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, TIpHBe,neHbI xapa~{TepHCTnKH H3DJIlIUHOHHblX xarepaaaoa H DCHOBHhle nDJIOJKeHHlI nDnpDeKTHpOBaHHIO H3DJIlIunOHHblX KDHCTPYXUIIH,H3DJIlIUHH JlDJlD,nHJIbHblX rpyeonpoaonos H ooorpesa rpysra.

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113 JlaHHOH cepna B 1977 r. H3)laH OOP8Bo.'IHllK «3KcnJlyaTaUHlI XOJlOi\HJlbHHKO'll:'. B 1978 r. ~ «MaJIble XOJlO)lHJlbHble YCT8HOBKlI H AOJID)lHJIbHblH TpaHcnopT». r01'OBHTCH K H3JJ;aHHIO CnpaBOlJHHKH «TIpHMeHeHHe XOJIOJla B nauiesoa H PblOHOH IIpOMblIIIJleHHOCTH:', «!HpHMeHeHlIe xoaoila B MlICHOH H MDJlOlJHOH npOMblIIIJleHHOCTII» If «HpaMeHeHHe XDJIO,lla B TeXHIIKe».

_ rJIaBHblH penaxrop cepaa «XOJID,llIIJlbHall TeXHHKa» - KaHJl. TeXH. aayx A. B. BbIKOB.

Penaxnaoanas -KOJIJIerHlI: Jl-p.TeXH. aayx, rrpotp. A. A. rOrOJIHH (3aM. rJlaBHOrO penaxropa): xann .. TeXH. nayx 11.. r. PIOTOB (3aM. rJIaBHDrO penaxropa): n-p TeXH. aayx, npo<jJ. H. A. rOJIOBKHH; n-p TeXH. nayx, npotp, r. H. 11.AHHJIOBA; KaH,ll. TeXH. nayx H. M. KAJIHHHb; xaan. TeXH. aayx M. Il. KY3bMHH; n-p TeXH. nayx, nporp. JI. 3. MEJIbIl,EP; a-p TeXH. nayx, nporp. JI. M. PO. 3EHCPEJIb11.; n-p TeXH. aayx, nporp. r. B. lJH)I(OB .

. B CDCT811JIeHlllI CnpaBDlJlHHKa «TIpo.eKTIIPDBaHlIe XDJIO,llHJIbHblX CODPYJKCliUH» rrpHHHMaJIH YlJaCTlIe:

HHJK. B. B. BACIOTOBHlJ; HHJK. H. M. rHH11.JIHH, n-p TeXH. nay«, nporp. A. A. rOrOJIHH, KaHJl. TeXH. nayx H. CPo 11.YlliHH, xaan. TeXH. aayx A. CPo 3HJIbBEPBOP11., HHJK. A. B. KAPIlOB, KaHJl. '~exH. HaYK H. T. KY urstuoe. HHJK. A. A. KY3HEIl,OBif, HHJK. B. B. JIHCPAHOB, HHJK.

M. E. JIYPbE, KaH.lI. •. 3KDa. aayx M. M; Il03HH, HHJK~ B. A. CPAI1HlllTEfiH, HHJK. B. fl. flHIOK.

PeueH3eHTbI: KaHJl. TeXH. aayx E. M. ArAPEB, ,1J,-P TeXH. nayx, npodi, JI. 11.. BEPMAH, KaH,1J,.

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E. C.KYPblJIEB, HHJK. A. Il. CEMAKOB, HHJK. H. 11.. 3IllliTEI1H.

HaYlJHblH penaxropcnpaaosaaxa «TIpDeKTHpDBaHHe XOJIOJlRJIbHblX cODPYJKeHHH» ,1J,-p TeXH. HaYK, npoq» A. A. rOrOJIHH. ,

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HCXO,ll,HbIe naansre

OCHOBHblMH ,pYKOBOnHmllMH nOKYMeHTaMR npn '!1pOeK1'Hjl!OIlaHHHXOJlOnHJlbHhlX cOOPY)KeHHll HB.JIlIlOTCH nOKYMeHTbI, asnaanue [OCCTpOeM CCCP: -CBpeMeHHalI HHCTPYKUHH no paspaoorxe 'I1pOeK-

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. (CH 202-76); «yI!llCTPYKUliH no TlinOBOMY npo-. ·~K1:HpOBaHH.IO kJIlI npOMbIUIJIeHHOrO CTPOUTeJIbCTBa» (CH 227-70); «CTpO<lfTeJIbHble HOPMbI H npasaaa», sacre II, paanen II, raaaa 2; «XOJlO,ilHJIbHHKH, HOPMbI npoexrnposaaaas (CHIII1 II-I05-74).

Kpoxe roro, npn npoexrapoaasxa PYKOBO.n;'~TBYIOTClI .ll:ellcTBYIOIllHMH HopMaMH, npaBHJIaMH, YKaaaHHlIMR no npoMblIIIJI'eHHoMY CTpOllTeJIbCTBY, XaTaJlOraMH THnOBbiX Il,pOeKT·OB, crpoareasaux KOHCTPYKUlill -H neTaJIeH, cMeTHbiMli HopMaTHBaMH, pacueHKaMH ft ueHHHKaMH .n;nlI onpenetteHHlI ·CTOHMOCTH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa H .n;pyrHMH .n;oKYMeH-1 TaMH. i

I1Pll paspaocrxe npoexraof .n;OKYMeHTaUHll Y'lHTblBaIOT TaK)Ke' nOJIO)KeHlllI Be.n;OMCTBeHHblX HOpMaT!llBHblX H pyxoaonsmnx nOKYMeHToB, onpe_.neJIlIIQIllHx OCHOBHble TeXHH'lecKHe HanpaBJIeHHlI B npoesraposaaaa, nepcnexraaypasasras H cne~H$HKY OTpaCJIli npOMblIIIJIeHHOCTH, .n;JIlI KOTOPOll

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3a.n;aHHe aa npoexraposaaae npe.nnpH-lITlilI BbInaerca SaKaS'lHKOM H COCTaBJIlIeTClI II,PH neno-cpencrseaaoa Y'laC'I!HI'l ,np·oeKTHoll opraaaaanaa,

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YKasaHHblH COCTaB saaanaa na npoexrapoaaHHe ~O)KeT YTO'lHlITbCH npHMeHHTeJIbHO K ocoeenHOCTlIM; OTpaCJIH rrpOMblIIIJIeHHOCTH H YCJIOBHSIM ocymeCTBJIeHHH CTpOHTeJlbCT·Ba. B .n;orrOJIHeHHeK sanamuo S8KaS'lHK npe,llCTaBJIlIeTapXHTeKTYPHOTIJIaHHpOBO'lHGe sanaaae, BbI,n:aBaeMoe HCrrOJIKOMOM MeCTHoro COBeTa aaponasrx .II.enYTaTOB, H CTpOHTeJIbHblll nacnopr Y'laC1'Ka, co,n:ep)Kalll.HH OCHOBHble TeXHH'lecKHe .II.8tHHble H TeXHH'lecKHe Y~JIOBHlI aa I1!pHCOe.ll.HHeHHe K HH)KeHepHbIM ceTlIMH cOOPY)KeHIjlHM.

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7

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10

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Il pOU380aCTBeHHbte XOAOaUAbHUKU

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13

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BIICHMOCTH OT MaIUHOCTH np,e)ilnpHIITHII COCTaBJllI-' er B Cpe.AHeM OT 300 no 1000 M2.

I\OJIH'IecTBa O.llrHOnpOJIeTHblX (uIHpHHaH 6 M) ~aMep 3aMapaIKHB8HHlI xsca (c naABecHblMH nyTIIMH) 5-7.

I(OJIH'IOCTBO xaxep OXJIa)j{AeHH5! MlIca, a.IT.HOnponeruux no urapaae, He npessnnaer rpex. Ha nexoropsrx XOJIaAHJIbHHKaX npenycaarpaaaioryaaeepcansasre xaxepu, nanpavep xaxepa axJtaIK)J;eHHII IfJIH XpaHe'HHII OXJIaIKAeHHaro MlIca, QXJIaIKAeHH5! HJlH 3aMapaIKUBaHHlI Mllca. Ilpa orCYTCTBHH .Ta,KHX xaxep BB0.AIIT 1-2 YHuBepCaJIbl'ble KaMepbl xpaHeHHII aXJIaIKAeHHora llJIH MOpOaceaoro MlIca, He a60PYAyeMble naABeCHblMH ny~· TlIMH. B 3THX xaxepax aXJIaIK,l(eHHOe Mllca xpaHilT B croeumrx nonztoaax (B 2-3 apyca no, Bblcore) .

,UJIII opueumpoaouaoro onpeneaeaus nJIOIUa.lI:H xaaep xpaaeaus xoooacenoro MlIca(npH Bbl-' ~OTe 6 M AO HII3a KaHcTpYKI.J;HH nOKpblTHII) nOJIb-

a

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PHC. 1-4. MHOr03TaJKHblH pacnpe.ll.eJIHTeJIb'HblH XOJIO.ll.HJIbHHK eMKOCTblO 10000 T:

<tI-n.n8H l-ro 9T8JK8; 6-n.n8U 2-4-ro 3T8JKei! H nO!IIB8J18; s=-paapea. l-Coe)l;IlHllTe.nbHhli! KOPll)l;OP; 2, 3-YHHBepca.nbHble KaMepbl; 4-JKene3HO)l;OpOJKHalI nnardropxa: 6, 8-1BeCTH(iIOJlll;6~a'Mepa Xp81IeHHlI oxaaacneaacro MlIea: 7-KOPll)l;OP; 9-Jl"':"'KaMepbl 3aMOpaJKlIBaHHII; 12-HaKonllTeJlb-pasrpY30'llialI xaxepa: 13~aMepa xpaaeaaa ox~alK.o.eHHoro MlIca; 14-Ma,wHHHoe orneneaae: J5_MaTepHa.nbHhli! cxaan; 16-11'ap.o.epo(i; 17-'1'en.noBoi! nyHKT; 18- lUIa.o.oB81I; 19_.neKT;POJlHTHOe orneaeaae: 2O-s1lil>1I)l;H8R CT8H~HII; 21-npocjJH.n8~To,pHi! II CTOJlHKa 3.neKTPonorpYS'lH. «OB; 22-Jla,(iopaTOPHJI; 23--<I10Mew:eHHe I(HnHA; 24-4KOMllaTa MeX8HHKa; 25-mHToBoe orneneaae: 26-MeXaHH'le-

CK81I MacTepcK81I; 27-aBToMo(iHJlbHali n.naTc!>oPMa; 28-MOeQHalI anaenrapa: 29-KoMHaTa 'KJl8)l;OBmHKOB.

15

6000 6000

6000

6000

6000

60910

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.::E:

PHe. 1-5.'O.ll.H03Ta}KHali c!>a6pHKa MOpO}KeHorO npOH3'BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCT~1O 3 T B CMeHY: 1-.ppHaepo-.pacOBOqHOe OT.IJ.eJI'eHHe; I1-0T.IJ.eJIeH'He .IJ.JISI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI Ba.peJIb; / /l-noMew,eHHe W,HTOB aBToMaTHKH;' IV_:HeOXJIalK.IJ.aeMble CKJIa.IJ.CKHe nOMew,eHHSI: V-OXJIa'lK.IJ.aeMbIIi CKJIa.IJ. CblPbSl (1=0· C); V/-BcnoMoraTeJIbHble noMew,eHHH; VII-n,pHeMHoe OT.IJ.eJIeHHeMOJIOKa; V/I1-TeXHOJIorHqecKoe annanarace OT.IJ.eJIeHHe; /X-3KCne.IJ.HL\HOH-· asre nOMew,eHHSI; X-annapaTHoe OT.IJ.eJIeHHe XOJIO.IJ.HJIbHOl! YCTaHOBKH; XI-KaMepa .IJ.03aKaJIHBaHHSI H xpaneaaa

• MopOlKeHoro . (1= -30c C); XII-'a.IJ.MHHHCTPaTHBHO-6b1TOBble nOMew,eHHSI;

1-3CKHMoreHepaTOP xapyceasaoro THna: 2-3aBepTOQHaSi MallIHHa; 3-.ppH3ep; 4-CKOPOMOP03HJlbHblA annapar: 5- aBTOMaT .IJ.JlSI pacdiacoaxn MotPolKeHOrO B Ba,.peJIbHble CTaKaHQHIKH: 6-asToM3r pacq,acOBOQHo-ynaK;)BOQHblA; 7-P1!sepayap .IJ.JlSI xpaaeaas MonOKa H. cveca; 8-0XJla.IJ.HTeJlb; 9-roMoreHlf3aTop; IO-nacTepH3aToP; lI-1<OTJlbl aa-

pouasie; 12-BaHHa .IJ.JlSI npHrOTOBJIeHHSI CMeCH; 13-6aTapeH; 14-aBToMaT 3aBepTOQHblA.

