbrX cepnon, meAe3HblX MOTblr H aepen KYAbTypHbIX pacreaaii. B BepXHeM cxoe EaHgepoBcKoro ropoamga, OTHOC~IgeMCH K VI-VIII CT., acrpexeaa geJl.aH cepml MHHHaTIOpHblX cepnos H sepaa ropoxa, npoca, nurenager, BHKH H KOHCKHX 6o.60B. 3 iKeAe3Hble cepnbI 6bIAH BCTpeT.J:eHbI TaKme aa 4epKaCOBC.KOM rOpO,ll;HIge rroz; Opureii VI-VIII CT.,4 aa HeCKOJl.bKHX IBepXHeOlKCKHX roponatgax, B T.J:aCT·HOCTH aa MOIgHHCKOM 5 H Ory6cKOM. 6

f1PC)J,KH ceaepa six IBOCTOT.J:HO-CAaBHHC:KI!X nxeMeH B 60AbmeH CTeneHI! HBAHAHCb 3eMAe,1l,eAbgaMH, <{eM CKOTOBOJl,aMH. QHn 0611TaAH B 6accellHe )J,Herrpa, CB5I3bIBaIOrgero HX C ,lJ,peBHHM osarox BOCTOQHO-eBponeHCKoro sCMAeJI,eAHH, n03JI,Hee co CKHCpaMH-rraxapHMH, aasoneg, C 3eMAe,ll.eAbT.J:eCKHMH nAeMeHaMI! aaxaxa naureii aper. HeY,ll.HBHTeAbHO noaTOMY, 'ITO CAaBHHCKHe nxexeaa Bepxsero flozraerrpoas a H CMemHbIX TeppHTopHH BCTynHAM B mH3Hb, npem,ll.e scero, KaK 3eMAeAeAbgbI, "ITO He MorAO He oTpa3HTbCR' aa oco6eHHOCTHX HX KYAbTypbI, ax 6blTa, aaxoaei; nx pC.II.HrH03HblX npeaCTaSAeHHH, 3aMeTHO OT.II.H'IaIOrgI!XO! OT ,1l,peBHHX, B OCHOBe CKOTOBCA'leCKHX KYAbTOB flOBOAmb}l.

l1p;yrgHe C rAy6oKoH .n.peBHOCTH rrOCT05[HHble 9KOHOMl{qeCKHe CBH3H nAeM'eH Bepxaero IlO,1l;HC-

t·

npOIBb51 co CBOHMH 60Aee K>m.HbIMH coce,1l,HMH CTa-

HOB5ITC5I ocofio npOqHblMH H rAy6oKuMH, HaqHHa>1 C II I-IV CT. C aroro B pesrena aa rop0,1l;J.ngax, a noamree B xypraaax vs Hso6HAHH BCTpeqalOTCfl

1 TaM *e. CTp. 54-55 .

~ A. H. A ~ Y .Il a H C II i i K. M. n a x i K a P II 0 B i 'l. ,lla ricropsri maAc3Haa npaMblcAoBaCbl!bl aa Bexapyci. CaLlcgl\ali KpaHHa, NQ 5, 1932, CTp. 55-B5.

:3 K. ill A Ii K C 6 e pre p. 3epHbl :3 EaHgapaycKoro rapaaaiursa. Dpa!!'bI Cstq!ii apxeoxcraa AKal1.. HaBYK 6Cep. MeHcK, 1932.

4 Dpagb! Apxeoxerisnaa ](aMicii AH ECep. II, 1930, crp. 77.

5 H. 11. 6 Y A'bI l{ e ;8. iti.YPHaA pacxonox no 'laCTH

aoaopaanexa Bep:.i:HHx npaTOKOB BOArn H .If,ucnpa. M .• 1899, ra6A. XIV, 28.

G B. A. r 0 p O}J. Ii 0 B. EOAOTHoe Orybcaoe ropoznnge, T p. roc. [-!CT. Mysen, I, 1926.

32

amH.OU~H.e3 80CmO'l.H.bIX CAC!.8Jl.H.

-_. --------- ~---.-- --- .•. ~---------- .. --_

'Ser,gH, npaaeseaasre li3 Cpeaaero f10,lJ,HenpOBb51 HAH f1pUqepHOMopbH. Peme MOlKHO BCTpeTHTb H3~~AHH, n:pOHCXO,lJ,HIgHe HS f1pH6aATHKH. Ona asaecraei npeHMYIgeCTBeHHO aa cesepo-aanaae BO·· CTOqHO-CAaIHiHCKOR repparopna, B CMemHblX C TIpH6aATHKOH 06AaCTnX. 0630P scex 8TUX sellJeil: 6y ~eT AaH HHme.

v

Pa3AHLIH:e 'B xapaKTepe 8THOrOHHqeCK0'ro npogecea B cpeae ceBepHblX BOCTOt.rHO-CAaBHHCKHX HAeMeH H BOCTOtIHO-q:IHHCKHX nAeMeH TIOBOJUKb51 He orpann-nraaxoce, OAHaKO, nepet.rHCAeHHblM asnrre. nO~HenpOBCKHe H nOBOAiKCKH,e nxesreaa He TOAbKO B03HllKAH aa pa3J\.HQHOM 8THHQecKOM ocnoaaHHH, He TOAbKO HMeAH, aaxoaeg, CBoII aarrpasxeHH>! 9KOHOMHt.reCKHX H KYAbTypHhIX CB5!3eH C snemHHM MHpOM. Opogeee 9THorOHHH rex H ApyrHx nAeMeH HMeA erge OAHO rxytioxoe xaxec'raeaaoe paaxasne, B pesyxnrare xero 9THHqeCKaH KOHCOAH.rr,agml TIO,lJ,HenpOBCKllX nxeuea 3aIIIAa 3Hat.rHTeAbHO .n;aAblIIe, t.r,eM Y IIAeM'eH OOBOAJKbJ.l.

HeCMOTpR na TO, qTO asxeaenae xapaxrepa XOMdkTBa y nxexea 3anaAHoro [1oBOAmb5! IlOBAeI(AO sa C060H H3BeCTHhle lIepeABHrKKH HaceJ\.eHH.II B TIOHCKaX HOBbIX MeCT, COOTseTcTByroIgHX HX HOBOMy otipasy rKUSHU, 9THOrOHll'-leeKllH rrpogecc B cpeae STllX IIAeMeH npOTeRaA crporo aSTOXTOHHO. ,Z1;peBHHe AOKaJl.bHble pa3AHtIU.Il B 9TUX YCAOBH.IlX OKa3aAHCb 60Ace npOqHbIMH; OHH nOCTO.llHHO CKa- 3bIBaAHCb H TOPM03HAll npogecc 91'lUIQeeKOrO 06'beJl.HHeHH}!. ,[10STOMY 9THHQ'eCKaH xap ra naxaxa HaIIIeH apsr, C xoropoii MbI n03HaKOMHAHCb asune, B TIOCJ\.6.rr,YlOIgee 'BpeM}I TIOABe:pr xace B [1oBoMKbe cpaaanrexsao He3HatIHTeAbHbIM U3MeHeHllHM. T epPHTOPHR ropO,lJ,HIg c pOrOrKHOR KepaMHIWR B OCHOBHbIX xep-rax cosrraaaer C TeppHTopueH ApeBHHX MOPAOBCKO-MY:POMCKHX nxexrea, Hacexeane BOAroOKCKHX ropO~HIg c cer-raroii KepaMHKOH, nOBllAHMOMY, .coeTaSHAO oeHOEY I1AeMeH Mep.SIHCKHX; nxeMeHa, HOCHTeAH KYAbTyPlJI KOCTeHOCHbIX ropOAHI!! 3aIBOA}KbH, 'TIpH AaAbHellIlleM pa3BHTHH AaAH CBOH ocofisre 9THHQ,eeKHe rpynrrer, K aaxaxy I TbICHQC-

./'eTH5I H. 9., xoraa BOCTOQHaR Espona BCTynHA<:l.

B HOSYIO cpa3Y HCTopHQeCKOrO pa3BHTllR, nacexeHue TIOBOAiKbR COXpaHJ1AO CBOIO 9THH.q,eCKYIO neCTPOTY, AomuBmylO Ii ,11,0 xacroatgero BpeMeHH.

BOCTOtIHO-CAaB1lHCKJ1e nAeMelIa raxace BOSHHKAII aa Heo.rr,HopO~HOM, neCTpOM 9THHQeCKOM OCHOlBa~ HHH. ECAJ1 .ll,.eCHHHCKa5I H roLKHo-6eAopYCCKa.SI nxexeansre rpynnbI HaqaAa aanref apsr 6bIAH OTHOCllTeAbHO 6All3Kll GAlla ,lJ,pyroH, TO s'roro HHKaK HeAbS1l CKa3aTb OTHOCliT,eAbHO BepXHeBOAiKeKH.X H apeBHHX oeB,epo-6eAopYCCI<HX !nAeMeH. T eM He Meaee, ecxa He K cepeztane, TO BO BC.aKOM cxysrae K KOHgy I TbICHqeAeTHR H. 8. na BceM rrpocrpaacrse OT BOAXOBa AO Cpenaero [JO,lJ,HenpOBb5I, BKAIOt.ra.SI

vCIO,lJ,a BepXOIBbH Boxra H Oxa, YCTaHOBHACH seesMa OAHOpO~HbIH xapaxrep KyAbTYPbI BO BC~X e<::

MaTepUaJl.bHbIX TIp05IBAeHHHX, AOCTYIIHbIX ll3YQeHHJO rIO . apxeoxomsecxaa rra'MJlTHHKaM. llaHHbIe «noBeeTR apeveaaerx AeT» II ace ,lJ,pyrHe HCTO'IHHKH,

I1HCbMeHHble I{ .i\HHfBI1CTHQeCKHe, C TOU HAM. HHOH CTOPOHbI xapaKT,epH3YlOIgHeBOCTOL[HO-CAaBHHCKHe nxeraeaa IX-X CT., He onpoaepraro r, a Ha060po!, nOAHOCTblO nOATBepm.~alOT 9TOT IBbIBOA· CAeAOBaTeAbHO, 9THorOHHR BOCTO'lHOrO CAaB.SIHCTSa urxa KaKHMH-TO OC06bll\HI nyTJlMH, B 9TOM npogecce 6hIAO HeQTO raxoe, QTO OTCYTCTBOBaAO B [10BOArKbe HAH I1pI16aATHKC, rzte ,lI.peBH.HH 9THHL[eCKa.H necrpora coxpaaaxacs AO HaliIHX ,lJ,HeH.

HeAb3H CH:a3aTb, I.,{T06bI nOHCKH s roro raHHC!aeanoro «HeqTO» ,B apxeOAOrUQeCI(HX AaHHhlX YBeHqaJ\.HCb nOAHbIM ycnexoxr. I1pogecc araoroHHH - HaCTOAbKO CAom.Hoe HCTOpl1"IeCKOe RBAeHHe, '-lTO Kam.,lJ,Oe ero KOHKpeTHoe npeAOMAeHHe MOiKeT saBHCeTlJ 01' yeAoro p.lIAa npHQllH, npnQeM AaAeKO He ace MS HHX 06H3aTeAbHO HaRAYT OTpaLKeHHf! B apxeOAOrnQeCKOM MaTepHaAe. OJJ;Ha us npHqHH cpaBHHTeAbHOH acp<p,eKTHBHOCTH 9THorOHWfeCKoro npogecca Y BOCTOqHO-CAaB$lHCKHX nxesren, H B03~ MOa;.HO O,lJ,Ha HS OCHOBHbIX npRQHH, ,Bce m.e MOzser 6blTb YKa3aHa. C Hea 3HaKOMJ'IT Hac apxeoAOrHQeCKHe naM5lTHJ1KH ceaeprrstx panOHOB YKpaMHbI.

Benne yzse HeOAHOKpa THO IIlAa peQb 0 crpararpaqnra ,lJ,eCHHHCKHX ropOAnIg. HH2KHUe CAOH 9THX naMRTHHKOB coaepasar xrarepaax I TbIC.lltIeAeTH>1 ,lJ,O H.9. H aasaxa H. 9., HX rrOeJl.eAOBaTeAbHO cxreHHroT HaCAoeHHR Cepe',lJ,HHbl H BTOpOH nOAOBHHbI I TbIC5!QeAeTHJ'I H. e., B CBOIO oxepeae nepexp sirete aepeaxo OCTaTKaMH. KY AbTYPbI 9IIOXll ,Z1;peBHei1 PYCH. MaTepH3.AhI ,lJ,eCHMHCKHX. r-opczung; OTHOC.II.!gReCH K VII I-X CT., rroAyqHJ\.H HaHMeHOBaHHe pOMeHCKHX HAH pOMeHCKOH KYAbTypbI, no HMelm rpynlIbI rOpO,lJ,MI,g C HaCAOeHH.lIMH arorc BpeMeHH, HCCAe,1l,aBaHHOH H. E. MaKapeHKO B paiione r • .POMHbl S sepXOBb51X p. CYAbI. I

r OpO,lJ,Hrga poxencxoro Tuna - MUHHaTlOpHble

3eMARHbIe yxpenxeaaa, aaaxoraaaere no xapax-rePY eeBepHbIM rOpOJJ;HIgaM, - 06Ha_PYiK,eHbl Ii B ,lJ,pyrHx paiioaax ceaepo-aocroanoil Y KpaHHbI, B tIaeTHOCTH B BepXHeM TeqeHHH BOPCKJl.bI, B paiioHe AXTblpKH. 2

B 0'1' AHtIlle OT ropoAI-Hg 6acceiIHa AeeHbI, poMeHCime naM.lITHHKU ceBepO-:SOCTOQ}lOH YKpallHbI H CMem.HbIX 06J1.aCTeU PCtPCP HHKOr,lJ,a He coaepasar ,lJ,peBHHX aacxoeaaii. HH aa O,lJ,HOM 113 H3BeCTHbIX rOpO,lJ,HIg BepXOBbeB CYAb[ H BOPCI{Abl He 6bIJ\.0 BCTpeQeHO noz; pOMeHCKHM CAoeM'HHKaKUX xy J\.bTypHbIX OCTaT:K'OB ,upeAllIeCTByroIgHX VII-VIII CT. H. 9. no BopCKAe HMelOTC.SI nne rpynnsr rOpO,lJ,HIg, peaxo OTAH'IaIOIgHecH O,lJ,Ha OT Apyroll: ropoaarga CKJ1<pcKoa 9'lIOXli 1M fiOpO,lJ,Hrga pOMeHCKHe, !He HMelOI!!'He c nepBblMH HHKaKOH CIB.II- 3H. KYAbTypa «rrOAeH norpe6aAbHbIX ypH», sanOAH5IlO:rga.II nepaoa MelliAY CKHCPCKHMH H pOMeHCKHMJ1 naM51THHKaMH, H3BeCTHaH no P.II,lJ,y 01' AeAb-

I H. E.1\.1 a K ape H K o. OT'IeT 06 apxeoxortraecxrrx IlCC.lI.e,1{OBaHlUlX B nOATaBcKoH ry6. HAK, asm. 22, 1907. - OHm c. rOPO,1J;HUJ,e Moaacrnoen;e. HaYKOBHH 36ipHHK, T. XIX, 1924. - 0 H 111: e. OpHaMeHTagi~ xepaaisaax BHpo6iB B KYll.bTypi ropOAH,!! posrencnxoro rany, Niederluv sbornik, npara, 1925.

2 06:aop noxeserx HCC.lI.e,1J;OBaHHH Yll1MK AH CCCP B 1938 r.: KpaTKHe C006rgCHHH 0 .1I;OKMJJ;ax H rrOAeBblX HCCAeJJ;OBaIHlflX YlHMK. Arp., 1939, crp, 22.

II. H. Tpcmo exoe. CUJt'PH.blC HQl;/IlO'IHO-L1UUJlHClme n.te.IWHtl

HbIX aaXOAOK KaK no BopcKAe, TaK If no CYAe, He !\IOmeT 6blTb reaeTHQeCKH YBR3aHa C pOMeH~ ClWH KYAbTYPOH, HecpaBHeHliO 60Aee rpyfioii H npHMHTHBHOll. C03AaeTC5! B[JetIaT AeHHe, 'ITO ceBe'pO~BOCTOqHbIe paiioms Y KpaHHbI B VII - VIII CT. 6bIAH 3aH.lil·bI aacexeaaeu, nepe,1J,BI1~ HYBIDHMC5I crena H3 6accellHa l(ecHbL

no BOPCKAe II no CYAe, E paiione pOMeHcKHx ropop,mg, HMelOTCf[ xypraust C TpynoCOiK2KeHKeM 'raKiKe HeCOMHeHHO cesepaoro xapaxrepa, HaH6oxee ,1l;peBHHMH H3 HHX cxeayer ct{HTaTb xypram», HCCAeP,OBaaHble B. E. ,l(,aHHAeBlPle:'1 H H. E. MeAbl!HK OKOJl.O C. Ey /1. M XY1'. Bepesosxa B aepxoae ax BOpCKAbI.! Kypraner COCTaBM!AH 3;1,eCb TpM ae60Abnme rpynnbl- B 3, 9 H 10 nacemeii, B02MOiKHO. 'lTO nepaoaasaxsnoe tIHCAO xypraaos 6bIAO HeCKOAbKO 60Ab lliH\I , HO OHB CHJl.bHO nOCTpa,1laAJI rrpn xopveaxe xeca, no TO» a:e npaxtme, a TaKLKe, lleCOMHeHHo, 6Aarop,apSl pacnpocrpaaeanoxry npezsll;e crroco6y pacxcrtxa xypraaos TpaHween HAM KO)l.O'[(l1eM, CT pyxr ypa norpeoaxsnerx na!ltHTHHKOB He 6blJl.a TO~lHO YCTaHOB)l.eHa. Eeccnopuo xnure, t:[TO

33

llleii B OCHOSlHHH pcxreacxoro CA05I. He npOTHBOpesar ElTOll zare n p,eCHHHCKOMY npOHCXmK,1(eHHlO uaH,[(eRHble 3AeCb 06J1.0MKJ1 xepaxrnxn c qepHOH .\0- !geROH: nOBepXHOCTbW, KOTopaH. ImK MbI YiKe 3HaeM, HMeAa B ary anoxy mapouaiimee pacnpocrpaneaae B cpeae BOCTOtJHO-CAaB5!HCI<HX ITAeMeH. HaH60Aee 5IpKH~i MaTepHaAoM, rOBOpR:JgHM 0 p;eCHuHCKOM npo,!CXOlli,:'leHHli aacexeaaa, OCTaBHBIllero 9TH xypraasr, 5IBA5!iOTC5I HaHtleHHbIe sp;eCb MHOrOtH!CAetHlbte j'AHH.!'IHble 6AOKU, sarano-nnae r AHHHHble H3,1J,eAH5I necanacuax ropoaatg, KOHHqeCKOH, 6 I-iKOHHt{ecRoH , oxpyrxoii Ii ,rr,pj.'rnx ~op~'[. Hs .1tpyroro HHBeHTap5I aaece HaHtJ,eHbl OCeAOK c OTBepCTHeM ,lJ,/dl npaseillHBaHH5I H MeTaJlAHQeCKaH npazsxa HeH3BfcTHOH (POPMbI. I B seMAe, as KOTOPOH 6bIAH nacemama xypraasr, BCTpeqaAHCb B 60AblliOM ttHCAe, HecOMHeHHO, cAY4aHHo nonaatnae CI02(a OCKOAKH xaap!JHTa. npnnsrere aaropaxn pacxonox sa KaMeHHNe OpY,Z(H5!.

CAeP;bJ (;TO .... b me xapasrepaux norpe6aAbHblx coopym.eHHH: ceaepaoro THna scrpeseast OKOAO c. Ma.Yble EYll.KH B OKpeCTHOCTflX PO:\1eH. Cy.'UI no

U

5

Puc. 10. KypraHbI Y c. By~bI II XyT. BepC30BK:l. l-·!fJIIGY1>a; 1- 4 - "epa)m~a; 5-6·_ 1·.\nH~m'le (i.IOIW.

Kam,1l;a.sr nacsme CO,ll,epmaAa HeCKOAbKO TpyIlOCO'1"mellHll, xo-ropste COnpOB02K,lJ,aJI.IICb r AliH~HbIMll COCy.1taMH II HeKOTOpbIM ,1l;pyrHM lIHBeHTapeM. B KYPraae NQ 1 y XyT. Eepe30BKH, IWTOPblH coxpaanxcs Ay4Ule .J.pyrnx. 6b!AH BCTpet.JeHbI qeTblpe CAO.fl rteperHHBwero .ll,epeB3 - OCTl'iTKH, Bepo.srnro, KaKHX-1'O ,1I,epeB5UlHbIX cooPYiKcm·di, C KOTOPbIMH CBH3bIBaAnCI) yroxs, nepema,eHHblt tIeAOBeqeCKHe ROCTH H

KepaMUKa. 3p;ecb JI,e acrpesea HecommeHHblll

KOCTjlK, KOTOPblll conpoaoacaaxcn naAbqaTbfMu

cpH6YAa.MH VII CT. H. 9. (pUC. 10). Bep0ll.THO 3Aecb no 06bltl:a5IM caoeii crpansr 6bIAa norpe- 6eHa JI<::eHIgHHa, npOMCXOJl.I1BIlla~ H3 npHtIepHO- 1II0Pb.!'l.

I1HBelITapb xypraaca Y c. Ey,1I, H XyT. Bepe- 30BKH HMeeT, nOBHIl.HMOMY, ,lJ,eCHHHCKoe rrpOHCXOm,ll;elUte. 3,ll;eCb scrpeseaa irpYl6aH xenaas nocyaa TI rmAe rrAOCKO,lJ,OHHblX ropmxoa H, aasoneg, TapeAOK. COCYP.bI opnauearxpoaaaet no BeHlfHKY CKB03HhIMH OTBepCTH5!MH, HMKaMH n HorTeBMAHbIMH B,ltaBAeHH}IMH. .Oopeay Be1l'!I1Ka npaaaasi aoxnoofipaaasre (JQepTaHH5!. Bee aTU t{epTb[ xapaxrepasr ,1lA5! xepaMHRH ,lJ,eCHHHCKHX ropoaan; V l I-VII I CT" Aema-

I B. E. .lL a H H A e B H 'I. PaCKonKlI xypraaos OROAO

c. Ey.1t H X. BepeBOBKH AXTbrpCKOro y. Xapsxcacxoil ry6. Tp, XlI ApKeoJl.. C'M3,!!,a, I, 1905, CTp. 411-433.

;) MaT. II ncca. no apxeorr. CCCP, .;\, (l

coo6rgeHHlO B. cPo Eecnaxexeaa ~ Ii H, E. Maxapeuxo," nOA OCTaTKaMH pacnaxaaasrx KypraHoB ~,1leCb 6bIAH H<lHJl:,eHbI CO eYAbI C 2fOKeHbIMH KOCTH:-'U1, 6ycaMH H .ltpyruMH MeARHMH YKpaWeHHR:MI1 VIII-X CT. BOKpyr COCy,tl,OB 06f!apymeHbl OCTaTKH nepessanetx CTOAOOR, pacnoxozseamax, no C0061IJCHIIIO H. E. Maxapeaxo, no noxyxpyry, a no lImelailO B. cn. Eecnai\J)tleaa - no l1eTblpeyroAbHHKY. OtIeBH,1I,HO, 9TH CTOA6bl npeacraaxaror C'o60H: AepeBJIHHylO orpaziy, H3seCTHYIO no xypraaax sepxoasen o lUI H )J,OHa (CTp. 50). KpoMe rpy60il .\enHoH nOCYJJ:bI cesepaoro rana npn paCKOITKaX 6bIAO Haup,eHo UeCKO}\.bKO COCYP'OB XOPOUlCU Bbl,:'leAKH C opHaMeHTOM H3 npoxepseuaux AHHH.u, II TOM l.U!CAe BOAHHCTOii nOAOCbl, H noxcc, aaneceaHbIX KPJ.CKOi1. T axax nocyaa noxa qTO ua CAaB~IHCKllX roponmgax He BCTpe~JaAaCb. Ee npoacxoasaeuae OCTaeTC.!'I I{eHCHbIM.

J ,lJ;. YI. Bar a A C it 06'bJlCIUlTCAbHbIH TCI\CT l\ apxeoAOrHtlCCl<oii nap-rc Xapsxoacxof rr6. T p. XII Apxeox, C'be3,1(a, I, 1905, CTp. 8.

2 B. CO. E e C II a A b lJ. e B. DOAC norpetienaii Il POMCII" CI{OM s. nOJl.TaBcR. ry6. Tp, XIV ApXCOA. C'be3J),a. III. 1911, CTp. 214-215.

3 H. E. M a K ape H I, 0. One'!' 06 apXCOAorH<leCKHX accxeaoaarnrax B DOATaBcJ{OH ry5. HAK. BhlII. 22, 1907, CTp. 50-54.

!3mHOteHe3 80CmO'lH.blX CAaeRH

34

KypraHbI c. TpynoCOm}KeHHHMll II rpy60H xerrHOH KepaMHKOH B ceBepO~BOCTOtIHbIX paiioaax Y Kpa~ llHbt H3BeCTHbI B POMeHCKOM pallOHe y C. ApTloXOBKH II KapoBHn!!.!

HaKoHeg xypraaer cesepnoro T'Hna, COBceM unsre, '-leM MeCTHblc norpefiaxnaste naM5ITHHKH, H3- BeCTHbI B aexponoxrtx IX-X CT. I<pynHeHuIHX roPO,ll;OB Cpeanero OO,ll,HCrrpOBb5I - KHeBa Ii LIepHHrona. EIge paCI<OfIKH 4. fI. Caaoxaacoaa B xepre LIepHHfOBti Hero 6AumallllHlX OKpeCTHOCT5IX noxa- 3aAH, 'ITO s IX-X CT. 3AeCb Ha6JHOp,aAOCb napaxxexsnoe CYlQeCTBOBaHHe AByX rrorpe6aAbHbIX 06P.RAOB: 06WIHbIX ,ll;A.R ceaepa Tpyrroco.ma{eHHH, C nOCAe,ll;YIOI,!!HM rroMergeHlleM IHX OCTaTKOB B xypraaI!YIO HaCbIIIb, II 3aXOpO'He'HI1H: yMepumx B 5IMaX, ire[jeARo 06AOLK'eHHbIX /.I:.epeBOM, YKperrAeHHbIM c noMOIgbID BepTllKaAbHO axonaaneix B .3eMAIO CTOA60B. B Ha1l6oAee 60raTbIX norpedemrax aroro rnna yMep~ wero conpoeoasnax B MOf)1AY ero 6oeBoH KOHb. B ,lJ,epeB.RHHbIX cxxenax tIepHHfOBC,KHX xypr'anoa HeAb35I He BH,Il;eTb rtepemHBaHllR ,lJ,peBHeihIIeii q>o pMbI CPMueztaenpoacsoro norpedaxeuoro coopyacena a, seny[yero csoe aaxaxc co cxarpcxoro BpeMeHH. B «noA5IX ypH», Ra'K Mbl BH,lI;eAH :]3blme (CTp. 9), B TaKHX cxxenax 6blAU ecrpeseaer naafioxee ,60raTble norpe6eUlI.R. 2

KHeBCKIHe HeKponOAH IX-X CT., 60raTbIH: Ma';tpUaA ROTOPhlX aa nocxenuee np,el\UI 6blA CHCTe. MaTH3HpOBaH M. K. KaprepOM, COCT05lT npetoryrgecl'BeHHo H3 norpefieanil IOmHoro THna, TaKme HepeAKO nOMergeHHblX B .rr,epeB5IHHbIX cxxenax, Ho 11 3l\eCb TaKJK'e BC'TpeQaEOTC5I xypraasr C rpynocofKmeHHeM, ocraaxeaxsre npeP,CTaBMTeMIMM cesepHbIX lIA'f.MeH.

CAep,bI 6bIAoro tJ,BHmeHll.R cesepmax nxevea B Cpezaee nOAHerrpOBbe KaK 6YATO 6bI rrpocxezoraaIOTC5I U no npaBo5epelli.bID.

,lLm-!?KeHffe cesepnerx BOCTO'tJHO-CAaB.lIHCKllX nxe;;ien na 101, 13 06Aa<:Tb Cocnaero f10t(HenpOBMI, He MO;KeT 6bITb Ha3,B·(lHO nepecexenaex ,'2 TOllHOM 3HatIeHHll <nora CAOBa. B peayxe rare aacexeansr npHmeAb~aMH 6eperOB CYA~I, BOPCKAb[ H, B03~ MOiKHO, apyrax CMea~HbIX paHOHOB cesepnsie 06- AaCTH OTHIO/.I:.b He AHmaAHCb cnxoumoro aacexeHH::!, He nYCTeAH, a aacexenae IO;KHbIX paROHOS He orcrynaxo nepea npllIIIeAbgaMll. BTO 6bIAa, noBH,II;HMOMY, rrepeaaazsxa K tory, caoero pozta sOAHa. .\Ullib He3HatIHTeAbHO rrepeuecraatnaa BOCTOQHO~ CAaB>nf'CKHenAeMeHa, IMaAO H3MeHHBllla.R arnorpa¢nqecKYlO KapTY, ocofienao aa cesepe. Ho :3Ta BOAml r "y60KO orpaaaxacs na npogecce arnoroHHll. Ilo,lJ,iBHa>Ra cnocoticreoaaxa KOHCOAll,lJ,a!,!lIIl He TOAbKO ceaepmnx nxexren, HO H scex BOCTOqHO~ CAaBaHCKHX nxeuea, paaee pacna,lJ,aBUIHXCH na ,lJ,Be o6oco6AeHHhre rpyrmsr: ceBepHYIO H IO}KHyfO.

BblCRa3aHHbre asnue C006palli:eHH.R 0 IOlKHOM aanpaaxeaua CAUB>lHC:KOrO ABHmeHHH BO iBTOpOH

! H. E. MaR ape H I{ o. Apxeoxorasecrose HCCAellOBaHHJl 1907-1909 rr. I1AK, asrrr, 43, 1911, CTp. 118-

121. ..

2 4. H. CaM 0 K B a COB. MorRAb! PYCCKOR 3eMAH. M" 1908, CTp. 188 H CA.

!10AOBHHe I TbICaqeAeTHH H. 9. npOTYmOnOAOmHbl YTBepm,lJ,eHH.RM HHAo~eBpOneHCl';OH CAaBHCTHKH, COr AaCHO KOTOPIJIM MCTOpl1H BOCTOqHOrO CAaB.RHCTBa p, TeqeHI1e aroro BpeMeHH CB5I3bISaeTCH npellMyrge~ CTBeHHO c ABl1meHlleM na cesep, naepx no tI;Herrpy H zraxee aa BOAry H B IlpHHAbMeHbe. MbICAb 0 AB'HllieHHH na cenep as 06AaCTH Cpeanero flo,1l;uenpOBbH He 'HMeeT nOA C060H HHKaKHX peaxjsnerx ,lJ,OKa3aTeAbCTB, MaAO Toro, BTa MblCAb pncyer xapTImy, 5IBHO HeCOBMeCTHMYro C TOH nO.l\HTI,rqeCKOH 06- cTaHoBKoH, KOTOpa51 CAOl'KH,IlaCb B IOl':KHbIX 06AacT.5Ix BOCTOqHOH: ElBponbI B VI-VIII CT. H. 9. HaaoHeg MHMIMOe ,Il;IBllmeHIIe, C.I\aB~lH aa ceeep U3 o6Aa~ (,TH Cpeaxero Ilo,lJ,HenpoBbR HHCKOAbKO fie anzcerCR c nOCAe,lJ;YIDIgen HCToplleM nocro-rnoro CAaBRHcraav orpazseaaoji aa nepaerx crpaaagax «TIoBecTH npevenasrx AeT».

ABHm.eHHe cesepnsrx BO<::TO.~IHo-CAaB.5IH'CKHX nxeMeH na IOf, 0 KOTOpOM rOBOp.RT apxeo.aornxecmae rraMHTHY!KH, npeACTaBAH!\O C060H HeCOMHeHHO OT~ V f'OAOCOK O,lJ;HOro us nOCAelJ;HHX 3aKAIOQH'reAbHblX ~nH30AOB «BeAHKoro nepecexeaas napozoa» - ,Il;BH~ ;.;"eHH.lI sapnapcxnx nAel\lleH cesepa H BOCTOKa K rrpe,1l;eAaM PllMCKOH HMrrepHH. f1apaAJl.eAb, KOTOpyfO YCTaHaBJl.llBaeT Cb. 8HreAbc, ronopa 0 .rr,BH)KeHHH repuarrcaax H CAaB.S'!HCKHX nAeMeH, B I TblCRqekeTllM H. 9.,1 npeACTaBA;:reTCl'I cosepuieano 6eccnop. HOH. ECAH BcnOMHHTb, lITO VI-VII CT. 6bIAH apeMeHeM aKTHBHoro BbrcTynAeHlHI IDlKHoro CAaBHHCTBa Ha apene 60Pb6bI aapaapos C BHsaHTHeH, aaKOHqHB[llIerOCH BTopLKeHlleM CAaB5IH na EaAKaHCKllH nOAYOCTPOB, TO CTaHeT BnO}\He nOH.I!THOH H Ta BOAna, KOTOpa.l! npOKaTHAaCb B 9TH CTO.l\eTHH no ,zr,aAeKOMY CAaB5IHCKOMY cesepy. CBorO cxexy paccexeHll.R CAaB5IH H3 npH6a.l\THHCKOH npaponuaer A: A. IllaxMaToB TaK2Ke CB.R3bIBaA C BeAHKUM nepecexeHHeM HapOAOB. 2 OAHaKO RaK pas B Ty 8IIOXY, xoraa CAaB5J:HCKHe w\.eMeHa,lJ,eHCTBHTeAbHO YCTpeMHAHCb na ror, CAaiB5I.He A. A. WaXMaTOIBa CTaAH .ll.BHrarecn ns -ceceii MHUM'OH IBOCToqHo-e's,pOinel-IClKoH rtpaponaaer na cesep, snepx no ,lLHenpy, aarrepexop BCeH: eaponejicxoji HCTOPV!H.

Y CTpeMAeHHe ceaepnor o CAaB5IHCTBa aa IDr 6bIAO BbI3BaHO g.eCOMHeHHO He TOAbK.l meAaHHeM oxperrmax B conaaxsnox OTHomeHHH aapaapcxnx n.l\eMeH ypaare CnOID 1.I;OAto OT pacnanarorgeiica PHMCKOH HMnepH.H. l1cTopmr cenepnmx BOCTOQHO-CAaB5IHCKHX ITA:eMeH B reueaae BTOPOH nOAOBHHDI I TbIC~e)l.'eTfn! .. H. a. CBH3aHa c poc'roM3eMAe,1l;eAbQeCKOH TexHMKH.,. C POCTOM 3HalIeHH>I. 3eMAelteAH.lI B o6Ige'CTBeHH01! npoH3BOACTBe.3 B 3TOM nz.ane ,Il;BH}KeHHe na ror-,

K 06AaCTH nxoacponaux 3eMeAb, rarose CTaHOBHTC5I 'HnOAHe OInpaB/.I:.aHHbiM HCTOpHtI'eCKH. B caere 9THX ,lJ,ByX npHtII1H, ,lJ,ByX TeH,II;eHYHH: aapaapcxoro CAaBRH~ crsa, CTanOBUTC5I rrOH.RTHbIM H nOCAe.rr,YIOI,!!ee ,lJ,BH-

! Cb. 3' H r e x b C. K HCTopmr ApeBHHX repMaHl:!e.s.

K. Map J<: C Jr Cb. :3 Ii r e x b C. CO'!:., T. XVI. 'I. 1, CTp. 344.

2 A. A. ill a x MaT 0 B. BBe.1leHHC B KYPC HCTOPHH pyccxoro H3bIKa. 1916. CTp. 40-50.

3 I]. H. T p e r b S! II: 0 B. Flcncesaoe 3eMAelleAHe B BeeTotlHOR Espone. I1f Al1MK, '1'. XIV, BbIII. I, 1932.

Fl. H. Toemsnnoe. CeOepH.bli: eocmouno-c.va asuccs ue rt.ie sicna

a;eHHe BOCTO'IHbIX CAaB~H na ror, npoacxonasmee B IX-X CT., B qaCTHOCTH ,1l.SH1KeHHe aa ADR, xa AOHe!! Ii AaAee aa Tasrane. Uoxo/t c ceaepa aa tor xerexaapxerx ACKOAb,Zl;a H ,ltHpa, noxon Oxera, Bee <iTO ncxy-raer TBepAYKl nO'-IBY B BeROBon llCTOPUU cesepastx BOCTOtIHO-CAaB5I:HCJ{HX rrxeuea.

CEBEPHbI£ BOCT04HO-CAAB5IHCKHE UAEMEHA BO BTOPOfi nOAOBHHE I TbIC5I4EAETl15I H. 8.

I

B PYCCKOH ncropaorpaq.mr He pas !lO,1l.Hl1~1aACH Bonpoe 0 TOM, '-ITO npe;l,CTaSMIAH C060H llAeMeH;l « f10BecTH BpeMeHHblx AeT·· .. To, '-ITO OHn He .HBA5I~ .\HCb nAe]'.feHaMH S TOt.lHO:-'l :;maqeHHn :noro TepMMHa, npe.acr aax aercn HeCOMHeHHbIM. KPHBHt.JH, B5ITH'-IH, AperOBHtIH 11 p,pyrHe «ITAeMeHa" npencrasMIAH C060R 0611IHpHble rpynIlbI HaceAeHlHI, .3aHM~ Masume HepeAKO orposraere 06.r.aCTI1. Y me B CHAY caaoro AHlllb sroro OHI1 He MOf AM 6blTb nAeMeHaMH, p.am.e pa3pOCWHMHca B CAOLKHY!O CHCTeM),. B 'inOM qaCTll sonpoc 0 rrAeMeHax MOm-HO omTaTb OKOHQaTeAbHo peurenasra. ,lI,HCKYCCHOHHOll ocraercs liTOpa5I qaCTb scnpoca - 'ITO me npep'CTaBAHAH C060H 9TH <(I!AeMeHa», KaKY!O cOIl,l1aAbHYH> II noJl.JfTHqeCKYJO opraaaaagmo cxenyer YCMaTpHBaTb aa Ha3BaHH5IMH; rroxaae, ztpeaxatre, cesepaxe, pa.1J.HMHQH H T. /1,.

B p afio rax A. A. WaX,\!aTOBa, A. A, CrmgbIHa, y MlwrHX UCTOPHKOB XIX CT. HMeeTCiI TeH,J,eHj_!U5l paCCMaTpHBaTb xeronucuste n.xesieaa B Ka~ "[eCTBe «arnorpaqiavecxux ep'HHHij)). B TaKOM 3Ha- 4eHllH OHn l1POt.JHO BOUlAH B apxeoxornnecxyro Jl.HTepaTYPY H nOAYtIHAH CBOll HK06bI HAeMeHHble npnSHaKU B' apxeOAOfHQeCKI1X ,1l,aH'HbIX. l{PyrYIO To'-IKY 3peHHJ'{ nerraxca 060CHOBaTb C. M. Cepe,1l.0HHH, no MHeHHlO KOTOPOfO ACTOIIIiCHble nAeMeHa He COCT<tB:\5lAH pop;CTBeHHbIX, 3THorpaq:lHtIecKHX rpyrrrr nace,lemHI, a npe.ltCTaBAHAH co60:H C0103bI TeppHTopIi- 3AbHble, ofipaaoaaaurtreca RK06bI OQeHb n03,l1;HO. yzse nOCAe rrpecxoay-roro pacCeAeHH5I CAaB5IH no aocro-rno-eaocneiicxoii pasaaae.'

KOMMeHTHpySI «,1l.0CTOUHYH> Yll;HBAeHIH{ no ui apnHe Ii onpeJ(eAeHHOCTH KapTHHY paCCeAeHH5I ApeBHepyccxnx nxeuea, aapaconaaayro HeCTOpOM>7, A. A. CnHgbIH cnpaseaxaao OTMeTHA CYlMeCTBeHHbli1: ne- 110craTOK STOH KapTHHbl - coaepmenaoe OTCYTCTBHe HCTOpll'IeCKOH nepcnext-aaer." C TOqI<H 3peIiI15I Tpap,HgH:OHHOH cxesu» paccexenna cAaBJUlcTBa, I1CTO~ pHQeCKa11 rrepcnexrnaa 6bL\a 6bI c06J1.w,lJ,eHa. eCAU 6bI xeronaceg yxasax, «B KaKoH I10CreneHHOCTH 3 <1- (eAJlAH 3TH flAeMeHil CTpaHY... I<aK OHU rpynnaponaxuce no aruorparprorecrcoii 6AI130CT11, KaK'I1e H3 HHX HaH60Aee CHAbHbI U xaxne cAa6bl. •. ;.) C TOqI,H 3 peHH5I aBTOXTOH UOCTH BoCTO'IHoro -CAaB HHCTBa

I C. M. C e p e lJ. 0 H n H. I1cTOpH'l.eCKaH recrpaqrn s. 1916. 2 A. A. C n M II bI H. Paccexeuae lJ.pCBHepYCCRJ.!X UMMel{

no apXeOAOrH"leC;(.!M ,Il,!lHHl>IM. lKMHn, Vll I. 1899,

CTp. 305.

3 TaM }fIe, CTp. 305.

5*

35

II HCrOpUqHOCTH aTH114eCKHX 06pa30saHIiH, UCTOpH~ uecxas nepcnexr-asa arne .. recrparpasecxoii KapTHHbl «[1oBecTlf BpeMeHHbIX AeT i) HYA'K,1taeTC$I B nep- 3}'10 oxepeae B XpOHOAOrIfQeCKO!\{ pacxperraa, KOTO~ poe n03BO.'U1AO 6bI paccxrorpere ee na 06rge!\1 !pOHe llCTOpH''leCKOrO npogecca, cosaaeurero ApeSHJOJO Preb. l.ho6br BbH1CHUTb CYlQHOCTb 06pa30BaHHii, xoropsre cxpsraatorca aa AeTOI1HCHbIMH nxevreaaxu, HymHo 3HaTb, xor t(a, B KaI<yJO anoxy OHn B03HI1KAH, :,aKOBa :JPOAO.\:.t~JlTeJ..bHOCTiJ I1X cyigecr soaaaaa, Bee AM OHn B03HHKAH B O,],HO H. TO zse BpeM.H H 'C. ,J,.

B H3BeCTHOH 4aCTH OTBeTbl na nocraaxeauere Bblille aorrpocsi ,:r.alOTC5I CallWH AeTOTIHCbIO, Coc-raa.'eHHa5I U3 HeCKO.\bKUX, minimum lIS P.BYX OCHOEHblX UCTOlJ:HHKOB - JOiKHoro Ii ceaepaoro - «no~ BeCTb BpeMeHHbIX AeT» na CHOHX nepamx CTpaHU' lJax orpazcaer snoxy VllI-X CT. - BpeMa 6YP'L noro HCTOp"lJ:eCKorO npogecca, xoraa BOCTOqHOt: c:\aS5IHCTBO scrynnxc B HOBblH nepnozi CBoeH HCTO" pau, rrOt(rOTOBI1BlUHH OCHOBbl rpeoz axsaoro CTPO),!. CogHaAbHble H ncxuruxecxae 01'HorueHyHI, ElKOHO:>.lHKa, KYAbTypa, sece CTPOH aa!3HH BOCTOtIHOrO CAaB~mCTBa B 3TH CTOAeTll.51 nperepneaaxn 3HatUlIfHTeAbHble H3MeHeHHfI. B paaasrx 06.\aeT5IX STOT npogecc nporexax He BnO,'I.He Il:,:r,eHTH'IHO, B Op,H:I1Xaa tore H B aosropoacxoii 3eMAe - OH mex cxopee, B ztpyrax HeCKOAhKO Me,l(AeHHee, lJ:TO 6blAO BnOAHt:

O"leBHAHO II P'MI AeTonficga. BOT B 9TH X-TO yCAOBURX H 6blAa C03,J,aHa «(,40CTOMHa.l1 YAHBAtHI1.IJ no urapnae 11 onpe)l,eACHHOCTH» 3THo-rCOrpa(~H'IeCKa.51 KapTliHa BOCTO'lHOrO CAaB~HCTBa.

Mnorne nAeMelia (,OOBeCTH BpeMeHHbIX AeT/)<lTO HCCOMHeHHO 061IIHPHbiC nxexeaame 06'be.n;HueA HHH, CB513aHHbIC CSOHMI-! KOPH.HMU, xax aTO HCRO cxenyer U.3 AeTOrlHCI1, C "nOXOH pO,1l.0-nAeMeHHbIX OTHOllleHHH, Kor)l,a :OfH!BilXy KOfl\l~O co CBOHl\! POA ,J,OM U aa CBOUX MeCTex, BAa.n;el:OIge KomJJ,O POJJ,OM CBOHM>~. y!3 KOHTe'KC'TOB AeTOIIllCH c nOAHOH: oruerMiBoeTblO BbITeKaeT, tITO 3TH rrAeMeHHble rpYI1D1rpOBKU, BO BCHKOM cxyxae MHOI'Ue us anx, aBlIaMICb He acpeMepHbIMH 06pa30B<l.HIUIMU, a TaKHMH, I<OTOpble cyr,geCTBOBaAH, SepO.HTHO, ,'l.OAfne H .'I.OIlt'l1e rozns. Oseue '1aCTO Ha3blBUl1 TO H.'l.11 uaoe rI,\CMH, AeTOITIICb ynorpetixner ero ltM5I Kal( Gbl B 3THliIIC' CIWM CMbICAC. HMeHa nexcroperx I1AeMen coxpaanAllCh ,1l,OArne rOp'bI r10CAe roro, KaK rrO.'\HTH<leCKaH caMOCTO.l1TeAbHOeTb H CO!!MaAbHbJ~i CTPOll HX 6blAH aapyureasr. Bee 9TO rOBOp"T 0 TOM, QTO MHOf11e BOCTO'lHO-CAajB.sIHClme nxexenxere CO!03bl npeacras A.HMI, nOBHlI,HMO:dY, 3THH1ICCKH ocofisre rpynnsi Hil.ceAeHHH.

Ho ,l(aAeKO He see «nACMeHa;·) SlBA.sIAHCb UMeHiIO TaKUMH C0103<l.MH. Ha nepnux CTpaHJlgax ~\nOBecnI speMCHHblX AeT." B OAHOM PSIAY C HHMll nepestrcAeHbl 06pa30SaHl-UI coaepmeano lIHOrO xapaxrepa - I3HOBb B03HlIKiliHe repparcpaaxsaere 06'be.n;HHeml51, HenOCpe,1l.CTBCHHble npenurecrnenaaaa 'foro TeppHTOpaax sno-no.urrasecxoro ;l,eAeHlnH, K01'OpOe 01\.011'1<1- rexsao CAO)I1.UAOCb B XI~-XII CT • .HPKHM npnzrcPOM B aTOM OTHOIlleHHH 5lBA5IlOTCH noxoxane - In nepBbIH: B3r AHA OAHO 113 p.peBHepYCCI<HX nxexen. (l)aK'fHqeCKH fKe OAIlO H3 HOBblX reppuropuaxeaux 06'bCAHHeHI1H.

--------------------

Bml-WZeHe:; ROCmO'lHblX CA{lHRlI

36

ECMl: nonerrarecs BbI)l,eAUTb B «Tlosecr« apeMCHHblX AeT» qa-cTH cesepnoro HOBropO)l,CKorO TIpOHCXOa<;:J;.eHH7.I, TO oxaaserca, srro TIOAOtIaHe B arux OTpblBKax He qHlrypllPYlOT. B xerenzte 0 npasaaHuH: Bap51:rOB, KOTOpa.H HMceT HeCOMHeHHO cesepaue HCrO'lHllKH, rae nepet{HCA5!lOTCI! Bee ceaepasre TIAeMeHa: CAOSefIe, KpHBlPm, tIY;J;b H MepJI, noxo-raue He yrroMHHalOTCJ!. B OI1llCaHfIIl rroxoaa OAera na KlHcl.I B 882 r. B AaBpeHTbeBcKoM crmcxe nepC'l'HCACHLI Baparll, qYAh, MCpS «n Bce KPHBHqH»; nOAOqaHe B nepesae OTCYTCTBYIOT. Om! He ynonaaarorcs n B nepexae ceaepaux ITAeMCH, H3 KOTOpblX OAerOM 6bIAa naxoasena AaHb. B OnHcaHI-'UI noxczra Oxera «xa r PCKbI» B 907 r. nepeaacxensr aap arn, CAOBCHH, qy /f.b, Kp'llBH'.rH, Mep5!, .1l;PCBA51H'C, pa,lJ.HMHQn, nOAJIHC, S5ITHtIH, xopaaret, CeBep51He, AYAC6bI H THBCpgbr - «CH 8CH 3BaXYTbC5l 01' r phK. BCAIfKaH CKyqJh)~. DOAOLtaHC B rrepexae He ynOl\UlHalOTC5I. B TO me BPCM5I, I\of,lla Oxer YCTaHOBHA B IJ,apbrpaae «yr A a ,J:r, bI aa POYCK.bla rpan» , TO B nepexne ropoaos 3HaqMTC7.! U IloAogK, mllTeAH KOTOPOfO B noxone, nOBH)l,H'\IOMY, ytIaJCTBOBaAH. nOAO'tIaHe HC ynoMHHalOTC5l H' B ortacanna noxoaa I1rop5l na IJapbrpa.1l; B 994 r. TaM yxacraonaxa: aapsrn, PYCb, nOA5IHe, CAOBeHH, KPHBHqH, THBepgbI H nesenern,

Ha P5!AY c aTUM B xerenae 0 npH3BaHI-iH aap arOB, r,ll;e nepHttHCAmOTC5I «nepana HaceAbHHgbI» cesepasrx roponos, CKasaHO cxenyrorgee: «rrepsnn naceAbHHgH B HOBfOpO,lJ.e CAOBeHC, DOAOTbCKC KPHBHtIH, B POCTose Mcp51, B Bexoaepe sece .•. ». «Tloeecre BpeMeHHbIX AeT» coo6IgaeT TaKme: «KPHSMtIH me Cll)l,llT!> aa IB,epx BOAfH, H na sepx )lBMHbI n na sepx .l(Henpa».

Bee aTO rOBopBT 0 TOM, tITO nOAOqaH, KaK oztnoro H3 ztpeanepyccnax nxexea, naxoraa HC cYI,geCTBOBaAO. B X-XII CT. TaK HaSbIMAH. amTeAeii DOAogKa nero 3CMAH, T04:HO TaK me, ]WK aacexeHue HOBrOpO,1l,CKOH seMAH H Hosropoaa BCAHKoro uaSbIBaAH noaropongaua. (,CAOBOO nOAKY I1ropeBe» 3HaeT «KYP5IH» - 1KHTeAen KYPcKa. 8TH repMHHbl OTHOe$lTC5I K HOBOMY repporropaaxenosry ,lJ.eACHHiO PYCC'KOI'O tHaCeAeH'H7.!, KOTOPOC c XI-XI I -cr, noBCCMeCTHO CTaAO EbITeCH5ITb crapoe urxessenxoe [J.CAeHHe.

I1HTepecHo, tITO B .1l;pCBHHX AeTonHCHblX CBO,1l,ax, npeaurecrayrorgnx «lloBecnr BPCMCHHb[X AeT», pe- 1\OHCTpynpoBaHHbIX A. A. WaxMaToBbIM,l nOAOtIaHe BOBce He qmrYPupYIOT. aTH caoasr npencraaxsror C060H, npaana, He 60Aee I<<).K rnrroresy A. A. WaxMaTOB~, O,ll,HaKO OtIeHb Bep05lTHO, tITO HC KTO I1.HOM, KaJ{ KHeBA51HllH; COCTaBHTeAb «(DOI3CCTH BpCMeHHbIX ACT», nplI1tIHCAHA }f{UT'eAen IloAogKa - nOAO'IaH - K 'IUCAY ceaepasrx ,1l,peBHcpYCCKHX TIAeMeH, ;:r,onYCTUB, TaRUM 06pa30M, cyrgcicTBeHHyKl OIlHt6KY.

UCAbIH Pfr,1l, romHbIx «nxevea» TaRme .1l;OAmeH OLITb nOCTaBAeH aa CBOC MeCTO. T aI<OBbI BOAbIH5IHe u 6ymaae - reppnropaaxsnsre 06be,ll;HHeaH.5!, B03- fIHtKmHC aa MeCTC .npeBHero nxeueaaoro 06pa30BaHliH ,ll;YAe6oB. C. M. CepCAOHMH paCCMaTpHBaeT

I A. A, ill a x MaT 0 B. nOMeT!> BpeMeHl!bIX Ae'!', Fl., -1916_

B xanecrne TCppHTopuaAbHblx, a He nAeMCHHblX 06pa30saHHH YAUqCH l'i TUBepUCB. YI<a3aUHbIH aarop HtJ;CT .Il:aAce - OH CTaBHT nca COMHeHHe nxeMeHHOH xapaxrep nOA51H, ,llpeBA51H, ttperOBH'IeH H apyrax nAeNlCH d10BeC1'11 speaenaerx AeT», HeCOMHeHHO YBACKa5ICb H AonYCKa51 s aec» OIIIH6KY, rroaxoaa C QAHOn Me[)[wfl KO scesr ,lJ.peBl{epYCCKHM <"nACMeHaM».

Ha ocnoaaaau xeronacef neAb351, O,ll;HaKO, npo- 11313eCTH ircxepnemarorgyro .1l;H(pcpepCHUHagmo <mACMea», HCAh3B: OIWH'laTCAbHO yc-r(\nOBHTb, l~aKUC <(]1AeMCHa» 5lBA5llOTC.fI ~pCBHHMH, l(OJt>HBalorgHMu CBOH SeK llAeMCHHbIMH C0103aMH H KaKHC HOBbIMH. nepaee COBpeMeHHblMH nepBbIM xerormcgaa, reppUTopHaAbHbIMH 06'bCAHHCHH>lMH. Boaacaoro TMCmc, tITO nexoropere ApeBHue nxeuennsre COI03hI HCtIC3AU pansme ApyrHx H He nOAyqHAH caoero xecra B xeronaca. Apxeoxornxecrore naM51THHKH, cnocofinsre otipuccaare ApCSHee nACMeHHoe zexeaae, ,zr,OA:tKHbI ;:r,aTb 60Aee TOQHbIH OTseT na Bee 9TH BOnpocsr.

nOnCKH apesnax I1AeMeHHbIX rpyI1TI socrosaoro CAaBaHCTBa B apXeOAOr:HqeCRHX ,ll;aHHhIX AO nocxe.aHero speMeHH IlIAH, OAHaKO, '110 aenpaBHJ\hHOMY nYTH.

ECAH npasnaru, tITO 3TH rpyrmsr npe,n;CTaBMIAI!

C060H rrpop,yKT OTHOCHTeAbHO p,AHTeAbHoro pa3BHTH.fI B TetteHllC BTOpOH: nOAOBHHbI I TbIC5!QeAcrHJr H. 9. H eCAH TOT KopeHHOH nepexoxr B mUSH" BOCTO'!aor-o CAaBHHCTsa H3 r-parra I If II TbICHqeAeTHH H. 8., a KOTOPOM roeopuxocs SbIIIle, BnOAHe OQCBHl(eH, TO naM5!THHKH .lI,peBHUX nAeMeHHbJX rpyrm «nOBOCTJI apeuenaerx AeT» CACAYCT HCKaTb npezcae acero cpean MaTepHaAOiB VIII-X, a M02KeT 6bITb 11 VI-X CT. H. a. aTO 6y;:r,YT Te CTO}\,eTH51, xoraa BOCTOtIHO-CJl.aB51HCKHe nAeMeHHble rpyrmsr peaxsno CYIgeCTBOBaAH KaK co:gHaAbHble, nOAHTH'IeCKHen 3THHqCC'Ime 06pa30BaHIHL Beccnopno TaKme, qTO cxener 9THX IlAeMCHHbIX rpynrr, BO BC5IKOM cxyvae Tex, xoropere ycrtez a 9THU'!eCKH 0CPOPMUTbC51, ,lJ.OAmHbI coxpanareca H B rraMJrTHHKai nOCAe,ll;YIOl!!HX CTOAeT:n:i1, xo raa nexoropere .1l;peBHI'Ie nAeMCHHbl'; 06pa30BaHH5! cr.ge COXpaH5!AIH CBOH oco6eHHOCTH H '-taCTHtIHO CBOlO nOAHTHqCCKYfO caMOCTOHTeAbHOCTb, OttHaKO Ta KapTHHa, KOTOPYIO MorYT napacoaar» naM7.!THHKH X-XII CT., HeCOMueHHO 6yp,eT npezCTaBA$lTb d060M 60Aec 'tJ:eM HCKameHHoe orofipaase HHe rrponr.aoro.

8Ta TOtJKa 3p,eHH5l, Kale 6y,ltTO 6bI ep,HHCTBeHHf; npaaaxsaaa H rrOAHOCTbIO nO)l,TBepmp,aCMaH cpaKTH. qeCKHM MaTepHaAoM, BCTpeqaeT aoapazcemre co CTO pOHbI npHBepmeH!!,eB craporo apxeoxornxecxoro rtocrpoenna, YB5l3blBaroIgero c nAeMeHaMU «OOBeCTH npeuenasrx AeT}) , BocnpHHHTblMH 6e3 BCB:KOH xpn'fHKill, - xyprannsre ApeBHOCTl-r XI-XIV (T.

OCHOBOH: TaKora apxeoxorauecxoro I10CTpoeHJHJ. .5!BHAaCb nsaecrnaa CTaTbH A. A. CnHgbIHa «PacceACHHe ztpeaae-pycctcnx nAeMCH no apxeoxor aaeCKHM Jl:aHHbIM», Bbllllc;:r,Illa51 B caer B 1899 r.' B TO BpeMR', xoraa 110 _ rrpuanaaaro A. A. CrmQ,bIH!1 «BOBCe He MOl' Ali 6hITb onpeaexeast co6CTBeHHO

J lKMI-In, VIII, 1899 r ..

II. H. TpemIJR1WB. Ceeeouue BOCmO'IHO·C.t(18JlHCK1le Tr.U'.lIeHCI

pYCCKHe .::r.peBHOCTn AO X E., I a aa xapre ,J;peBHO~ CTeH: XI-XIV CT. neCTpe}1.0 orpoxmoe KO_\II<reCTBO 6eAbIX WITeH, nonsrrxa npoegapoaare AOKaAb1{bIC rpynnsr APCBHOCTCil XI-XIV CT. na arnc-reorpaqm'IeCKHe aanasre Haqa_\bHOM "eTOnnCII npeacrasAHAaCb OqeHb y,n;at!HOM. OHa npoxao BOIllAa B apXeOJl.OrIl'IeCKYto Jl.HTepaTYPY B Ka'IeCTBe nO'ITlI 3a· xoaseaaoro, Hym,n;alOI,!!erOC}l AHUlb B YTO'IHeHIHIX IIocTp.oeHHH. O,n;HaKO xepea 25-30 AeT, xoraa 6e· .\bIe IIHTHa aa apxeOAOrHqeCKOH: xap re MaAo-nO-Ma.,\y 3Ci.IIOAHHAHCb, nepea r Aa3aMH TOro me A. A. CnH~lhlHa IIpeJ].CTaAa xapra JJ:peBHocTeH XI-XIV CT.. D'IeHb MaAO HanOMI1HalOIQaa xapry .xe ronacHblX IIAeMeH. cha xapra J].O;\iKHa orxperrs rxaaa TC:lI, KTO He nrex B~eCTe C A. A. Cmll,!bIHbI!\1 srrepea, OCTaBaHCb na II03111l1lHX apxeo.voros KOHl,!a

X~X B.

He OCTaHaB,\llBaHCh nO,l,p06HO na l~apTeA. A.

C n1-i1! bIH a , yme no.\Y4HBillen oCBetgeHHe B .rpyroxr

.~

-recre, - OTMen1M OCHOBHble ee xep'rsr.

EIQe B 1899 r. A. A. CnI1l.!bIH YKa3bIBaA ·Hil. aOAHYlO aaaxormo nOJ\HHCKHX xvpr aaoa C OAHO' flpeMeHHbIMH BOAblHCKHMH H )J.peBMIHct(lillo!W;. Ha I\apTe A. A. CITI1gbIHa B o6.'I.aCTIf znrerrpoacxoro IIpaB06epeJKb5l 11 qaCTYl.ttHO AeB06epeJKb:fl 0603HatfCHae.ll.I1HaH 3THHQeCKa51 rpynna «BOAbIHHH~/., KO' TopaH aaxaar-srsaer He TOAbKO repprrropmo xercnacnerx nOJU1H, .llpeBAHH, BOAbIH}]H, HO pacnpocrpaH5IeTCH raxzse K ceaepy na 06AaCTb AperOBl14el1:

It K aanaay ,11;0 nepxcases BUCAbI. BepXOBbH AHe~ rrpa, 3an. jlBHHbI, 6acceUH p. BeAHI,ou, paiion 03. yhbMeHb H BepXOBbH BOAfH BTIAOTb zio KUHewMbl na xap re A. A. CmlgblHa noxp err er nxruaxra oztHOM pacuuerxn, 0603Ha'-lalOrgei1 « RpUBIl'lei1.:. FlaMHTHHKH CAD.B~H HOBrOpO.ll,CKHX ocofio He 13bl,ll,eMUOTCH, '-ITO COBepllICHHO cnpaBe,1l;AI1BO, TaR KaT< BbIAeAeHHC ocotioro «3THI1'-leCf(Oro npJI3HaKa>, HOB' ropoagea, a HMeHHO pOM60IQHTKOBbiX BHCOQHblX KOAeg, HBAfJ.eTC}l CnAOIllHbIM Hcp,opa3YMCHueM, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha TYMamlbIX rrpeJ].CTaBAeHH5IX ° XpOHO~ AOPI1H xypranaerx .llpeBHOCTeu.:J B BepXHCM H cpezHeM TetteHHH p. ORU A. A. Cmq,!bIH, PYKOBO,lVrCb BI1CO'-IHblMH: KOAb!FIMH raK aaaersaesroro MOCKOS~

cxoro -rnna, rroxeigaer ,. BHTH<reih H. 06AaCTl[ J1.HenpOBCKoro AeBo6epeiKbH ,lLecHe, CeuMY na xapre 0603Ha'leBbl

HaKOHeu, B no C;itiY. «cesepaue».

aaxaarersaromne 06AaCTb He TOAhKO AeTOm-lCHbIx. cesepaa, HO - H pa,l.l,HMH'-Ien. OOCAeJl.IHHl rpynna HBA,!leTCa He anoxae nOHHTHOH TaK KaK no apxeoAOrH'-IeCKI1M ,ll,aHHbIM saec» HaMe'-IaeTCH HeCKOAbKO AOKaAbHbIX O'6AaCTeH - «paAI1MHQeCI(aSl, .. ·1 H geAblx Tpl1 «ceBep~IH{:KHX)~.;;

1 npOT01'OA aaceaanaa OTfl.CACIlHJ!: PYCCIWi! II CAaUllH' CKOil: apxeoxorua 22 ,lI.eK. 1900 r. 3PAO, T. XII. HOB. cep., 1901, CTp. 405.

~ n. H. T p e r 1::1 .II: K 0 e. ApXeOAOfll'leCKHC lIa~la'rmu:.J.f lIpeBHe'pYCCKHX nxesren. Y'l. san. A.rp. rOC. "HIIB., T. 8S. Cepua HCTOpHt£ecKHX HaYK. nsm, 11, 1941. Bropaa 'laCTb CTa'l"bH rrpeacraaxser C060M xparxoe 1I3AOmCUHC rperueii l'Jl.aBlli HacToHrgeH. pa60TllI.

3 TaM me.

"' S. A. P hI 6 a [, 0 B. Pa)(3iMi'lbl, npagbl CSKllii apxeoxerii AH BCCP, lII. 1832 f.

5 TaM ~Ke, CTr. 139-140.

37

T aKI!:Ii 06pa3o:-'I noa-ropaexr, ecxu B KOHlle XIX CT., xoraa sa apxeoxoruxecxon xapre cUle necrpexo :-'IHOit,eCTBO 6e;\blX naren, KaK 6y']'1'O 6bl HaMeqa. _\OCb ;.CTO,\bKO me apxeoxorn-recxax TunOB n paiiOHOS. CKO.\bKO xeronnceg nepesnexxer .J.pCBHe·pyc·

. 2'" ..,

CKHX nxevea»;' TO xepes )--,0 AeT, xor.ta 6eAbre

narua 3anOAHHAIlCb, - BbHI.CHI1AOCb, '-ITO naMJIT" HIIKH XI-XIV CT. xrarepaaxoxr .J,'\H H3Y'leHH.l1 OAeMeH" ··:DoaecH! spexreaaux AeT:. CAYili.HTb He MO!"}·T. QHlI OTHOCaTC)! K noc.\e.LlyfOl!!eMY nepuoay lICTOPHH, nepnoay 6YPHbIX nCTOplIQecKHX II COgHa.\bHbIX nepexren, B 3HaQUTeAbHOH crenenu rrepe- 01p0PMIIBlllIIX 8THIFIeCKoe .,\HidO BOCTO'lHOrO CAaB~!Hcraa.

II

3THIi'-leCKHH COeTaB CCUCPHblX BOCTOtmo-c.\aBJIn~ CKUX n.veven nropoii nOAOBJH!bI I TbICJltJeAenHI H. 3., He H3BeCTHblx ;l.opeso.\lOgHOHHoH apxeoxorna, B naCTO~l,!Jee Bpe;>'l~ ya.e He cocraaxaer 3ara;J.RU. ApxeoAorHlfeCKHe naM~TlIHKH 06PllCOBblBalOT He TOAbKO rpaHHllbI c.\aB.HHCKHX nxexrea, OT:J,eMH0Lgue U:<. 0"1" .rpyrux 3THH'-leCKIlX rpyrm, HO H sayrpn 3THX rpaHlig Ha:'lettalOT pH,J; .\OK<l.\bHbIX 06pa30BaHHH, cyrgecTBoBaBIIIHX HeU3MeHHO B TC<reHUC CTOAeTUH Ii COCTaBMIBIlIHX 6eccnopHO ocotisre 3THHttecKue nOApa3AeAeIHUt BOCTO'-IHOrO CJl.aBRHCTBa. UeAbIH pH,lI, 1I,aHHbIX, npCitiAe acero MeCTOnOA02KeHne 8TJ:lX AOKaAbHbIX 06pa30saHfIH, aonycxaer B03MOa;,HO-tTb npHCBoeHHH 11M c06CTBeHHbIX HMen. H3BeCTHbIX no dloBecTlI apeuenaerx ACT:'.

B cesepaoii xacrn BOCTOqHO~CAaB.IlllCKoii reppuropun 4eTl<0 06PHCOBbIBaIOTCH TpH AOKUAbHbIC rpyrmu apxeoxorusecxnx naM.IlTH.!tKOB, OTBeqafOlMlie HeCOMHeHHO rpev HeCKOAbKO pa3AH'lHbIM 3-THHqe~ CKliM 06paaOBaHHflM cesepaoro CAaBHHCTBa. nep~ ayro rpyrmy COCTaBA.HIOT norpedaxeusre naMSlTHUKI1 B BH,1T.e TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX HOBrOpOp,Cl<HX conox, BTO~ pylO - .llAHHHble KypraHbl H TpeTblO - KypraHbl C J].epeB.lIHHbIMH KaMepaMH BHyT{HI.

HOBfOpOACKHe COIIKH - orpoxruae aacema noxyKpyrAoKOHI1QeCKOH <POPMbI - yzse tI.aBHO npuaxeKaAH K cefie BHnMaHl-le I1CC.\cAOBaTeAeH. H:-m 1IH1'CpeCOBaAHCb 3. A. AOAcuro,XO,1,il.l<OBCKHil,:.! A. K. HBaHoBcKHli. H. E. DpaHlJ,eH6ypr, A. A. CmIgbIlI, B. 11.. PaB,1T.oHHKaC H xmorae ,l.I,pyrHe HCCAep,OBaTeAlL Hecacrpn ua 60AbiliOH II nOC'r05!HHbIH narepec, BbI3bIBaeMbIll COIIKaMH, OHI1 HCCAejl,OBaHbl qpe313b[~ llaHHO nAOXO. EAarO,ll,ap~ 60AbwnM paasrepars Ha" csmeii, H.1i O.J,Ha H3 HHX He 6bIAa H3Y'IeHa ~eAHI~OM. Haaeoxee YfAy6AeHHble llCCAe,ll,OSaHIHI conox rrpoassenema H. E. EpaHAeu6yproM ua BOAxoBe B paM-OHe CTapOH Aa.zr.Orlf:) 11 A K. HBaHOBCKH;\I na 6eperax AOBaTfL·1 1:1 TaM Ii 3J.1.eCb cornea HMeAl!

I A. A. C n M [1 bl H. Paccexcnnc .tpeaae-pyccxnx rtxeMeR. lKMHn, VIII, 1899. CTp. 338-339.

~ 3. A. ,lJ, 0 J\ e u r 0 - X 0 ll. a ROB C K H ii. OTPbIBOJ( H3 nYTCllleCTBHR no POCCIUf. PYCCI{. HCTOp. c6opu. noa pez. Ilorcnaaa, Ill. M., 1838.

a H. E. B p a H .1l. e H 6 Y P f. KypraubI lO~Horo Ilpa_\ai!.Oaiblt. Marepnaxsr no apXCOll.OrHH Poccmr (MAP). N!! 18, 1895, CTp. 135-141.

