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1. What is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand?
The smallest scale that evolution happens on is the population level. A population
is a group of one species in one place at one time.
(p+q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2
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5. Use the blank diagram below to relate the H-W equation to a Punnett square.
7. How can the H-W equation be used to today in terms of human health?
8. What are the two broad processes that make evolution possible?
natural selection and genetic drift
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c. Sexual recombination
The natural formation in offspring of genetic combinations not present in
parents, by the processes of crossing over or independent assortment.
10. What is the relationship between mutation rates and generation span?
both have in impact on the Mitochondrial DNA diversity patterns,unexpected
variation of mutation rate across species.
b. Bottleneck effect
the reduction of a population’s gene pool and the accompanying changes in
gene frequency produced when a few members survive the widespread
elimination of a species.
c. Founder effect
the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established
by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.
d. Gene flow
the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.
12. Why would we discuss adaptive evolution and what role does natural selection
play?
16. How can very small differences in nucleotide sequences lead to such diversity in
the human population?
diversity of human phenotypes, is mainly due to varying genetic make up, one
small nucleotides deletion or inversion, can cause little, no or drastic effects on the
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organism phenotype. but as they say, genetics is only the canvas and paint, the
enviroment of up bringing is what paints the picture. human phenotype can be
altered and varyied alot, by the enviroment it is put in.
17. What is geographic variation and how does the term cline relate?
18. What is different about the terms fitness and relative fitness?
The commonly adopted fitness which evaluates the performance of individuals in
co-evolutionary systems is the relative fitness. The relative fitness measure is a
dynamic assessment subject to co-evolving population.
19. Why is it said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes?
Selection acts on phenotypes because differential reproduction and survivorship
depend on phenotype. If the phenotype affecting reproduction or survivorship is
genetically based, then selection can winnow out genotypes indirectly by
winnowing out phenotypes.
20. Use the diagram below to differentiate between the modes of selection.
22. How does balancing natural selection relate to the term balanced polymorphism?
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23. Define and give an example of the following:
a. Heterozygote advantage
the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than
either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype.
b. Frequency dependent selection
an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its
frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population.
c. Neutral variation
Variation in protein sequence that is not selectively important.
d. Sexual dimorphism
the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the
same species.
e. Intrasexual selection
the selection of a mate where several individuals compete with each other
f. Intersexual selection
the selection of a mate where an individual looks for special traits in the
opposite sex
24. What are the limitations to Natural Selection
lack of necessary genetic variation, constraints due to history, and tradeoffs
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