3YIOTCli YKpynHeHHhIM H3MepHTeJIeM, T. e. Y.lleJlbHOH HarpY3KoH 1,4- (5 T/M2. Ilaomans xaxep SaMOpa}KHBaHHlI MO}KIW HaMTH opHeHTHpOBOqHO, npHHlIB Y,lleJIbHYIO npOH3BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCTb HX (npa KOHBeMepHhIx nonaecaux nyrax) B pasxepe 200 Krj'M2 B CYTKH. 4T06hI npenaapnrensno pacCqHTaTb Heo6xo.ll.HMYIO nnoutans xaxep ,llJllIOX.na}K.lI.eHHlI MlIca, cnenyer IIpHMeHHTb aaauenae Y.lI.eJlbHoM npOH3BO,llIITeJlI:iHOCTH ,B pasxepe

, 250 Kr/M2 B eYTKH. Ilocne oaspaoorxa ITJlaHHpOBKH XOJlO,llHJlbHHKa yroxasnor xapaKTepHCTHKY xa-

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TeMnepaTYPHhIHpe}KHM XOJlO,llHJlbHHKa npoexTHpylOT CJle.ll.YIO~HH: llJllI xaxen o.n:'HOCTaAHHHoro OXJla}K.n:eHHlI Mlica ~3° C;.lI.ByxcTa.ll.HHHOrO oxJJa}K.n:eHHlI - 10+ _150 C H _10 C; O.ll.HO¢a3HOI'O SaMOpa}KHBaHHlI -30" C; XpaHeH'11I 3aMOpO}KeH,. I'bIX MliCOnp0.ll.YKTOB -200 C.-

16

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HOCThlO 50 T B CMeHY:

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= -200 C); ll-KaMepa DO)l;MOP03KH HeKoHAH~HOHHLlX rpY30B' (1= _20· C); 12-TpaHcq,DPMBTopHali nOAcTaH~HlI:

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' nepepa!laThIBalOlIJ;HII xoprryc.

Ha pRC. 1-6 npRBe,lleHa TIJiaHUpOBKa ,O,llHO- 3,35 M, nan KOTOPhIMH pasxemaior 'B03,llYXOOX-

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XOJlO,llHJIbHHKH KOHCepBHblX aaaonoa. ITPH

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18

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XOJlO.llllJIbHHK BM€>CTe C pbl6oo6pa6aTblBa!OlUH'M 3aBOJI:OMpaOrrOJlaraIOT 'B.llOJlb npHtIaJIbHOii JIHHHH 6YXTbI, iB03JIe xoropos nreapryrorca rrpoxsrcaonue U rpaacnopraue cyna, C TblJIOBOii CTOPOHDI XOJlo.JI:HJIbHHKa npenvcaorpena orxpuraa UJIaT¢opMa, C xoropoa MO:lKHO aaroyacars aaroperppxxceparopasn; rpancnopr. B xaxepax xpanemra 3anpoeKTHpOBaHO nonnepzcanae TeM'IlepaTYPDl -25DC .

ITPOH3.BOJI:CTBeHHble pbl6Hble XOJIO.llHJIbHHKH, npoexrnpyeasre .llJIlI" cTpOUTeJIbCTBa B npoxsnnJIeHHblX nenrpax, He BblIIOJIHlIlOT nepeaanounux ¢YHKUHii. OHH xpansrr MOpO:lKeHOeH conenoe psr- 6ocbltpge/ .llJllI 6JIOKHPyeMblx C HHMH pbl6orrepepa- 6aTblBalOlUUX npennpasrnn, BblUYCKalOlUHX" nOJIHblii aCcopTHMeHT rrp0.llYKUHH, BKJIlOtIali pbl60TOsapu XOJIO.llHoro H ropasero KOntIeHHlI, 6aJIbItIHb!e H 'KYJIHHapHble H3,,lleJIHlI, COJIeHYIO pbl6y, CeJIb,llb npsaoro nOCOJIa, MapUHa,llHble H3.lleJlHlI, npecepBbl, ¢UJIe B MeJIKOii paO¢aCOI;!Ke H up.

3TU XOJIO,llHJIbHHKU 06b1tIHO npoeKTHpYIOT KaR H noprosue B BH,lle MHDr03Ta:lKHbIX 3,llaHHH, npn 9TOM I1J1aHUpOBKa HX aHaJlOrHtIHa I1PHHlITOii .llJllI 6YXTbI KaMbIIliOBOii. ECJIH Irr03'BOJIliIOT MeCTHble ycJIO,BUlI, XOJIO,llHJIbHUKH I1pOeKTHPYIOT O.llH09Ta:lKHhlMH C rrapaJIJIeJIbHblMU nJIaT¢OpMaMU ,llJIlI :lKeJIe3-

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rrp0,llOJIbHbIMU BeCTH610JIliMU HJIU I10IlepetIHblMH

KOpU,llOpaMH. TIJIaHHpOBKa XOJIO,llUJIbHHKOB H B 9TOM CJIY'Iae ,llOJI:lKHa 6b1Tb TeCHO YB1I3aH3 "C KOMnononxojt psrrioocpariariaaaiouurx npennpnaraji.

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:t_BMep", xpaHeHHII MopOlKeHoli phl6bl (t= -250 C): 2-nOTOJlOQH",e 6aTBPeH HenOCpe,D;CTBeHHOrO OXJl8lK,D;eHHII; 8- apBcTeHH",e 6aTBpeH HenOCpe,D;CTBeHHoro OXJlalK,D;eHHII; 4-BecTH6IOJlb; 5-m8XTa Tpy6onpOBO,D;OB; 6-rpY30B"" JlH4JT"'.

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TIPH npoeKTHIJ)OBaHHH IMOJIO'lSblli aaaoa H XOJlO.llHJlbHHK MOKHPytOT ill o6rneM S)l8HIII'l OPOH3- BOJr.CTBeHHoro xopnyca, B KOTOPOM pasaemaior T8JOKe MamHHHoe orneaeaae u,eHTpaJlbHoit XOJlOJUUlbHOli YCT8HOBKH. B COCT8B MOJlO'lHorO aasona BXOllHT nex MopolKeHoro, XOJlOAHJlbHble K8Me,Pbl KOTOPOro p8CnOJlOlKeHbI B ofiweM xoarvpe. XOJIO-

'.ltHJIbHHKa. Uex MopOlKeHoro paCnOJIaraIOT 1HIllOM c MaWHHHblM ()Il'lleJleHHe~, 'ITO n03BOJllleT 9KOHO- . MH'lHO o6ecne'lHBaTb XOJIOllOMHH3KOTeMnep8TypHbIe 06'beKTbI.

XOJIOAHJlbHHK npa roponcxox MOJIO'lHOM sasone [Ipe,l(Ha3Ha'leH AJIlI Xp8J1eHHH raopora H CJlHBOK, BbIpa6aTblB8eMbIX aa aasone H nOCTYll81OIUHX c nepH<jJepHHHblX npe.mnpHHTHit.

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ro 3aSOJJ;a MOmHOCTblO 150 T ,B CMeHY:

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CeT-Ka KOJIOHH 6X12 M. Pasxepsr XOJIOJJ;lfJIbHIIKa B nnaae 72 X 48 M. B xaxepax C03peBaHil1I CbIP YKJIaJJ;bIBaIOT aa rriITIIIIOJIO'lHbIe KOHTellHepbI, MacJ10 -- aa no lJ.l(0Hbl. B KOHType> XOJIOAIIJIbHIIKa rrpeJlYCMOTpeHO noxeuieaae JJ;JIlI 06pa60TKil cupa aa xouseaepusrx CTOJIaX II nex ¢!a-c-OBKII cupa MOIltHOCTblO 3,0 T B CMeHY. Llerrrpansnsnt KOPIInop XOJIOJJ;IIJIbHlfKa IIMeeT BbIXOJJ;b1 aa aBTOMO- 6I1JIbHYIO' II )KeJIe3Ho.u0p0)KHYIO rrJIaT<popMbI urnPIIHOll rro 6 M. K OAHOll '113 ropueasrx CTOPOH XOJIOJJ;IIJIbHIIKa npanuxator xannnraoe OTJJ;eJIenae, acnoxorarensnue CJIY)K6bI, npyrne noueuteaas. B xauepax C03peBaHII1I csrpa nonnepacaBaeTClI reaneparypa 10-14° C, OTHOCIlTeJIbHall BJIa)KHOCTb 81-88%. JJ;.JI1I 9TIlX YCJIOBllli npenycxorpeao KOHJJ;IlUIlOHllpoBaHlle B03Ayxa.

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Q = Ql + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Qs. (1-3)

. r.ue Q! -- npI1TOK renaa lJepe3 orpascnaionme KOHCTPYKUI11l noaeuieans, BT;

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. . 3apll.u;H811 CT8H~HlI; II-lKeJIe3Ho.u;opolKHall nJIaTcjlopMa.

Q2 - rrpHTOK renna OT rrp0,lJ;YKTOB npn IPC XO-

JIO,n:HJIbHOiio6pa6oIJ1Ke, BT;

Q3 - rrpHTOK renna OT BeHTHJIlIUHH, BT;

Q4 - npHTOK TerrJIa, CB1I3aHHblH C 3KCIIJIyaTa-

. • UHeH KaMepbI, BT;.

Q5 - rrpHTDK TerrJIa, BbUleJilieMOrD npoayxraMil IITPH ,lJ;b1XaHHH, BT.

npHTOK renaa eepes OrpalK)l.alOIUHe KOHCTPYK({HH. Q1 (B BT) onpenensror KaK CyMMy TerrJIOrrpHTOKOB:

;')'

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(1-4)

npHTOK TenJia xepes C1;eHbJ, neperoponsa, nepeKphlTHR HJIH nOKphlTHR. BeJIH'lHHY Qr' onpeneJIlilOT no !pDpMYJIe:

Q~ = k/I.F (tH - tBlI) ,

(1-5)

k/I. - ,n:eii:cTBHTeJIbHblii: KD3!p!pHUHeHT TerrJIDnepenaxa orpascneaaa, BTl (M2• K);

F - noaepxaocrr, Drpa}!{J].eHHH, M2;

t« - pacxeraas rexneparypa HapY}KHOCO

BD3J].yxa, 0 C; .

tBa - rexneparypa B-D3J].yxa BHYTPH OXJIa}!{,llaeMDrD noxeuteaas, °C (GrrpaBO'l.HHK «3KCrrJIyaTaUHlI XDJIDJ].HJIbHHKa», rJI8Ba «TeXHDJIOrH'leCKa1l3KOrrJIyaTaUHlI XDJIDJ].HJIbH!I.K·OB») ,

BeJIU'lHHY t« paccnarsraaror no !popMYJIe:

(1-6)

r,lle

ta = 0,4tcp + O,6tMaKc,

rne tcp H

tMaRc - ()OD'I1BeT,CTBeHHO cpenaas H

MaKCHMaJIbH81I reaneparypsr sosnyxa caaoro }KapKDrD Mecsna (ex. Ta6JI. 1, rJI8BbI CHHrl II-A 6-72).

Q/ - nparox renna lJ~pe3 CTeHbI, nepero-

,PDJ].KH, nepexpsrrna HJIH noxpu-

ras, BT;

Qt" - rrpHTOK renaa xepea InOJIbI, BT;

Qj'lI - rrpHTOK renaa xepea 3arJIy6JIeHHble IHeIl30JIHpOBa'HHble crensr nDJ].BaJIbHblX noxeiueaan, BT;

Q1IIII - npHTOK TenJia DT COJIHelJHDi!: pannaUHH, BT.

23

fiPH onpeaeaeaaa nOBepXHOCTH .orpaJK.11eHHif

npHHHMaJOT: '

nJlOlllaJlH nOJIOB H nOTOJIKOB - MeJKJlY OCHMH BHYTpeHHHX CTeH HJIH or 'BHYTpeHHeH nOBepXHOCTH HapYJKHblX CTeR .110 DCH BHYTpeHHHX;

JlJIIfHblHapYJKHblX CTeH: ,llJIH aeyr JIOBblX noxellleHHH - MeJKJlY OCHMH BHYTpeHHHX CTeH; AJiH yrJlQBblX nOMellleHHH - OT HapYJKHOH nosepxaoCTH ,HaPYJKHb/x CTeH no OCH BHYTpeHHHX;

• ,llJIHHbI BHYTPellHHX CTeH - MeJK,llY BHYTPeH-

HeH nOBepXHOCTbJO HaPYJK,HblX CTeH H OCbJO BHYTpeHHHX, HJIH OClIMH BHYT,peHHHX CTeH;

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Pacueraae pa3HDCTH rexneparyp (lH-tBH) ,llJIli ,BHYTpeHHHX orpaJKJleHHH IIpHHHMaJOT (B % DT paC'IeTH.oH pa3HDCTH rexrreparyp) JlJIli HaPYJKHblX CTeH H neperoponox, DTJleJilIJOIUHX DXJlaJKJlaeMble noxemeaas CT HeoXJIaJKJlaeMblX, cooouraJOI!UIXCli C HaPYJKHbIM BD3JlYXOM (TlI'M6YPbl, secTH6JOJIH }I np.) - 70%, DT HeDXJI3JKJlaeMblx, Hecoocmaiomaxcs C HapY>KHblM BD3JlYXOM - 60 %; .llJIli 1I0JIDB .o~.'1aJK)laeMbIx nDMeIUeHHH, paCIIQJlD>KeHHblX aan HeOXJIa>KnaeMblMH IIDJlBaJIaMH, He HMeJOIUIfMH OKDH, -50%, nan nDJlBaJIaMH C DKHaMH-60%.

"pHTOK renaa sepes nOJibl. BeJIH'IHHa Q/' JlJIli IIDJIDB HeH3DJIHP.oBaHHblX, paCIIDJI.oJKeHHblX Hell.oCpeJlCTBeHHO aa rPYHTe:

Q~ = ~ kyc~F (tlj - tSH)' (1-7)

rne kyc". - YCJIDBHbli'lKD3<P<PHllueHT, rennorrepenaxa cDoTBeTcTBYJOlIlei'l 30Hbl 1I0JIa, BT/(M2·K);

F - IlJIOIUaJlb cooTBeTCTBYJOIUei'I 30HbI 11.0- JIa, ;M2.

'uJIli 3.oH, paCIIDJI'O>KeHHbIX DT HapY>KHbIX CTeH aa paCCTOlIHHU )(.0 2 M, kyc" IIpUHUMaJOT 0,4, DT 2 .11.0 4 M - 0,2, DT 4 .11..0 6 M - 0, I.