I A. A. C n n n bI H. Com,II II maAbHHI\H. 3PAO.

T. XI, nun. 1-2.~loB. cep., 1899, CTp. 149-151.

33

3mH.OlCne3 80CmO'lH.lJIX C.A.QBJl.H.

~ __ ~_._. __ -----+--~ r ,, ~_ •• ~_,., __ , •• ,.~ _n_ --.- •.•• -- •• ~-,- ---~~--.~~- ••

anUAOrHqHOe crpoeane, nossoxarotgee BIIOAHe OT~ qeTAHBO BbUmHTb xapaxrep aTHX MaCC'HIBHbIX norpe- 6UAbHbIX coopymeHHll.

B OCHOBaHHH .3HaQHTeAbHOrO 60AbLllHHC'rBa COnox rroa rrOAaMH aacsma 6blAO BCTpeqeHO na ypoaHe ['OpH.30HTa KOAbgO 113 BaIlYHOB, Aemargnx HHOf,ll.a B Dup,e cnxoumoii KAap,Kn, HHor~a f{{e C HeKOTopbIMH npOM,e2KYTKaMli MemAY KaMHaMIf. BWYTpn K<l.MeHnoro KOAbga na ypcsne rOpH.30HTa, a TUIOKe HepeAKO 13 aacsma cortox GbIA[{ OTKpbITbl OCTaTKl1 l~aKHX-TO KaMeHHblX coopyasennii 13 BH,lI,e rrAOIgUJJ.OK, crenox 11 T. 1\. HM conYTCTBYI<lT nnorza OCtatKH p,epeBa. Ha IWMeHHbIX ·J.{Aap,KUX, a TaK3\.e H BHC HX B To.uge nacuna BCTpelIaAHCb CIWHAemUI rrepei!~i'I\CHHbIX lIeA(.lBelleC-KMXKOCTCJ:l:. 411CAO HX is COIDl(aX, pacxorrauaux 60Aee HAH MeHee geJl.HKOM, HepC,1I.I<O tr,OCTliraAO 10-12. Occrieaac HHTepeCHO TaKLKe TO, <-fTO MAorMe cornea coopyacaxnce ue cpaay, a nocrenenao. Pa-CKonKH A. K. l1sanoBcKoro na Iv» BaTH npexpacno noxaasraaror, 'ITO HaCbITIb 60AbIllHHCTBa COrrOK uacsmaxacs B TpH npaeva (pHC. 11). CHaqaAa, rrOBH,lI,I1MOMY KAaAOCb KaMCHHoe KOAbgo H HaCbm3AC~ He60AbIIWM xypraa, B Teqemle HeKO-

PJ-lC. 11. Paspes commrHa p. AOBanr no A. K. HBaHOBCROMY·

roporo BpeMeHM C.II.YlfHlBlIlHM MeCTOM .33XOpOHeHHfI OCTaTKOS TpynocoLKLKeHMH. 3aTcM aaceme nOACbI· naxace , nepexpetsaa crapyro I10BepXHocTb, conepmaIgYIO OCTaTKH HeO,ll,HOKp3THbIX TPMSH B BH,ll;f.":

CAO,fl yr JUI, 30AbI, xocreii mHBOTHbIX H 06J1.0MKOB K,epa'MHKH, H '3aXOpOH()H'l1JI iITPOH3BOjJ,HAHCb B ee BCpXHeM qa'CTM. 4epes aexoroooe HpeMJl npoH3:BOJl.H~ xacs TpeTbJl noncsmxa. T3KHM o6pa30M conKa- 3TO KOAAeRTHBHoe norperiaxsaoe coopyzseaae, coaepxcaigee HeCOMHeHHO nepeacxemnsre ocrarxa geAOM rpynnsr pO,1l;CTBeHHbIX MIg H. TaKHM 06pa30M, Y,1l.-eplfH-lBalOIgee- Tpa,1l.HQ,HH norpefiaxnaor-o o6pl'I,1l.a anOXH pO,ll,OBOrO CTpOH.

OOH.sITHO, '1TO ,Il,aJl.eKO He Bee cortxn ,a:OCTHraAH 60AblliHX pasjrepoa, MHorne H.'3 mIX HMeAH cpaaanTeAbHO KOPOTKYlO acroparo, B 06AaCTH pacnpocrpaHeHHfI C"OfIOK· H3BeCTeH pBp, He60AblllHX 11 HeBbICOKItX xypr'anoa C TpynoC07KiKeHHeM, xo'ropere, neCMOTP51 na ax pa3Mepbl, CAe,lJ,yet rrpHqHCAHTb K conKaM. OHM npeacrasxmo r C060ll, Tale CKa3aTb, nezccemaausre cornea. B KaqeCtBe npnnepa MomHO npnnecra xypraa, pacxonauaerii H. 11. PenHHKOBbIM aa BOAXOBe B paiioue Crapoii Aa,ll,OrH, aa ypo'Hnge Do6e,1l.Mr.ge.! TaM HMeAHCb socexe BbICOKHX conox, pacnoxozaemrerx, KaK aro 06bI'-lHO 6blBacT,

I H. 11, Pen Ii: HI, 0 B. DOe3A.Ka B CTapylO lI.all,ory. 30PCA, T. V, HblIT, 2, 1904, CTp. 59.

B O,ll,HH p5IA B,lJ,O.ll.b 6epera pexa. l...J.eTblpe H3 HHX 6bIAH pacxorraasr H. E. EpaHtI;eH6yprOM. MOf~/.I,y conxaua B PflAY oxaaaxace neShlCOK351 OBaAbHaH nacsnn., B IJeHTpc KOTOPOH scrpexennr oCTaTI<n rpynocoxczseana, a Hlnl~e HX 06b!'IHMl J.t;Afl cortex KilMeHHafl KAa/.l,Ka B BHAe ITA01!:!a,1J,KH. TaKHM oripa:-IOM COIlKU MorYT 6blTb 11 Hc60AbllIHMli. HanpoTl"m, ,lI;aAeKO He BOIKI"fH BbICorOlI-i: I<ypran cAcp,yeT pacCMaTpHBaTb xarc conxy. EoraTbIe xypraner IX-X CT. Tllna -repnnroacxax Yepfwi'l MorHAbI H r YAb" 6:m.ga lIAlf 60AbUIoro rneaaoacxoro xypraua npezCl'aBM!.lOT c060« COBepUJCHHO ,lI,pyrolx SH,1l. norpe- 6aAbHblX rraM51THl1KOH, pacrrpocrpanenasrii Me:n~lT.Y npOtlHM 11 na ceuepo-aarraae, B 06M\CTH pacnpo~ CTpaHemIR ConOK aoaroponcxoro TUlia. I

o cr ar lUI Tpyrrocofl'-iKel·ndi B COIlK<LX noxru HH~ xor aa He conpoeoacnaro'rca BeU1,eCTI~eHHbIM HUBCHTapeM. "4axge qCM q'~O-AH60 npyroeecrpesarorca n corrxax xenasre r AHHflHble COCYAbI, CAym.HBlllHe HCpeAKO B KaqCCTBe ypa, B eJl,l1HHqHblX cJl.YQa51X BCTper.ralOTCJ[ norropxeamae Of HeM 6YCbl 11 MeTaAAHQeCKHe yxpaurennn, a TaKme iKeAe3Hble HOiKU. EOAbUlOH narepec npe,11,CTaBAfIlOT nOCT05!HHO naxop,HMble B COIlKax KOrTH, 3y6bl 11 KOCTH Me,ll;se.II.H. HeCOMHeHHO orpazsatorgne C060H KaKI1C-TO 'lpe3Bbl-

D 0

<JaUHO apxalUQeCKHe Hp,eOAOnJ'leCI(I1e MOMeHTbI. ~

HCCA-t,ll,OBaTeA,ew conox mrrepecoaax 06bI'lHO O/J,IHI[ OCHOBHOll sonpoc - KOMY I1fHIHa,ll,AemaAH H KeM 6bIAU aacemaasr 3TM <PYH.1l,aMeHTaAbHble norpe- 6aJl.bHble coopyaseaaa. no MHeHH!O H. E. EpaH,lJ;eH6ypra, B corncax cxezryer BI1,l1;eTb CAaB5lHCKl1e norpeoaxsnere naMRTHHKil.3 A. A. CnHQbIH Op,HO BpeM}l, He oTpHyaR CAaB5IHCKOH npHHa,ll,Aem.HOCTH conox, IIOAaraA, 'ITO 06blqaH coopyzsare 3TH orposrHble 'HaCbInH npl1IIIeA K HaM H3 CKaHP,HHaBHI1.·1 Haneoxee pacnpocrpaaeausra aa nOCAe.II.Hee BpeMR CTaA B3rAJltr, aa conxn, xax na naMRTHHKH aopuarrCKHe. Era rop axo no.aaepasnsax B nOCM~AH·ee SpeMJI A. A. CnHgblH,5 Ehy TOQKY 3peHHJI aercxaasraax B paae CBOHX pa60T B. 11. PaB,lJ,OHHKac. 6

Bonpoc 06 8THH'-IeCKOH rrpHHa.n.Jl.emHOCTH cortex He flBJl.51eTC.sI, oaaaxo, TaKI1M CA07KHbIM H TPYAHO pa3peIllUMblM, xaic aTO npe,lCTaSA5IAOCb nepexacAeHHNM BbIlIle HCCAe,ll,OBaTeAHM. Ha OCHOBal:lUH HaXO,lOK, npOHCXOAl'IIgHX 113 corrox, y A a_e T.C 51 ycraaoBllTb, t.[TO OCHOBHa51 Macca 9-T-llX' rraMl'ITHHK013 OTHO(HTel'I K V II-Yll I CT. H 'ITO HMelOT!C5I COnKI1 60- xee ~ paaaerc speuexa - VI-VII CT. CAe/.l,OBal'eAbHO, COI1KH B03HH'KMi B anoxy, sall.OAro rrpeamecreyrorgyro n05lBAeHI1IO HopMaHHO:B B BOCTO'lHOH

J CBC,1I'.eH}[X, 6blTb MO?KeT, He aceraa ,Il,OCTOBepHbIe, 0 HOBrOp0/1,CKHX 60Abl.llHX xyprarrax C 60raTbIM HHBCHTapCM flMC!QTCR B crarae CaBeAbCBa «Crapaansre p,ocneXH, HaH,Il,CHHble B ccnxax HOBI'OPOP,CIWH ryo.» (.3PAO. T. IV, CTp. 10-16).

2 H. H. Bop 0 fl H H. MCABeaadi KYAbT B BepxHeM OOBO.Jl*be. HaCT. C60pH., CTp. 162 H CA.

3 H. E. Epa H lJ. e H 6 y p r. KypraHbi IDmHoro npMA1:I/l.O$b5!. MAP, N2 18. 1895, CTp. 90-91.

~ A. A. CIT 11 Y, bl H. ConKH li maAbHHI\H. .3PAO,

T. XI. BblIl. 1-2, HOB. cep., 1899, crp. 149-151.

~ A. A. en Ii g bl H. Apxeoxoras B TeMax Ha'laAbHOH PYCCKOM: HCTOpIUi. C60PHHK B 'IeCTb nAaTOHOBa, 1922.

G B. 11. P a B A 0 H H K a C. ,ZlOHcTOpH'IeCKOe rrp o III xoe

T llXBHHCKoro KpaR. T liXBllH, 1924, CTp. 31.

n. H. TpembRfW8. Ce8epH.tJ!e 60CmO'lH.O-c.((i6RNCIO!C n.l{'.l~C' a

~~~--~- "-"'-~-~--

39

~-------- .. ~~----.---

EBpone. Hau60Aee noazmae 112 HI1X npUHaiJ.1te~ ;KaT K IX - aaxaxy X CT. Ho Ii B a-TMX COlIKax, OTHOCRlQ,I1XCH K HOpz..IaHCKOH snoxe, HaCKOAbKO HaM H3BeeTHO, uopuaacaae BeI,gH HH paay He 6bIAl1 acrpeseau, ,4aAee, BnOAHe OqeBHp,HO, 'ITO ConKH RBAHAHCb e'!l;l-IHCTBeHHbINI BHAO:-'l norperiaxr.HbIX naMRTHHKOB na TeppHTopHH HX pacnpocrpaHeHHH B 06pHcoBaHHYIO nsnne anoxy H naMRTHI[~ KaMU MaCCOBblMH, coxpaHUBmUMHCH AO aaumx ,1l,Heil B COTHHX nYHKTOB B "!HeAe HeCKOAbKHX ThIeH"!. Eha KOAAeKTHBHble rrorpetiaxsusre coopyzseaaa, B OCHOB~ HbiX qepTaX lIOBTOp:UOl.!!He OHHXPOHHqHble n~t norpeoaxsaere naMHTHHKH zipyrnx BOCTO"lHO-CAaSHHCKHX 06AaCTen, MorAH npHHa,ll,AeiKaTb AHmb xopeaHOMY CAaSHHeKOMY HaeeAeHHIO.B lX-X CT., axtec're C np0!6eCCOM pacnaaa ,lI.peSI-II1X [JO,iJ,OnAeMeHllblX CB~~ 3eH, conxa CMeHl-llOTCH He6oAbllHlMH, TaK CKa3aT!:I niHp,HBH,IJ,yaAbHbIMH,; KypraHaMH C TpynoCOLK/KeHH5IMI1, .l1.0CTaTO"!HO XOPOlliO 113Bec-rHbIMM, 4T06bI aa HI1X OCTaHaBAliBaTbCH.

Haaooxee .l1.peBHHH KOMIT.\eKe Bergel1: npOHCXO,lJ,HT H3 conan, paCKonaHHOH y /1,- rOpCKOH B6J1.H3Ii llYAcxoro oaepa.' T al\! HaH/1,eHbI 6POH30Bble YKpaIlICHHR (rrpH6aJl.THHCKHX» ranoa, OTHOCHIgHXCH K

VI-VII CT.

HeCKOAbKO 60Aee n03/1,~He BeIQ.H ,i1,aM1 conxn, pacxonaaa sre H, E. EpaH.l1.eH6yprOM na BOAXOBe y CTapOH Aa,IJ,OrH aa ypoxmge no6e.ll.l'uge. ~ TaM acrpexeasr BelQ,H, nponcxoamgae e iora H ioroBOCTOKa EBponeHcKoH qaCTH CCCp, oraocmgnecs I( VIII, a B03MO.lli.UO H K VII-VIII CT. 3a noCAe.l1.HHe rOAbI HaXO,Zl;IH! raxux Bewei1: 6blAi-f C).I.eAaHbr B CeBepHOH I1pH6aJl.THKe, np;qeM OHI1 6bIAH aamposama VI-VB CT.,:l t:{TO snpOqeM He BnOAHe y6e,lJ,HTeJl.bHO. B conxax IX-X CT. BCTpe'laI-OTe5I Cep,lJ,OAHKOBble 6YCbI npH3MaTH"!eCKOH ¢op~ MbI, KOCTHHble rpe6HH H nexoropsre ,lJ,pyrHe BergH :3T'OH anoxa, PH,IJ, O"leHb AI-06onblTHbIX corrox 6bIA HeCJle,lJ,OBaH B 1910 r. Il, r. AI-06oMHPOBbiM na MCTe. CY,lJ,f( IIlO or-reraa, K C02KaAemII-O oqeHb l<paTKHM, nexoropere COnIm conepzsaxa O'leHb 60Abwo·e KOAI1tIeCTBO TPyrrocommeHHH. B 0p,H01-I H3 HHX, paenOAOmeHl-IOI1 Y ,IJ,. 3oAoToe KOACHO, 6bIAH HaH,IJ,eHbI xenasre COCyp,bI, cep,n:OAHKOBbIC 6yCbI, 6poH30BaH crrapaxsxa H 06PbIBOK meAe3~ HOH genO"-lKH. 4

T epprrropna pacrtpocrpaneaaa cortex aosropoacxoro THna osepxena na llpliAaraeMOH KapTe (pHC, 12). OHH 3aHHMalOT 0511IHpHble 06AaCTH 6acceHHa 03. I1AbMeHb, rexeaue pes AOBanI, BOAXOBa H MCTbI, pai1:oHbl BaA,ll,aHeKOH B03BblweHHoeTH, MeCTHOCTb, AemargylO aa aanazi OT EeAoro 03epa, naxoaeg TC'lCHl1e MOAorH. OTll.eAbHble naMaTIUIKH liMeIOTCfl aa 6eperax p. BeAI-lKOH H na

1 A_ A. C n H ~ 1:>1 fl_ APXCOAOI'WleClatii aAI:>60N(. 30PCA,

T. XI, 191 S. CTp. 238.

2 H. E. E p a n ,1, e H 6 y p r. Kypralll)1 1Oil";Horo [1PHAallOl!\1:> $I. Map, NS! 18. 1895.

3 A.H a c k In a n. Das Brandgreberfeld von Pukkila in lsokyro, Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdis tuksen Aikakauskirja, XLI, Helsinki. 1938, CTp. 186.

4 n. r. A JO 6 0 M H P 0 B. OTTleT Q pacxorrtcax, nponaSeAeHHblX 13 1910 r. B HOBl'OPO}l.CKOM H T aepcxoil ry6.

30PCA, T. IX, 1913. CTp. 222 j-! CA. .

.

nCKOBCKO\1 03epe_ 1 C_\OBO:\I, CCrlKIi OOpnC{)BbISaIOT 'reppirropmo HaH60Aee CeBepHOrO BOCTOt:[HO-C.\aB:meKOrO nAe:\!eHHOrO 06pa30SaHHl'I, KOTOpOe ACTOIHICb OTAHQaeT OT KpHBH"!ei1 H aaaersaer HeCOMHeHHO n03,1J,HliM H~ieHe:\1 - CAaB.fIHa:-om HOBrOp0P;CKHMll, KaKOBO 6bL\0 ,1I;peBHee Ji~!H aroii nAe).!eHHOH rpynnsi ceaepaoro C.'\aS7.HCTBa - OCTaeTOl HCH3seCTHbl:\t.

III

lOamee 06.\aCTH pacnpocrpaneaas nos ropo.r-

CKI1X COfTOK - B aepxnexi Teqemm AHenpa, 3ana,J.HOil tJ,SHHb! l! Bo.ul'! - Ae"fHIT o6IImpHaH reppnTOPUH, 3aHHTaJ! BO BTOPOI{ nO.'l.OBHHe I TbICHt:[C.\CT!IH H. 3-. .J:pyrOH n_'l.e:-.reHllOll rpyrmoii cesepnoro CAaB HHCTsa - KpIfBIl'la:.m:, HiKe Ce;J;~Tb aa aepx Boxrn H na sepx li;BHHbi H aa sepx .lI,Henpa. l1orpe6an.\bHbJMH rraMHTHHKaMli na TeppHTOplll! KpHBHqerr J'IB,\HI-OTCH xypransr B sl1,1l,e OBallbHblX H,'ll BblTHHYTblX saxooopaaasix aacsmeil, ccztep]i,aIgHX B ce6e no,n:06HO conxav oCTaTKH xraornx T pynocozcxiena 11:.

Paaxepsr ,n:AI1HHhIX xypranoa CHAbHO aapunrpyto-r.

Hepe axo OHH fl,OCTHraIOT B P._\!Hly 30-40, a nacrAa H 50 lit npu IIlHpHHe 5-7 ]I,! iJ! BblCOTC 1\0 1 M. Ha pl-l,ll,Y C AJ\HHHbIMli o"!eHb qaCTO BCTpe"!aIOTCH xypraaer Y,i'l;AHHeHHbIC, OBaAbHbIe, npHMoyroAbHble I1AH xpyrwsre . .lI,Jl.HHa xyprana 3aBHCliT OT qHCAa COBepmeHHbIX S HeM aaxopoaeaaii. B 60J\bWHHCTBC cxyxaea C Kam.,IJ,bIM HOBbIM aaxopoxennev aaceme ace 60Aee H 60Aee' y,lJ,AHH~L\aCb. B aTOM OTHOrneHHU p',\HHHble KypraHbI 6A'H3KO HanOMHHalOT nosropoacxne corrxu, xo ropsre TaK/t,c POCAH C yseJl.Ht.[eHHel'vI 4HCAa saxopoueauii, HOHe B lI.At1HY, a asepx. Yl:.meCT~ Hbi HaCbITIlI C 5-6, pease e 9-10 saxopOHeHHHMH, npeacraaxaaunoaa C060ll rpyfl,bl nepem.a:eHHbTX qeAOBeqeCKHX xocreii, UHOr,lJ,a rroaergeaasrx B r An~ HHHhIH COCYJ.(. Mcacuo AyMaTh, Otl.HaKO, 'ITO qnCAO aaxopoueauii B lJ;AHHHbIX xypranax B ~eilcTBHTeAb. HoeTH 61>1)1.0 .3HatjlHTeAbHO 60.'t.bIlIC npaaeaemnax gH(PP, rax rcarc nO,lJ,06Ho conxasr 9TH naM~THHKHr o-c06eHHO naaiioxee 3Ha<II!TeMJllblc, HHlWr,ll,a IIC pacxansrsaxnce geAIIKoM. Kpo~'le r AIIHil!lblX cocy;IOS npH OCTaTKax 'l'pyrroCO;'Kfl';CHItii 113pe,1,1(a acrpe'iaIQTCH MeTaAAH'-leCKlie H3iJ.C.UB1; HOIKli, WH.\b~l, YiI,HAa 'll npetl.MeTbl ytiopa H YI<paWCHH5I.

06AacTb pacnpocrpanenaa ,n:!l.I1HHbIX xyprauon MomeT 6bITb otipacoaaua ,n:OCTaTOqHO TO'lHO (pUC. 12). Ha li;Henpe OHn cocpenoromraarorca npeHMyrgccTBCHHO B pairone CMOAeHCI(a-,IJ,pCBHCro geHTpa KpI1BH'IeH, ITO npasotiepezsuro 11 aoaopaa,lJ,eAY Mea->.p,y BepXOBbHMH AJ:lcnpa Ii 3an . .lI,BHHbl. Ha lJ,BHHc ,lJ,AHHHble KypraHbl H3SCCTHbl r AaBHbII\] oGpa30M B BepXHeM TeqeHIIH II aa rpaHHge B~pX· nerc jr cpC,IJ,HerO ee TCqCHIHI. Orcroaa umpoxoii noAOCOll xypraaer nO,J,HHl'>lalOTCH ,ll,aAeKO aa cenep B,'J,OAb 060MX 6cpero13 p. BeAHKOH II BOCTO'-lHOrO 6epcra 4Y.l(CKOrO osepa, ,n:OCTl1raf( GaCCCUHa J\.yrn II orpamoranaa, TaI\HM o6pa30M, C sanana TeppHTOPUIO HOBrOpO).l.CKlIX COIIOK. 110 CHCTCMe BepXOBbeB

i H. H. l{ e p tt 1I r].l H. ,lI,MIIIHbIC KypraUb[ II (0nKIl

HaCT. C60pH.. CTp. 99-108.

40

.-.--- ~-------- .-._-- --- -- ... ----

3an. )LBUHbI n BOAm, nepenxeraroigeiica C CHCJ TeMOR npUTOnOB 03. YlAbMeHb, ,u;AHHHble xypraau OTp,eAbHbIMH rpyrmaxa BTOPHQHO nOJUIH,:>:~raIOTCll HU CCBep, rAy6oRo speaaacs B 06AaCTb HOBropo,u;CKfIX cortex. HaR60Aee cesepacre Il3 HHX zioc'rararo r cpeaaero TeqeHHH p, MCTbI. B He6oAbliiOM ~IHCJ\e, xaxoaeg, p'AUHHble xypraast HMeEOTOI na BOAre, aa yqaCTKe KaAIiHIIH - PbI6I1HCK, pacnoxaraace IIO

11111111\11 -1

--2

=

-\\\\~ -3

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,\\\\ -6 ==-7

f'\./V'\ - 8

7;?, F" 0 '5

1~O

HOB. B1903 r. A. A. Cml!!blU IlOA.\l'1\)\., 'lTO AAHH· nere xypraau OTlWCllTCH K VIII-X CT. KorA<l.iKe OKOHQ<lTeAbHO BbU{CHHAOCh, 'ITO ani rr<l.MHTHHKI1 T1pHf{aAAe.fl"aT l1. K VI-VII CT., 0 'lei\l panerue rOBopHA B. 11. Cl'I3013,1 A. A. CnUijblH, CAeAYH reopan Murpal.!,HH <;J\<l.BlHICKHX rIACMen, rrepecra,v etIHTaTb AJ\HHHble KypraHbI I<PUBIit..ICKHMII 11 OTHec )-IX K (<([H1HCKHtW- I1aMHTHHKall1.:~ OT aroro B3r,MIAa

)

. I

PH'C, 12.CxeMa KapTbX 1I.0KallbRbIX rpyrrn apxeOAorH'IeCIUIX naMHTHHI<OS cepe,!tI-£BhI H BTOPOH n(1AOBHHbI r TbICllQeAeTHH H. a. 1- ""BRIIble Kyprallol Kf)JllIlt'leil V -x CT.; 2 ~ ~OIll<1I HOBrapO,'tCJ<:IIX c>.aBml VI-X CT.~ 3 - rop~JlK1j!a II "ypN.Hbl BJITll'leii c lIepenllHflbIMH 1I1),lHlla"!f( IV-X CT.; 3a - CAaflllHCKlIe rOI'Oflll'!,!3 1I RypraUbt Bopoaearcaoro nO.!lOHbll; ,; -- ceaepc-aocroxaaa rpalll-lga ceBepHHCKHK ropO.!l!"ll H "Yl?l'aHOB ("pO'lew Cl{OrO rana") VIl-X CT.; Ij -MorHAbIlIlKIl l1J.cMen nOBOMKb>!; 6 -- naMIITlIIU<)t J\HBC>B 11 aCToB (KaMeHHble "YfH'aH.b[ II MOrlL\blHlKIl .l\[O\J,IlHCKOrO runa):

7 - Kyprallbl AeTO'MITOllCKOH I'pynObl nAe~tell; 8-· ceaepnas rpaJlIlll:a (caJl'J'oBo'Malfl!,K"x) naMJITHIiKOB rynllo·6oArapc",n" nAeMea V·-X CT.

6eperaM peRH H He orcrynaa B 06J\aCTb sonopaanexa.

11cxo.1l;JI H3 repparopna, SaHJITOH ,ll;J\HHHbIMH xypraaaxa, A. A. CrragblH el!!,e B 1903 r. np1H3HaJ\ B HUX norpedaxsaere naMHTHHKH KpllBHtfeH., BbICKaaas npennoxoaseaae, 1.J.TO 9THM KypraHaM npeznreCTBOBaJUl norpetiaxsaere ccopyaseaaa B BHAe .a;epeB.f.lHHbIX nocrpoex C ,llBYCKaTHOll KpbIWeH.. KaK Mbl BR,1I,eAH Bblwe (crp. 25), ~TO npeznoxoesenae 6.1\.eJ cTiuge noaraepzuxocs B .lI.aAbHeiimeM. n03,11Hee YKasaHHbIH asrop BpeMeHHO II3MeHHA caoe MHeHRe 06 aTHHQeCKOH npHHaJI.AemHOCTH AAHHHblX Kypra-

A. A. CnHgbIHY npaurxoce OTKasaTbC.fI II CHOBa sepnyreca K nepscxy, xoraa BbIJICHHJ\aCb reaern~IeCKM{ CBH3b p,AHHHbIX xypranoa C 60Aee n03,lI,HHMI1 xpyr J\bIMK «HHAHBH,u;yaAbHbIMn» sypr-aaasrn C TPYnOC02K2KeHffeM, CAaBHHCKMH xapaicrep KOTOPbIX CO~ sepureaao 6ec,orropeH. 3 3Ta npeeMCTlBeHHOCTb 6bIAa YCTaHOBAeHa na npaxepe p,eCjJTKOB H COTeH MorRAb-

I B. 11, C H :;I 0 B. ,l(AHHHble xypransr B Cr.-WAeHCKOrr ryfi, T p, XI Apzeox, C'beS,II;a, T. II, CTp. 81.

2 A. A. en H g hI H. 3anHcH nOClIetUiHX AeT. APXUB

I-1I1MK, ¢OHtI, A. A. CnHYblHa. '

3 APXHB A. A, CUHy,bIHa. 3anncKIi nOCAetI,HHZ /l.eT.

n. H. Tpems nno«, CCl1epHbW BOCmOt{.1I0·C.{t18!'1H.CgUe Tl.te.I!OW

HUKOB, COCTOR:IQHX 113 60Aee p,peBHHX - j(AHHHbIX n 60Aee- MOAOp,bIX - xpyrxsrx KypraHOB. B xaxeCTBe npasrepa 3,11;eCb nOMergeH nxan oaaoro H3 MOfHAbHHROB cpeaaero TetfemUI 3an. 4BHHbl, pacnoA02KeHHOrO B6AH3'H CHHXPOHHI.!HOrO exty ropomnga (puc. 13). jLpeBHeHuIHe xypraasr MOrlfAbHHKaABe .J,AHHHbIe HaCbInH - paCnOA02KeHbI OK01.o caMora ropoamga, TOTtIaC 1I,e aa BaAOM. AaAee HaXOp,HTCJl pHp, 60Aee MOAOAbIX KPYfAbIX xypraaos 3HatfHTeAbHbIX paaraepoa, coaepasaigax no), CBOea aacsmerc OCTaTKR MHOfHX TpynocoiKiKeHI1H. Ellle AaAbllle pacnoxararorcn HaH60Aee nos.anne B MOrliAbHliKe He60AbWHe xpyrxere, HHAHBH,'J,yaAbnere» xypraasr, ornocmgneca Y.·Ke K X-XI CT., o tfeM fOBOPMT rrponcxoztrnqaa H3 nnx xepaaaxa, t!aCTbIO H3rOTOBAeHHaH aa rOHt{apHO~I xpyre.!

A,AHHHbIe xypraasr, oraocsugneca K Vr···VIII CT.

H3BeCTHbl no pacaonxaxr B. H. C::H30Ba ~ aa C"'IO.~eHl!!IlHe, no pacxomcav K. KY,l.l,p.!IUleBa aa LlYk CKOM 03epe,:; no pa60TaM n. A. Ca.(J,HKOBa it n. r. A!06o:-.mpOBa 01(0]\0 ,lJ,eMHHcKa 4 If no lICCAe,rr,OBaHlU~M A. B. T mgeHKo OKO,\O BaAJl.a.!I." 3a nOCAeJ{nue rOA!:>I rpyrma ;:r,AHHHbIX H CMHXPOHH'-IHbIX H:\l oxpyr AbIX xypraaos 6bIAa HCCAe,ll;OBaHa B paiione nCKOBa H. H. l.JepHHrmibIM. B 3THX xypraaax cne"anbI l-IaXO,ll;KH He TOAbKO V 1'-- VII, HO If V CT. ,j EbIA pacxonax raxzse pl'!.ll; ,lAHHHblX xypraxoa B CMOAeHIQHHe II 6eAopYCCHll.7

B .BepXOBb.!IX ,lJ,Henpa B. H. CH30BbiM 6bIAli nponsaeaeaer paCKOIlKH casrnre tfeM B 10 nymcrax, y ,ll,,4. ,l.(poo<oBa, CA060,1l;a, AyxOBIgHHa, PHilbIHb, XOTblHb, 5ipgeBo, MI1311HOBa, 6Aaro;:r,aTHaH, 1\0- nHHO, Apeqiaao, HOBoe EeAKHHo, ua yp0'-IJiUIJC HMIQH'-lHHO H B nexo'roperx P,PYrl1X !lleCTax. KpoMe KepaMHKH B xypraaax 6bIAH HaR,II;eHbl MHOrOI.!HCxeamse m.eAe3Hble, 6POH30Bbie 11 CTeKA~HHble ll3- 4eAH.fJ. B MYlliCKHX Tpynocom.meHH~X 6bIAH BCTpeqeHbI, nOBMAHMOMY, AUWb noscnsre rrpMKKH, 6POH- 30Bble n meAe3Hble, xapaxrepaerx, O'-leHb apxaasaerx TI1IIOS (pac, 14). B meHCKUX -rpynocoaeeeanax naM,'J;eHbl MHOrOQHCAeHHble OPOH30Bble TpaneglfeBH~HblC nO,ll,BeCKH, xpyr Able 6MIXH, ncasecxn, COCTOHI,gHe H~ nOAYKpyr.'I.0H 6AHIl1f1:H C rpaneYHeBM,ll,HblMH npHBCcKaMH, onxaaxeaaete na orae CI1HHe CTeKA~HHble 6YCbr. xpyrnrere 6POH30Bbie 6y6eHQHKH H, HaKOHq_I, rronsecior B lHfp;e MUHl1anOpHblX (purypOK BOAHHblX nTH!,!, asrpeaaaaerx H3 KoeTH. 1--13 3Tl1X /fie xypraHOB npOHCXO,lJ,UT HeCKOAbKO Bergeu C 9MaAbIO: Tpn npHMoyroAbHbIe 6J1.flXH, 60.\blllaH xpyr AaH amypH<\)1

I A. H. ]I. II Y /l, a II C K i. Apy.coAeriqHbllI ,WCbAeJ\bl Y Bi!,!;e6cKaii akpyse. Opa!!bl ApltCOAeri'mai1. KaMicii AH seep, II. 1930, CTp. 96.

~ YKa3aTeltb naMIITHHKOB • POCCf!l!cKoro ac ropu-iccxoro

MY3ClI, 1893, CTp. 111-123.

:\ OT'ICTbl He ony6ltliKOBU[bl. Y nOMHHaHlIlI 0 pacxonxaz liMCIOTC.Il 8 apXHBC A. A. Cm1(!bIHa. BCIJ!H 113 pacxonox XpaH.IlTCIi B Foe. OpMHTamc.

4 TaM a,e.

5 A. B. T H IJ! e H K O. OT'rc-r 0 paCKOi1KaX ·1910 11

1911 rr. R HOBr9POP,CKOR ryG. J.1AK. Bblll. 53, 1914, CTp. 12 H CA.

e H. H. 4 e p a 51 r H H. lI.AHtlHble KypraHbl H conxu,

HaCT. CGOpH., CTp. 102, TaGlt. I, 13.

7 Dpaubl ApxeOAerillHaM xauicii AH BCep, II. 1930.

CTp. 270-275, 279-280, 314-315.

41

6.\HXa, Haxo.J,Hll.!aH ce6e aaaxorna B !,-\a.:r.e, ~W{!;J;eHHOM y KpacHoro Dopa B CeBepHoli l3eAoPYccmi,' Ii aacypxas rpeyroxsaas qm6y.\a noaanero runa (puc. 14).

Cpe,1l,H YKpallleHHlI cxe.ryer yxaaare el!!e na BHCOQHble yxpaureans B Blue npoaoxosuoii ,J,yamu c nAaCTHHKOH BHH3Y, K xoropoii ObL\!1 npnxpen.veasr TpanegHeBH;J,Hble nO.J,BeCKH (pHC. 14). He·:

CO~fHeHHH. LJTO HMeHHO 3TH YKpaweHUH noc.\ymIL\ll npOTOTl1rIOM ,J,.\f! BHCOLJHblX Ko.\eg XII-XIV CT. Tal' aaaetsaexoro MOCKOBCKoro Tuna, sonpoc 0 npOHCXOiK,1I,eHHH xcroperx :r,OAfoe BpeMH 5!BAHACll .lHCKYCCHOHHbl:'l!. ~

Puc 13. Ilxcn «ypranuoro MorU.\bllllKa II ruPOllIUM,l y Crapor o CCAa B cpeznrex rC"Icmm 3an. ,li;BHHbl.

nOCAe B. 11. CH30BU pSl.l ApeBHHx xypr-anon aa Cr-.IoAeHI!!HHe ObIA pacxonau K. C. A6paMoBlllM. B rpyrrne y c. C,.'I.060/:\.a, rae npOH3BO.lH.\ paC~OTIKII }( B. 1-1. CH30B, HM ObIA HCCAep,OBaH KpyrAblH KYP~ ran, p,aSllIliM geAblH pHP. mrrepecuerx RaXOA-OK.'

! A. A. en 1111 bl H. npcAMCTbl C BbleM'laTOi! <JMaAblO. 30PCA, T. V, Bb~n. 1, 1903, Ta6A. XXVIl, 1.

~ B. H. C II 3 a B. 0 npOl{ClWlE.;1,eHHH I{ xapasrepc Ityp' rannetx BHCO'iUbll( NOAe!! npeuMYl!!eCTBeI-lHO «MQCKOBCl{Oro'· Tlma. Apxecx, USB. H 3a~I., 1895, N~ 6. -VI. VI. To k C r 0 Ii If H. n. K 0 If lI. a K o B. Pyccxae APCBHOCTH B na~!lIrHlmax liCKYCCTBa, shin. V. KAa.zIbI If xypraasr, 1897.A. B. A'p y: H X 0 B C K I{ it Kyprallbl 8HTH'Wlf, 1930, crp. 47,-49.

~l A. A. C IT If l.!, ~l H. Oraer 0 pacxonaax, np0H:.8CJleHllbll': "5 1905 r. 11. C. A6paMoBblM II CMOAellCRoil. ry6. 3PAO. T. VlII, asm. 1, 1906, crp. 196.

171 11~J

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PI1C. 14. BeIJ!li H3 CMOAeHCKHX ~"\liHHbI:X' KypraHOB. PaCKOnKl1 B. 11. CIHloBa.

1, 2, 4-7, 14, 18, 23-24 - ;:to Apell»HO; 3, 9, 11, 16 -):I. HpJ,lellO; 8, 12, 15,26-Jj. XOTblHllj 10, 21, 22, 25 -It. Aom{lclo; 73, 17, 19 - . ~.' 4POROl'lOj 20 - yp. HM1I!H'IHHO.

II, H. Tpemunxoe, Ceeepmae 80Cmo'tI{O-C-'.a8Ji.H.C1<l!e J"l.!.C.liefW

43

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B noxe nacemn oxaaaxocs fAH'HJ!HOe «rrpscxage. HAH «rpY3HK», 06bl,,[HOe ,ll,AR 'rOpO,ll,H:t;(! ,ll,bRKOBa nma. B CAORX 30.1\.01 H yrxa, B ,ll,Byx Mecnx npoCAaUBalOl!!!HX nacsms, HaH,ZJ;eHbl MeJJ;H:al'I rrpsasxa, qeperncx OT rllHHRHblX COCY,ll,OB, Mep;Hble cnapaxexu, 06AOMKH Y3KI1X Me,ll,HbIX 6paCAeTOB HS rpexrpaaxoro npyra II zrse 6POH30BbIe sxcoxame nonaecxn (pHC. 15)" HeCKOAbKO narrovnnatorgue 110,ll,8eCl\U BaAeHCKHX xypraaos. 1

B P.ByX xypranax y 11.. WHAOBl\a 11. C. A6pa:\WBbIM HaH:l1.eHbI crmpaxexa, rpanegaesazaaa no.aBOCKa, oparaaaxsnaa azsypaaa 6.i\l'Ixa (pEC. 15), ifi:eAe3Hoe wlfAbge, 061\OMOK KOAbga, onxasxeaaue CTeKMlHHble 6yChl H3YMpylf,Boro I1BeTa H xenaa« rrocy.aa, opHaMeHTHpOBaHHa5'l no BeHtnIKY omexarKaMH rpe6eHtJaToro xexana. ~ BpeM}l 31'I1X Bergd! RaK H KOAAeiKllUll B. 11. CH30Ba - VI-VI II CT.

BergH TaKH~ £l;e TOtIHO Ti1IlOB - rpanegaesn,aHhle rto aaecxn, cnapa.u.xa, orrAaBAeHHbl-t 6yCbl H ~'I,p. - 3U rrocxeaane rO,ll,br HaU,1l.eHbI B ApeBHHx CHH-

Mem,JS 03, Hepo H 03. CeAHrep,: nfCKOAbKO OTA!i~ tIa!OTCJ:I 01' C~10.l\.eHCKHX. 3;J.CCb He o6Hapymeao TPdneUHeBH,1l.HbIX noasecox, CTO.\b 06blQHbiX B CMOAeHCK~X ;'J;AHHHhIX xyprauax. B 60.AbillfM ,,[HeAe HU}!;.r,eHbl MeXKl1e Bbmyr"Able rroxyxpyr.vsre 6.'I.fIIlIKII. npnspen ..... asumecs II: xozce HAB :'Y[aTepHH C rro)VwIQ.hI0 p,syx J:l3bIQKOB, S CMOAeHCKHX xypranax HeH3BeCT· HbH~. yb ApyrHx BergeH BCTpe"IeHbI :.'!aCCI1BHbII1 6POH30BblH 6pacAeT C yTo.'I.!geHHhIMH KOHgaMH, xapaKTepHbrIi JJ;.A}l VI-VII CT., npOHH3KH, xpyr Able 6AJHil~H, noacaue rrpRJKI,11 H 06.;\OMOK nepexxazrraTOM rpa6YAbI (CTp. '136, Tao)... I I; crp, 137', Ta6A. II I). BeIQ11 A. B. T mgeHKO 113 KypraHil J\E:1 5 y c. Depe30BCJ;n!1 Pa;1.0K IHleIOTnpi1:l{epHO ror IKe xapaxrep (CTr. 126, NQ 445).

A.AI1HHblE xypranst VIII-IX cr. ac'rpesarorcs 3HatIIfTeAbHO qawe. Oau 110CTOflHHbl B COCTase MOfHAbHHKOB IX__:'X CT., COCTOHIgI1X 113 06bI'.JHbI.\; xpyr.xzax xypraaos C TPYIIocoG>.m.eHl.feM, B ;l.!acce OHH xopo-re ,'l,peBHMX If HMel{)T 'iaCTO OBaAbHblC

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Marepaaxu 113 paCRono!\: K. KY4p51UIeBC1. aa BOCTOqHOM 6epery l..JY,ll,CKOrO osepa CROM ,ll,A. fI\e~ pe6JlTHHO, Beasaa, HOBO~mYKOBCKa51 H Cserxsre BellIKH H MaTepl1aAbl Il, A. Canaxosa H n. r. A!06oMHpOBa, TIPOHCXOJVII,gHe 113 p,AHHHbIX xypraHOB, paCKOTIaHHbIX B BOCbMil1 rrymcrax B MeCTHOCTH -tT-;Y:;;:-;! BJ.tAeHCKoro ApxeOA01'H'lCCKOro C'bC3/\a, T, I. 18, CTp. 183.

2 A. A. C II H g hI H, YIC CO,!., CTp. 194.

a A. H. A J1 B lJ, a HeR Ii H. MaT.t1luaAbl <'\AII apxcoxo-

r1i'J:eCKOH: l,apT!:>1 CMOJ\CIlCKOl:f ryo. T p, CMOMI[CKl'l:r. rOC, MY3eeB, aem, 1, 1924, err. 163.

4 ne_agbl Apxeoxerixaaii )<.aMicii AH beCp, II, 1930,

CTp. 270-273. .

5 Apxaa A. A. ClIHgblUa. (; TaM m.e.

6*

J

osepraaaa. Kypra'Hbi aroro BpeMeHU xopouro II3 .. BeCTHhi no pacxomcaxr A. H. AHBI~aHCKoro H,t 3an. Amule Y lJ.,Il.· fapaBaH H Py;J,I-I~J,~! B arux xyprnaax 6blAll OTKpblTbl 13cero iUililb no 2-3 Tpynocoma;,emUl, aepeaxo lIO O,!J,HOl\lY, II .\lilllh O,iJ,HU xypraa TIfHIMoyroAbHb!X o-repraaaii HMCA xersrpe HAH 115ITb aaxopoaeaail nepe2Kii:CHHblX!WCTCH. B xypranax HaH.l1.eHbl xapaxrepaere 1.'\HHHHble CQcy,'f,bl, cnapaxexu, 6YCbl, 6paCAe'l', 06PblBIUl l],.eno'Hm, 3acTe'KKH, rplfBBa, 6y6eHtIllK H zpyrae scql/1 6POH30Bble li ir..CAC3Hble (puc. 18). f1PH sceii CBOCn Ma.l\OH Bblpa3HTeJl.bHOCTH 'OTOT KOMTlAeKC HeCOMHeHHO nosxce CMOAeaCKoro, XOT5IllO:3M02KHO. QTO II cpeaa 8TI:!X neI.gen, npOHCXOlJ,l1l!:!)1X 113 pas , lIblX xypranos, 'I<Oe~~I'ro npHHa~.'\emIU Ix' VII CT.

ITo p. BeAHKO~[ H B 6acceHHe MCTbI AAHHHblC KypraHbl VII I-IX C1". 6bIJl.H nCCAe,ll,OBaUbI B. H. rAa30BblM'. BpCl\HI HX onpezexserca 110 HaXO}l,Ka'Vl

1 Jl,epeBHH EPMOlUR~HO, Hosmra, rOplUKOBHUhl, BCAncsd unnra, nO,1l.COCOHbC. 06PblHb, TnlIJ1!!bl II '-IepHhll1 PY'Ieii 6: )LeM'JlHCl(OrO y. HOBropOACI~. ryG.

~ TIpa+lhl ApxeoACritIHau xaxicii AH seen II, 1930, crp, 173-195,

1

Puc. 16. BelgH 1I<l JlpeB!!HX CM:OACHC}(~jX xypranon. PatJwnl(JI A. H. AaUp;o.IlC!(Oro.

Puc. -17. Bc,!!H. liS I'Opo.n;uI,g Bexopyccsoa cep.

e

f -'rt>{Hl,lll\lj!e Y il. ~lyello; 2 _. Eall!leponcl<oc l'ojlomll,U~.

5

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PRe. 18. Be~H 33 fI.\HHHblX xypr-aaoa epeaaero Te'leHHH Ball. AntlHl>I.

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IV

3ana,1l,Hee, cesepaee H BOCTOqHee repprrropaa COnOK H AAHHHbIX xypraaos 130 BTOPOH nOAOBI!He I Tblc.srqeAeTlU[ H. 9. AemaAH 06.\aCTH, norpetiaxenere naMfITHltKH lWTOPbIX HMeIOT cBoeo6paSHhiH xapaxTep. OCROBCKoe H "4Y,lJ,CKOe osepa COCTaB.H!.HI rpaHH!!Y Mem,lJ,y CAaBJlHCKHM aacexeaaeu H ,1J;peBHHMH npH6aATHHCKHMH rrAeMeHaMH ABBaMH H aCTaMH,OT I(OTOPbIX cOXpaHHAH.Cb csoeoopaaasre J\aMeHHbIe ~onUbI, 2 B HeKOTopbIX 06AaCT.l1X C).feHHBllHeCJI B \' II-YILt CT. pfI,ll,OBbIMH MOI'MAbHHKa:-'Hi Tan !-la:>'blBaeMoro AlO!!,HHCKoro THna. Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe cocezov ClI.aB5tH ObIAa lI.eTOnHCHa51 aecs, naMHTHHKU KOTOPOH - Mecra nOCell.eaUH H MorHAbHUKH -,lI,O CHX rrop He H3BeCTHbI. I1cKAlOtJeHHe COCTaBAJl10T AHUIb xypraaer IOmHoro OpHAa,ll;OllibJI, ~~ OTHOCm;!!HeCJI K IX-X CT. H ocraaxeaasre sepo- 5tTHOBeCb1O, HO Y1Ke noasepr-aysuretica CAaB~HH- 3agflH HAM BO BCJlKOM cxysae CMAbHOMy sos.aenCTBHro CAaB~IHCiKOH. KY AbTypbl.

B cTopoay BeAoro MOp~ Ha ~oAory H UUeKCHY .\emaAH rryra paHHeH KOAOHI1.3aym1 cesepaerx o .. aB$'IHCKHX nxevea, OTHOC5lI!!eHC51 K VIII-IX CT. .zLpeBHeHillHe CAaBJlHCJme naM.lITHHKH 3THX paiioHaS - conKH HOBrOpOACKGrO TUna - lfMelOTCR. 3,l1,eCb AHIlIb no TeQeHl1lO peK Ii B oxeue orpaaaqeHHOM KOJ\HtJeCTBe. pacnoxaraace lIHaqe, 'teM aa 03. Yh.bMeHb HAM 110 peKaM It oaepax BaA,!!,aUCKOlt B03BblweHHOCTH. Cy.1lJl no HeKOTopbIM A.aHHb[M, OIU{ GTHCC51TC.R 3tJ.eCh, I'AaBHbI:\1 06pa-aOM, K IX-X CT. 06 3TOM rOBOpJlT KaK He60AblIIHe cpeAHlie paaMepbI MOAO.?KCKHX Ii 6eA03epcKHx COno,K, TaK If nexoropere HaXO,ll,KH, npoacxozongne 113 conox no Moxore, B tJaCTHOCTH npoyurnsrii meAe3HbrH -ronop, ,lI,aAe1\:O He parraero nma.·!

OqeBH/~HO QTCIOp,a, OT Eexoro oaepa H c MOAoru, cxasane nonaxx 13 .Hpoo .. ascxoe D013oAo<Kbe-6yl~yrgyIO POCTOBo-CY3,llaAbcKYIO 3eM.'I.IO. naM5ITHH~ KaMH MeCTHoro HaceAeHHH B 0.6AacTH l-tpeBHeH MepJlHcJ{oH 3eMAH - «aa POCTOBCKOM oaepe Mep.lI, a na KAexgHHe osepe Mep51 mel> - HB !\.JllOTCJI PJl,lI.OBOIe MorHAbHHKH, HanOMHHalOIgl1e C060H apesHHe MOrHAbHHI(ll MOP,lI,OBCKO-MypOMCRliX nxenea,

1 .Orxer B. H. r Aa30Ba 0 paC!(OnKaX, npoasaeneaasrx IJ nn:OIlCI\OH ry6. IS 1901-19U2r. 30PCA,T.V, Bbm.1. 1903 r., C'I"p. 49 Ii 59. - Or-rer B. H. r "aSOBa 0 i"lOC3ll,KC 1903 r, B KpecTeYI-:HiI y. Hoaropoacaoii ry6. I1AK, BbIn. 6. 1904, CTp. 50 U CA. - A A. en H g bl H. PacKoDKIl B. H. r ;.aBOBa GAH3 nor-cera AbI6YTbl. YIAK, nsm. 15. 1905, CTp. 71-74.

2 H. Moo r a. Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500 n, Chr. T artu, 1938, CTp. 622.

3 H. E. B p a H II. e H 6 y P r. Kypraubl lOaworo IlpuAaJl.()atbJl. MAP, N~ 18, 1895.

4 XpaHI!AC5! B MOAOlliCKOM paMotUlOM MY3ee; lIbIHe aaXO,ll,RTCH B Mysee r. Pb16HHCNa.

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raxae, KaK 00460.\OTHeBCKlfH, ASI;I;HHCKI':!li IUH T 0- MHHKOBCKHiL Mepaacxae MOrHAbHHKH H3seCTHbI yme B pJl,J,e nYHKTOB: B paiioae KOCTPOMbI Y c, nO,J,OAl:JCKOrO, 1 B paiioae Wyu y c. XOTHMAb, ~ aa p. KJl.513bMa y c. XOA),H. 3 HaH60Aee 60raTbIM if lIHTepeCHbIM cpe,J,H HHX HBMle7~a MOrHJl..bHHK aa .p. Cappe, Bna,aalOIgeH B 03. Hepo, paCnOAOm€HB.bIH 01(0.'1.0 113BeCTHoro Capcxoro ropo.nnga. 4 OrR pacxomcax TaM, KaK H Y c. XOTfiMAb fI XOAyfi, 6bIA OTKpblT p.Sl.1t norpetieaaii, co.p.epmalJ!Hx .\1160 OCTaTKR rpynocoa;SKeHHH, An:60 06b!'.J:Hbre aaxoponenas. OPH ~IymcKHx norpetiennsx scrpexeasr OpyAHS! TpYAa M npezoaersr aoopyzceaaa: npa 2KeHCKHX pasaoofipaanere MeTaAMltJe-cKHe YKpameHlIJI (pHC. 19). CY,J,JI no HHBeHTaplO norpe6eHHH, U3BeCTHbie ceil'lac MorMAbHHKH MepRHcKoH 3el\IlI.H OTHOCRTC.Sl KO apexemr VI-VIII CT., HO HeCOMHeHIiO, 'ITO B AaAbHeHUIeM aaecs 0YilYT OTKpbrTbI H 60Aee paxHHe MorHAbHHKH, XOPOIllO li3BeCTHbIe B 06AaCTH .u;pyrHx BOCTOtJHO-(PHHCKHX nxexe» nOBo.'l.mbJI.

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4 Marepaaxer paCKOnO!( MOrl{AblH!K(! y Capcsoro ropoJl.lilga, npoeeaeuaax A. A. KpaHnOBbIM 1t A. H. SAHHrOM, He onYOAUKOBaHbl. HaxoAKI{ xpausrcx a POCiOB(1<01>1: MY3ce.

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nexoropste cnacxa xerornrceii, B KOTOPbIX B5JTI1'UJ OT02K;teCTBMlEOTC1I C pR3aHy:a;\Hi. 3TH CfIHCKM AeTO~ naceji: T sepcxof (1534), AbBOBCKOH (aavaxo XVI CT.) Ii EPMOAHHCKOH (<<DUel,! XV cr.), coCTaBAeHHble, no MHeHHfO A. A. WaXMaTOBa. WI OCHOBaHHH POCTOBCKOH KOMnIiM!~l!H XV CT.,;' lie MorYT no cBOCH ll.OCTDBepHOCTH npnpaaaasarecs K 6o.o\ee pal-IHHM CIIHCKaM, TaKHM, KaK AaBpeHTbeBCKHH HAll YlnaTbeSCKHM. OTomJJ;eCTBAeHHe BRTH'IeH c p$l3aHlJaMH, HM paay He scrpesarorgeeca a pannax cmrcxax xerorraceti, HeCOMHeHHO npe.ll.CTaBAHJOT C060H He liTO naoe, KaK l\OMMeHTapUH cocTaBHTeMI csoaa XV CT., MHernHtO xoroporo B OTHomeHHH ;:mOXH X-XIII CT. Bp1I.ll AH CAe,WeT npaaaaarn CIWAbKO-HH6YJJ;b cepueaaoe 3HatJ:eHHe. Heaapov H. TI. Eapcoa orpalHlQHBaA .TeppUTOpHEO BJITHqen C BOCTOKa reseaaex p. Ocerpa, snaaaiorgero B ORY HeCKOAbKO asnne YCTb$l MOCKBbl~peKH. 4 C MHe~ Hiler.{ H. n. EapcoBa no STOMY aorrpocy BnOAHe

I n. n. £ <p H M e H K O. K acropan 3ana.1(HOro noBO.ldKbJt B nepacsi TbICH'1eAeTHH H. B. COB. apxeox., II,

1937.

2 A. B. A P U H X 0 Be K H it KypraHbl BRTlllWU. M ..

PAHHOH. 193'0. CTp. 125.

:1 A. A. ·ill a x MaT 0 B. Pa3bICKaHHJt 0 .1lpeBHeHUlHX

p}'CCl{UX AeTOnaCRblX cuoaax, II, 1908, CTp. 77.236-237. 4 H. n. 5 ape OiB. Oseoxa PyccKoa HCTOpll1JeCROI{ reorpaqmu. Bapnraaa, 1885, CTp. 157.

cor-xatuaxca M A. A. WaxMaToB. I 3,n;ecb cAetJ;yeT yrrOM1IHYTberge 0 TOM, qTO H. n. oapCOB ,lJ,OOYCKaA aacexeane B$lTHt.J:aMIi aepxonnea 4,OH<I, npHTOX< KO-roporo T nxas COCHa 6AH31\:0 no.axozorr K BepXOBb.RM OKI1. ~ 3TO 3aKAIO'ICHl-te HMeAo, nOBHtJ;HMOMY, t(HCTQ YM03pHTeAbHbIH: xapaxrep 11 B03HHKAO, BCPO$lTHO, B peayxe rare B3rMIAa aa KapTY. 50Aee ocnona'reAbHO sargHIgaA ary TOqKY 3pemHI A. A. Llhh .. MaTOB," HU qeM mlm.e erge npH,lleTCR OCT<lrrOBHTbC1I.

OaM>lTHHKH nepxuero TellCUJI$I 0101 H3BeCTHbl, npCHMYl!!eCTBeUHO, no pa60TaM H. Yi. OYAbIQeBa, B rrpO].l;OAa<emre fHIll.a ACT nccxeaoaasurero xypraHbI n ropoAHIga no OKe, lliH3tJ;pe, Y rpe II ll.pY" rHM 6oJ\ee MeAKHM peKaM Oxcxoro 6acceHua. 9TU .pa60Tbl nOKa3aMI, 'ITO BepXOBbH OKH ~lpe3BbI~ tl<\HHO 60raTbi pa3Ho06pa3HbIMH OCTaTl<HMH ztpeuHOCTH, OT:HOCfll.I.!.HMHCs{ I< pa3AHqUblM snoxasi. HaH- 60Aee aarepecnsre OTKpbITIHI 6blAU C.lI.eAaHbI H. H. EYAblqeBbIM npH paC1WnK(l.X naM.HTHHKOB ccpe,l.lM .. libl H BTOpOH nOAOBHHbI I TbICR'leAeTHR H. a., ,11;0 ero pa60T B 8TOM paiione rrcxra HeH3'BeCTHblX. Flocxe H. 11. BYAblQcBa OKCKHe IIaM$lTHHKH H3)''laAHCb 10. r. reH,IJ,YHe, H. I1. T pOHgRHM, B. A. fOP0,lJ,gOBbIM H PR,1l;OM ,1tPYl'lJX HCCAe.1loBaTeAcH. B 1934 'H 1935 rr. He60AbUlHe pa60TbI na ORe Ii 00 HHmHCMY TeqeHHIO Y rpbl 6bIAl-1 npcaaaeaeasr M. M. r epaCliMOBbIM a aBTopOM STHX CTpOK.

O,lJ,IiHM 113 HaH60Aee $IpKHX naMRTHHKOB aepxaero TeqeHl1fl OKU JlBAJIeTCH ({CCAeAOBaHHoe H. H. BYJl.bIQeBbIM ropoamge Y /l..MOIg1lHbI, na p. Pece, npnroxe YrpbI, rroxysneuree MHPOBYFO H3BeCTHocTb 6AarO,ll,a-PJl HaHAeIUlOMY B era npeaexax KAaAY Berge" C 3MaAbIO. .PaHHHe CAOH ropoamga CHHXPOHH'IHbI KAa,lJ,Y, BpeMs{ xoroporo orrpenexaerca, BHJJ;HMO, IV-VI I CT. H. a. Cpep,H aaxonox HMelO,' CSI raxzse aeum VIII-X H XI-XIII CT.

113 ApeBH;;'O KYAbTypHoro CAO's{ MOIgHHCKOro ropoamga npOI1CXOJl,HT pH,Il; yxpaurea aii C :3MaAbIO, aHa.'l.OrHtIHbIX BergaM H3 xxaaa. K HHM OTHOCflTC5I n01l.BeCKa B BH.n:e AYHHH!!bl C oxpyr A.bIMH ,p03eTIWMH na xongax, 06AOMOK MaCCHBHoro 6paCAeTa H <[aCTb 60.l\b 1U0H nAocKoH 3aCTemKH, ROHlJbr KO~ TOPOH HMeAH BHA oxpyrweix lJ:1HTKO!B, aaxpycrnpOBaHHbIX 8MaAbIO. K ztpeanesry CJl.OIO roponarga rrpnaaaxezsar raxzse He6oAbll1aa 6pOH30Ba5J oxpyrxas 6AHxa, yrcpanreaaaa TOqeHbIM opHaMeHTOM, HaXOAJllJ!afl ce6e napaxxe.va cpe,ltH Be1JJ,eii KJI. aa a , H 06AOMOK 6paCAcTa ·113 xpyrxoro 6POH30Boro npyra, c paCIIAlOlMeHHblMH KOHgaMlI, rrpeacrasASlJOI!,;ero C060R xapaxrepnoe yxpanrenae CTa/l.UH C pnsaHCJ\UX MorHAbHHKOB, T. e. V CT. H. S.1 Cpe,lJ,H zpyrnx HaXOll.OK, npnHaAAemargux K cepennae I TbICHqeA,eTHH H. 8., OTMeTHM HaKOHeQHHI<H KOnHi{ Hi CTpeA HS m.eAe3a n KOCTH, KPHBOH Hom, f'AllH$lHbIe npacxa AMI. BepeTCH, qaCTb rAHH.R:HOrO Ab.slqKa H 06AOMXH cocy 40B c qepHOH AorgeHon nOBepXHOCTblO.

1 A. A. LU a x MaT 0 B. fO*Hble nocexeima B$lTli'1ei:i.

I1SB. AKap;. HaYK, 1907, CTp. 715-716.

H. n. EapcoB, YK. cov., CTp. 157.

.J A. A. ill a x MaT 0 B, YR. CO'1., CTp. 715 H CA.

, fl. n. E cj) H M e H K o. PJ!3aHcRHe MOfliAbHHKll. Marep. no arnorp., T. Ill. BbIn. 1, Arp., 1926, CTp. 73.

BeIJ!aMH VIII-X CT., HaH,1I;eHHblMH na MoIgHHICKOM ropoziatge, HB.hHlOTC.ll sexoropere HaKOHeqHHKH KonHH, 6.hH:3KHe «cKaHAHHaBCKHM)}, 06- .hOMOK 6paCJl..eTa C xapaxrepaoii opHaMeHTagHeii H THnllllHaH xenaaa 'KepaMHKa. 1

)J,peBHee ropoaarge, 6J1..H3Koe npej4blp,yrgeMY, 6bIAO accxeaoaaao H. 11. BYAbl'leBbIM B 9TOM me paiioae aa p. Tlepexure y C. Cnac-Ilepexura.f r p,e HaHJ(eHbl «naxaxaras» IIm6YAa «rorcxoro» THIla, xacr» ap6aAeTOBHJ(HOH <!lH6Y:AbIC rpanegaeaaaHblM «XBOCTOM» H xermaa rAHHl'IHaH nocyna. noP,06HbIMH me IlaMHTHHKaMH HBAHIOTCl'I Cepeacxoe roponarge aa p, Cepeae, npHTOKe LKH3.D;PbI, orKyp,a npOHCXO,1l;'HT 06AOMOK BergH C 9MaAblO,3 H aaxoamgeeca aa AeBOM 6epery lli.H3.1l.Pbl rOpO.D;Hrge Y A. MymHTHHO. 4

no 6eperaM ORH B lBepXHeM ee TeqeHHH H3BeCTeH geAbliI: pap; ropoAHrg cepeaaasr 'H BTOpOil: ITOAOBHHbI I TbICalleAeTH.ll H. 9. Ha roponarge XIXIII CT. B6All3H C. Cnac, OKOAO YCTba p. YrpbI, HlllKe OCHOBHoro KYAbTypHoro cxoa 6blA BCTpetIeH 60Aee paHHHH CAOH, CO,lJ;epmargHH sepayro AorgeHYIO H rpy6yro Jl..enHYIO nocy,lJ;Y THnOE Morg'l'IHcxoro ropcnmga, HHorp;a yKparneHHyKl orrrexa'rKaMH rpe6eHtJaTOrO qeKaHa.5 Benne no OKe, y C. 406poro, pacnoxoaseno AKHHbllIHHcKoe ropeAHrge.6 B STOM me paiioae aa 6epery OKa HaXOAHTCJl H3BeCTHoe ropoaatge .l(YHa, 'HMelOxgee geJl..YlO CBHTY KYAbTypHblX HaIIJl..aCTOBaHHH. Cpean HaxO.D;OK OTMeTHM 6POH30B}'1O qm6yJl..Y C 9MaAblO IV-VII CT., AHpreM cepeAHHbI VIII CT. H nepCTeHb c OBaJl..bHbIM KaMHeM THIIa CaJl..TOiBCK'HX MOrJ1J1..bHHKOB VIII-IX CT. 7

Erge BbIlIJe no OKe pacnOJl..02KeHO CJ;:leP,HllleBCKoe ropoAHrge, HCCA€i,lJ;OBaHHOe B. A. r OPO,lJ;gOBbIM B 1897 r. S KYAbTypHbIe HaCJl..OeHHH aroro HHTepec-' noro naMHTHHKa OXBaTbIBalOT BpeMa OT cepeaaasr AO KOH!!a I TblC.SItIeAeTHH H. a. CpeAH MaTepHaAa H'HmHllX ropasoarca CAOg HMeeTCl'I rpeyroxsaas azsypaaa qlH6YAa. 8peMH BepXHHX ropH30HTOB CAOH, cOAepmaI,gHX B 60AblllOM tIHCAe me.ll.e3HbIe lIJAaRH, nO,1l;eAKH H3 asexesa, MeAH H cepefipa, onpenexsercs no HaxoAKaM apa6cKHx M()He'f IX CT. B. A. r OpOA!,!OB noxarax, qTO nacexeaaexr ::JToro nymera HBMtA'HCb BHTHtIH.

Ha p. Y ne, npason nparoxe OKM, 6bIAO nCCAel~oBaHO roponmge cepe.Zl,I-ilHbl I Tblc~qeAeT1HI H. a.

1 H. 11. B y J\ sr q e B. 2ti.ypHaJl. pacxono« no qaCTIf BOJlopaa.n:e"a BepXHHX npH'l'OIWB BOJl.rH If t!;Henpa. M., 1899, crp. 15 H CA.

2 TaM me, crp. 23 H CA. 3 TaM me. crp. 39 it CA.

-I H. 11. B Y A hI q e B. Pacxonaa no 'laCTH BO,lJ,Opa3,l1.eAa aepxsax npHTOKOB jJ;Herrpa H BOArH. M.. 1903, CTp. 70 M CA.

S PaCKonKH aarooa 1935 r,

6 PaCKonKH 10. r. Feaayae. APXHB I1YIMK, Jleft.O 15 aa 1903 r.

1 10. r. r e H II Y It e. fOpOllHIge AYHa. 19'03. - H. B.

T e rr JI. 0 B. fOpoAHIge .lLYHa 6"113 r, AHXBHHa. 11gB.

KaAYlf{CK. apxHBH. KOM., 1899, ShIn. 1.

8 B. A. r 0 p 0 Po ~ 0 B. Pe3YAbTaTbI apxecaoraxecxax llCCJl.ellO:BaHHH B BeAJleBCKOM H PJl3aHCKOM yeaaax B 1897 r. ApxeoA. H3B, H saM., 1898. Ni 7-8.

7 M,aT. 1I DCC;r.Iejl;. IIO apxeca, CCCP, J\, 6

49

y c. nOpe'l:be, 1 rae HaHP;eHa yeAaR KOAAeKUHH npe~MeTOB yxpameaaa THnOB MOIgHHCKoro KAMa, a HMeHHO: Mep;Ha.li qm6yJl..a C MaccHBHOH rpane!!HeBll,ll,HOH Aym.KOH H AOLKKOSHAHOH XBOCTOBOll xacrsro, nxacrmrsaran rpnaaa HAU BeHtIHK Ii npoBOAOtIHble crrapaxsaere nepCTHU. HaibeHa TaK»>.e 6pOH30BaK sacrezsxa C YAJl..HHeHHbIMH YCHKaMH VI-VII CT.

B caxsrx BepXOBbHX OKH ll.3BeCTeH erge :gellbdi pH,1I; rOpO.D;H:t;!!, npHHa~Jl..e.margHx K cepeaaae H BTOPOH nOAOBHHe I TblCatIeJl..eTHa H. 9. K HHM OTHOCHTC.II naMHTHHKH OPAOBCKoro TetIeHHH OKH, 06- CAelJ;OUHHble !B 1907, r. 11. E. EBceeBblM. 2 Ha HeKOTOPbIX ropoaaigax, cy.zr..II no K,paTKOMY onacaHHlO, 6b1AH acrpeseasi 06J1..0MKH 'l:epHOH AorgeHoH nocyaer,

B'1936 r. aBTopOM 9THX eTpOK 6b1J1..H npO-H3BeAeHbI 06CAe.D;oBaHHH 6eperoB Y rper B HumHeM ee Te'l:eHHH, n03;BOAHBume C,1J;eAaT!;J 0AHO qpe3Bbl'l:aH~ HO AI06onbITHoe Ha6AlOAeHHe. Ha npOTH2KeHHH 50 KM no reseaaro p, Yrpbl, OT c. Haxoxa-AeHHBeg ,lJ;0 YCTbH, 6bIAO 06HapY2KeHO fiHTb ropo,1J;:Hl]!. HaCAoeHHa KOTOPbIX coaepzsar rpy6ylO xenayto H xepnyrc AorgeHYJO KepaMHKY. B6AH.3H ropoAHij!, 6bIAH acrpeseaer xypraasr, no 0AHOMY. no ABa, IIO TPll. npHqeM HHOrJl,a OHH pacnoxaraxacs na npOTHBonOAOLKHOM Gepery :p. Yrpbr. OAHH xypraa oxasaxca npOTHB ropoaatga y c. HHKOJl..a~ .J\eHHBeg. T pn xypraaa HaXO,1l;HTCJl npOTHB ropo,!tHrga y C. nOKpOB; KypraH Y A. fOpGeHKH, HaXO}J,RI,!!HH.C5J He.zr.aJl.eKO OT ropoAHrga, paCnOA02KeH8 aoro y A. CBHHYXOBO. HMeeT BHA KOHHtIeCKOH COllKHj ero AHaMeTp 10M, BbICOTa 4.5 M. B paspymeaasrx 'l:aCT51X xypraaa IUaH,ll"eHbI 06AOMKK xepH.OH AoxgeHOH: rAHH51HOH nOCYAbI. HaH60Aee 11.1060- rrsrraoe COqeTaHHe ropop;HIYa C xypraaow BCTpe~ xeao xa 1I.eBOM 6epery p. Y rpbI, npOTMrB /1,. MH~ xeaxa, KypraHHaa aacsms oxaaaxace TaM B npep,eAax rOpO/1,HIga. OHa 6blAa KeM~TO pacxonaua: 8 OCbIlIHX CTCHOK TpaHureH HaH,ll,eHbI 06AOMKH apXa'HtJecKoH AenHOH H AorgeHoH KepaMHKH H nepe- 2KmeHHbIX KOCTO'feK.

06CJl..MOBaHH~ 1935 r. AHUlHldi paa nO.D;TSepAHAH B bIB OP;bl 0 UaAH'l:HH 'I'eppHTOpHaAbHOH C1U{SH I'OpO,11;HIg MOtgHHCKoro rana H KypraHoB C rpynocommeHHeM, xoropsre M02KHO 6bIAO C.D;eAaTl) e:rye aa OCHOBaHHH :pa60T H, 11. BYAbI4esa. C8H3aH~ Hble C rOpOJ1,llIgaMH apeeane KypraHbl BHTH'feH HHxoraa He COCTaBAHlOT 06IlIHPHblX rpynn. nOAo6HO HOBrOpOJl,CKHM corrsau OHH pacnoxararorcn no 6eperaM pex no ,!lBa, TpH, xererpe. 06bI'l:HO 9TO He oco6eHHO BbICORHe pacnxuasarere aacsma, AHaMeTpoM ,11;0 1 0-12 M.

Flepesre 3Ha:tIHTeAbHble TH'l:CK!IX xyprasos '6bIAH EY)\bI'feBbIM B 6acceHHe

pacxonxa Jl,peBHHX rBHnpOH3Be.D;eHbI H. 11. p. YrpbI, HeAaAeKO 01'

I H. 11. T p o H!,I, K H H. rOpOAHII!e npa c. Ilopexee.

ApxeoJl. H~B. l-! aax., 1898. CTp. 297 H CA.

2 11. E. E B C e e B. I1ccAeAoBaHHe rOpoJ:lHl!!. H xypra- 1I0B B 6acceHHe aepxaero (opAOBClC.Oro) TeqeHHK OKH. T p, MOCK. np eJJ;Bap liT. KOMHTeTa no YCTP.0HCTBY XIV Apxecx. csesaa, Bhm_ II, M" 1908, CTp. 29 H c~,

3mHOUHe3 SOCmO'iHblX CAaSfl.H

50

MOI!!JHHCKoro Ii [1epeKlllHHCKOrO rOpO.1l.Hlg 1B6AH3H JI,]!;, illaHbKolBo 11 Ilosenca.

OROAO 11.. WaHbKOiBO, na npaaov 6epery p. [10- naxrsr, HaXO,ll,HAOCb TpU xypraaa, aa AeSOM 6epery OKOAO 11.. TIOqenOK - ,lI,Ba xyprana. 11 re H tl:pyrrre rtpeacraaxaxu C060H ·.1l.0BOllbHO pacnxersqaTble aacsma, p,HaMeTpoM OT 12 11.0 15 M. B geHTpe l<a)K11.0H nacsma 6bIAO ,BCTpeqeHO KOMrrarernoe CRonAeHHe BOAbI, yr AR H nepeaosenaerx qeAOBeqeCKHX xocreii, cpeaa KOTOPbIX 6blAH 06- aapyaceasr 6POH30Bble yxpanrenaa, 1'KeAeSHbI,e R3- ,7J,eAHH, npacaa OT seperen H rAHH.ffHble COCYAbI. 4:HCAO COCYP;OB B OAROM xyprane 11.0CTHraAO 8- 9 UIT., npHqeM cpezra HHX 6bIAH npeacrasxeasr 06a rana KepaMHKH MOIgHHcKoro ropoamga: rpy-

2

... _--__/ 0

npRMoyroAbHYI<> s nxaae) aaCTaSAReT rrpearroxararn, tITO OCTaTKI1 TpynoC02K2KeH'I1H. nOMel!!aAHCb B xypraae He B 3eMAIO, a B KaKoe-TO coopyaceuae, nOBHp,HMOMY ttepeB5IHHblH lugHK HAM cpyfi, KaKHe H3B'eCTHbI ,B 60Aee JI03.n;HHX xypraaax s ror-o :me H CMe2KHbIX paiioaos. 3p;ecb HMeIOTC}I B BHI1.Y BopOflegKHe xypransr, HCCAeAoBaHHbIe B. A. r opoa!,!OBbIM, [ peQb 0 KOTOPbIX 6yp;eT HTTH HHJKe, a ocofienao yzse ynOM5IHYTbIe EOprneBCI<.He xypraaer B BepXOBbRX lLoHa, HCC)\<e,lJ.OBaHHllle Il, Il. EqmMeHKo.2 B 8THX xypranax, 6AUrOp;ap5I TOMY, qTO OHM 6blAH CAomeHbI us seMAH, neperroxnenaoii MeAOBon l!!e6eHKOH, ,1I,epeBHHHble .HlJ!I1.KH COXpaHI1- AHCb OqeHb xopouro. C KypraHaMH Y 11.IJ.. WaHb~ KOBO H DOqenOK 9TH xypransr C6Mf}I{aIOTCR etge

8

9

s- ~"~~< " - ~ .- :--~':-'~'~~~.