ITJIOUIaJlb IlDJIa nepsofl )l.ByxMeTpoB0I1 30HbI IIpuMblKaJOIUei'l K yrny HaPY>KHblX CTeH, H3MeplI:

JOT JlBa>KJlbl, T. e. 110 HanpaBJIeHHlIM D6eHX saPY>KHblX CTeH, CDCTaBJIlIlOIUUX ·yrOJI. ITPUTOK TellJla 'Iepe3 I1DJIbI H30JIHpOBaHHble, pacnonosceaaue HellOCpeJlCTBeHHO na rPYHTe, onpeneamor 110 <P.oPMYJ1e:

Q; = ~ kyc~F (tH - t8K) m, (1-8)

rne m - K03<P'<PHllHeHT, yqHTbIBalOIUull OTHOCH-

reasnoe eoapacraaae repxasecsoro

C.ollpDTHBJleHHSi nDJIa n,pu HaJIHqllH 1'13.0. JllIllliH:

m=------~~~------ __

2 [" &1 &n ].

1+1,5-+ ... +-

Ai An

rne ill ... iln - TOJlIUHHa OTJleJIbHblX CJIDeB 1'101'1- CTPYKllHH nDJIa, M;

/"1 ... /"n - TenJIOIIpOBO,llHDCTb DTJleJIbHhlX

CJIDeB KDIICTPYKllHH noaa

(BT/(M·K). '

(1-9)

'uJISi nOJIOB, H3DJlUpOBaHHblX npn D6.orpese

rPYHTa,

(1-10)

rne tcp= 1° - cpenasa rexneparypa rPY'HTa rrpa HaJIHqHI1 ooorpeaa,

"pHTOK renaa sepes aarJly6J1eHHble HeH30JlHpOBaHHb~~ CTeHbI nO)J.BaJlbHblX nOMellleHHH. BeJIHqHHY QI orrpeneasnor no ypaaaeumo:

Q~ = ~kycJlF(tH-tBH)' (1-11)

rne 3HaqeHHSi kycl[ IIpHHHMaJOT re JK'e, 'ITO 1'1 JlJIH HeH3DJIHpOBaHHbiX IIDJI'DB, a CODT,BeTCTBYlOIUHe 30- HbI .oTCqHTblBalOT DT nDBepXHDCTH 3eMJIH BHH3. ITDJIbI rrDJlBaJlOB yqHTbI,BalOT KaK rrpDJlDJIJKeHHe rrDJl3eMHDH 'IaCTH HaPY>KHbIX CTeH.

"pHTOK TenJIa OT COJlHeQHOH pa)J.HallHH. 3&a-

seane Q/'" paCCqHTblBaIOT rrD <pDpMYJIe ,

(1-.12)

rJle kl1. - JleHCTBHTeJlbHblH KD3<P<PHllHeHT TenJIDnepenasa CDDTBeTCTBYlOIUHX orpazcnaromax KOHCTPYKllHlf (KpOBJllI, CTeHa). BT/(M2·K) ;

F - noaepxrrocrr, KDHCTPYKllHH, 06J1YQae-

Mall COJIHlleM, M2;

ec - H36bITDqHbIH rexneparypnun nanop, xapaKTe,pH3YIOI1lHH ,lleHCTBHe ()OJlHeqHDH panaaunn JlJllI JIeTHerO nepaona, °C (npHHHMalOT no Ta6J1. 1-2).

"pHTOK renna OT npo)J.YKTOB npa HX XOJl())J.HJlbHOil: 06pa60TKe. ErD onpeneasior, HCXD)J.lT H3 TeMIIepaTYP DXJIa)KJlaeMbIX IIoMeIUeHHH H CYTD'IHDrD nocrynneaa» rrpDJlyKTDB, rrpHHHMaeMDrD JlJIH pacnpeztenarensaux XDJlDJlHJIbHHKDB paaaux 8% DT eMKDCTH JlJIlI KaMep xpanenas eMKDCTbIO .11.0 200 T BKJlJOqHTeJIbHD H 6 % - JlJIli xaxep eMKD. CTbIO 6DJIee 20.0 T, 'KaK CyMMy TeIIJIDllpHTDiwB:

(1-13)

rae Q2' - IIPH OXJIa>KJleHHH rrpOJlYKTOB; BT;

Q2" - IIP,n JlOMDpa>KHBaHHH IIPO)l.YKTDB, BT; Q2'" - npn 3aMOpa>KHBaHHH IIpOJlyKTDB, BT.

24

3ltTaAbnUu nutueemx npOaYKrOB npu

TeMne- MHCO ro- MHCO ro-
paTypa BH}Kbe, Bapa- CBHHHH8 Cy6npo- B,nKLe 6ec- Phl6a Pbl6a Phl6HOe ~lIuo B
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Ta,OC BH.l(OB MIICHhle JlOKpHHHoe nopoll nopo,-
cupse I
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0,0
-20 0,0 0,0 2,1 O,V 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
-19 2,1 2,1 4,6 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,1
-18 4,6. 4,6 7,1 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,4 4,2
-17 7,1 7,1 9,6 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,4 6,3
-16 10,0 9,6 10,9 10,5 10,9 10,9 11,3 8,4
-15 13,0 1~,6 12,2 13,8 13,4 14,2 14,2 14,7 10,5
-14 15,9 15,5 15,1 17,2 16,8 17,6 17,2 18,0 12,6
-13 18,9 18,4 18,0 20,5 20,1 21,0 20,5 21,8 15,1
-12 22,2 21,8 21,4 24,3 23,5 24,7 24,3 25,6 17,6
-11 26,0 25,6 25,1 28,5 27,2 28,9 28,1 29,7 20,1
-10 30,2 29,7 I 28,9 33,1 31,4 33,5 32,7 34,8 22,6
-9 34,8 33,9 33,1 38,1 36,0 38,5 37,;1 40,2 25,6
-8 39,4 38,5 37,3 43,2. 41,1 43,6 42,3 45,7 28,5
-7 44,4 43,6 41,9 48,6 46,1 49,4 47,8 51,5 31,8
-6 50,7 49,4 47,3 55,3 52,4 56,6 54,5 58,7 36,0
-5 57,4 55,7 54,5 62,9 59,9 74,2 61,6 67,0 41,5
-4 66,2 64,5 62,0 72,9 69,1 80,9 71,2 77,5 47,8
-3 75,4 77,1 73,7 88,0 83,0 89,2 85,5 93,9 227,9*
57,8
-2 98,9 96,0 91,8 109,8 103,5 111,9 106,4 117,7 230,9*
. 75,8
-1 186,0 179,8 170,1 204,5 194,4 212,4 199,9 . 225,0 234,2*
128;6
0 232,5 224,2 212,0 261,5 243,0 -266,0 249,3 282,0 237,6
1 235,9 227,5 214,9 264,8 246,4 269,8 253,1 285,8 240,5
2 238,8 230,5 217,9 268,6 249,7 273,2 256,4 289,1 243,9
3 242,2 233,8 . 221,2 271,9 253,1 277,0 259,8 292,9 246,8
4 245,5 236,7 224,2 275,3 256,4 280,3 263,1 296,7 250,1
5 248,5 240,1 227,1 279,1 259,8 283,7 266,5 300,4 253,1
6 251,8 243,0 230,0 282,4 263,1 287,4 269,8 303,8 256,4 .
" 7 255,2 246,4 233,4 285,8 266,5 290,8 273,2 307,5 259,4
, 8 258,5 249,3 236,3 289,5 269,4 295,4 277,0 311,3 262,7
\,i
9 261,5 252,6 239,2 292,9 272,8 297,9 280,3 315,1 265,6
10 264,8 255,(' 242,2 296,2 276,1 301,3 283,7 318,4 269,0
11 268,2 258,9 245,5 300,0 279,5 305,0 287,0 322,2 271,9
12 271,1 261,9 248,5 303,4 282,8 308,4 290,4 326,0 275,3
13 274,4 265,2 251,4 306,7 286;2 312,2 293,7 329,3 278,6
14 277,8 268,2 254,3 310,5 289,5 .~315,5 297,1 333,1 281,6
15 280,7 271,5 257,3 313,8 292,9 318,9 300,8 336,9 284,9
16 284,1 274,4 260,6 317,2 296,2 322,6 304,2 340,6 287,9
11 287,4 277,8 263,6 321,0 299,6 326,0 307,5 344,0 291,2
18 290,4 280,7 266,5 324,3 302,9 329,8 310,9 347,8 294,1
19 293,7 284,1 260,4 327,7 S06,3 333,1 314,3 351,5 297,5
20 297,1 287,0 272,8 331,4 309,6 336,5 317,6 355,3 300,4
21 300,0 290,4 275,7 334,8 313 340,2 321,4 358,7 303,8
22 303,4 293,3 278,6 338,1 315,9 343,6 324,7 362,4 307,1
23 ~ 306,7 296,7 281,6 341,9 319,3 346,9 328,1 366,2 310,1
24 310,1 299,6 284,9 345,3 322,6 350,7 331,4 369,6 313,4
25 313,0 302,9 287,9 349,0 326,0 354,1 334,8 373,3 316,3
. * B 1JHC,1JHTeJIe YKa3aHa 3HTaJIblIHH OX,1Ja)!{.!leHHOro HHlla B CKOpJIyne, B 3HaMeHaTeJIe - 3aMep3IIIero

26

TaCiJIHl(a 1·3
pa8AU'llibtX reuneparqpax, 1CP,"';/lCe
MOJlOKO MacJlo Mopo}l{e~ Mopo}l{e. Baaor-pan, <J>pyKThi <J>PYKThi
MaCRO H SlrO,llbl Ii aro nsr 51rollhl C
ueasaoe CJutBOlJ:HOe xoponse Hoe Hoe a6pHKOCbl, (lIpyrlle B caxapao caxap01M
ronneaoe CJlHBOt{Hoe MOJlOl(HOe BHWHSI DHllbl) caporre
-9,6 -12,6 -9,2 -8,8 -16,3 -14,7 -17,2 -14,2 -17,6 -22,2
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Q,O 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2,1 2,9 1,7 1,7 3,4 2,9 3,8 3,4 3,8 5,0
4,6 5,4 3,8 3,4 7,1 6,3 7,5 6,7 8,0 10,0
6,7 8,4 5,9 5,0 11,3 9,6 11,7 10,0 12,0 15,5
8,8 11,3 8,0 7,1 15,5 13,4 15,9 13,4 16,8 21,0
11,3 14,2 10,1 9,2 19,7 17,6 20,5 17,2 21,4 26,8
13,8 17,6 12,6 11,3 24,3 22,2 25,6 21 26,4 33,1
15,9 21,4 15,1 13,4 29,3 27,2 31,0 25,1 31,4 39,8
18,4 25,1 17,6 15,9 34,8 33,1 36,5 29,7 36,9 46,9
21,4 28,9 20,5 18,0 40,6 39,8 42,7 34,4 43,2 54,9
24,3 32,7 23,5 20,5 46,9 47,3 49,9 39,4 49,4 63,7
23,5 37,3 .26,4 23,5 54,1 55,7 57,S- 44,8 56,6 73,7
31,0 42,3 29,3 26,0 62,4 65,4 66,6 51,1 64,9 85,9
34,4 48,2 32,7 28,5 72,9 77,1 78,8 58,7 75,8 101,0
39,0 54,9 36,5 31,4 86,7 92,2 93,9 68,7 89,7 120,3
44,8 62,9 40,6 34,4 105,6 111,9 116,1 82,1 108,1 147,5
52,0 73,7 44,8 36,9 132,0 138,7 150 104,3 135,3 169,7
63,3 88,8 50,7 39,8 178,9 181,4 202,8 139,1 180,6 173,5
83,4 111 ,5 60;3 43,2 221,2 230,0 229,2 211,2 240,1 176,4
184,4 91,8 49,0 224,6 233,4 233,0 268,2 243,9 179,8
264,4 319,3 95,1 52,0 227,9 236,7 2313,3 271,9 247,2 . 182,7
267,7 323,0 98,0 55,3 231,3 240,1 240,1 275,7 251,0 186,0
271,1 326,8 101,4 58,2 234,6 243,4 243,4 279,5 254,3. .189,0
274,4 331,0 104,8 61,2 238,0 247,2 249,7 283,2 258,1 192,3
277,8 334,8 107,7 64,1 241,3 250,1 250,6 287,0 261,5 195,3
281,6 339,0 111,0 67,5 244,7 253,9 254,3 290,8 266,5 198,6
284,9 342,7 114,4 708· 248,0 257,3 257,7 294,6 268,6 201,5
288,3 346,5 117,7 74;2 251,4 260,6 260,6 298,3 272,4 204,9
291,6 350,7 121,5 77,5 254,8 264 264,8 302,1 275,7 207,8
29,5,0 354,5 125,7 81,3 258,1 267,3 268,6 305,9 279,5 211,2
298,7 358,7 . l~~',~ 85,5 261,5 270,7 271,9 309,6 282,8 214,1
302,1 362,4 90,1 264,8 274,4 275,7 313,4 286,6 217,5
305,5 366,6 138,7 95,1 268,2 277,8 279,1 317,2 289,9 220,4
308,8 370,4 144,1 100,6 271,5 281,1 282,8 321,0 293,7 223,7
312,2 374,6 149,6 106,4 274,9 284,5 286,2 324,7 297,1 226;7
315,9 378,8 155,4 112,3 278,2 287,9 289,9 328,5 300,8 230,0
319,3 382,5 161,3 118,6 281,6 291,2 293,3 332,3 304,2 233,0
322,6 386,7 166,8 124,9 284,9 294,6 297,1 336,5 308,0 236,3
326,0 390,9 172,2 130,3 288,3 297,9 300,4 339,8 313,4 239,2
329,3 394,7 177,7 136,2 291,6 301,3 304,2 343,6 315,1 242,6
333,1 398,,9 182,7 141,2 295,0 304,6 307,5 347,4 318,4 245,5
336,5 402,7 187,7 146,2 298,3 308,0 311,3 351,1 322,2 248,9
339,8 406,8 192,3 150,8 301,7 311,3 318,9 354,9 325,6 251,8
343,2 410,6 196,5 155,4 305,0 314,7 318,4 358,7 329,3 255,2
346,5 414,8 200,7 159,6 308,4 318,0 321,8 362,4 332,7 258,1
350,3 418,6 204,9 163,8 311,4 321,4 325,6 366,2 336,5 261,5
27 npHTOK Ten~a- CBA3aHHyi C 9Kcn~yaTa~HeA KaMepy. BeJIIIlJHHY Q, OnpeAeJlIUOT KaK CYMMY TenJlOnpHTOKOB