~~~ .( '... ·1 • . . ", ~ ....... ; . ..~ ..

,,:~ ~ :" ~_ •.• '_. ,_ :, :1 ~ ~., •

6aH xermas H 6oJ\.ee TOHKall c qepHOH AorgeHoH rrOEepXHOCTbIO. Cpean YKpaweHHH npeooxaaaxn <pH6YJl.bI c M~CCHBHOll TparregHeBHP,HoH AYiKKOH H oK:pyrAoH XBOCTOBOH qaCTbIO (pHC. 20) . ..z~Ba 9K:aeMrrA5Ipa TaKHX qHi6YA Hl\1eIOTCR B MOIgHHCKOM KAMe. KpoMe <pH6YA ncrpeseasr MaAeHbKHe 6POHaoaere KOAe'iKn; cpeaa meAeSHbIX H3,11;eAHH HMeIOTCSf 06AOMOK np5i2KK'li H HOm C rop6a'r.oH CTIUHKOH.1

CYtJ:.l'! TIO ~HcAy rAMHHHbIX COCYAOB H KOAH'4eCTBY YKpallIeHHH, MO)KHO npeanoxarare, 'ITO rtozt Kamp;OH xypraaaoii uacsmsro HaXOtJ:RNRCb OCTaTKH TpyrrocomiKeHHH HeCKOAbiJ(HX YMepUIHX. KOMnalnHoe HX pacnOA02KeHHe (H. H. EYllbltteB IIHllIeT, 'lTO soxa, KOCTH H'l3ergn COCTaSARAH 1'1 xyprane I1POCAOHKY IIAorgaAbIO OKOAO 1.5 KE. M, OBaAbHO

1 H. H. E Y A hi q e B. iliYPHaA pacxonox no xacr« BO,1l,Opaaaexa BepXHHX 'npHTOKOIl BOArH H )laenpa. M.. 1899, CTr. 5 rr CA.

H no ~epeB.ffHHOH: orpaae aoxpyr OCfIOBaHHR Hacsmeii, KOTOpa5I B Bopnreecxax xyprauax coxpaHHAaCb aa BNeOTY 0.30-0.40 M. B xypraaax y AIf.. illaHbKOBO H DOtIenOK orpaasr He coxpamrxocs, HO 0 TOM, tITO OHa 6bIAa, rOBopHT KOAbyeaas KaHaBKa IE MaTepHKe, B KOTOPOH 6bIAH yxpenAeHbI CTOA6bI orpazer. 13O:pllIeBCIUle xypraasr 0"]'HOCHTCSi K IX-X CT_ H. 3. I1x npHHa,2l;.II.eiKHOCTb K Kp yry If.peBHepyccKHX CAaS}1HCKRX naM.sITHHKOB He BbISbJl3aeT HHKaKHX COMHemrH; nOAo6Hble HM xypranm H3BeCTHbI elge B pJIlf.e MeCT B BOpOHe1'KiCKOH H KypCKOH 06A. Bopoaegxae xyprama OTHOC}1TC.ff, nOBU,l(HMOMy, K HeCKOAbKO 60Aee pan-

! B. A. r 0 p 0 il. !.! 0 B. OTtIeT 06 apxeoxoeasecrcax HCCAeAOBaJ.IHRX B AOAHHe p, OIUt 1897 r. ApeiBHocTH, XVII, 1900, CTp_ 14-20. '

2 n. Il. E ql H M e H K o. flaHHeCAaBHHCKHe nocexeaas na

Cpe.llHCM AOHY. C006I.!!. rAHMK, N! 2, 1931. '_ -.

II. H. TpembR.1W8. CefJepHble BOCmO'lHO-C.A.CJ.BJlH.CXlle n.ceuena

He MY speMeHH-K VIII-IX CT. TaKHM ofipa- 30M 3,l1;€Cb, B seMAe ,lI;:peBHHX BRTHqeH, Ha6AIO.v;aeTCR €,lI;HH006pa.:me 06p.H,lI;a norpefieaaa B rexeHHe nOAYTblC51.QeAenI5I, C cepeaaasr H ,lJ,o casroro KOHga I TbICaQeAeTH5I H. 3. Ha pHC. 21 noxergeHbI xepaoasre qepT€2KH H. 11. EYAbI'ieSa, BocnpOH3BO,ll;5II,!!He KypraHbI y l1.,lI;. Il.laaexoso Ii OOtIenoK. 3,lJ,eCb 5ICHO BHAHO, KaK pacnoxaraxace OCTaTKH TpynoC02KmeHHH H BergH, a TaK2Ke, 'ITO I1pe.v;CTruBA5IAa C060M KOAbgesaJi KaHaBKa. I

jLepeBRHHbIe C:py6bl B xypraaax Q<IeHb HanOMHHaIOT .tKliAHrge BRTHtIeM, BI1AOTb fJ,O XI-XII CT. coxpansrorgee CPOPMY SeMAJ1HKH CO Cpy60M BHYTpH. Ceseparse CAaBaHCKHe nxexena, cyna no pacxortKaM B Bepxaev fIOBOAmbe HAH no MaTepHa.MM ropoaarga CTapOH AaAOrH, HMeAH MHOH THII 2KHA1!.r,ga, a HMeHHo py6AeHbIH H.9 6peHeR Ha3eMHbIH .v;OM.

KypraHbl C C02KmeHHeM, 6AH3KHe onacanaenr B bUll e, 6bIAH HCCAe.v;OBaHbI H. 11. EYAbl'IeBbIM erge B HeKOTopbIX nymcrax B BepXOBbJlX p. OKH. OKOAO A. .lJ,y6pOBKH aa p. Tlonaxre, npHTOKe p. PaCbI, 6bIA pacxonaa ,ll,peBHHH xypraa C CO.lKmeHHeM, ,lI,aBIIIHH xapaxt epayro nocyny c ttepHOH AorgeHoH nOB,epXHOCTbIO H KOCTH Metl.Bep;a. Kypraa 6bIA acnopaen nO.9p;HeHillHMH (? ) norpefieHHaMH, rreperroxnasumwa ero HaCbIrII1. '.l Y c. ,40- 6poro aa OKe, a36AH3H YCTbJl p. lKH3tlPbI, KYPraaer COp;epJKaAH rpyoyro rAllH.aHYIO nocyay, nepeLKLKeHHbIe KOCTH B 60AbllIOM KOAHqeCTBe H 60AbIII He KyCKH o6yrAeHHoro ,lI,epeBa. Bce 3TO TO'!H!) TaK me, KaK H B xypranax y ,ll,,ll,. WaHbKOBO H nOqenOK, COCTaBAflAO KOMnaKTHble CKonAeHHa«KOCTpbI», KaK mnue'r H. 1-1. EYAbl'leB, OBaAbHble B nxane, C HaH60AbllIHM l1.HaMeTpOM 2-3 apnr. 3 T O)l.rgHHa CAO.H «KOCTpHl!!a», nepenoxaeanoro nepemiKeHHbIMH qeAOB·eq·eCKHMH KOCT5IMH, eoCTaBAHAa He 'ITO l-IHOe, KaK OCTaTKH norpeoaxsHbIX .Hl!:!.HKOB. KypraHbI y c. ,li;o6poro OTHOCHTC}1, nOBll.1l;HMOMY, K 60Aee nOS,lI,HeMY aperaeaa, qeM xypransr y A,II,. lllaHbKoBo H Floxenox, 0 qeM rOBOp5lT rpyfiaa rAHH5iHa5£ nocyna H 3HatIHTeAbHble paaneper xypraHHoH rpyrmsr.

YnOM5IHYTble aernre Boponegxae xypraHbI (rpeTba rpyrma) cO.1l.ep2KaAH Ka2K.v;bIH no HecKoAbKY TpyrroC021{meHHH, npH'leM 'B rpex llB nnx (HB n5lTH) na ropH30HTe 6bIAH ofinapyzcener oeTaTKH ,lJ,epeB51HHbIX 5II,!!HKOB, paaueposr OT 0.70 X 0.70 M ,lI,0 150 X 2 M, C BXO.v;OM, npHMblKalOIgHM x aanaanoii noxe nacemeii. B nrgHKax acrpevener rrepe2K2KeHHble KOCNI, paCI10Aom.eHHbIe OT.1l;eAbHbIMH KYQKaMH, rpyfiaa r AHH5IHaR nocyaa H nexoropise ,lI,:pyrue IBeI,!!H. B. A. r OpO,lJ,gOB c-nrraer BOSMOX(HblM CHHXPOHllBHposaTb ~T:H KypraHbl C BepXHHM !,YAbTypHbIM CAoeM COCe.1l.HerO Cbe)J.flllleBCKoro 1'0- pozonga, T.e. co CAoeM VIII-IX-X CT.

AepeBflHHbre mgHKH B xypranax sepxaero reqemH[ OKH 6bIAH BCTpeQeHbI etge B p.st,ll,e nya«-

I APXHB vIJ1MK .• ll.eAO N!! 23/1886. r. ..

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a H. 11. 6 y A bI q e B. (KypnaA pacxonox 1898 r. no 6eperaM p. 01>1-1. M .• 1899, crp, 7 It CA.

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51

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TOB. 01WAO AHxBHHa, B HHmHeM Te'IeHHH p. Yepeners, 6blA pacxonaa xypran, B roro-aanaaaoii noxe xoroporo scrpeaensr OCTaTKH cpy6a BbICO· TOll fJ,O 0.50 M. B epy6e TOAeTblM eADeM Aem.aAII miKeHble KOCTH, 3y6bI H nenex. 1 Ha ypoxatge d1rpHl,!:!e) 6AH3 C. Ae6e.v;KH B paiioae Opxa n. c. TKa'IeBCKH:M HceMAoBaH geAblH pa.1l. xypraHOB C rAHH.stHbIMH COCY,ll,aMH, C0.1l.epmaIgHMH nepeaceaasre KoeTH H crpYlIlIHPOBaJIHbIMH BMeCTe nOA OAHOH H3 qaCTeU HaCbInH, rAe HeCOMHeHHO 6bl,\ cpy6.:: B 3TOM me rryaxre pacsomor xypranos co MH()THMH C01Km.eHHHMH B OCTaTKax HrgI1KOB (?) np0I13Bop,HA K. R BHHOrpafJ,OB. 3

OAHH xypran, HeeA·eAOBaHHbIll E. B. AaspOBOH na npaaox 6epery p. OKH, OKOAO ycrea p. 3YWll, coaepacax qeTblpe KyqKH nepeaoseansrx xocreii, AemargHx nOA KAallKOH H3 H3BeCTH51.KOBbIX, nxar, 4

Kypraaer C ,ll,epeB.HHHbIMH 51I,g'HKaMH, noaotiao <:onKaM H ,1J,AHHHbIM xypranaa cAym.HBIIIHe 1(0...\AeKTHBHIlIMH norpe6aAbHbIMH coopyzceaaaua, 06- PHCOBblBalOT rpaHHgllI nAeM·eHH BHTnqeH BO BTOpOH nOAOBHHe I TblCaqeAeTHa H. 9. (eM. pac, 12) .BTO II ecre Te «CTOAnbl», croatgae Y Aopor, 0 KOTOPbIX rOBopHT «Tlosecre BpeMeHHbIX AeT». BCAek cTBae. Toro 'ITO xapaxrep xypraaoa yCTaHaB.'\11~ BaeTC5i AHillb B peayxe rare pacsonox, TOrfJ,a KaK cornea H .rr,AHHHble xypransr orrpeaexsrorca no aaeuiHeMY BHAY, 'mCAO yqTeHHblX BepXHeOKCKHX KypraHOB epaJBHHTeAbHO HeBeAHXO. 06pHCOBaHHbIe HMI1 rpaHH;bbI nAeMeHH B}lTH'leH HtCOMHeHHO noaseprHYTCH B ,lJ,aAbHeHllleM HeKOTopbIM YTotJHeHHflM. B 'laCTHOCTH AHUIb 'rorzta CMomeT 6blTh OKOH'!aTeAbHO peurea scnpoc 0 rrAeMeHHOH npHHa.1l.hemHoeTH HaceAeHHR sepxaero Te'leHHR ,li;oHa, H3BeeTnoro no EopmeBeKOMY ropozangy H xypranaa H no paay ,ll,pyrHx eAaBR.HCKHX naMRTHHKOB BopoHeiKCKOH o6AaCTH, OTHOCJlIgHXCH K VlII-X CT. ,j

3p;ech CAaBRHe rpaHH'lHAH C rYHHo-6oJl.rapeKHMH ITAeMeHaMH, rraMHTHHKH KOTOPhIX - MHOrO'lHcAtHHble rOpOfJ,'Hr.ga H MorHAbHHKH TaK Ha3blBaeMOlr caATOBO-Ma5l!!KOH KYAbTypbI - pacnoxozseaer Mil ..lJ,OHY HH2Ke YCTbH T HXOH Cocasr H B BepXOBbHX OCKOAa. Cooopaacenna A. A. WaXMaTOBa OTHOCHTeAbHO SCTpeQH GB5ITOCAaBa l1ropeBHqa C BJITHtIaMH B BepXOBbRX .lLoHa G npel1.CTaBMUoTCfI o'!eUb BepORTHbIMH. Cxeayer YKa3aTb, QTO xepaxnxa Eopurescxoro H npyrnx CAaBRHCKHX ropoznng BopOHemcKOH 06AaCTI{ OtteHb rrOXO,1l;HT aa nocyny BepxHeOKCKHX rOpO,ll,HIg. KaK npaSHAO, MaAO opnaMeHTHpOBaHHYIO. Kepaxaxa fJ,eCHHHCKHX, ~lHaQe poMeHCIUIX ropO,ll,'Hlg, Ha050pOT, OTAHqaeTUI 6orarCTBOM H paaaooopasaea opnaMeHTaglili. 7

I APXHB 1111MK, jl,e/l.o N!? 15/1903 r. ~ APXJlIB A. A. CnHj!l>IHa.

3 Apxas A. A. Cm{~bIHa.

4 E. B. JI a n p 0 B a. 0 paCKOTIKaX xypraaon B BCAC&' CROM y. BecTH. apxecx. Ii MCT., asm, VII, 1888, crp, 213. !i IT. I1. E lfl H M e H K o. PaHHeC/l.aBIIHCKHe nocexenaa W\ CpeJJ.HeM .llOHY. Coo6tg. rAl1MK. Nl! 2, 1931.

() A. A. ill a x MaT 0 B. IOmllbie rrocexeaaa BRTH'leif.

I-bB. ARal1,. HaYK, 1907, CTp. 715 HCA.

7 H. E .. M a 1\ ape II J( o. OpHaMellTagHR l{epaMi'lHIIX

BHpo6bIB B RYAbTypi rOpOll.HI!! posreacsxoro rany, Nieder. luv sbornik, Ilpara, 1925, CTp. 323-338.

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1 - KypraE M 4 Y,I;. ITO'UlnaR; 2 - t{yprBR Nil 2 Y j!I. illaBl>J:oBol 3 - Kypra.H J'& 1 Y ,It. U!llBbt{OBO; A - rpaaHUQ J(ypraHa; S - KOl<."·

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53

B OTAHQHe OT rOpo,1Ui~ 6aCCeHHa OKH. HMelOIJ!HX Ape:eHeKYAbTYPHbIe HaC},OeHHR, BOpOHe1KCKHe ropoamga TaKIHX Hac}.oeHlfH He HMeIOT. nOOH,IU{~ MOMY, BOpOHe2KCKoe nOAOHbe 6oIhO saHRTO cxaBRHaMH He paasnre VII-VIII CT., T. e. B Ty me anoxy, xor Aa cosepuraaoce ;tBHmeHHe ceaepuerx ChaBlIHCKHX n.i\eMeH K rory B 6acceHHe AHenpa.

8THHQeCKYlO xapry BOCTOQHOrO CAaBlIHCTBa BTOP0M: nOltOBHHbI I TbICjl'IeAeTHH H. a. M02KHO 6bI.i\0 6bl npO,l!.OA2KHTb B HaCTOHIgee BpeMJI AHmb B oxHOM HanpaBAeHHH - B 06AaCTb ,1I;Henp~CKoro Ae~ B06epe1KbH, saHHTYlO. Cy,1l;H no AeTonHCH, CEmePSIHaMR. «A ,1I;PY3HH cezonra no jI,ecHe, H no CeMH ii no CYJl.e H nepexomacs Cesep».

B 06.i\aCTH Ha3BaHHblX pex, a rasase no nCAY 11 BopCKAe, HM€IOTClI MHorOtJ:HCAeHHble ropO.ztHIga TaK aasersaexoro pojaencxcro TIma H cOnpOB02KlI,alOIgHe HX xypraausre MorHAbHHKH, Y2Ke HecKOAbKO 3}faKOMble HaM no npe,1l;bI,1I,yxgen rwase (CTp. 32). J\ytJ:llle acero poMeHCKHe naMJlTHHKH HSBeCTHbl no pa60TaM H. E. MaKapeHKo B 6acceHHe CYAbI B OKpeCTHOCTHX 'f. POMeR. I 06cAe'AoEaHH}J C. A. TargYKa l3 panoHe MrAHHa,2 patiorer nOC.Ae,1l;HHX AeT, n:pOH3Be,1:teHHble B. n. AeBeHKOM B T py6QeBCKOM paHOHe. 3 o6cAe)J.OBaHIUI A. H. Coxoseeaa OKOllO KypCKa. 4 pacxonsa H3BeCTI-torO r oxeacxoro ropo)J,HIJ!a. 5 HaKoHeg pa60Tbl B BepXHeM TeqeHHH BopcKAbI, 6 Bee aTO n03BOAHeT 6oA:ee HAR MeHee TOqHO HaMeTHTb ceBepHYIO txt BOCTOtJ:HYIO rpaHHQ,bI cesePHHiCJKHX rrocexeaair. rpamfgbi npoxozaxa aa cesepe no aepxoasax AecHbI; aa BOCTOKe caaxaxa no soaopasaexy .lJ.ecHbl H OKR. aaaresr no BepXOBbHM CeHMa, nCAa H BOPCKlI.bI. 3anaJl,Ha1'l rpaHHga poMeHCKHX ropoJl,H1!! OCTaeTC.!I noxa tJ:TO HeH3BeCT~ HOn; TpYAHO YCTaHOBHTb ,1I,a2Ke, HaCKOAbKO 6llH3KO nO,1tXO,1J,iHlta OHa K lle!BOMY oepery j.(Henpa. 80 BCH~ KOM cxyxae nexo'ropeie p,peSHHe cexmga B npeae-

xax KHeBa. B qaCTHOCTH TaR Ha3bIBaeMaa «KHce· AeBKa~), ,1:taAH MaTepHaA y~e. He poxeacxoro, a HeCKOAbKO aaoro xapaxrepa, 4TO me xacaercs lOamoH rpaHHgbI, TO OHa B reseaae VIII-X CT. He 6bIAa nOCTOHHHOH, see 60Aee H 60llee nepesrergaHcb K lOry. ,1I;OCTHrHYtB B KOHge KOHgOB 6acceiiHa AOHJ!.a. 0 lJeM rOBopHT H3BeCTHQe t1,oHegxoe ropOAHIBe OKOAO Xapsxoaa, HH2KHHH CAOH KOToporo OTHOCHTC}J K X CT.

CYP.H no xarepaaxaa pOMeHCKHX rOpO,ltHIg. KYAorypa ceBepHHCKHX nxesrea, cAoLKHBruaHcH Ha tLecHe, 6NH3KO HanOMHHaAa KYAbTY:py BHTHlJeH, OT AHQaHCb OT nee AHWb B p,eTaAHX.

TaKHM 06pa30M rpynna eeBepJlHCKHX naMHTHH~ KOB TOAbKO AMmb aasaxa BblPHCOBhl'BaTbC}[. OrpOM· HblM npofiex iB aainex MaTepHalle - OTCYTCTBHe CKOhbKO-HH6Y,1.I,b CHCTeMaTHtJ:eCKHX ;t!.aHHblX 0 CAa~ BHHCKHX naMHTHHKax VI-IX CT. B 06J1.aCTH Cpezaero nop.HenpOBM! H TIpaBo6epe2KbH - He ztaer noxa qTO B03MOLKHOCTH oxep'rar» cesepauCKylO 06AaCTb CTOAb me YBepeHHblMH WT:pHxaMH, KaK 06pHCOBaHHbIe asmre repparopaa ceaepaerx BOCTOqHO-CAaBHHCKHX nxeaea. AaAbHeiiwHe apxeow xoraxecxae HCCJl.e,1l;OIBaHHR HeCOMHeHHO II03BOAHT xerxo OrpaHHQHTb He TOAbKO CeBep.IIHCKYIO 3eMAIO. HO It 06AaCTR scex ,1J,pyrHx CAaBHHCKHX II,,-eMeH BTOPOH nOJ\OBHHbI I TbICHlJeAeTHH H. a. J.-hyqeHHe nCTopHH H KYAbTYPbI aTHX nxexea lI03BOAHT, B CBOIO osepeas, COBe:pweHHO KOHKpeTHO CTaBHTb scnpocsr HX sraoreaeaa.

HCTOKH CAaBHHCKOH HCTOpHH, KaK 6YATO 6bl OKOHtJ:aTCAbHO rrorepsaurae eBOH CJ\.e,1J,bl cpeza MHomeCTBa nepaapenreanstx H HK06bl JJ.O KOH:ga aepaspelIl'RMbIX BonpOCOB, C nOM01!!blO apxeoxorasecxax aaHHblX - 9TH:&: HaH60Aee OC1'I3aeMblX H KOHKPeTHNX CAe;t!.OB Jl.peBHeH mH3HR - HeCOMHeHHO nOAYxa'r HcqepnblBalOIgee OCBelJ!eHHe.

P. TRETJAKOV

LES TRIBUS NORD DES SLAVES ORIENTAUX (R e sum e)

Au debut de notre ere, la population de l'Europe orientale etait extrernement heterogene. Les tribus des regions sud, lieesdes les temps les plus recules it. la civilisation antique mediterraneenne, se repartissaient en deux grands groupes: le premier comprenait la population noma de des steppes-e-tribus scytho-alaniennes et sarmates; le second -la population de la region du Dniepr moyen, qui s'occupait depuis longtemps d'agri-

1 H. E. M a. K ape H K o. AplteOAOrH'IeCKHC I{CChe.1l0Ba.HKR 1907-1909 rr. I1AK. BNn. 43, 1911.

2 APXHB I1HMK, aexo Nil 55, 1906 r. H aexo N!! 41, 1907 r.

3 MaT~l)}{a}'N T py6"IeBCKOro Myse.ll.

~ 1\. H. Co A 0 B b e B. CTORHKH H rOpOAHlJ!a OKpeCTHoeTeR r, KYPcKa. Has. KYPcKoro ry6. o OJ!!;. spaeaea., N2 4, 1927 ..

1j Pacxonxa S. A. Pbl6aKosa 1937-1938 rr.

6 KpaTKHe coo6J!!;eHHR 0 p;OKAa.1laX If I'IOAeBblX HCCAeAOBaHHllX I1HMK, I, 1939, CTp. 22.

culture. Cette derniere a laisse de vastes cimetieres, connus SOliS le nom de "champs de sepulture", et des restes d'habitations les accompagnant.

L' etude de la culture de la population des "champs de sepulture" amene it la conclusion' qu' elle se trouve en relation genetique avec celle des tribus agricoles plus anciennes du Dniepr moyen, les Scythes agriculteurs, Elle est en rneme temps tres proche de celIe de la population du nord de la region Subcarpathique, du bassin des, affluents superieurs droits du Danube et de la haute Vistule, qui remonte a. la culture lusacienne de l'epoque du bronze et du commencement de l'epoque du fer. Au debut de notre ere, il s'est forme sur la base ethnique heterogene, qu' offraient les vastes etendues de l'Europe centrale, un massif de tribus relativement homogene, que beaucoup d'auteurs considerent it. bon droit

54

BmHOteH.eS IWCmO'lHbIX CAa8J!H

comme compose de tribus slaves ou de leurs ancetres immediats,

La region forestiere de l'Europe orientale situee au nord et au nord-est du territoire des "champs de sepulture" etait habitee alors par un grand nombre de tribus barbares, qui constituaient des groupes locaux generalement confines dans des bassins de rivieres ou d'autres regions delimitees par des frontieres naturelles, L' etude methodique des anciens gorodistches de la zone forestiere, qui caracterisent ces groupes locaux, a He inauguree par les travaux de A. Spicyn (1903-1905) consacres aux "gorodistches du type de Diakovo". Les recherches ulterieures ant etabli definitivement l'age des gorodistches et ant permis de differencier territorialement ces monuments et de tracer l'etape du processus historique qu'ils refletent, Les plus anciens d'entre eux datent du milieu au meme du debut du premier millenaire avant notre ere, etant apparus a la limite de l'epoque du bronze et du fer ancien, alors que s'affermissait le regime patriarcal.

Au commencement de notre ere,.la population de la zone Iorestiere du bassin du haut Dniepr comprenait trois groupes locaux: ceux du Pripiat, de la Desna et du haut Dniepr, Leur culture, tout en .. presentant des differences essentielles dans les details, rappelait de pres dans l' ensemble celle des tribus du Dniepr moyen a. l'epoque scythique, ainsi que les elements locaux de la culture des "champs de sepulture" synchroniques, 11 est interessant de rioter, en particulier, que les gorodistches de la region du haut Dniepr etaient accornpagnes . de monuments funeraires sous forme de "champs de sepulture" d'un type fort original, aux dimensions tres restreintes, renfermant exclusivement des incinerations.

An nord-ouest du haut Dniepr, sur Ie cours superieur de la Beresina et le cours moyen de la Dvina, s'etend la region d'un quatrieme groupe local de gorodistches, dont la ceramique est· ornee de hachures et presente d' autres traits ..

caracteristiques, .

Dans la region de la haute Volga, OU 5e trouvent les· gorodistches du type de Diakovo .les plus connus it ceramique dite retieulee ou "textile", on peut distinguerquatre groupes locaux: ceux de l'Oka suoerieure et de la haute Volga, le groupe problematique du .. Valdai et le groupe Volga-Oka, qu'il faudra peut-etre diviser dans la suite en deux groupes independents,

Enfin, en aval de l'embouchure de l'Oka, dans la partie ouest de la region volgierme, on rencentre encore un groupe local de gorodistches, que V. Gorodcov a nornmes gorodistches "de type urbain" et dits eg alement gorodistches a "ceramique a nattes", Il est hors de doute qu'une etude plus approfondie permettra de le subdiviser en plusieurs groupes autonomes.

Tels sont les contours des regions ethniques du centre de l'Europe orientale au debut de notre ere. Leur population n' etait pas homogene, elle ne representait pas une masse amorphe de

tribus lithuaniennes Oll finno-ougriennes, cornme le ponsent certains savants, Les groupes·· de tribus, differents par leur culture, ne S0 dissociaient pas alors en massifs ethniques nettement delimites, comme cela eut lieu it l'epoque suivante, lorsque se constituerent les tribus est-finnoises, slaves et baltiques. Au contraire, la culture des groupes de tribus contigus offrait toujours des traits communs. En d'autres termes, la carte e thnique ci-dessus esquissee reflete uno etape du processus ethnogonique semblable a cello qu' on pouvait constater dans beaucoup de pays extra-europeens a population entree tout recernment encore dans la periode de la barbaric.

Les monuments archeologiques des IlI- Ve siecles de notre ere refletent Ie processus d'un developpement ethnogonique autochtone complexe qui a eu pour resultat 1) Ia consolidation des tribus voisines et la constitution de massifs ethniques importants - slave, est-finnois et baltique et 2) l'individualisation culturelle de ces massifs en voie de formation. Les tribus nord des Slaves orientaux se ferment principalement a partir des groupes du Pripiat, de la Desna et du haut Dniepr, celles de In region volgienne ouest (tribus des Mordviens, des Mouromiens et des Meria) - du groupe

volgien ouest. .

Les causes des phenomenes decrits ci-dessus, dont le result at fut Ia formation au milieu du premier millenaire de notre ere de la carte ethnique contemporaine, sent encore loin d'etre elucidees. Ce qui est certain, c' est que ces phenomenes etaient consecutifs it de profonds 'changements survenus dans la vie des tribus de la zone forestiere lorsqu' elles passerent a l' etape superieure de la barbarie. Les coriditionshistoriques concretes ont joue ici incontestablement un role tres important, orientant dans un sens determine les rapports econorniques et culturels croissants. Ceux des tribus du Dniepr moyen, en particulier, qui' apres le III" siecle de notre ere furent separees de .la region de' la mer Noire par la "grande migration des peuples" (com me l'atteste la cessation de l'apport des monnaies et objets romains dans la region du Dniepr moyen). recurerit a cette epoque une direction principalernent nord. Chez les tribus du haut Dniepr ct. du cours superieur -del'Oka et de la Volga commencerent a, se repandre les objets emailles et autres provenant de. la region du Dniepr moyen,~. ainsi qu' en quantite restreinte de la ceramiquea surface polie 'noire de meme provenance.

Des differences culturelles considerables entre les tribus du Dniepr moyen et les tribus nord des Slaves orientaux continuerent it se faire sentir durant plusieurs siecles encore en depit des rapports economiques susindiques, Elles ne disparurent qu'aux VI-VIlle siecles, apparernment a la suite de l'entrainement des Slaves eux aussi dans la "grande migration des peuples" - envahissernent de l' empire remain par les tribus barbares. Les evenements des VI-VIle siecles ~ guerres slavo-byzantines et etablissement des Slaves

n. H. Tpems nnoe. Ceeeonsie BOCmO'[IiO·C.W8!l!lCKW:' n.ce siena

- --- _--.-- ~~-_- _.-~-~----___;_---~~-----------

dans la peninsule des Balkans - jouerent un role immense dans l'histoire non seulement des Slaves meridionaux, Ils ont profondement bouleverse la masse slave toute entiere, se repercutant jusqu' a l' extreme nord de son habitat et provoquant d'importants deplacements des tribus slaves. Le parallele que Fr. Engels etablit entre les mouvements des tribus g ermaniques et slaves au premier millenaire de notre ere apparait tout it fait indiscutable.

La culture propre aux "champs de sepulture" . dans la region de la rive gauche du Dniepr disparait, en tant que phenornene largement repandu, aux V ~ VIe siecles, Elle est r ernplacee par des monuments slaves= gorodistches du type dit"de R.omny"

, et des tumulus it incineration, qui revelent un genre de vie incomparablement plus primitif et un degre plus arriere de developpement social. La culture "de Romny" se rattachc genetiquement non it celle des "champs de sepulture", mais a la culture des tribus du bassin de la Desna, d' au sont venus incontestablement ses porteurs, Pareille superposition d'uneculture plus primitive d' origine septentrionale it la culture relativement plus haute de I'epoque des Antes all leur melange vse laissent constater dans les materiaux d' anciens selistches et gorodistches connus sur Ie territoire de Kiev ainsi que dans la region de la rive droite du Dniepr. Ce phenomene ne s'observe p~s)semble~t-il, dans les regions plus meridionales, ce qui permet de dire qu'il y a eu non migration en masse, mais seulement deplacernent important des tribus nord vers Ie sud.

55

Les monuments archeologiques de la seconde moitie du premier millenaire de notre ere dans la partie nord de l'Europe orientale fournissent des points de depart nets pour l'etablissement de la carte ethnographique des VI-Xe siecles, Cette carte repond pleinement a la geographie de la chronique russe "Povesti vremiannykh leta. Si l' on considere les monuments funeraires de ce temps, on voit que ceux du nord (region du lac Ilmen, des rivieres Chelone, Lovat, Msta et de la Malaga superieure), c'est-a-dire des Slovenes de Novgorod, presentent l'aspect de hauts tumulus a incineration, connus sous Ie nom de "sopki" (buttes). Les sopki les plus anciennes se rapportent aux VI-VIle siecles, lesplus recerites-eaUK IX-Xe siecles, A cette epoque, elles sont remplacees graduellement par des tumulus ordinaires a incineration. Sur le cours superieur du Dniepr, de la Dvina et de la Volga, ainsi que sur la rivier e V elikafa et pres du lac Cudskore (habitat de la tribu slave des Krivici) se rencontraient alors des constructions funerair es d'un autre. type, egalement a incineration, dites "tumuius longs". Sur Ie cours superieur de I'Gb et du Don (habitat des Viatici), les monuments funeraires des VI-Xc siecles etaient des tumulus avec chambres interieures en bois." A l' est - et au nord-est de la region occupee par les tribus nord des Slaves orientaux habitaient les tribus est-finnoises, qui nous sont connues par les cimetieres dits "a tombes plates". Enfin l'habitat des tribus baltiques - Letto-Lithuaniens, Liveniens et Esthoniens - est caracterise par des monuments d'un type particulier.

•

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Bonpoc 06 3THH'IeCKOM COCTaBe .HpocAaBcKor:) DOBOJl.2KbH, TO'IHee aonpoc reaesaca B STOM xpae cxaaaxo-pycceoro HaceAeHHH, CKasaHHbIM ~aAeKO He acxepnsraaxcsr. KOAoHH3agHollHoe ,1I,BHLKeHl-ie XI-XII CT., CB1I3aHHOec POCTOM IIOAHTHqeCKoti H 9KOHOMIHQeCKOH 3.F!a'lHMOeTH - 3aheCCKHX geMeAb B cacrexe : Apeimen: PYCH IIpe,1l;CTaBAH.i\O C060H HIBAeHHe y2Ke BTOpH'tIHOrO IIOpH,Zl,'Ka. T,pe6yeTC.H YCTaHOBHTb, tITO npezcraaxaxo co60H 6oJl.ee ttpeB~ nee rraceaeaae aToI'O xpaa, Kor~a H B CBH3ll C tIeM HaQaAOCb nepBoe CAaB5IHCKOe ,Zl,BH2:KeHHe '11 KaKOB 6bIA ero xapaxrep? Ilorrerrxa paspenrare 9TH CAom,HbIe aonpocsr BbI3BaAa 3HaQHTeAbHbIe pasaor xacas B cpeze HCCAe,1l,OBa TeAea, ,1I,aAeKo He MB- 2:KHTbIe H AO xacroargero BpeMeHH.

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1 H3BeCTJI'R ApxeO'AOrHQeCKOH KOMliCCHH (HAK) , nsnr, 15, 1905.

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MHO!1He accxezosarexa CBH3blIBaAH c.II.aS5IHCI<Y:O I(OJl.OHH3aYHI() RPOCAaIBCI<OrO TIoBOJl.mM! c cytgeCTBOBaHHeM BAeCb ra IX-X CT_ cKaH)J,I1HaBCKOll I~OAOHHH. B HaI160Aee pa3Be:pHYToM Sli,ll;e 8TH B3fA.!J,ltbl ~aHbI B patiorax urseacxoro apxeoxora T. J. Arne, noaaraamero, 'ITO BOAmCI{HH ToproSbIH nyTb 6blA OTKpbIT IlIlBe,ltaMH. sa KOTOPbIMff nOTjiHYJl.I1Cb S DOBoAmbe H C.II.aS.llHe.6 Corxauraac» C MHeHHeM A. A. CnaYblHa 0 KOJl.oHH3agHH floBOAl'Kb51 CMOAeHcl<flMH KpHBW!aMH, OH HenoAbByeT cro TOtIKY speHHs!: ,ltAH 060eHOBaHHji caoeii Teopna, U3J1.0meHHOH B pafiore «La Suede et l'Orient». «51 paCCMaTpHBalO, - rmurer Arne, - nocxeznee MHeHHe A. A. Cn'Hgb1Ha KaK HaH60Aee BepOHTHGe, HO nOCKOAbKY iB CMoAeHcKoH ry6. 6b1AO ocenxoe urseacxoe aacexeaae, )I rrpeanoxararo, tITO HaAH~ 'IMe llIBe)J,CKHX n:pMMeToB so BAa,ztHMHpcKOH ry6. (n npnxeraroigax paHoHax) lIBAHeTC.lI pesyxs'ra-

rOM He TOAbKO 'l'OprOSAH, HO H nepecexeaas

ClO)J,a Ulse)J,CKHX KOAOH!KCTOS HB CMOAeHCKa». 7

Ha ocxcse MaTepHaAOB MHXaH.II.OBCKoro MorHAbiraxa, pacnoxozsennoro OKOAO 5lPOC.II.atl3Af!, OH npnXO,ll;I-IT K BoIBO/.l,Y, "ITO 6AH3 repparopaa nOCAetJ,Hero « ... eYI!!eCTBOBaAa lIlSe'ACKaji KOAOHHH, MHPHO ;KHBllIaR fH1)J,OM C MeCTHbIM aacexeaaex. cpetJ.H xoroporo lIlBeJ(bI JIBMIJl.HCb BbICWHM rocnOACTBYlOIk!:UM CJl.OeM H C KOTOPblM OHH nOCTeneHHO cxnxacs». 8

1 A. M. Co 6 0 /1. C B C K II i'r. OTKYAa U1/1.a cyccxaa KOAOHH3agHH B POCTOBO-CY3JJ;a/1.bcKYIO 06AaCTb. T p • .HpocMBcxoro 06/1.. HCT.-apXeo/1.. Cbe3Jla, T. I, CTp. 101 11 C.I\.

2 HCTOpHQeCKaJ! MOHorpa!llHH, 1, CTp. 369.

:l,ll. Ul e r x 0 B. Ilepasse CTpaHHYbl PYCCKOH HCTOPHI1.

iKMHn, 1876 r., MaR, CTp. 53 II .CA. .

" PycclmH HCTOpW[eCl<HH C60PHHK, T. I, CTp. 23; T. VII,

CTp. 88-89.

5 A. C. Y B a p 0 B. Melp1!He II !IX 6 bIT. T p. I Apxecx.

Cbe3]Ia. T. II. 1869 r., CTp. 646, 649.

6 T. ]. A r n e. La Suede et l'Orient. Recapitulation.

Upsala, 1914, CTp. 222. 7 Ibid.. CTf). 37.

8 T. J. A r n e. Eu svenskt ~rawjalt i guvernementet J aroslav Ryssland. F ornvannen, 1918. CTp. 47.

8 MaT. 11 uccncJ(. lJO upxeoar. ecc!', ."i\~ (i

cPHHCKHH apXeOAOT' E. Kivikcski B cBoon

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Flpeacraaarexea APyroH TOtIKH SpeHH.!1 HBJl.HACJl A. A. CnHgbIH. B 60Aee :paHHeH CBOeH: pafiorc OH orsre-raer, xro A.II.H MYPOMO-POCTOBCKOH 06- AaCTH xapaxrepao csreuraunoe PYCCKoe aacexeaae, 'rax KaK B pasnoe Spe'MH croaa OTKpbIBaACji AOcryrr paSAHqHbIM n.ll.eMeHaM: HO'BrOpOJ(yaM, KpliBIItraM, BHTHqaM H T. n. 4 B 60Aee n03.ZJ;Hen: pa60Te oHnpHAepmHBaJl.C.H MH1eHH.lI, "ITO «B X B. POCTOB· CKaH ofixacre 6bIAa sacexeaa 3HallHTe.ll.bHbIMH Mac-

. u

caMH CMOAeHCKHX KpHBHqeH, saHHMaBUIHX He

TOAblKO POCT'OB, HO TaKm.e HpOCAaBlIb, CY3,11;aAb, IOpbeB H nepel1C.ll.aBAb, npHtIeM KOAoHHsay;U.II PoCTOBcKoro KpaJI PYCCKHMH aaxaxace B IX B., noBH~HMOMY, H3 geMJ\H CMOAeHCKHXI<PHBuqdb>. I) ~epRHCI<HH 3AeMeHT B .!JpOCAaBCKHX KypraHax, no MHeHlllO A. A. CnHI,!bIHa, llBllR:eTC.sr OtIeH:b ne-

I Acta Archaeologica, vol. VIII, fasc. 3, CTp. 230.

;) H. A. T rr 1: 0 M H P 0 B. KTO HaCbln. ~ 5j'pocAaRCl<He xypraHN. T p, II 06". apxeox. C'bes.1Ia, 1903. CTp. 244 H CA. 3 W. Y. R a u don 1 k a s. Die Normannl'n der Wi kingerzeit und das Ladogagebiet, Stolkholm, 1930. S. 1 28.

4 A. A. C II H !! 'Ii! H. PaCCeAeHHe 1I0eIlHe-pVCCK:!iX nxeMea no apXeOAOru.'ieCKKM ,!!;aHHbIM. lKMHO, 1899. VIII. CTp. 335.

5 A. A. C II H l~ b[ H_ BAaAI1MHPCKHC xypransr, I1AK. asm, 15, CTp. f 63 H C.I\.

::maqHTeAbHbIM. OH noxarax, "1.10 ApeBHJI.Il Mep.!!" OTCTYIJ.HlI.a nepen HaTHCKOM ClI.aIB.!!"HCKOH KOAOHHsagHH ua BOCTOK, a He ofipycexa, KaK .lJ,YMaA A. C. YBa'p~B. CKaHtJ;HHaJBCKHe Ber,gH B CAaBjJHCKHX xypraaax A. A. CIl'H!!bIH CqHTaA CAe.lJ,CTBHeM paspocuraxcx B X .CT. ToprOBbIX OTHoweHHH, TOtIHO TaK 2Ke, KaK Bel!!,H BOCTOqHble, npOHCXO.lJ,jJIgHe as CTemIOH nOAOCbl EBponeaCKOH '{aCTH CCCP. Ilo3AHee nO.lJ,06Hble me B3f A.fIAbI OTHOCliTeAbHO CKaH.lJ,HHaBCKHX BergeH BblCKa3bIBaAH B. 11. PaBAOHHKac, I A. B. ApgHXOBCKiH'H 2 H ap.

B CBOHX BbrBOAaX OTHOCHTeAbHO 3THH"leCKOH npHHatJ;AemHOCTH .IlpOCAaBCKHX xypranoa IXX CT. see nepevacxenasre senne 14C'CAeAOB3TeAH 11 MHorHC zrpyrae, 3Aecb He yrrorexayr'ere, tJ;OA2KHbI 6bIAH OCHOBblBaTbC.Il IlO'IT'H' HCKAIO'4:HTeAbHO H3. MaTepHaAax U3 pMKonOK A. C. YBapOBa H Il. C. Casexseaa, orpOMHbIX no O,6'beMY, HO CO~ 6paHHblx cosepmeuao neyaoaxeraoparexsnc, rax liTO «ns 7000 HR OAHO norperieaae He M02KeT 6b1Tb BOCCTaHOBAeHO B OBoeM coaepzsaaaa H CTaTb npell.MerOM 06CYlliAeHH.I! C 3THH'IeCKOH CTOPOHbP>. 3 T axoe I(aqeCTBO. MaTepH.aAa ~mOltHe lI.OnYCKaltO caMble pa3AHqHbTe ero TOAKOBaHHa. Ilocraaxenasre Bblwe sonpocsr OCTaBaAI1Cb, TaKHM o6pa30M, AaAeKO He paspeureaaenur.

II

[1ocAe pactcorrorc A. C. YsapOBa H [1. C. Caaexeesa «CY3AaAbCKaJ! 06AaCTb 6blAa CTOAb aCHOaarexeao OtImgeHa or xypranon, tITO A. I1. KeAbcaes B 1878 r. rigerao HCKaA B POCTOBCKOM y. HeTpOHYTblX HaCbITIeib.4 Floxnocreso 6bl"11 pacxonamr xypraaer B npenexax flepeCAaBCKoro pailona, rne TOAbKO aa IIOCAe.ll.HHe roasr 6blJl. OKO'\O c. KHYtIep HaHAeH O,ll,HH YCI\OAb3HYBWHH OT yaapoaCKUX pacxonox KypraHHblH MorHAbHHK. 5 MeRee nocrpaaa.ur or paCIWII01{ p;,. C. YBapOiBa H Il. C. Caaexses a RypraHbl l1BaHo'sCKOH 05AaCTl-I _-oxpaaaer ApeSHeH MepaHCKOH 3eMAH. BO'Boe He IIlOCTPaAMH xypr'aasr HpOCAaBCKoro IloBOA2KbR, OtIeHb 6AH31me no caoesry xapaxrepy H naxoaaaa POCTOBCKHM H nepecxaacxaa, OHH a'BAjJlOTca no- 3TOMY Oll.HHM H3 BamHeHllIHX HCTO'lHHROB nayxeHHH Mep5IHCKOH geMAH IX-X CT.

Bo aropofi nOJ\.OBHHe npomxoro CTOAeTMa HatUlHaeT 'IiCCAe.llOBaTbCa or:poMHblH KypraHHbIH MOrHAbHHK, pacnoA02KeBHbIH 'B 7 'KM K 103 OT BpoCAaBA.Il Y 1(. Eoxsuroe T HMepeBO. I'lepaoe ynoMHHaHHe 06 :nOM naMjJTHHKe OTHOCHTC5I erge l\ 1868 I'. I) H. A. THXOMHPOB yxaaeraae'r, tITO THMepescKHH MorHAbHHK pacxansraaxca ao mIT!}!

J W. Y. R au don i k a s. Die Normanncn der Wikjn~erzeit und das Ladogagebiet. 1930, S. 139.

2 A. A p g Ii :II: 0 B C K H H. PyccKan ,lJ;PYMHHa no apxeo-

AOrH'IeCKHM .l(aHHbIM. J..icTOpHR"MapKcHcT, 1939, Ng 1,

crp. 193.

3 A. A. en H g bI H. BAa.zr.HMlIpCl(He xvpransr, CT]). 166. 4_ A. A. en H Y bI H, YK. CO'l., CTp. 88.

a Pacxomor npOH3Be.1l.eHbI K. H. HB3HOBbIM. Marepaax xpaaxrcx B Ilepecxaacxca MY3ee )JpOCAaBCKOH 06AaCTU. 6 T PYP,bl )JpOCAaBCKOrO ry6epHcKorO CTaTHCTH'IeCKOrO l'CMHlera 1868 r., BblIl. V, CTp. 93.

paa, 01(HaKO AaAe'KO' He '0 'Bcex pacxonxax HMeEOTCl'I KaKlie-AH60 CBe.n;eHHJl.

B apXHBHbIX xarepaaxax OTMeqaeTCl'I, tlTO MOrHAbHHK .z\IBa-TpH pasa nOAB>cpraACH paClKOIIlKaM nO)l; PYKOB0ll.CTBOM A. B. CKYAbCKoro. B 1878 r. A. I1. KeAbCHeBbIM, no nopyxemno KOMlIi'I'eTai AHTporrOAOrHtleCKOH. IBbICTaBKH, 6blAH rrpoaaaeaenu pacxornor pjJAa xypraaxsrx MOrHJl.bHHKOB B 51poCAaB'CKOH H KaAHHH'HCKOH:06AaCTl'Ix, B 'mCAe ,KOTOPbIX 6blA H THMepeBcKHH MorHAblUlK. 3Aecb 6blAO BCKPb1TO 34 xypraaa, B 10 H3 HHX 6blAH acrpesenei C02KmeHH.Il, B 9 rpynorroxoaseane, OCTaAbHbIe pacxonanaere HaCbITIH OKa3aAHCb 5IKO- 6bl nYCTbIMH' 3a HCKAIOqeHHeM CYMMapHoro 0'1'xera A. H. KeAbCHe!Ba 1 HHKaKMX AaHHblX 06 9THX pacxorrxax He HMeeTC5I. A. 11. KeAbcHe13 AantpOBaA THMepeBcKHH MorHAbHHK KOHgOM X H XI BB., He BbI,1l;eA.IlH ero H3 pjJ,ll;a 60Aee rr03p,HHX HCCAeAOBaHHhIX HM naM.IlTHHKOB.

B 1887 r. aa MOfHAbHHKe npOH3IBOjJ;.fIT paCKOITIKU lJAeHbI VII Apxeoxor-asecaoro Cbe3,ll;a B Rpo~ CAaSAe, OAlIaKO .peayxs'rarer 3THX pacxonox HHr):lC nonpofiao He OTIHCaHbI, a MaTepHaA n 3 HatI'HTCA b·'

a q

HOM 'laCTH yrpaxeir. -

B 1900 r. na THMepeBCKOM MOr'HAbHHKC npoH3BOAHA pacxonxn 11. A. T HXOMHPOB, HM 6blAO BCKPblTO TpaHllle5IMH' 14 aacsmeii, npeasryrgeCTBeHHO C ceaepo-sarrazororo KpaHMOTHAbHI1Ka.·3 B xypraaax 6bIAH npeacraaxeaer COiiimeHH.fI H Op,HO TpynorroAOmeH'He. H. A. T HXOMHpO'B B CBOeM OT"I.eTe orraexaer , 'ITO HeCMOTpjJ na npHCYTCTBHe B OTACAbHblX C02KmeHHl'IX CNaHlI.HHaSCKHX q:m6YA H TOMY nOAo6HbIX np'eAMeTOB, xypr'ausr OT AHqalOTC5I 6ell.HOCTbEO HHBeHTapH. 4

KpoMe TOrO, 11. A. T HXOMUPQlB O'6CAe)l;OBaA zme apyrae xypraaaere rpyrmsr: 1) y P,. Maxoe T HMepeBO, K lOB OT nee B opeXOBOH potgHge, cocroatgyso 'H3 7 xypraxoa, H 2) 6AH3 )1;. r OH"I.aPOBO HE 12 KypraHOB.

B 1908 r. I1. C A6paMOB npOIi3BOP,HT 6erAble paCKOIIKH B p5l'Ae MeCT BpOCAaSCKOH H VIsaHOBCKOH 06A., B TOM 'IHCAe aa YKa3aHHbiX rrasrarHH!I(ax. 5 Ha T HtMepeBCI\OM 'MOfHAbHHKC HM 6blAI1 BCKPbITbI lI.se xacerrnr, COAepmargl1e COlKLKeHHjJ. ,lI;Be aacerrra xypr aanoii rpynrrsr y lI.. r OHqapOBO ,1l;aAH raxase npuaaaxa commeHHH. Bnepasre 6blA H'CcAClI.OBaH KypraHHblH MorHAbHHK Y A. TIeTpoBcxoe, pacnoxozceaaera B 5 KM OT )1;. T I1MepeBO, rne IBCKPbITO 9 HaCbITIeH.

B 1938-1939 rr. aBTopOM HaCToargei1 pa60TbI, no rropyxeamo I1HC"fl.ITYTa HCTOpHH MaTepHaAb-

1 AHTponOAOrH'IeCKaf! BblcTaBKa, T. III, 'I. 1. CTp. 53- 68. MaTepHaAbI xpaaarcx B foc. HCTOpH'IeCKOM MJ3ec.

2 YaeT!. MaTepHaAe>l:), xpafllllga.llc.fI B .fIpocAasCKOM icpaeBeP,'1CCKOM xyaee - cxopxynootipaanere qm6YAb[, TOnOpI1K. HOIKHHt!bI, OKOBKH H np. - BH,1(HMO rrpOHCXO,D:HT H3 cOIK*eHHH X B.

3 AMO ApXeOAOrH'leCKOH KOMIiCCIlH' N!! 82/1900 r.,

paCl{oIIIU! 11. A. THXOMH'POSa B )JpocAaBcKoH ry6. MarepH'aAbl XpaH.IlTCJI B f OC. HCT01H!"IeCKOM Myaee It HpccxasCKOM 06A. KpaeBe.n;"IeCKOM MY3ee.

4 YKa3aHHoe .1I.eAO ApxeOAOrH"IeCK()H KOMHCCH'H H apXHB foc. HCTOpH'''IeCKOrO MY3e1!, !pOH,1I. 39, e,1(. xpaa. 42.

5 AeAO ApXeOAOrH"IeCKOH KOMH'CCHH NI! 71/1908 r. Orxer 0 paCKOUKax 11. C. A6pa~osa,

51. B. Cmal-{l(e81l'(. K BOl1POCj 00 3mH.ll'l.eCKO_U COCmaBe naceseuun JlpOC.ta8CKOW IloBo.t;KbJl. (J l.l--X em. 59

HOll Ky.i\~TYPbI HM. H. 5I. MappaAKap,eMHH HaYK CCCP H Hpocxaacxorc 06AaCTHoro xpaeseaaeCKOrO MY3e.sr, 6bIAH HaqaTbI aa T HM-epeBCKOM MO~ rHAbHHKe 3HatIHTeAbHble pacxonxn. B nepBbIH rOil pa60TbI ;B nopaase peKOrHOC!!IH:POBOtIHbIX paCKO~ nOK 6bIAO BCKPbITO 4 xypraaa. B 1939 r, paCKO~ nano 22 nacema, cO.1l.ep211:aBIIme npeHMyrgecTBeHHO comLKeHHH_ PacKonKH p,aAH 60raTbIH MaTepHaA H B peayxs rare noxnoro BCKPbITHJ{ HacbIPeH nOSBO' AHAH XOpOIllO BOCCTaHOBHTb 06PHp,. rrorpeoenas.

4:pynrM IIl'HPOKO H3BeCTHbIM ApeBHHM MorHAb~ HI1KOM .HpOCJl.aBCKOro TIOBOJl.iKbH HBJl.HeTC.sr MI1xaiiJl.OBCKHH KypraHHbIH MorHAbHHKt pacnoAomeHHbIH B 7 KM OT .fIpocAaBA51 saepx no p. BOAre H B 4 KM BrAy6b OT ee xeaoro 6epera.

I1ccAeAOBaHH51 ero 6bIAH HatIaTbI 11. A. T HXOMHPOBbIM B 1896 r, pacxonxoii 4 HacbmeH B ceBepo~BOCTOqHOH ,1l,peBHeHrueH qaCTH MOrH.i\bHHKa; HS HHX TpH COJ,f,epma.i\H narepecaere commemUI H oana T:pynonoAomeHHe. I 11. A. T HXOMHPOB OTMe~ <faA, qTO MHorHe KypraHbl B lOfO-BOCTOtIHOM xpae MorHAbHHKa HOCRT CAeAb! HeYMeAbIX paCKOnO'K, Blj:AHMO rrpOH3BeAeHHbIX B cepeaane rrpOIlI.i\OrO CTOAeTMH I10MergHKoM H. 11. T e'KIlITpeMOM.

B CAeJ,f,ywrg'He fOJ,f,bI 11. A. THXOMMPOB npOAOA~KaA pacxonxn: B 1897 r. liM 6bIAO BCKPblTO 20 HaCbIIIen B pa3AHQHbiX QaCTHX MOrMJl.bHHKa H B 1898 r. 50 aacsmeii, pacnoxoaseuasrx rro ABYM rreprreHAHKYMIPHbIM ocax, opHeHTHpOBaHHblM C C xa IO H C 3 na B. B nOCAe,ll;HHX pacxorncax npaHMMaAI1 ynacrae B. A. r OpOm!,OB H O. H. 5spenzrc. PacKonKH npOH3BOAHAMCb CKB03HbIMH TpaHmeB:MU, H AHlllb ABa xpyrnrsrx xypraaa 6blAH B3RTbI na CHOC. 2 KypraHbI CO,ll,epmaAM npeuMyrgeCTlBeHHO COJKmeHH5J IX~X CT.; peii~e o6Hapym'HBaAI1Cb 60Aee rroannne Tpyn0I10AOmeHH5I na xarepnxe c 6eAHblM HHBeHTapeM.:l

BaTH me rozter, C 1896 no 1898 r., 11. A. T HXOMHpOB llCCAe,n;OIBaJl. 60Aee noaaaee xvoranace KAaA6mge, pacnoxozaeaaoe B 2.5 KM K IO OT c. MHxaHAoBcKoro aa AHHHeH m.eAe3HoH ztopor-a. MOI'IIAbHHK OTROCHAC)! K XI B. H coaepacax rpynorroxoaseans na MaTcpHKe, HHorAa co CAeJ{aMH KOCTpa (? ) C O.ll.HOPOJ,f,HbIM H 6eAHblM MHBeHTapeM.

B 1902 r. He6oJl.bIIlMe pacxonxn ua MHxalhoBCKOM MorHAbHHKe npOHSBO/l,MA B. A. rOpO,1l,gOB.4 113 xererpex BCKPbITbIX aacsmeii ',IJ,Be HMeAH BCCbMa 6oraToe cO,llepmaHHe.5

I OTl.JeT 0 paCKOITKaX 8 HpOCAaSCKOH ry6. H yeane noz C·gOM MHxaHAOBCKH:M 11. A. T HXOMHpOBa (H3 HcoqmllHall.bHOH l.JaCTl'l «ry6epHcKHX BCAOMOCTdh 1898 r., OTTI1.CK)., 2 lleJlO ApxCOJ\.OrH'H:CKOH KOMIfCCf{U N!:! 52/1897 r. H N~ 187/1898 r. OTl.JeT 0 paCKOIIKax 11. A. TMXoMHpoBa xa MHl(aHAOBCKOM MOrHAbIHIKe.

3 Marepnax, 'laCTH'J"HO pasp03HCHHbIH, xpaarrrcn B f 0':.

I1CTOpll'leCKOlI{ MY3ee.

4 ,lJ,PCEHOCTH, T. XXI. asm. 1, TIPOTOKOlI.bI, CTp. 52.

Marepaax xpaHHTO! B HpocAaBcKoM 06.0.. KpaeBe,1(lJeCKOM MY3ee, cczepaorr 60ll.bUIYlO rpyrmy MCPj!HCKHX mYMj!1J!HX [IO.ll.BeCOK.

5 OTHOCHTeAbHO paCKOIIOK 1902 r. HMelOTca llCCI'Oll.bKO IIPOTHBOpel.JMBble ,!I.a.HHble. B «llcTopn"lecKoM BeCnUlKC» (N2 3, 1903, CTp. 1207) YKa3aHo, 'ITO B 1902 r, B. A. FePOJl.!,!OBblM 6bJII.O pacxonaao aa MHxaiL"OBCKOM MOrHlI.bllHKC

8*

o AID6HTeJl.bCKHX pacxonxax 1909-1910 .rr, ire coxpaaaxocs HHKaKHX TOtIHbIX AaHHblX. I

B 1913 r. c pa3peIIIeHH51 ApxeOAOrHqeCKOH KO~ MMCCHM aa Muxait'l.OBCKOM MOfHAbHHKe rrpOH3BO,il,MT paCKOITKlI IIIBeAcKHH apxeoxor T. ]. Arne. I1M 6blAO BCKPbITO 18 HacbmeH, as HHX 9 COAep~ maAH norpefieaaa H 5 commeHHR C iHHTepeCHblM HHBeHTapeM. Ocraxsuere OKasaAHCb nycTbtMH HAll coaepzsaaa CJ\a6ble rrpH3HaKH CO)fDtieHHll.:J

B 1921 r. He60AbIIIHe paCKOITKH Maxaiixoscxoro MOrHAbHHKa npOH3Bop,HT A. H. 9J{HHf co cTyp,eHTaMI1 Rpocll.aBcKoro roc. YHHBepCHTeTO .• 11M 6blAO pacxonano 4 nacema: 3 coaepzaaxa OCTaTKH COmmeHHJI H OAHa, BHARMO, Cllep,.bl Tpynonoxozseaas B Ma'[1ep~iK'e. 3

Cyrgecraeaaera HeAOCTaTKOM HCCAe.1J;OBaHHH

npourxsrx AeT HBM1Jl.CR HeCHCTeMa1'MQHbIH M CAyqaHHbIH xapaKTep nPOHSBOAHBIIIHXe51 3J{ecb paCKO~ lTOK. B CBR3H co CTapOH MeToJ,1J,lHKOH paCKOIlOl, xypraaoa oCTaBaACR oxeae lTJ\OXO BbUICHeHHbIM xapaxrep otipaaa rrorpefieaaa. C geJ\blO nonoxneHU)! aroro npofiexa B 1938~1939 r'r. 6blAO npeanpHHRTOAoCAeAOBaHHe HaH60Aee COXpaHItBIIIeHCH tIaCTH MHXaHAQBCKOrO :\wrI1AbHUKa. B 1938 f. aBTopOM STHX CT:POK 6bIAO BCKPbITO 19. aacunef H BCAeJ,f,ylOIgI1H rOA 6 HacbIIIeH; xypranerconepmaJl.;H KaK COmmeHf-IR, rax H rpynoncxoasenaa.

OAHHM H3 BamaeHumx apxeoxorasecxax OTKPbITHH nocAeAHHX AeT, snepssre npUOTKPbIBafO~ rgMM aasecy HajJ, xeronacnoji MepeH, 71BA.HIOTC}I panoaste MOrUJl.bHHKlI VI~VIII CT., HclHp.eUHble B pa3HbIX '1aCTRX MepRHcKoll 3eMAU. PJI)(OBbIC MorMAbHHKH 6es xypranaerx nacsmeii, cozepssaIgHe 3axopOHeHHJI C 60raTbIM R xapaxrepasra H11- aerrrapex, yzce p;aBHO H3BeCTHbl B ApyI1HX 05A«CTJIX nOBOMKbJI J{ ae rpas _ cAymHAH npe,rr,M·e.TOM HCCAeJI.OBaHHfl. Eme pa60Ta!,(u-I. Aspelin' at A. A. CIIHQbIHa, A. M. T algren' a M MHorux zipyrax, a sa nocxeamre rOAbI pa60TaMl1 n. n. EtflHMeUKo·l 6bIAO YCTaHOBAeno, qTO aTill MorHAbHHKH OCTaB~ AeHbI HenOcpeACT'BeHHblMH npeAKaMH COBpCMeHHblX aapoaos nOBOJl.mbH - MOPAOBCKRMU, MypOMCKHMH H MapHHCKHMl1 nAeMeHaMH, xyxe rypa KOTOPblX B I TbICa<feAeTHU H. 9. 3HaQnTeAbHO OT J\JI'IaAaCb 0'1' KYAbTypbI CAaBJIHCKHX nxeaea, rarose XOPOlllO H3BeCTHbIX no apxeoxor-asecxaa ,1IaHHbIM. HallAeHHble B 06AaCTH MepflHCKOH 3eMAlI PH,IJ,OBbIC MorHAbHMKH OKOHQaTeJ\bHo pemaror sonpoc 0 npnHa,ll,AemHOcTH ApeSHen MepH K rpyrme nOBOAiK· CKI1X nAeMeH H 06pHCOBblBaIOTee p;peBlU010 KYAbTYPY. Be3 3THX MorHAbHHKOB aaxor lI.a He 6bIA 6br OKOHqaTeAbHO paapeurcn nonpoc II 0 n051BAC·

Jl.Ba xypraaa. B HpocAaBcKoM 06,\. MY3ce l.JaCTb neureii ml p"-CKonOK 1902 r. 311atlllTCR B Ka.'JCCTBC H(ll'.:OJlQK 1903 r. 1 B 5IpocAancKoM 06.1\. [(paeBeJl."IeCKOM MY3ce HMCCTC.: n

He6oll.blliOH MaTepl1a.o., 3Ha'iaIgH!1:cj! npOHCXOl\j!I!!H:M 113

pacxonox KaJ].eTCKoro xopnyca.

2 T. J. A r n C. Ett svenskt grawjalt i guvernementet

J aroslav Ryssland. Fornvannen, 1918.

3 APXHB HHMK. lJ.CII.O N~ 31/1879 r. MaTCfJllaAbl H3 pacxonox xpaaarcx B 5IpOCJl.aSCKOM My3ce.

4 n. TI. E <Ii H M C H K o. Pfl3aHCKilC MOmAl>lU[KIl. MaT~' Dna.o.bl no 3THorpa~llm, T. Ill, asm. 1, 1926. - 0 Ii' at c. K HCTOOHI1 aanaaaoro nn80Amb$l n ncoeox TblClltleACTIW H. a. C08. apzeox., II, 1937.

60 3ml-lOUme3 80CmO'Il-lbZX CAa8J1H

HHlH B o6AacTH .zt;peBHeii: MepJlHCKOH 3eMAH cxaBHHCKoro HaCeAeHH!! H norrpoc 0 AaAbHeHWHX cY~b6ax Me~RHCKoro UAeMeHH.

nepBbIR MepHHClmH MOfO.l\bHHK 6bIA OTKpbIT e1!!e !B KOHl!e npomxoro CTOAeTHH B 6acceHHe p, KlI.H3bMbI y c. XOAyiL 1 HeCMOTpH aa csoeotipaaBblH xapaxrep aaaearaps, OTAJHqalOr;Q;HH ero OT ClIHXPOHWIHblX OKCKllX MorllAbHHKOB, XOAyii:CKHH MorHAbHllK Tpy,1l;HO 6bl.l\O npaaaare Mep!!HCKHM, TaK KaK OH aaxozaxcs na O.KpaHHe MepHHCKOU 3eMAH, na ee I01KHblX rpaaagax, B 1926 r. 6blAH npOH3BeAeHbI pacxonxa cexa norpetieaaii Apyroro MOI"HAbHHKa 6acceHHa K.I\.Il3bMbI, Haxo,zvn,gerOC}l y c. XOTHMAb B paiioire IlIyu. 2 £I,ge noaase 6bl.l\ OTK:PbIT H xacrasao HCCAelJ;OBaH A. K. KvaMHo- BblM H 4. H. OAHHrOM 60faTbIH Mep.IlHCK1HH MOrHAbHHK, pacrroxoaseaasrii B caMOM geHTpe MepHHCKOH seMAH. OKOAO 0.3. Hepo, P.IlAOM C H3BeCTHblM Ca,pClKWM ifOpOAHIgeM. 3

III

KypraHHble MorllAbHHKH HPOC.ll.aBCKOrO no"

BOALKb.ll 06bIqiw pacnoxararorcs na B03BbilleHHbIX nxaro, na HeKOTopOM paccrosaaa OT pexa, aa ee KopeHHOH reppace, IRAH no BOAOpa3,lteAaM, na rK.I\OHaX ~OAHH He60AbWUX pexaerx IIPUTOKOB.

B TaKRX YC)l.OBllHX paCnOA02Kt!HbI H OUHCbIBae~ ~Ible HHme naMHTHHKH - MHXaH)l.OBCKHR . 11 T HMe~ peBCKiHH MorUAbHHlm.

MHxaHAOBCKHH MorHAbHHK saHHMaeT qaCTb B03~ BbrmeHHoro IIAaTO, npeACTaBMIKlIYero C060H KO~ pel'IHYIO Tep:pacy BOAI"H. TIhorga,1l;b MorllAbHllKa, pasaas 2.5 ra, JIBM!eTCH :B nxane HenpaBHAbHblM npHMoyroAbHHKOMt ~bITJlHYTbrM e C Ha 1O.

C cesepo-aanaaaoii CTOPOHbl TeppHTOpUJI Mll~ xaihoBCKoro MorHAbJ;lHiKa orpamrseaa CYXHM PytJbeM, C roro-aanazncii 11 eeBepo~BocTOIIHOH eTO" POH npOXOAHT rroxeasre AOPOfH H3 c. MHxaHAoocxoro B A. DOHoMapeBo, a C CeEepO-1BOCTO'fHOH CTO~ POHbI pacnoxoaceasr xoaaiicrseausre nocrpofixu COBX03a MlixaihoBcKoe. B He,ltaBHeM npOWAOM MorUAbHliK 6blA rrOKpbl'f 6epe30BoH pOI,geH, RblHe Bblpy6AeHHoii:. B nacromgee BpeMH aanaaaan J{ cesepo-aanaanaa 'faCTH MOl"HAbHlfKa nOKpblTbl XYCTa:PHHKOM,

CeHqaC aa MOriHAbHHK,e HaOlHTbIBaerCJI .Ito 400

~ ~

OT JI;eAbHbiX nacemen nOAywapOIBHAHOH H.II.li pease

OBaAbHOH H oKpyrAoH paCnAbIBQaTOH CPOPMbI, pacnOAOme'HHbIX ,6.1\H3KO O,l(Ha K .1(pyroit 4,HM4eT!P xypranoa 5.30-18 M, BbICOTa 0.30-2.80 M. CeBepO~BOCTOqHble CKADHbl aacemeii, B OC06eHHOCTH xaafioxee xpyrmsrx, 3HaQHTell.bHO xpyxe, B CHAY ecrecrsemtoro CKaTa nAaTO K tory,

KaK BH,llHO na nxaae (pRC. ,1), CTapbIMH pacKonKaMH 6bIAa saaera rAaBHbIM o6pa30M npea-

1 A. A. C rr H g bI H. t{peBKOCTH 6acceihta oex a Kif H:

KaMbl. MaTeo. no apzeox, POCCHH. Ng 25, 1901, CTp.43.

2 B. H. r p a x 0 B. OT'leT 06 apXeO.JI.OrH'IeCRHX HCCAe· ltOSaHHS!X. T pe'rHH rOA AeJlTe.1I.bHOCTH I1B&HOBO~Bo3HeceH~ cxoro ry6. o6IJ!,ecTsa xpaeseaeaas. I1BaHoBo, 1927. CTp. 34 H CA.

3 Marepaaxer XpaHJlTCJI B POCTOBCKOM MY3ee. OTl{eT 0 pacxorrxax He ony6l1HKonan.

HeHWa.l'l CtlBepO-BOCTOqHa.ll xacrs MOI1HAbHHKa, rile 6blll.H BCKPbITbI Bee xpyrmere HaCbInR; xacre me HaCbIne", npeHMYI,geCTBeHHO B IOrO-Sana,llHOM yr A'Y MorUJ\.bHHKa. rrozaepr-xace paapytnemno B peayxerare scaxoro poaa XOS.I'lHCTBeHHhIX pa60T. Bcero Hae<!HTbIBaeTCH 60ll.ee 110 HacbmeH, paapynreuaerx 'I10,lI;o6HbIM o6pa130M. OT AeAbHbfe KpyIIHbIe IKY'Praner 6bl.ll.H YHHQTOmeHbI npa paBHeHHH MeeT" HOCTH rrOlJ;.rrOCTpoHKH. 1

1iHMepeBCKHU: MOrHJl.bHllK pacnoxozsea na MbICY, 06pa30BaHHOM .ltOAHIH'aIMll pyqbH CeqtKU H p, KoTOPOCTAH - npHTOKa BOAfH. MorUAbHHK saHH· xaer llll.oxga,ll.bi OKO.ll.O 4 ra, nOKpblTYlO xecosr, HMelOI,gYlO CPOPMY aerrpaaaxenoro OBaAa. Hacsmn rroAymapOBH,ZlHOH tpOPMbl HMeIOT .ztHaMeTp OT 6 AO 20 M, BbIC. OT 0.7 ,1\0 4 M. OKOJ\.O lfa xypraHOB HOCHT CAe,zr;bI paCKOUOK.

OcooeHHOCTblO KypraHoB 060HX MorHAbHllKOIB ,HBlI.H'eTC.I'l HaAH'!He B OCHOBaHHH nacsmeii paa r'xy- 6HHOH 0.25-1.50 M, oripasoaaameroca npa asrexxe seMAH ,ll;hfJ. coopyzcenaa nacsma: oeo6eHHO HCHO pOB n;pOCAemiHBaeTCH y xpymrerx HaCblIIeH THMepeSCKoro MorH)l.bHHKa. COCTaB HaCbmeH-

npeHMYI,geCI'SeHHO CB,eTJ\omeATbIH cyrxnuox co

3HaQHTe.hbHbIMH npOCJl.OHKaMH xpacaof r .II.liHbI.

pease meJl.TaJl cynece.

AMI xapaxreprrcraxn MHXaHAOB,CKOrO H T'HMepescxoro MOrH.II.bHHKOB MbI pacnOAaraeM lJ;OBOJl.bHO 3Ha'!H'TeAbHbIM MaTepHaAOM. MHxaHAoBcKHH MOrl{AbHHK rtpencraaxator 85 KOMnll.eKCOB, npOHCXO~ AHIgHX H3 pacsorrox paaasrx AeT, xoropsraa MOlli,HO onepapoaare KaK 'BIIIOAHe :nO.ll.HoyeHHbIIM MaTe· pHaJl.OM. I13 pacxonox T HMepeBCKoro MorHAbHHKa HMeeTCH 45 y,eAOCTHblX KOMllll.eKCOB.

iI,peBHeiiUIHe xypraner 060HX nyaKTOB, COAep~ m.aBllHe comm.eHHR, 3aHHMalOT' sosnenneaaere qacTH MeCTHOCTli, noxpyr I\OTOPbIX HapaCTaAH KYp" ransr 60Aee nO.3AHerO BpeMeHiH. Ha MHXaH.II.OB~ CKOM MorHAbHHKe ,11;peBIHienureu RBMleTeR ero ceBepO-BOCTOQHaa sracre : B .zr;a.!l.bHeHWeM MorHAbHHK oaapacraxca B lOrO-3ana,D;HOM HanpaBAeHHH. Ha T HMepeBCKOM MOrH.!I.bHHKe 60Aee ApeBHHe xypraHbi pacnoxozsems aa B03BbIll'eHHOH rpllAe,T.I'l· Hyr.g-ei:i'CH no 1,!.eHTpaAbHoH 'faCTI{ MorUAbHHKa B HanpaBAeHHIH C CB xa I03.

OCHOBHbIM 06PJl,ll;OM norpe6emru AAH pauaeii rpyrmsr xypraaos lIBMI'eTCH rpynocoacseaae, OCTaTKH xoroporo rrOMer,gaAHCb B HaCbInU xyprana, Ha MaxaHAOIBCKOM MorHAbHHI(e as 85 KOMnAeKCOB 55, T. e. 60Aee nOJl.O'BHHbI, npe,1tCTaBJ\HK).T CO~ 60H: OCTaTKIH' TpynoCOLKm.emHI. Ha T HMepeBCKOM MOI!'UAbHHKe' C02Ki2f{leHH}'{ rrpeacraaxeasr 31 KOM~ nxexcox.

v Coaoaeaae yxepurax npOll3BOAHJl.OCb KaK ua CTopOHe, 'rax is aexoropsrx CAyqa,HX H aa MeeTe coopyzseaaa xyprana. B nepsosr cxyxae (YCJl.OBHO npnMtlM 9TH narpe6eHllJi aa nepayro rpynny COiKm.eHHH) nOCAe cm.HraHH,H ytMeplllero iKaAbgHHH'po~ rgaHMbre KOCTa, cofipanasre BMeCTe C MoraJl.bHblM HHBeHTapeM, 3HaQHT;eAbHO nccrpa.aasuraea OT orax,

I B 1899 1". TaKHM nyrex 6bIA paspymea O,1l,HH KYPraa : npeJl,MeTbI, H&H,ll,eHHble npa aTC>M - Mel{ H 60eBOH KAHHOK - nocTynHAH B fiPOC.JI.aBClmi:f MY3eH.

fl. B. CmaH1!e8U'l. K 8onpocg 00 amHU'leCltOM cocmase HGCe-teHUJI. JlPOCAQ8C1!010 []080.tmbJl. B IX-X cm. 61

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1 - Ky~raRl", pallee paCj<QnB.IIIJU"; 2 -r'ypre.IlLT. qacT,['lIIc paapyruerlltble, 3- KyprnHbl, pacconauuue lJ 1938 1'.

nOMeIgaAHCb 3aTeM na MaTepHKe HAH B HaCbInU xypraaa. T axas ¢opMa TpynoC02KmeHHa caxasrsaercs He TOAbKO co CAaBjlHCKHM\H naM51THHlCaMli 8TO:POH nOllO'BHHbl I TbICHlJelleTHR H. a. (onacaaae era HaxoJtHM B JtpeBHeii: MTOm'ICn) ; OHa 6blAa npezcraexena B naMRTHHKax aroro BpeMeHH CpeaHeH EBPODbI. npH6aJ\THKH IH Cxaaaaaascxoro nOAYOCT'pOiB,a Ht TaKHM 06pa3OM, npeacraaxaer CO~

60H mHpOKO pacnpocrpaaeaaera 06PR~, CYll!eCTBO~ BaIBWHH: y ;Pa3AUQHbJX napoaoa.

B MHxaHJ\OBCKOM MorHAbHHKe CO}KmeHHe, coaepmenaoe SHe xypraaa, BCTpetJ:eHO B c1I.e./tYlOrym(

HaCbIU,SIX: pacsonxn A. 11. T HXOMHpOBa !8 1896 i'. - Nil 2; B 1897 ~.-N!lN2 1,2.4.7; 9,10,18,19; B 1898 If.-N2N2 3, 5, 11, 15, 28,30. 31,35, 39, 46; paCKOTIKH T. J. Arne B 1913 r,-

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NQNQ 6 H 18; pacKomoi)l;. H. 8t('I1HraB 1921 r.NQN2 1, 2, 4; paC/JI;OmOf aaropa B 1938 r.-NQN2 2,3,6, 10, 1~, 16; B 1939 r.-N2NQ 22. 25.

OCTa'I1KIl TaKHX -COiKiKeHl-fH Ilip.ep,CTaJBMIIOT CO~ 60ll co6paHHbIe BMeCTe miKeHble qeAOBeqecKHe KaCTH, lUI·orAa c npassecsrc iKm.eHbIX xocreii }K'RBOTHbIX, H MorHAbHbIH HHBeHTapb; Bee aTO csreuraao c 30AOH H naorna yrxex, Paavepsr cxonxeaaii iKmeHbIX xocreii 6bIIBaJ()T pa3AHtIHbI: nonepexaas 0.05 M - 3.80 M; OHn HMelOT Kpyr AYIO RJ\;H OBaAbHO~BbITR.HYTYIO rpOPMY, a aaorna npeacraaxaror c060n: COBepweHHO 6ecq)QpMeHHYfO rrpocxoiixy pas- 6pocaHHblx xocreii,

Hepenxo IBM'eCTe C OCTaTKaMH co.m.meHl1a B xypraar ·rrepeHOCHlI.HCb TaKtKe OCTaTKH xocrpmga is BH,1I;e o6yr AeHHblX nxax H MeJlKHX 06AOMKOB yr ML

B OT,1I;eAbHbIX CAY'IaaX CKonAeHHa xocreii CO~ qeTalOTC}I c aMKaMR· KOHHq'eC}(OH rpOPMbI, BbI:PbITbIMH B MaTepHKe. ,1I;HaM. 0.15--0.60 M Ii rAy6H~ HOH 0.15-0.30 M, B xo'ropsre ccsmaxacs 3HaQUTeAbHU QaCTb KaAbWHHHpooaHHblX xocreii. -8TO HMeAO Metro B xypraaax NQ 15-'1898 1'., NgN2 3 «6-::.1938 r. (pac, 2), a TaKme .Ng' 25-1939 r. nOMHMO sIMOK, B HtKOTOPblX xypraaax 6bIAI1 BCTpe~ qeHbI npoo.oih~~ CMeWaHl-'IOro C cazsero H yrAeM

r.repHO'3eMa, Cp'e~H I<OTOPbIX 1l0MelgaAHCb coa~iKeHxsre KoeTH H MorHAbHblH HHBeHTapb.

06bI'Ian IlOMel!!,aTb OCTaTKIH com.2KeHH.s:! B RMKy npOCAemHBaeTCH B paae paHHeCAaB.lIHCKHX nawa rlUiKOB. OH Ha6AIOtJ;aAC5I B .n.AHHHbIX xypraaax, a apxaasasrx xpyr AbIX xypraaax xa TeppHTopHH Eexopyccaa, B TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX «AHTOBCKHX;> xypraaax 1M T. ,lI;.

B HeKOTiOpblX CAY'laaX, Ha!KOHeg, OC'faTKH coJK1m.eHH5I nOM·elf!.aAHCb B r A'HH5IHblU cocyz; - ypny, nOCTaBAeHHyIO aa MaTepHKe (aanp. NgNQ 11, 27. 28 H 39 -1898 r.}: HNH B'PbITYIO IB MaTepH:K (narrp. NQ 6 -1938 r.).

Kvpraaaere HaChIIIH MHxaHAoBcKoro MonlAbH1flKa conepzsaxn 06blQHO no OtJ;HOMY coaoseaaro H AHllib IB HeCKOAbKHX cAYQa.lIX B xyprauax 6bIAO BCTpeqeHO no· 2-3 coasasenaa, npH'LIeM O,ll;HO H3 HHX pacnoxaraxocs B aacsma Ii nropoe Ha -MaTe~ p'HKe, HAH me Bce commealH5I 6blAH pacno.aozsensr aa MaTepHKe aa 3Ha'IHTeAbHOM paCCTOR.HHH O,1l;HO OT ztpyroro. K TClKHM Ky;praHaM' OTHOC}(TC51 NQNQ 9, 10-. 1897 r., Ng 39 -1898 r. KpoMe Taro, OTMetIaWTC$l cAyqalt, xor p,a B OtJ;ROM CKOII.AeHHH SCTpeqeHbI KOCTII HeeKoAhKHX HH,IJ,HBHP,YYMOB (NQ 1 -1938 T.). P5I,1I; coaca ... eHMH, nOMergeHHhlx

_______ !"!:_ B-5_:~aHJ~e811". K 80ltpOCy DO anlf(.U'l.eCKOM COcmaee flOCeAeHUR JlPOCA08CK010 Ilo8o.lfflbJ! 8 IX -X em. 63

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PHC. 3. MHxaHAOBClmH MorRAbHRl{. KypraH N'!! 1 (paexonxa 1938 r.), Paspessr H nxau l<ypl'aHU. HAal! H pa3fle.a KOCTfHlJ!,!a. f - 'Jepelll<H; 2 -llecosaR rKPb~a.

B op,HOHHaCbmH, f1pe,l1,CTaBMICT coGaD nepezcaTOK .a;pel3Hero 06bllJa5! 3aXopOHeH1Ul: B o6rgen po,lI;OBOU YCbl!1aAbHHge, Ha6AlOAaei\lOfO y rscex ceaepHbIX CAaB.5'!HCKHX IIJl.eMeH.

Ko 2~n npyrme I<.ypraHoBC C:OL!OKeHHeJM WHOCSITCH Te HB HHX, B KOTOPblX coassceaae npOH.3- BO,1l;lliAOCb na MeCTe coopyacenaa aacema. K HliM OTHOCSl.TC5I KY.praHbl; 1896 r. -NQ 1; 1897 r..N!!NQ 11, 20; 1898 r.-NQ.NQ 1,7,8,18,19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 32, 42, 50; 1902 f. - NQ 1; 1913 r. - NQ 10; 1938 r, - NQ,N'Q 1, 4. 5, 7. 9. CAe\ltbI KOCTpliIMa paCIIO.l\aralOTCR B OCHOBamnl HaCbII1H H pease asrme B caMOH HaCbInH H npeacraBMHOT C060R BbITnHYTble B onpeaexeaaou sanpaBAeHHH HAM paaopocaamee 6ecq>O{)MeHHble CI(OIllteHHn o6yr lteHHbIX rrxax XiBo(:fI.fOrO (cocaa ) HJ\lll AHCTBeHHoro (6epe3a) p,epeBa H MeAKHe xycKH yrJ\JI. Pasaeper KOC-rPHI!!, paanooepaausi, ax .21,HaMeTp ,1I,OCTHfaeT AO 5.70 M. EAHHWlHO BCTpeqaAl-ICb orpoxaere no pa.3MepaM KOCTpRIga, Hanpmrep B KypraHe NQ 50-1898 r. Do rrJl.OIga,l(H

KOCTpHr,ga paccesnu KaAbwmnfp0B3.HHbIe KoeTH H MorHAbHblH HHBeHTapb, B TOM "·mCAe paazaaxeaHble COCy,1l;bI. 11. A, THXOMHPOB orsrexaer, "lITO 60Jl.bWe yr MI coxpaaserca B rex cxyxaax, rae IlAaXH 6blAH 6epeBOBble HAH. OAbXOBble. 1

,ZJ.OBOAbHO "'IaCTO nca KOCTpHI,geM 6blAH obuapy<KeHbl llMKH, aaaxorasasre OIIMcaIiHbIM B 1-H rpynne, B KQTOPbIX nOMergaAocb CKOIIAe{·u-re KaAb ll,Hlm poBaHHblX KOCTell. OHn 6blAn o6HapymeHbi B xypraaax 1898 r.-N2N! 1, 8,42; 1838 r.-NQ 1 (pFlc.3); 1939 r. - NQ 25.

Ha pJ'i,ll.y C 3THM BC'I':peQal0TCl'l xyprams C ocTaTI .. axa K'O'CTpHI,!!a ma MaTe.pHKe, npll.'IeM CKOIlAeHHfl KaAbgHHHpoBaHHblX KOCTen noaergaxace B nacsma Ky.praHa. O,ll;HOPO,ll;HblM xapaxrep HHBeHTapR f!e 'Bbl3bIIBaeT COMHeiHHR, tITO B aTHX cxynaax Mol HMeeM p;eAO C OCTaTf(aMH oaaoro H Taro m.e rIOrpe6eHIH! (nanp. Ng 1-1896 r.).

1 AnCIIHHI( pacxorrox VI.. A. TU7.0MlfPOlH\ l) 1897 H 1 B98 rr. rMM, IllOHII 99, en. zpan, 42.

----- .. ----.-~-~~---. ------------

8mH.OteHe3 BOCmO'l1tbIX C.W8~H.

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B OTJI,eAbHbIX CAyqaJlX (N2 7-1938 r) MO~HO roaopare 0 HaAHqHH B xypraaax He60AblliHX Aepe~ BHHHbIX coopym.eHlHH: - cpytios, peKOHeTpYHpo~ sa're xapaxrep KOTOPbIX HeB03Mom.HO B BH.i'!.Y HX CHAnHoro nOBpemJl,eHH_II oraea,

KypraHbI C T.pynOC02KtKeHHeM rra MeCTe HaCbInH RCTpeqaIOTCH .3HaqHTeAbHO pezse, qeM xypraasr nepsoro THna. IlOA06HbIH 06PHJI, 6bIA scrpesea na r He.3J1,OBCKOM MOrHAbHl(Ke, npHqeM ccaoseamae KoeTH qaCTO nOMe1;Ba.M1Cb B ypay, 1 T aROBnl 60Ab~ mae qepHHrOlBCKHe KypraHbI.2 A. A. CIUI!!,blH yxaasnaaer aa HeHopMaHCRHH xapaxrep aroro o.6~ p_IIJI,a. COmmeHH.R:, COBepIIIeHHble aa MeCTe KYP~ raaa, rrpasna, npeacraaxeasr B WBe,ll;CKUX norpe- 6eHH_lIx aa EhOPKO, OJl,HaKO no P_II,lI;y npaaaaxos OHa OTJl..HqHbI OT HaID'HX norpe6eHHH.

11.3 2~H rpynnbI COtKmeHHH MHxaHA'OBOl(OrO

MOrHJl.bHHRa BbIJI,eMllOTCH aBa cAyt:IaH aeoaacxparHbIX com.meHHH. B xypraae N2 20-1897 r. B HaCbInH na pa.3HOM yposae sc'rpeseaer JI)Ba KOCTpHl!!a.

El!!e 6oJl.ee HHrepeCHbIM SiBMleTCR xypraa

N2 50-1898 r., rAe aa xarepaxe nOA !!eHrpOM nacema BCTpeqeHO orpcuasrx paasrepos KOCTpHl!!e, aa KOTOPOM 6hlAH pasopocansr (ICTaTKH commeHHH H HaXOAHAC,fI COCYA C HHlBeHTapeM. KpOMe aroro, s paSHbIX qaCTHX HaCbIIIH HaHAeHbI CKOII..I\eHIUI nepeaoseanerx KOCTeH, paCnOA02KeHHble aa f>a3HbIX rAy6HHax, HO He BbIIIIe qeM 0.36 M HaA KOCTpaI,!!eM 11; npeHMyx,geCTBeHffO B cesepaoii nOAOBHHe

..... aacsma, Heconaeaao, qTO :3TOT KpynHbIii xypraa C KocTpHrgeM H MHorOKpaTHbIMH aaxopoaeaaaxn OCTa'rKOB C02K2KeHH.R: na CTopOHe SiBJI..SIeTC.SI O.n;HHM H3 ,n;:peBHenillHx aa MHxaHAoBcKOM MorHAhHlHKe, qeMY He nporaaopexar H BergecTBeHHble OCTaTKH. OTMeTHM, qTO HMeHHO STOT xypraa, B BlI.n;e HeKJl.lQ'leHHH, KOna..l\C.SI aa CHGe, qeMY MbI IH 06H:3aHbI 60Aee nOJl,p06HbIMH OBep;eHHHMH 06 o6palte rrorpe- 6eHH.R:.

j(Jl.H ztpeannx xypranos C aeOItHOKpaTHbIMH norpe6eHHHMH xapasrepasru npHSHaKOM .SIBARIOTCH CAe~bI HeoAHoKpaTHoH n0.ztCbIIIKH HaCbIIIH - ~yroo6pa3Hble npOCJl..OHKIK ceporo Q;BeTa, npeacraaamo- 1l!He IIorpe6eHHYIO rro'IBy C BKAlOqeHHHMH xocreii H yroxsxoa. 06blqHO B nacemsx lBCTpeQaIOTC5I 2-3 nOJJ;o5HbIe npOCJl.OHKH, pacnoxoaseaasre oAHa Ha,zt ~pyroii. OHH 6bIJl.H OTMeqeHbl H. A. THXOMHPOBbIM B xypraae N!! 11-1887 r., nospeasaeaHOM B yeHTpe n03,i'WreH: Bnyc.l<Hoii SiMOH.

TaKKe me KypraHbI scrpeseaer aa T HMepeBCKOM MOI1KAbHHKe. 11. A. T HXOMHPOB OTMeqae:r npoeAOH~y !E iKy:praae NQ 3-1900 'f". Too .me aa6AIOaaxoce B 4Byx xypraaax T HMep'escKoro MorHAb~ HHKa, pacxonaansrx B 1939 r. (N2,NQ 14 H 16).

B «COIIKOBH,lI;HOM» xypraae N2 14-1939 r. xpyrraoro pasxepa (JI,HaM. 16 M H asrc. 2.5 M) HaCbInh HMeAa lJ,Be tJ;yroo6pa3HbIe cepste npOCAOHKH IIorpe6eHHOH rrosnsr, C oT~eAbHbIMH yroAbKaMH l{ KOCTHMH 2KHBOTHblX. B y,eHTpe HaCbInH BCTpe-

I A. A C n HUh[ H. r HeMOBCJ(He KypraHbl B pacxorrxaz C. J1. Cepreesa, HAl\. aem, 15, CTp. 6 H CA.

2 A. R .. CaM 0 K B a COB. MOrRAll! PYCCKOH .!!eM,ur.

M" 1908,

qeHb! oC'raTKH ,n;ep.ooHHHorocoopymeHHR U3 HCT· AeBWHX IIJl..aX Ii IS ern rrpeaexax HAll HeCIKOJl.bKO B CTopOHe xa paSHbIX rAy6HHax 06Ha'PY'J'KeHO He iMeHee 16 ·comm·eH'HH, HOMeIgeHHbIX AH60 ;a SIM'Rax, rroxp bIT blX KCIIMeHHblMH nAHT'KaMH It -KpynHbIMH SaJ1.YHaMH. J\.iHl60 B BHAe KyrIe!K 2E.1KeHbIX KOCTeH

~ B ~

pa'SHOH ~BeAHqHHbI. CTopORe OT coa;meHlHH, B ce-

:sepO-3alnalJ,HOH .noxe xyprana, scrpeseaa ,KaMeHHaH:

KAa.zt,Ka B !EHA€! IllAOIga,1l;JKH OOaJl.bHOH cpOpMbI, CJl.OmeHfliaH H3 aaxynoa cpeaaax paaxepoa, a B Y'ffiiTpe xypraaa IB IMaTepHKe RMa !!,HAHHApnqem<OH: q>OlpMbI c ep'HHHqHbIMH KOCT_lJMH .?:KHBOTHbIX (pHC. 4).

B xypraae N2 16, MeHbIIIHX paassepoa, B aaCbIIIH TaK)Ke Ha6AIOlJ,aAHCb ABe Jl,yroo6 paaasre rrpOCAOHKH, a B yeHT;pe xypraaa aa pa3HbIX rAy- 6HHax acrpeseasr 9 CO~OKeHIKH B BH.n;e oTAeAbHbIX CKOIIAeHHH KaAb:gHHHpOIBaHHbiX xocreil, orpanasenHbIX no 60RaM o6rOpeJ1.bIMH nJl.aXaMH HJl.R B HMxax B MaTepHRe. HnmHHH: HPYC commeHlHH Kat, 6bI OI'paHHqHlBaJl..CH c .n;BYX CTa-POH .ztAHHHbIMH 06- yr Jl.eHHbIMn nxaxaxra, DH,lRMO raiose IIpeACTaB~. Jl.HlOIgHMIH OCTaTKl{ ,lepeB5IHHOrO coopyaseana, .

jLepeB5IHHbIe H KaMeHHbIe coopyzaenaa B aacsrrin xypraaos C MHorotJHCJl.eHHbIMH .3aXOpOHeHH.R:MH cOmmeHlHH: OOblt:IHbI AAR ,n;peIlHeHIIIHXCJl.aBJ-IHCKHX naMRTHaKOB HOBI'OPO.ztCRoH seMAn - TaR Ha3bF BaeMhIX conox, KaMeHHaR KJl.alJ,Ka H CAeAbI ztepeBRHHbIX coopyzseaaii HMelOTCSI B conxax y c. MHxaax-Apxaarex H CTapOH AaAorH aa BOAXOBe.

HCCAe.ZJ;oBaHHbIX H. E. EpaH.zteH6yproM, 1 H B-

MHOrOqHCAeHHbIX conxax no p. AOBaTIH, HCCAe.ztO~ BaHHblX A. K. I1BaHoBiCKHM.2 )(AR AOBa~!'I<HX con OK OqeHb xapax'repma H n'POCAOH:KH B nacsma, I'OBO~ p.R::r,gH~ 0 ABYX~ If 'T'peXIK,paTHOK II0.ztCbInKe aacemeii.

KaMeHHaH KAaAKa na T HMepeBCKOM MorHAbHH&~ 6bIAa scrpeseaa HeCKOAbKO pas. BH,lUiMO, ee HMeA B BH.lty A. H. KeJl.bCHeB, YKa3bIBaH aa xypraasr, «BbIAOmeHHhle KaMHRMH», TOI'Aa KaiK Hapy_a-mOH RaMeHHOH KJl.a,;.ztKH aa T HMepeBCKOM MorHAnHHKe otiaapyaeeno He 6bIAO. 8TOT <paRT OTMeqaA eIge 11. A. THXOMKpOB.3 OH <>6HapymHJI. POA KAaAKH B T HMepeB'CKOM IKypraHe N2 1-1900 r. Ha MHxaHAOBcKoM MOrHJl.bHHKe B xypraae N2 5-1938 t'. 6bI.JI.. acrpesea B HaCbIIIH pop; RaMeHHOH KAa;Uaf oxpyr Jl.OH CPOPMbI R3 KOJl.OTblX 060mmeHHblX KaJM~ HeR. B. A. r 0POAUOB B AOKAall.e MOCKOBCKOMY apxeoJl.lOrHqeeKoMY o6rgecTBY 0 pacsorrxax na MHXaHJl.OB.cROM MOrHJl.bHHKe B 1902 r. OTMet:I3ieT: «!TIpH pacxonxax ... ObIAH 3l\1MeqieHbI H(llBble t:Iep~ Tbl 06pHJI,a rpyrrocoaosenaa, HaH,n;eHHbIe BeIgH 6bIJl.H nOMergeHbI B HeooAbIUoM, asoraa asrxozsenHOM KaMHeM YI'Ay6J1.eHlHH nOA xocrpargea». 4

OGe rpyrmsr lKYipraHOB, KaIl( C COmmeHHeM, COlBepmeHHblM H& Mecre, TaN. H C commeHHeM, COBep~ IIIeHHbIM na CTopOHe. .HBMllOTCH XpOHOJl.OrnqeCKIi

I H. E. B p a H It e H 6 y p r. KypraHhI lOmHoro nf!RAaP;O*b1l. Marep. no apxeox. POCCHH, Nil 18. 1895, crp, 135 H CA.

2 A. A. C n H U hI H. COTlKH H mU.bHHKH. 3an. PYCCK. apzeox, o6I!!;., T. XI (acaaa CepH.Il). 1899.

.3 AeJl.O Nil 82/1900 r. Pacxorrxa 11. A THXoMHpoBa B flpOCA&BCKOK ry6epHHH H ye3,1i;e.

~ ApeBHocTH, T. XXI, SNII. 1. flPOTOKOAb.l, CTp. 52.

,* ~

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C1 Oc2
6 If
8 _>
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;~ 10

c

Pee, 4. TIIMepcnclUlii MOl'HAblml~. Kypl'llll N\! 14--·1%9 I"

f) !.\IaT, 11 nCC;JC'):{. 110 a]HPO,!, CCCI', .:\; H

:::),mlOll?rtI?3 80CmO'lHblX CA.Q8l1H

op;HOBpeMeHHbIMH, B qeM MbI y6e.l(I1MC}1 p,allbllle npM 0630pe HHBeHTapH.

TIpemAe 'IeM nepeiirn K xaparcrepacrmce naxoAOK. Heo6xoAHMO OCTaHOBHTbCJl na xypraaax, no CBoeMY 06pHp,y npeacraaasrotgax OTKAOHeHl1H OT senneonacaausrx rpynn,

B pacxonxax 11. A. T:Hxo~mpOBa HMeAaCb gexan cepas nacerneii, COp,epJKilBUJHX AHIllb cAoiI 30AbI H yroxexcs na xarepaxe H B pHP,e CAYQae13 HeKOTopbIH nasearape - 'Ial.!!,e scero (jJparMeHTbl cocyaos. T aROBbI sypraast: 1897 r. - N~NQ 12 II 15; 1898 r.-NQNQ 4, 10, 16, 23, 29; 1913 r.NQ 7. HecoMHeHHo, 'ITO aTH rrpHQHCAHTb K xyprauaa 'l-ii rgHM OeTaTRI1 paspynreamax

xypraxer cxeayer rpynrrst, cozepzsacommeHHH. B rex

C.II.yqaHX, xoraa KaAbgl1HHpoBaHHble KoeTH novergaAHcb BblCOKO B HaCbInH, 6bIllO p,ocTa TOlJHO He- 3Ha~IHTeAbHoro ee nOBpej'J~tJ;eHH5I, '!T06bl y nH'-IT 0- n'i:HTb CAe,llbr C02KmeHIUr.

BCTpelleHbI npu craperx ipacxomcax raxzse 11 nycr sre xypram», B 60AbmHHCTse cxysaes OTCYTCTBMe norpetieana JlBMleTCH pe3YAbTaTOM paspyureaas HAH HeAOCTaTOlJllO noxnoro HCC.II.ep,OBaHH5I HaCbIl1H. B OT,lteAbHbIX cAYQa51X rrycrere HaCblTIH Mar AM npeacrasxare C060H peSYAbTaT cyrgecraoaasmero B ,ZJ;peBHoCTH 06bIQaH coopyacenna «nasornroro» xypraaa B 1.J:eCTb n{).rt1:6UIHX na CTo·pOHe.

KypraHbl co CMellIaHHbIMll norperieaaaua - COmmeHHJlMH' H rpynonoxoaseaaaan - npet(CTaBAHIOT OT,ZJ;eAMlble HC:KAlOtzeHHfI. B xypraae Ng 34-1898 f. B aacsma acrpenea 6bIA pa3,ltaBAeHHbIH: cocy /1" B KOTOPOM HaxO,l\HAllCb OCTaTKU COIKmeHH5I. Hum.e no,lJ;. cocyaov HaXO,lJ,HAOCb ,lJ,peBHee rpynonoxoaseHHe BORHa BMeCTe c norpedeaaex KOHJI H erge Hllme eropoe coaoseaae. Oorpe6eHHe C KOHeM He JiBA.HeTCJI e,lJ;.HHRllHbIM. Ha MHxaHAOBeKOM MOfHAbHHKe OCTaTKH J(OHCKoro 3axopOHeHHJ'[ 6blAH scrpeqeHbr TaKl'Re B HeCI<OAbKHX COmmeHH5IX (aanp. xypran NQ 10-1897 r.). B xyprane Ng 44-1898 f. MHxaHAoBcKoro MOfHAbHHKa B aacsmu 6bIAH acrpexeasr 06AOMKH cocyza (BH;'l,HMO c OCTaTJ<aMU COiKmeHHl'r) H HHiKe ztpeaaee rpynorroxoaceaae c BeIlJ,aMH.

Ha T HMepeBCKOM MorHAbHHJ<e TaKm.e UiMeeTCq HeCKOAbKO AI060nblTHblX cxynaes cueuraaaerx norpe6eHHi1. B xypraae NQ 14-1900 r. :B HaCbIIlH xyprana 6blAO BCTpeqeHO commeHHe Ii na 3HalJHTeAbHOM paCCT05IHHH OT Hero 60Aee n03,1l;Hee 'rpynonoAomeHHe. Haase aa MaTepHKe 6b[.II.0 Hauzteao aropoe 60Aee zpesnee coacseaae. 06'b5Ic" HeHHe H. A. T HXOMIi:POBbIM ,llaHHOrO cxyxasr xa« O,1l;HOBpeMeHHoro 3axopOHeHHJI rocnozaaa, HaA02K· HHgbI H y6HToro pa6a He o60eHOiBaHO. B xyprarrax NQ 4-1938 f. H NQ 19-1939 r. 6blAH BCTpeqeHbl rpyrrorroxoaceana, aapymaaurae HaXO.ll.HBumeca :s HaCbDIIH 60Aee zpeaaae co'mmeHH.!l. Depaoe H3 YJ<a3aHHbIX norperienaii, na OCHOlBaHHJl MOHeTb[ H zpyrnx HaXO.ll.OJ<, MomeT 6bITb ,l\a THpOBaHO cepenaaoii X B. T aJ<HM o6pa30M BbIJIBA~eTC)I secexa AK>6onbITHbIH <PaKT COCYIIJ,!&-TBOBaHHJI B 'l'eqeHHe, BepOJlTHO, IKOPOT!J<Oro B,peMeHH ,lJ,iByX o6pJIAOIB - TpynoC02KmeHHJI H rpyrronoxoacenaa.

I1HTepecHo OTMeTllTb, qTO B caoe spellUI aorrpoc

o XpOHOl\.OrHtzeCKOM pa3rpaHf!tIeHHlf pa3AHQHbIX

o6p5I.lI.OB norpefieann BbI.3BaA MHoro cnopos. B. A. r opongos rrpanepzoraaxca MHeHH5I, lJTO 06pJI,lJ,. commeHIH.H H norperieaaa cyrgecrnoaax xa Maxairxoacxosr MorIfAbHHz<e O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO, LITO 5IBAJIAOCb npH3HaKOM cogaaxsaoro pa3AHlJH5I, H C02RmeHHe npaueaxxoce COCT051TeAblIbIM ,eAoeM naCe.ll.eHHJI. I

IV

UepeXOAJI K xapaKTepUCTHKe HaXOAoK, npOlfCXO.lI.5IlgJ{~ 113 otieax rpyrm TpynocommeHHH, aeoriXO,lJ;HMO OTMeTHTb npem.ll.e acero 6e.ll.HOCTb H 0'1'HOCHTe.ll.bHOe oaaoofipaaae HHBeHTap5L

KpoMe ynOM5'lHYTOH asiure rAHH5IHOH: nocymsr, npn COiKIKeHH.!lX BCTpeqalOTClI OCTaTIUi yxpanrenaii H rrpe,'l;MeTOB y6opa, meAe3Hbre HomH, TOllHAbHb[e 6pYCKH, MOHeTbI, OCTaTJ<H KOCTHHbIX rpe6HeH H yxoaeprox H AMllJb B HCJ<AIOQHTeAbHbIX cxyxaax KaRoH-AH60 ,lJ,.pyroH: HHBeHTapb, B qaCTHOCTH npeaMeTbi aoopyasetrxa. OrpOMHblH aarepec npezeTaBAJlfOT r AHHJlHble H3,lJ,eJ\.M~ HeCOMHeHHQ ptrryaxe aoro naaaaseaas - KOAbija !H H306pameHHJ'! Me,llJBembeH (? ) xansr, BCTpelJeHHbIe KaK B MH' xaHAOBCJ<OM, TaK 11 B T HMepeBcKoM MOfHAbHHKax.

Ha MHxaHAoBcKOM MorHAbHHz<e 6bIAO Hai1:-

AeHo ncero 12 r AHHJlHbIX xan [xypraasi: 1897 r. - NQ 7 (Ta6A. I, 4) H 12; 1898 f.N!?NQ 20, 44 H 50; 1938 r. - NQ 3, 6 (Ta6.11.. I, 2), 7, 15 H 16; 1939 r. -NQ 22]. Bcer,lJ,a. ,3,1, IiCKArOqeHHeM zrayx cxysaea (1938 r. - NQ 6 11 1939 r. NQ 22), xamr conpoaozcaaxacs r.ll.HHJIHbIM'H KOAbijaMH. B xypraae 1897 r. - NQ 7 acrpexeasr 2 AaUbl; KpOMe Toro, OTMe'Ie!HbI ABa cxysan HaXO,llKH O,lJ,HHX KOAey (1896 r. - NQ 1 Ii 1898 r. - N2 46). Bo ncex H.3BeCTHbIX cxysaax r AHH~Hble xansr HaXO,1l;MAHCb aa MaTepHKe, 06bIlJHO Pfl.ll.OM C COCY,lJ;.OM-ypHOH HAM HfWr,lJ;.a BHyTpH Hero. Hu B O,ZJ;HOM CAY4ae xansr He 6blAH BCTpe'-leHbI B iracerrra BMeCTe C KaAbgHHHpoBaHHbIMH KOCTJ!MM. CoxpaHHOCTb xan H KOAey OQeHb nxoxaa:

OHU 06bIQHO 6bIBaFOT paapyurensr KOPHJlMH l1.epeae ea. 4aeTb HX caexaaa H3 Heo60mmeHHOH PbIXAOH rARHbI C rrpHMeCflMH, naAblJbI rpytio HaMe'IeHbI, xacre me H3rOTOBAeHa 113 060mmeHHOH rJl.lfHbI xopourero KaQeCTBa ceporo HAH xpacaoro gBeTa, na.ll.b!;!bI crpopxoaansr 60Aee peAb·e<pHO. 06bl'IHbIe paasrepsr xan: .lI.A'HHa 9-14.5 eM, umpIiHa 5-10 CM, 0AHa - TblAbHaJI - eTopoHa 06bllJHO BblTIYK.II.aJl, .n;pyraJl BorHYTaJl. Pa3MepbI KOAeg pa3AHlJHbI: p,HaMeTp OT 8 ,llO 20 CM; ceveaae ·6bIBaeT rpanegaeeaaaoe, TpeyroAbHoeHAH xpyrxoe (Ta;6A. I, 3).

K .lXpeBHeHllJHM norpe6eHH.!lM Maxaiixoacxoro MorHAbHHKa HaM rrpeacraaxnerca B03MOLfiHbIM OTHeeTM COa>meHHflB xpynasrx xypranax (1898 r.NQNQ 20 H 50). B KOTOPbIX cpeaa rrponer-o HHBeHTa:pJI acrpe-reasr Hr .II.HHflHbIe /laJIlbI. BKypraae 20 'B aacrarnr, cpeaa KaAbgHHHpOiBaHHbIX xocreii, OKa.3aACJI l'KeAe3HbIH: HOiK, no <popMe 6AH3KHH

1 4peSH'OC'I'H, T. XXI. aern. 1. ITPOTOKOAbI, CTp. 54 H CA.

MI1XaHJl.OBCKHH 11 TIlMepeBClmH MOrHAbHHI{H. fAHHJ!Hble .lIan!:>! J.! KO.A.I>:gO.

J - TRUepeBCl.:HH sror., xypr, Ne 20-187S:r.; 2 - MJlxa'iJ.oilcl<uii Mor., lqpr. Ns 6-1938 r.; 3 - MIIl<aiboliCKl!ii Mor., 'xypr. ;'(2 1-5·~193S r.;

. 4 - MuxaUhOINKIIU Mor" Kypr. N, 7 -1897 r.t 5 - Tll"epelloRHI~ xoc., RyPl'. N~ 25-1939 r,

9*

HomaM U3 conox J\.eHHHrpa,ll;CKOH 06AaC1'11, 1 HO 60Aee YlI.AHHeHHbIH. Ha MaTepl1Ke ira cxoe yrMI ncrpexeaer AenHOH cocyz C HaCe'lKOH no xparo, ~parMeHTbI fAl1H5.lHOrO KOAbga, <pparMeHTHpOBaH~ HaH xana H acexeanaa npszsxa B <popMe npaxoyroxsnasa c .ltByM~ BorHYTblMli CTOpO'HaMH (ra6A. V, 18; crp, 78), aHaAOrHtIHa5.l HaH,lI;eHHO}t B BOAXOBCKHX COlIKax (Oo6e.ll.HIge 140, KOMrrA. V). 2 Bcrpesena raxaee nAaCTHHKa C oTorHYTblMH KOHgaMH - .KOqe,ll;bIK. B KypraHe NQ 50 H3 orpox- 110M; KOCTpHrge, pacrrOAomeHHOM 1Ia xareptnce, CTO.sIA KpynHbIH AenHOHCOCY,'J, 6aHOtIHOH <pOPMbl (rana pHC. 5, /, CTp. 71) H IB HeM BergH: aeCKOAbI{O 6POH30BblX np5.lll . zoyroxenstx a2KypHbIX (TaGA. V. 14) nAaCTHHOK, 2 KPlOqKOBH)J,HO H30~ rHYTblX crepasensxa, QeqeBHgeo6pasHble nyroaxn, npoCBepAeHflbdi acrparax 606pa, q) parxetrr r AH~ naaoro KOAbga H xana.

06a xosrnxercca, H3 OCHOBaH:H'H rrpeaueroa, aHaAOrHqHbIX H3XO,ll;HMblM B conxax, a T3JOf{e panneMepllHcKoH nO,'J,BeCKe, MorYT 6bITb AaTHpOBaHbI B'peMeHeM He noaanee IBTOPOI1 nOAOBl1HbI VI II D.

K 9TOMY me BpeMeHH OTHOCHTC5.l xypran NQ 27- 1898 r. MHxaHAoBcKo·ro MnrHAbHHKa. B aToM: nacema aa KOCTpHJ,!!e na MaTepHKe scrpeneasr OCTaT~ li.H coma;.eHH5I, lloMergeHHbIe B AenHOM cocyae H3 r AMHhI C 3epHaMU xsapua, C Hacetu<OH. no RpaJO. COCY,lI; 6blA HaKpbIT TOACTOH :KPbIlllKOH: H3 cAa60 o6om*emlOH: r AllahI. B HeM BCTpe'leHbI BMeCTe c OCTaTKaMH COLKmeHHiI meAeSHble HOmHI1gbI c nxacTHHtJ:aToll H30rHYTOH ~ymKoll, RAlOtJ:, ROtJ:e,ll;bIR U BH,1J;e aarayroro Ilta I<.OHge CTepmH~, HOm. apxaaqeCKOI1 (~OPMbI, BHCO"lHOe 6POH30Boe KOAbYO H cepe6paHaH MOHeTa OMe.R:,lI;bl BacHT 94 r. XHAm.PbI (712-713 rI'.)c Up06liTbIM oTsepcTHeM.3

MOHeTHaJI HaXO,1J;Ka B ,1J;aHHOM cxy-rae M02KeT ,1J;OBOAbHO TOqHO ,lI;aTHpOBaTb norpeoeaae. ECAH lJ;a.iKe llpUHaTb ee MaKCHMaAbHO .ll.AHTeAbHoe 6bI~ TOBaHHe (50-80 AeT). TO xypraa MomeT 6bITfJ 'Jr.aTItpOBaH He n03AHee STOPOH rrOAOBHHbI VI II E. OTMeTRM npH STOM, 'ITO AMI: Ha'H6oAee paRHHX commeHHH xapaKTepHO OTCYTCTBue CRaHAHHaBcKHX H3AeAHH.

\ EOAbllHHCTBO xypraaos MHxaHAOBCKoro MOrHAbHHKa, B KOTOPbIX 6bIAH HaHlJ;eHhI r AHH5.lHble xarrer, npHHaAAemHT IX H X CT.

MaCCHSH311 rAHHRHa5.l xarra H3 rpy6oH, cepoii, 060mmeHHOH rAHHbI (Ta6A. I, 4) acrpenerra B xyprane N~ 7 - 1897 r. OHa conposoacaaxace cpparMeHTaMH rAHH5.lHbIX KOAeg. TpaneYHeBH,lI;HbIX B CeqeHHH. H 1lparMeHTOM )J,pyroH .ll.arrbI. 113 corrposoasaaroigax HaXOJJ;OK OTMeTHM: ,ll;AHHHbri:i 1'0- tJ:J{AbHbIH: 6pyCOK, TOtJ:HAbHylO nAHTKy C OTBepCTHeM, OGJ\OMOK Ae3BH.sJ: Meqa, He6oAbIIIOH meAe3~ HbIH man c 3arHYTbtMH KOHyaMH, 06AOMKIf 1Ke~

T B. yL P a B .It 0 H H K a c. DaMlITHHKU <lnOXH BOSHHKHOlJ.elUBI [j)eoAaMf3Ma B KapeAHH H lO.-B. Ilplv,a,1lombe. H3s. r AYlMK, Bl>lll. 94, Ta6A. XIII, 6.

2 XpaHHTCJI B rOC. 8pMHTame. - H. E. Epa H A e H· 6 y P r, KypraHbI lOmHoro [JoUAaP,OmbJI. Marep. TIO apxecx. POCCHH, N~ 1 8, . CTp. 138.

3 l1cTOpHQeCKUH MY3eH. KO,u. 990-1 0, onpeaexeane IHI

OCHOBaHIUf OTlIe'IaTKa C,!J;eAClHO A. A. EblKOBblM (roc.

8pMUTam).

xesa, QaCTb (1'a6A. VII, HOll MOHeThI

xocraaoii nAaCTHH'KIH C opuasreurou 9, CTp. 81), cppa:rMeHT IBOCTO'1- (116paI'HM 804 r.?) H np. Bee 91'0

Aei'KaAO aa MaTepHKe B xy-nce C02KmeHHblX xocreii, cpenn HHX BCTpe'1eH KAbIK mHBOTHoro (co6aKU HAH SOAKa?). Ha OCHOBaHHU MOHeTHoH HaXOlJ;KH KOMllAeRC MomeT 6bITb AaTHpOHaH cepeaaaoii IX B.

B xypraae N2 16-1938 r. MRxaHAOBcKoro MO~ rHAbHHKa B aacerrnr BCTpe'1eHO coaosenne C HO)KOM; q) parwear AanbI. AemaA na Ma repnxe, PHAOM C pa3,'J,aBAeHlIbIM COCYAOM )J,peBu€l1 <Jl6PMbl c 4:YTb BOI1HYTbIM nnyrpe BeHtIllKOM (Ta6A. I I. 2, CTp. 72). Ilo)J,06Hbre )I{e coey ~bI 6blAH BCTpetfeHbI B TaK H(\3bIBaeMbIX AHTOBCKHX xypraaax 11 ira jJ;bHKOBOM roponarge nOA MOCKBOH, 1 KOMnxexc M02KHO ,2J.aTHpOBaTb, sepOfITHO, TeM me apeMeaeM. 'ITO H npe)J,bIAYIf!,HH.

K aTOH m.e rpynne cxenyer OTHeCTH com.meHHC us xypraaa NQ 15-1938 r., Ir,2J.e aa MftTepHKe cpeaa KaAb!!HHHpOSaHHblX KOCTeH scrpexensr cepefipaaoe KOAetIKO C 3aBJ£SaHHblMH KOHyaMll H q)parMeHT nRTOt:IHOH qaCTH rJl.HHfIHOH xansr, AHaAOrHqHble KOAeqKH acrpenensr B paHHHX coaoseHH5IX f1p IuaAO 2K.MI (xypraa asnue BHxMec 71, l<OMnA. 4 HAP.).

EOAee MHOrOtIlfCAeHHbI HaXOAKH r AllHfIHblX xan H KOAeg B KOMnAeKcax nepaoii nOAOBHHbl X B.

B xyprarre NQ 1-1896 r. MHxaHAOBcKoro MOrHAbHHRa na xocrpmge, paCIIOAomeHHOM na Marepmce, acrpexeaer 06AOMKH rAHHHHoro KOAbya. flo KOMnAeRCY HaXO,ll;OK 'H3 C02K.meHlU{, pacnoxoaceanoro HaA KocTpHrgeM, - cscpxynoofipaaasm CPH- 6YAaM c rOAOBRaMI1. KOHb'KO~ (pac, 9, CTp. 75)xypran M02KeT 6bITb AaTHpOBaH nepaoji nOAOBHHOM X B. AHaA,otHt{HbIe cpH6YAbl H3BeCTHbI 13 fHe3AOBCROM MOrHJl.bHHKe.2 B. 11. CH30B OTHOCHA 9TH <PH6YAbI K HaH60Aee paHHHM o6pa3yaM. T.]. Arne HenpaiJ3HAbHO OTHOCHT ElTOT THn Q)H6YA K Hft-raxy XI B. B ncypr-axe .NQ 1-1896 r., KpOMe 'ror'o, scrpe-rener OKOB$a OT ACl>pqHKa, HO)KHHgbl, 'KAlOtf, nnm H np. He MeHee xapaxrepnstv 51BAlleTC}f KOMnAeKC xypraaa NQ 6-1938 r., r,2J.e BO BPblTOM B MaTepHK cocyae 6aHOt-IHOH (POPMbI 6blAH BCTpeqCHbI OCTaTKH com.m.eHH.fI, <ppa:rMeHTbI )J,BYX CKOPxynooopaaasrx q:m6YA cepeanasr X B. (Ta6A. IV, 2. crp. 76),6J\5.lUIKa «c mytJ:li.OM» (Ta6A. III, 1) H nexorop sre ApyrHe npe,lJ,MeTbI. PlIAOM Ha Ma~ repHKe,OK.OAO OCTaTKOB o6ropeAoH nxaxa Aem.aJ\& qlpa:rMeHTHpOSaHHa5.l r AHH~lHa5I xana KpacHoH r AlIHb! xoponrero o6mHra (Ta6A, I, 2).

K aTOH me rpyrme MomHO OTHeCTH coasaceaae H3 xypraaoa NQNQ 3 H 7-1938 f. MHXaH:AOBcxoro MorHAbHHKa.

B xyprane NQ 44-1898 r. MHxaHAoBcKoro MOrHAbHHKa aa MaTepHKe acrpexeao rpynonoxoaselIHe C KOnlJeM (Ta6A. VI, 4, CTp. 79) H TyT me nOA KOCr5.lKOM o,6HapymeHo coaoseaae - B co" cyae, YRpftWeHHOM 3Hr3aroo6p3sHbIMH OTTHCKaMR rpe6eHKH n rpe6eHqaTOH nacexsoii no xparo. Tal\l

I T PYAbI IX Apxeoxorusecxoro C'beS,1I.a B BHAbHe, T. II. 1883, Tat3A. XXVa, 2.

2 B. H. C H 3 0 B. Kyprausr CMOAenCKOll ry6epmiH.

Marep, ITO apxeox. PoceHH, N9 28, Ta6.11.. V, 20 H XII, 3.

fl. B. Cmannenu», K aoripoc] 06 37nHI1'lCCRO.l! cocmul1t~ liaC3.\CHllll flPOCA.G8ClCOlD IIO(JO'!!;nbJ! 13 IX-···X em. 69

?Ke BCTpe~eH q)parMeHT KOCT.HHOH rrAaCniHKI1 C opHaMeHTOM H3 .'3aUITpHXOaaHHblx TpeyroAbHHKOB (Ta6A. V II, 8, crp, 81), KOpOMbIC.'\O I,ap:\1aHHbIX BeCOB H rrp. KOMllJl.eKC MO?KHO ,lI,aTflpOSaTb cepezurHOH X B.

Ha T HMepeBCKOM MOrHJl.bHHKe BCTpeqeHO 9 r.xnHRHbIX J\.a{I (Ta6 ...... 1, 1 ; xypr, : 1878 r. - N? 20; 1939· r.-N!NQ 5,11,12,13 20 11 25), 06blt:IHO COrrpOBOlli.,lI,aSllIHXCl'I r .II.HHlIHblMfi KOAbgaMH, npeHMyrgecTBeHHO B KOMnAeKcax IX-X BB. B OT.ll.eJl.bHblX COlli.lli.emurx BCTpeqeHO no ABe xansi, B xypraue .NQ 17-1939 r. HaH,J,eHo AHlllb KOAbgO.

Ha OCHOBaHHH BblllIeH3AomeHHoro BHAHO, 'ITO r AHH.lIHble A3:nbI 11 KOAbga BCTpe4eHbI RaK B ApeBHeHllIHX, TaK 'H 8 60Aee n03,1!,HHX xypraaax, RaK B 6eAHblx COaOtieHHHX C O,J,HOPOAHbIM HHBelITapeM, TaR 11 B 60raTbIX xypraaax C npl1B03HblMH IIpe,1J,MeTaMH. Haxu-nre 3THX MarnqeCKHX H306palli.eHHH B 14 xypranax Ml1XaHJl.OBCI<OrO MorHAbHHKa H B 10 xypranax T HMeptBCKoro MorHAbHHKa (a Y·IT5I. HX TIJl.OXylO coxpaanocr», MO?KHO npeanoxarara, qTO I1X KOAHqeCTBO 6bIJl.0 60AhllIHM) YKa3bIBaeT na MacCOBoe nx npaneaenae 'B norpeoaxsnov o6p.lI.1J,e.

ECAH 06paTHTbC)l K paiiony pacnpocrpaaenasr raxax r AHHJlHbIX H306paas:eHHH aa TeppHTOpl1H CCCp, TO YBI1tJ;HM, qTO OH CBl'I3aH c POCTOBOCY3,11,aAbCKHM xpaexr, B 1850 f. npn pacxonxax K. H. Trrxoapaeoasur xypr anos Y c. BacHAbKH CystJ;aAhcKoro paiioaa, 6AH3KHX MHxaHAOBCKI1M, scrpe-reaer r .II.HHl'IHble xaner R KOAhga (xypr aaer J(gJ{Q 213 H 227). I

I10,1l,06Hble iKe CO)N.JKeHH.5I. c r AHH}[HbIMH AanaMH H KO.ll.hy;aMH 6bIAH 06HapYlli.eHbI npn pacxonxax A. C. YBapOBa y C. Becsxoao. y c. DOAbllia51. EpeM- 60.ll.a H B BH,1I,e e,ll,HHMqHbIX aK3eMHA5I.pOB y CC. f 0- pozrarge, lJlypcKaAo, DorocAoBo, Kycrepa, WOK- 1lI0BO 11 Bees CY3,11,aAbCKOro paiioaa 51pocAaBcKoH 06.1\.. 11 IOpbeBcKoro paiiona HBaHoBcKoU 06.11.. ~

EOAbllIHHCTBO norpeoeaaii rrpeacraaxaxo C060H COmmeHH5I, B nexo roperx li3 HHX scrpexeaer KY~ q)HQeCKHe MOHeTbI KOHga VIII-X CT. B O,l(HOM KOMnAeKce (E. EpeM60Aa, 1493), xana cortpoaom,ll;aAaCb MOHeTOH OTToHa I AO 996 r. r AHH5I.HbIC KOAbga H xarrer BCTpeqaAHCb BMeCTe, a HHor,ll;a Jot B HeCKOAbKI1X '3K3eMnAHpax. B Q,1I,HOM cxyuae xana 6blAa HaH,lI;eHa B norpefieaua B:o.1ec-re co CKOpAyllO~ o6pa3HoH qm6YAoM. A. C. YBapoB OTMeqaeT, 'ITO «r Jl.HH5!HbIe H306pameHH,H. qaIJ!e scero 'BCTpC'laAMeb a MOrH.!I.aX C mJKeHblM'H KOCT51MH H 06bIKHO-

a BeHHO Aelli.aT rroaxe cocy /.I, a C rrCnAOM».

OTMe'leHbI eAHHH'lHbIe HaxoAKl1 r.!l.l1HHHbJX xan B TpYIIonOAomeHHH (HanpHI\'lep BecbKoBo, KypraHbI

N2N2 830 M 1546).

Bcero no p,ueBHHKY A. C. YBapoBa OTMeLIeHO 20 KOMnACKCOB C Aa:na,Mil H 10 TOAbKO C KOJ\bI.!a~ MH. EC.II.:a yxec're MeTO/.l,MKY oTHX nOBa.!l.bHbIX pacKonOK, TO MO/KHO npeanoxar-are, qTO KOAUqeCTBO

1 A. A. C n H J,1 bl H. BAatI;HMHpCKHe KypraHbl, CTp. 91, pac, 89 H 108.

2 A. C. Y B a p 0 B. MCPflHC 11 11X 6bIT. T p. I Apxeox.

C'beSAa, T. 11. Bbl600KIf n~ JI,HeBHRKa, CTp. 820 If CA. 3 T<l.M a-;.e, CTp. 700-701.

nO;T,06HbIX HaXOil.OK ,J;O.\itiHO 6bITb 3H,l'HITeAbHO

60.\bllUM.

fAHHmroe KO.'\bgO 6bL\O BCTpe'leHO raxa;e na :o.WrU.'I.bHHKe v zr. Flcrpoacsoe 5IpocAaEcKoH 06,\.,

B xyprarrc NQ 1 !f3 pa:CK0!10f, H. C. A6pa:-'lOBa " B 1908 r.

Bne TeppHTOpI1H CCCP HaXO,J.KH r.'\.HH~Hb!X .van e;r,HHHqHbI. K HX qHCAY OTHOCHTCH HaXO,J,KIl Ii:, xypr-annoro ;\lorHAbHHKa V II I-IX BE. Y r 0,'1,61-0 B A.\aH.rr.Hu. l1cC,\e,;J,oBaTeAb aroro MOnf.'\bHlll'Cl C'lHTaA aaxo.nor r .\HHHHbIX xan e;J.liHCTBeHHbUo.UI ,J,A)l 'roro apexremr B ctJHHM!H;lliH n WBe~nH H paccxrarpnnax 06blqall KAaCTb B norpetierrua H30- 6paiKeHI-H1 xan, B Ka'leCTBe socnpanaror-o o'r 'lqJ}1HCKHX nAeMeH BHYTpeHHeu POCCUM>,. l

B patiore E. Kivikoski ;:J.aeTCl1 noapotinoe OIIlIcanue 15 xan, BCTpe'leHHbIX aa AAaH,1I,cKllx OCTpOsax,:! npOHCXO,1l,f1IgJ1X 1t3 COIKJKeHHH: nap' xaxenHOli HaCblI1biO, rae npOCAelKHBa)\HCb OCT3TKll 1'0- crpan;a. 06bIQHO xansr AeiKaAll PH!(OM C YPHOH. 3Aecb OHH, BU,J;I1MO, He conpoaca.aaxnc» KO,\b~ gal\1H. EOAbllJlHCTBO liB HlIX aBTOp OTHOCliT 1'\ Jl306palKeHl1}lM Me,ll,Bea;beli xansr, a OT,'J,eAbHble 31\~ 3eMrrj\}lpbI K H306pa?tieHH.lIl\I 606pOBOH If Aam.e co- 6atIbell AaDbJ H OAHH 3KSeMnA.R:p K H306pa:m.eUHlO qe-AOBelleCKOH PYKH. no HHBeHTaplO norpefieuuii Jl.anbl AaTHpYlOTC)l KOHllOM VII-IX BB. B CxanAHH3BHH Aanbl HeH3BeCTHbT, sa HCRAlOQeHHeM rppar:'ieHTHpOBaHHoro axaejrnxapa H3 Sodermanland. E. Kivikoski YKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO C He60.'l.bllIHM aepoaTHeM P0ll.HHY TIO;l,06HbIX H306pameUHH nyzsao HCKaTb B POCCHH, 8 XOTH sortpoc erge OCTaCTCf{ nel1CHbIM.

OTCYTCTBne r AHH51HbIX AaTI cpean O(TaTKOB noCCAem'!.}1 H lKl-IAllI!! :nOH anoxa, a TUKme YCJl.OBHH naXOlK.ll,eHH51 HX B MOfHAbHHKax, C HeCOMHelHlOCTbIO CBH,lI,eTeAbcTByeT 0 MarH'-IeCKOM xapaxrepv 3THX rrpe,l(MeTOB. 06blqaH KJ\aCTb 3Tli nsotipazseHUH B MorRAY HMeeT, BepOHTHO, CBH3b C 06P.H)I.OM. BCTpeqeHHbIM B COIIKax no H1l2fmeMY Te':leHHKi p. BOAxoBa. B ueCKOAbKHX 113 pacxonaaasrx H. E. EpaHlI.eH6yproM corncax cpezn COIKllieUHblX KOCTeH 6hIAll acrpexenet xor-renme qluJ,aHrl1 MC,J.Bell.H BMceTe C HHBeHTapeM VII-VIII H lX-·· X BB,! HaxoAKH Koncu OTMeqCHbI U B xypranax POCTOBo-CY3AaAbcKoro xpaa, B xypraae NQ 2085 Y c. fop0,lJ,H1.ga B cocyae BMCCTe c mme~ HhIMH KOCHIMH: 6bIJl.1i BCTpeqeHbI xor-nr mUSOTHoro (Me,'l.BeAH? ). B 60Aee n03,l1;HHX KOMnAeKcax (Beporoso, xypraa Ng 340) HaH,lI;eHbI cepefipaaiae noasecxa B q}QPMC KOfTCH MeABe,1l,ll. A. A. Crral;I_blH orneaaer, QTO nO,ll;06HbIC nOll.BeCKH 113BeCTHU B KOCTPOMCKHX xypraaax.

Bce oTO rosopar 0 CYlijeCT'BOBanIHI. Y HeI<OTOporx cesepnetx C.II.a13511ICKHX nxexrea S VII I-X BB. I\yJ\bTa Me,1l.Be,IUI, tITO naXOAHAO COOTBCTcTBeHllOc

I r a K M a H. Apxeoxorrorecxac pacxonxn Il Axanann.

J.-bB. Aoxeox. ltOM., DolO. 38, 1901. crp, 108 H C'\" pnc, 186.

~ E. K i y i k 0 ski. Eisellzeitliche T ontatzen aus Aland.

Eurasia Septentrioualis Anticma (ESA) , IX, 1934. ~ TaM me. CTp. 389 11 390.

.\ H. E. B p a H .Ii e Ii 6 y p r. KypraHb! lOJl{Horo Dpn· MAombR. Marcp. no apxeoA. POCCR!!, NQ 18, CTp. 14. .

3mHOleHe3 BOCmO'iFibIX C-t(UJRH

OTpa}KeHHC B 06pR,IJ;e norpefieana, AaHHble no STOMY sonpocy CYMMHposaHbI B ny6AHKyeMoH B Il<l.CTcmgcM C6opHHKepa6oTc H. H. BopoHllHa.

Hau50Ace pacnpocrpaaennem /1;0 nOCAe,1J,Hcn spe:vreHIl 6bIA B3rMI,lI; 0 recnoii CBR3H Me,ll;Se2KbeI'Q KY;\bTa H B tIaCTHOCTH Me)l.BembHX xarr HpOCAaBCKHX xypraaoa C MepHHCKI1M HaceACHHeM. 3roll rO<{KU 3peHHl'I npH)J.cp1KHBaAIiCb A. C. YsapoB, I Hackman ~ H E. Kivikoski. ~

H. A. T nXOMHpOB, aanporas, orxesaer cytgeCTBOBaHne I\Ie)J.BCiKbcro Ky AbTa Y pyOCKHX. 11' cxaulumaBoB.·1 OOITb!TKH yaxaare KyJ\bT MC,lI;"Be,lI;li C KaKoR-MI60 O)l.HCH HapO,1J,HOeTbI<:l, KaK HaM npeaCTaBMleTCR, nanpaaxeuer no nenpaBHJ\bHOMY pycxy, :\1eP;BeamH KYAbT rrpeacrasxaer co6011 JIBAeHl1e craauaxenoro nopazxa, xapaxrepnoe ,1J,M! geJl.oro pana cesepasrx HapoAOE Esponbl H A3HH.

OT,1J,eJl.bHble 9ACMeHTbI ero coxpanaro rca ,1J,amc n HCTOpH'leCKOe BpeMJI. Pa3AHtIHOH 6Y,ll.eT J1.Hlllh Ta KOHKpeTHaH <popMa, B KOTOpyIO npeTBOp7IACJI iiTOT KYAbT Y Toro HAH naor-o aapozta.

06bIQaH KAaCTb B rrorpetieaae r AHHRHyro xarry Hll pasy He 6bIJI. OTMetIeH B ynoMaHYTbIX BbIlliC MepHHCRHX MorHAbHHKax, a raxase IB MorHAbH11'Kax apyrax H:apOP,OB OOBOMKb$f.

v

CaMYlO 06bItIHYIO '{aCTb UHBeHTapa MHxaHAOBcxoro H T HMepeBCKoro MorHAbHHKOB rtpezicraaARK>T I' AHHJ!Hble cocyasr, OTCYTeTBOBaBillHe AHrub B HeCKOAbKHX xypraaax, 06bIQHO, KaK Y)Ke OTMettaAOCb, OHH CT(l.BHAHCb na KOCTp"Ige HAM B CTopOHe OT Hero, a TaM,· rae xocrpatga He 6b1AO, nOMe1,!!aAHCb na MaTepHKe Pfl,n;OM e KaAbgMHHpoBaHHbIMH KOCTJ!MM. B HeKOTopbIX commeHHRx BCTpetIeHO no 2-3 cocyaa. YIMeeTCJ! HeCKOAbKO cxyxaea Haxom,n;eHHl'I coaoseaaerx KOCTeH B cocyze-ypne, nOeTaBJl.eHHOM B BblPbITYfO RMKY B xrarepaxe. 4"acTo CTeHKH cocyzra aocar CJl.e)(bl CllAbHoro .lteHeTBH>'! oraa, rrOBepXHOCTb HX 6bIBaeT OlIIAaKOBaHa.