(1-17)

rJte ql - npHTOK renna OT OCBemeHHH, BT;

q2 - npHTOK renna OT npeOblBaHHH JlloAeli, BT'

q« - np.~TOK renna 'OT paOOTbI 3J1eKTpO,ltBllraTe~eli, BT;

q« - npHTOK renna 'OT OTKpblBaHHH ABepeli, BT.

npHTOK renaa OT OCBell(eHHH. 3HalJeHHe q, 00-

pene.nsnor 00 cpopMYJle '

ql=AF, (1-18)

rne A - KOJlUlJecTBD renna, BbI)l.eJlHeMOrD OCBeTHTeJlbHblMH npHoopaMH aa 1 M2 nnomaAH xaxepu, BT/M2 (AJlH CKJlaACKHX 00- MemeHHii A= 1 BT/M2, AJllI OPOH3BOIlCTBeHHblX xaxep A = 4 BT/M2);

F - nnomans nona xaxepsr, M2.

npHTOK renaa OT OpeOYBaHHA mOllei. BeJlHlJHHY q2 paCClJlITbI,BaJOT no ypaBHeHHJO

qz = 3DDn,

(1-19)

rne n;_ 'lHCJlO JlJOlleli, padoraioumx B AaHHOM 1l0MemeHH.H (n=2-:-3 llJlll xaaep OJlD-

mMbJO AD 200. M2, n=3-:-4 AJI!! xaxep nnomaasio cssnne 20.0. M2).

npHTOK renaa OT pa60Tbi 9~eKTpoABHraTe~eA.

TIPH paCOOJlO)!{eHHH 3J1eKTpDABHraTeJleli (BeHTHJlHTOPOB, HaCOCOB HAP.) BHYT,PH oxnaacnaexoro KOHTypa 3HalJeHHe a« onpenenaior 000 CPOPMVJl~

q3 = ~ N:;! 100.0, (1-20)

rne N. - HOMHHaJlbHall IMOmHDCTb 3J1eKTpOIlBHrarena, KBT.

TIPH paCODJlO)!{eHRH 3J1eKTpO)l.BHraTeJIeli BHe oxnaacnaeaoro KOHTypa:

(1-21)

rne '11. - K. O. A. 3J1eKTpOIlBHraTeJlll.

npHTOK TeOJla OT OTKpblBaHHH ,ll.Bepeli. BeJlHlJHHY q, DOpeAeJlllJOT no 'Bblpa)!{eHHJO

(1-22)

rne B - YAeJlbHblli OPHT6K renna 0pH orxpusaHHU nsepea, BT/M2.

BeJlHlJHHa B npHHHMaeTclI no 'raoJl. 1-4. Ilpa oOJlbllleli BblCOTe xaxep ,BeJlHlJHHblTeIIJlOnpHTOKOBCJle.ll.yeT YBeJllllJHBaTb oPOOopUHOHaJlbHO.

KO~HlJeCTBO Ten~a, Bbl,IJ,e~HeMOe O~O,IJ,aMH B OBOll(aMH B pesyasrare AYXaHHH. BeJlHlJHHY Q5

Tao JI H ua 1-4

3Ha~eHue yaellbHo2o npUTOK.a rensa npu OTK.pbt6aHUU a6epefJ.

DOMemeHHlI

BeJlH'IHHa B (0 BT/M') npa Bblcore xaxep 3,6 M H naourana, MI

11.0 50

11.0 150

csume 150

KaMepbl OXJla~AeHHH xpynnoro poraroro CKOTa, oapaHDB, CBHHeii; CYOOPOAYKTOB H KHlllOK; aKKYMYJllITOPbI H xaaepu xpaneaaa oxaazcneaaoa PblObI

Kaaepu xpaaeaaa oxaascnennsrx rpY30B Kaaepsr 3aMOpa)!{HBaHHH

Kaxepsr xpaaeaas MOpO)!{eHblX npO,ltYKTOB Kaxepu cymanxa AJllI xonseaax, nonyxonse-

HblX KOJlOaC H xonueaocrea 3KCne,ltHUHlI H rrpaexaaa

Pa3PYOO'lI1ble, umpauosonaue, OOBaJlO'lHble, )!{HJlOBO'lHble OTAeJleHHlI

Kaxepa DXJla)!{AeHHlI sapeaux KOJlOaC, OKOPOKOD, cyonponyxros, CTYAHlI H namesoro )!{Hpa

Kaxepu ocanouaue AJI!! scex BHAOB KOJl6ac, xpaneans KDJlOaC, DKDpDKDB, cpaCDBaHHDrD Mllca H BbIAep)!{KH cp'apllIa AJilI xorrseasrx KOJlOaC, xaxepsr xpaaeaaa PblOHDli KYJlHHapHH H KOO'leHOCTeli

7,0.

5,S

14,0.

9,3 9,3 7,0. 4,6

23,2 16,3

7,0 7,0. 4,6 3,5

17,4 18,6 12,8

9,3

46,4 32,5

27,9

11 ,6 8,1

13,9

9,3

11,6

5,8

3,5

-

28

Ta6nHua I":"S.
yaeAbHble rensa, BblaeAJleJllOZO nsooasu: U OBOU{aJllU npu ablXaHUU I
KOAU'leCTBa
3Ha,eHHlI q~, q;'L(afBTlr) npa rexneparypax, DC
7inOAbi R ;OBODlR
2 5 20
A6pHKOChi 11 27 50 102 155 199
BaHaHhI
aeaeaue 52 98 131 155
apenue 58 116 164 242
JIHMOHbI 3peJ1bIe 9 13 20 33 41 58
qepewHH 21 31 41 91 165 219
, AnenbcHHbI 10 13 19 35 50 6g.
Ilepcaxa 19 22 41 92 131 181
rpYWH 20 28 63 160
paHHHe 41 218
n03,IJ.HHe 10 22 41 56 126 21g.
SI I5nOlw
p.8HHHe 19 21 31 60 92 121
n03,IJ.HHe 10 14 21 31 58· 13
CnKBa 21 35 65 126 184 233
BHHorpa,IJ. 9' 11 24 36 49 18
, .D.blHH 20 23 28 43 16 102
JlYK 20 21 26 34 31 58
Kanycra 18 135 228
6plOCCenbcKaH 61 295 520
lJ,BeTHaH 63 11 88 138 259 402
6enoKOQaHHaH 33 36 51 18 121 194
KpaCHOKOQaUHaH (3HMHHH) 19 24 24 38 58 116
~aPTo$e.nh 20 22 24 26 36 44
OPKOBh 28 34 38 44 91 135
OrypUhI 20 24 34 60 121 114
• ,CBeKJJa 20 28 34 60 116 213
" TOMaT 11 20 28 41 81 102
"qecuoK 22 31 41 11 128 152 no nocne,ltUeMY.IJ.H1O 3arpY3KH xa-

Q5 = q~O + q;(E- 0),

(1-23)

Q5' - Y,IJ.eJJhHoe IWJlH'leCTBO renaa, BbI,ltenHeaoe nJIO,IJ.aMH H OBOIUaMH II,PH ,llhIxaHHH BO apexa OxnalK,lteHHlI, BT/T; q5" - Y,lte.nhHoe ~OJlHqecTBO renaa, BhI,IJ.eJIHexoe nJIO,IJ.aMH HOBOIUaMH npH ,IJ.h1xaIIHH BO :speMH xpaaeaas, BT/T;

G - ~aKCHMaJJhHOe e,IJ.HHOBpeMeHHoe nocTynneHHe nJIO,IJ.OB' H oBomeR B xaxePY, ,T (HeTTo);

E - noanas eMKOCTh KaMephl, T (HeTTo).

3uaQeHHlI TenJIOBhI,IJ.eJIeHHH q{ H qs" IIpHHHMaIIIO Ta6n. 1-5 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OTBH,IJ.a iIJJPOJI~~H, xapaxrepaoro ,IJ.JIlI pacseraoro nepaoaa. !lTOM TeMnepaTYPY IIJIO,IJ.O'B H oaomes n'PH-

HHMalOT BOB,peMH OXJIalK,IJ.eHHlI Q5' - no cpe,IJ.HeMy 3HaqeHHIO MelK,IJ.Y HaqaJIhHOH H KOHeqHOH TeMnegaTypaMH np0,IJ.YKTOB, a B nepaon xpaHeHHJI q5 r - no pacnernoii rexneparyee ,B03,IJ.yxa B xaMepe.

'u'JIH aarapeaaax rpY30B yqHThlBalOT TenJIOnpHTOK OT OXJIalKjleHHH rapa

QT _ PTCT (tH- tK) 2 - 24.3,6 '

rae P» - Macca rapu, xr (npHHHMaIOT nponopUHOHaJIbHO CYTOqHOMY IIOCTynJIeHHIO B xaxepy aarapennsrx rpY30B);

c., - TenJIOeMKOCTb MaTepHaJIa Tapbl,

K,U.lK/ (Kr· K);

tH - l.aqaJIbHaH TeMnepaTy,pa rapa, °C; t« - KOHeqHaH rexneparypa Tapbl, DC.

(1-24)

29

CnOCOObl OXJla)K.lI.eHHSI H pacser OOOPY.lI.OBaHHSI XOJlO.ll.HJlbHblX KaMep

B 33<BHClfMOCTIf DT Ha3Ha'leHHlI OXJIalK,[(aeMblX noxeutenan, 3a,[(aHHb1X TeMne:paTYPHD-BJIalKHDCTHhlX pelKHM'DB XpaHeHHlI CKDpDnDpTlIlIlHXClI rpy- 30B, HX xapaxrepa, onocooos ynasoaxa H CPOKOB

- xpaHeHHlI IIpoeKTHPYIOT. 6aT8JpeHHoe,B03,[(YIIlHDe HJIH cxeuranaoe oxnaacnenae KaIMep.

Barapeanoe oxnaxcnenae peKOMeHJlyeTClI ,[(JIlI xajrep xpanenns aeynaxoaannsrx MD:polKeHblX npDJlyKTDB aa paClIpeJleJIHTeJIbHhIX H npDIf3BOJlCTBeHHblX XDJIDJlHJIbHHKax. Barapen npHMeHlIlOT raKlKe ,[(JIlI OXJIalKJleHHlI xaxep MaJIbIX XDJIDJlHJIbHHKDB, a raxxce ,[(JIlI He6DJIbllIJfX noxemeana BcnDMDraTeJIbHOrD Ha3Ha'leHHlI pacnpenenare.nsHblX X'DJlO,[(HJIbHHKDB (HaKDnUTeJlbHhlX, pa3'rpY3D'IHblX npa xaerepax 3aMDpalKHBaHHlI, noxememcr ,[(JI5I xparrenaa HeWDH.JlHU.HOHHbIX rpY30B H JlP.).

BD3JI.YIIlHDe DXJlalKJleHHe peKDMeH,[(yeT.CH KaK nporpeccnansn; H nepcnexrnaaui; MeTDJl JlJlll IIlHpoxoro HCnDJlb30BaHlfH B xaxepax HHTeHCHBHOH XOJlDJlHJlbHDH o6pa6DTKH lIPDJlYKTD,B (oxaaacneHHe, saaopasoraaaae), xaxepax xpanenns OXJIalKJleHHblxrpY30B, xaxepax xpanenas vnaxoBaHHblX MDpOlKeHblX 'npDJlYKTDB, acnoxorarens. nux KaMepax npOH3BO,[(CTBeHHhlX XDJlD,[(HJlbHHKOB

(3KCIH~JlHUHH H JI.p.). I1paKTH'IecKH nonraepscnena ueJIecoD6pa3'HOCTb BD3JlYllIHDrD OXJlalK,[(eHHH 'HH3KDTeMnepaTYPHhlX xaxep xpaHeHH5I aevnaxoaanaax npDJlYKTDB (MlI'CO, pbl6a H ,[(p.) npa pelKHMe -287 -30° C. I1PH 3TDM eCTeCTBeHHhle norepn npO,[(YK'I'DB He npeasnuaior HQPIM, YCTaHOBJI,eHHhlX ,[(JlH neynaxoaannux ,npD,[(YKTOB, xoropue xpanarcs npH -18°7 -200 'B xaxepax c 6aTapeHHhlM 'DXJIalK,[(eRHeM.

I1peHMymecTBaMH B03JlYlIlHorD DXJlalKJleHHlI SLBJllIlOTClI paBHDMepHDCTb reaneparypta aoanyxa nD 06'beMY xaxep; MaJjall MeTaJlJlOeMKOCT~ .06.0- PY,[(DBaHHlI xaxep; YCKD:peHHe npDueCCDB XDJIO'[(HJIbHOii D6paooTKH np0.llYKTOB npn MeHblIIHX MaCCDBblX lIDTeplIX; HCKJIIO'IeHHe PY'IHDI'O rpyna nna QTTaUBaHHH DOoPYJlDBaHHlI; BD3MQ)fU:lO'CTb aDJIHDll aBTOMaTH3aUHU paoora xaxep xpaaeaaa:

YCKopeHHe H ynemeanenae iMOHTalKHhlX paeor. I1PH BD3JlYIIlHDM OXJIalKJleHHH 3aTpa'JHBaeT'ClI snepraa ,[(JIlI npasona aeHTHJllITDPDB ,B03JlYXDDXJIa)l;HTeJIeH. 3TDT He,[(OCTaTDK 'oxynaercs npenxymeCTBaMH cnocooa,

CMelIlaHHblll cnocoo DXJlalK,[(eHHlI, 3aKJlIO'IalOmHocll B HCnOJIb30!laHHH BD3JlyxoOXJIa'[(HTeJIeH H 6aTapeii, npHMeHlIlOT .llJIlI xaxep pacnpenemrrensHblX XOJIOJl,lIJ1bHlIKDB C YHHBepCaJIbHhlM rexnepaTypHhlM ,pelKllMOM (HanpllMep, Of-ZOO C).