B xacce rJl.HHflHali nocyza OT/I.'I-!'laeTCH O;:J;HOPO,1J,HOCTblO. cho ropWKII 6aHOtIHOH rpOPMbI, rpy- 60 BbrJl.enAeHHble OT PYKH H TIAOXO 060.l"KIKeHHble. Kpyrnrue coeYAcI THnHtIHOM rpOpMbI acrpexener B 4 aK3. (rana, IIQ'MelMeHHero HapHe. 5, 1) B Kypranax: NQ 18-1897 r., NQNQ" 11 H 50-1898 r. H NQ 1-1902 r. Bucora 11 )(llaMeTp lIX 60Aee HAll MeHee paaasr: 0.30--0.33 M. He6oJl.bllIHe COCY)(bI (nma, nOMergeH'HOrO aa Tab"'. II, 1-3, pHC. 5, 2), co cAaqee HAH CHAbHee Mo,u;eAHpOBaHHbIMH. BeH'lHl(aMH, npe,1J,CTaBMIIOT HaH60Aee MHOrOtIllCJl.eflHYIO rpyrrrry, 06bl'!HOBbICOTa cocvaa cocraaxaer ~/l ,lI;HaMeTpa aenxasa, HO OTAeAbHble 2IK3eMflAlipbI 6bIBaiOT BblIlie. Cpe,1J,HHe ax paaesepsr: BbICOTa 0.12- 0.16 M, ~naMeTp O.09~0.14 M.

I A. C. Y B a p o B. Mepase H HX 6b1T. T p. I Apxecx. cseaaa, T. II, CTp. 700.

Z l-'bBecTHH ApXeOAOrM'leCKOH KOMHCCIl.H, Bl:>In. 38,

CTp. 112.

3 E. K i v i k 0 ski, op. cit., CTp. 390.

~ H. A. T:H X 0 M Ii P 0 B. KTo HaCbllTaJI. HPOCA<LSCKRe

xyprausr, T p. II 06A. apxeox, cneaza, 1903, CTp. 204.

HenpaS11'AbHafI !popMa y geAoro pH.11.a cocyaos, 06IMMI He6pemHOCTb H3rOTOBAeHH.II, PblXAOCTb eAa60 060JKmeHHOM rAHHbl, H3 KOTOPOH OHU C;:J;CAaHbI, BH,lI,I1MO CBI1JI.eTeAbcTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO \.IaCTb COCY,1J,OB H3rOTOBMIJl.aCb cnegH<lAbHO l1.Jl.J1 norpetieHUH. B xyprane NQ 5-1898 r. MHXaH:AOBeKOro MOrHJl.bHHKa na )(HMIge cocyna HMe/d1Q> CCTtIaTblC Oine'IaTKT1; IIp11' <PopMOBKe cocyzr, BH)r.lfMO, GbI)\ "OCTaBAeH na r pyfiyro TKaHb.

l1MeIOTC.SI raxxse MHHHa TI<:l pHl:>Ie cocy p.bI-qalUe'lK}j anaxcr-a-nrerx (j)OpM. K cozaaxerrato, 60Ablll11'HCTBO COCYP,OB H3 CTapbIX pacxorrox YTCP.SIAO CBOIO nacnopraaagmo.

Maor ae cocyae: opHaMeHTHpOBUHbI no SeHQI1KY rrpOCTOH: HAM rpe6eHQUTOH nace4KOH: NQ 10- 1897 r., N!!N2 15, 17-1898 r., NQN!! 3, 7, 10- 1938 r. Oxene «aCTO nacexxa no xpaio coxcTaeTCR C opHaMeHTagHeH nAe«IIKOB B BHlJ.e pxaa xoco HJl.M 3HT3aroo6pa3HO pacrroxoxtenn srx OTTI1- CKOB rpefieuxa (N2N!! 17 M 44-1898 r.) HAH B B11'Ae npoxepxenmsrx NHHHH II TaKHX m.e cpecToHoB noz Hero (N!! 15-1898 r., pHC. 5, 2). B xypranc NQ 10-1938 r. MllXaHJl.OBCKOro MOrHJl.bHHKll Hafip,eH BeH'lMK cocyp,a KpacHoH rAMHN C apXaHqHblM opHaMeHTOM B BM,n;e q)eCTOHOB H3 OTTHCKOB BepeBO'lKH (pHC. 6). B xyprane NQ 24-1939 r. T'HMepescKoro MorHAbHHKa otinapyasen geAbIH cocya CBepeBOqHbIM H rpe6eHQaTbIM opHaMeHTOM, rrpe)r.cTaBMllOlQllH C060H HH.3KyIO xpyr AOAOHHYK> qalIIKY, HanoMHHaIOrgyfO OqeHb nAOXO etge H3BeCTHyIO xepar-rarey ceBepO-BoeTO«HbIX paiiouoa EBPOrreHCKOH 'laCTH CCCP, npHHa,ll;.Aema.IQ,YJO npe.ztKaM KOMH (Ta6A. II, 5).

HCKAlOqHTeJl.bHo AI060IIblTHblH KOMn.ll.eKC 113

TpCX cocyzos ' acrpexen B T MMepeBCKOM IHOrHJl.bHMKe B xyprane NQ 4-1938 r. Cocyaer 6blAlI noCTUBAeHbI BP;OAb npanoii CTOpOHbI MymcKoro KOCTRKU (pHC. 8). Eho 6blJl.ll: .ll.erIHOH cocyzt 6aHOtIHOH (POPMbI, YKparneHHbIH t:jleCTonaM11' H3 rpefiex'1aTOrO urraxrta (Ta6A. I I, 3), He6oAbIllOH cqcy,n; c CHAbHO MOl1.eAHpOBaHHbIM rrpoq)HAeM, BH,1J,HMO C21eJl.aHHblH Ha· rrpocreiiurev rOHqapHOM Kpyre (Ta6J1.. II, 4), HrrpHBo3HOH 601\rapCKHH cocy,n;xyanraa C PyqKOH, KpaeHoH r.l\.'HHbI, C npoaoxeHblM AorgeHHcM (p11'C. 7); Ha OCHOBaHlIH MOHeTb!, ,Il.1fp're'Ma Hao.P-H6H-AxMe,1l.a 914-943 rr., rrorpeGeHHe MOm.HO j.(antpOBaTc BTOPOH nOAOBHHOH X B.

KepaMliKa .SIpOCAaBCK'HX xypr anoa, CCA:H He om:TaTb nepetIHCAeHHhIX HCKAIOlfeHHH, xaoaxrepna ,ZI,A.SI CAaBaHCKOH KyAbTYPbI IX-X BB. Ha BoplUeBCKOM ropo.aatge Bopoaexccxoii 06.'\.., B fHe3- ,1J,OBCKOM MOrUJl.bHHKe H zipyrnx CJl.aBHHeKHX naM}lTHHKaX MbI ac'rpe-taexr re m.e rpOPMbI xpynrrerx 6aHOqHbIX COCy,1J,OB, 'laCTO YKpaIlieHHbIX rpefien-taTblM llITaMnOM. T e x~e ¢opMbr 06bI-lHbI tva 60- xee ceaepo-aanaaasrx paiionon. DJl.H.l"KaHlUHe anaAorHH npocxaacxoii xepasraxe no opHaMeHTagHH scrpesreaer Cpe,ll;H MaTepHaAOB ztpeeaer-o CAa'BJIHcxoro ropoamga ira DeJl.oM Oaepe, o6cAeAoBaHxoro Il. A. CYXOBbIM >B 1939 r. 1

1 Il, A C y x 0 B. CJl.aBHHCKOe rOp0,1l,HIye IX-X CT.

S KI;t(HOM Eexoaepse. HaCT. C60plf., CTp. 89 H CA.

___ ll._._B_. Cmanneeuu, 1( BOnpOC!J OD 9mflU.'leCKO_1! cocmaec llQC€-' .. enux .HPOC.W8ClWlO IIoBo.t)f(bJl 8 rx-·-x em. 71

.- -_ .... _-_._---_._-------. __ . __ ._-_. __ .. _----

VI

r pYlma~ MeraAAH'tJeCKHX H3AeAHH. UPOHCXO,:1,)1IQHX us MHX3MAoBClKClro H T HMepeBCKoroMofHAbHHI-\OB,

aascxoro rarra, BeIgH BOCTOqHble H Bel,!!M Mep5!Hcxne, aHaAOfHqHble H3,ll;eAlHIM, npOHcxo.zr.B~HM 113 CHHXP0Hl-P:lHbIX MypOMCKHX >fAH MOp.a;OBCKHX MOfHAbHHKOB.

2

Puc. 5. MllxaH.II.OBCKI-Iil: MOI'HAbHllK. rAHHR:Hble COCy,1l;hI.

J - HS l<YPl'. Mt 18-1897 r.; 2- IHI KYP,.. N2 15-1898 r,

Puc, 6. MHXUHAOBCKUi-i MOrIlAl>HlllC Cj)parIl1EH'l' co cyna H3 KYfH'anu N2 101938 r.

peCbMa paaaootipasna, HeCMOTp5.! aa IIlAOXYI-O coxpaHHocTbBergei1, ClIAbHO nOC'l'pal1.a13UlHX OT Orl'IH BO BpeMacomm.eHH.fl yMepuIllx.

TIpe,ll;MeTbi yfiopa 11 yxpameaaa MomHO pasacAllTb na Tp11 OCHOBHblX rpyrmsr: BergH CKallJI.H~

Puc. 7. THMepeBCl'IJ}i: MOI'H.\blIHJ\. KYBIiHUl [j:~ Kypl'UHH X~ 4,,1938 1',

B n~eHCKOM CO(K2f\emm B xyprane N~ 16-"-1938 I'.

I\1HxaaAoBcKoro MOfHAbHliKa, na P5l,llY C AbfltlKOM H CKopAynoo5paB'HbIMll qm6YAaMI1 X B., DCT,pe~ xena 6pOH30Ba5I KpYfAa.s:t amypHasr 6A::Jxa C «myROM») nocpeaaae. YKpaweHHa.s:t aepeaovxoii no

f

J

Ta6.ulu,a II

2

4

MaXaaA()l:lCKui1: H THMepeBCIUfH MOrHAbHHKH. KepaMHr<a.

1 - MHXarihOlI~~llii MOl'" ~Yf>P. N~ 7-1938 r.: 2 -- MHxaiiJ\()lIcRHIl Mol'., l<ypr . .Nl! 16-1938 P_; 3-4 --- TJlMepelWl<HW: t1C>P_, l<yp~_ N2 4--- 19381'_; 5 -- TrlMepellCl,Hii '101'_, "Yl'r. N2 24-1939 r,

fT. B. CmaHKC8Wl. K 60TTPOCY 063mltU<l.eClw.u cocmaee HaCI".tOWIl 5lpoc.wI'ICJW!O Iloeo.oxs« 8 Lr-~x em. ?3

KpaJO 11 C ,lI,ymKoH aa ofiparuoii cropoae (Ta6A. III, 1). ITo CTI1J1.l0 ara qm:6YAa t.{pe3Bbl'IanRO aanosnnraer nepncxae H3AeAIH! 60Aee pannero spel\re'iIH. Kpyr Aa5I nonaecxa C «mYKOM>,> ucrpexena B xyprane NQ 1-1902 r. (OTCYTCTByeT B KOAAeKgaM), r,ll,e ,·OCHOBHbIM norpeoemrea 6bIJl.OCO*llie~ HHe peMeCAeHHHKa-~\HTeHr,gHKa. aTOT xypraa, noCKOAbKY MOMHO CY,1l;lITb no HMeWIMHMC,!l OTPbIBO'lHbIM AaHHbIM, 3aMeTHO BbI,1l;eA5IeTCJ=.! cpeaa OCTaAb· HbIX; B. A. Fopongon YKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO 3AeCn 6bIAO scrpeseao 6oJ\ee 100 npe,ll;MeTOB, B TOM ~IHCAe HaH60Aee 60raTbIe rtpnsosnere CKaH.1,HHasCKHe H3,l1;eAHJ.t.

K MeCTHbIM me Mep51HCKHM H3i'1.eJ\H51M, BCTpe'!eHHbIM Ha MHxaHAOBCKO:VI MorHJ\bHHKe, OTHOCll1'C51 [LeAbIH Ha60p WYII-HIIQHX nOAseCOK, npOHCXOJl,HIQHX M3 O,1l.Horo xyprana pacxonox 1902 r. flpejl,MeTbI HaXO,1l;HJ\IiCb, Blf,1l;H1\W, B CO}KmeHHH, TaK KaK neCYT CAe,1l;bI ,1l;eHCTBH.>! OfH51. aTO pasnootipaaaere nO,1l.BeCKH, yxpaureimsre roponxann H aepesoxxofi If cna6meHHble npHBeCKaMH (2 3K3. - Ta611., III, 2; 2 9K3. ~ Ta6A. III, 3; 28 8K3. - Ta6A. III, 4; 10 9l-\3.-Ta6>A. III, 5; 23K3.-Ta6A.III,6; 8 8K3. - Ta6A. III, 7 11 6 3K3. - Ta6A. II I. 8). Bee BeI,Q:H BbIIloJ\.ReHbI 11 OAHOll TeXHHKe; opnaneaTUp0.BaHa AHllIb AHgesaa CTopOHa, na o6paTHoH crcpone HMeIOTC51 .lI.Y2KKH ,1l;A.>r npaxpenxeana, Ha nOBepXHOCTH3a1\1eTHbI HepOBHOCTH, o6pa30BaB~ uraeca TIpiH AHTbe, nO;.r,06Hble yxpaureaaa MHorot.II1CJ\eHHbI B xypranax POCTOBo-CY3JI.aJ\b~Koro xpaa, HCCAe.ll,OBaHHbIX C. A. Y BapOBbtM H C. n Ca~ SeJl.beBbIM, rAe rrosTOpHIOTC5.! B TO'IHOCTH oT,.'l,eAbHble H3 acrpexemnnx Y Hac THrIOB. I

AHaAorHH aTMM npeJI,MeTaM Mbl HaxO.'l.HM TaKme B CapCKOM 2 Ii nOft,60J\OTbeBCKOM:J MorHAbHHxax, EOAbI.II:HHCTBO meHCKHX rrorpefiennii corrpoBOIf~AaAOCb TaM 3HaQHTCAbHbIM KOAHQeCTBOM nryM5IIgHX nO,1l;BeeOK np5IMoyroAbHoH, rpeyroxsnoii II ,lI,pymx <POPM, YKpalIlaBW»X rOJ\.OBY II rpyae norpetieanerx: OHM TaKme nonaeurasaxnce aa nonce H HaUrH'SaAHCb na no.aoxe nAaTb5I H na 06YBH. OTft;eAbH:ble npnsecror THrra npOHM30K I1MeFOT 6AH3Koe CXO,1l,CTBO C BergaMH, npOHCXO,lJ)IIgHMI1 113 KypMaHOBCKoro' MorHAbHHKa. "

nepeti:HcAeHHb1e BbIllIe lIlyM511gl1e rIOj1,BeCKl1 1\;111- xaHAoBcKoro MOrI1AbHHKa npOHCXO.ll,Wf TaKLKC, 131-1- lI.HMO, H3 meHCKoro MepmICKoro norpeoenas.

K ,noM: me rpyrme npeaneros ,'l.OJ\)KBO 6bi'rb OTHeceHO yxpameaae rroJ\yoBaAbHOH: qlOp MbI, nponcxozounee H3 pacxonox 1909 r'. B BH,.'J..e .n;ymKu C ,1l,BOHHOH cnnpaxsro (Ta6A. I II, 9). DO,lJ,06HOe yxpanrenae, cHa6meHHoe AanqaTblMH npl1BeCKaMl1. l1MeeTCYl iJl COCTase naxo.aox 1891 1'., C,lJ,eAaHHblX Y /I.. 3arpe6MHo KHPOBCKOH: 06.'1.. 5

yh BbIllIeH3AOfKeHHOfO OQeSl1)l.HO, qTO l\ICPHH-

I A. A. C rJ If lot er H. BAa,!I,HMllpCKIlC KypraHbl, }13B.

Apxeox. KOMaCCHI!.-~bHl. 15, one. 431 H 446.

2 MaTCpnaA xpamrrcz B POCTOBCKOM MY:;lCe.

:, B. A. r 0 p 0 JI. IJ 0 B. Aoxeo.vornvecxoc HCCi\eAOBaHl!e B oKpeCTHOCT5IX MYPoMa. )lpeBHocTH. T. XXIV, np.4S1 n

CA.

,} Cb. A. Y B a p 0 B. KYPMalICIWl1

HOCTH, T, XIV. n6A. VIII-VI.

J OAK, 1891, CTp. 10S, pHC. 88.

10 :'IlaT. II IH:C.'IC;\. 110 n]>xt'(),'I. ccCt', .~~ li

CKHe BetgI1 B l\1uxailAoBcKO;\I MOrH,\bHHKe He TOAb~ 1\.0 e,J,HIm'1HbI, HO cocpeacrcseaer AHUlb B HeKOTOpsrx norpetieanax - BepOJITHO, Mep.HHCKliX. Ha Tm .. repeBCKOM MOrIiAbHHKe OHB BOBce He 6bL\1l o6HapymeHbI.

o

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10

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Il~ "" "in =

Pile. 8, TI1MCpellCKl1ii MOl'I!!\blum. KyPI':tH Nil 11 ·19~18 I",

. .. M01H~']'a i1;npl'eM; 2 lqH~Ca..H'), 3 1i,:-rol'pa;.eIlhj" ,,-- a:e.\e~HiblH o(t~Q).,~QKt

5 - ('OCYiJ,lo.l; 6 .'. pa;;I)J,;}Pi.'I,CHHhllL l'jn:Yfl!;·

}h npei~MCTOB CKallJl,HHaBCKOrO THTla xanre B(;I.:ro BC'l'pett;UOTC5I cxopxynooopaaaue (flu6Y·l\bl.

B xypraae N? 1-'1896 r, MI1XaHlIOBCKoro lVIOrHAbHiHKa 6blA.H. ncrpeueaer !tBe qnI6YAbl, yxpamenasie KOHCKHMH rOAOBKal\m (pIIC. 9)"

Cxopxynootipaaaere {I)H6YAbT Doppe-CTI1AfI. C

7 BblCTynaMH HaHAeHbI Ha MMxaHAoBcKOM MOrHAbHH,,'e B 5' norpeceaaax, il1HorAa rronapno. Beero 3)J,eCb 6b(AO BC'J'pe4eHO 9 9K3eMTIMIpOiB TaKI1X

4

7

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5

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9

MHXaHAOBCI<HH MOfUJ\bHHI(. Meplll-lCKHe yxpameaaa. 1 - Itypr. X~ 6-1938 r.; 2-8 - pacx. 1902 r.; 9 - pacs. 1909 r ,

Tu6AU!J,a III

-

3

~ ~-~-~-- .---~~ .. --~- .... ' .. --------~--~~~-~

fl. B. Cmanueeuu. K 60npOC!J 06 smuuuccuo se cocma ee HaCe_te/if~Jl HPOC_WIjC1WlO llORO.l.JKbR 8 IX~X em. 75

4m6y /I. (xypraaer Nfl 'l8-1897 r., NQ 15-1898 r., 1902 r., NQ 6-1938 r'., N:! 25-1939 r.) (Ta6.\. IV, 2). 3Hal.fHTeAbEaa HX qaCTb CI1Ab'HO nospe~!\~eHa orrrexr, HO OT,l(eAbHble 3KSeiMrrAHpbI XOPOIUO coxpannxacn. Bee OHM O~HOfO CTHAlI, aa HCKAI-OlfeHHeM HeCKOJl.bKO OC06bIX cJ>iH6yJI., HaH~eHHbIX B KypraHe NQ 18--1897 r. MI1XaM.wBcKoro MOrMAbHMKa. Y O,ll;HOM H3 HHX xpas BlJHCaHHblX pOM50B yxpaurea sr MeaH,lI;pOBbIM opHaMeHTOM (Ta6.1\. IV, 1). AHaAOrH"IHbIe 3K3er.mAapbIBCTpeqeHbl B fHe- 3p,OBCKOM MorHAbHHRe.1 BTOPUli qm6YJl.a PIS s'roro me rtorpedeuas PIMeeT B opaaxenre coaepurenao H:OBbIH "'AeMeHT, y cepenansr ee ,Il,AHHHbIX CTOpOH. TaM, rae 0,6blqHO 6blBalOT H306pameHbI ~IaCKM, HMeeTC.lt rrO"lROBH.l(Hbdi opaaxrear (Ta6A. IV, 3), a·HaAOrH"IHbIH 0pHaMeHTY 130CTO'-IHbIX nO"lKOBH,ll;HbIX 6AHmeK, 2 p acnpoctpaxemnsrx B naM5ITHHKaX IX B. 60Aee lOLKHbIX II BOCTOQHbIX paiioaos. DO,ll;o6aoe csoeofipaaaoe coxeraaae ceaepHoro CTliAH C BOCTOl{HbIM BCTpe~laeTCH anepasre. B 8TOM ;T,eKO:'.Inxexce scrpexeaa xpyrxaa qm6YAa C HrAOH 'Ha o6paTHOI.t' CTopOHe H KOAbgOM ,lI;MI nonneurnaaHHl'!; AHgeBa5l: C1'OpOHa yxpamesa H306pa1KCHHe,\1 H3BlfBalOIgerOC5'! lli.HBOTHoro (Ta6A. V, 5). Kpo:\le Toro, HaH,ll;eH Met{ H MOHeTa Paum,rr, Me~HHeT-ac CeMIM 193 r. (805-809rr). KOMIvl.eKc MomeT 6bITb ,rr,aTHpOBaH KOHgOM IX - Ha"laAOM X B.

Ocraxerrere cxop.xyrroofipas asre qm6YAbI MHXaitJl.OBCKOro MO{1HJl.bHHKa OTHOC.!'ITCJ! K 06bI'iHOMY, Hau60Aee pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY nm)'. ABe cJHi6YAbI us pacsonox 1902 f. HOCJ!T CAeJ.J;bI rpy6oro ofipargeHH1i, ax nOBepXHOCTb B Tpex MeCTax npofiara 3aKAeITRaMU. 06bl'IHbre paaveper qm6YA -.- /t.\. 11 CM, ump. 7 CM.

Ha TI1MepeBCKOM MOrHAbHI1Ke TaKiKe BCTpe\ICHO HeCKOAbKO :aK3eMITAl'lpOBCKopAynoo5pa3HbIX CPli- 6YA C1l;Be 113 pacxonox 1887 r. H oaaa 1939 r.). nott;o6HbIe HM H3BeCTHbi B xypr'anax POCTOBO~ CY3,l(aJl.bCKoro· xpas, B rHe3,l1,OBCKOM MorHAbHHKe, B KHeBe, Hosropoze H ocooenao MHOrO'IHCJl.eHHbI S Kyprauax J()rO'BOCTOttHOro npHAa.zr,Omb}'f.

KOAbgeBH,lI;HbIe CKaH,lI,HHa'BCKue qm6YAbI rrpe aCTaBAeHbI ,ZJ,.BYMl'! 9K.3eMrrAHpaMll. O,ll;HU ITPOllCXOzrar H3 MI1XaHJ\oBcKoro l\WrHAbHHKa 113 xyprana J'fQ 8-1898 r., qm6y xa HMeeT KOAbgO, CrIAOl11b yxpaurenaoe ITAeTeHHeM n ,lI;BYMH Mop.n;aMH mnBOTHblX C paSBeTBA.sIlOIII.HMHC}l por-axra, pacnoxomeHHbIMH no OCl! nr JI.~ (Ta6A. IV, 5). AHaAofHlfHble Bellm H3BeCTHbIH3 Arol,!UHcKoro:) n rHe3- aoacxoro r-7oruAbHHKOB. ,t J(anipyroTcSl Ta'!<He cJlH- 6yJ\bI Cepe,ll;Hl-lOH X B.

Bropoii 3K3eMnAl'!p H3 xypraaa N~ 10-1897 r.

MHxaHAoBcKoro MOrHJl.bHHKa I1MeeT nO,iJ,06HbTH JKe, Ho 6oJl.ee rpy6blH opnasrear. AHaAorHH I13BCCTHbI H3 r He3ltoBcKoro MorllJ\bHHKa;; H npnxaaoascxax

I B. H. C H 3 0 B. rHe3,11;OBCK,di MOfHAbHIU(. MaTep. no apxeox. POCCHK, N!:> 28. Ta6A. 1-2.

2 T. J. A r n e. La Suede et l'Orient, CTp. 120~ 121, (jmf, 112-116.

.3 MaTCpl1aAbI no apxeoxorms POCCl:If:(, N!! 14. }\IO I! 11 H(;KHH MOfHAbHHI<, Ta6A. VI, 5.

4 B. VI. C H 3 ° B. KypraHbl CMOAeHClI'OH ry6. Marep. no apxeox. PeCCI-1M, N~ 28, crp. 87, pnc, 37.

5 TaM a;.e, CTp. 87, PMC, 36.

10*

xypraaca. 1 4anlpyeTC.I1 rex LKe spexreaesr. Haxoneg, UMeeTCJl: cpH6YAa B cJlopMe TPHAHCTHHKLl, npoacxoasrgaa H3 xypraaa N~ 25~ 1939 r, rvhl' xaHAOBCKoro MorHAbHMKa.

HecKoAbKHMH ElK3eMUMlpaJl.IH npe,1(CTaBAeHbl

KOM,geSbIe SaCTe1KKH, HepeAKO npH6aATHHcKoro THna, a TaKme 06bI':!Horo rana co CBepHYTblMH Tpy6ot:(lWH l<OHgaJ\.m. B xypraae .NQ 1-1938 r. Taxepescnoro MOfHAbHHKa 6blJl.a BCTpe'IeHa xpynHal'! sacrezsxa C opHaMeHTHpOBaHHblM KOAbgOM il np~MO)TOAbHbIMM rOAOBKaMH (Ta6A. V, 11). B xyprane N2 39-1898 r. IVhlxaiiAoBcKoro MorMAbmIRa scrpeaeaa lfIparMeHTHpOBaHHa1i nOP;.KoBoo6. paZHa5I aacreacxa c rpaH'tIa'fbIMH rO.l'LOBKaMH'; KpOMe roro, na MnXaaAOBCKO:\f me ::\wrHAbHHKe 6brAH BCTpeqeHIJI P,Be meAe3Hble rrpaxoyroxenere npazsK11, corayrere U3 IIAaCTHH'bI, N2 20--1898 r. Ii N£ 2-1938 r, AHaAOT'H'iHaa ¢opMa scrpeaena B BOAXOBCKOH conxe Do6eAHrge 140.

PHC. 9. Muxaii:AoBcKHM MOrl1,'bllIfK. <tlHoyl\a C l{OHCIWMH rO.il.OBKaMlf.

ITO}lCHble Ha60PbI npeacraaxeasr .n;.OBOAbHO paaHoo6pa3HbIM M<lTepHaAoM. B xypraae N!? 1- 1902 r, MHxaiiAoBcKoro MOfHAbHHka acrpeaeau zraa ytJ,AHHeHHbIX HaKOHetrHHKa nosca, CY.lImB(UO~ IgHeCH KHH3Y, yxpanreaasre peJl.berpUbIM opnaxrenTOM, COCTO}ltgHM H3 MOP,ll; lliHBOTHbIX, MaCOK II DACTeHHSI (Ta6A. IV, 6); na o6paTliOH CTopOHe HMeeTC~ rAap,Ka.l'[ I1.\aCTHHl\a na UInCHbKax. 00- l!;06Hble npeaxerer, HO C DOMe npHMllTHBHbIM opHaMeHToM, sc'rpesrenet B rHC3J.(OBCKOM MOrI1AbHHxe. 2 EAI13lvHe q)OPMbI H3BeCTHbr B Hop6enHl.:1 no npexpacuoxy 3BepHHOMY CTHAfO nama 9K3eMI1MIphI MoryT 6bITh OTHeceHbI rc KOHllY IX - HaqaAY X B.

BH,!l,HMO, K 8TOMY me KOMnJl.eKCY OTHOCJITC~ 6AliIlIKH: np.slMoyrOAbuaR BbmYKAa5T C nnrpoxon ll.Y}KKOM, yxpaureaaaa am.ypRblM n.\CTeHHeM; xpyrAMI Bbmyr<Aafl C ITAeTeHbIM opHaMeHTQM, neCROAbKO qiarypuerx y~AmleHHblX c neaCHblM BBepHHbIM opHaMeHTOM; noxyxpyr Aan cepe6 pnH&l'! C rr030AoTOU, yxpaureaaaa no Rpmo !<pymRaJl.H! ha6A, y, 1--~4). BOAbUlHHCTBO H3 HHX C!KaUft,H~aBC1<OI'O H 'WCTb BOCTOqHOrO CTI1MI. Hexo-ropsre

1 W. Y. R au den i k a s. Die Normannen der Wikingerzeit und das Ladogagebiet, qnrr, 54.

~ B. Yl.. C H :;) 0 B. rHe3.1(OBC"KHH MCfl{AbliHIt. Ma-rep, no apxeOA, Poccna, Ng. 28,. :-a6Jt. XL 13-15.

2 Jail Pet e r sen. Vikingersmykker, c(lMr. 132-134.

1

j

Ta6.Ulf,!,a IV

, 'I

.rvhixaf'IAOBcRHH MOrHJl.bHl1K. CKaH,1I;I{HaBCKHc BeIf.!M:.

l·-!{y~r. J"'~ 18-1897 r.; 2 -l(ypr. N~ 6~1938 P.; 3-- !<ypr. N~ 1-1902 c.; .1-paCI{. 1904 I'.; 5 - xypr, N~ 18-1697 T.; 1

. 6 -_ RYPl'. N2 1-1902 r ,

fl. B. Cm a nteee 11'1. K eonpocq 063mHI1'·{eCI{Q,1[ cocma8e HQCe.HHIOZ 5lPOC.-tQ8CNOlO [JOfiG.I>iO,R e f.\'·-·X em. 77

BergH aroro KOMIJACKCa, Uarrpl1Mep 6pOH3()Baa noacrraa rrpazsxa np5IMoyroAbHoH q>OPMbJ, yxpaureaHa5I p,H,ll.aMH TpeyroAbHHKOB (Ta6A. V, 12), .n;OAa>.HbI 6bITb OTHeceHbI K MeCTHblM H3.rr,eAHRM. B geAoM KOMIJAeKC M02KeT ,1I,aTHpo»aTbC5i KOHgOi\l IX B.

3HatJHTe.l\.bHO paaaooopaaaee Ha60PbI BOCTQqHbIX 6MIllleK B xyprane N!~ 6-1913 r. MHxaiixoacxoro MorHAbHHKa, TaM 6blAO scrpexeao HCCKOAbKO 6.1\.,HllleK Cep,ll.geBH.lI,HOH H y,ll,.I\.HHeHHoii [I)OPMbl, YKpallIeHHbIX IJaAbMeTKaMH. 1 B xypraue NQ 18-1913 r. rrpeacraaxen 1'leAbIH Ha60p li3 y,1J;AHHeHHbIX H qJHrypHbIx 6AJlllIeK, YKpaweHHbJX tlaAbMeTKaMH. HOIJOAHeHHbD .. m qepHbIO.:::

T. J. Arne OTMetIaeT, QTO 60AblliHHCTBO BOCTOqHbIX 6.A.lHlIeK. BCTpel.leHHbIX na MHxaihoBCKOJl.l MOfHJl.bHHKe, OTHOCHTC$I K pa3HOBU.lI,HOC1'$IM, B WB€guu noxa Hen3BeCTI-IbIM.::: AHaA01"llIO nO,iJ,06HbIM 6J1.l1lllKaM Mbf r-raXO,ll;I-iM He TOAbKO S BOCTOqHbIX 06AaCTflX, B DpHKaMbe u KnpOECKOM xpae, !-IO .l.(MI HeKOTopbIX THnOB, yxpaurenaerx qepHblO, B ,,:r;peBHOCTax Cea. KaBKa3a. 3Ta rpynna IJpe,iJ,1\IeTOB aarapyerca sToPOH rrOJl.OBHHOH IX B. H nepBOH nOAO'BnHOH X B. BA5IillKH HE cAyqaMHblX pacKonOK Maxafixonceoro MOfHAbHHKa 1910 r. H H'J xypratta NQ 1-1938 r. TUMepeBcKoro MonIAbHHxa, OTAlI4:alOrguee>f cxeMaTH3HpOBaHHbIM opaavenTOM, 60Aee n03,1l,HHe, He paaee cepezmaer X B.

o WHPOKO pa3'BHTbIX ToprO.BhIX CB1l35IX HaCeJl.e~ naa, OCTaBHBlUero 5IpOCAaBCfCHe xypraner, 1"080- p5IT ,lI,O[lOJl.bHO lIaCTO HaxopHMble B norpetiennnx Ha60PbI HAll e)l;HHHtIHble <'.)K3eMIJMl.pbI seCOBbIX rapex II ~IaCTH secos. OmI 6blAH BCTpeqeHbl B HeCKOAbKHX KYf)['aHaX na MuxaHAOBCKOM MorHAI:J' HlIKe: xypr'aasr N2NQ 10, 20 It 44-1897 r .• N2NQ 1, 5 'U 10-1938 1". B xypr ane NQ 18- 1939 r, T HMepeBCKoro MOfllAbHHKa bb!A BCTpe'IeH geAblH Ha6opmpeR-pa.3HOBCCOK, na P}1.l1,Y c 6POH- 30lBbIMH npe.ztMeTaMH, H B xyprane .Ng 10-1939 r, 'ramRH or BeCOB.

vu

nepeXO)l;ll K 0630Py npezmeroa BoopYJKeHHJl:. npeacne ncero OCTaI-WBHMC5l na MeqaX, 'lTO IJOSBOA)lCT rrpO)l;OMKaTI:J ocsergemre sonpoca 0 CKaHlI,HHaBCKOM HM110pTe.

Ha MlIxaHAOBCKO:vl MorHAblU1Ke 6bIAO BCTpe'leHO 6 MetJ'Cli, Bee aarraanoeeponeiicxoro rnna. Hamicxee paHHl1M lI3 HUX, C nepespecruex II pyKoaTKoH, yxpanrenaoii 6POH30BbIMU HaKAa,itKaMl1 c 30AoTon HaCel.J:KOH, ,1 OTHOCHTcn K rnrry D xxacCIHlmKaYHH Flereoceua H ,lJ,aTupyeTcH nepaoii nOAOBHHOH IX B.:; (pac, 10). KOll1iTIAeKC seIgeii:, H3 KOTOpoI'O npouCXOP.HT Met{, O''rHOCJ.ITOI, O,'l)JaKO, :R HeCKOAbKO 60Aee IJ03/1.HeMy BpeMeHH.. OCTaAbHble 5 Mel.J:eH ns xypraaoa NQN2 10 11 18---1897 r.,

1 eM. pa60TY T. J. Arne B "F'ornvannen» 19·1 S, (jJHf.

15-17.

~ Ta:.r JoKe, cIJHf. 18--22. 3 TaM zse, CTp. 47.

4 TaM :IKe, tjmr. 40.·

5 Jan Pet e r sen. De norske Vikingesverd. Shifter utgit av Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania. 1919, CTp. 73-'4.

N2N2 1 H 34~-1898 r, II cA},'IaHHan: HaXO.'!.J(Cl, i 899 r. U;\.Ie!OT TpeXLJ:aCTH.bre rOll.OBKH II npnaanxeasar K nmaM S 11 T KlI.aCCI·!{pl'!KalJHH fIeTepceaa, .1I;pyrHl'aH ClI.OBa2lm Jl,aTHpyroTCR Cepe,'lI!HOH X B. Me"!, opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblH cepe6p51H9H HHKpYCTagHeu B BHAe cryneaxartax 3y6l.J:HKOB C HaCe4:KOR H C rrpORO,l\Q<lHOM flepen!1t>KoB (Ta6.'1.. V{! 1), cAyqaHHO HaHAeHHbIll aa fVll{xaHAoBcKoM MOfHAbHHKe B 1899 r., aarnpyercs BTOpOH: rrOAOBHHOI1 X B. AHaAOmtIHbIH MetJ H3BeCTeH H3 DpHAa.n;Oif~bjL 1 J.-h <':lTOM me CAY"JaMHOH HaXO/i,KH npoMCXO.1l;I1T 60eBOH lC\HHOK I1Ali cxpaxacaxc C O,1l;HOCTOPOHHMM Ae3BHeM n <repeHR'OM (Ta6A. VI, 2), :VHHOH 0.42 :\1, npe;LCTaBJl.HlOlg,Hi1 C060H [ppam,eRMM TUIJ 0pyam51.

, .-'

,.'

PMC. 10. MJlxai'I.'Onclm» MorllAbllHK. lVIeq nepI>Oll nO.\013I1H.bl IX CT.

Hexoropsre pyccxne HCCAe)LOBaTeAH, nanpnuep B. A. r OpOAgOB, BbICKa3bmaKlT MblCAb, 'iTO uacrr, MeLJ:eH IVhuaiiAoBCl':oro MOrI1J1.bHHKa - MeCTHOI'O npOUCXOX{4eHHfI, 'ITO ozmaxo MaAOBepORTfIO.

Ha T J.IMepeBCKOM MOfHAbHlIKe Mel.{H HH pas}' He 6blJl.l1 acrpeuexsr,

T OUOpoI npeJ),CTClBAeHbI AI1Wb TpeMfI 9I,SeMnM[paMI1, HaU,Il,emlbIMK aa MHxaHAOBCI<OM MOfHAbHHKe. O,ll,llH BbITaHYTOH q)QPMbI C Y31mM Ae3BlleM (1'a6. VI, 6) HS pacxonox 1902 r. HMeeT HeKOTOPYlO aHtLAOfUIO B }\ll,ll,HHCKOM MOfUJl.bHHKe. BTOPOM TOrIOp~CeKHpa C lIIHpOKHM Ae?BHeM li raosaeBH4HbIM BbICTynOM aa ofiyxe (-ra6A. VI, 7), rrpoI1CXO,ll,5lIQ.Hl.1: 113 xypraua NQ 10-1897 r., nsreer auaxoraa B xypraxax POCTOBo-CY:MaAI:JCKOrO l<paH Ii B l{peBHOCT5IX KaBKa3a. T peTHH pamHIH Tonopm, C YIIOPOM Ha iBTyAKe IJPOl1CXOAHT H3 paciconOK B 1887 r. na TI1MepeBCKoMMOrHAbHI1Ke.

T aroxe ueM'I{()lrOl.J:I-ICAeHUbI llaKOHe'IHHIOI KOITHi'!:

Ol1.I1H C ySKHM A<l.Hge'l'OBH,I1;HbIM Ae:mueM, C pefi-

1 H. E B p a H lJ. e H () y P r, KypraHbI IO;KlJOro IlpaAap,O:l~bJl. Marep. no apxeox. POCCHH. 18. pnc, 16.

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M»XaHJ\O:aCImH H Tl1Me_pe:aCRHH MOfHAbHHIm:. B.iUllliIUI: IIOjlCHOrO aafiopa H t.tpyrne rrpe,a;MeTbI IT YJ(paruelll-rX. 1-4-Mllxaij.l\oBcKUi! MOr., l<Yflt·. M 1-1902 ~.; 5-MHxaiiJlollcl<uiiMOl'., l<ypr. No 18-189i r.; 6-7-Mm:ai1.'OIlCKRH Mar., l<ypr. M 9-1938 r.; 8-THMepellcRJli! MOl'" Kypr. M 1-1938 r.; 9-1(}-Muxa.liJlOlIcl<nl:i Mar., pac«, 1909 r.; 1'-TIfMepeBc.mil MOl'., l<.ypr • .M! 1-1938 r.; 12-Mlf· Xat'tMHcKHll Mor., Itypr. N~ 1-1902 r.; 13-MlIxnil'\oB~imH MOl'., pacl{.-1902 r.; 14-MmtaHIIOBCKl1ij >lor., "yp·r. M! 50-1896 r.; J5-17-MlI'

xau...ollcR!lil Mor., lIypr. M 1."..1902 r., 18-MlIXaH.\Ollclm1! MOl'., Kypr. N~ 20-1898 1'.

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'-2 - CAY'lIlHHIIH lIaX0.llKIi 18~9 1".; 3 - xypl'. N, 34-1893 l'.; 4-I<Ypl'. N~ 44-1898 r.; 5- I<ypr. NQ 8-1800 ]'.; 6 - pRell, 1902 r-, ; 7 - ltypr. M JO~ lS97 r; ; 1l-I<Yp ... M 44 -1898 r , j 9 -I<ypr. Ni 2-1897 1'.; 10 -I<YP". M 1-1902 r.; 11- Kypr. Ng 34-1898 r.; 12 - Kypf'. N~ 2-1897 r.j 13- RYfr, N~ 7-1898 r.

:911IHOUHi?3 [IOCmO'IH.i>I.\· CAUIIJlH

P0:-'1 H ADJ'M~ IKeJ\o6Ka:lHI rrocpe.anne II C WHpOKOH BTYAKoli (Ta6A. VI, 3), npOHCXO,ll;HIgHHH3 xypraaa N2 34-1898 r. MHxaH.'I.0BCKOro MOrMAb-

~ X

n nxa, sarrannoeeponeacxoro rnna iraxaxa B.

AHaAorIl:QHble a'K3eMnMlpbI H3BeCTlIbI H3 f1p}IAa,ll,OmbH. 4Ba OCTaAbHblX: C AHCTOBI1,1l.Hbl~1 ,1l.AHHHbIM AeSBHeM H3 xyprana N~ 14--1898 r. (Ta6A. VI. 4) Ii C ;J;BysybbDir ,\eSBHe:vr H ,ll,JUIHHon, pac.wHpeHHoH KHH3y BTYAKOH (Ta6,\. VI, 5) H3 HYPraaa NQ 8-1898 r. MHxaHAOBCl<OrO MorHAbHaKa HeCO!'.1HeHfIO npell:CTaBMHOT co6011 MeCTHbre H3,ll,eAI1~L

HMI60Aee MHOrO'lHCAeHHbI cpeaa npenraeron

soopyacerma HaKOHe'tHHKH CTpeA. B OCHOBHOij Macce DHB 6eccnopHo MeCTHoro H3AeAHH. Xapa«TepHOli qlOpMOH 5!BAmOTC)J HaKOHellHHIOi C POMI{)Hl[eCROH c)'lOpMbl nepou (Ta6A. VI, 9). Anaxornvllble .pOpMbI WHPOKO H3BeCTHbI B xypranax POCTOBo-CY3AaAbcKoro xpas, xapaxrepaer TaKrKe ,ll;Ml fHe3,1J,08CKOro MorHAbHHKa. KpoMe Taro, HMelOTC~ naKOHellHHKH CTpeA C nepoxr AHCTOBH,IJ,HOH ¢'OPMbI (Ta6A. VI, 8), BCTpelJalOIgHeC5I B f1pl1Aa,lJ,.02Kbe. HaKOHe'lHHK CTpeAbI BOCTOt.IHOrO 'rnna c nonepelJHbIM BOrHYTbIM Ae3BHeM (Ta6A. VI, 10) 'BCTpelIeH B O,lJ,HOM 3K3eMnMlpe B xypratre NQ 1-1902 r. Maxaiixoscxoro MOrHAbHI1Ka.

B O,ll,HOM xypraae, N2 34-1898 r., 6blA BCTpelIeH IllAeM, K c6maAeHIHlO, B COBepUIel-IHO pas pyweHHOM :BH,1l.e,

B HeCKOAbKHX xypraaax HaHAeHbI np5IMoyroAbHble .-r:.eAe3Hble, BABoe cor-ay-rste 060HMbI co UIneHbKaMH (MHxaHAOBCKHH MOfHAbHHK N2 7- 1897 r., .NQ 11-1898 r., NQ 1-1902 r.) T. J.

Arne C1JHTaeT HX OKOBKaMH OT Kpa5I tgHTa. Kpo·· Me roro, HMeeTC5! HecKOAbKO qm:rypHblX 060HMHQ, H,3 xypraaa NQ 42-1898 r. Mf(XaHAOBcKoro MOrHAbHHKa.

vis npeAMeTOB KOHCKOH ynp$l?KH MomHO OTMeTHTb Y,1l.HAa 06bI'IHOrO rana H3 MHxaHAoBcKoro MorHAbHHKa (xypran N! 10-1897 r.}, B xypraHe N:1 34-1938 r. aroro IKe MOrHAbHl-IKa 6blAa acrpexeaa napa CTpeM}{H c umpoKoH BblfHYTOll .1(ym.KOH 8 motmea t.IaCTI1.

4pe3BbltIaH.HO pacnpocrpaueaasnr npeAMeTOM B MY*CKHX commeHHHX 5!BAHlOTC5I 1KeAe3Hble nmrns ,ZJ;Mf 06YBH, acrpeseansre 06bI'IHO no O,ZJ;HOMY, peace no ,lJ,Ba-TpH sxseanxapa. liMeeTCH HeCKOAb.KO rarros IlIHnOB. KpyrrHbre c rrpaxoyroxerro OTO~ rHYTbIMH 60KOBbIMH XBOCTaMH (Ta6A. VI, 13 us xypraaoa NQ 7-1898 r. H NQ 1-1902 r. MHxaiixcscxoro MOrH.II.bHHKa), BH,1l.HMO, .HB MllO'r C1;:

Haa60Aee paHHHMH. EOAee MHOrO'l!HCAeHHbI llIHnLY c npHMOYfOAbHO 3ar~HyTbIMH CXO,lJ,flIgHMUeSl KOH!!aMH (Ta6A. VI, 12) H MaAbye llIHllbI c OBaAbHO cornyTbIMH KOH!!aMH. AHaAOrHt.IHbl'e Be[lJ:H HMelOTC5[ B fHe3,1J,OBCKOM MOrl1:AbHHKe; e,ll;HHH't[Hble HX 3K3eMrIAHPb! 6bIAH acrpeseasr B BOAXOBCKHX COIIKax. Haanasemre TaKHX IllHIJOB OCTaeyCH He>lCHbIM· He-

,

COMHeHHO .ll.HllIb TO, liTO OHM rrpmcperrxaxnce rc 06YBU. 06 3TOM r'osopar MeCTOIrrOA01KeHHe mHHOB B MOrHAaX aa SbOpKO. I 11. A. T HXOMHPOIB CLJH-

1 Agnes G e i C f. Birka I I L Die T extil funde aus den Griibern. Upsala, 1938, crp, 145, Ta6A. 40, 1.

TaA HX UlrTOpaMH. T. J. Arne 06b51CHflA HX Kar~ urarrsr AMI XOm,ll;eHH}I no Ab,ll;y; naatioxee aepoa rHO 06'bHC'HeHI1e HX B xaxec rse ,lJ,peBOAa3HbIX WHnOB - npUHaAAeamOCTeH 60pTHI1~IeCTBa.

Haxoneg, xapaxrepnsnra HaXO,lJ,KaMH B HaUIllX rcyprauax H;BAflIOTCfl m.eAe3Hble, xpyrxere B CeqeHHH Tpy60'lKH-06oHMHgbI C YllIKOM.OHH 6bIA.11 BCTpet.ICHhI B p5l,ll,e xypranos MHxaHAOBCKoro MorHAbHHK<l (uanp . .NQNQ 2 H 5-1938 L). AHaAotrHt.IHble n aXO,lJ,KH H3BeCTHbI B paHHHX. naM>1THHKaX ua CapCl<OM II fHe3,ll,OBCIWM MorHAbHHKax, B ,ll;AHHHbIX CMOAeHCKHX xypr-aaax H ,lJ,pyrHx CHHXPOHH<lHbIX naM>lTHHKax. A. A. CnHl.lblH HX 0603uaqaA I(aK «060I1MHIJbI B BHAe AOTOLJKa C YIIIKOM>~, I HaSHaLIeHHe KOTOPbIX HeH3seCTHO.

B HHBeHTape MymcKl1x CO:>KIKeHHW 06bI'lHbI TO~mAbHble 6pyCRH np.H:MoyroAbHble B cexeuna C rrpoCBepAeHHbIM OTBepCTHeM, HIIOr,lJ,a C KOAeqKOM JJ.Mt nO,lJ,BelIIHBaHH5! (KypraH N.:? 20-1897 r. MaxaiiA08CKoro MoruAbHHKa). Pacnpocr paaeust TaJKJKe rpytio oraexaaasre TO'lUJl.bHble 6pYCKll, AAHHOI1: 0.20 M H 60Aee (xypran .NQ 7-1898 '1'. MHxai:ixoscxoro MorllAbHHKa H zrp.}.

113 ,ll;pyrHx meAe3HbIX rrpezorerca MOJfmO OTMeTHTb HomHH!,6bI Jl:AR: CTPUrKKH oaeg, cocro srgne lf3 AByX Ae3BHH, COe,lJ,.I1HeHHbIX nOAYKpyr.'I.Oii i1.y ll':I<OM (N227-1898 r. H .NQ 10-1938 r. Maxaiixoacxoro MorHAbHHKa) ; rro.aaecaoji saMOK npHAa,lJ,OrKCKOfO runa :H3 xypraaa .NQ 1-1938 r. na T UMepeBCKO;\I MorHAbHUKe; KAJO'l B BHAe CTepIKH5I C ,1l,ByM.H: 60- p03,lJ,KaMH U3 xypraaa N2 27-1898 r. na Mnxaii.AOBCKOM MorHAbHHKe.

VIII

4pyrHe naxozxa, npOHCXO,lJ,~r.gHe 113 5IpOCAaBCKI1X xypraaos, He MeHee HHTepeCHbL

DOAbwoe pacnpocrpaaeaae B 6bITY OCTaBHB1IIerO I1X HaCeAeHH.H: I1MeAH, nOBH.1I,HMOMY. KOCT5J:Hble BergH, OlleHb nOCTpa,ZJ;aBIIIHe OT orHH EO BpeM5I COmrKeHH~ ysreptnax. 3,1J,ecb HMelOTUI 'laCTH CKAap,HbIX KOCTaHblX rpe6Hea, yxpaureuasrx KpYrKKOBblM H AHRenHbIM opHaMeHTOM (Ta6A. VII, 2-7, 11, 13-14). 06blt.IHbI KOCT5IHbre YAAHHeHHble nAaCTHHKH C AByCTOPOHHHM TIAeTeHbIM HAll reOMeTpHT,IeCKliM opaaMeHTOM U3 3aWTpHxOBaHHbIX TpeyroAbHHKOB, TpaneQ;HH H T. 'IT. (Ta6A. VII, 1, 8-10, 12). O,ZJ;HH IWHey nx HeCKOAbI<O 3aOCTpeH. p;pyroH cHa6meH oraepcraev. B03MomHo, 'lTO OHH npe,ZJ;CTaBMllOT co6oH rroaaecxsr-yxonep-nea C 06AOMaHHbIMH HAR o6ropeBIIIHMH Aom.e'IKaMH. Aaaxoriorasre H3,ll;eAM~ 6bIAH acrpeseasr na CapcKoM rOp0,lJ,HIge.:.l

Ha MnxallAoBcKOM MOrHAbH'HKe 6bIAH HaHP;eHbI ,lJ,.Ba AbSiq\Ka (xypr-an NQ 6 ~ 1938 r. H NQ 1 - 1902 r.): nepBbIH r Aa,lJ,KHH, BTopoH C ,ZJ;blpOqKaMll, pacnOAomeHHbXMR Tpeyro.ll.bHHl<OM Y OC!HOIBaHIH! pyRosrT'KH (Ta6A. V, 17). B 9TOM me 'llOr:pe6eHl-IH scrpe-reaei 06AOMi.KH AHTeHHOH <POPMOQKH ,ZJ;.II.5! H3-

I A. A. C IT Ii g br H. Paccexeaae ~fleBHe-pYCCKHX ITAeMeH no apxeOAOrH'leClmM ~aHHbIM. fKMHn, 'I. CCCXXIV,

1899, cro. 312. .

2,l1;. a Jl. H H r. Capcxoe ropO.1l;H1ge. POCTOBCKHH I'oc, MYBeil, 1928, ra6A. VI, 1-5.

t

8

Ta6.-tu_ua Vi!

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MMxaih.OBCKHH Ii TlulefleacKHH MorHM>HHl(R. KOCT.I'!Hbre J:l3J!elUul.

1, 3-MRXaii!lOBOKMll Mar., "YPI'. N9 6-1938 r.; 2, 4-7-MHl'aiiMlIcl<Mii MOI'., Rypr., M 5-1938 P.; 8-MJ.lxa.i:i!loBcKnl! MOP., I(ypr. M 44--1898 r.; 9-MHnJiMBCKltiiMOI"., Kypr. JI& 7-1897 r.; 10-TIlMepel)cRldl MOI"., Rypr. N~3-1938 r.; 11-"MRxal!· !lOIlCl<llii Mar., "ypr. N2 8-1898 r.; 12-MHxalb..oBCI<HH Mor., "ypr • .Nit 2--1897 l'.l 13-- MHxalihonclmJ.i MOl'., "ypr. N2 1-1898 r.;

14 -I(ypr. JI& 11-1898 r.

11 MilT. n I1CCJle;x. 00 apxeorr. CCCP, .N'= 6

&2

rOTOBAemUl. KaKorO-TO YKparneHH5I (Ta6A. V, 16). Aaaxorasaaa AHTeHHa.ll rpopMO'lKa, caexanaaa 11'3 rAllHbI, H3iBecTHa cpeza MaTepHaAOB Capcxoro MOrHAM{HKa. AMItIKH TIOtJ;06HbIX !pOPM HOOjJ,HOKpaTHO 6blAH HaxOjJ,llMbI C. A. Ya3aporsbIM If C. O. CaBeAbeBbiM. 1 E'CAH yaecrs, '-ITO HaXO.1J;I-<H nonooaoro poaa rrpeACTaBA5IJ:OT6oAbrnyJ:O petJ;KocTb B MOfllAbHbIX naxarrraxax, TO ax HaXOjJ,'KH B xypraaax PoCTOBo-CY3AaAbClwro KpaJ1 fOBOP5IT 0 60AblUOM 3Ha'-{eHllH 9TfiX npeAMe-TO'B ,1l;A5I MeCTHoro aacexeaaa, Al-tTbe 6POH3QiBbIX YKpallIelHHH. J'I'BA}'IAOCb, rrOIBHAllMOMY, UIHpOlKO' pacrrpocrpaaeaasrv 3aH5ITHeM.

ilOBOAbHO pacrrpocrpaaeaxsnt YKpallIeHHeM aseaCKOfO KOCTIOMa HBA.f!AHCb 6POH30Bble 6y6eH'lHKIL Oxpyrxsre YrIAOtgffitHble 6y6eH'lHKH caATOBOKOfO ulna c np0P,OAbHbIM npopesosr acrpeseaer B Tpe:: sxaexnxapax B xypraae N2 1-1902 f. Maxaaxoa. CKOI'O MorHAbHHKa (Ta6A. V, 15). I1Hofo rnna oK_pyrAbIH KpyrrHbIH 6y6eHqHK C K_peCTOBH,1I;HblM rrpope30IM H OpHaM'eHTHp'OIBaJHHbIH urrpaxaxn lIPOHCXOAHT H3 pacsonox 1902 r. TaM me. B xypraae NQ 50 as pacxonox 1898 f. aa MiHXaH:J\oBcKOM MOrHAbHHlKe rrpOHCXOJI.RT jJ,Be qeqeBHgeoo pasnere nyroaxa C YiliKOM. HeMHorOturCAeHHbI rtepcrmr, B yrroMRHYTOM xyprane 'Ng 1 ~ 1902 I'. scrpesea nAaCTI1H'laTllIll nepcrens C yCHKaMH, O_PHaMeHTHpOBaHHblR nyHKTHpOM 'H3 pOM6OB.

K ~KeHCKfiM me YKpallIeHHJ1M Heo6xotJ;HMO OTHeera aacoxaere KOAllga, Hau601l.ee xapaxrepasre p,MI nOS,1l,lUlX norpeoeaaii, OARaRo B O,1l;HOM paHHeM KOMITAeKCe MHxaHAoBcKoro MOI'ftAbHHKa, cpeaa MaTeplfaAOB H3 pacxonox 1902 r., HMeeTCH rrHTb xpynHbIX BHCOqHbIX llioAegc 3aXO,1l;HIgHMH KOHg,aMH, apxanxecxoro aoaroponcxore HAH CMOA:eHCKOI'O THIlOB, HatJ,eTbH:1 Ra nrecroe iK:OAbQ;O C 3aBR3aHHb~MH KOHgaMH (Ta6A. V, 13).

Bee orracaaasre rpOPMbI YKpaIIIeHHH: xapaxrepnsr .llA5I CAaBHHCKOH KYAbTypbI aTOI'O BpeMeHH.

Haxoaeg, HeAb3R 060HTU MOAQaHHeM omepeAb5I HB 6yc, xapaxrepnere p,A» .:m:eHCKOII'O y6opa. B HaWHX rraMJ1THHKaX acrpeseasr OJ'KepeAb.ll HS MacCH~HbIX Q,HlI.HHAPU'leCKHX I'paH'IaTbIX, xpyrwerx H xaororpaaasrx 6yc lf3 cepzoxaxa IH r'opaoro x_pycTaAff (:Ky,plraH NQ 18-1898 r., NQ 2-1902 r. MHxaaAoBcKoro MOrHAbl:DllrKa, N!:! 7-1939 r. T HMe'peBGK;OrO MorHAbHHKa). HMeKJTc» Tawm,e 6YCbI CTeKA5I!HHble,Cmnle H meATllIe, H npOHll3KH. qaCTO pacnxaaxenasie OT lleaCTBlijI OrH5I (NQ 18-1898 r. NQ 6-1938 r. MHxaaAOIBclKolfO MOrHAbiRHRa).

B 60AbWOM QHCAe acrpexenza npa pacxonxax MeAlKHe H3AeAH.II ns meAe3a, rAaB!HblM 06paSOM noxcmae n_P5ImKH H' o6oaMHgbl. Bee OHIll OqeHb nAOXO coxpaaaxacs II lIpeJI.CTaBAeHbI 06bIqHbIMH TllnaMH. HHTepec rrpeACTaBAs{KJT AHillb rrpaxovroxuasre, RaK 6b1 caaaxeaasre c 60KOB IIIpR1KKH, :H3BeCTHbl'e rro Ma'I'epHaAaM, l1POllCXOjJ,.IIrgMM H3 conOK H p,AiHHHbrx 'Ky,praHOIB, ax BpeMH VI I I - Ha~. IX >eTOAeTHR (ra6A. V. 18).

Haxoaeg, cpeaa CKorrAeHHH mmeHbIX qeAoBeqeCKHX KOCTell rrOC'TOJ'IHHO acrpesrarorca nepezsaseaaste

I A. A. en H Y; bI H. BAaP.HMHpcKHe KypraHbI. I--!aB.

Apxecx. lC.OM, , BblIl. 15, 1905, CTp. 135, pac, 94.

KOCTa LKHBOTHblX M lITH!!,·- OCTaTKa rrHIYH, conpoBom,1l;aBmCH ysrepnrer-o. Cpeaa MareplHaAOB paCKOnOR 1938 r. KoeTH mllBOTRbIX OTCYTCTBOBaJ\H AHllIb B OAROM CommeHI-1H (KYPr. NQ 16). Cpe,ll;H KOCTell mHBOTHbIX 6bIAH onpeaexeasr OCTaTKH 6bIKa ,11;0- MallIHero (Bos taurus), xcurazra (Equus caballus), CBHRbH (Sus sctoi a dotnestica), OB!J,bI (Avis aries), cotiaxa Canis familiar is), AOC.II (Alces olces ), AMeRgb! (V'ulpes »ulpes), 606pa (Caslorf;ber) H BaRga (Lepus eutop aeus ), KpoMe Toro, scrpeaeasr KOCTH rrrag.

BMecTe C YMepIllllM czsaraxac» 06bI'lHO AllllI!:> xacre mllBOTHoro. T ax, nanpasrep, acrpesener AHWb xonsrraere rpaAaHfH H 3y6bI 6bIKa; xouraas npenCTaBJl.eHa KOCT.llMH· 3arr5ICTblI. AOBOAbHO qaCTO B C02Km,eHHHx acrpexener acrparaxsr 606pa C npocsepAeHHbIMH OTSepCTH5IMll, rrpetJ,CTaB1U1BllIHe, SH,1l;HMO, rrO,1l;BeCKII (N2N2 18 H 39-1898 r.; N!:!1-1938 r. MnxaihoBcKoro MOfHAbHHKa). KpoMe mmeHblX KOC'fIeH 2KHlBOTHbIX, aa T HMepe!BCKOM MOrHlI.bHHKe IB HaCbIIlH naafioxee ,zr,peBHHX COrrKOBH,1l;HbIX xypraaos, B ne_PBOH. cepoii l1POCAOHKe 6bIAll scrpeseaet: xepen AOllIa,ll;H (N!:! 14-1939 r.) H qeAIOCTb ,ltOMallIHero 6bIKa (N2 16-1939 r.), rrpeacraaxrnorgne OCTaTKH TpH3HbI, cosepmeanoil na xypraae yme nocxe ero coopyzseaaa,

B MHxaHAOIBcKoM IMOrHJl.bHHKe B xyprane NQ 18- 1897 I'. acrpesen KpyrrHbIH: COCY,Ll;, HarrOAHeHHblH mm.eHblMH KOCTJIMH mllBOTHbIX.

B ,lI;ByX CAyqMIX H. A. T HXOMHPOB OTMeqaeT BCTpeQeHHbIe B commeUHHX MHxaHAoBcKoro MOI1H'AbHHKa o6Yir AeHHYIO o_peXOBYIO CKOPAYillY (Ng 18- 1897 r.) HCKO;PAYlrry Ke<,1l;'PQlB0I10 opexa (Ng 7- 1897 r.), qTO npeP,CTaBJl.HeT' 60Abmon aarepec.

IX

KpaTKO nOp,Be,1l;eM HTorH paCCMOTpeHHOMY MaTepaaxy H C!POPMYAHpyeM OCHOBRble BbIBOAbI.

Haaooxee pamrae xypraasr C TpyrrocommeHHeM MHxaHAoBcKoro Ii T HMepeBCKoro Mo-rHAbHHKOB 01'~ HIQC5ITCH R VI II CT., Be.P'O.!'l"THO KO BTOP<lH ero noAOBHHB. Cpena HllX oco6eHHbIH aarepec npeJ.l,CTaB~ AJIIOT 60AblUHe xypraasr, pacrroxosseaaere B ztpeaHeiimeii geHTpaAbHOH qaCTa MorHAbHHKOB, 3aKAlQxarorgae S ce6e OCTaTKH MHorHX TpyrrocommeHlHH. Hacsmn HeKOTO_PbIX xypraaoe B03Be,l(eHbI B ,1I;BaTpH npHeMa; BHYT_PH HaCblneHCOXpaHJIIQ'TCJI ocra TIUI ,Il;epeBHHHbIX coopymeHHe, Bep05ITHO «,1l;OMOBllIf!», H xaxrexaas KAa,1l;Ka. EAllmaHll1HMH aHaAorH.!tMH aTHM xypranaa .IIBMUOTC:Sl 4peBHHe CAaBRHCKtHe norpe- 6aAbHble lIaM.IITHHKH HOBro_POP,CKOii 3eMAH - TaK na3bIBaeMble cornea, Ha Mep.llHCKHX, HH CKaHAHHaBCKUX Bergeii B STHX Ky_praHax BCTpeqeHO He 6bIJl.O. C 'H3BeCTHbIMll CeHqaC MCP.RHCKHMH PH,1I;OBbIMH MOrHAbHHKaMill npeaaefhnze xypraaei .HpocAaSCl<.Oro IloBOALKb.ll C TpynocommeHHeM He HMelOT HHqerO o6I!Jero. OqeBH,1I;ltO, OHH OCTaSAeHbI rrpHllIAbIM B 5IpocAaBcKoe TIoBoAmbe CAaB.IIHCKHM aacexenaea.

OTOMy BbIBO,1l;y He rrpornsopeaar H caexaaasre B xypraaax HaXO,ltKH. E-CAH rAHHSHbI'e H306pameHHH Mep,BembHX xan In C'onYTCTBYIOIgHe HM KOAbua

Jl. B. CmaH.Ke8U1f. K 80npocy 06 5m1tU'leCXOM cocmaec 1tace..teHUJ! 5{poc-taBclwlO IIOBOAJK.M 8 IX-X em. 83

rrpe,ltCTaB)UIIOT' C060H etge He BUOAHe pa3ra,naHHbIH 9AeMeHT norpetiaxenoro o6pJl,lta, TO' nee 2Ke HecOMHeHHO, qTO 8TO OTHIOP;b He MeCTHaa Mep.!lHCKaJl: oco6eHHOCTb xy AbTa. BnOAHe onpezexeaaere BblBOAb! U03BOA.lIeT cziexar» xepanaxa, CJl.aBJlHCKllH xapaKTep OCHOBHIOH 'MaCCbI KOToPOH He asrasmaer COMHeH~di:. EOAee TOro, KaK H 06AH'K KypraHOIB, xepaMn:Ka B,ep,eT nac aa ceaepo-aanaz B Bexosepse H HOBropop;CKYIO ::aeMAIO, yxassrsaa, qTO HMeHHO OTrYAa npamxo B HpOCAaBCKoe nOBOA2Kbe nepBoe CAaBJlHCKOe xacexenze.

Cpenn xyprauoa 60Aee n03AHHX, OTHOC5tUHIXC.fl K IX-X CT., npeacraaaaerca B03MomHbIM ;bI,l(eAHTh rpyrmy C OP;HOP0,ll,HbIM 6eP;Hb1M aasearapev, C TeMH 2Ke f'NHH.HHbIMH xanaua H KOAbgaMH, cocy.ll.aMH, cpeaa KOTOPhIX eIge nepeasasaro'r zipeaane CPOpMhI, H HeMHOrOqHC . .\eHHbIMH 0PYAHJlMH H npeaMeTaMH YKpaWeHH>l. ::ha rpynna HaCqHTbIBaeT 60Abmoe KOAHqecTBO xypranoa. BTOPYIO rpynrry COCTaBaT xypraasr o 60Aee pa3Ho06pa3HbIM aaaerrrapess, cpean xoroporo, Ha P5lAY c MeCTHbIMH K3AeA:lUIMH, BCTpeqaIOTC5I npasoaasre IIpeJl,MeTbI H yxpanreans cpeznenmeacsoro H BOCTOqaOrO CT'HAeii. Op,HaKO .3p;ecI:l llMelOTCH H I' AHHJlHble AaIIb[.

HeCOMHeHHO, liTO B 9THX nsyx, BOCHOBHOM OP;HOBpeMeHHb[X, rpynrrax norpe6eHHH orpazcarorcs pagAHqH.H cogaaxenorc nOpJI,,!(Ka, T.e. HaXO,1J;HT csoe serpaaseaae npogecc pacnaaa PO,ltOBOI'O 06Ig€CTBa H BbIAeAeHlIHI HaH60Aee otiecnexeaaoro CJl.051 naceAeHH}!.

I1HTepeCHo, qTO BeIgH BOCTOlIHOro npoacxozsaeRna, IS qaCTHOCTH MQlHeTbI, npOHHI<AH IS HPOCACl!BCKOe nOBOA2Kbe pansme, tIeM H3,l(eAHH CKaHp'HHaBCKoro THna. T oprosere CB5I.gn c BOCTOKOM npeanrecraosaxa ToprOBAe c 3anap;OM. EbITb MOiReT 9THM II 06'b5lCHHeTC5I opananaxe aocrn CTHMI rrpe,1J;CTaBA'eHHbIX aa MnXaH.I\.OBCKOM MOtHAbHHKe BOCTOqHbIX YKpameHHH.

B OTHoweHHH CKaH,ltHHaBCKHX npe,lJ,MeTOB cxeayer eige OTMeTIiTb nOCTOJlHHOe coxeraaae HX C THUHqHOMeCTHbIMH H3,1J;'eAHHMH, T. e. C OIIHcaHHbIMH MamqeCKH!MH H306pa2KeHH}!MH, Mep.llHCI<'HMH YKpaWeHll.fIMH H T. n. OrpOMHble pas aepsr MOfHAbHHKOB MHxai1:AOBCKOI'O H THMepeBCKoro, HX yp;aAeHHOCTh OT peKH, aaxoaeg, COCTaB MorHAbHoro anseurapa-rsee 8TO CBH,1J;eTeAbcTByeT 0 TOM, \lTO rraM5ITHHKII rrpHHa,lVI.'emaT He nacexeamo ToprOBbIX ipaKTopHH, a p5t,llOBOMY 3eMAe,1J;eAhQeCKOMY aacexeaaro. OTP;eAbHble norpe6eHHH peMeCAeHHHKOB, xyngoa H BOHHOB HHCKOAblW ae npormsopeaar aTOMY BblBOP;Y. B03- MOlKHO, trTO cpeaa 60raTblx rrorpe6eHHH, ocoeeano MlixaHAoBcKoro MorHAbHllKa, llMelOTc}t OT)1,eAbHbIe norpetieaaa CKaH~HHaBoB. OAHaI<O Hli onnoro 6eccnopao cKaH,Zl.HHaBcKotO norpefieaaa, xaxae HMeKlTca, CKaLKeM, B rHe3,l1,OBe OKOAO CMoAeHcKa, Cpe,ltH MaTepHaAOB 060HX flpOCJl.aBCKHX MorHAbHHKOB yxa- 3aTb HeAb3f1.