Barapeiinoe oxnaacoenue

Barapea H3 opeopeaasrx rpy6 BhlnDJlHlIlOT 1I3 CTaHJla,pTHhlX 'CeKUllll no rOCT 17Q45-72 «CeKUlIH ..JCTaJIbHhle opeepeaaue oxnaacnaioumx 6aTa-

peii XOJlOJlllJIbHhlX YCTaHOBOK:'. YKa3aHHblll rOCT rrpezrycxarpaaaer npaxeaeaae urecrn THnOB cexUlIll: CK - D.llHDKDJlJleKTDpHhle, C3r - 3MeeBlIKDnsre roaoanue, C3X - 3MeeBHKDBble XB()CTOBble, CC - cpennae, C3 - 3MeeBHKDBble 1I C2K - ,lI;BYXKDJIJIeKTDpHble. CeKUlIH H3I'DTDBJIlIIOT 1I3 TPy6 ,1.IHallleTpOM 38X2,25 MM lIJIH38X3,0 MM (B aaBHClIMOCTlI DT IWPPD3HDHHOll aKTlIBHOCTll cpe,[(bl - aMMlIaK llJLll paCCDJI), opeopeaastx JreHTDii 1 X45 MM. KOHCTPYKTHBHble pasxepu H xapaxrepHCTHKa ceKUHll yxaaanu B Ta6JI. 1-6.

Boeiiutunoe OXllaOICOeHUe

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B ,K.PY'INI00pOJleTHhiOC KalMepaX 0,JI.H03TaJKHhIX XOJl~HJlbHIliKOB naHeJlbHbI~ 6arIJpeH YCTaHaBJlPIBaIOT aa yposne HHJKHeI'O nosca JKeJJe306eTO:H;-' BOH HJlH . MeTaJlJJliqecKoii: $ep:MhI HJlHHHJKHeH noaKH6aJlltH. Bo scex cnyxaax lIlPH MORTaJKe nOTOJlOqHhIX :naHeJlbHblX .6aTapeit cneayer 06ecneqHTb OTtlOll TaJlOH BOllbiC noaepxaocnr HX, 66pameHHOH B CTOPOHY noxparas KaMepbt.

B xaaepax I1pOM~JKYTOqHblX naJKeH MHoro- 3TaJKHbix XOJIOllHJlbHHKOB HcnoJlb3YIOT COBMeCTHO ABa 'l'Hdla 6aTapeii: noroaossue, opetipennae H n.pHCTeHHble naaeasaae. He.ll.OCT8TKH naaensaax 6aTapeil:: nOBhIweHHblH pacxon xeranaa H 60JlbWall TPYllC1eMKOCTb H3TOTQBJleHlilI H MOHTaJKa; TJlY.llHOCTbOqHCTKH caera co CTOPOHbI nOTOJlQ'qHOro npoexa B oco6eHHOCTH - npa BhICOTe ero

40-50 CM. •

TJlallKoTpy6Hble earapeaaaorna HC.fjOJlb3YIOT B XOJlO.llHJIbHHKaX MaJloii: eMKOCTH.

B nenax YMeHbWE!IlHfI nOBepxHoCTH 6aTapefi nenecooepasao HCnOJlb3OBaTb B03.llYXOOXJlallHTe-

s

"

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PHC. 1-14. Barapes noronosnaa

'naHeJlbH81I:

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meHHlI. j

IIIHpoKoe pacnoocrpaaeaae nOJly<lHJlH paapa- 60TaHHhIe BHI1Xll nonsecaue B03.llYXOOXJlallHTeJlH rrma non-so. BOn-7S, Bon-IOO, BOn-ISO C InJlaCTHHqaTO-,pe6plicTOH nOBepXHOCTbK> OXJla)K.lI.eHHH, naotnans xoropoa COOTBeTCTBeHHopaBHa 50, 75, 100 H ISfr MZ, npOII.3BO.ll:CTtlO KOTOPblX ocBoeHO npe.ll.npHflTHSiMH MHHM'lIcoMo.ronpoMa H B BeHrpH'H no JlHHHH C3B. 3TH IB03.llYXOOXJla1lHTe~ JlHHCnOJlb3YIOT .llJlH OXJlaJK,lleHHlIKaMep pacnpe.lleJlHTeJlbHblX H npOH3BO.llCTBeHHhIX XOJlO.llHJlbHHKOB H TexHOJlorHqeCKHX uexOB.

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36

PHC. 1-15. BoazyxooxaanaTeJlb BeptHK8J1bHhlH 8MtMH8q· HhlH nJlOI.ll8,lJ;bIO nOBepXHOCTH

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rpY30BbllIi: XOtpIlJI.OPOM. . .

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3a nocaeaaee BjJeMli 11 CCCP.H aa py6e)J(~ (HraJllIll, Cl>paHUlll1 H np.) aauma nrapoxoe npH .. MeHeHHe aarpecoasaae B03,lJ;YXOOXJla.ll.HTeJJH orxpuroro rana (pac. 1-17). BSTa,peH ,B03.l1.YXOOX-

---

Ta6J1HuaI-8 TeXHU~eCKa!! XapaKTepUCTUKa HanOAbHbt.'C BOaaYXOOX.II.aaUTe.ll.eiJ. KOHCTPYKltUU rUnpOXOAOaa

TIJlOmallb nOBepXHOCTH OXJlalKlleHHH, M'

150

600

200

Barapea

JtHaMeTp Tpy6, MM pa3Mep Ope6peHHOH JleHTbI, MM

urar opeepeaas, MM pacseraas CKOPOCTb aosnyxa Il 6aTapee,

M/c . . .

BeHTHJlltTOP THn KOJlH'IeCTBO HOMep

pacxon soaayxa, M3/'1 . aanop, KI1a (Krc/M2) 8J1eKTpO.llBHraTeJIb

THII '

MOIUHOCTb, KBT

'1aCTOTa BpaIUeHHH, MHH~I Cnocoe OOOI'peBa IIOMOHa

Oeorpesareaa THn

OOIUaH MOIUHOCTb, KBT uacca, zr

. 38X3,5 30X1

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1000

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10,8 .

8850

3200

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o;IHpOBaHHblX or CKJla,lliCKHX ilIOMeIUeHHii, 'ITO C03- aaer B03MOJKHOCTb aeaocpencrseaaoro OCMOTpa ceKUHH oaTapeii H BeHTHJIHTOPOB; HaJlH'IHe He:CKOJlbKHX lBeRTHJllITOPOB H.llBYX oaTapeii II03BOJlHeT pervaapoaars XOJlO.llOIIPOH3BO.llHTeJIbHOCTb, YMeHbIIlaeTcH MeTaJIJlOeMKOCTb .

.il.JIli perYJIHpOBaHHH IIHTaHHlI )KH,llKHM XOJIO,nHJIbHblM areHTOM UJIH XJIa.llOHOCHTeJIeM OXJIa)KJtaIOIUHX npHOOpOB. XOJIO.llHJIbHbIX xaxep, OTKJIIOqeHHH ax OT MafHCTpaJIbHblX TPyoonpOBO,llOB B

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3S

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HeoTa'lIJIHBaeMbiX nOMemeHHlIX, noxpsraaercs CJIO.eM JIb)l,a, 'ITO aarpynaser HX 9KCnJIyaTaUHIO.' ,llJIli lWJIO,!l.HJIbHHKOB He60JIbllIOH eMKOCTH ueJIeCOOOpa3- HO BblHOCHTbpacnpe.u.eJIHTeJIbHble YCTPOHCTBlI B 1I0MemeHHlI MallIHHHblX OT)l,eJIeHHH XOJIO.llHJIbllbiX YCTaHOBOK, 'Ito Y.ll06HO B sxcnxyaranaa,

Ilpa npoexraposaaaa XOJIO.llHJIbHHKOB MlI.COKOMOHHaTOB npenyoaarpaaaror )l,JIli xaaep OXJIa>K.lleHMlI H 3af,lOpaJl<:HBaHlI1I Mlica HaH60JIee 9<Ijl- 4>eKTHBHoe B 9KCnJIyaTaUHII IIHTeHCIIBlloe B03)l,YllIHOe oxaasoreaae C IICnOJIb30BaHHeM ope6pell'HbiX noasecaax B03)l,y.xoOXJIa)l,IITeJIeH Ball II Bar (pHC. 1-18), xoropue IIMelOT aBTOMaTH'IeCKOe orranaaaae caeroeon llIy6bI. B' 9TIIX K3.MepaX yc'tallaBJIHB2IOT llall60JIee ~pynHble B03.llYX(l)OXJIa.llll. TeJill nOBepXHOCTblO no 230 M2, H3'rOTOBJIlieMble

113 Tpy6 .llllaMeTpOM 25X2,0 MM C urarox ope6" pellllll 17 MM. B03)l,YXOOXJIa.llHTeJIII pasxemaior nan KapKaCOM nOJI,BeCllhIX nYTeH II nOluieCllbiMII. KOIIBeHepaMHII xpenar K 3aKJIa.llHblM .ll:eTaJHJ1V1, aalI.eJIbiBaeMbiM B CTblKII Me>K.ll:Y C60P'HbiMII >KeJIe3'0- 6eTOHHblMII 'llJIIITaMII nepexpsrras lIJIII noxpsr-. TlIlI. B Ka>K.llOH 113' yxasaaaax KlI'Mep npenycsrarpuaaror YCTaHOBKY HecKOJlbKHX tIl03)l,YXOOXJIa)l,IITeJIeH B JIIIHHIO, 'ITO ynpomaer MOHTa>K aMMHa'lHblX rpyeonposonoe. UHPKYJIl!UHlI B0311.yxa B xaxenax XOJIOllHJlbHOH o6pa60TKII Mlica qpe)l,y, cxarpaaaercs nepea JIO>KHbIH nOTOJIOK' C .ll:aJIbHeHUlIIM Ha'IJpa'BJIeHlleM B03)l,yxa nepneH.llHKYJIlIPH{j' . nonsecaux nYTlIM .. 3TO n03BOJIlieT H36e>KaTb9K; pauapoaaaas MliCHbiX nOJIYTYllI H YCKOPIITb npoueccu OXJIa>KlI.eHlIlI 1I,3aMOpa>KIIBaHII1I.

39

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• cpepOM; 4-B03JJ;YXaBOJJ;bI; 5-,nOJJ;JJ;OH; 6-0rpalKJJ;eHHe B0311.YXOOXJlaJJ;ureJlH.

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KaMepbI x-paHeHHSI M:OpOlKeH01'OMSIca (B nOJIYTywax H xeraepraaax) IIiJ>H TeMnepaType-200 C trpoeKTHpYlOT C 6anpel'lHblM OXJlalKJ1.eiiHeM.

C nepeXOJJ.OM npoMbtlIIJIeHHOCTH aa ·n.POH3tBO,!l.CTBO ynaKOBa,HHblX !of:HCQnp0Jl.YKTOB Ka'MepbI xpaHeHHH MOpOlKeHOl'O IMSlca caenyer npoexrapoeans C i803,!1.YillHblM OXnalK,!I.eHlleM crrpHMeHeHHeM B03- JJ.YXOOXJIa,!l.HTeJIeA noneeenoro HJlH nOCTaMeHTJIoO- 1'0, (JJ.JISI xpyrnrsrx KaMep) THnOB.

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npOH3tBO,!l.CTBeHHhIeXOJIo,t(HJIbHHKH MaCJIOCbl.p~ 6a3 o60pYllYIOT C Y'leroM nO,!l.,t(eplKa'HHH lB. ;KaMepax onpe.lleneHHblx TeXHOJIOrH1lecKHX YCJlOBHH soaayxa (TeMnepaTYPbl if BJialKHocTH), crporo ne- 06XO,!l.HMblX ,lJ.JlSl 003'peB8HHSI capos TOro HJlH aaoro copra, B CBH3H C 3THN npa npOeKTHpOBaHKH a xauepax aBTIOMaTH3~OBaHHblX KOH.llHUHOHepOB npeJJ.YCMaTipHBaIOT YCTaHOBKY IIIpeHIMYlIlec'1'BeRHO Henocpe,!l.CTBeHHOI"O OXJlalK,IleHHlI.

40

1-18. XOJIO~HJ1bHhle, KaM6phl C paaaemeaaex oOOPYJl.OB8HHlI (XOJIO.zUlJIbH!H{ MSCoKoM6JmaTa

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41

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20

5,9(5,1) 4,7(4,0)

5,1(4,4) 15,6(4,8) 14,8(4,1) 14,7(4,0) 4,2(3,6)' 4,4(3,8) 4,0(3,4) 3,6(3,1)

4,1(3,5) 3,3(2,8)

4,3(3,7) 3,4(2,9)

3,1(3,2) 3,0(2,61!

T a 6 JI H U a I~ 11 K08cpcpUI1UenTbl TenAonepe8a'lu ko[BT/(M2·K)] 6aTapeii U3 eJla8ICux Tpy6 8uaMeTpoM 57X3,5 MM

Tesmeparypa BOII)lyxa B xaxepe,

DC •

° -20

9,8(8,4) 7,0(6,0)

18

noroaosnue oJUiopllllHble

6

9,8(8.4) 7,0(6,0)

"'!"'W.';lH'''L(1)1 K orpa*.ll.eHHHM, noraouraer TOJIbKO TerrJIOrrpHTOKH:

Q-Q'i-Q~

F = r, + Fc:'~ kB ' (1-27)

F n - noaepxaocrs nOTOJIOqHbIX naHeJIbHbIX 6aTa<peil:,' oopameaaas B

KaMepy, MZ; ~

Fe - nOBepXHOCTb npHCTeHHbIX naaemHbIX ,6aTapeii:, oopamemras B xa-

Mepy, M2; .