OQeHb A1060nb1THo, qTO MepHHcKHe> YI<paIUeHH5I 6bIJl.H cocpeaoroxeaer AHWb B e,1J;HHHqHbIX xypranax, rrpiHtIeM mp,e,1l,KO B OqeHb 60AblllOM qHCAegeJl.bIMH Ha60paMH. OqeBH~HO, 3Aecb HMeeT orpam.eH!He q:,aIKT HeK~oporo CMeWeHiH.!I CAaBJlHCKOro H MepaHcKoro HaCeAeHH5I, a HMeHHO HaA}ftme oT,1J;eAb-

11*

HbIX 2KeHr,gHH-MepaHoK y rrpuIUeAbgeB·cAaBaH. CYAH no xarepaaxaa A. C. YBapoBa H C. n. CaBMbeaa, B geHTpe MepJlHoCIWH seMAH, aa 03. nJlelJ!eeBOM H Y 03. Hepo, 'MepaHCKHe Bel!!H B xypranax IX-X CT. npezicraaxeaer 3Ha<rHTeAbHO 60ratIe, qeM B .HpocAaBCKOM f10BOALKbe. fIOMHMO 2KeHCKllX Mep.!lHCKllX norpeoeaail, TaM HMelOTCl1 H MY*CKHe. B xypranax XI-XI I CT. Mep.!lHCKa51 OKpaCKa HHaearapa BbI.!IBA.HeTClI etge apse. Oco6eHHO HHTe· pecasr B 3TOM OTHOIUeHHH KOCTpOMCKlle l<ypraHbI, B HHBeHTape KOTOPbIX CAaBHHCKHe H MepRHCKne HAll qY~CI<He BeIQ,H saHHMalOT OAHHaKOBoe MeCTO, 6yp.Y'ln YlKe TecHeHIUHM 06pa30M CB51.3aHHbIMH Apyr c ,ltpyrOM.

CAaB}tHCKHH xapaxrep MnxaihoBCKoro H T HMepencxoro MOrHAbHi1KOB npeKpaCHO noaraepzaaaerca MaTepHaAaMH 60Aee n03p;HHX xypranoa, OTHOC.llI,!!HXCH yzce K XI CT. H co,ltep2KaxgHX rpynorroxoaseHHH.

rpynrra KypraHoB aToro speMeHH cOCpe,ltOTO'leHa B Sana,1J;ROH qaCTH MHxaihoBCKoro MOI1HAhHHKa. OHa npeacraaxena 29 pacxonanasnm xypranasra (NgNg 5, 13, 14, 17-1897 r.: NQNQ 2, 14, 25, 33, 36, 37-1898 r.: N2N21-5, 11-12, 15-16 . 1913 r., N2N211, 12, ·13,18-1938 r.; NQN220. 21, 23, 24-1939 r.). no BHelIIHHM npaaaasav xypraaer MallO OTAHqaIOTC>l OT 60Aee paHHIIX. TOAbKO B pflAe cxysraea OHll HMeIOT GOllee pacnlLbIiBqaTYIO q:,OPMY Ii MeHbWHe paaxepet.

T pyrronoxozseaaa paCIIOAaraIOTC5I aa MaTepHKe, opaearnponanst rOAOBOH aa sanaa B HeCKOAbKHX cxyxasx C OTKAOHeHHeM K cesepy, aaoraa aa 101'0- aanaa.

Bo MHorHX CAyqaJl.X no,lt aacsmsro xyprauos na MaTepHKe npocxeasnaaerca CAOH LKiReHbIX KOllOTbIX KaMlHeH, SOAb!, CKOIIAeHHe xepenxoa H BCTpe'laIOTCJl:

OT p;·eAb!HbIe BeIgH. 11. A. T HXOMHPO'B, 06paTHiB BHHMUHHe aa STOT 30AbHblH cAoH, nerraxca OG'bJl.CHHTb ero rrpOHCX02KAeHHe AeCHbIMH nczsapaxa, B TO BpeM5I KaK B. A. r OpOP;gOB C'IHTaA, tITO CAOH: HMeeT' ecrecrseaaoe npOHCX02K)!.eHH'e. T. J. Arne aenpaaaxsno npHHHA BTO 5iBAeHHe sa CJl.e,ll,bI caoeofipaaaoro 06- pap;a o6mHiraHH5I: C)\.051 noxasr )1,0 coopyzseaas aaCbIIIH. I1ccAe)l..()saHH}!MH rrOCAe,ZJ;HHX AeT yaaxoc» YCTaaoBHTb, ttTO aarraznaa, 60Aee n03AH.HJI. \laCTb MorHAbHHiKa saxonar na :,K,paH pauee s aece cYIQe-' crsoaasurero cexarga. 30AbHaJl: npocAoHKa npeaCTaBMleT C060H KYAbTypHbIH cAoH.

I1HBeHTapb norpe6eHHH p'OBOAbHO O,1J;HOpO,ll,eH.

BCTpeqeHbI .ll.HpoBH,1J,HbIe npJliRKH, MaAbIe II 60AbIII He BHCO'lHble KOAbga C 3aXOAJl.IMHMH, pezse c aaS5l3aHHbIMH KOHgaMH, oepera C Hanyr,geHHbrMH 6ycaMH, nOp;BeCI<H, 6YCbI H T. rr. B OT,lI,eAbHbIX CAyqMIX HMeIOTC5ICOCYAbI (N.~ 18-1938 r.). MymcKHeKoCTJlKH 06blqHO He HMelO'I' HHBeHTapJl If NHlUb '1lHO~ r,lla COnpOB02Kp;alOTC>l lHomaMII HAlf ,1J,pyrHMH a,eAe3HbIMH nO,lleAI<:aMI1. MepJl:HCKHe :BelJ!H, paanoro poaa «IIIyM5I:I!!'He» yxpaurenaa cpeaa HHBeHTap51 aTHX norpe6eaHH He npencraexeasr,

B HeC:KO.i\bKllX cAYQa5lX npocxeaseasr OCTaTKH rpo- 60Blll!! (N2NQ 12, 13-1938 r.) KaI< B BH,lte qac~ii. HCTAeSIUHX nxax, TaK H CKpenA.SIBIIIHX HX rB03,ltei1. B Op;HOM KypraHe OTKPWTO norpe6eHlle B MorHAb-

84

3mHOleHe3 80CmOtfHP;>tX CAQBJl.H

-.-.---.-~- ----------------.---~---~---~--

HOH: SIMe. B IX CT. ~aHllbIH MOrHAbllHK nepecraer tpYllK!!HOHHpOBaTb.

U03,11;HHe xypransr MHXaH:AOBCKOro MorHAbHHKa no CBoeMY o6p.H,1I;Y H no HHBeHTaplO CB.H3bIBalOTC.li C He60AbllIHM I<ypraHHblM MorHAbllHI<OM, pacnoxom.eHHbIM B 2.5 KM K rory OT c. MHxaiiAoBcKoro. aa !\IHHHeH meAe3HOH ~oporH. B MeCTe CAHHHHH Cyxoro pylJM! cero npHTOI<OM. B HaCT05lIMee BpeMR: aTOT naMXTHHK InOAHOCTblO paspyurea.

KypraHbI XI CT. B THMepeBCKOM MorHAbHHKe, pacrroxoacerrusre ITO OKpa~IHe, xeaee HCCAe~OBaHbI.

BbIAEPlKKI1

,l(HEBHMKA .PACKOnOK HA HI1KAX RPOCAABCKOFI

113

Bce xypraaasie HaCNIIH pacxansraaxnce nOAHocTbIO, no cesrcpaa, OTtleAeHHNM Jl,pyr OT Jl,pyra Jl,ByMR nepexpeignBalOJ!!,HMHcR B yeHTpe cTeHKaMK, opKeHTHpoBaHHbIMH no CTpaHaM CBeTa H CAYlKHBillHMH AMI H3Y'leHHR CTpOeH1H! HaCbInH. illHpHHa CTeHOK KOAe6aAaCb OT 0.40 Jl,O 1.20 M II 3aBRCRMOCTH OT pasuepoa syprana H xaparerepa rpyara, npH ElCKPbITHH norpe6eHHR CTeHKa CHOCHAaCb no Mepe Heo6xotJ;HMOCTH. Bsrcora xyprana H3MepJ'lJl.aCb OT ypOBHR norpe6eHHoH nOtIBbI ,1tO BepWHHbI. B AaAbHeHmeM onacaHHH yposeas norpe6eHHoH nO'IBbI 0603HaQaeTCR j!HI(>POH «0)).

MHxaHAOBCKHH MorHAbHHK

K y p r a H N2 1 paCnOA01KeH B BOCTO'l:HOH xacra MOr1fAbHHKa, RpyrAoH !jJOPMbI, 'l)'Tb BbITflHYTOH C C aa 10. 4HaMeTF OCHOBaHHfI c C aa 10 10M, C 3 na B 9 M, SbIC. O.YO M. Cocras uacsma -1KeATblR cyrxnaox C rrpoCAOHKaMH KpaCHOH rJl.HHbl. KOMnlleICc I. Ha 0-0.20 M K C3 OT geHTpa paCIIOAOlKeHO KOCT{H!Ige,BblT.IIHYToe B cesepnox uanpaaaenaa, paax. 3.00 X 1.60 M, COCTORIgee H3 oKpyrJl.blx HI 'laCTH'lHO llJl.OCRHX npO,1tOJl.bHbIX o6yrJl.eHHblX nxax H 60Aee KOPOTKRX norrepexxsrx (pHC. 3; CTp. 63). Ha xocrparge paatipocaasr He60AbUIHe 06AOMKH RaAb!!HHHpOBaHHbIX KOCTeH BspOCJ\Oro 1-1 pe6eHKa (5~7 JI..) H 'lepertxn OT ropurxa PY'lHOi!: llelIlm: B geHTpe KOCTpa BCTpe'leH ateAe3HhIH npeasrer Ky6HtIeCKOH tpOpMbI (BeCOBa;[ rl-!pbKa) llHaM. 0.05 M. KOMnJ!eICc ll. Iloa geHTpoM KOCTpHlJ!a OTKpbITa flMKa f(OHH'leCKOH !jJOpMhI, BblpbITa.ll B MaTepHKe, ,lI;HaM. 0.30 M H r Jl.y6. O. 15M; B HeH cxonxeHH6 KaJI.bYHHHpOBaHHbt:x KocTeH aspocxoro 'leAOBeKa, xocreil %HBOTHblX (506pa. Baiiya) H ROC-reH nTHg,bI, TfepelII{H 01' ropnrxa PY'lHOU xenxa, ¢parMeHTbI RoCTRHoro rpetinx H CTlg~n KpeMHR.

K y p r a K N!! 2. PJ'I,1tOM C npe,1tbIJI,yrgHM, K 3 01' Hero, paCllAbIB'l:aTOH ¢OPMbl. AaaM. 7 M, BhIC. 0.50 M. CoCTaB HaCblnH - cyr AlraOK C npOCJl.OHKaMH KpacHoH r AHHhI. KOMnAelCc I. Ha 0 Y geHTpa B ceaepo-sanazaox cexrope 6blA acrpexea eAoH 'lel\.OBetIeelCHX KaAbYHHHpOElaHHbIX KOCTeH. 4HaMeTp' CJI.Q;[ ,11,0 1 M. TOArg. 0.15 M, HaH60Aee MOtgHblH B ceaepo-sanaaaoii xacra, CpeAH HHX KoeTH 6b1Ka. H lITHgl>I; B 0.80 M K CC3 OT geHTpa acrpexeasr: llpRMoyroAbHag np azsxa, Y3KHH Hom C AJlHHHblM xepealWM. me.r.eSHaJi Tpy6o'lxa H pOM6H'IeCKldi HaROHe'lHlU': crpexsr,

K y p r a H NQ 3. B BOCTOtIHOii 'laCTH MOI'HJl.t>HHKa, HeCKOJlbKO Klamee npeAbI,1tYlYero, nOAymapOBH,1tHOH: ¢OpMbI C HeCKOAbRO pacnJlblB'laTblM OCHOBaliHeM, cesepaaa 'l:aCTb aacsma KpY'le, 'leM IOatHa.ll (puc, 2; CTp. 62). AnaM. 9 M, Bble. 0.90 M. HaCbIUb - CBeTA02KeATblH cyrAHHoK C npoCAOHKaMH [,Jl.HHhI. KOMnllflCc I. Ha 0 y geHTpa, B ceaepo-aarraaaoa cexrope, 06HapymeHhI OCTaTKH com.meHHR 1I BRAe 'IepHoii npOCAOHKH OBaAbHblX O'iepTaHHH B 'nxaae, nonepesnxnox 2 M H TOArg. 0.20 M, COCTOJltgeH H3 neperHHBWHX OpraHHQeCKHX BeJ!!,eCTB, BKpanAeHlUl yrAR, qa~ eTCH o6yrJl.eHHbIx nxax H KaJl.bl!HKHposaHHbIX KocTeH.

I1HBeHTapb HX aHaAOrH':!eH xypraaasi MnXaH:AOBcxoro MorHAbHlIKa. B O,!l;HOM HS norpe6eHHn HalJaA.'\ XI CT. scrpeseasr ABa COCY4aH qaWKlI OT CKAa,1l;.HbIx B'eeOB. K aToMY .me BpeMeHiH OTHOCHTC.H IKypralHHa.H rpyrma, paonoxozsenaaa no coceztcray Mem..1l.Y n. rOHqapOBO If M. THMepeBO. no 06pH,!I;Y norpe- 6eHHx It HHBeHTaplO xypraasr XI CT. Maxakxoscxoro n THMepeBCtKOrO MorHAbHHKOB H'H'leM He Bo1- p,eMllOTCH cpenn MHornx COTea CHHXPOHHqHbIX HM cAaSXHCKI1X xypr-ann srx I(Aa.1l.6Hl!!, Bepxnero 00- BOMKbX.

npUAOJKeHUe J MYIXAPIAOBCKOM 11 TI1MEPEBCKOM MorI1Ab- 06AACTH B 1938 r,

B cxoe scrpeseaer ¢-parMeHTbl ,1I.BYX pa3J1,aBAeHHbIX co(YllOB: xaxeaexoro C 3al);!.HnOM no BeH'lHKy H 60Aee xpynaoro C OTorHYTbIM BeH'lRKOM, CAenAeHHbIX OT PYRH; B 3anaJl,HoH 'laCTa npocAoihm Ae1KaAH MeABem.bR xana, CAenAeHRaR H3 rAl'iHbl, 2 06AOMKa meAe3HOH y,1l.AHHeHHoH OKOBKH co lIIueHbKaMH. Y BOCTO'lHOrO xpas no~ xepenRaMH scrpexeasr ¢-parMeHTbI rAKHRHoro KOAbga K OTtgen KpeMHll. KOMnAex;.c II. nop; cepe.ztHHoH npocAoHKH 06HapymeHa RMKa ROHYCOBH,1I;HOH q"lOPMbl, asrpsrraa B MaTepaxe, ,1f,HaM. 0.45 M Ii [,Ay6. 0.20 M, 3arrOAHeHHaR KaJl.bl!HHHpOBaHHbIMH KOCT.IIMH H yroAbKaMH. Cpe,1tH HHX tpparMeHTbI cocyza PY'lHOH AenKH H neonpeaexeaaaa meAe3Han noaexxa.

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K y p r a H N!! 5. KpYrJI.aa HaCbUIb B :f()a\HOH qaCTH MOrHAbHHKa. AllaM. 8.5 M, BhlC. 0.65 M. KOMnAeKC 1. B y,eHTpe aacsma aa rJl.y6. 0.25 M OT BepWHHbl BCTpe'{eHO 3 aaxarexeaoe CKOnJleHHe KOJl.OTbIX 060mmeHRhIx l{aMHeif:, J.l.uaM. AO 0.40 M, cxo,!!Rl£ee HHme Ha-HeT, nop; HHMH e,1tHHH"IHble KaAbgHHHpoBaHHbie KOCTH, nonaaasumeca BnAOTb AO O. [(OMnAe1CC II. Y geHTpa B cenepo-sanaaaoa ces'rope na 0 OTKPbITO KOCTpHl,!!e. BbITRHYToe C 103 aa CB. ,lJ,A. ,11.0 2 M H WHp. 1.5 M, COCTOHJ!!,ee HS npoaoxsao nOJl.02KeHHbIX o6ropeAbIx nxaz H 60Aee KOPOTKHX nonel'etIHblX - HaH60Jl.ee coxpaHHBWHXCX iB lOfO-3ana,1lHOH 'l:aCTH. Ha KOCTpHw;e, aa aceu ero npOTRmeHHH, aaxeraer 3Ha'lHTeAb1:l:0e 'IHCJl.O 'leJl.OBe'l:eCKHX KaAb!!.HHHpOBaHHblX KocTeil:, tAaBHbIM 06paSOM 6AHlKe K cesepo-aanaaHOMY xpaso. Cpe,1l;H HHX KOCTH Jl.OllIa,1lH H co6aKH, zsexeaHaR 06oHMHga. KpyrJl.aR aecosaa rHpbKa, pacrpecxaamasca OT ,1teHClTBHH oras, H !pparMeHTb[ OOOlKmeHHO[,O KOCT.IIHOrO o_PHaMeHTHpOBaHHoro npeaxera (rpe6HA, Ta6A. VII. 2. 4- 7; CTp. M1). Me..:,!!y HHMH paCnOA02KeHb[ IflparMeHTbl cocyaa PY'lHOH xerrxa, 6aHO'lHOH 1fl0PMbI, 113 rAHHbI C npHMeCb:f() sepen KBapga, xopomero 062KHra. KOMllAeKC npeaCTaSAReT C060H HaH60Aee J'lCHO BblpameHHblH CAYTfaH nOAaoro C02KateHHR aa MeCTe.

K y p r a H N2 6. Pacnoxoasen roro-sanaaaee "PMbIAY!!tero: xpyras OBaAbHOH: ¢-OPMbI aacstn», .lLuaM. c C aa 1Q - 7 M, C 3 aa B - 8.50 M, Bble. 0.60 M. Hacbmbcynecs c npoCAoHKaMH rJ\.lUlbI. no~ Jl,epHOM B ceaepo-

E. B. Cmanseeuu. K eonpocq 015 emnuuecxosc cocmaee HGCeAeHUR J!POC.tOBCl{O!O l1080.un:I>f/ 8 IX-·-X em. 85

80CTO'lHOM cexrope Haii:.1J;CHbl xpynaaa Tpy5'1aTa1! xocre H 3 xepenxa rAHH1!HOrO cccyaa, B 0.70 M. K B o'r geHTpa xa r .l\y6. 0.40 M B HaCblTIH scrpesea r AHH.l!HbIH AbJi'lOK; O"ll:OAO Hero e,a;HHH'lHble J<aAbgHHHpoBaHHble KOCTH, HH2KerrpOCAOHKa rAHHbI. B 0.35 M K C OT yeHTpa aa rAy6. 0.50 M OT nOBepXHOCTR HaCbII1H xpyrxax azcypnaa 5Al'IXa c YWKOM aa oopaTHoH CTopOHe (Ta6A. III, 1, crp. 74). 06a npe,ll,MeTa, nOBH,llHMOMY. OTHOCJITCH K KOMllAeKCY l-a, KO.MnJleKC I. Y geHTpa, aa rAyG. 0.50 M or BepIDRHbl, pacnoxoaceao CQiKmeHHe B BH,1l;e eKonAeHHR RaAbgHHRpOBaH' Hb[X KoeTen ;:tHaM. AO 2 M, TOA~. ,11;0 0.20 M H YJaCTeH 06Y1"AeHHblx nxax - OCTaTJ(OB xoc'rpmga, KOMTtIlex:c I-a. B 0.80 M K CBB or geHTpa OTKpbITa KOHYCOBH,1I,HOH !pOPMbl lIMKa, BbIp·blTall B MaTepHKe, AHaM. 0.40 M H rAy6. 0.20 M; BJJ;O.l\b ee IOrO-BQeTOYJHOro Kpall AemaAH !pparMeHTbI nocraBAeHHoro B lIMKY pa3,a;aBAeHHoro COCYAa 6aHO'lHOH qJOPMbI, PY'IMOH AeIlKH, cBeTAop030BoH rAHHb! C npHMeCRMH sepea xsapga, xoponrero 062Klfl'a. .HMKa 6b1.1\a CIlAOWb aanoxaena cAa60 o60miKeHHbIMH KOC'l'RMH MOAO,a;OH 2KeHl!!HHbI H KOCTlIMH 6bn:a, CBHHbHl{ xoca, a csepxy B cocyae Ae2KaAH 2 GpOH' 30BbIe cxcpaynooopaaasre qlH6YAbi (Ta6A. IV, 2, CTp. 76), 'laeTH'IHO vacnAaBAeHHble, c 2KeAe3HbIMH HrAaMH, !pparMeH~ TbI cxxaaacro KOCTlIHOrO rpe6H.ll (raGA. VII, 2-3, CTp. 81), KOCT xaax opHaMeHTHpOBaHHalI yxoBepTKa( Ta6A, VI I, 1, crp. 81 ) , 060JKmeHHble CTeKMIHHbIe 6yebl, xpyr Able, o'pp,HHapHble H P;BOHHble, 6eAoro H caaero gBeTa, H cnxan OT 6ye, Tpy60'lKa' nrOAbHHK H3 nTH'IbeH KOCTIf.; y IOrO-3anaJl,HOrO xpaa lIMKH Raxo,a;HAaeb MHHHanOpHa>l YAAHHeHHOH $OPMbJ TO'lHhKa (1l0,a;BeCKa?) H3 '1epHOro eAaHga C OTBepeTHeM, B 0.26 M K .'3 OT JIMKH Y nAaXH scrpeseaa $parMeHTHpOBaHHaR MeABelftbJi xana H3 rAHHbI xpacaoro ~BeTa (Ta6A. I, 2,eTp. 67).

K y p r a H N!! 7. PacnOA.02KeH y IOrO~BOCTOqHOrO Kpa51 MorHAbHHKa aa B OT npeAblAYIgero; aacsm» oxpyrxaa, .l4HaM. 7· M, BbIC. 0.60 M. Hacsms - KpacRblH eyrAHHoK co 3HaqaTeAbHbIMH IlPOCAOHKaMH rAH}fbl. KOMn.!l.eKC I. B 0.75 M K C3 OT geHTpa BCTpeYJeHO He3Ha'l:HTeAbHoe CKOIlAeHHe KaAl>gHHKpoBaHHbIX xocreii c06aKH H OGAOMKOB ,a;syx MaAeHbKHX pa3AaBAeHHblX COCYAOB, O,llRH c WHP0:KHM IIp.llMbIM BeK'lHKOM ·K qYTb MO,1leAHpOBaHHblMH IlAe'lHKaMH H BTOPOH nop,06HblH lftc c HaCe'lKOH lIO KpaJO BeH'IHKa (Ta6A. II, 1, CTp. 72). B !!eHTpe CKonMKRR i!>parMeHTb! rARHRHoro KOAbl.!,a; B I02KHOM ero KOHI~C He60hbWall (jJparMeHTIfpOBaHHall MeABemb.ll xana H3 rAHHbI; aa .3 0'1' nee .l40HHaR qaCTb pa3p,aBheHHoro KpynHoro TOACTOCTCHHoro cocyaa 6aHO'lHOH ~OpMbI. Bocroxaee CKOIlAeHl:U! acrpe'1eHbI o6yrAeHHble nAaXH, BblTJIHYTble c 103 aa CB. B OCHOBaHRH CKOIlAeHHR AcmaA M0l!!!1bIH ehoH KpacHoM 060iK2KeHHOH rAHHbI. KOM,rtlteK.c II. B paccrosaaa 1 M K lOBB OT geHTpa na 0 Haxo,a;HAoeb C:KOIlAeHHe ofiyrxeuHblX naax ,a;RaM. ,a;o 0.70 M. cocroaigee H3 WHPOKHX I1AaX, BbIVIHYTblX C C3 na lOB. H 60Aee Y3KHX nonepe'lHblX. B IOrO~SOCl'O'lHOH CTopOHe aa ofiropextax nxazax coxpaaaxace qaCTb o6ropeAoro AepeBHHHoro npe,llMeTa

(AapYJH:Ka?) C AlieTOBHJJ;HblMH 2KeAe.3HbIMH OKOBKaMH C

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K y p r a H N2 8. nAOCKaJl aacsma B ceBepO-BOCTO'lHOH "'laCTH MorHAbHHKa. j(HaM. 650 M. nerc, 0.40 M. Hacblnbcynecn ceporo YBeTa C BKAIOYJeHHlIMH KOJl.OTbIX. KaMHeR. Ha 0 He.3Ha'UITeAbHaR 30AbHaH npocxoiixa, KOMnJleKC I. B 1.26 M K 103 OT gewrpa. aa 0 He3Ha'lHTeAbHOe CKOnxeaae xepenxoa. KO},tn.lleK.c II. B 1.50 M K IOIOB OT geHTpa aa 0 YJaCTl:> 06ropeAoH nAaXH H OKOAO nee HeCKOAbKO KaAb!!RMHpOBaHHbIX KOCTOqeK.

K y p r a H N2 9. OEpyrAaH. paCnAbIBYJaTa.lt aacsms B iOro·.3anaJJ;HoH YJaCTH MorHAbHIfEa na e.3 OT· xypraaa N2 6. .n;HaM~ 5.0 M, BbIC. 0.50 M. Hacsms - cynecs xpacaoro gBeTa, B 1.60 M R 10103 0'1' -geIfTpa noa AepHoM HaHAeH meAe3Hbl" HOiK C 060HMOH Y <repeHKa H xepenox. KOMTi;tell':C I, Y geHTpa 11 HecKoAbKO :K lOB OT Hero Ha 0 t\CTpe'l'llAHCb qaCTH o6rope ... b1X rrAax 11 Me2KiJ;Y HRMK

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Hbi. 06ropeAbie DAUH eOCTaBM[AH CKOIlAeHHe JJ;A. l1.0 1 M H unrp. 0.50 M. Y BOCTO'lHOrO ax KpaJI AemahR BbIr.ltHYTble B O,l:\Hy AHHHIO cep,a;geBH,!I;Hble nO.fleHl>te 6MIIIlKH C BOCTO'!HbIM opHaMeHTOM (TaGA. V, 6, CTp. 78) H meAe31lblil: HO* B ,a;BYX o6AOMKax. Y !!eHTpa eKpenAeHH.II HaHJJ.eH 06AOMOK t'iPOH30BOH CIlHpa.ll.bKH, B 1.20 M KlODT geHTpa CKOIlAeHHJI aa 0 GblA HaHAeH BTOPOH me....e3Hblii: RO*. KocTpHl!!;e 3JJ;eCb 6b1.II.O pacno.aosseao B 51Me C Ha:KAOHHblM ,!I;HOM.

K y P 1" a H Nil 10. Kpyras OBaAbHO-BblTJIayTa.lt HaChlnb B IOrO~BOeTO'lHOH qaCTH MOrHAbHHKa. ,l(HaM. c C aa 10- 5.60 M, c 3 aa B - 5.20 M, RbIC. 0.50 M. HacbInbmehTbIH eyr.ll.HHOK. KOM.nJ!eKc l, Cpa3Y me rron p;epHOM B 030 M K 3C3 OT geHTpa aa rAy6. 0.35 M OT BepIl1RHbI Jl.emaAH mCAC3Hb!e HOiKHHgbI, HeeKOAbKO ceaepzee HX - KaAa'!eBH,!I;Hoe xpecaxo H Mem,llY HHMH e,!l;HHH'!Hble :!\aAbgHHRpoBaHHbIe KOCTO'lKH. KOMn.llex:c II. no'!!; geH1poM nacsma B cesepo-aanaaaox cexrope BCTpe'leHO COlK2KeHHt" B BKAe rexxoro osaxnaoro. BbITRHYTorO c 103 na CB CKOIlAeHl:!>l 11.0' 1.35 M B nonepesaaxe, CO,llepmaqr,ero Kahbl.\HHHpOBaHHble KoeTH qeAOBeKa. CpeP;K HHX Kocrn AHeRgbl R rrrag, yrOAbKH H B geHTpe csorrxeaaa pa3AaBAeHHblH cocyJJ; RpacHoii rhHHbI, TOHKocTeHHblH, xopomero 06mHl"a, C qYTb OTorHYTbIM BeH'!HKOM, 1l0KPblTblM HaCe'lKOH DO xparo, '1aCTH'lHO OWhaKOBaHHblH. B 0.36 M K C 0'1' cocyaa xemahH PH,!I;OM RpyrAaR secoaaa rapsxa co Che.llaMH 6pOl!3bl H mehe3HblH mneuex, corayrsrii rra I<OH~ax. B 1.20 1.1 K .3 OT ~eHTpa CKOnheHHlI aazoaaxacs <raeTb 06ropeAoH HAaXH, BbITlIHYTOH e 3 aa B. OKOAO 0.40 M Jl,AHHOH. Ha CB OT nee AemaAH qJparMeHTbI cocyna KpaeHoH rAHHN xopowero 06lftHra C 'lYTb OTorHYTbiM BeH'lHKOM (pac, 7, CTp. 71). Cocyz 6bJh yxpauren opHaMeHTOM H3 OTlIe'laTKOB sepeaosxa, B 0.80 M K C OT lIJ\aXH HaXOAHAaCb qaCTb BTOpOil: TaKOn me nxaxa,

K y p r a H N2 11. Oxpvr Aa.l! aaCblnb, pacrrOAomeHHall B 3alIa;J.MoH 'laCTH MorRhbHHKil. ,l(l1aM. 0.5 M, Bble. 0.40 M. Haceme - cynecs, oxparucaaax B cepblH gaeT npHMeCbIO rYMyca, c npocAoRKaMH rAHHbl.

B y,eHTpe xyprana aa 0 AemaJl. KOCTllK MY2K'lHUbI CPCA}lHX AeT, opHeMTHpoBaHHblH rOJl.OBOH aa .3 C OTKAOHeHHeM B 30° K C. Coxpaaaocrs nAOXaJl. PYKH nOAomeHbl BAOAb TYhOBHIga, HH2KHlIlI '1eAJOeTl> OTBaAHAilCb BRM3. Cczpaaaxace Ilhe<reBble KoeTH, '1aCTb pe6ep, n03BOHI(OB H 6eApeHHble KOCTH. nOJl: Ta30M AemaA meAe3HbIH: Hom, Y xeaoro rrxexa - iKeAe3HblH crepscexs co cBepHyrblM KOHgOM.

K y P 1" a H N!! 12. KpYTaJI BbITlIHYTall xacems B saI1allHOH qaCTH MorHAbHHKa, cesepaee I1peJJ;b1AyrgeH • .llHaM. c C na 10 6.50 M, C .3 Hil B 5.40 M. Hacblnbcynecs, cxpameaaaa B cepo-xepmsii gBeT. B 1 M K B OT geHTpa na rAy6. 0.25 M 0'1' I10SepXHOCTH aacetna BCTpe~ "eH KoeVIK nopoeeHKa, 6e3 xepena. Y geH'l'pa aa 0 ROCUK 2KeHIJ!HHbl (40-50 JI..), epeJJ;Heii eoxpaRHOCTH, 1"0- AOBOH xa 3 C OTKhOHeHHeM OROAO 30° K C; '1eAlOeTb cnycraxace BHR3, PYKH na A05:Ke. 4acTl> Il03BOHKOB, Ae· EaH AY'leBaR H AOKTeBa.ll KOCTH H qJahaHrH nor He coxpaHKhHCb. Y qepena, no 60KaM OT Hero H xecxcxexo BblnIe, Haxo,llHAHeb 2 meAe3HbIX KplOKa. CACBa Y xepena - elm" paAbHoe 6poH30Boe npOBOJl.O'lHDe KOAe'lKO. B 0.58 !It K B OT aor CKeAeTa AeiKaA meAe3HblH rrpenxer B BH,!I;C CTepmH.II C paeWHpeHHblM KOH!!OM. Cnoeaa OT xepena CKeAeTa aa pacCTORHHl'! 0.50 M Ac2KaAa otiropexaa nxaxa, IlpeACTilBAllIOl£a.ll C060H, nOBH,1I,HMOMY. OCTaTOK rpo60BHIgil. ChOl{ llorpe6cHHoii nO'lBbI, na KOTOPOM 6b[AO coseptnerto saxopoaeuae, OTAHlIilhCll 'lepHbIM ~BeTOM H 3Ha'lHTeAbHblM eOAepmaHHeM KOAOTbIX, 'laCTH'IHO 060m2KeHHbIX ltaMKeH. B 0.35 M aa C OT ACBOH 6epgoBoH :KOeTH cxexera AelftaM Tpy6'lilrall :KOCTb mHBOT' aero.

K y p r a I! Nil 13. KpyrMli HaCblnl> B 3allaJJ;HoH '1aCTH MOrHJl.bHHKa, Pll,!l;OM C npeAbIAy~eH. ,l!;HaM. 7 M; Bble • 0.50· M. Hacsms ~ cynecs, B HHmHeH '1aCTH OKpaIl1eHHa1I B 'lepHblH Y;BeT npHMeCbIO ryMyca. Y geHTpa aa 0 05HapymeH KOeT.ltK meH~HHbI cpeAHKX xer, opHeHTHpOaaHHbJH rOAOBOH Ha 3, C OTKJl.OHeHHeM B 20e K C. Co;r.paHROCTb

86

cpe,llHHlI; AeBaH AOKTeBaH H AY'l:eBaH KOCTH H 4>aAaHrH Hor He CDXpaHHAI1Cb. CKeAeT .Ilema.i\ aa 6 OK}'. .i\HgOM na IOI03 HHmHJl:H lJeAl<JCTb Halm,llHJl.aCb B rrepesepayrcn IIoAOm;Hlil1, AeBaH PYKa aa .Il06Ke. Y npaBoH KAfOlJHgbJ BCTpelJeHO cepetipaaoe BI{CO'JHoe npOBOAO'l:Hoe KOAe'l:KO C '3a.-":OP;1!,!!HMH I~OH!!ar.!H. K C B 0.30 M OT 't_epena l1.em.aA .lRe.lleaHbIH nAOCKHH: crepzsexex, B 0.45 M K JOB OT npaBOl{ pYlm - lj;eAe3HbIH KplO'IOK, a B 0.20 M K 10103 OT npaaoii PYKH - OCTaTOK neperaaaureii scpTHKaAbHou nxamJ\H IJ.A. 0.21 M. nOeAe,1l;HH1!, TaK .lRe UK Ii I<PfO'IKIi, scrpe'1eHHble B HCCKOAbKHX MeCTax, npeACTaSA1!eT co60H: OCTaT- 1m acrxeaurero rpo6oBlIIga. nop; norpeeeaaex urex MOI£Rblli 'JepHblH cAoH C mlKeRblMH KaMHJl:MH Ii xepenxaxn. B aorax csexera B TeMHOM cxoe HaR,1J;eH qlparMeHT nxocxoro l'AHHJ'!Horo npacxa, YKpaI!leHHOfO HMl<aMH.

K y p r a Ii NQ 14. n,\.OCKa)! oKpyrAa.l1 nacsms B rorosanaP;Hoil 'laCTH MorHAbHlma. .LJ,HaM. 0.4 M, BbIC. 0.70' M. Hacsms - pblXAbJH: lKeATbIH IIeCOK c npQCAOHKaMH KpacHoH rAHHbl. B nO,!J,OIlIBe HaCbInH acrpeveaer 2 xeperrxa, norpe6e~ HWI He o6HapymeHO.

K y p r a 1I N~ 1 S. DOAywapOBH,IlllaH HaCb!I1b B cenepo- 3anaP;Hoi1: 'lacn[ MorHAbHHKa. AHaM. 8 M, Sb[C. 1.50 M. Y geHTpa B lDlKHOM cexrope xyprana scrpexeasr KaAb!!Hsaposaanere ROCTH C BKparrAeHH:IIMH yroxsxos, Aemal£He na n.M!!!aAH ,!IHaM. J];O' 1.50 M CAoeM TOAI£. l1.0 0.20 M_ B 1.30 M K 10 OT !!eHTpa lIaCNUfI cocpenoroxasaxoc» naatioxee MO'!!Hoe CKonAeHHe uexosesecxax KOCTen H KOcTeH CBRHI>H, TMI *e naXOIJ.HAHCb qlparMeHTbI pasaaa-,.eHHbIX COCYAOB, "laCTl'!'lHO OIIIAaKOBaUHl:>lX OT n;eHcTBHfI orns, meAe:;maH oxpyr AaH npazsxa H B 0.12 M aa B ceee6p.flHOe npOBOAO'lHOe KOAe'lKO C aaBHaaHHb[MH KOH!!aMH. B 0.60 M K 103 or pasaaaxeasoro COCYAa npoaoxasaAOC!) CKonAeHHe KaAb!!HHHpOBaHHI>IX KOCTeR, cpeAH HHX AemaAH' qiparMeRTbl aroporo paaaaaaeaaore COCYAa, xacm ]"AHH.I1HOrO 060mmeHHoro KOAbga H qlparMeHT ll.1lTO'lHOH 'laCTH: fAHHgHOH: Me,1l;BelKbei:l AaUbl_

K y p r a H Ng 16. I-IeSb!COKaJ[ xacsme yt(AHHeHHO-

oBaAbaoH !POPMbl B BOCTO'lHOH lJaCTH MorHAbHHKa, Ha C OT xypraaa N!! 1. .LJ,HaM. C C aa 10 - 8 M, C 3 aa B- 5 M, BbIC. 0.60 M_ Hacems - CYrARHOK C UpccAoHKaMR KpaeHoR TARHbl. KOMnJ!cKc 1. B 0.20 M K 103 OT geHTpa aa rAy6. 0.15 M OT nOBepXHOCTH HaCblnH BCTpe'IeHO cxon"'.eHHe KaAb!!HHHpOBaHHbIX KocTeH, AHaM. 0.15 M H TOA!!!. 0_10 M. CpeAH HUX AemaA lKelteSHblH HOm. C )'TOAr,geHHOH cnHHKoH. Hum.e llO rAy6. 0.60 M 1l0naAaAHCb eAHHH'lHbIe KaAb!!HHHpOBaHHbIe KOCTO'lKlf, xepenxa H KYCKU 050lKeHHoM rARR!>!. KOMnJ!cKc II. B 0.50 M 01' lJeHTpa aa 0 scrpesea pa3AaBAeHHb[H cocya xpacaoii rJl.IHlbl C np)!Mbm BeH'IHKOM, BorHYTblM BHYTPb, H oKpyrAblMH nxe'1HKaMH (TaoA. II, 2). OKOAO Hero CAe,1J;bl o6rOPeAoH: IlAaXH H ¢parMeHT CHAbHO 050lRmeHHOR MeABelKbeH r AHH.I1HOH Aanbl; MelKAy HHMH He3HalJHTeAbHoe '1HCAO KaAbIJHHHpO~ BaRRblX xocrosrex, KOJ.!nAeKc III B 1.80 M K C OT yeHTpa na 0 06HapymeHo CKOIIAeHHe xepenxoa, B cesepo-sanaAHOR nOAC xypraaa y OCHOBaHHJI IIIeA CAoi KpaCHOR 060mm.eHHoH r AHHbl.

K y p r a H N9 17. XOAMoo6pa3Hoe YIJ.AI-IHeHHoH ql0PMI>I BO:3BbIIlIeHHe, llpHMbIKafO,!!ee K ceaepo-sanazaony xpato «yorana N!! 16, BblT.1IHYToe C 3 Ha B. AHaM. C C na 10- 5.50 M, c 3 na B - 6 M, ssrc, 0.70 M. Pacxonsn 6b[A1I rrpeznpaasrer C !!eA!>JO rrpccxenrrre, He aaer AH nOA 6TY HaCblllb CAOi{ 060mmeHHoii r AHHb[. XOAM OKa3aACH ecreCTseHHblM B03BbIWeHHeM.

K y p r a Ii N!! 1 8. nOAYIIIapOBH2J;Ha.l1 aacsrne B cenepHOH '1aCTH MOfHAbHHKa, ceBepO-BOCTO'lHee xypraua N!! 15, PJl,1l;OM C HIIM. .LJ,HaM. 8 M, BbIC. 0.80 M. Hacsrns - CBeTAbIH cyr ARHOK C llPOCllOHlI:aMH r AHHbI, B aanamrosr ceKTOpe aHa'lHTeAbHaJl rrpaxece rYMyca. KO;ltnAeKC I. B 0.20 M K C OT geHTpa nacsm« xa rAy6Hlfe 0.30 M OT sepuraasr BCTpelJeHO rrorpetienae CTapYXH, opxearapoeaaaoe roxoBOH K C3. KeeTH nor IlAOXOH coxpaaaocrn, xepen pas,1taBAeH, HH<itHllJl 'IeAIOCTb orsaxaxace, pyKH BbITJl:HYTbI B,1tOAb TYAoBHlga. n03BOHKH, pe6pa H '1aCTb KocTeH xeBOH PYKH He COXpaHHAHC!>. Y xeaoro IIAe"la Aem.aAH cep,1toAliKOBa.1l !!,UAHH.1lpH'IeCKa.1l 6yca H 06AOMOK neonpeaeAeHROH OAOB.1IHHOH (';I) nO,!l;eAKH. Y xesoro KOJl.eHa B 0.30 M II: CB OT Hero _, me.l\e3HblH Hom H B aoraz B 1 M aa JO OT HHX-COCyP; KpacHoH rARHbl C WHPOKHM 'l:YT!> aaxe'leHHbiM BeH'lHKOM If oKpyrAbIMIf nAe'lHKaMR,

Y npaacro 6et(pa HaxO,n;HACfI 06AOMOK rAHHHHoro npacAHga C B!>[CTynaIOIJ!HM pefipox.

K y p r a H N~ 19. DOAymapoBHAHaH aacsm» P.1l,1J;OM C npet\bI.lly'!!eiL AHaM. 8 M, BbIC. 1_50 M. Hacsms - cyrxuHOK C npocAoHKaMH xpaciroil r .l\HHbI. KypraH OKa3aACfI rrycTblM .

THMepeeCKHR MorHAbHHK

K Y P r a H N2 1 _ nOAYI!lapOBH,1J;HaH nacsme B iorosan az; HOR' '1aCTH MOrli.llbHHKa. BepIIIHna HeCI,OAbKO yrr aor,geHa. B OCHOBaHHH xypraaa BHl1.HbI CAe,1J;bl aanxsramero paa. AHaM. 0.12 M, BbIC. 0.80 M. HaCbInb - cBeTAblll cyrxmrox C npocAoHKaMH KpacHoii rARH!)I, HHme meATbIl1 MaTepHKOBblH IIeCOK. KO,lInJleKC I. B 1.50 M l< C3 OT geHTpa na r!l.y6. 0.30 M OT nOBepXHOCTU aacsma BCTpe'1eHO CKOllAeHHe KaAbj!,HHHpOBaHHbIX KOCTcif ,!I;IUM. AO 0.50 M H TOAIJ!. 0.23 M. Cpeaa Ha'X HaH2J;eHbl nponoxeao pacrroxozseanere 6A.I1lliKH 01' noaca, li3 HRX 1 y,n;Ap.HCHHa5l, 4 ¢HrypHble (Ta5A. V, 8, CTp. 78) H 1 xpyrwasr, 'laCTH'IHO COXpaHH.I\aCb KO.l!';a OT nonca, PflAOM AemaA meAe3HbIH BRCl'I'1HM: saMO'JeK, pacnasundlcx aa 'l:aCTH. Hsose o6HapymeHbl:

, u

¢parMeHTHpOSaHHa.l1 KOCTHHafi nonexxa B BHl1.e KOPOTKOH

Tpy6KH, TO'l:HJl.bHall: IIAHTKa YAAHHeHHoH qlOpMbl, KBalJ.paTHaH B Ce'leHHH, C OTsepCTHeM, H B caMOM HHSy aa 0 KpYIIHaH noaKOBoo6pa3Ha1! 6poH30Ba.s:r aacrezuca C pOM6H'{ecKRMH rOAOSKaMH, Jl.emaBIIIal'l aa KPYtKKe 6epecTbl (Ta6A. V, 1" CTp. 7B). He3Ha'l:HTeAbHa.1l 'laCTI> Ber,geH HOCHT CAep,bl ,lJ;ellCTBHJf orn a. HHm.e noa comm.eHHeM HaX0IJ.HAaCb xpynxan H3BeCTlUIKOBaH nAHTa llpfiMoyroAbHoH (POPMbI, pacxoxoraa no t(HaMeTpy. KOMnll.eKC 11. B 2.30 M K CB OT l.ICHTpa HaCbInH na I'Ay6. 0.60 M OT BepIIIHHbl SCTpe'leHO CKonACHHe KaAb"ijHHHpoBaHHblx KOCTeH ,zmaM. 0.45 M H xepenxa OT cocyaa C OTorHYTblM BeH'lHKOM. npH 3a'lHCTKe CAOH norpefieaaoii noxaer scrpeveasr orrnerisr KpeMIUI, xepenxa H 3y6 AOIllaAH.

K Y P r a Ii N!1 2. HaCbIITb aerrpaaaasno oKpyrAoH qlopMbt. P5!lI.OM C xypraaox N!1 1, nexaoro BOCTO'lHee. AllaM- 7 M. BbIC. 1 M. HacbIllb - cyrwaao« co SHa'l:H'!'eAbHblMIi npOC)lOHKaMH KpacHoH rAHHbl. B lOrO-:3anal1.HOM cererope xa ncnonrae xyprana BCTpeqeHO HeCKOAbKO pastipocanasrx KaAbYHHHpOBaHHblX KOCTO'leK, '1epeITOK H OTJ,gellbI KpeMlfH.

K y p r a If N2 3. OKpyrAa.l1 'laCTHliHO pacnxeramascn aacsme B sarraaaof '1aCT1! MorHAbHHKa_ AHaM. 5.5 M, BbIC. 0.40 M. Hacsme - CBeT AblH neCOK C He3Ha'lHTeAbHblMH llpeeAonKaMH rAHHb!. KOMnAeKc I. B roro-aanazrHOM cex'rope B 0.20 II! OT geHTpa na 0 paafipccaaasre ofiropexere nxaxa Ii ¢parMeHTb[ pa3IJ.aB.I\eHHOrO cocyaa, Mem,1l;Y HHMH CKOnJI.CHHe J\aAbgHHHpoBaHHbIX xocreir, ,1J;HaM. 0,70 M H TQAqI;HHOH 0.20 M_ B 0.55 M K 3 OT lJeHTpa nacema Ha TOR me r Ay6HHe scrpexea KOCT JlHOl1: opHaMcHTHpoBaHHblR HaKOHe'lHHK noaca 0) (Ta6A. VII, 10, CTp. 81). K 103 OT aero - 'laCTb 06rOpe.l\OH nxaxa Ii IPparMCHT COCYAa C oKpyrAblMll llAe'lIiKaMIi Ii 'l:Yl'b OTorHYTb[M BeH1.[HKOM, H3 r ARHbl xopcmero 06lKHra C noaxecsso TO.ll'leHbIX paxynrex, CHAbHO ,n;eql0pMHpoBaHHoro OT ,1J;CHCTBH;[ OfHH.

K y p r a H N~ 4. nOAYI!lapOBHAHaH aacsms co CAeJJ;aMH aanAblBwcH HMbl B BepUIHHe B KlfO-sana,1J;HOM yrAY MOrHAbHHKa, fOmliee xyprana N!1 1. AHaM. 9 M, nuc. 0.70 M. Hacsms - cyr AHHOK C rrpocAoRKaMH r AHHN, HH*e cBeTAblH MaTepHKol!bIli neCOK. KOMnJleKC 1. B 0.80 M K 3 OT gellTpa HaCblUH aa r Ay6. O. 20 M OT lTOBepX~ HOCTH BCTpe'l:eHO CKOIIAeHHe KaAbgHHHjJosaHHblX KOCTeH 11.0 0.30 M B ,1I;HaMeTpe, KOTOjJoe npocxeaursaxocs .11,0 rAy5. 0.55 M. Cpena KOCTeH HaHAeH 06AOMOK BeH'IHKa CO cy,1t a C HaCe'lKOH no KpaJO. KOMnJ!eKc II. B 10mHoH noxe KYPraRa! B 0.40 M K 10 OT geHTpa HaCbInH aa 0 HaXo,!l;H.I\OCb norpedeune Mym'lHHI:>I 40-50 A. KOCT1IK cpeAHeR coxpaaaocra opHeHTHpOBaH rOAOBOH aa 103; HHmHSUI xeAlOCTb crrycrnxacs BHR3, PYKH npOTgHYTbI BAOAb TY.ll.O~ BHIga, 'laCTb 1l03BOHKOB He eOXpaHH.II.aCb. CACBa y xepena HaXO,1tHACfI KpynHbIH llAOCKHH KaMCHb. C npaBOR CTOPOHb! CKeAeTa, B 0.20 M OT Hero, nOCTal!AeHbI B PJ'!l1. COCYAbl (pRC. 8, CTp. 73): y rOMBb[ - 'laCTb xpyrnroro cocyna rpyDOH TAHHbl, PR,1J;OM - HHSKHH COCYA. C,lJ;eAaHHbIH aa roxxapHOM Kpyre (Ta6A. II, 4, CTp. 72), erge AaAblIIe - cocyzt AenHoR, 6aHO'lHOH !flOPMbI, YKparueHHbrH npO.1l,OAbHblMH OTTHCKaMH rpe6eHKH no BeH'UlKY (Ta6.1\. II, 3, CTp. 72) Ii Y 6e21pa - KYBIIIHH 60.ll.TapCKOro rana C pyqKOH (pac. 7,

Jl. B. CmaHXC8l1.'l. K 8onpocy 06 3mH.U'leC!WM Cocma8e HaCe..l.eHllJ! Hpoc.Aaacl{oto l1080MKbll. 8 IX-X em. 87

crp. 71) 1'13 "paCHOH rARHbI co CJ\eAaMK npoAohbHoro )\0" W,eliHfI. Cnpasa y 6ep,pa Haxop,RJ\OCb KaAa<JeBHAHoe xpecaAO, pfl,1tOM - ;:{~ell.e3HbIH crepzseae, y BHyiTpeHHeH CTOPOHbl npaaoro 6Mpa - cepetipaaaa MO'HeTa, OKUaBWaJiC.II Bblpe-

PACKonKH HA MHXABAOBCKOM

Haxce IIPHBOP,RTC.II xparxoe OIIHcaHHe aexoropsix, HaRoOAte HHTepeeHblx xypranoa, pacxonamrsrx 11. A. T HXO~mpOBbIM 1 B 1897 r.

K y p r a H N!~ 2. B eeBepO'-BOCTO'iHOH 'iaCTH MorRAbJlHKa JlHaM. 8.50 M, asrc, 0.85 M. Ha 0 HaXOp,RJlCJl 3O'AbHbIH CAOH, B geHTpe - HeMHoro yr AeH; TaM 2Ke BCTpe"ieHb! m.mCHble KOCTH, K B OT HHX xepenxa rpytioro roptnKa c npasrecsro JtpeeBbI, 06AOMOK KOCTJ'!HOH rr.MCTIl:HKH (Ta61\. VII, 12, CTp. 81) H KOCTb KOPOBb!. C 3eMAeii 6b1AH BbI6pollIeHbI pOM6H<!eelmH HaKOHe'!HHK CTpeAbI H mrropa (Ta6h. VI, 9 H 12, CTp. 79).

KypraH N2 7. ,lJ;xlaM. 17 M, BbIC. 1.78 M. Hal'l\y6. 0.67 M H B 5.26 M OT sananaoro xpas xyprana BCTpe· '{eHbl KOCTH HorH H pe6pa KOPOBb!, a DOA HHMH xa Marepmee H B 9 M OT BOCTO'IHOrO Kpa$! HaCbum HaXO,1J,H)lOCb oaaxsxoe CKOIIJleHHe yrAH, mmeHblX KOCTeH H 'olepenxoa, Ero pa3Mepbl: 1.51 X 1.32 M, CKOIIAeHnc BbITflnyro e 103 Ha CB. B HeM BCTPC'iCHbJ: IIOll.OBHHa cepeOPJlHOH 130CTO'IHOH MOHe'l'bl, 06AOMKH rAHHlIHblX AaTI H ASYX KOJl.eg {TaoA. I, 3 H 4, CTp. 67}, 06AOMKI! AAHHHblX '1CTblpexrpaHRblX cAaHgeBblx 6PYCKOB, 2 meAC3HbIC np.llmKH, KOCnIHa51 opaasrearapoaaaaax nxacrmnca (Ta6A. VII, 9, CTp. 81) H KOrOTb mHBOTHoro. TaM m.e oxasaxacs CROPxyna KeApoBoro opexa.

KypraH NQ 10. ,lJ,HaM. 14.10 1'01, BbIC. 1.50 M. Ha MaTepHKC hC2KaA 30·JlbHbIli cAoH, aa KOTOpOM B 4.97 1'01 OT BoeTO'IHoro RPM! HaCbInH HaXO,1l;HAOeb CROII.II.CHMe yrAJi H mmCH!lIX xocreii, ,1J,RaM. 3.77 M. B ceaepuoii '1aeTIl CKOII.II.CHHlI scrpeseaer Me'!, TOIIOP (Ta6.11.. VI, 7, CTp. 79), aacreanca aopxaacxcrc Tlma. Hom, 3HaMH, YAHAa, WIIOPbI If 'lepCIIKH ropW1WB, CTpeAbI H 'IamKH or BeCOB. Y aanamroro xpa51 CKonAeHHH - 6e!l.blM paCKOAOTblU aa-aaoe xaxeas, pa3MepOM 0.45 X 0.27 lor. B 7.24 M OT BOCTO'lHOrO' Kpaf! HaCbIITH R aa rAy6. 0.71 M OT IIOBepXaOCTI! xypraua uaxeJlH.A.aCb RyqKa mmeHblX KoeTCH It yrAH ,!J,HaM. 0.36 M 1-1 TOAI1!. 0.04 M.

K y p r a H N2 11. ,tlnaM. 18 M, aerc, 1.70 M. Ha Marepase CJlOH 30AbI R yrMI. B BOC1'O'lHOI{ nOAOBHHe KYPrana B HaCbllTH MAeT .ltyroo6pa3HaH IIpOCAOHKa norpetieaHOH· ncsasr, a HHme aa rAy6. 0.80 M OT nOBepXHOCTH Jl.pyran. Tat,aH me npOC!l.OHKa. B 3arraAHou nOAOBHHe HaCbIIIIt CAol-! norpe6eHHoii nO'lBhI He npOC.II.emHBaAHCb.

K y p r a H N'! 18. Al-laM. 12.80 M, Bble. 1 M. Ha rAy6. 0.75 M RY'IKa BOAb!, yrMI H' mmeHbIX KOCTeH, y ee saCTO"lROrO xpax HaHAeHbI s,!J,Boe eoraYTbTH Me'! (KYCKH), CROp.l\YIIoo6pa3HblC (fm6Yhbl (Ta6.11.. IV, 1. 3, CTp. 76 H 'I'a6J\.. V, 5, crp. 78), Ham., a y ceseoc-accrcxacro xpaa 6blJ\ apsrr B MaTepllK r.ll.HHHHblH coeYA (pHC. 5, " CTp. 71), aal10AHeHHblH Ha ASC TpeTH ifOKeHbTMH KOCTKMH mHBOTHbIX; TaM me 'IepeIIKfI ropnrxa KpaCHOH TAnHb! n opexoaaz 06- yr ACHHaa cxop ayna,

KypraH N~ 19. AllaM. 12.95 1'01, BbIC. 0.70 M. Ha rAy6. 0.50 M B 4.25 M 0'1' 3aIIa,!I.HOrO Kpan HaCbIIIH scrpexena He6ohbllla.H: KY'!Ka 2KmeHblX KotTeR, yrMI, 30- All! H 'IeperrKOB. 06HapymeHbI IIn.THa 6POH30BOH ORHCH.

K y p r a H N~ 20. BAHB rorc-aananaoro xpaz MorHAbHKKa .lIlIaM. 15 M, BbIC. 0.95 1'01, B 5.32 M OT sarranaoro xpaa aacema na r.ll.y6. 0.66 M BCTpeqeHO C)WIIA.eHRe xpynaoro yrA.II, 30AbI H mmeHblX KOCTeH. C 3analJ;HOH CTOPOHbl eKonACHHIl Haxo,1tHJl.HCb ABa rAHHKHblX eOCYAa, 2 ChOlKeRHbIX BMeCTe 'IallUm R RopOMbleAa BeCOB H rrpH3MaTH'IeCKall I,aMeHHan rapsxa. Ha rAY 6. 0.40 M 0'1' rrosepxaocra Hat( CO$lKeI-tHeM 6bIAH HaHAeHbI ABa T{OBaHbIX meAe3HblX eTepmHK C pacnAIOIgeHHbIMH KOHgaMH.

B geHTpc nacsma aa r Ay6. 0.50 M B 0.18 M 0'1' OIm-

I APXHB HI1MK, AeAO N!! 52/1897 r. l{ .lteAO N2 187 1898 r,

BaHHOH cepe.ZJ;HHoH AHpreMa Hacp-H6H.AltMe~a (914- 943 rr.), B aorax BCTpC'IeH 06AOM"OK meJleliHOrO crepama. B 0.50 1<1 K C3 or xeaoro 6eApa Jle(!{ah 06AOMOK 6poll' aoaoro 6paCAeTa, RpY'IeHOrO I!3 ozncro npyra.

Ilpusoscenue II MOrHAbHI1KE B 1897 H 1898 rr.

caaaoro cxonxenas BCTpeqCHa I1POCAOHKa yrAf! Ii mlKeHblZ xocreil,

HHlKe npHBO,(l,ll:M .ZJ;aHHbIe 0 pacxomeax 1898 r.

K Y P r a H N!! 1. ,2{HaM. 13 M, Bblt. 1.50 M. Ha Marepase B !!eHTpe xypraxa scrpexea CAOH yr AR, OBa.llbHblX O<JepTaHHH, pa3McpOM 2.50 X 1.50 M, BblT.!lHYTb1H c .3 aa B. Cpeaa MeJlKOrO 6epe30Boro yrA.II HalfP,eHbl qepenKR cocyaa: B 0.35 M OT RIl:X R .3 .IIemaAH 06AOMKH APYroro cccyaa, K C OT nepaoro cocyaa J\eJfiaJl llieAe3HbIH Me'l KOH!!OM K B l{ TIpHMblKaBlllHe K HeMY HaKOHe'!Il:HKH crpex TpexrpaHHoH .II.aHgeTOBR,1l;HOH H <rcTblpexrpamlOH .pOpMbI R KaKHe-TO Apyme meAe3Hbie BeI£H. CoxpaHHlLHCb TaKme 6POH30BbIH HaROHe'lH1!K MC'Ia, 6poH30BbIe xoxsnemr,zr;Hble :aaCTelKRH OT nosca, 60AbwaK 6pOH30BaJ'! 06oH~a Jl.A.II KOAb!J,a H HOlK C KOCT.RHOH PYKO.RTKoR. C l<>lKHOH croponsr yrohbHoH npocxoiixn Haxo,!\Il:AOCb yrhy6MHHc .zmaM. OK. 0.60 lit H rAy6. OK. 0.22 M, 3aTIO.ll.HeHHOe nepeMellIaHHoH 3eMJleH, yrMIMIl: H OCKOAKat\1!I mmeUbI7. 1\0- CTeH.

KypraH N!! 7. 4HaM. 8.90 M. Ha rAy6. 0.40 M B geHTpe HaCbJIIH aa xarepnxe BCTpe'lCHa npOC.IIOHKa coCHOBoro yrAiI paax. 5 X 1.80 M. B yrAe xaoro mmeHbIX KOCTeH, Hom, WOOPb! (Ta6A. VI. 13, CTp. 79), KBa.!J,paTHail 6poH30Ball 6.11..lIlllKa OT nosca, C KpecToBH,!!HOi rroopeasro. meAC3HbIH OCTPOKOHC<!HHK 11 06AOMOK 6eAoro RaMHH.

K y p r a H: Nil 8. AHaM. 8.50 M. Ha rAy6. 0.60 M H B 4.25 M 0'1' sarranaoro xpaa HaCblrrH 06HapymeHO CROII.II.eHHe XBOHHoro yrJl.H OBaAbHoa <pOPMbl, paaaepost 2.10 X 1.42 M. B eKOnJl.eHIl:H scrpexeasr sepenxa JlByX IOPIllKOfl, MeAlme mJKeHble KOCTO'!KH, 6e.!J,po AOlllaAu HAll KOpOBbl, melle3Hoe xonee (Ta6A. VI, 5) 11 HomHK. Ha r.ll.y6. 1.06 M 'l.epeTIKH AHHl£a rperserc ropnrxa Ii HeMHoro OCKOJIKOB )KlKeHblX xocreii. OKOAO CKOIIAeHHH OKa3aAaCb .liMa, BblpblTaJ'! B MaTePRKOBOH rAIl:He. B J'!MC HaibeHbl: 6pOH30BaJi I1pJilKKa (Ta6A. IV, 5, CTp. 70), 06AOMOK KO' CTHHOn rpeGeHKH C 6POH30BblM 060AKOM (Ta6lL. VII, l l , CTp. 81), 6poli30Ban TOACTall 6YhaBKa, HomHK, rRpbKa II cepax cAaHgeBaJ'! TO<!HAKa (17.50 r), MIIbe, 110m R $parMeHT CTpeAbl.

K y p r a H N~ 11. .llHaM. 12.34 M. Ha r Jly6. 0.70 M 0'1' BepWHHbl H B 5.77 M 0'1' roro-aanaaaoro xpas HaCbITIl1 O'l'KPbTT rJlJfHJlHblH cocyz aa ,!lBe TpeTH 3aHHTblH SKlKeHblMH '!ellOBe'leCKUMH KOCTJ'!MH R Bel!!,aMH. Ha ]l;He ero TeM' Ho6ypall H03P,peBaTaJ'I mRpHaf! Maeca. COCYA npl1C;\OHeH K nOCTaBAeHHOMY HaKI\OHHO cxerxa 050mmeHHoMY BaJlYHY. B .ztpyrOM KOHlLe xypraxa, B 3.30 M OT ioro-sanaaaoro KpaJi HaCblI1H, HaXOAHJlaCb rpYAKa 30.ll.bl C HeOOAbWHM KO· .II.H'IeCTBOM xBoHHoro yrAH H Koe-KaKHMH BeIgaMR (6yebl). Pa3Mep CKOIIAeHHn 2,72 X 2.13 M. HaibeHbI aaa Homa, HaKOHe'!HHK crpexsr TpexrpaHHbIll, enHpaAbllbIH nepcrexe 6POH30BbIH, 6pOH30BaH rJl.ap,Kasr '1eTblpeyrOll.bHa!l 6MlliIKa, 06AOMO!( TOHKOH npOBOJlO'lROH cepsra, 6YCbl npnSMaTlI'!eCRRe MHororpaHHble H .ltp., "p.e::!HOR KOCTIlROH nOAY!!HAHHJlpR'!eCKHH OfiOP,OK (Ta6J1. VII, 14) H 06AOMI0I pesH:OH KOCTH.

K y p r a H N!I 15. AHaM. 7.80 M. Ilorpeeenne COBepureae aa fAy6. 0.50 M B lIMKe, IBbIPbITOii B MaTepRKe • KpoMe OCTaTKOB commeRHH, HaHP,eHbl ABa 060AKa cxopayIIoo6pa:3HblX .pH6YA, HOm. H xepensa JlBYX rOpWKOB (pHC. 5, 2, crp, 71).

K Y P r a a N!1 17. All:aM. 7.34 M, asrc. 0.50 M. Ha r Ay6. 0.40 rot OT BepWHHbI H B 0.18 M OT rorc-aanaauoro KOHya. HaCbInH BCTpe'lCHa rpy,!!a lKm.eHbllt KoeTcH. K CB OT nee Haxo,zr;HAHCb '!epenKH ABYX roourxos aa OBa.llbHOR rrpocaoiixe yrxa pa3MepOM 1.80 X 1.42 M. Ha Apy- 1'0'101 Konge npOChOHKH - 'IepenKH TpCTberO ropmsa.

K Y P r a H N!! 18. All:aM. .10.80 M. Ha r Ay6. 0.54 M or BepUlHHbl HaHlleHbI ABa paSAaB!l.eHHblX roptnxa, IIOeTaBAeHHbIX O.!J,UH B p,pyroH. lKlKeHbIC KoeTR, 6pOHSOBa.II 3R-

88

BmHOteH.eB 80CmO'lH.l>IX CAUOR.H

CTe1KKa, OlI,\aBACHHblC 6ycbl 2KeATble, TeMHOCIiHHe, 15ec· gBeTHorO CTeKAa Ii KaMeHHble. Ha fAy6. 0.84 ]I.! aa Ma· 1'epHKe ·AemaJl. CJ\OH yrAR llRaM. 1.78 M.

K y p r a H N'2 ZO. AHaM. 13 M. Ha rAy6. 0.22 M BCTpeqeHO He6oAblIloe KOhIP,eCTBO iK2KeHbIX xocreii, B HRX H02KHK. Ha rAy6. 0.48 M II B 3.44 M OT xpaa HaCbm~ pacnoxaraxacs !IPOCAOHKa yrxsr, COllepmal,!!aH xepenaa

ropnrxa, 06AOMKH fAHHIlHOrO KOAb!,!a, q..parMeHTbl xa-

rrsr 0), meAe3HYlO nOllCHYIO npamKY (Ta6J1., V, 18,

CTp. 78), nrapax H KO'fellblK 0).

K y p r a H Ng 27, 4HaM, 7.10 l'tI. Ha rAyt), 0.40 M B cepeaxxe xyprana RaNAeH ropurosex C 'IOKCHbIMH KOCTa· MH, npllKpbITblil: cJla60 060mmeRHOH f.l\liHIlHOH J\pblmKOH, OR CTOllA B rpYlle yrAen aa yroAbHoH npocxoiixe 0.93 M nonepesaasox. no'!); ropmxca H 1\pyroM Hero Haii:p;cllbI liOlflRK, KAJO'f, HOmRR!!bI, CARTOl( CTCKJl.ilHHbIlt 6yc, nposoAO'fHOe 6poH30Boe BHCO'l:HOe KOAbgO, MOHeTa Bacana 712 r. g, <I. H BTOPOH ropmox.

KypraH NQ 33. AllaM, 10.80 l\f, Ha rAy6, 0.54 M OT sepuraasr 06HapYlKeH KOCTJ'[K, AelKaIgIiH na cnaae ua TOACTOM cxoe SOAb!, rOAOBOH aa 3. Ha noxce OKasaARCb AHpOBH,1I;Ha1i npilillKa H HOlfi, a y xesoii IQHKOAOt\KH 6pOH~ 30Boo yHAHHllPH':Iecxoe l\oAbQO, Ha MaTepHKC lIOJ( xocrx.KOM Ae*aA CAOH aoxer, yrAH H '1epenKIf OT rpex ropnrKOB. B 30M Haiip,eHbl Hom, 06AOMOK p;pyroro Homa If 05- }.OMOK xepacro acnaaaoro 6pycKa.

K y p r a H N2 34. AllaM. 17.35 M, BbIC, 3,20 M. Ha fAyG. 0,65 M nOA geHTpoM HaChInE! HaHJleHbl: MaAeHbKHH ropmox C nepe?KmeHHblMII KoeTHMII H 06AOMOK 6pycKa. nO.ll HHMR OTKpblT KOCTKK, Ae*aI£Ru aa cnaae, TOAOBOH Ha J03, Y xesoro nxexa aazcaaxoce xorrse (Ta6A. VI, 3, crp. 79) OCTpHeM asepx, y nonca Hom. K B OT xocraaa 6AKS cTynHeH aor .'lemaA seperr KDHiI.

Ha uy6. 1.30 M .OKa3aAOCb eommeHRe, Acm:aIQee rra cxoe SOAb! If yrAs ao 0.04 M TOArg. R 3.86 M ARaM, KpoMe lfI1KeHblX KOCTen H tIepenKOB aa CAOe yrAJI [noz nAe'laMH xocraxa) AelKaAlf B rpyne: MeL(, Rap' HUM B IlIAe· Me crpexeaa (TaGA. VI. 11), aaKOHe'l:HHKH CTpeA, ~<3HaMa») C 'l:eTb!peltrpaHHOH BTYAKOR, KAMeHHaa rapexa c 06· 6HTb!M KongoM (23-50 r.).

K y P I" a H Nil 39. j(HaM. 10,80 M. Ha r Ay6. 0.60 M scrpeseaer 2 onpOKHHYTblX asepx AHOM ropmsa, CTOHtgHC

OKOAO Ky'!RH SOAbl M yrxs, B cocyaax 30Aa H yroAbKH, a OKQAO HHX xonse. Ha rAyG, 0.80 M H B 0.30 M 01' ceaepo-socrosaoro xpaa HaCbIlIH aa MaTcpHKe CTOJ'lA raplilOK C lIepemm:eHHbIMH KOCTJ'lMH H 6ycaMH, 3.n;ecb me Hali~eHbJ KpyrAaa pesaaa (nOIlCKaMu) KOCTb, 06AOMOl\ noztKOBo06pa3HoH 3aCTea;.KH, 06AOMOK 6POH30BOfO mnpoxoro KOJ\b~a. 6POH30BbIH CARTOK, m.CACSHail umopa H 06J1.0MOll' OCTPH.I'I Meqa HAH crpexsr.

K y p r a H N~ 44 . .aHaM. 8.75 M. Ha rAy6. 0.80 M B geHTpe HaCbInlf BCTpe'!eHbI xepemca rcpunca M qepen OBgbI. HH:-KC Aem:aA KOCTilK, 05pargcllHblH fOAOBOll; aa 3, Ha CllHHC. Cnpasa OT !\OCTilKa aaxcaaxocs KOlIbC (Ta6A. VI, 4, CTP, 79), o6pargeHHoc OCTpHeM BHH3. KpoMe Toro, Haiip;eHbl 06AOMOK f ARHlIHOH xarrsr, 06AOMKH 6poHsoBoro cxxaaaoro K_0f'oMbICAa H xaurex BCCOB H HaKOHeqUHK crpe,\bI (Ta6A, VI. 8).