Q - oomee KOJlHqeCTBO TenJIOrrpHTO-

KOB, npomrxaiomee B xaxepy, BT'

QI C - KodmocTBo TenJIOrrpHTOK'OB C

yseroa OOJIHeqHoii: oahaanaa, npOHHKaIOIUHX COOT,BeTCTBeHHO qepe3 nOKpbITHe H HapY*HbIe CTeHbI, BT;

q=k8 BT/M2 - Y.lleJIbHaH rennosan

HarrpY3Ka; npa Cpe.llHeil: pa3HOCTH TelMlrrepaTYP Me*.llY IB03.llYXOM H lWJIO.ll.HJIbHbIM areHTOM (xaanoHOCHTeJIeM), pa'BHOH 100 C. 3<HaqeHHe q~47 BT/Mz,

10,7(9,2) 7;6(6,5)

12,0(10,3) 8.6(7,4)

14,0(12,0) 9,9(8,5)

ITPH HaJIHqHJt 'I'OJIbKO IIOTOJIOqHbIX naHeJIbHbIX

tiarapea 3aBHCHMOClb "'pHHHMaeT BH.ll .

. Q-Q'l~'

F = Fn =, . _ (1 .. 28)

kB

Floaepxnocrj, naHeJIbHbIX 6aTapei'I B KaMepax rrpHHHMaIOT KOHCTPYKTHBHO, npHqeM IIOTOJIO'lHbIX' 6aTapeii: _ c yxerox MaK<CHMaJIbHOrO sxpanaposaHHH nJIOIUanH noxpuras xaxep.

ITPli paspaeorxe npOeK'I'OB XOJIOnHJIbHHKoB caenyer rrpHM·eHHTb <npeH!MYIUeCTBeHHO npnOO.PbI OXJIa*neHHH aasoacxoro H3rOTOBJIeHHH no rOCT 17645-72 «GeKUliH CTaJIbHbIe ope6peHHbIe ox. JIa*naIOIUHX 6aTapei'I XOJIOnHJIbHbIX YCTaHOBOK» Ii TOCT 18983-73 «_Bo3nyxOOXJIa.zr.HTeJIH CTaJIbHbIe C rronepesso-cnnpaasnaa opecpeaaea».

BCJIyqae Heo6xO.ll.HMOCTH Ipa3pa60TKH HH,!(HBH.llyaJIlIHbIX rrpoexron npH6opoB OXJla*,n:eHHli (aecraanaprasnpoaaaaoe 06opynoBaHHe) cnenyeTpYKOBO.llCTBOBaTbCH .llaHHbI'MH COOT,BeTCTBYIO"

BCH 1<86-74

IUHX rOCTOD, HOpMaJIbIO· Copra-

MMCC CCCP 1

Memo ~py6 TeXHOJIorli'leCKHX Tpy60rrpoaonoit ft. Py= 100 Krc/cM2 H3 YfJ1ePO.llHCTOii: CTaJIH H cTlla' MapKH 10r2 H Ta6Jt, 1-7.

43'

Pacuer quptcYIlUpYIOU¥!eO 80Sayxa • 8 xasepa» U 8bl6op cnoco6a

, : eeo paCnpeaelleHUJl

Pacxoa 1800000yxa, ~UllpKy.nHpylOlUero '1epe3 B03- AYX'Oox.n'aAH1'e/IiH, npa cHlCreMe BlOOAywHOrO oxJlIll1KJleHHH V (18 M3/R) OIIIIPe.;teUIOT no 4lapMyne

(1-29)

rJle Q - o6lUee . l<,O.nil'lecTlIlO TennonpHToKOO,

,il;poHHKalOlUOO !B KaMepy, BT;

Q - nJIOTHOCTbBo3.nyxa npH cpe.nHelil 3HaqeHHH TeMUepatypbl B KaMepe, Kr/M3;

i" iz - <1HTaJIbnHH soaayxa COOTBeTCTBeHHO aa 'BXQ.n.e n suxone 113 soanyxooxna-

.nHTeJIll, K}l.lI</Ki\ '

BeJIHqHHa V .lI.OJllKHa .cOCTa,BJlHTb He MeHee 100 l\f3/q na 1 M2WIOOla,nH nosepxaoera renJIO-

'nepe'!{a'I.H. 3Hallem{Sl 3HT,aJIbnHli: onpeAenllIOT .no TepMo,nHHaMHlIecKIH& JlHanpaMMa'M MH Ta6:nHu.~M, nplfliHMall,paclieTHYlOpa3HocTb TeMneparyp ~3- Ayxa sa \BXOJle H Bblxo,ne M3, B03,nYXOOXJ1a,nHTeJIH, pasHoli: 3-40 C. Jl.Jm 'IIo;:(n,epll<aHHlI IBKaMepe noBllIlUeHHIOil: BJIalKHOCT.H, a TaK~e.'Il, CJIylIae oc06blx TpeooBaHHli: B OTHOIlleHHH paBHOMepHOCTHTeMllIe- ' paTY'P YKa3aHHYlO Ipa3HOCTb TeMnepaTYp 1JlPHHHMSIOT 2-2;5° C npli TeMneparypHOM aanope lIlelKJl.y B03,nYXOM H XJla,nareHTOM (xaaaoaocareaea) 5-7°C.

, ' I

flPH CHCTeMe B03.llYlUHOTO ox.nalK.lleHHlI ,13 3alJHCHMOCTH 01' Jl83H8l1,eHHlI H pa3Mepoo xaxep, xap8KTepHCTHKH B03,nYXOOXJla.ll.HTeJteli:, 'BHJlOj3 xpaHlIlUHXCll II'pY30BH sanamrax TeMnepaTyp,ltoBJ1~l)KHOCTHblX ,PelKHMOB MOlKHO npHMeHHTb 6ecKaHaJlbHYIO JlJIH ,K8!laJIbHYIO CHCTeMbl soaayxoaecnpenenenas, flpellflO'lTeHHe CJle.nyeT OT.lI.aS8Tb 6ecK8HaJIbHOii CHCTeMe KaK lJiaH60Jlee 3KOH()MHlIHOrl B OTHOlUeHHH pacxona 3JIeKTpO!lHeprHH. BeeK8BaJlbHall CHCTeMa soaayxopacnpeneneans pesoMeH.llyerclI ):VlllKaMap, o60py~oBaHHblx aanecaaMH, ':B03..llYXOOXJla.ll.HTeJlllMH, KOTOPble o6cJIylKlfBarpT OT.lleJIbHble 30Hbl, a TaIDKe ,nJ1H KaMep xpase- , HHlI, 06QpY.lI.OBaHHblX D.eHTp8JIbHblIMH UOC1'&MeHTHblMH B03,llYXOOXJI8,nHTeJ1HMH npa 06eCneQeltHH JlOCTaTOllHO{{ .lI.aJIbHo6oli:HOCTH a03.nylUHoi\' crpYH ,j{IH8J1HlIHPI npocrpaaersanaa rpY301>l, aeoexoaaMQrO 1lJI1I ee pasa KTHH.

,Pa3,llallY soanyxa no xaxepe npa 6ecKa!laJIbJioA CHCTeMe npe.nYOMaTpHilaIOT: .nJlll aaaecaax 1I03,llYXOOXJIa,llHTeJIeli: npH llOMOJUH B03,llYXOHanpaSJ1HJOlUHX npHCTaBOK" ,llJIlI nOCTaMeHTHbiX - , npH nOMOJUH cones ,(HaC,a.IJ.OK).

)lHaMeTip KpYrJIOfO COlIJIa nJIH BblXOJJ,a B03.l1.Y, xa de (B M) OJIIipe,lleJI1IIOT no c!>opMYJIe

- V', 1,27:5Ve

de.,.. 3600w .•

e .

(1-30)

rae Ve-,paCXO,ll aosnyxa sepes COlIJIO" M3/q; W -r-r- BblXO,llH811 CKQPOCTb CTpYH, M/c.

BbIXO\ltHYIO CKOPOCTb CTPYH eosnyxa lIPH ,naJIbHOOOli:HoCTH 15-20 M pexoxenayercs npHHHMaTb 10-15 M/C C yqeToM COO,ll8HHll 3>KeKD.HH oKpYlKatomero aoanyxa H o6ecneQeHHlI Tpe6ye!Woft nonBH>KHOCTHerOBO scex 06'beMe xaxepu.

KOH4>Y30p, YCTaHaBJIH,8aeMblli: lIeI'M eOItnOM, .llOJIlKeHHMeTbyrOJl l,paCK!PIlITH'lI He 6o.nee 0,5236 paa (30").

HPH p8JClIeTe Heo6xo,nHMoro aanopa :B,eH'I'HJIlIropa norepio aanopa B conae He (B TIa) orrpell.eJIHIOT

W;Q

He = 2~e '

rne Tic - KO!lqJ<pHD.lieHT nOJJe3HOrO ,neli:cTlIlHH con- '

JIa (Tic =0,93+0,97). .

Kaaaasaaa CHCTeMa sosnyxopacnpeneaenna peKOMeU,llyercH ,llJIH KaMel' XpaHeHHHC ueHTpa~hHblMli nOCT8MeHTHbIMH 1!03IlyxoOXJIa,ZJ.HTeJIlIMH npa OTCyTCTBHH nocratosaoro npOCTpaHCTB8 Ha,n

rpY30M JlJIfI Ipa3,BHTHlI C,TpYH. '

, ITPH 'KalHaJlbHoil: CHCTeM'e B xaxepe caeayer ycrpaaaars TOJIbKO Ha,rHeTaTeJIbHblil: KaHaJJ; B 9TOM CJIYlIae B xasecrae eCTeCTlBeHHOI'O scacasatow;ero KaHaJlaHOOOJIb3yeTclI npOCTpaHCTBO MelK-

IlY IUTa6eJIlIMH rPY30B.· '

B KaMep8x xpaaeaaa HaJI'HeTa1'eJlbHblli: KaHaJI cnenyer pacnoJiaraTb nan rpY30BblM npoesnoa, a BC8JCblBaIOJUee OTBepCTHe B03,1lYXOOXJIa,llHTeJIlI - BOJlH3H npoeana .•

TIJIOJU8Jlb nonepesaoro celleHHH KaHaJIa F,« (BM2) :

(1-31)

(1-32)

I

rne V-,paCXOJl soanyxa sepea xaaaa, M3tll;

W - CKOPOCTb,nBH>KeHIf!l soanyxa B K8'HaJle,

, 'M/c(npHHHMaIOT6-8 M/C). ,

TIPH K8H8JIbHOli: CHCTeMe oSOOJlYX no xaxepe pexoxeanyerca pasaaaars C nOMOlUbIO OKOH (pacnpeneneaae ntJH MaJlOM ,riO.ll.OXJIauK,lleHHH eosayxa 2-2,5° C) HJIH meneaisx conea (3lKeKTOpHOe pacnpeneaeaae IllPH 'l10BbllUeRHOM nO,llOXJIa>K,lleHHH B03,llYX8 4---6° C). TIPl1 3lKeKTopHOM eosnvxopacnp~eJIeHHH MelKJlY, npTOJIKOM KaMepbl H IUTa6eJIeM I1>Y38; 1He06xOJlHMO QCTaBJI1ITb ,paCCTOllHHe ll.JIH ,pa3BHTHH CTpyU, HCKJlIOlIaIOJUee aenocpencTBeHHblli: o6,nys rpyaa X,o,JIOll.HbIM B03,nYXOM. '

44

,CI{O,(IOC:Th ABiUKeHHflB03,!1.yxa aa BblXO,!l.en3 npHHHMalOT He Bblwe 2-3 M/C, H3 conea npa ,!I.aJlhHo60i!:,HOCTH CTPYH llO lie iIIb1we 10-12 No/C. BbiCOTY lllMeBOI'O peKoMeH:llYeTCSI npHHHMaTh IO~20 MM. conaa CJIellyeTBCTaBJIHTh nonepexaae

V'l'VJ.l>~'" ,pa3lleJJHlOlllHe ero 'IIo,!l.JIHHe !JIa ipHll OTBepCTHH pUMepOM 30XlO 1fJIH MM.'

He06XO,!l.HMOCTH ,!I.OnyeKae1'CH YCT.pOi!:c1\BO KaMepe oneuaaasaoro ecacuaaromero xaaana. 3roMCJIytlae B03,!1.YX peKOMeB.ZlyeTcSI pacnpeHBCaCblBaTb xepea OKHa, cfla6>KeHHhle WH-

,!I.JlH perYJlHpOBaHH'H ero pacxoaa.

• Pacser U noa6op YBllaOfCH,UTfllbllblX YCTpoiicTB

Hanpasaeaae nponeoca 06pa60TKH sosnyxa C neJIblO . nOllJl;ep>KaHHH' . OTIroCHTeJIbHOH aa onpellMeHHOM onTHMaJIbHOM YPOBonpenessror no BeJIH'lHHe renJlOBJIa1KllOCTHoto

. " Q

. W' (B K,lI.>K/Kr),

Q - KOJIH'leCTBO renaa, nocrynaiomero B xa(B KBT);

,.;_ KOJlH'IeCTBO BJlarH,nocTyna~IlleH B" xa(B Kr/c).

Q'

, npH W < 8000 He06xollHM nonorpea B03,!1.y-

. .

noeae ero OXJla>K,lleHHH H OCYWeHHa; npa

> 8000 rpeoyercs YollJl8>KHeHHe B03,!1.yxa. 1(0JlH'IecTBO BJlarH, nocrynaiontea ',B Ka'Mepy,' OIIpelleJlHTbKaK CYM'MY , ~J1arcmpHTOKoB ''U1''''''HhlY HoCTO'lHIIKOB:

(1-33) W1- BJllIirOlIPHTOK 'lepe3 orpa>K,!I.eHHH xaxepbl, ror/'I;

W2 - BJI8!rOnpHTOK OT xpaHHWHXCSI npO,!l.YKT~, 1!J;/'I;

Wl's, - BnaronpH'I\OK, ,nOCTynaIOIllHH c BeHTHJlHnHOHHhlM :B03,llYXOM, xr/'l;

Wi - BJlarOnpHTOK, C'BH3aHHhlH C sxcnayaranlteH nOMeIlleHHH, Kr/'l.

BJI8ofOn,PH11OK sepes orpa>K,JleHltH npH 1IX COOTPeTBVlomefi napo-, H fH.lIJPOH30JlHnHH OTHOCH'11 ero MOlKHO He Y'lHTbIBaTb, T. e.

OT XlpaHHIllHxcsr np0,!l.YKTOB Pqw

W2 = , 1000 ' (1-34)

P - xacca e,llHIJOIBpeMeHHO xpaHSIIllHXclI B KaMepe npO,llYKTOB, T;'

qw - cpenaee oBJIal'OBbilleJIeHHe I T npo,llY'KTOB .B 'lac B 'P8C'IeTHblH nepaoa, ,rf(T''I) (npHHRMaIOT no ~OOrBeTCTBYIOIllHM HrO H onpaBO'IHbllIf xarepa-

$J1a·M). .

1(0JI!Jqecnao BJIa!rH, nocTynaioIllei!: C BeHTHJIlI. UHOHHbIM 'B03.llYXOM:

(1-35)

r.lle OD - pecxoa ~HTHJllW.HOH'HOrO sosnyxa,

. nonaaaeaoro BKaMepy,. Kr/'I;

dR, dK - BJIa,rOCO,!l.ep>KaHHe COOTBeTC1'BeHHO JlapY>KHoro aoaayxa Ii B03,!1.yxa B

KaMepe, Kr~Kr. . I -

npHTOKBJla.rH,CB1I3aHHhlH C 3XCnJlyaTaU;Heii, paCCqHTblBalOT KaK CYMMY:

W. = W~ + W;, (1-36)'

rae WI' - KOJIHqeCTBOBJlarH, BbI,lleJIlIeMOiipa6oTalOIllHMH B xaxepe JlIO,lJ;bMH, sr]« (W,'=0,05 n):

n _ KOJlH'IeCTBO JIIO.!I;eii, paooraiomax B xaxepe:

117," - KOJIH'IecTBO !SnarH, 1l0cTynalOIlleHB xaxepy npa OTKpblBaHHH, ,lJ;BepeH,

Kr/q. .

BeJIH'lRHY Wt" onpeneamor no Ta,6J1. 1-12 B saBHCHMOCTH.QT naomana ,KaMepbI HB.peMeHH 1'001 na.

TaClJIHna 1-12 Bnaeonpurox 8 lCaMepy npu OTlCpblBaHUU a8epeQ

BpeMll ,ro)l.a

cHblI1Ie 150

'.

w. (~Kr/q) npH nJlO~a)J.H KaMepN,

M" '

)1.050

50-150

JleTO t.

3HMa

0,002 0.0007

0,0025 0,001

0,005 0,002

, npH' XpliHeHHH npo,!l.YK1\OB, sarapeamrx !B,!I.ePeBlIHHYIO 1'apy, 011 TeqeHHe 1-1,5 Meclllta C MOMeHTa 3a~ysKH xaxepsrao oBJIa>K'HOCTHOM 6aJlaHce Y'lHTbIBaIOT KOJIH'IecT.BO BJIa'rH, noraomaeaoe rapoa, KOTQJ)oe CJIeAYeT onpenenars no pa3OOCTHBJIarOCO,!l.ep>KaHHii ,!I.peBeCHHbI .nPH napaxerpax B03,!1.yxa cHapY>KH H BHY11pH xaxep acoor-. BeTcnaRH C J,laHHbIMH no paBHOBecHOH BJIa>KHOCTH Taphl (Ta'ClJl. 1-13).

B03llYX peKOMelJ.llyeTCH YBJlaJKRlITb BO,llllHblM napoa (npa OTCYTCTBHH ' 'II HeM aanaxa) 'H3 KQ-' TeJIbHOii HJIH liS- OneUHaJIM!blX 9JIeK1IpOKHUlITHJlflHHKOB. UMeooo6pa3HOTaK>Ke np'H'lIfeHflTb YCTi>OiICTBa llJIHMeJJKoro paCnblJIHoBaHHH ,BOllhl, ,8 q81O;T· HOCTH :e.pamalOIllliecll pacnanareaa.

45

T a 6 JI H U a 1-13 Paenoeecsan S)t.a3ICflOCTb rapu

~
• U BIISlKHOCTb (8 % K Macce cyxoA Ilpe8ecHHhI)j
~ o~
'" ~ - ' npa resmeparype aosayxa, °C
...... I
5;>4 I I ! I
o ~ -5 ,0 5 10
= .. ., 15 . 2()'
.... 0
0= .. r ....
20 4,8 4,7 4,6 4,5 4,4 4,3
30 6,5 6,3 6,2 6,1 6,0 5,9
40 8,3 8,2 8.1 8,0 7,8 7,6
50 9,8 9,6 9,4 ·9,2 9,1 '9,0
60 11,7 11,3 11,0 10,8 10,6 10,5
70 13,8 13,7 13,4 13,2 13,1 13,0
80 17,7, 17,5 17,2 17,0 16,7 16,3
90 21,5 21,0 20,8 20,6 ~0,3 20,1
100 29,8 29,0 28,5 28,5 28,3 28,3 nJlaHHpOBKH MaWHHHbIX O'fAeJleIlHH XOJlOAHJlbHHKOB

TIo:;,emeHuSI MalllHHHbIX OT.lleJIeHuH, xojmpecCOPH!>JU aan, annaparsoe orneaeaae, COBMemeHHoe nOMeII\eHUe aMMUaqHbIX XOJlO.llUJlbHbIX YCTaHOBOK COrJlaCHO CHuTI II-M.2-72 «TIpou3- BO.llCTBeHHbIe 3.llaHHSI npoaunraeaaux npennpaaTUH. HOPMbI' npoexrnponaaaa» OTHOCllT no nolKapo- U sapusoonacaocra K xareropan 5, a no nyS - K xareropaa B-16. STUM U onpeneamorCSI rpeeoaaaas K ax pa3MemeHUIO a 06'beMHOnJIaHUpOBOqHbIM peureaasa,

MallluHHbIe orneaeaas .llOJIlKHbI UMeTb xanaTaJIbHbIe orpaacneaas (aecropaeaue cTeHbIH nepexpsrraa). Han MalllUHHbIM;H (H armaparauMU) OT.lleJIeHUHMU aMMUaqHbIX XOJIO.llHJIbHbIX YCTaHoBoK HJIH non HUMH He paspeuraerca pacnoaarars noaemeaas C nOCTOllHHbIM npetisraaaaeM irlO.lleH. 3anpemaeTCSI pacnoaarars YK23aH-' llble nOMemeHHSI B nO.llBaJIbHbIX II: UOKOJIbHbIX 3TalKaX.3.llaHHH. B oraeasauxcaysasx MalllHHaue u' annaparasre OT.lleJIeHHH .0.llHO- U MHoro- 3TalKHbIX XOJIO.llUJlbHUKOB· BCTpaUBalOT B XOJlOAHJIbHbIH KOHTYP rJIaBHOrO xopnyca. B 3TOM caysae PSI.llOM C MalllllHHbIM ornenenaex UJIH nan HHM paaaemaror-xaxepu xononansaaxa. Taxoe peureane HeJlb311 CqUTaTb paUUOHaJIbHbIM, TaK KaK OHO aapynraer TenJIOU30JIlIUUOHHbIH KOHTYP XQJIO.llUJIbHUKa, CTeCHSIeT KOMnOHOBKY MalllUHHOro OT.lleJIeHUSI U nO.llc06HbIX npn HeM nOMemeHUH U noaanraer CTOUMOCTb CTpOUTeJIbCTBa.

ECJIU xaunmaoe OT.lleJIeHUe npoexrnpyior ·,nJl51 06CJlYlKUBaHUll HeCKOJIbKUX nOTpe6llTeJIeH XOJIO,na (XOJIO,nUJIbHllK, <pa6pUKa MopOlKeHoro, MllCOnepepa6aTbIBalOmUH 3aBO,n, pbI603aBOA, <PPYKTOosomexpaaannme U ap.) , paCnOJIOlKeHHbIX aa OJJ;1l0H naouranxe liJIU B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH npo-

MbIlllJleHHO-KOMMYHaJlbHoi'l 30He, TO ero MOlKHO pasaemars B OT.lleJlbHOM 3.llaHHH uearpanssoa XOJIO.llHJlbHOi'l CTaHUUH (UXC) .UXCCB1I3bIBalOT C nOTpe6uTeJIlIMH XOJIO.lla, KaK npaBHJIO; XOJIO.llUJIbHblMH· Tpy60npOBOiJ.aMH, npoxzansraaexuMU aa MaqTax. Paaxemenne UXC onpeneaaerCSI C yqeTOM paCnOJIOlKeHHSI U XOJIO,nUJIbHOH HarpY3KU nOTpe6HTeJIeH H MaKCHMaJIbHOrO COKpameHHSI KOMMYHHKaUHH C ueJIblO YMeHbrneHHSI noreps XOJIO.lla H pacxona 3HeprHH sa XOJIO.llO-

CHaOlKeHHe. .

UeJIeC006pa3HO annaparaue OT,neJIeHHlI XOJIO.llHJIbHOH YCTaHOBKU pasneuiart, B ornensaax nOMemeHHSIX, CMelKHbIX' C KOMnpeccopHbIM aaJIOM HJIH B 06meM C HHM nOMemeHHH (3aJIe) xamaaaoro OT.lleJIeHHSI. TIPH 3HaqHTeJIhHOM ynaJIeHHU OT MalllHHHoro OT.lleJIeHH5i norpetiarens XOJIO.lla (aanpaxep, <pa6pllItH MopOlKeHoro, nTHnenexa) YCTpaHBalOT MeCTHoe armaparaoe €lT](e-

. JIeHHe, 06CJIYlKHBalOmee TOJIbItO nOT nOTpe6H-

TeJIb 11 paCnOJIOlKeHHOe npa HeM. Paaxepsr KOMnpeccopaax 3aJIOB H annaparaax OT](eJIeHUH onpe.lleJISIIOTCll paCCTaHOBKOH 060pY](OBaHUll, ocecneaaeaiomen y,n06CTBa 06CJlYlKHBaHHlI H peMOHTa MalllHH U armaparos.

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nOMemeHHSI, '

K MaJUHHHblM OT](eJIeHHSIM aenocpencrseaao npHMbIKalOT noxemenaa TP::iHc<p0pMaTopHblx nO.llCTaHUHH, saexrpounrrosok H noxemeaaanaa pa3MemeHHSI mUTOB KOHTPOJISI U aBTOMaTHKH. TIPII MalllHHHOM OT.lleJIeHHH npenycaarpanarorcs nonC06HO-6bIToBbIe. nOMemeHHSI (KoMHaTa aasaasaasa nexa, pasnesanxa, nymeaas .llJISI 06CJIYlKHBaIOmero nepcoaana II np.). TIJIaHHpOBOqHbIe . peureHHSI MalllHHHblX OT.lleJIeHHH ](OJIlKHbI cnocoecr-. BOBaTh paUUOHaJI,bHoH 3KCIlJIyaTaUHH XOJIO.llHJIbaoro oeopynosaaas, pacnpeneaareasasrx YCTPOHCTB, YMeHbllleHHIO ](JIUHbI 'KOMMYHuKaUHH, 3<p<peKTHBHoMY UCnOJIb30BaHUIO cTpOHTeJIhHblX nJIO-

, maaea-a 06'beMOB snaaas.

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PHC. 1-19. MaIIIUHHoe OT.neJIeHHe pacneeaeaareasaoro XOJIOAHJIbHHKa eMKOCTbIO 10000 T: ~XOnO,llH.%HHK; ll-MawHHHoe orneaeaae; lII-MaTepHanhH&!l1 cxaan: IV-uoMelIleHHe ,lInll sapsnaux 'arperaV-S8Pll,llH8l1 CT8HlIHlI; VI-oT,lIeneHHe ,lInll Moi!lKJr IlHBeHTIIJl~ VIl--9JIeKTponHTHoe orneaeaae: VIII--1lIpOljlH- 31IeKTpouorpYSqHKOB; IX-Mex8H.HQe:cK811 MaCTepOK811; X-cTOlilIPH8l1 M8CTepCK8l1: XI-UO,llCO()HO-BcnO-

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8-MaCJIOHBCOCHall YCTaHoBKa; 9--MaCIIOOT,lIeIIHTen&; /O""'M8cnoct'iopHHK.

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ECJIII rrpoeKTOM npHHlITa YCTaHOBKa BepTHKaJIbHbIX KOJKYXOTPYOHbIX KOHAeHcaTopOB, TO BonH3H HHX paaaemaior rpanapmo BeHTHJIlITOPaoro rana, Hapyscaaa YCTaHOBKa KOH,ll;eHCaTOpOB II JIHHeHHblX peCHBep,.QB YAeWeBJIlIeT CTpOHTeJIbCTBO H noaamaer oe30rraCHOCTb 3KCnJIyaTaUHH aMMHatfHOH XOJIOAHJIbHOH YCTaHOBHH, nOCKOJIbKY H3 MaWHHHoro OTAeJIeHHlI BbIHOCHTClI annaparypa BbICOKoro .naBJIeHHlI, CO,ll;epJKamall 60JIbWOe KOJIH,qeCTBO JKHAKOrO aMMHaH:a. He,ll;OCTaTKOM BepTH:

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47

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16 M'; 18..,.8MMHaQllble nacocu: 14-II~COCbl XJlaAOHOcHTeJlSI.