K y p r a H Nil 46. .l(HaM. 13,15 M. Ha rAYo. LSD M BCTpe'!eH CMH yrxa, AemalJ!HH na 0002KmeHl{OH: seMAC. Ha yr Ae paCI10AaraAOCb CKOIIJl.CHHe 30AbI H }IOKeHblX KOeTeH paaxepox 1.55 X 0.54 MM, BblTJ'lHYTOC C 3 aa B. B HeM HaHAeHbl TpH 06AOMKa mnop (HAH CKOOOK), 06..1.0- MOK TOJl.CTOH: IIAaCTHHKlf, Hom, xepernca 01' .1tBYX ropWKOB R 06AOMKH r AIIHJ!Horo KOAbga.

K y p r a H Nl! 50, .anaM. 15 M, aacsms paspsrra nOAHOCTbfQ, Ha fAy6. 0.70 M 01' aepnraasr xypraaa scrpexeHO otinrapaoe xocrpmge nenpaaaxsnc-caaxeaerx ouepraHHH, pa3l1fepOM 11 X 4.60 M, JLe*alJ!ce aenocpeacrsemrc aa MaTepRKe. T OAl!!llRa yroxsnoro CAO.ll AOXOAMJl.a ao 0.025 . M; fAMHa, AemaI£aJl HaA KOCTPRI£CM, 060mlKeHa. Ha KOCTpHIMe pastipccaaer 060mmeHHble KoeTH, 06AOMKH Me;:tBembeH ,MObIIi KOAb!,!O H3 I" AHHbI. B 1.42 M K 3 OT MHX acrpexeaer sepemca ae60AblUoro ropnrxa, nOCTaB.II.eH· noro aaeox ,'tHOM. B ropnrxe KpOMe SOAb! OKa3aJl.HCb 2 6POH30BbIe nyrosxa, 06AOMOK KOCTilHOH nAaCTHHKH, amypHble 6poH30Bble ncacmse 6A.R:mKH n rHpbKH H3 CAaH~a. B 0.90 M K lOB 01' ropmxa HaH.1l;eHbI xepenxa APY· roro ropuixa. EMIif!.e K lOrO-3ana.1l;HOMY xpaio KOCTpHrQa 6y6eH':IHK H 6AamKH 01' noaca (Ta6A. Y, 14, CTP, 78). ifi.if!.eable KOCTH 6b!AH ncrpesensr B aacsma xypraaa He· eKOAbKO pas M aa pa3HbIX fAy6HHax, HO He Bblwe 0.36 ~[ 1Ia;~ KOCTpHl!!eM H npeHMYl!!eCTSeHHO B ceaepnof nOAOBHHC HaCbInH. KoeTH AemaAH He60AbllIHMR KY'lKaMH.

J. ST ANKEVIC

LA COMPOSITION ETHNIQUE DE LA POPULATION' DE LA REGION VOLGIENNE

DE YAROSLA VL AUX IX-X'c SIECLES '

(Resume)

SUR

Les monuments funeraires de la region volgienne de Yaroslavl sont bien connus dans la litterature archeolcgique russe et etrangere, II existe dans la science differentes manieres de voir 'au sujet des tumulus it incineration les plus anciens. Certains savants les rattachent aux Normands, d' autres les rapportent aux Meria, Ie plus petit nombre enfin les considere cornme des monuments slaves.

Le materiel fondamental dont on disposait jusqu'ici pour resoudre ces questions, consistait dans les collections provenant des fouiUes executees au milieu du siecle passe par A. Uvarov et P. Saveliev sans la documentation scientifique requise - circonstance qui a fortement deprecie ce materiel te rendue difficile I'elucidation du probleme. Les travaux ulterieurs, en particulier les fouilles effectuees par l' auteur dans les cimetieres de MikhaYlovskoYe et de Timerevo (region de Yaroslavl) ont fourni un materiel abondant et extremement interessant, qui perrnetd'aborcler sous un angle nouveau l'etude de la com-

position ethnique de la population volgienne de Yaroslavl a la fin du Ier millenaire de notre ere. On a pu differencier tout d'abord un groupe ancien de tumulus a incineration datant du VIII· et du debut du IXe siecle, dont le mobilier se caracterise par l'absence d'objets normands. Le type du mobilier et les particularites structureles des monuments - presence dans les plus grands tumulus d'une construction en bois (sepulture collective) au centre - font rapporter ce groupe aux monuments slaves primordiaux,

Le groupe des tumulus plus recents est caracterise par une seule incineration ou plus rarement par deux incinerations; les objets normands et orientaux occupent une certaine place dans leurs mobilier varie, ce qui ternoigne d'un large developpement it cette epoque v des relations commerciales de la population. Ces sepultures datent de la fin du IXc et du Xe siecle,

A une epoque plus recente, les habitants du pays. passent it l'inhumaticn, qui se rapproche

deja du rite purement chretien. .

MAT E P 11 A A hI H 11 C CAE .lI, 0 BAH 11.H fl 0 A P X E 0 A 0 r 1-'111 C C C P . N2 6

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06AaCTb beJl.oro oaepa, orpoxaoe aaaxeaae 1(0- TOPOH B H'CTOfllHH .lI,pesHeii: PYCH Bpll,!!; A'H MomBO npeysexasxre, qpe3BbIQaHHO MaAO H3Y'leHa B apXOOAOrn'1eOKOM OTHOIlIeHHH. B 1897 r. A. A. CnH~bIH BblHymAeH 6blA yxasara, 'ITO «0 xypranax H ropoamgax cesepastx yeS.1l0B HOIBfopo'!!;CKOH ry- 6epHHH CBep;eHHH oHMeeTCH erge MaAO. B 6eA03epCKOM H KHPHAAOBCKOM yeaaax xypraaoa BOBee He H3BecTHO».1 Ceiisac no 9TOMY sorrpocy MOm.HO CKasaTb nO'1TH TO m.e caaoe, npaJB,lI,a. aesoropere CBe,lteHHH 0 xypraaax H ropO,ll,HIgax iozsnoro beAO- 3epb5I 6bIJl.H coopaaer CTaTHCTU1.J:eCKHM iIlYTeM 11. POMaHgeBbIM, 2 HO 9TH caeaeaaa aa xecre He npoaepaxacn, B 1929 r. B. 11. PaBJt;GHHKaCOM 11 r. TI. r p03AHAOBblM 6bIA" nposeneaer 06CJl.e.1l0BaHI1H IS paHoHe! 4epenoBiga 3 C 3axOAoM no p. Merpe aa Bexoe osepo 11 no lOmHQMY 6epery nocxeaHero ,!I.O HCTIOKOIB p. llieKCHbl, rae HaXO'A1H1'C5I H3- secruoe roponmge npa C. KpOXHHO. Ho peayxsTaTbI 9THX 06CAe.1loBaHHH erge He OiIIy6AHKOSaHbI. He HCCAe.n;osaAOCb .1l0 cero, spexeaa H caxo ropoamge

1 A. A. en II g hI H. 0603peHHe xexoroperx ry6epHHH B apXeOJl.OrH1JCCKOM OTHOlllCHHH. 3an. PYCCK. apxeox, o6~.,

T. IX. BbIlI. 1 II 2. HOB. cep., 1 897, CTp. 248.

2 H. Po M a II!! C B. 0 xypranax, rOpO,1lHIgax H lKaJl.l;>KURax H08rOpOJJ;CKOH ry6. Hosropoa, 1911.

3 r. D. r p o s n H A 0 B. KpaTKHH npCABapHTCAI:JHblH orver 0 pasaenxax B YepClIoBegKoM oxpyre 8 1929 r. APXHB I1HMK, ,1lcJl.o126/1929 r.

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DOCJl.eJJ,HeMY 'llpeATIOA02KeHI1lO npOTHBOpe'1aT,

oaaaxo, aexoropsre MeCTHbIe npeaaasa. T ax, H. [l EapcOBY I 6bIAO H3BeCTHO, qTO p,peBHHH ropon Bexoosepc «no MeCTHOMY npeaaamo HaXOp,HJl.C~ B 17 sepcrax or nsmemaero Eexooaepa H 6bIA nepeaecea BAa.ztHMHPOM (Mosovaxoxs ) aa HCTOK H3 osepa p. WeKcHbn>, rae KaK pas H pacrroxozseao ropoaatge y c. KpOXHHO. Ho aa ropoamge npn c. KPOXHHO HMeeTCR, no p,aH bIM pa3Be.n;KH 1929 r., ApeB'HHH KYAbTypHbIH CJl.OH, BOCXOAHQ!HH K IXX CT., T. e. npe.n;wecTSYIOIgHH He TOAbKO BAa/1,HMHpy Moaoxaxy, HO H BAa.n;HMHpy CBHTOCAaSHxy, A. A. WaXMaTOB npMBOAHT 2 CBHAeTeAbCT80 oaaoro He6oAbIIIero xeronacga XVI B. KUPH.II.Jl.OoeAo3epoKoro MOHaCTblpR, rae YKa3aHo, 1.J:TO «CHueyc cHJJ,eA y Hac na KHCTeMe». KHCTeMa nAB KHCHeMCKHH (KHCTeMCKMH) norocr HaXO,1l;HACH npa p. KHCHeMe aa ceaepaou 6epery DeAOrO osepa. nOHCKH zpeaxero Eexoosepa ,B aTOM paHOHe, npoH3BeAeHlHble 'B 1860 r, J\.asapeBOKHM, He AaAH noAomHTeAbHbIX pe3YAbTaTOB. 3 B nocxezaae roP,bl apxeOAOrH'1eCKHe 06CJl.e.1l0BaHHH aa cesepaon 6epery Bexoro oaepa rrponsaonax A. H. BPIOCOB, KOTOPbIM, HaCKOll.bKO HaM H3BeCTHO, TaKw.e He Han,lI,eHO HHKaKHX OCTaTKOB apeaaepyccxoro ropoaa.

T aKHM 06pa30M 06a npaseaeaasre senne npeaaHlmI, nOBH~HMOMy, He OTBetIalOT ,1J;eMCTBHTeAbHOCTH. r opoaarge Y RCTOKOS WeKCHbI B6J1.113H C. Kpo~ XHHO - HaH60Aee 'BepOHTHO'e MecronoAomeHHe ,1J;pe"Baero Bexccsepa.

Bo BpeMH oocAep,oBaHHH 1939 r. B lO2KHOM Bexosepee HaMH HaH.n;eHo erge O.1lHO eAaBHHCKoe ropop,:Hlge IX-X 'CT., HBMlFOIQeeCH, O'1.J:eBH,lI,HO, nocexKOM 3eMAej:(eAb'leCK0I10 HaCeAeHH7I, 'lTO ocofienno HHTepeCHO B CBeTe !Bon-pOCOS CAaSRHCKOH 'KOAOHH-· 3ayHH aToro paMOHa.

r opoamge HaXO,1J;HTCH B KHPHAAOBCKOM paiione BOAorOtr,CIWH 06A., B 6 l<M K aanany OT WeKCHHll.-

1 H. Il, B ape 0 B. O'IepKI1 PYCCKOH aCTOpl1'1CCKOH reorpaqnnr, Bapuraaa, 1888, crp, 204.

2 A. A. ill a x MaT 0 B. Cxasaaae 0 npl13BaHHH naparOB. Cn6., 1904, CTp. 53.

3 APXHB HHMK lJ;eAO N!l 15/1860 r.

90

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CKOH npHCTaHH r OpHgbI, 6J\.113 ,11;. r 0p0,lJ,HlJ!e, B XOAMUCTOH, CpaBHHTeAbHO 6e.1l.HOH AeCOM MeCTHO· CTH. r OPO,ll.H'Me pacnoxoaseno na O,ll.HOM HS y,lJ,AI1· lIeHHbIX XOAMOB - aa rpaae, BbITHIHYTOH OT,lJ,. r() .. pO.1l.HlQe nOtITH B l{)2KHOM narrpaaxenaa. r paaa liMeer HeCKOAbKO aaorayryro qlOPMY C BbIn)'lKAblM 3ana,ll.HbIM H BOJ'HYTbIM BOCTO'lHbIM CXAOHOM. Pa3- MepbI rpa,llbl: C cesepa ma ror OKO)\O 360 M, C aanaaa aa BOCTOK OKOAO 75 M, BI:>ICOTa - OKOAO 6 M. B,lI.OAb sanamroro CK)\OHd rp5lJ,l,bl npOCAertiJ'IBaeTCB: p;OAHHa BbIcoxrueH Tenepb pesxa. r OpO,lJ,HIge 3aHIfMaeT IOfO-BOCTO'-IHYIO qaCTb rpn,llbI. Ero rrAorga,lJ,b OKOAO 120 M X 30 M. KaK If sea OKpY2I1.aJOIga51 MeCTHOCTb, ropoamge B aacroargee apeM.II pacnaXHBaeTCR.

BaAOB If pBOB aa ropoaarge He ofiaapyxceno.

B Cpe,ll;HeH QaCTI1 (no HaH60.r.ee KPYTOMY BOCTOqlHOMY CKJl.OHY) H B IOmHOH ~IaCTH rp.II,lJ,bI HMeIOTC7f JlMbI, OTKY,lla MeCTHoe aacexeaze 6epeT rpaBHH H 3eMJl.W. B 06pe3aX.lIM BOCTOtfHOrO CKAOHa BHAHbI: 1) rYMycHbIHCAOH MOIg'HO(:TblO 0.25 M, 2) KY Jl.b~ 1'YP:HbIH CAOH: - 1.05 M, 3) HfDti.e aaxeraer cyrAI1ROK. KYJl.bTYPHbI:H: CAOH HMeer HHTe'HCllBHYIO qepHYIO oxpacxy, 60raT <ppaI'MeHTaMI1 KepaMI1I\:}!. l1MeIOTc.II B HeM raxzse KOCTH 2KHBOTRbIX H 2Kme~ asre KaMHH. 3a'-IllCTKa CTeROR OCbInM B I02KHOH qaCTH rpaasr ,1taAa: 1) rYMycHbIH: CAOH 0.12-0.16 M,

2) KYJl.bTYPHbIH CAOH MOIgHOCTbIO OT 0.22.11;00.34 M,

3) HHlKe saxeraro-r aaaocer rrecxa C rpaBHeM. KYAbTYPHblH CJI.OU TeMHOR OKpaCI<H, MeCTaMH HaCbIIgeH 30.\OH; HH2KHHH ropM30HT ero HepoBHblH, C sana,lJ,HHaMH. B KYAhTYPHOM cxoe HMeIOTC.II B AOBOAbHO 60AbWOM KOAUrreCTB'e ¢parMeHTbl APeBHeH Kepa.MHK", !WCTH H 2KmeHble KaMHH. no paccxasan MeCTHblX 2KHTeA·ea, na ropoaatge BO BpeMH namaa HaXOAHAH 6yCbI. BbIA HaRAeH TaKLKe TOIlOP CPOPMbI eeKupbl.

Bo BpeMH 06cJl:eJl,OSaHHR 1939 r. xa ropoaaige 6bIAa HaH4eHa AMilib :KepaMI1Ka, 3aCJl.ymHBaWIgaH, OJl,HaIW, ~CJ[lleCKoro BHHMaHI1.II. Bca OHa 'H3rOTOBxerra 6e3 nOMOIgI1 roasapucro xpyra, H.3 rpy6oH, nAOXO rrpOMewaHHOH rAMHbl C npMMeCblO apecasr. Hexcropsre ¢I parMeHTbI I1pHHa,lJ,Jl.emaT COCY,lJ,aM C opHaMeHTag;aeii B BepXHeH tIaCTH, xapaxrepaoii ,1J;MI CAaBS:lHCKOH nocyAbl IX-X CT. 06J1.0MKll xepaxaKU, H306pa2KeHHble IRa Ta16.,\. I noz H'OMepaMH 1-3, npHHa,zJ;AemaTCOCY,1I;aM ropruKoBH,1J;HOH q)OPMhl co cAa60 BhDpameHHIJDM TIp-ocpHAe'M BeHtIHKa, rrpaMOll rueHKoH 11 C HeCKOJl.bKO 'BbEnY:KAbPMiH 60'K·a'MH. Y !ppaI1MeHTa 3 ,1J;OBOAbHO peSKO BblpameHbl nxetIHKH, xero He 6bIAO Y COCY,I1;OB, npe,l1;CTaBJl.eHHbIX tflparMeHTaMH 1 Hi 2. TOAI!!.HHaCTef£:OK gJparMeHTaB 1 H 2 OKOAO 0.7 CM; 4parMe'HTa 3-,11;0 1.0 CM. 4HaMeTp ropxa COCYAOB - OT 20 ,11;0 25 ex.

Opaaxear .:pparMeHTa l aaHeceHHbIH nepeatrroii B,epeBOtIKOU, OnO.HCbDBaA COCYJI, no ero HaHl60Jl.ee· EbmYKJl.OatIacm: ,ropH30HTaJl.blHOaflOAoc'OH B !popMe eJl.OtIKH. OpHaMeHT $parMeHTa 2, HMelOIgHH BH,I1; 3 araara, COCTO.IIrge1'O aa rAy60Kux Hape30K, TaIOKe orroacersax COCY4 no pacumpeaaoii qaCTH 6AH2Ke K menKe. Ha ~parMeHTe 3 opnaxear COCTOHT Hs erorreasrx OTrreqaTKOB, pacnOJl.02KemibIX B O.ll.HH PH,lJ, 'BbIllie IIAeqHKOB. CiJpa'rMeHT 4, -CY411 no !popMe,

JlB.I\.HBIllMHC~ 60KOcBOH, HaI160Aee Bb~nYIKAoH qaC:ThlO cocyaa, HMeeT opaaxear 11.3 OTUeqaTKOB mnypa, paCnOA02KeHHbIX is BH,lJ,e saraar'a. Ha CfJparlM,eHTe 5 opaasrear aaaecea KOHgOM HepoiBHoH ,lI,epesflHHOM 'rraAOtIlKU; Ha cpparMelHTe 6 ornenarxa rpetieaQaTOrO nrrauna COCraiBA.lIAH ne!CAOmHbIH ysop 'B BH.ll;e np5IMoy:rOAhHM:K!OB.

CY.D.l'I no xapaxrepy rAMHbI, qJopMaM <I1 p asxtepaxr COCYAOB, HaKoHeg no opHaMeHTagHH, onacaaaan xepaxaxa 6AH3KO HanOMUHaeT nocyzty us HH}KHllX cxoea Crapo-Aazoascxoro ropoamga, 1 PlOpHKOBa rOpO,llHrga B Hoaropone 2 Ii r aeS,1I;OBCKoro MO· rUAbHHKa. 3 OHa HMeeT raiose o6J.gue tIepTbl C rroCYAOH POMeHCKHX ropo,tJ;HIg 4 ,lJ,HenpOBCKoro J\.eBO· 6epemb.l'!, ApeBIiHX ropO,tJ;HI,lJ H xypraaos sepxaero Tet{eHH5I Oxa 5 II CI1HXPOHI1.QHbIX rraMflTHHKOB .APY· rax paHOHOB, 3aH5ITbIX CAaB.lIHaMlW 'B KOHge I TNcasexeraa H. 9.

HCKAlO'IeHKeM flBA.lIIOTC5I Jl.llUlb ocojieaaocra opHa!MeHTa COCYAOIB, YK:paIlIelHHbIX OTirretIa'I1KaMH nraypa (Ta5A. 1. 4) II OTrreQaTKaMn:rpe6eHqaT;OrO lIITaM~ na, 06pa3YlOrgliMII np.ltMoyrOJl.blUIKH (T'a6A. I, 6). Taxaa opHaMeHTagH.l'! aa CJl.aSHHCKoH nocyae He :aCTpe~IaeTC.H, rrpeJl,CTaBMJ.II C060H, rrOBH,I1;HMOMY, MeCTHYro ocooennocre.

BpeM.II CJl.aBl'IHCKOM: KOJl.OHH.3agHH. B 06AaCTI-1 BeJl.03epbl'l, .nOMHIMO KepaIMHKH, Onpe,ll;eA.lIeT:CHerge H TeM 06CTORTeJl.bCTSOM, "ITO no 6ep~r'aM Bexoco OS epa H B sepXOBb.IIX WeKCHbI He HMeeTca COnOK - 60J\billiHX KOHH'-IeCKI1X xypranon, B orpoxHOM linCAe H3BeCTHbIX !BO acex ~peBHHX HOBrOpO,ll;CKHX .3eMA.lIX. CY,ll;7f no HaXOll.KaM, 9TH. naM5ITHllKH B Macee OTHOCl'ITCa K VII-VlI'I CT. 3HaqHTeJl.bHO pease BCTpeqalOTCJl cornea IX H X CT., xoraa aa CMeRY HM npHXOA.sIT aeaercoxne xypraasr C llH,lI,HBHAyaJl.bHbIIMH 3axop.OOieHH51MH. Orpoxnoe qnCAO COIlOl( soxpyr 03. HA!>MeH!>, aa MCTe, I3 !BepXHeM TeqeHull MOAorH H OTCYTCTBlle HX B Eexoaepse rOBopHT 0 TOM, tITO ara o6AaCTb 6blAa 3aHHTa cxaBJlHaMH ym:e Tor zta, ROlr.n;a 06bltIaH IB03BO,ll,UTb conxn CMeHMJl.Cl'I ,lJ,PyroH norpe6aAbHOH 06pl'IAIHOCTblO, T.e. He paasnre KOJHga V~II - xaxaxa IX CT.

B CB5I3H C BonpOCOM 0 comcax HeoOXOAllMO CKaSaTb HeCKOJl.bKO CAOE 0 TaK Ha3. xypraae Caaeyca (B 4 KM K BOCTOKY OT EeAOg,epICKa) , KOTOPbIH AO CHX nop .06bIQHO paCCMaTpllBaeTC.II I<aK CQl1Ka HOBI'a· poacxoro Tuna.

Tlepaere cseaenaa 0 xypraae Caneyca OTHOC7fTC5J I<: 1847 r., xoraa ero ocxarpasax C, WeBblpes.6 B 1860 r. J\.asapeBoI01M M I1Bep!ceHoM 6bl'Aa fiPOHS-

1 Marepaaxsr HZ pacxonox H. H. Pe!IHHKOSa, npoasse~eHHbIX B 1909-1913 rr., xpaHRTCR B roc. MY3ee snrorpa.qH{Io1 B J\.eHHHrpa~e.

2 MaTepHaAbl HZ pacxorrox r. n. rpO:SP,HAOBa,

M. K Kapreoa Ii B. H. PaB,!!,OHHKaca (1936).

3 B. 11. C Ii .3 0 B. KYOraHbI CMO.l\eHel\OH ry6. Ma-rep. no apxeox, POeCHI-I, N2 28, crp, 104.

,1 M. M a K ape H K O. OpHaMeHTaj!lia KepaMi'1HblX Bbl. po6iB B KYAbTypi ropo,1l;mg pC>MeHbcKoro THny.

s H. 11. E y JI. bi 'I e B. lKyprraA paCKOTIOK no '1aC"rH BOl(opa3,11;eAa aepxaax nprrroxoa BOAfK H 4Herrpa. M.,1899, crp, 33, Ta6A. XXIII, 8 H 10.

6 C. ill e B bI P e B. IToeZlI.Ka B KHOHIo.AO-Ee.l\03epeKHH MOHae1blpb B 1 847 r., "I. I I. M., 1850, CTp. 60.

12*

3mHOteHe3 80CmO'lHbIX CAa05i.H

92

------- ~-------------~-------

seneaa paCKOIIKa aroro xypraaa. Ona coofiigaro r, 'ITO nacsrrrs xypraaa 6bIAa BbICOTOH 8-10 M H .1I:HaMeTpOM OKOAO 26 M. Ho no HX qepTea:.y H onacaHHIO pacxonox, ,!J;HaMeTp aacsma COCTaBMIA He MeHee "30-32 M, a BbICOTa AOCTHraJ\.a TOAbKO 4 M. BHewHHH BMA HaCbIIIH, cyaa no PMCYHKY C. Wesetpeaa, O'leHb MaJl.O HaJITOiMHHaA HOBropo,1l;CKYfO conxy, KypraH 6bIJI. aCHM'MeTpH'leH c nOAorHM ceBepHbIM CKAOHOM.

Hacsms xypraaa Cnaeyca COCT05lAa H3 necxa H rpaana, COCTaBJI.,llBlliHX npaenxsrrere HaCAOeHH5I. xoropere Ii yXO,ll,MAM 3Ha'lHTeAbHO HHme ocaoaaHHR xypraaa. AHlUb S O,ltHOM KOH!.!,e rpanmea 6bIA OTKpbIT eAoH fAHHbr, nOp.CTHJl.aEOIgHH necxn II rpaBHH. HH norpeoeauoii noxasr, HH yr MI M 30Abl, croxs 06bl'lHbIX AJd! COIIOK HOB1fOpO,ll,CKOrO TI-Ina, npa paCKOIIKax HaH,lI,eHO He 6b(AO. I Ha DCHOBaHHH npasezennsrx JJ;aHHbIX A. A. Cmf!J,bIHbIM 6blAO BbICKa.3aHO npeanoxczsenae, liTO «paCKOIIKa

60Abworo EeJ\.03epCKoro 'KypraHa, nponsaeneaaaa B 1860 r., noxaaaxa, 'ITO BTO cxopee acero aacems eCTeCTBeHHOPo; rrpoucxoasnenaa». 1

OCMOTP OCTaTKOB xypraaa Caaeyca AeTOM

1939 I". noaraepnax rrpaBHAbHOCTb coo6pameHHH:

A. A. CnHH,bIHa. KaK H ApyroH 6eJ\.o,sepcKKH «xypran MeAeHlKH», TaK;oKe pacxonanasril .l\a'3apesCKMM H I1BepceHDM B 1860 r., xypraa Cnneyca rrpeACTaSARJ\. C060N O,ll;HO H3 BcxoJ\.MlI.'eHHH, BO MHOasecrse paafipocaansrx B IOlI{HOM EeAo3epbe H na- 3bIBaeMblX B reoxorna KaMaMH. B OT J\.f(tlHe OT 06b11lHbIX MopeHHbIX BcxoAMAeHHH, KaMbI COCTOSIT H3 CO_PTHpOBaHHoro MaTepHaJla, ofipaayrorgero nacxoeHIla, 1M oxene qaCTO H1MeIOT B rrxatre oxpyr J\.ylO rpOPMY·

CY.lOI no paccxaaax MecTHbIX ifl:I1TeAeH, npaae.1I:eHHb[M C. W,e!BbI,peIBbIM H Aa3apeBCKHM. caxo na- 3BaHHe «xypraa Caaeyca» He HBMleTCR Ha_poAHbIM, a HCXO~HT. BHAHMO, as cpeaet AYXOBeHCTBa.2

P. SUCHOV

UN GORODISTCHE SLAVE DES IX-Xe SIECLES DANS LE SUD DE LA REGION DU LAC BIELO'it

(Resume)

Les VOles de l' ancienne colonisation slave allaient des terres de Novgorod a travers la region dulac Bielote vers l' est. Pres de la sortie de la riviere Cheksna du lac Bielote, all elle prend naissance, se trouve un ancien gorodistche -erestes de la ville de Bieloozero, mentionne dans les chroniques. C' etait une etape importante sur la voie commerciale.

La decouverte en 1939 d'un petit gorodistche des IX-Xe siecles au sud du lac Bielote offre donc un grand interet au point de vue de l' etude de la colonisation slave dans la region de BieJoozero. Ce gorodistche presente tous les caracteres

I OT'l:eT ApXeOll.OrH'l:eCKoi{ l{OMJ.{CCHH aa 1860 r.,

CTp. XII-XV. •

d'un monument slave et etait habite apparemment par des agriculteurs. Sa ceramique a des analogues dans la region du Dniepr, a Novgorcd, Pskov et Staraia-Ladoga.

Le caractere des objets trouves et I' absence dans le pays de buttes funeraires ("sopki")monuments slaves des VI-VIlle siecles, perrnettent de rapporter la colonisation de la region du lac Bielo·ie aux IX-Xe siecles,

1 A. A. C n If g er H. 0603peHHe HeKOTopbIX ryi5epHHH B apxeoxorasecxox OTHoweHHH. 3an. PYCCK. apxeox, o6rg.,

T. IX. BbIIT. 1 n 2, HOB. cep •• 1897, CTp. 248.

2 C. ill e B bI P e B. noe3,'tKa B KnpHAJ\.o-Ee,i\03epCKUU MCHaCTblpb B 1847 r., 'l. II, M., 1850, CTp. 60.

-------------~-

MAT E P H A A hI 11 H C CAE 4 0 BAH H R n~o A P X E 0 A 0 r Yl. YI C C C P . N2 6

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I

B 06AaCTH cesepaerx BOCTOl.lHOCAaB.HHCKHX nxeMeR B 60AbWOM KOAHQeCTBe coxpaaaxacs ApeBHlle norpeeaxsaere coopyzseaaa, H3BeCTHbre B apxeoxoniqeCKOH AHTepaType rroa Ha3BaHlleM {<tJ,AHHHbIX xypraaos» Ii «conox».

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ConKH pacrroxararorcx no 6eperaM pex H npeaCTaBM!lOT C060H BbICOKHe aacsrmr, aocraraiorgae orpOMHbIX paaxepoa, - ~o 10-12 M BbICOTbI. Flocxennee HBRAOCb, K cozsaxemuo, npHl.IHHOH Toro, '-ITO 9TH naMHTHHKH C tJ;aBHHX BpeMeH npHBAeKaAH BHHMaHHe KAa,ll.OHCKa·reAeH.

B 20-x roaax npomxoro CTOAeTHH 3 . .LL. XOtJ;aKOBCKHM 6blAO nOAO.?KeHO naxaxo apXeOAOrH.'-IeCKHM HCCAe.a;OBaHHHM COIlOR; .a;AHHHble xypraaer aasaxa pacxaneraarsca B. 1--:1. CH30BbIM H M. CPo KycgHHCKHM IS 80-x rozax XIX CT.

Ee~HOCTb HaXO,1l;OK, a xepeaxo H noxnoe HX OTCYTC'l1BHe B Tex H tWY.fHX [Ja'MJITHnKax ~f!AaA,H Qpe3BbI'JaiiHO Me,1l;AeHHbIM aaxonxeaae xapaxrepaayioigero HX apxeoxcrusecscro MaTepHaAa. Do aTOM npHQHHe, a TaKme H cr-roro, tITO pacxonxa sexace 06bttIHblMH B TO BpeMf[ npneMaMlH, He n03BOARB" WHMH ncxeprrare naM,ijTHHK nOAHOCTb1O, B OTHOlI1eHUH ,1I;AUHHbIX xypraaoa 11 cortex pa3HbIMU HCCAe~ .a;OBaTeMIMH; BblCKa.3bIBaAHcb npennoxoaseaan, HetJ;O~ C1'aTOtIHO 060CHOBaHHble H B3aHMHO nporasopesaI!!He,

.l{Oll.rOAeTHHe aCCAe,1l;OBaHlH5I ace me cotipaxa Ma~epMaA. ROTOPbIH n03BOASleT ycraaosnre pacnpoCTpaHeHHe H BpeM.Il 9THX naMJlTHHKOB. A. A. CnHgblH, aaasaxe t(aTHpOBaSWHH AAHHHble xypranei VIII-IX BB., a conan IX-X BB., OTO.1l;BHHyA BnOC'Ae,ZI;'CTBHH ApeBHeHmHe AaTbI rex II ,1I;pyrHx ,11;0 VI-VIr! BB. IH. 9. B03MOiKHO, O,1l;HaKO, xro Hexoropsie H'3 9TMX naMJlTHH.KOO B()ICXO,ll,RT H K V B. H. 9.

Pacrrpccrpaaeaae 3THX naMilTHHKOB B crapsrx CAaBHHCKHX 06AaCTSlX H CYIBecTBoBaHue xep'r npeeMCTBeHHOCTH C HHMH 60Aee n03,11,HHX (IX-X BB.)

CAaB5IHCKHX xypraaos c TpynocoaoKeHHRMM ,1I;aAH nOBOA IlOCTaBHTb aonpoc 0 npHHaAAemHOCTH ,ll,AHHHbIX xypraaoa KpHBiHlIaM, a cortox - HOBropOtJ,CKHM CAOBeHaM HaqaAbHOH AeTonHCH.

PeIIIeHHe aroro sorrpoca el!!e HymAaeTcil B tJ;0- nOAHHTeJl.bHOM MaTepHaJl.e. B oc06eHHoCTH aro OTHOCHTCH K conxax, KOTOPbIe HsyqeHbl eIge MeHee, qeM ,ltAHHHble xypransr.

Hacrosrgaa xapra HMeeT!:!,eAblO ,ll,aTb YTOliHeHnyro cxexy pacrrpocrpaaenna conox H AJl.HHHbIX xypraaos aa OCHOBe AHTepaTypHbIX H apXHBHbIX HCTOl.lHlIKOB, B TOM lIHCAe ~aHHbrx apxeOAOfIHlieCKRX paaseaox IIOCAe,ltHHX AeT, OXBaTlIBliIHX pR,lt pajioHOB.

O.ll;H'liIM U3 OCHOBHbIX HCTOqHHKOB tJ;.A~ cocraaxeHUil KapTbI IlocAymHAH MaTepuaAbI KOMHCCHH no YlIeTY llaMHTHHKOB AeHHHrpattcKoH 06AaCTH, patioTaBweH nOA PYKOBO,1l;CTBOM Fl. Il, EcpHMeHKO n 1927 -1931 rr., KOTOPOH 6bl.lI:H saperacrpapceaau MHorHe COTHli apxeoxorxsecxax naMHTHHKOB, B TOM trHCAe conox H ,1I;AHHHbIX xyprauoa. PaCCMOTpeHbI ,lJ,aHHble HCCAe,1l;OIBaHHH nOCAetJ;HHX xer aa CMOAeH' rgHHe H B 6eAopyccKOH CCP. y13 CTapbIX HCTOqIurKOB npHBJl.eqeHbI apXeOAOrH"IeCKHei CBO.!(KH B. A. Flxeraeaa no 6. Tsepcxoil ry6., VI. POMaI:I!:!,eBano 6. HOBfOPO.!(CIWH ry6. H H. cP. OKYJl.HtJ-Kasapnaa - no 6. neKOBCRO" ry6. 3Ha'iiHTClI.bHbIii MaTepHaA nOQepnHYT HS apxaaa A. A. Cnageraa,

HCIIoAb30BaH Ta:Kme pH,1I; OTp;eAbHbIX coofitgeHUH 0 passenxax H pacxonxax, aepeaxo CAYlIaHHbIX, paaaetx AH:g, npoH3Bot(liBUlHXCR: B paaasrx paiioaax aa ,lJ,AHTeAbHbIH npoMe*YTOI< apeuena, nalIHHaH C nOe3,11;OK XO,lJ,aKOBcKoro B ZO-x rozrax nponrxoro eTOAeTH.ll H 1i:0HQaa HccAe~oBaHHHMU: HaUlHX AHeR. 8TH MaTepHaJl.bI qaCTblO 0606IgeHhI A. A. CnH:gbIHbIM fS H3,lJ,aHHHX ApXeOAOrnqeCKOH KOMUCcarr M Pyccxoro apxeoxornsecsoro o6I[!ecTBa, B '-IaCTHOCTH B ero «0603peHHHx ry6epH.aii:».

li3 ynoMHHYTbIX CTapbIX CBOAOK npH1lIAOCb H3- BAeqb AHWb xacr» xarepnaxa, TaR xax 9TH CBOp.,KU COCTaBMIAHCb no onpocnsra AHCTaM H He ace ,ll,aHHble HX Moryr CqHTaTbCH BIlOAHe Ha,1I;emHblMH. CaOAl\Y A. 11. KYAbmHHCKoro, H.9AaHHYlO B 60-x rozax n CO,1l;epmaQ!YIO 6oAbmoe KOJl.HtIeCTBO cseaeHliH 100 OAHOMY H3 c:aMblX cyrgecTseHiHbIx paHOHOB - 6. HOBropo~cKOH ry6.. Boo6rge He I1PUillJl.OCb HCnOAb20BaTb rrpn COCTaBAeHHH xaprer H3-3a HaJ\.H-

94

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qYlH B HeM MHom.eCTBa He BHywaIOIQHX tJ;OBepH.Sl AaHHbIX.

O,1l;HonpeMeHHO c cocrasxeuaev xaprer conox 11 ,ll;J\JMHHbIX xypraaos npeA<:TaBJUIAOCb m.eAaTtAbHbIM ,ll;aTb TaKm.e H CBO,1:(KY acero H3BeCTHoro MaTepHaAa 06 9THX naMHTHHKax, pasdpocanaoro no pasHblM MCTOtIHHKaM, AHTepaTypHbIM " apXYlBHbIM, a TaKm.e no MY3eHM, - CBOARY, CBH3aHHYlO C KapTOH: " co,lJ,epmargylO ace cseaenun 0 TOM MAM ApyroM rraMHTHRKe, B TOM tIUCAe H 0 pacxorrxax, eCAM rtocxeaHRe npOHSBO,1l;MJlJHCb.

HaCTO}lIgaH xapra, KOHeqHO, He flEAaeTC.Sl ncxepnbIBalOJ!!;en. B ,1l;aAbHeHIIIeM HaM,1l;,eTCH, HeCOMHeI-Hro, eIge He MaAO OT,IJ,eAbHbIX naMHTHHKOB. T eM He Meaee ,1J,aHHa5:I B xapre cxeva pacnpocrpaaenna COnOK H .n;Jl.HHHblX xypranos MomeT 6bITb npnaara aa OCHOBY, xoropaa Bp.llA AH n01.\.BeprHeT'CH cyrgeCTBeHHbIM H3MeHeHHHM.

II

I10,1l; AAHHHbU,1:H xypranasor no.ltpaSYMeBaIOTC.H HaMH He TOAbKO aaxooepasnsre aaCbIIIU, HO H noCTO}lHHble HX cnYTHHKIU - Y,II;AHHieHHble, 'leTblpexyroAbHbfe B IIAaHe, ,ll;AMHHble, KOM6uHHpOBaHHble C KpyrJl.bIMH H cepnoaaaasre. Ha xapre, KpOMe MOrHJl.bHHKOB, B ROTOpbIX HMeIOTCH AJl.HHHbIe xypranst, HaHtCeHO TaIOKe HOCKOAbKO MOfHAbHHKOB, COCTOHIgIHX as OtJ;HHX xpyrxsix xypranos, HO no ,z:taHHbIM pacxonox pOACTB'eHHbIX H CHHXPOHliqHblX ,1t.l\iliHHbIM.

I1sBecTHble HaM MOrHJl.bHHKH C ~AMHHbIMH KYPraaaaa pacceaasr no BepXHeMY AHenpy, na npoCTpaHCTBe rrpH6AH3HTeAbHO OT Aopor06Y2Ka,ll;0 0PIIlH; B e,n;MHH'l:HbIX noxa cxyxaax OHK acrpexeaer aa Eepe311He 1 H sepxaeii jI,BHHe, B paiione BUTe6cKa !H OOAogKa. ,llaAee OHM B 60AbLUOM KOAHtIeCTBe H3- BeCTHbl B 06.MCTII Ce6e.lKCKHX osep, r,1l;e 6epe,T csoe HatIaAO p. BeAHKaJI. C BepXOBbeB BeAuKoH 9TH MorHAbHMKH THHYTC.H BHM3 no ee resennro H,"t cesep, rAe KOHgeHTpMpYIOTCH OKOAO nCKOBcKoro osepa. OXBaTbIBaH ero C sora, OHM pa3BeTBAHIOTCR:

B ABYX HanpaBAeHMRX: tIepes I1S60PCK B HeSHaQHTeJl.bHOM KOAHqeCTBe npOHHKaIOT B paiioa K sanaay OT osepa (B paHoH aCToB), a aa ceaepo-aocrox no nofiepezasro oaepa H AaAee, no pp. l.JepHoH H lKeJl.qe, BbIXO,1l;HT Hap. AWTY, npUTO'K nAlOCCbI. no BepXOIBbJ:rM nOCAeJl;HeH, sepea osepa BptIBO u l.J.epeMeHegKoe, om BbIXO,1J,HT aa cpezmee TeqeHUe AyrH. BRRS [110 Ilxrocce 9TH MOrHAb[ BKAliHHBalOTCJ:r na cesep B 06.1\.aCTb J\!eTomrCHOH 4YJl;H.

OT BepXOBbeB j(Henpa ,1l;Jl.HHHble KY prams xepea BO·,l.tOPa3,1l;eA, 60raTbla osepaan, BbIXOJl;J{T na p. T 0- pony (6acc. 3an. ,lLBHlIbI) H, nO,1l,bIMaH<:b no ee TetIelIHlO, npOHHKaIDT aa p ... KYHblO, npHTOK AoBaTH. B ceaepO-BOCTOqHOM aanpaaxeaaa UMeeTca Jl.aKYHa - AAlHHHbIe xypraasr nOHBJl.J:rIOTC5I B pailOHe OCTamKOBCKUX oaep, 3,1l;eCb oaa OTMeQ,eHbI aa 0.3. Bcexyr H AaAee aa sepxaeii BOAre. Ha cesep

I f1o,1l;06lihIe ,lI.lI.HHHblM RypraHbI MorYT BCTpeTHTbCJI, noBH,ltIfMOMY, H I02KHee. I1MeercJ[ cseaeaae, rroxyseaaoe OT Masapaxa, 'ITO B RaKoR-TO «,!I;OAfOH MorHAe» na p, CYJl.e, B 6. POMeHcKoM yesae, Haib,eHa qm6YAa ;<roTCKOfO T}!IIa» C SMaAbIO (Tp, Xl C'be:aAa, f1poTOKOJl.bI. CTp. 81).

CHOBa rrpocrnpaercn Jl.aKYHa, H ,lJ.aJl.ee ,ll;AHHHbIe xypr3Hb[ 113BeCrHbI yme na sepxanx nparoxax IlOAb!. CAeAYJ:r orcrona rra ceaep 11 BOCTOR, MbI HaXOIl,HM HX AHIlIb cnopanasecxn, B HeCKOAbKHX nymcrax, B npHMcTHHCKOM 06AaCTlH, rae OHH npli6Al-liKalOTcJ:r K B,epXOBb.HM npaxaaozscxax pex, Cesepaee H BOCro-naee OHM He Ha6AIo,ll;aroTcH.

.n;Jl.HHHbre KypraHbI pacrcansrsaxace HeOAHOKpa THO. PaeKonKH BeJl.HCb B npeziexax CMO.l\eHCKOro, Bareocsoro, nOAogKoro. Ceoeascxoro, Orroxegxoro, IlcKoBcKoro, r ,lI;OBCKOro, Aym.cKoro M _l(e:MHHCKoro panCHOS. 0 60AbIIIHHCTs,e HCCJl.e,llOSaHI1i'r H3seCTH'O osexe HeMHoroe. Marepnaxsr MHor,HX 'H3 HMX OCTasaAHCb HeolTIy6AHKOBaH'HbIMH. 1

B p5I,lI;e HerrOAHbIX H KpaTKMX OTqeT'OB 0 pacxonxax 06bltIHO or aesaercn Jl.HIllb rrpHCYTCTBHe yroxsxoa B aacsma xypraaa' HAM «rrenexenoro CAOH» no OICHOBaHHlO II 3aTeM CAe,ll;yeT KpaTKUH nepexeae aaxonox, eCAH raxonere OKasaA'HCb. AAMH~ Hble aaxooopaaaere ,KypraHbi paCKa;rrbrBa~.Ii.cb, KaK npaBHAO, AHIIIb qaCTHtIHO - TpaHmegM~_-tIAli mypcpaMH. T aKMM 06pa30M nama {.CBep,eaFU[ 06 9THX MorHAax ,n;OBOJl.bHO OrpaHHq'eHbI •..... , .... _J .. , .. :.~.

Ha OCHOBaHHM roro, 'ITO H3BeCTHO 0 HMX, YCTPOHCTBO aTHX MOrHA B 06IgHX xeprax npeaCTaBJI..lieTCa cJl.eAyroI£HM. KypraH IHaCbIIIaAC}l Ha Bblmm.eHHOM orHeM ytIaCTKej OeTaTI<JH TPyo:IOC02KmeHH.I1, cosepmenaoro nacropoae, noxetgaxace B HaCbIIIH HAH sa MaTepHKe.

KypraHbI y,1J,AHHeHHbre, qeTblpexyroAbHbIe H He- 60AbIIIue qiarypaere coaepasar tIarge no OAROMY, no ,lI,Ba HAli no TpH norpeoeaaa. llAHHHble BaAbI 06bl'lHO' 3aKAIOtIaroT pH.D; norpefienaii c:oaOKeHHbrx KOCTeR. MomHO rrpeanoxarare, qTO nepasre aacsrnaAHcb' cpasy, B O,1l;iHH npaex, p'Jl.:HHHbIe me B03~ HHKaA\i nOCTeneHRO nYTeM rrpHCbIIIKH B .D;AHHY. I1MeFOTc5I, O,1J,RaKO, YKasaHH.I1 06 O,ll;HOIBpeMeHHoM coopyzseaaa H ,ll;AHHHbIX Ha<:bITIen. Cyrgecrseaao, tITO B ,lJ.JlJHHHbIX xypranax rrorpetienan nepeaxo pacrroxaralOTCH B HaCbIIIH, a He aa MaTepIWKe; OHI-! 6bIAH BlnYlQ,eHbI, CAeAooaTeAbHO, yzse B eYIBeCTIBOBaBIllYIO HaCbIIIb. Bo BCHKOM cxyxae aonpcc 06 O~HOBpe~ MeHHOM HJl.H nOCTeneHHOM coopyzseaxa xypraaoaBaAOB el!!e Tpe6yeT AonOAHUTeAbHoro noxeaoro HCCAe.zr.OBaHU}l.

norpe6eHuH coaosemnax KocTeM npoH3BoAHAHCb paSAHtIRO. Ha pJ:r,1ty C HaCbIIIaHHeM nepeLKmeH'HbIX KoeTen, coepaaasrx C norpeoaxsuoro xocrpa, B .HMKy B HaebIIIH xyprana, cytgecraoaax 06bltIaH aaxopoaeans ax B COCY.D;,e- ypae, rpy60M AeOHOM ropnnce 6aHOtIHOH CPOpMbI. B aexoroperx 2Ke CAyxaax rpyaxa KocTell aaxperaaxace TaKHM COCy,ll;OM. 11 TOT H, .ztpyroH Bli,lt rrorperieaaa ocrrapyaraaaxcs HHOr,1l;a B O,1l;iHOH H TOM: me aacsma,

KOCTpHIga acrpesensr BO MfI10PHX HaCbIIIHX, npeHMYl!!ecTBeHHo y,ll;.II.HHeHHbIX. OHM HSBeC'THbI H CMOJl.eHCKHX, BHTe6cKHX lJ IIOAOgKHX: xypr arrax B CAe,1l;YlQIgHX MOrHAbHHKax: Dyy;agHHKa (Ng 152), Floxezsaasa (Ng 147). ApecpHiHo (NQ 153). C.I\O- 6oJl;a (NQ 159), fOpoAOK (Ng 162). i(poKOBO

1 0 pacacnxax B. M. CH:aOBa ecre TOAbI{O caMble 06- I,!!He csezeaaa B yxaaarexe Hcropnsecxoro My:aeH H B O"T'1eTaK Apx. KOMHCCHH sa 1894, 1899 H 1903 rr.

H. H. f.JeprUUlttt. /IA.!!Httl>le K!}plQH.al u conxu

95

(N!~ 167), XOTblHb (Ng 163), KaTbIHb (145), Fopoaers (Ng 138), PY~HH (137), AHTBHHOBO (Ng 129).

KOCTpHIga HaXO,1J,51TC.H aa MaTep!HKe Ii npezcrasMIlOT, nOBH~HMOMY, OCTaTKM norpeoaxrsaoro KO" crpa. B xypranax y Ape!pHHO, r opoztxa H ,lLPOKOB<t KocTpHIJ!a o6Hapy*eHbl B O,1J,HOM ROHge aaxa, a KOeTH: scrpexeaer OT,1J,eAbHO B HaCbInH.

B apyrax xypraaax commeHHble KOCTH AemaT na CaMOM KocTpHrge (OOAemaHKa .NQ 147, DygalJ.HHKa Ng 152, AHTBHHOBO N2 129. PYAHli .Ng 137 HAP.). Bo acex 8THX cxyxaax TpynOC01KmeHHe COBepII1eHO, nOBH,1J,HMOMY, aa M0CTe xypraaa.

CAeAbI KOCTpHI};!a Ha MaTepHKe BCTpe'!eHbI H B cesepasrx xypraaax - B fAOBCKHX H AeMliH,CKHX. Haoraa B HHX HaXO,1J,5l:TC51 H OCTaTKH TpynoCOi'K~ meHlHH (3aMOWbe NQ 330, E. 3anoAbe Ng 26). B ,1J,pyrHx cxyxaax (tIepHblU Pyqeu NQ 241, TIoAcoCOHbe NQ 237, .l(y6pOlBKa.Ng 243, AHnegbI Ng 234- see B ,lLeM.HHCKOM IpaHoHe) xocrpmga (HAH oxaacKIf) ,6b1AH HeBeAHKH no paaaepax (AHllegbI, KYPraa Ng 13), HaxOAHAHCb HHor,1J,a nsepxy HaCbIIIIH H, BHtJ;HMO. !He liBMIAliCbOCTaT,KaMH norpe6aAbHblx KcOCTPOB, a 'H'MeAU KaKOH-TO HHOH pUTyaAbHbIH CMbICA.

CAeAy,eT raxase ynOM.lIHYTb 0 csoeotipaaaon ycrpoiicrae HeIWTOpbIX ,li;AliHHblX xypraaos, BCTpeqeHHbIX noxa TOAbKO B 6acceMHe BeAuKoH H aaxxroqalOI!!HX B HaCbInM KaMeHHble coopyzseaaa,

Oaa H3Be'CTHbI AMmo B CAeAYlOIgHX nYHKTax:

KytJ;oso NQ 108, DepUl!MHO N2 58 U rrorocr TaHA013 ]\[g 53. B AAHHHOM KYpraHe Y Kyp;osa HaH,1J,eHbI ABa xocrpmga no KOHgaM HaCbIIIH, as KOTOPbIX OAHO 6blAO 06CTaBAeHO TpeMH H3BeCTKOBbIMH nAHTaMli. Hal xocrpmgax croaxa 60AbUHle Il.HAHH,1I,pUxecxae ropunot. B I1epIIIHHcKOM xypraae Ta}OKe HaH,lJ.eHO no KOCTpHIgy aa KOHgax; 8TH xocrpmga co·p;epm.aAH B ce6e nepeaoseaaeie KOCT1H H Ka2K,1J;Oe 6b1AO oficraaxeao KaMH5IMU, pacnoxozaeaasnra AYrOM. B .ztpyroM xypraae TOR me rpynnet nOCpe,1J,H aacsma, B oCHoBaHuH, o6HapymeH nOMOCT U3 RaM~ HeM. B TaMlI.OBCROM xypraae HaMAeHbl !KaMiHH' CAOJKeHHblie! B xpyr, BHYTPH xoroporo 6bl1l.0 xocrpmge.

Iloaoenere. KaMe'HHbIe coopyaseana, scrpeaearnse B 3TOM 1Ke paiioae, H.3B,eCTHbl H II xpyr AblX xypraaax C TpynocommeHHeM (nor. OBHHtIHqr,e N2 52, rOAO,1l,ywa NQ 61, nor. Abr6YT N2 67 H T • z.).

B 3THX xypraaax HeCOMHeHHO CKaBbIBaeTC5I 611.H:;lOCTb K naMliTHHKaM 8CTOHHU H AaTBHH, rax Ha- 3blBaeMblM «KaMeHHbIM MorHAaM». B CBOIO oxepe,1l,b. rozsaee, B IBOC'OOqHbtX 06AaiCTliX AeTO-Al1TOBCKHX nxeuea, B norpeoaxsasrx rraM5.lTHHKaX CKaBbISaeTCR 6J1.H30CTb .i1;Jl.HHHbIX xypraaos. Cpe.i1;Ii AUTOBCKHX xypranoa BlfAeHCKOM 06AaCTH HHoI'Aa BCTpetIalOTCR caaxsaere HAlf yp;AHHeHHble HaCbInH.

HaKOHeI.!;, H3BI€CTHbI HeMHOrOqHCAeHHbIe cxysaa norpetieaaa 'I"'pynocomiKeHHH Ii He60AblUHX ,rpYH~ TOBbIX HMKax (H. ifieAqa Ng 25. iKepeOliTliao N!!' 31) H TpyrrorrOJl.o.meHHJI C ser,gaMiu AlOijHHcxoro Tuna (PYP;H5.I NQ 51 H WHAbCKO NQ 105)B 060HX IIOCAetJ;IflHX cxysaax B YAAUHeHHblX xypraaax, na MarepHKe, aa cxoe yrA.!l Ii SOA'bI. B xypraae y lliHAbcKa KOCT.f!IK bblA «nepeaoxea».

,ll;AHHHble KypraHbI B notJ;aBM!lOr,geM 60AbWHHCTBe cayxaea He COCTaBAHlOT oTAeAhHblX rpyrm, a paccesaer no MorHAbHHKaM cpean 06bIKHOBeRHblX xpyr AbIX :KypraHOB.1 Y:HCAeHHOCTb ax, no cpaanemno C nOCAe,1l,.HHMH, oseae MaAa. B TO iKe BpeMJI rIO YCTPOHCTBY 11 npH3HaKaM 06p.!lAHOCTH norpeoeaaii MemAY TeMH 11 ApyntMH HeT 3aMeTHOro pa3AHtIH5.I. Haxoaeg, cyrgecraosarrze tJ;AHHHbIX xypraaoa, CAH~ TbIX C xpyr AblMli, H 06gpfH 06AlHK norpeoaxeaoro HHBeHTap.H rOBopHT 0 TOM, tlTO .i1;AHHHble xypraasr, xax H YAAHHeHHble, qeTblpexyroAbHble. cepnoananere 11 T. 11.., npencraaxstor c060n AHWo pa3AH4- Hbre ¢OPMbI KOAAeKTHBHbIX xypraaoa, CH:HXPOHH4- Hhle H O.i1;HOpO,l.tHbIe MHOI'm.r KpyrAbIM. EAarOtJ;ap>r CBOHM BHeWHHM oco6eHHOCTliM, OHK jlBJI.,HlOTCli csoero poaa sexaua, CHrHaAn3HpyrorgH~m 0 il.peBHOCTR H xapaxrepe MorHlI.bHHKa. Tor Aa KaK xpyrAble HaCbInH CEOHM HapYiKHblM 06AHKOM qge MaAO rosopar AAR HCCAe,1l,OBaTeAH.

MOrHJl.bHbIH HHBeHTapb P;AHHHbIX xypraaoa OtIeHo 6e,1l,eH. HeMHOrOtIHCAeHHble KOMnAeKCbI BergeH IHMe~ lOTMHOrI1e a'IlaAOrHH C HHBeHTapeM AHToBCRnx xypraaos C rpynoccacseaaaua, ,1l;aTHpyeMblM VIVIII B~., H seIgal\.tH pRJI,a 'KAa,1J,OE aroro iKe speMeRH, Hai1.lteHHblX B 06JlaCTH Cpeanero DO,1l,He" l1POBbH.

III

B 06.11.aCTH npHHAbMeHbli AAHHHble iKypraHhI BCTpetIalOTCfI c conxaua. 00,11, 9THM HaSBaHIHeM, KaK YKa3aHO BhIwe, nOApa3YMeBaIOTCl'I BblCOKHe xoaycoobpasmce HaCbI:nH, pacrroxoaseaaere no 6e~ peran perc H caep, npeHMyrgecTBeHHO CTapOH HOB~ ropoacxoii 3eMMI, nosexy HM npHCBaHBaeTC's! Qacl'O HaHMeHOBaHHe HOBrop0Jl,CKlIX cortex. Ha3blBaIOT ax TaKm.e H «consaua BOAXOBCl{OrO THrIa». B npeasneii apXeOAOrH'!eCKOH: xareparype cyr,geCTBOBaAa TepMIIfHOAorH'!ecKa5I nyranaga B nOHJITHjlX «cornea» H «xypras». Ceaepaopycoxoe aacexenae, nOqTH He 3HaIOIg'ee rrocxeznrero TepMHHa, naasraaer COilKOH scaxyro nacsrns soofirge, a HHOr,ll;a II aosaenuenHOCTb MopeHHoro npOHCXO?li;;teHH5.I.

Cxeaya HapOAHOH: repMHHOltOrIHI, He AeAaJ\. pas.. UIqIHI Mem,1l,y lKyprauOIM HCOTIKOH H 3. tI;. XOJ];a" KOBCKHH, XOT5.[ OR Ii TIOApa3Y'MeBaA HOA COnI{aMH I' AaBHbfM 06pa30M BbICOKHe xypraasr,

BnOCAe,1J,CTBHH o6a HaSBaHHli B npOH3BOAbHOM 3HatIeHHH npHCBaHBaAHCb pa3HbIMH aaropaxa li aerCOKHM H MaAbIM Ha(:bIll.!lM, qTO .i1;eAaeT CTOAb TPYk HblM nOAb30BaHHe CTaPblMH HCTOllHllKaMll.

A. A. CnHYbIH npMAOaafA AMI cesepaux paiiOHOB <q,!leAble aepacnaxaanete HaCblI!H naase 4·x apWHH~> naasrsar» xypraaaan, a OCTaAbHbIe conKaMH. Ho rrpas aaxa BeAHllHHbI eIge He,1l,OCTaTOtIHO ,1J,A5.I roro, '-lTo6bI xapaxrepnaoaarn re naMHTHlIUHI, xoropete 5lBMHOTCH <co6CTBeHHO COIIKaMlI.

I Heli3BeCTHo, HMeAutb AH KpyrAble Kypraubl B MO-

nIAt>lUlKax, xoropsre IlCCAC,Z!;OBaA CU30B (HPI,lCBO, XOTbIlIb. Fopoaox, ,tLPOKoBo H Ape$HHO). B YKa3aTeAe Hcropasecxoro MpeH oaa lie yno~mHaIOTcH. B aCKOTOjlblX CAY'lMl» l\AHHHble RypraHbI OGpa3YlOT rpynny 113 2-3 saxos.

----_-- ---_,

9mH.OleHeS 80CmO'lllb1X CJta8Jl.1l

96

CYIgeCTBeHHeiiIlIHMH HX IlpH3HaKaMH 5[BJdIlOTC5I HeH3MeHIiaa. {)B5I3b C BO,lf,OH 11 paCIlOAOmeIIHeHAH O,ll,'HHO'l'Hoe HAM geIlblo HeCIWAbKHX HaCblilJeH, HHOr,1l;a CocToJIIgeii H3 p5lp,a 3BeRbeS. I

flPHHHTbIH HaMH paaxep or 2 M oraecaoii SbI~ COTbI H 60Aee 51BAa:eTCH YCAOBHbIM, TaK KaK, nOBH~ lJ,HMOMY. CYIgeCTBYlOT aacsrrm H MeHbWHX pasxrePOB, xoropere IIlO C1lweMY YCTPOHCTBY TeM He MtH·ee npaaaaxeasar K COIll,aM.

PaMOH pacnpocrpanenna cortex ,1I;OBOAbHO lUH~ pox. Hanccxee rYCTO YHHsaHa corncasra p. AoaaTb, OTQaCnt HH2KHfUi WeAOHb H aepXH5I.R: Ayra. E,1I;Ba Ali He 3JJ;eCb MOm.HO BHp,eTo HX OCHOBHbIe geHTpbI.

flo AOBaTH corrxa rAy601{0 BKAHHHBaEOTC.a B o6~ AaCTb pacnpocrpaaeaaa ,If,AHHHbIX xypraaon, npoHHKaa: c ee sepxoaeee aa T oporry, a OTCKl,lJ,a na KaCIIAKl. B 3aIlMHOM Hanpa'B,NeIHHH conxa pacrrpocrpaaeusr no WeAOHH H npOHHKalOT B 6acceUH BeAHKOH, BbIXO.ll;jl aa ee cpeaaee H HHmHee rexeaae, rAe YIlHpaIOTC7I B Flcxoacxoe osepo.

C sepxaeii Aym cornea nepexaasrsarorca xepes osepa 4epeMeHeQ,Koe H Bpeso, BCTpetIa5!Cb 3Aech C cesepaoii BeTBblO ,1I,AI1HHbIX xypraaos. aa sepXOBh$[ AKlTbl H cpeanee 'rexenae lKeAqH •. l(aAee B paiioae fAoBa oaa HeH3BeCTHbI.

Ha BOCTOI{ COIlK-1i pacceaaer lID MCTe Ii ee npaTOKaM H MHOrO':IHCAeHHbIM MeAKHM osepasr B paHOHe BaAp;aH<:KoH BO.3BhIWeHHOCTW.

OTclOP;a, a TaK2Ee C BepXOBbeIB DOAbl, OHH Bb[XO,lJ,HT aa osepa Bcexyr a Car H aaAee na sepxHlOKl BOAry, rAe BbIKAHHHBaIOTc.a, He AOXO,lf,H ,11,0

r. KaAHHHHa.

Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe IlO npaaovy IlPHTOKY MCTbl,

p. YBepH, COIlKa BbIXOJJ;R1' aa 03. Kopo6omy, a no rrprrroxy Y sepa, p. PaAOJ\lH, na osepa Mer AHHO Ii BeAHKoe.

B aepxoasax MCTbI conxa pacceaaer aa BOCTOK ,11;0 osepa Coporozscxoro, OTKY,1l;a IlO p. Coporozse BblXOJ,J.RT na BepXHKlIO MOAorYi no osepav me YAoMlI.e H MOA,1I;HHY TffHYTCH .Il;O p. BOll.t{HHbI H IlO HeR rassse aa BepxHIOIO Moxory, 3JJ;ifCb, B sepXOBb.llX IloCAeAHeJ:l:, na 03. BepeCTOBe H3BeCTHbI orpoxasre COIlKH «BOAXOBCKoro THIla» y norocra Ee.mHQ,bI.

Ha MOAOry conxa BbIXOP;RT H APyrHM nYTeMC ceaepa H3 npHAaP,02'Kb.R:, rae H3g.€CTHO He60Abnroe HX KOAH':IeCTBO na p. CHCH. OTClO,Ila OHIll HAYT IlO npH'l10KY CRCH, BOAoa~6e, ztaxee xepes nor-OCT. BOAOKOCAaSHHeKHH - no 4arop;;e H Y.arOAOIge. no 8TOMY rAYXOMY rry'rn, npOXO,!l;.R:IgeMY "Jepes 06AaCTb AeCOB H MOXOBbIX 60AOT, OTMeqeHO scero HeCiKOAbKO llYHKTOB.

no aTOMY me nyra COIlKH nonazaror TaK2f{e na

6epera TIecH, Ko60ailH H CYP;bI. .

B paiioae Y CTIOltlHbl conox .ae OTMeq:eHO. OHll nO.R:BM.IlOTC.!I}{a CPeAHeH Moxore IlO,1t BecberoHCKOM II BCKOpt me HCqe3aKlT, He JJ;OXO,!l;H JJ;O ee YCTb.!I. Ha Lllexcae conox HeH3BeCTHO BO'BCe. I1x KpaifHHll BOCTOtfHbIH nYHKT - Aep. flepeKlI.a,l(Ha.ll, aa p. BRe, AeBOM rrprrroxe MOAOrH.

1 MaAO"IHCAeHHOCTb conox, BCTpe'lalO1,!!RXCH qaCTO He 60Aee 'leM no 1-3 aacurnr, npe.1(CTaBAS!eT HaHOOAee YCTOHtlflBoe If HenOHJlTHOe JlBAeHlle.

B apxeoxoraxecxof xareparype OTMetfalOTC.!I erge ABa KYf!rraHa aa cesepo-aocroxe, 611.113 Bexoro osepa, H3KOHX OJJ;HH H3BeCTeH rroa Ha'3BaHHeM «CHHeycosa».

choT nYHKT HMeeTCH H na aameil xapre (N2 523), HO sorrpoc 0 TOM, }lBA}llOT<:.R: AH 6eA03ep>CKHe COIlKH HCKYOCTBe:HHbIMH oHaCblIlHMll, OC'TaAC.R: aepenremrsra, :

B03BpaIgaHCb K 03. l111.bMeHb, BHJJ;HM, 'ITO H<l cesep OTCIOAa, no BOAXOBY, corrxa IlO'lTH OTCYTCTBYKlT. OHill IlO.R:BA.fUOTCH B 3HatIHTell.bHOM KOAlixecree AHIllb B HH.mHeM ero TeqeHHH, npoHAH nopora, y C. MHxaHA Apxaarex H Y ,1!;. j.'(y60BHIK, rAe TJIHeTCH p;AHHHa.!I genb BbICOKHX I nacsmeii. CAe,l(YIOIga$l rpyrma conox aaxoaarcx B paiione CTapOH:

Aap,orH. OHH KOH'lalOTCR Ilia H3AY"JHlie BOAxOBa, Y s, BeAewH, KHAoMeTpax B ,l(ec.srTH 01' ero YCTM!. T aKHM ofipasosa COrIKH B01l.XOBa reorpaqiaxecxn 3aJHH:'MalOT otiocofixexaoe 'Il0AOmeRHe.

o conxax HMeeTC.sr 3HatIHTeAbHa.s:r AHTepaTypa,2 'ITO nO.3BOll.HeT OrpaHHQHTbC.II AiHWb KpaTKOH HZ. xapaKTepHCTHKOH. AY'IIIIe scero aTH naM.aTH'HKH H3BeCTHbI no paCKOIlKaM A. K. HBaHOBCKoro Hit AOBaTH H H. E. Bpaaaeaoypra aa BOAxoBe, B paiione Crapoil Aa,lJ,OrH.

PacKoIlKaMH H. E. BpaHP,eH6ypra 6bIA BCKpbIT p5!P; BblCOKHX nacerrreii, oc06eHHOCTblO KOTOPbIX HBA.II.AHCb MaC(;HBHble, aaor Aa !!,HKAOnllqeCKOrO xapaxrepa xasteaasre coopyaseaas BHyTpU. OHH HMeAU BHP; pa3HoR <IlOPMbI Kyl.l, nOMOCTOB, KpHBbIX CTeROR H IlpaBHAbHbIX xpyros. OTMeq:eHbI H CAep;bI AepeBa. Florpeoeaaa 06bIlfHO HaXOAHAHCb seepxy aaCbIIIH, Her A}'l60KO 01' iIlOStlPXHOCTH HAH aa MaTepHKe. HHorp;a OHH 6blAH 3aKlI.roq:eHbI B rpy60M rAHHiIHOM cocyne, AenAeHHOM OT pyXH. KaMeH!Hble copymeHH.f{ pacncxaraxacs :s aacsma 06bll.lHO HeCKOAbKHMH spycaxa. HaH60Aee TUnH'lHOH B OTHOIIIeHUH aTHX npH3HaKOB HBA.II.eT<:.R: 60AbIlIa.II cornea y c. MaxaMA Apxaarex, IlpUHa.ztAemaBIIIa.II K tIHCAY HaH60Aee KPYUHblX aacsrrreii aroro poaa (Ng 349).

ConKH, pacxonaaasre A. K. HBaHoBcKHM aa AoBaTH, HMelOT B YCTpOHCTBe aesoropoe -eXOP;CTBO C COflKaMI{ BOAxoBa. A. A. CnH!!blH OIlHCbIBaeT J'lX cAeJJ;YIOIgHM 06pa30M: «AoBaTcRHe cornea coopymeHb~ H3 pe':IHOrO neCRY, aceraa oxpyaseaec B OCHOBaHHH neHYOM HS BaAYHOB, B uaCbIIIH HMelOT npoCADHKH, HO KaM,eHHbIe KAaAKH B HUX BCTpe'laIOTCa He TaK qa1CTO H peaxo 6bIBalOT npaBHAbHbIX t:pOPM».3

I A. A. CnHy,bIH CKAOHeH 6blA npasaara ax 6yrpaMH ecrecraeaaoro npoHcX:02K.1I.eHHIr. CM.: HOBrOpO.1(CKan ry- 6epHH.!I 1J apXeOAOrH'leCKOM OTHomeHHH. 3PAO, IX, Bbm. 1-2 ,CTp. 248.

2 H. E. B p a H .11. e H 6 y p r, KypraHbI IOmHoro OPHAaltombll. Marep, no apxeox, POCCHM, N!! 18. - OHm e. o npaaaasax KypraHHblX MorHA .sr3blqeCKIfX CAaBJIH B ceBepHOH nO;\OCe POURH. T p. 51pocAascK. apzeox. C'be3,1l;a.o H )K e. Crapaa Aap;ora. Cn6.. 1896, CTp. 16. - A. A. C n H Y hi H. HOBrOpOP;CI(all ry6. B apxeOAOrHfJ.eCIWM OTHomeHHH. 3PAO, IX. - 0 H 2K e. ConKH HI 2KaJlbHHKH. 3PAO, XI, 1899. - 0 H m. e. ApxeOAOrH51B TeMax Ha'la.AbROU pYCCt<OH RCTOpHH. C60PHHK B 'leCTb nAaToHoBa, 1922. - H. 11. Pen H H K 0 B. CTapa51 J\a,!lora. C6. HOBropoacx, o6rg. AI06HT. .1I.peBH., VII, 1915. - W. Raudcnikas, Die Normannen der Vikingerzeit und das Ladogagebiet. Stokholm, 1930.

3 A. A. en H g bl H. Comer H m.aAbHHKH. 3PAO, T. XI, 1899, CTp. 148.

Coaoseaaere KOCTH ':IeAOBeRa, cy,l\.12 no OTIHCamHO, o6HapymHBaAHCb B aepumxe HaCbITIH, Her Ay6oKO OT nOBepXHOCTH H, llOBH,lUIMOMY, He 6bL\H nOMelQ.eHbI B cocynax,

CAOH B AOBaTCKHX corncax COCTORT nOO':IepeAHO H3 necxa H 30AbI C yrJl.eM H B BepTHKaAbHOM paapeae pacnoxozseaer KOHycoo6pa3HO. Ka:\iHH BCTpe'reRbI B BH,lJ;e PJ'l)l,OB HAll aacraxos, a B OAHOM CAYqae B BHA·e Ky'{U, HaKpbITOH llAHTOIO.

ConKH C KaMeHRbIMH coopYJI,eHyUIMH H3BeCTHbI er.ge B ReCKOAbKMX nYHKTax. B cornce y C. EpOHHH!!bl (NQ 339) HaHp.eHa CTeHKa 03 Ka~iHeH. B conxe Y A. KAJOeBO (N9 181), pacnoxozcenaoii na 6epery J\OKHbI, npHTOKe AOBaTH, B aacsrna o6HapYJI-ieH Rl!!!HK liS 6 TIAHT n B Hel\i 3 ropurxa 6aHOtIHOH rJ:iOpMbl c mm.eHblMH KOCTHMU. B OCHOBaHHH AeJI-iaA TIOAYRpyr H3 Ka1\meH. B HaCblIIH corner y I'xaxxoro Aora 6AHS T oponya acrpexeasr 2 30AbHble npOCAOHKI1 H HaCTI1A 113 BaAYHOB, rrOKpbITblH 30.\On C yr MIMI1 II nepemm.eHHblMH KOCT RMH. B COITKe y n. MypOBI1'HI (NQ 54) B YCTbe Be.HINoH ofiaapymeHa CTeHKa H3 KaMHeH.

T aKI1M 06pa30M 3TH MorM.\bI· HMelOT llpUSHaKH, 06rgHe C conxaxa BOAXOBa, HO B nocxezorax 9TH rrpU.3HaKHBblpameHbI HecpaBHeHHO CHAMlee. Har ae He BCTpeqeHO Toro KOAHl{eCTBa H MHoroo6pa'Hij{ MHOr05JpYCHbIX KaMeHHbiX KOHCTPYKll'l'lil:, KaK B con. xax, pacxortaaasrx H. E. Epaaaeaoyprov na BOAXOBe.

J.13BeCTeH geAbIH pHP' conox H )l,pyroro xapaxTepa - He HMel'OI!!llX RaMeHHblX cocpyzsenaii. K coJI-iaAeHliIO, 60AbIIIHHC~BO cortex pacxonaao O"'ieHb HeY,1l,OBAeTBOpHTeAbHO C nOMOl!!bKl rpamneji HAIi He60AbllIUX KOJl.O,1l,UeB, ':ITO )((l..'I.eKO He Beer aa n03- BOAJleT YCTaHOBHTb HX KOHCTpYKgmo. HeCOMHeHHO AHlllb, 'lTD B 9THX HaCbIrlHX 3aKAlOlIaIOTC51 TpyIIO~ C02KJI-ieH 1151. , a B aesorop srx H3 HHX H xocrpmga B OCHOBaHI1M HAM B HaCbIITH. B p azre corrox (HHOBHr.ge NQ 195, YCTpeKa N'2 423, oepe30Brno: NQ 404, 3oAoToe KOAeHo NQ 379 Ii p.p.) OTMetIaIOTCl'I 30Ab~ Hble CAOH; nepeaan Haxop,KH B HaCbInHX orr.HMIg HAM OqamKOB. COm)KeHHble KOCTH BCTpeqaJOTCJI HAH B BHp,e CKonAeHHH B HaCbIIIH HAH JKe aa ROCTpHlQax. r opunca B xaxec'rae ypn, CBOHCTBeHHble BOAXOBCKli'M conxajr, IBCTpeqalOTUI 0tIeHb pemco. Tal\IL\1 ofipasoss cornea arcro po aa cyigecrseaac OTAHtlaro rca OT asnneonacaaaerx, C KOTOPblMH HX pOAHllT r AaBHb!M 06pa30M BHeWHue npH3HaKH. Y CTaHOBHTb CBH3b 9THX H p.pyrHx HS-3a HeAocTaTKa MaTepHaA8 H npezsne scero H3-3a OTCYTCTBI1.12 HHBeHTapa BPfl~' AH B03MOJKHO fies HOBbIX HCCAe,n,oBaHHH.

Conxa arer H3BeCTHbI B 6acceMHe MCTbI. CHcn, 4arO,lt0r.gM H Ayra, Pacxonaau OHYl B HefioAbIlloM KOAHqeCTBe H B BepXOBMIX BOAxoBa, no a HOBro~ pOlLOM.

113BecTHO TaKme HeCKOAbKO cortex oco6oro yCT~ pOHCTBa aa p. BeARKoR (NQNQ 60, 68), 3aKAIOxaanrax B nacema OCTa'fKH 06yr AeHHblX Cpy60B, O,n;HHM HS HccAe,AoBaTeAeH 6bIAO aercxaaaao MHeHHe, orrpenexsrorgee 3TH cpytisr iB Ka':IeCTBe OC06bIX ne'Ieii AAa commeHHa ysrepurax, 'ITO, BIT1:pO'leM, MaAO BepOaT!H'O,

B conxax no MX pa3Mepa'M H cpalBHHTeAbHOH

13 MaT. n IIcc:I().~. 110 UpXCO.1. CCCP, .'\~ (;

MaAOQHCJl.eHHoCTH 6bI.\O 6bI eCTeCTBeHHO Oam:r,aTb MHOrHX norpeoeaaii, HO B AellcTBHTe.'\bHOCTH HX KOAH'IeCTBO B 6CAblllHHCTBe cxyxaes AOBOAbHO OrpaHHQeHHCe.

T ax, H3 pacxonaaasrx H. E. opaHAeH6yproM 13 corrox B ABYX HaH,!1,eHo no 4 TpynoCOJI-iJKeHH», B CAHOll 3, B AByX no 2 II B AByX no OAROMY. B OCTaAbHbIX nrecra corncax norpe6eHliHBOo6l!!e He ofiaapyaceao. OTCYTCTBMe norpe6eHIiH B conxax OTMeqeHO aecaaoxparao H rrpa Apynnc accxeaosaHFIl'rx. OqeBHAHO BTO 06cTo51TeAbcTBo 06'bHCHlleTcH noapeacaeaaocrero 60AbWI!HCTBa aacuneii H aecoBepllIeHHbfMH npneMal\IH pacxonox. O/~HaRO xecoMHeHHO, lITO pa3!11epbI 3THX HaCbmell He 06'bHCHR~ IOTCJ'l KO,\Hl.JeCTBOM COll.epmaI!!l1XCH B lIHX norpe- 6emIH,1

C 3THM CB.I23aH Ii sorrpoc 0 coopyaceaaa cortex.

I1x 60AbIUHe paavepsr, p.OCTHrafOIJ!,He fiHOr,1l;a 10M oraecaoii BblCDTbI, AaAH nOBO;J, erge A. C. YBapoBY npeano.aoacrrn, ':ITO an! aacsma coopyzsaxxce nocreneaao. l\1Hemle aTO BbICI(a3bIBaeTCH II B Harne BpeM5I, HaXO,1I)I ce6e KaK 6Y~TO noa'raepa.aenne B HaJ\wmH CADeB norpetieaaoii nC'l:Bbl 13 nacemsx pnzta cortex, Ho, ao-nepaux, ,!1,aAeKO He Bee corrsn HMeIOT TaKHe c.vcn, a B::J-BTOpbIX, ,HOMY B nexoTopbrx conxax npornsopevar pacnoxoacenne norpe6eHHH, nanpnaep, TOAbKO B aepnnrae, HaxoHel,!, H3BeCTHbI conxn, HeCOMHef:lHO aacemaaurnecn B OAHH npaeu, KaK, aanpioaep, 60AbIllafl BO.'l.XOBCKaH ccrrxa y e. Mnxaax-Apxaxrex.

T aRHM 06pa30M 3TH caoeotipaan sre coopyacennz. soropere B. 11. PaB,'.toHHKCtc naasmae'r aaraaoxHbIMH, craaar rrepea HCCAe/.lOBaTeAe:vr erge geAbIM pRp, BonpOCOB. K ax <IHC_lY npHlta,1lAemHT TaK.lKC nonpoc 0 CB!'l3H COnOl( C 60Aee n03,1J;HUMH MorHAb~ HHKa1\IU (XI-XII CT.) H a; aJl.b HHl..:aMH , KOTopble aepeaxo H, nOBH1Hl:MOMY, He CAY'laHfJO, oriaapyzcaaaro rca OKOAO nx noaomau.

J.1HBeHTapb. rrpOHc:xo,lJ;JJ!QHH 113 conox, OtIeHb aeBe.JUIR. EOAblllan sacr» I13BeCTHllrx celltlac naxoAOK npOHCXOp'HT H3 BOJlXOBCKHX concs : 3,1l;eeb Haii· ,lI,eHbI aenm . VI-VIII CT.: UaKQHe4HUKH rrO}IC<\, 6MUllK.H, ~ MaCCIIBHblH 6y6eH4HK, HO£l~ C "KpUBOr! CfIHHKOib> III ,I1;p. B cornce y 30AOToro KOAeH~, pacKOfIallHOH AI06oMHPOBbIM, naH,I1;CUbl xaparcrepuue cepaoxaxoasre 6yCbl, A3.TlIpyeMbIe IX-X B.

IV

Bonpoc 0 XpoHOAorHlI H 9THHtlCCKOM npnna.nAeiKHOCTll ,lJ;AHHHblX xypr'aaos H conox 6bIA no AIH!'[' B PYCCKOH apxeoxorn-recxoil AHTepaType eIQc B f:OH:ge XIX CT.

OeHOBHOlr 6a30M P,AH nayueuas AAlilIHblX xypr-aaos }lBMJAHCb JI.UHHble B. 11. CW.'IOBa, 11C<CAeAOaaaurero 3TH naM}lTHHKl1 B paiioae CMOAcnCKU. H<\ OCHOBaHHH SToro MaTcpnaAa B. 11. C830B YCTaHOaax, <ITO «AA.HHHbIe xypransr ApeBHee xpyr AblX, O'lHOC5l.l!!HX'CH K IX-X CT., 11, CYAfl no B,eIQaM c :;lMaAbIO, npHH.1.l\AemUT srroxc, eige coxpamranreii

I CAeAYC'r Y'IeCTb TaKme, 'ITO acsoroosre (HerAyGoKHe) norpetieaas MorAH 6blTb BnYCKlIblMH.

98

------------------~--------.-.---~~ ~~ .. -

qepTbl CXOp,CTBa c SnOXOH nepeceaeauz HapO,lJ;OB, II HMeHHO TOTCKOH». 1

Hx MaAOqHCAeHHOCTb B. H. CR30B O·6'b.HCIHIA Hep,OArOBpeMeHHbIM npe6blBaHHe:VI B crpaae <:03;J,aBwere HX aapozta.

A. A. CmrgbIH B CBoeH crarue "Y p,AHHeHHble H ,!J,NHHHble pYCCKHe KypraHbI"~ C'l:I1TaeT YJJ.ARHeHHble KypraHbl, B KOTOPblX HaM/teHbl BeIgH, pop,CTBeHHble TunaM «npenrroxaraexerx AH'TOBCKHX xypraaos», OTHOC5IUIHMHCR: K VllI-IX BB. Ha OCHOBaHHH pacxonox, npOH3BotJ,HBUIHXC5[ noannee B. H. r xa- 30BbIM, A. A. CnHgbIH no PRAY npH3HaKoB OTO~ mtJ,eCTBMleT p,AHHHble xyprauer-saxer C xpyr AoIM>i X B. Ii c-nrraer IIX 'lqHIBH'lClKHMn ·naMl'ITHl-UCaMH. Y JJ,AUHeHHble xypraaer, no M'HeHHlO A. A. CnagblHa, TaK2Ke «l'IBMllOTCH ,lJ,peBHeMUIHMH Jl,OCeAe H3BeCTIHbIMH naMWfHI1Ka.\H1 KPHIBH'ICKOH CTapHHbI». Opa aTOM OB OTMe'laeT CXOtJ,CTBO BHeUIHero 06AH~ xa STHX HaCbIfIeM C JIU1MfIJ!eM.

fl03,1l;Hee A. A. CrrrtgbIH CKAOHeH 6blA OTKa~ 3aTbC)£ OT caoero nepaona-raxsaoro BSJ'AH,ll;a, Bol~ ABBHYB rrpeanoxozsexae, 'ITO 3TH rraMRTH11KH npaHa,ll;1I.emaT ipHHCKHM rrAeMeHaM. 3 OH OCHOBbIBaAC51 arrpoxexr aa BeCbMa waTKHX ,14aHHbIX, TaKHX, KaK pa-CKonKI1 C. r aM'leHKO OKOAO Cecrpopeijxa 1111.11 HCC.lI.e,ll;OBamHI CMHpHOBa noa MYPOMOM. B CBoeM nOCAe,1l;HeM Hef!3,1(aHHOM ouepxe, Ha,a; KOTOPbIM A. A. CnBgbIH pa60TaA nocxe 1925 r. H KOTOPbfH TaK 11 OCTaAC51 He3aKOHQeHHbIM, OH rrOJl,J.I,epmHSaeT caoe nepaoaavaxsnoe MHeHlHe, XOTH H He BbICKa3bIBaeT ero C TaKDif onpeaexeasocrroo, KaK paasnre. 3)J.ecb A. A. CITHJ,!bIH AMmb o'rxexaer pacnpocrpaneaae JI,.lI.HHHbIX xypranoa B crapou KPHBHt:ICKOM paHO~ He. B aTOM oxepxe A. A. CnngolH .zr.aeT HOBYK> tJ,aTHpoBKY 9THX MornA, pyKOBO.zr.CTBYHCb sergaMH pHtl;a «KyAbTYp», Ha3bIBaeMbIX HM PaJ'HHHHcKOHVI-VIII BB., Al!TOBCKOH -IX B. H panxe ArogllHCKOlf - TaKme IX B. 4

Bonpae 0 npOI1CXOiRAeHHH cortex peuraxca C Jl,BYX ro-rex speaaa - HopMaHclwH H CAaBl'IHCKoH.

H. E. EpaHtJ,eH6ypr, MMeH B BHJI,y pactconaaHbIC HM corrxn aa BOAxoBe, AOKa3bIBaA HX CAaBJ:rHcxoe npOHCXOiK.1I.eHHe, OCHOBbIBa5lCb aa ,ll;aHHbIX «reorpaoaxecxax 11 XpOHOAOrHQeCKllX». _n;oKa.3a~ Te.ll.bCTBa H. E. EpaH,lI;eH6ypra CBO,lJ,RTCH K TOMY, '-ITO conxa BO.ll.XOBa He HMelOT HHqerO pOJl,CTseHnoro C HOCOMHeHHO !lJllHCKHMH xypraaaun I02f<Horo npHAatJ,ombl'I. KpoMe CJl.aBHH me, no era MHeHHlO, HHKTO He Mor paccexarecn B snoxy conox no Bo.l\XOBY, «BbITeKalOrgeMY H3 caM oro HJI,pa HX [cxaBl'IHCKHX 1 nocexemric-.

KaK 601 rrpetJ,BH,!1,51 BQ3HHKfWBeHl1e HopMaHCKOH: reopnn, H. E. EpaHAeH6ypr 3aKAroQaeT: «nesePOJ:rTHO, 1.ITo6bI oan [conxa 1 6blAH 601 HopMaaCKHMli», TaK K8K B HHX HeT H npns naxoa nopzraxcxax BeIf!.eH.

1 T PYP.oI Xl ApXCOAOrI1'lCCKOrO C'l>e3p'a, 1'. II, IlpoTOIWAbl, CTp. 81.

2 3arr. OT,1I.. PYCCI" H CAaB. apxeox, PYCCl<:. apxeoz. o6Ig., T. V, asrrr. 1, 1903.

:: 3PAO. T. VIII, asm. 2, crp. 284. ·1 i\PXl:IS A. A CrmgolHa, Nil 61.

MHeH11e H. E. DpaHAeH6ypra paSAe.ll.HA rrepsoHa4aAbHO A. A. CmnJblH, OCHOBbIBa.5lCb TaK2K·e na <:BpeMeHH H paiioae pacrrpocrpanenna» 8TI-lX rrasrarHHKOB.1 A.aAee, OH OTMeqaeT CXO,ll;CTBO BOAXOBCK11X 11 AOBaTCKl1X eOnOK C yncaAbcIUIMH n 06bR:CHJ:reT no- 5IBAeHl1e COnOK Y CA£lB.HH HOpMaHCKliM BAI15[HHeM.:':

YnCaAbCKHe xypraner, no ero MHeHI·UO, crapure HOBropO)J.CKI1X conox, rrOCAeJl,HHe zxe zia'rnpyio-rcx IXX BB. B 60Aee n03~IHHX paoo rax A. A. CnugbIH C03J1,aeT yzse q11CTO HopMaHCKYIO runo'reay npOliCxom.u.eIUl.s! corrox. 8TOT aar AJ:rA A. A. CrlH!J,bIi{ OCHOBhlBaA Ha HeH3MeHHO~ CB513H corrOR c peQHWMH nYT5l.MI1 ceaepa, BH/UI B MUX nUMl'I'l'HkiKH, OCTaBAeHHble HOpM<lHHaMH «no TOPfOBOMY nYTU»':;

CmrgbIH BbICKa3bIBaeT ,lI;il.ll.ee MblCAb 0 cyigeCTBOBaHliH ~(PYC('.KHX HopMaHHOB»),'1 Bep051THO liMen B BH,ll;Y HopMaHHOB, oceBWHX na PYCCKOM ceaepe, nop,06HO KOA6araM PYCCKOM: rrpaaaer, KaK HX TOAKOBaA A. A. WaXMaTOB.

B O,ll;ROM H3 n03p,HHX CBOHX TPYAOB,Ii A. A. CnagblH ,lJ,aeT 60Aee paSBepHYToe H.3AOmeHHe HOp~ MaHcKcII rxrrcreaer npOHCXOJKJI,eHH51 cortex, On51Tb~ TaKH OCHOBbIi3a5lCb na HX CB5l..3U C pe':lHblMH rryTJ:rMH H CB5!3blBa51 CBOll nOAOmeHHR: co B3fAR,1,aMH A. A. WaXMaTOBa aa tJ,BHJKeHUe HopMaHHOB na PYCCKOM cesepe, H3.l1.0meHHbIMH 11M B' «.llpeBHeiimHX CYAb6ax PYCCKoro nAeMeHH».

Amllb B nOCAeJl,HHe rozua 2K1l3HH A. A. Crrugb{H BepHY.l\C5I K CBo-eMY nepBOMY B3TAHJI,Y, OTKa- 3aBWHCb OT HopMaHCKoH r11IlOTe3bI. 06 8TOM OH rOBopHT B yzse rrpaseaeaaosr HeH3J1,aHHOM oxepxe, nOCB5[rgeHHoM A.lI.HHHbIM xypr-atraxr. 3Aecb A. A. Cmf.r;!bIH nercxaasiaaer npeanoxozceane, 'ITO nuaKAe xypr ansr, qaCTO conyrc'rnyrotgae Jl,AHHHbIM, «pacrrpocrpaaeanere B KP11BHt:ICKHX paiioaax», Mor All pa3BliTbC5I B conxa nYTeM nocreneaaoro npacemaaas H lfTO COIIKH TaKHM 06pa30M SbIWAH H3 CTapOH KPUBUqCI\.OH cpezrer. POAH HOpMaHHOB A. A. CnHgbIH OtJ,RaKO ae OTpHJ,!aeT noxHOCTl>fO, roaopa, 'ITO Mbl «amcoraa He Y3HaeM, xaxyro HMeHHO ,!J,OAlO yqaCTHH B coopym.eHHll 9THX r11raHTOB npHHMMaAH HopMaHHbI».

H. H. PerrHHKoB B AeTorr11CHOM rrOBeCTBoraaHHH

o norpetiaxeaerx 06bPla5IX CAaB5l.H BM,ll;HT yrcaaaHIRe na 06bI'-IaH coopyzseaaa HMeHHO con OK Y KPH~ BRQei1:.6 00 ero MHeHHro, nOA «nYT5IMH», C KOTOPbI~ MH aTC rrOBeCTBOBaRHe CB5ISbIBaeT MorHAoHble COopyzseaax, cxenyer noapaayueaare peKH, no H3bICKaHUlIM me KOT A5IpeBCKOro «croxn» .lI.eTO~ nHe11 03HaQaeT nacerns us 3eMAH H KaMHeR.

HOpr.UHCKYro rnrrcreay nO,1l;,1r.epmHlBaA B CBOUX npezsaax pafiorax B. 11. PaBAoHMKac. OCHO~bI~

1 A. A. err n T6 bl H. Hosropoacxas ry6. B apxeoxom'leCIWM OTHOUleHUH. 3PAO, T. IX, asm. 1-2. 1897, CTp 239.

2 A. A. CIT U g oj H. COnIm II maAhHRKll. 3PAO,

T.XI,1899.

3 3PAO, T. VIII, asrrr. 2, CTp. 284.

4 fHe3p.OBClme KypraHbl B paCKOlI!(aX Cepreesa. 113B.

Apzeox, !(OM., 15.1905, CTp. 7.

.'5 A. A. C II H g hI H. Apxeoxoras B rexrax Ha"faAbHOrr PYCCKOll HCTOfHnr. C60PHHK B "feCTb n,'laTOHOBa, 1922.

fi H. I1. P e II H U 1< 0 B. Crapaa Aaaora. C6. HOBropOACK. o6I!!. lI.Kl6uT . zrpea., VII, Hosropon. 1915.

BMICh cnepsa, Be)\ep; aa A. A. CIIHgbIHbIM, Ha CBR3H COIlOK C pexava, I on Ilop;po6aee as xaraer CBOK B3f )\jJ.n; B MOHorpaqlHH, nOCBRIgeHHOH TIPlfAa.l\Ombl'O, yRa3bIBa.II na CXO.n;CTBO 'B YCTpOllCTBe BOAXOBCKHX H ACBaTCKRX COm)K C HeMHOrO'iHCAeHHblMH IllBep;CKHMH xyprauaaa, cvrgecraosasunes« H3 pH.n;y C MorHAbHHl{aMH THIla Beaaexscxoro. aTOT apXaH'ieCKHH THII norpeoeaan, no era MHemHO, Mor coxpaaarnca llBep;aMIf na Qym6HHe, r,a:e ORH pacrroxaraxa cHAoii nO,1J,tIHHeHHbIX HM TY3eMgeB. CqHraa npo6AeMY cortex He pemeaaoii, aBTOp paccxaTpHBaeT CAaB5IHCKYlO rarroreay 1'1 KatIeCTBe MaAORepo5lTHoii, TaK RaK B p;peBHeM CAaB.lIHcKo~geHTpe B paiione HOBrOpO,1J;a COIlKH, no ero MHeHHID, Hensaecrasr H o6r.gaJ'l ~mCAeHHOCTb HX oxeae He-

BeAHKa.2

HeCKOAbKO Il03,l1,Hee 3 blB aeTOI 0 COIlKax c

B. H. PaB,lI,OHHKaC B1>ICK3- 60AhlliOH OCTOPO.)KHOCTbIO,

HX BHtJ;HMyK> pa3HOpOI'l;-

nO.ll.'IepKHBaH HOCTb. ,1 Taxcaa B

TOAbKO

06IQHX xep'rax acropas sonpoca 0

corrxax or ,I1,AHHHbIX xypraaax.

1 P a B JJ. 0 H II K a c. 2l0HcTOpH'leCKOe npotnxoe THXBHHcuero xpaa, T I{XBItH, 1924, 31.

2 W, R a u don i k a s. Ole Normannen der Vikingerzeit und das Ladogagebiet. 1930_

3 B. 11, P a B JJ. 0 H H )( a C, PaCKOnKl! B npHAall;oa<:.be

1930 r If aexorcprse BbI80,1l.bIH3 HHX. Co06qJ;. r AHMK, 1931, N'2 3.

DO,J;bITOamBaH HMelOtgIlHC){ MaTepnaA, HaCTO.fI:r,ga5I xapra onpeneaner ~AHaHhle xypraast a consa KaK reorparpasecxa ofiocofixexaete DAHE OT .lI.pyroro THIlbl MOrHAbHb[X IlaMHTHHKOB.

PaHoR pacnpocrpanenaa IJ;AHHHhIX xyprauoa c=crapaz l\pHBH'ICKa5I 3eMMI. aa rrpeaexasm l\OTOPOH OHM He BCTpeQalOTC5I, apexrs me EX VI-IX BB. 8TH ,I1,aHHble TaK m.e, KaKe,1l;HHoo6pa3He HX YCTPOHCTBa H MaTepHaAhHOH KYAbTypbI, rOBopaT 0 TOl>I, 'ITO npaaaaxeacaocre P;Jl.HHHbIX xypraxoa KpHEH'laM H IlOAOqaHaM t1aQaAbHOH AeTonHCH npe,J;CTaBAHeTC5l: HaH6oJl.ee BepOSITHoH.

T eppHTOpH}I H BpeM}I conox n03BOJl.HlOT npeaIJOAaraTb, BO BeRKO;'! cxysae BO MHOI'fiX H3 HHX, naMHTHHKH, OCTaBAeHHble HOSfOPC,il;CKHMH CAOBt:'HaNHI AeTC!llHCH, no OCTaeTCH noxa HeaCHhIM fIX Ha3Ha'IeHHe B Ka4eCTBe I<OAAeKTHBHbIX MornA acero HaCeA(HH.fI H pH,1l; BorrpCCOB, CB.lI3aHHbIX C ocofiexaoCTHMH H pa3AH'IHJ!MH B YCTpOHCTBe 9THX HaChIIIeM:.

Onncaaae ,ll;AUHHbIX xypranos U cortex ,ll;aeTCf! no 6acceHHaM pex, rrpn'ieM 06a Bup,a naMHTHHKOB fIMefOT o6r.gYK> ayxepagmo. B cKo6Kax, HHme onaca'HUH naMHTHHKOB Kam.p,oro oraexsaoro !l1YHKTa, )'J.aeTC}l CCbIAKa aa HCTO'IHHK. Apa6cKHMH gfI¢paMU c603Ha4eHbi xareparvpmre HCTO'lHHKU; PHMCKHMH - apxasmce. OIlHeOK HCTO'IH!IKOB npaseaen ~ KOHge.

MA TEPYlAAbI K KAPTE lLAYlHHbIX Kypr AHOB Yl COnOK

EacceiiH n.IUOCCbll:I BOCTOQH03 no6epemLe lfYACKOTO H llCKO»CKoro 03ep

J\fQ 1. ,lJ, J\ rt fI II b: C K Y P r a H er, ,!J,. A 0 n 0 H e g

B 0,5 KM .OT l\CpeBHH B rpynrre HH3KlfX pacnxnrasarerx xypranos H:lfCIOTC51 ,1.I,Ba j{AUHHbIX, ,'J,O 10M IV .... npu 4,8 M ump. (V)_

No 2. Con l\ a, )1" B [[ TO B 0

BAH:'! PY'lb51 Flcsapas pacnoxozaena cornea aerc, 3.5 M. l~HaM. 28 M (V).'

N\! 3. Con K a, ,1(. C p e zt H If e 0 3 C P !l hi

COlIKa HCCAe,1l.0BaHa TpaHWCCH T POqJHMOBblM B 1903 r.

Hacems BbIC. 3.5 M, aaasr. 19.8 M. Dpn pacxonxax 06uapyaeeno: B aepurnue KOCT5!K; B H)fO-3anaJJ.HoH no.re aa rAy6. 70 CM qepHbrii: rAHHnHblH ropIUOK, 6C3 opHaMCHT<l, CGOKY If Y Jl.Ha Hc60AbIUoe KOAI1'leCTBO yr Acli, B6Aa311 3 KaMml; ira rAy6l1HC 0.7-1 M MHoro xepenxon oCAoro, xpacnoro If xepnoro gBcTa 6e3 opaawerrra: B 1Oa<:.IJOi1. noAe na rAyG. 1 M, nOQTl1 B geHTpe, I\pyrAbIR CAHTOK 2KeAesa: B BepxllcH QaCTH nacsma HCCKOAbKO 60AbUlHX )(aMHell; na rAYIS. 1.6 1'.1 06AOMOK KaMCHHoro xpecra, pnJJ;OM <repenox C opHaMCHTOM; B OCHOBaHHH nocpemrne rOAOlllIH l! yroxe paafipocannsre. CAClJ,OB I\OCTpHl!!a He 601AO, aacsrrre BCH 113 ztepna C npocAoih:aMH CBeTJ\omeAToro necxa TOAlg. l1,0 5 eM. Ha conxe GYATO fibi 6bTAli l(aMeHllble KpeCTbl, CHeCCHHble B "laCOBHIO (XXII).

13*

Ng 4. COlI K a, ,!to K 0 TOp C I\ a H

BblCOKalI cornea 11 3 xyprana pacnOJ\Ow.eHbl aa tierery

p. rOpO'!!;OHbKH (XVI),

N!! 5, ;J, A II II H bI il K Y P r a H. CT. n _~ 10 C C a

B rpyrrrre l!3 11 KpyrAblX KypraliOB aaxoaarcn OJl.HI! .QAHHHbIH 17 M llA., 4.5 M unsp., 0.5 M BbIC. (XVI).

N~ 6. Con K a 11 lI. A H H It bl Ii J( Y P r a tr, p;. M a J\ a H KypeJ!

• Conxa BblC. 3.5 M. "HaM. 12 M.

B rpynrre as 6 KpyrAblx HypraHoB HMCCTClI 0,1\1111 .l,\I1I1- Hbl~1 Ji;O 20 M ,1(A., 5 M IUI!P, Ii 0.5 M BbIC. (XVI).

N2 7. Co II K H, ,1\, no A 0 C a

Y Jl.cpeBHH pacnoxoaseaet 3 comer, H3 nux onna noBpClKl(eHa. BbIC. 3.5-4 M (XV!).

N!1 B. Con I: II. JI.. !vI a C A H II a

Y oaepa nCCHO UMCIOTCS! 2 BblCOKUX conxn (XVI).

N'!! 9. ,lJ. A H II 11 bI il K Y P I' a If, G. H M C H H e !l y 6 H iI l( II Y JI.,\ImenHblii xypraa 16 x 10 x 1 M (V)_

Ng 10. C 0 IT K a, c. M <I A bl e C 'r p y r H

npH npoaezteaan mCAC3HOH aoporn 6AH3 cella pacxoHalt ((OrpOMHbIH nOl\pblTDIH: AeCOM xypraa, B KOTOPOM no

JUU

C\Vy.aM HalLJ:eHo 6bl.\0 \lHoro BOCTOlfHblX srcaer II pa3.11.114:aero opya:m! (~I~qei!, KOnllll II jtp.) '" O,':(Ha us lI10HCr okaaaxacs caccaHHp,cKofl (613 r.) (52, crp. 250).

J\"Q 1 I. Con K a, /1.. 3 a 7. 0 Ii b e

y .'J;epeBHH H~leeTCR ZO.\M asrc. OK. 9 M, ,lJ.Ha!.!.. 37.5 M, aana.uras noxa ooperra npM J];06bIEaHl!H necxa (\t).

~ 1 2. 4 A II Ii II hI It x Y fI r a H, B A a /1. Ii M II P C K H H Aarepb

B 0.5 KM 01' xarepa. no <'Lopore B XaAOX!{HO, aaxo.'l,lfTCH rpynna H3 31 xypraaa: ,Il,AHHHbIX aacsmeu 2, Y,ll,AHH<.!HHlo!Y. 4. Pa3MePbl ucpuuz 32 X 6.8 M, 20 X 5 M. Y IlAHIll'HHblC 01' 14.tO 18 M 11..11.. npa UlMp. 6-12 M (VII).

Nil 13 . .4 A H H Ii hi H K Y P raft, II. n e p e x 0 »; a

B 0.5 I(M I( C OT IlCpeBHIl B rpyrrrre liS 7 HaCbIneH lJaZO;,(IITClI I YAAHUCHHblI"I xyprau 15 X 6 X 0.6 M (VII).

N!! 14. Con 1\ n, .17.. 51 6 .11.0 H H g a

3 xyprarra naxoasrca MelKl1.Y /l,. 516AoHlfya H cr.

Crpyra Kpacaue, astc. 1.5 JJ.o 3 M, no OCHosaHIULM poDH!m; HaCbWH nonopxexet (V).

N!! 15 . .ll.AIIHHble x y p r a n st, nor. I.,Uup

B 1.5 K!\'! l\ 103 01' CHa cpeaa IiH3KHX, IUliPOKHX KYPraHOB eeTb V'!(MmCHHble II IT.AHHHble AO 24-25 M II 11.. , 0.5-0.8 M ;b[e.; ft.aAeC !( 103 etge 5 H1I3KHX xypr-anon. 113 HHX 3 AAIIHHbIX, 8, 14 l! 23 M ,Il,A. Boxpyr aacrxneii POBHKH {V).

Ng 16. Con K ll, ,IJ.. C 1\ 0 BOp O,lJ. K a

K C.3 01' t(cpeSHH y 0.3. EapeKoro xa CJC\OHe K Ayry pacnoxozaexsr 5 eO!lOK. 1->1 asrc. 2.5 M, t(llaM. 10M; 2-H. chIC. 4.5 M, p,HaM. 12 M; 3'R BNe. 5 M, AllaM. 24 M (nocxeaHli.:>! xcnaxacs Cpe3HeecKHM). 1Oro-BoeTo'IHali noxa CHRTa, B ofipese B necxe BU!l.eH yrox». Ha coceaaeu BCXOAMAeHlIlI, B 0.5 KM 01' caepa - 4->1 corrxa asrc. 2.5 M, ,zI.HaM. 12 M II 5-51 s erc. 2 M, .lI.IIa:\!. 10M. 4-51 conxa TaK:l'(e nortopxena rpauureeii Cpesneacxoro (V).

NQ 17. COil K II, ]1. A H Ii H bi H K Y P r a H C. no A Ii Q bl

1. Ha ypO't. XOTOBCKlll'i 60p HMel<JTCn COilRIf. PJI]1.0M C conxaxia JKaAbHJ1I( H xyprarrsr MeRbUlHX paaxrepoa, pacKonKH lWTOPblZ lIaAH norperieuue rpynonoxoxsemress c Beuraua XI-XI I BB.

- 2. K C3 01' npeJ];blllYll.!,ei1 rpynnei B 0.5 KM Ha:z.O,1\llTCH 7 xypranoa H BaAo06pa3HaH aacsme. Boxpyr xypraaos pOBHlO1. PaCKonaHO ABa xpvrxsrx xyprana, npU'teM HaHp.eHbl yroAbKH If KYCO'IlU1 mlKeHblX KoeTell (13).

Ne 1 8. .l( A Ii H If bl e K Y P r a H sr, /1,. 3 y e Beg MOrHAbHHK HaXOAHTC>I 6AH3 /1,epeBHH. ,lL.II.HHHbIX KYPraaos 4; AAHffa HX KOAe6AerCli OT 12 ao 27 M, WHp.OT 8 ,11,0 9.S M (XV).

N2 19. 4 A If If H bI e K y P r a H sr, ,1\. K a M e H K a

B KypraHHoM MorHAbHHKe OKOAO AepeBHH HMeerca

3 )lAHHHbIX xypratra - 01' 15 AO 60 M ]1.A., WHp. 8 M, 1I1:>1e. 0.8 ,1l,0 1 M (XV).

N2 20 . .lJ. A H H H bl e K y P r a H bl, nor. IJJ e II e y

B l(ypraHHoM MorHltbHUKe xa npaaox 6epery f1AlOCChI HMelOTCH xypraasr (3) )lA. 16.3, 19.8 H 62 M (XV).

N~ 21. .l( 11. H If H 1:>1 e K y P r a If 1>1, .;:I;. r 11 e p C T K a

B 200 M K fO.3 or ,!I;epeBHH paCIlOAOlKeH KypraHHblH '4orHAbHHR, COCTO>IlMHH H3 xpyr Abllr, t(AHHHbIX H Y.;:I;AHHeHHblx xypraacs. Bcex Haebmei:'! 15, oKpy.meHbl poaaxaMli_ Y AAlfHeHHb[e - OT 8 JJ.O 10M A1I.. II t(o 6 M unrp., .1(ltHHHbtH (1) - 38 M ,!I,lt., 8 M IIIMp. II 1 M BbIC. KpyrAble xypraasi OT 05 AO 2.5 M BbIC. PXAOM ataAbHHK (VI).

N9 22. ,ll A H II H bl H I, Y P r a H, JI,. r 0 p 011. I{ rg e

B 1911 r. pacxonax xyp raa .'1..11.. 27 uta roa. rIpe,J,CTaB. .\flA AWHHYIO rp5lAK)" 06pa6oralIHYlO tioKoBbnrrr E;bleMKi\· ~m. B OCHOBaHHH oOHapya;el1l,1 OCTaTIOI JJeCIW,\bIUlX 1(0- crpHty, na HHX CAe.zr,bI nepea',;KeHHbIX KOCTOqCIC KOCTH 6blAIl BnYl!!eHbl B aacems B 'l:eTb[peX MeCTax, B BepxHeM 4:RCTfI. HaHAeHa HrOAKR (XXII-a).

N!l 23. A A II H H hI H K Y P r a H, C. no A II O. COB X 0 3 ,lLy6Hl{gbI

B 1 KJl.l 01' ce.aa B XBOHHOM ACCY paCnOAO)lWHO 10 Kyp['aHO,B xpyrxsrx II O,1\I1H II:OMbHHI{POBRHHbIH IV. 26 M, urap, 01(, 7 M, BblC. 1 M (VI).

NQ 24. ,ll A H H H bl e I( y P r a Ii hI, e. no A H 0

B 2 I(M 01' cexa pacnoxosceaa rpynna H3 6 xyp raaoa, liS HHX t(Ea I(OM6HHl1pOBaIfHblx 11.11.. no 17M, Bble. lI.0 1 M II O;I.HH ,l\AHHHbIii ]1.A. 22 M, IUHp. 12 M, J3bIC. 1 M. Boxpyr xvpranos HMCJOTC>l pOBHKH.

-Ha 3 OT cexa B 1 KM no ztoporc B r tI.OBB XBOliHOM xccy UMeeTca rpyrrrra H3 41 I(YpraHR Sble. 0.5-1.5 M, lI.HaM. 6-8 M, OAHH ,1\AHHHbIH /1,A. 30 M, WMp. 16 M, BbIC. 1.5 M. PHlI,OM c rpynrroii HMelOTCH HeCKOAbKO ,1,aAbIHr'lHb[X norpe6eHHH (VI).

N!? 25. A A II H Ii er e K Y P r a Ii sr, t(. HOB a a ill e .11."1 a

B KypraHHoH rpyrme, pacnoxosseanoii B 1 KM aa CB or aepeaaa, HMceTCR pAHHHaJ'l aacsrrrs. Ee paavep sr: ,/I;A. 1I0 15M, unrp. OK. 8 M, asrc. 1 M. Kpyro» pOBIHe Hit MaTeplIKe yrOAhHo-neneJ\bff!J[H eAOH, He ,Il,OXOt(1lI!!lIH t(0 xpaes rra 0.7-1.4 M. nOA HHM .qMa 0.4 X 0.2 M, aanoxHeHH351 nepelKiKeHHb!MH KOCTHMH, CMewaHHblMM c yrACM. HRXO]tOK HeT (23, CTp. 250). B 1 KM R CB OT ,11,epeBHH IIMee-rCH rpyrrna H3 6 xvpra aon; H3 HMX ABa y p,.'l.11HeHIIblX H OP,HH ,lJ.Al!lIHbIH (VI).

N'! 26. A A I{ H H hI e K y P r a H bt, )I. 3 a MeLlI: Ii H q b e

B 2 1<M K C3 or AepeBHM na npascx 6epery p. CTYAeHKI{ B SOO lor 01' 6epera E xecy pacnoxoaceao 10 KYPraHOB, B TOM 'lHeAe ]1.Ba l!.J\IIHHbIX, AO 12 M .17..'1. npa 6 M IUlIp. B BOeTO'lHoi{ 'laCTIf rpynrna naxoaarcx li·:aAbHH'lHbIC rrorpetienaa (VI).

NQ 27. 4 A Ii I! If bl e K y P r a H bJ, .'I.. r 0 p C K 0 • .] anOAbe

K CB OT p,epeBHH B 1.5 In"I, B COCHOBO~] xccy 6AII3 pe'lI<:J{ tKCA'lIf, pacnoxoasen KypraHHb[H MOfllAbllHK. l1MelOTCH 2 lI.AHHHb[X xyprana OT 18 ){O 20 M t(A. If 10-1 6 M map, KypraHbJ HMeKlT B IIAaHe q)OPMY npRMoyroAbHHKO!3. Ot(liH 113 HHX pa3pYIIIeH p,oporOH (VI).

N!! 28. .l( A H H H bl e K y P r a HoI, .1(. BOA h m 0 e 3arrOltbe

Y :r.epeBlfH B. A. rOpOlI.l,10B pacxonax B 1908 r. 3 YJ];AHHeHHblX xypraaa.

K y p r a H Nil 1. Ha Marepl1Ke o6lfapymeH CJ\OM 30Jlbl I{ yr A5I, aa HeM ropmoxex,

K y p r a H Ng 2. j(J\. 43 mara, BblC. 1.4 M. B ceBepHOM KOIl:l,!e aa nOAOBHHe BbtCOTbl o6Hapya:eH rpy6blli rcpuroxex If PH-AOM MHoro ~meHblX xocreii,

K y p r a If N!! 3 (}.«mHHblH, CAHThlM C J];BYMH KpyrAbrMH). 113 Cpe)J.HeH '!aCTH .l(AHHHoro xypraaa BbIAeAReTCH crpccrox. Y KpaJr IIOCAe.l(Hero o6HapymeHo 06WHpHoe KOCTpHIMe (30Aa, yroAh H MeAKHe nepexoaeaasre KOCTO'!!om). B I1.pyroM IIIypcpe MaH,1\eHa 30AbHan rrpOCAOHKa C yroAbKaMH Ii MeAKHMII xepenxaaa (XXII-a).

N!l 29. ,lL A H H H bI e K Y P r a H bI, ,ZI;. A y 6 pow K H H 0 K C3 OT aepesaa B 1 KM aa XOAMe pacncxoaseasr KypraHCI B KOAH'leeTBe 8, H3 IfHX 2 Y]1.AHHeHHblX; ,lJ.A. AO 10M, IIIHp. ]1.0 6 M, BblC. OK. 0.8 M (VI).

H. H. 'tfepHRtlil-I. j(.t1lHH!>l(, K!lPWH1>1 II con xu

N2 30. IT A R H H hI e K y P r a H sr, ~ HOB W'

H ,.... 0 • III Y K 0 B-

CKa5f.

5J\H3 AepCSHH, B nycrotua Flaxeaas rptraa, nazo.iurca rpyrma aacetrren, pacscnaao 4.

K y p r a H N~ 1 (DMblIlOH 60raTblpb). A.,. 28 M, map. 6.4 M, Sble. 0.7 M. CHAbHO pacnaxau, ITO eCHO· BaRRIO aaxre-r ea pOBHK. Flosepx psa 06HapYlKeHa vroxsHaR npocxojixa. flo MaTepllKY yroAbHO-nene,'bHblH:' CAoit y .OAlloro "paR no'!!;xotJ;RIgHlI K eaMOMY pay, flotJ; aacsmsio olmapya:eHO 5 KpyrAblx '!{M. 1·.!{ f1Ma, lIlHp. 40 cv, fAy6. 22 CM, cop;ep;t(aAa nepeaoseaasre KOCTH. 2·71 '!{Ma, lIlHp. 26 CM, rAYo. 8 eM, coaepaeaxa !\feAI"He rrepeaoseaasie FOCTH f! 'l'eperrKl! OT ropWKOB (nOBH.!tHMOMY, OAHK CTOH.\ ,J.!{l1Ige:>.! KHH3Y, APyroH GblA aa Hero onpoxaavr). 3·71 M ..j..JI f1MbI, ,1l;naM. 25 eM, r Ay6. 8 CM, Jl,a,\ll HeMHoro rrepcmn,eHHbTX KOCTeH. 5·71 JlMa KaxoAHAacb !faA yroxuaonefleAbHblM CAoeM, ,1I;HaM. 45 CM, r Ay6. 30 C",I; B Hei1 CHADHO rrepeaoxexasie KOCTH e 301l.0H.

K y p r a H N~ 2 (MaAb[H- 60ra Tblpb). )lA. 28 M, map, 6.4 M, Bble. 0.7 M, pacnaxuaaercs, Hap, POBllKOM npocxezsena yroAbHaJl npocvoih.a. Ha MaTcpHKC yroxsxo-nenCAbflblH cAOH, He ,lI,OXO.D.!Il!!.HH AO paa caHTUMCTPOB aa 70. HH RM, HH RaXO,ll,OK He BCTpe'lCHO.

K y p r a H N!l ,?, AA~ 36 M, Bble. 0.7 M, xa MaTepHKI,; yroanao-rrerrex snera CAOH. KypraH lie AOCAeAoBaH. Haxo,~,OK He BCTpe'lCHO.

K y p r a H Nq 4 (KpyrAbIH). Ilcnopxeu rpa6HTcAbCKOli paCKOmWH:. flpo:AelKc,:a yroxe aaa rtpocxoiixa Ha)l, pOBH· KOM H nencxeuera CAOH aa MaTepHKe no oeHOBaHHlO. HaXOP;OK HeT.

Kypralib! HCCAe,ll,OBaAHCb npO,'J,OAbHbIMH H nonepexasraa 1'paHlllCRMH (23, CTp. 248).

N~ 31. ,lJ; A 11 H H b[ C K Y P r a RbI, .:r.. fK e p e 6 R T H H 0 KypraHHa!l rpynrra HaXOAHTell B 2 KM OT AepCBHH.

PaeKorraHo t!.BC nacerrnr.

KypraH N!l 1. AA. 49 M, map. 10 M, Bbrc. 0.7 M; KpyroM HaCblOH pOBHK. B OCHOBaHHH Hll.eT yroxsao-neneAbHblH eAoM, asnne ero B xacema .liMa, lIIHp. 23 eM. r Ay6. 18 csr, xanoxaemran MCAKllMH rrcpea-;m.CHHbIMH ROeTJlMH. CpeAH rrocxeannx HaMJ(e'Hbl 'l.CpCnKH rpytioro co· CYAa, {lH!Ae3Hb[C Yl\HAa (Ta6A. 1. 1), 4 06AOMKa MC,lI,HbIX Y,KpalIleHHH (nxacrau OT xaxoro-ro xaiiopa) (Ta6A. 1. 'i-5) , <KCAC3HaR np axsxa (Ta6A. I, 2). Me)l,Hbl(, BbmYK· Able MeAKHC 6AlIWKH (ra6A. I, 3); 2·JI '!{Ma o6HapymcHa nop, yroAbHo·neneAbHblM cxoeu, B HCll Haii)!'CHbl ABe naper ropWKOB e nepcmmeHRbIMH KOeT!lMK. MeHbWKe no pa3MCpaM ropurxx C KOeTJlMll npllKpblTbl 60AbWHMH. r OpWKM rpy6blC, fI3 rAHHbl C npavecsro "Bap!!a. 3·n nMa, WMp. H [,Ay6. )(0 40 CM. aaxozaxac» HaA yroAbHo·nene11bHblM CAoeM. B HeH HaH,1I;CHbl MCJ\KMe Ii xpyrnrere ncpeaoaeuHblC xoutaaansre KOCTH.

KypraH N!! 2 (KpyrAblli) • .l{lfaM. 11 M, Bble. 0.5 M; paCITal':UBaAC~. flo OCHOBanmo HaCI>1ll1f pOBIIlC na r J\y5. 4 eM OT aepunnns 06Hapy,KeHbl fMIHnIlblC eOCYJI,bT. Ha MaTeplIKe yrOJ\bHo·rrenell.bHb[H CACH; aa 0,35-1 M OT ][O,!lOlIlBbl OB HC'!C3aeT, nonepx arcro CAO!l TZlHeTe51 vroxr» Hall ACHTa. Hat!. )TOAbllblil-' eADeM B nacsrnn lI.8e napst ropmxoa C Mel\JUJ~IH rrepelK(I;CHHblMII [(OcTMMM. O,1l;HtI CTonT aa AHlIrge, apyroH na nero onpOKHHYT, ropmxa rpyfiere HS rAHHbl C rrpllMeebIO KBap!!a. PHnOM IKe Hanll,CH 06AOMOK MCAHoro nxacratrva'roro 6paCAeTa (Ta6,\. L 6) (23, crp. 244; VI).

N~ 32. Con K a M ,11; A H H H bl e K Y P r a H bl, p,. r 0 p c K 0

B HH3KHX xypranax (.11;0 1 M asrc.) HaH)l.eH!>[ rpy6blc roprnxa co lKiKeH~IMH KOeT!lMH. B Tpex UH3KHX npoaoxroaarerx xypranax Hall,1l;cHo ,1I;Ba Mep.HblX 6pacAeTa e GpOBKaMIi no xparo (TaGA. I. 7-8), KOpOJleK MeAH Ii 06AOMOK I-IrOAbHOH TO'!HAr-:H (Ta611.. I. 9). Cornea 5blAa l:eM-TO pacxonaua pausme: ee BblCOTa paaaaxacs np1l6AH· 3HTeAbp.0 5 M. I1:a craporo pacxona noaaarer: eepAl!eBHtI,· naa 6A!llIlKa C O'l'BepeTHCM H opHaMCHTOM H3 )l,BYX KPY~KKOB (Tat5A. IX, 8), TOHKaH MC,1l;HaR nAaCTHHKa C napesROM H KOPOTKHM rBOSAHKOM (Ta6A. IX, 9), 'l'eMHoellHHH rrAOCKaH 6yea c IIIHpOKHM O'l'BepeTHeM, 3 MeJI,Hble TOHKHe 6J1RWKH·cKopAynKH C Jl3b1ql\aMH 1\MI npHKpcnACHH!t

70J

(Ta6 .. \. IX. 70), OOPbLBOK ~lc.ll{Qil npOBO.\OKH II ymxo OT Hcno.\!>!lioro lh'6cH"1 !u.:a. A. A. CrmgHH .laTHpyeT arn Eetgl1 VI-viiI BB. (55, CTp. 238 H 241).

."\~ 33, 4..\ ll' H H bl e K Y P r a H b[, .1. 5 e 3 b B a 5.m3 aepesau aazoaurcn rpynna H3 5 xyprasoa : pac· sorranst .lsa.

K y p r a H),9 (:;pyr.\bli·l). AJ.Ja~1. 1 2.2 xr. asrc,

1.8 M, xpyroxr pOBIIK. aa ~,aTepIlKe yrc.\bHo·mnc.l.bHblH CAO~ MOIgH. OT -4 AO )4 e)'l, He ,l;oxo..:ouguil ,:1.0 paa na 0.3:;.-1.4 M. Ha.l ITene.\bllbI:>.1 cxoex ~TOAbHall npoc.vojixa, nepecesarotgax ero C O~HOlf CTOPOHbl na npOTRa,eHIHI 6.4 M. B nacsma aaz yro.u.no-nenexeaera eAoe~I 06Ha· pyaseaa rpyaa l(a:o.meH, B yeHTpe ee 1 KpYIIHblH Ka~!eHb 54 X 45 >: 45 01: no BCell aacermr narua nen.va,

KypraH N!? 2 (]l;.mHHblil). ;1,.\. 33.5 M, urap.

9.9 M, acre, 0.8 :-.t. pacnaxnaaxca. BOKpyr Hero POBHK, nOBepx pOBIiKa BHAHa }TOAbHa!l npocxoiixa, Ha ~!aT~pHI;C 3TOJ\bHo-nene,\bHblH cAoH, rrpepblBIlCThlil. 40 xpaes xypraaa 3TOT C}\OH Hi! ,1l;OXO.D.HT. HH i!~!, HlI KOCTell He Hai1.:lCHO

(23, CTp. 247).

Ng 34. A 11 If H H bl e K Y P r a H sr, ,'1,. C BeT .\ bI C BeJUKH

r pynna xypraaos lIaXOJlUTCH B 1 K~! OT ,l,CPCBHH; pacxonaao 5 HaebmeH.

K y p r a H N!? 1 (.!l,'HHHblll). ,2l;.\. 37.7 !>t, map, I :>1, asrc. 1 ~, no _?cHoBaHHIO pOBHK. f10 MaTepl1KY y rcxeuoncnCAbHbll1 CAOH, c cesepo-aocro-raoii CTOPOHbI HC P.07.0- ,r.:!II,gIlH p,o paa, nosepx Hero )TOAbHaH npOCAOHl'a. B xyprarre 9 !1M (see Hall yroxerro-nenexaaera CAoeM). fhrbI 1 H 2 CO.D.epillaAl-1 no rAHHHHOMY ropurxy e rrepcaosenHb!MH KOeT!lMll, OCTaAbHbIe 7 !1M CO.ll:epmaAH MIWb nepeil:i1,eHHble KOCTII. 2l:11aMcTp lIM 0.15-0.30 M.

KypraH N~ 2 (KpyrAlllH). ,lLHa~l. 8.5 M, BbIC. 0.9:,1.

PBa He 3aMeTHO. Bepmaxa ncnopvcna rpadnrexscxon pacKonKoH (BH.Il:HbI paafipccaaaere ncpemil;cllllblC KoeTH). no oeROBaHH!O yroAbHo·ncrreAbHblM cxoii. Haxoaox IlC 06Ha· py<KeHO.

K y p r a H NQ 3 (,1l;JlHHllb[li). 411. 21.5 M, lI!Hp. 7 M. asrc, 0.S8 M. no OCHOBaHHIO pOBHK. no \laTeplIKY yrcxeHo·rrenCAbliblM eAOH, Ha,ll, HHM MeCTa:o.m yroAbHa!l rrpoc xoxxa, flOA yroAbHo·rrcrre.I\bHbnl eAoeM oOllapYlKellb[ 3 RMhl. (nAaH CAH'l'HbIX xypreaos ,N'gN\! 1, 2, 3 CM. Ta6". XIV, 2.) 1·H JlMa, pa3MepOM 44 X 13 x 26 eM. conepaeaxa MeAKHc nepc*lKeHHblC KOCTH II BbmyKJlblc 6ARlllKU·CKopAyn· KIl (nih. II, 3). 2·JI .SlMa, pa3McpOM 70::< 40 >< 31 cvr, HanOAHeBa nepe<KmelllIblMH KOCTIrMH; noa HIIMII 19 Ta[<HX me BblnYKAblX 6"HweK. 3·H !IMa. pa3MepOM 45 >.: 45 >~ X 36 CM, coaepasaxa nepeaonennsre KOCTIf, 40 6AlIUICl,cxopxynox, xacr» R3hltlKa MC)l.HOH np smam (TabA. I!, 2), MC.'IHYIO 6J\!I.WKY B BU,1;C aanouxn (Ta6.'I.. II, I), MC"I!),IO Tpy60'l.KY (TaGA. II. 4) If 2 06.\O~!Ka.

K y p r a 11 N!? 4 ()l,AUHHblfi). All. 42.6 ~i: mup. 9 ~1.

Bble. 1.15 M. (nAaI! eM. TaG.~. XIV. 1.) no OCHOBal!ll1O pOBHK. B nOCJlCAHCM ofiaapyaseua yrcxsna» llPOCAOHK<I. Ha MaTepliKC yro.\bHo.nenCJl.bHbIH e,\OM: noaepx Hero c"a6al'! yroxenax llPOCAoHKa. [10,'1; yroxeao-nenexsueot c.rocv 061!apYlKCHa OAHa SIMa paax, 35 X 35 >< 22 CM; B HCM nepcmmCHHble KoeTH C npHMCCb!O )TASI.

K y P r a H N2 5 (/l,AllIIHbIH). AA. 10. 7 ~I, uuip. 7.8 ~1, BbIC. 1 M. Do OCI!OBaHJ.1I0 pOBIllI'. 1I0BCPZ soroocro ounafJymeHa yroxeaas rtpocxoiixa. [10 BbllilC MaTCplll(a TlIllCTC!l yroAbtio-lIcnC"bHb[ii CAoH. Hall. HUM oDHapya-:CHa OAlIa mla 40 X 9 eM, e ncpemlliCHHb[MH KOCTR~IH c npmrccuto vr All.

,l(AfUlllbiC xyprauct HeClICJr.OBilAIlCb npoil,OAbHblMH I; nonqJC'fllhlMlf rpamucaxn (23, CTp. 25'1).

N~ 35. A.\ II II II bl C I( Y P r a Ii !>l, it. K y 3 [[ C l,! 0 B 0

B 4 I{M OT ,ol,epCBIlI! [10 .'l0flore B ,!I.. Maunma r opa puellO.\OiJ:ClfO 11 xyprnnon, H3 Ilf!X Ana YI!.AlHICIlIIl,[X, .'1,11. OT 12 /1.0 19 M, npx uurp. 6.5 M, Bble. ,'1,0 1 M (VI).

Ne 36. ,lL A 11 II II b[ fi 1\ Y P r a II. Jr.. A JO 6 0 T e m l>

3a BOC1'OlIHOH 01\OA1Il1CH ,1l;CPCBlll! na lli\l!."yroBOI! r'ep pace pacrroxoacerro 7 xyprauon xpyr AblY. Ii OAIU! ,lJ,AlHlllblH, 14 X 6 M, asrc. 0.95 M (IX),

102

N9 37. ,l(AHHHbIe x y p r a a ta, jJ •• rOpO),HH O[{O,,"o 1 KM K 103 OT .1J.epeBHH, B coeHOBOM xecy, pacnoxozseua rpyrma H3 63 HaChmelt KypraHhl pa3)l,CM[IOTCa ira CAC].(YIOI,gHC rarrsr: 1) oKpyrAo-KOH!{'lCCKHC, Bble. 01' 2 zo 2.80 M npa .1J.Ha1\!. .no 7-12 M; 2) .1J.MIHHb!C, OT '10 ,11;0 22 M ;I;!t" 01' 5.5 .1J.0 8.5 IllHP" B TOM ,{MCAC O.1J.HH KOM6HHHpOBaHHblH C ll.BY~Ul Kpyr!tbIMlf; 3) BbleOlmc, OT 2 ]1.0 3.5 M asrc, H OT 8 ,'(0 14 M <,(HaM. Y 60AbllIlIHCTBa xypranoa HMClOTCH POBHKH no oeHOBaHHIO (IX).

19 xypraacs, B TOM 'lHeAC 3 Y.1VlHHemlblX, pacxonama B 1938-1939 rr. H. H. L[CPHlIrIiHbIM. Hailp,cHbI TPYnoeOlftJtlCHfHl B lUIKax, nerxytioxo 01' nOBcpXHOCTH HaCbITIH.

Flpa rrorpecenaxx HaH,'(cHbl cocynsr (O,'(HH CTonKOH 6C3 3axpaHHbl, APyroH co C!ta50H aaxpaaaoii). C HHMR rrpnacxa (Ta6A. I, 13). B p,pymx xypraaaz HaH,.'!;eHbI HOJtlH, 6pac!tcTbl (TaGA. I, TO, 11 H 12), OGAOMKH 5POH30BhlX: nMeTHH (Ta6A. I, 14), 06AOMOK weHHOH qH!BHbl (Ta6A. I, J 5), 06AOMKH cnHpaAbHbIX: 5pacAeToB-HapY'l:HHKOB, mCACSHble lUHAbya, 06AOMKH KOCTRHoro 'neperopeBUlero rpeGeIllKa.

JIIQ 38. 4 A H H H III e K Y P r a H bl, ". A 10 6 0 T C III II

K CC3 OT }J.epeBHM, npH6AH2IiTCAbl~0 B 750 :-1, II GepeSOBOff pOlge HaXO,!lHTCl! 'J 0 xypranoa, B TOM 'tHCAC 5 P'AIlHHIlIX, OT 10 no 18 MAil.. H OT 6 M 8 ~I WHp., aerc, 1-1.25 M.

NQ 39. 4" U H H bI11 K Y P r a H, /1,. HOB 0 cell. b e

B xecy OK. 1.5 KM K 3 OT zcpesrra B rpynrre J<pyrAblX pacnxsraxarerx xypranoa aaxonsrrcs OAHH ,1J,AHHliblH KOM- 6HHHpoBaHHblH c RpyrAblM, ,ll,A. 17 M (IX).

N!.' 40. 4 A H H H 1>1 e K Y P r a H bI, /1,. r p R A H l!! e

B ypoxarge COBHM: Eop B 1 I,M K 10 OT AepCBHIf pacnOAOlKCHa rpynna 1f3 78 xypraace, TJlHyrgaJ'lcR ge!lblO C CCB aa 10103. LlAHHHI>IX HaCbIneH 18, ax AA. OT '1 2 AO 40 M, map. 6-10 M. l(AIlHHbIX, KOM6IfHI!pOSaHHbIx C KpyrAbIMH HaCbmCH - 3. KypraHbl CAOlKCHbl HS necxa

(IX).

N!! 41. A A H H H bl e I( y P r a H hI, s. BOA 0 II, Ii

B 1 KM K lOB OT aepeana, ua orryurxe Mea, B.n;OAb ,1.0pom B A. nO'l:l'lHOK HMeIOTCJ'I 25 nypraaoa, is TOM 'lUC,\C 8 y,!J.AlfHeHHblX, AA. OT 14 }l.0 28 M npu lUHp. 6~8 M

(IX).

N!! 42. ,4 A H H H hI C K Y P r a Ii er, /1,. 3 aGo pOE K a B 1 KM K B OT .1lCPCBH'H HMCeTCJI rpynna 113 3j KYPraHOB, HS HliX 5 tt,UIHHbIX. 4Al1Ha HaChIneH I<OAeG,\CTCH OT 12 .no 22 M, IUMp. OT 8 lJ,0 10M (IX).

N!! 43."4.lt M H H bI C K Y P r a H sr, Mp. C C ,\ b !,I; 0

B 0.5 KM l( C OT .n;epCBHH M:MeeTCl{ rpvnna 113 13 xypraacs ; cpeaa HIfX 3 y<,(AHHCHHhIX, OT 11 AO 14 M II, JI.. " ~ O,!!,HH KOM6.mHposaHHblH C l~pyrAbIMH, paasrepox 14 X X 6 X 1.5 M. PH.!IOM C rpynnoH HeeKOAbKO maAbHWIHbIX ~!OrHA (IX).

N!! 44. 4 A Ii H H bl Ii K Y P r a H, 5. K p 10 K 0 B 0

B 3 KM TIO HanpaBAeHlUO K 11.. BacgaM Y 11.0POrH pacnOAOlKeHO 5 xypraHOB. B TOM ,{HeAe O,!J.HH II,AHHHbIH: _ 12 M .1lA., 6 M UIHp., BbIC. 1 M. I1cnop'lcH rpenllIeeu (IX).

N!? 45. .4 A H H H bl C K Y P r a H bI, ,1.';. B a l{ I, 0 B 0 KypraHHa~ rpynna HaXOJ\HTca: B 0.5 KM x B OT .1J.epesaa H COCTOHT us 19 xypraaoa, B TO~f 'IHCAe 3 /J.,\lU{HbIX, OT 1 2 s» 14 M .1J.A. rrpa 8 M limp. (IX).

N!! 46. 4 A H H l! bl e Ii y P r a H sr, .1l. K 0 A 51 lJ. Y x a

B 1 KM K C OT AepeBHH no Gcpery nCKOBbI T~HeTCj:! ijeTIblO xyprarmaa rpynna HS 18 HacbmeK, B TOM '<l'HeAe 7 ,1(AHHHbIX. Pa3Mepbl nOCAe,ll;HHX OT 10 ,11;0 34 M /1,.'. If OT 6 ./1,0 8 M WHp. ,4sc JJ;AHHHb[C HaCblIU! pacnaxaaarorcn,

O/.lHH H3 fl.Jl.HHHbr:.( xypraxos KOM6HHHponaH C xpyr-

AbJM (IX).

N2 47. Y,!J; A H H e Ii H bI C K Y P r a H bI, nor. To ,\ 6 H g bI B rpex He60AbwHX xypraaaerx rpyrmaz OTMe'leHO He" CKOAbKO y p,AHHCHHbIX HaCblIleH OT B ).10 10M Ail.. npa 4- 6 M IIlHp. (IX).

N~ 48. 4 A H Ii Ii bl 11 K Y P r a H, JI,. n P Y lK H H H H I,

B 0.5 KM I( C3 OT nepcsaa cpenrr Jl,lOH pacnoxonceuo 10 !<pyrAhIx xypraaon 11 OJl:HH YAAHHeHHblH 6.5 ~< 4.5 >< ;< O.SM (IX),

3anaABoe n06epCJKLC nCROBCKoro oscpa

N!! 49. ,l( A. H H H bl C K Y P r a II bI, A 06 C II III T e H. H A. A. CnH!,!b[H ynoMHHaer 0 paCKarIblBaBIIlHXCJI J\CllIKC ,~.AHflHbIX xypraaax rroa J\o6eHwTcHHOM II HCHrayscHoM (lM. N2 50, 54, CTp. 81). no,.'!; J\o6eHUITeliHOM B O,.'!;HOM xyprarre HaH,I.';eHbl 'fe'penK» orposrxoro rAHHHfloro 6A!O}l.a, a B ,Il.pyroM - aroxsaaa TO,!l{A"a (XXII-a).

.NQ 50. ,l( A. If l{ H hI C K Y P r a H bl, H e H: ray :3 C H (CM. 1\'9 49.)

1\'2 51. Con K a, p,. K y B III rr II 0 B a

B ca~{Qrl ,'I,CPCBHC y KpilHHcro ,!\Bopa CTOHT comca Bble.

OK. 10 M, ,!maM. 20(?) M (32).

Nil 52. Jl A H H H hi e K Y P r a H sr, nor. 0 B H H '! H lJ! C

OKOAO KM OT norocra y xcca HaX0ll.JlTCII xyprauer

06bl'l:HOH Kpyr,\OH tpOflMhI I1apJl1-lY C IlbICOKHMH np0.1J.OArOBaTblMIi lIaCbInJlMH H HeSblCOKUMH ii;,\lIHHbIMH MorHAaJ,oIH'. HCCKOAbKO HacbIllei-i HaxoAlHCH B npeae.vaz eOBpCMCHHOro KAa.1J.6HIga. PaclwnaHo 7 xypraxce.

KypraH N2 1. 4HaM. 12.8 lVI, Bble. 1.55 M. Ha r;,y6. 0.26 M BCTpC'feHbI OT<,(eAbHble yroAbKI1 H rrepellUKeHHble KOeTH'. B !OamOH sacra xyprana otinapyasemsr cosepnreano o6yrAcRHbie KyCKH ,.'!;epeBa, 05pasYlOtgHc yrcx epy6a HAM HIgHKa. Ba:y-rpM ORa3aAaCb rpyaa ncpezoseaIiblX I(OCTeH:. B gCHTpaAbHoM 'iaCTH xypraaa aa rAy6. 0.4 M BCTPC'l:CH alCHCKHH KOCTRl< 6e3 BCIJJCH, rOAOBOM na C3. PRlJ;OM, aa ToM: x{c rAy6HHc, .n;CTCKHC KoeTH. Ha 1O B paCCT07.HHH 0.7 M H lIn r Ay6. 0.4 J\f HaH}l,eHbl CIgC 2 KOCTHKa. ,l(aAee HaCblIlb CHRTa 1(0 rpyrrra. HaXOAOl( HeT.

K y p r a H Ng 2 (Il:AHl!Hbli1:). A,\. 12.8, IIlHp. 5.7 M, asrc, 0.8 M. B lO<KIWH 'meTiI aa nOBepZHOCTH nOJl,H.IIT xepenox cocyza H3 rpy60ii rAHHhl C !l{JHMcebIO ,1I;peCBbl. [lO'lTH y rpyrrra 06HapYlKeHbi ABa yrcxsuo-nenexeaerx nHTHa C MeAKUMH nepe<IOI{CIlHbIMH KOeTlIMH, .nnaM. He 6oJl.ee 1 M, TOAIg. ,1J,0 4 eM.

K y p r a H N~ 3. 4naM. 4.3 M, aerc, 0.7 M. Ha rAY- 6HHe aroporo urrerxa, B CCBCPHOH '1aCTH nacsrrnr, ofiaapymeHhl OCTaTKH rpo60BHl£a !:I3 odyr AeHHblX cocxoazaz nxaz, C rrpOCAOHl\aMIf o6yrAeIIHoH 6epCeTo.BOH KOPb!. nAaxH xe;RaAH HaKAOHHO K rory ; B rrpuno,!J,HRToH 'l:aCTH MHoro nePC2fOKCHHblX H HSMCAb'l:CHHblX ROeTeM. lOmHa)I '1aCT!> rpo- 50Bmga paapyurerra R cpeaa paatipocaaaerx eOCHOBblX yrAeH 3aMCQeHO npUCYTCTBHe .1ly6oBoro yrxn, Do,.'!; OCT arKaMa rpo60BHI,ga IlAOTHblH rpYHT.

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