B annaparnou nOMemeHHH, sro YBeJIHqHBaeT' ofl1,-

eM H CTO}lMOCTb nocaenaero. "

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Bonaaue HaCOCbI. 060POTHOH CHCTeMbi BO,ll.OCHat))KeHHH peKOMeH,lI.YeTCSI pasxearars B! KOMnpeccopaoa saae HJIH annaparaox OT,lI.eJleHIiH, a ,lI.JlH KPYnHblX • XOJIO,ZlHJlbHHKQB - B CneUHaJlbHOM uOMemeHHH (aacocsoa), pacnOJlO)KeHHOM B6J1H3H KOH,lI.eHcaTOpoB; rpaaapaa H. pesepayapa )J.JlH BO,ll.bI. B· nOCJIe,ZlHer,t 'CJlyqae llHPKYJlHUIiOHHble HaCOCbI uenecooepasao YcTaHaBJlHBaTb COBMeCTHO C X03HHCTBeHH&lMH.1I nO)KapHblMH.

UHPKYJlHUHOHHble aMMHaqable pecaaepu cnelJ.YfIT. pacrroaarars TaK, qTQt)bl o6ecneqHl'b aeoeXO,ll.HMblii;, nonnop cTi)JIt)a :lKHJJJ{()CTH Ha,ll. UHPKY-

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a T3K>Ke paCCTOHHHe 0'1' 3JleKTpHqeCKHX mHTOB H IUHTOB C KOlITPOJlbHO-H3MepHTeJlbHblMH npaeopaMH ,lI.0 aercryrraiomax qaCTeH MalllHH H annaparos npHHHMaJQl' He MeHee 1,5 M; npOXO,Zl,Me>K,lI.Y BbIcrynaiomaaa qaCTHMH MalllHH -- He xeaee 1 M; Me>K,lI.Y crenoa H MalllHHoil HJlH annaparox -- He MeHeeO,8 M. COCl'OPOHbI, rne He rpeeyercs 66- CJlY>KHBaTb annapara, npoxonu MO>KHO He YCTpaHBaTb. I1pHonpeAeJleHHHpa3MepOB npoxo,lI.OB H orcrynos yilHl'blBalOT BblcTynalOlUHeTpy6w 06BH3KH KOMnpeccopOB H TOJImHHbI TenJlOBOHH30-

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xoxnpeccopoac BbleMKOHKOJleHqaTOro saaa.

B cnysae HaMeqaeMOrO pacnmpeans XOJlO,lI.H,1IbHlIKa HJlK nepcnexrneaoro crpoareascrsa-aosoro norpeoareaa xoaona B MaWHHHOM OT,lI.eJIe-· HHH He06xo,U,HMO npenycxarpaaars pesepaaae nJIOma,U,H ,lI.JIli YCl'aHOBKH ,lI.onOJIHHl'eJIbHOrO ~60- pY,ll.OBaHHH. I

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48

5 4

10

9

£-1,000

.6000

2

13

6000

15

12

6000

PHC. 1-22. MaIIIHHHoe OTJI:eJIeHHe noprosoro phloHoro XOJIO,llHJIbHHKa B oyxTe KaMhlIIIOB~!l: l-KoMnpeccopHbli! aan; 2-annapaTHoe OT)I;eJleHHe: a:'_HacocHaSi CTaH~HSI; 4-3J1eKTPO~HTOBoe ,0T)I;eJleHHe; 5-nOMe-

. ~eHI(SI )l;JlSI pecnpenexareasasrx YCTPoi!c;TB; 6-noAc06H,ble H 6blTOBble nOMe~eHHJI; 7-aMMHa'lHbli! xoxnpeccop )l;ByxcTyneH'IaTOrO ClKaTHSI MO~HOCTblO 175 KBT(l50, T,blC. KKaJl/'i ·npH t=~30+ +35°, C); 8-aMMHa'lHbli! 0)1;110' cTyneH'IaTbli! xoxrrpeccop AY-200;' 9, 10-~HPKYJlSl~HoHHble pecasepsr COOTBeTCTseHHO 1,5 H 0,75 M'; ll";"npoMelKYTO'l.Hbli! COCY)l;; J2-aMMHa'lHble HacocbI;· 13-Jlb)l;oreHepaTop. npOH3BO)l;HTeJlbHOCTbIO 40 T B· CYTKH; 14-perYJlHPYIO-

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(1,37)

rne 0'(")("') - KOJIHlJeCTBO rpY30B, nonaep-

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- 365 Eo,

(I-38)

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KaMep oXJla1K~eHlllI H xpaaeHHlI oXJla1K~eHHblX rpY30B B

, ron;

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EM - eMKOCTJ> xaaep xpaneana MO-' p01KeHbIX rpY30B, T;

Ip- ~OJllI rrpO.l{YKTOB, nocrynaiom.HX HerrOCpe~CTBeHHO B xaMepbI xpaaeaaa MOp01KeHblX rpy30B; 3~aqeHHe Ip cJlellyeT npnaaaars B 3aBllCIlMQCTll OT sanannon CTpyKTYPbI eMKocTH KOHKpeTHoro XOJlO.l{llJlbHIlKa; ~JlH pacnpeaennreasaax xoJlO~HJlbHIlKOB Ip = 0,65-0,85;

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}1,JllI ynoecrsa ace pacsersr CBO~HT B TaOJlllIjY rro <POp Me, rrpHHlIToil: B rrpoexraoa oprauaaaIjllll.

4llCJlO KOMrrpeccopoB ~JlH KaJK~oil: rexneparyPbI xaneans npaaaaaior B. COOTBeTCTBHIl C rpeooBaHllHMH aBTOMaTllqeCKOrO peryaapoaaaas IlX paOOTbI Il B03MOJKHOCTH ax B3aHMHoro rrepexmoxeHIlH. PaCqeTHOe BpeMH paOOTbI xoxnpeccopoa YCTaHaBJlHBalOT He oOJlee 22 q B CYTKll. Peseps KOMrrpeccopOB rrpe~YCMaTpllBaTb He peKOMeH~yeTCH.

ITPIl noneope xosmpeccopon npaaaxaior cne~ylOm.lle OCHOBHble pacseraue napaxerpsr patioTbI XOJlO.l{IlJlbHOil: YCTaHoBKll: reuneparypa KOH~eHcanna ~ na 4_5° C ssnne cpenaea TeMrrepaTypbl BO~b1 B KOHJJ;eHcaTope H aa 8-100 C BbIIlIe cpenHeil: TeMrrepaTYPbI sosnyxa npn llCrrOJlb30BaHIlH B03.l{YIlIHbIX· KOHAeHcaTopOB; rexneparypa xuneHHlI aa 7-10°C HllJKe 3a.l{aHlfoil: rexneparypsr aoanyxa B oXJlaJK~aeMblxrroMellleHIlHx IlPII HerroCpe.l{CTBeHHOM OXJlaJK~eHHll . H na 12-150 C - npa CHCTeMe C rrpOMeJKYTOqHblM XJla.l{OHOCllTeJleM. }1,JlH xaxrep xpaneans <PPYKTOB H. osouiea paanccri, MeJK~y TeMrrepaTYPoH soanyxa B xaMepax Il TeMrrepaTypoil: KHrreHIlHXJla~areHTa IIJlH TeMrrepaTypoil: XJla~OHOCIlTeJlH peKoMeH~yeTclI rrpllHIlMaTb' 6_80 C B nepaon XOJlO~HJlbHOH oepaOOTKII nponyxron II 3-40 C - B nepaon xpaaeHlllI.

l(oMrrpeccopbl nonoaparor rro 3aBO~CKIlM saraJlOraM aa OCHOBaHIlH rpa<pllKoB aaaacaxocrn xoJlO.l{orrpOIl3BO~IlTeJlbHOCTIl OT ,\eMrrepaTypbI xnneHHlI nJill rrYTeM orrpe~eJleHlllI HeOOXO.l{HMOH BeJlIlqllHbI OO'beMa, onacaaaoro rropmaaxn KOMrrpeccopa.

KOflaeflcaTOpbl

Tan xoaneacaropos caezryer BbIollpaTb B aaBllCllMOCTH OT YCJlOBHil: BO~OCHaOJKeHlllI H xaxeCTBa BO~b1 C yseroa KJlllMaTOJlOrllqeCKHX .l{aHHblX paMoHa CTPOllTeJlbCTBa XOnO~HJlbHllKa.

ITPH OOOPOTHOM CIlCTeMe BO.l{oCHaOJKeHlllI xoJlO.l{HJlbHOM ,ycTaHoBKH C HCrrOJlb30BaHlleM rpa.l{H-

'I

F = ~ , (1-40)

Q - rerrnoaas aarpysxa aa KOHJ(eHCaTOp, BT;

Q=G(i.J,_:_i2) ·1000,

rne G - o6mee KOJIHlleCTBO UHPKYJIHpyIOllle-

ro XOJIO,n:IfJIbHOrO areara, Kr/c;

it - SHTaJIbllHlI XOJIO,n:HJIbHOrO aresra aa axone B KOH,n:eHcaTOp, K.LJ:lK/Kr;

i2 - SHTaJIbllHlI XOJIO,n:HJIbHOrO areara aa ssrxone H3 xoaaeacarope, K.LJ:lK/Kr; k - KOsCPCPHUHeHT TellJIOllepe,n:allH KOH-

neacaropa, BT/(M2.I();' ' •

. 6 - Cpe.!lHHH paClleTHblH 1'eMllepaTypHbIH aanop MelK.!lY TeMllepaTypaMH KOH~ .!leHCaUHH H OXJl8lK.!lalOmeH cpe- ,

.!lbl, "'C. '

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J

I(OJIH'IeCTBO I.\Hj)KYJIIfPYIOlll.erO XOJlO.l(HJIbHOrO areara nj)HHBMaIOT no 06lll.eli YCTaUOB.ne'HHOA npOH3BOJUI~bHOCTH KOMnpeccopoB (npa .l(BYXcrynensarox OKaTHH - no 06lll.eil npOH3BO.l(H:reJlbHOCTH. xcanpeccopoa BblCOKOA cryneaa),

TaOJIHl.\a 1-14

3Ha'leHUJI. 1W3¢¢ut{ueHTo8 rensonepedaxu

\:. u yiJeAbHblx TenA08blX H.aepySOIC lCoHiJeHCaTopo8

t KOHileBC8TopH BT/(~'·I<:) i B~M'

!;'.

l(OJKYX~lTpy6Hble aMMHa'lHble cppeoHoBbie

( oraeceaaae

K BHYTj)eHHeH,nosepxaocra opeepeaaux Tp¢)

Hc:napHTeJIbHble Boaayuraae

800 1700-2300

170-290 23-30

. 8

4100 9300:"'" 11600

1700-2900 230-290

Cpe.l(HHe pscseraae 9Ha'leHIIH 1{03q,cpHUHeHo TOB fenJIonepe.l(a'lH k H Y.I(eJIbHble renaoaae aarpysxa q(kfJ) KOH.l(eHcaTOpoB rrpaaeneasr B Ta6JI. 1-14.

H cnapurenu

THnbl HCnapHTeJIeH CJie.l(yeT BbloHpaTb B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT npHHHToH cxexa I.\HPKYJIHUHH npoxeJKYTO'lHOrO XJIa.llOHOCHTeJIH: KOJKYXOTpy6HbI~ - npa 3aKpblToH CHCTeMe; nSHeJIbHbIe - npH OT!CpblTOH.

HeOOXO.l(HMYIO nosepxaocrs renaonepenasa IIcnapHTeneA onpeneamor no cpopMyJle (1-40). B KOTOpoA Q (B BT) - CYMMspHali TenJlOBaH narpysxa aa .l(aHHblH acnapareas npa 3S.I(SHHOH TeMnepaType KlineRliH XOJIO.l(HJIbHOrO areHTa, on· pe.l(eJlHeMaH no paOOqeH npoH3Bo.l(lfTeJIbHOCTHBbI· 6PSHHblX xoanpeccopoa: k=470+ 580 BT/(M2.I() - cpeaaee pSC'IeTHOe saasenae K03cpcpHUlfeHTa renaonepeaasa .l(JIH acnapareaea scex THnOB npa cxopocra XJJa.l(OHOCHTeJIH I M/c, 6=5+r C - Cpe.l(HHH pac'IeTHblii resrneparypHblH aanop MeJK.I(Y XJIa.l(OHOCHTeneM H XOJiO.l(HJlb·. HbiM areHTOM •

D KlJJI(JAU30{JUJO

PRC. 1-23. XOnO.llIlJIbHH'K .l(JIH IPPYKTOB If 'lBHHoI1pa.l(a eMKOCTblO 1200 T C .l(eI{eH11laJlH30BaHHoH CHCTe'

Moil OXJIaJK)I;eHlfH:

a-nnaHH lla3peaH lOOiIOJUlnbHHKa: 1-4-KaMepbI . xpaHeHHH q,PYKTOO; 6-"8--<I<aMepbI xpa'HeHHIl BHHorp$.,zta; 9- ~Kc:ntAH~HJI; l0-C5noK nOAco()HblX.. ()I>lTOBHX H KOHTOPCKIlX nOM~eHHIt: ll-I'JlY30BoItKoPHAoP; 12-lKeJJeaHoJ!.t)· pqlK8a.JlJIJlaT<PoPMa; 13~aBToMo()IIJILHall nnaT(j)opMa; 14-XOJIOlJ;HJlLHO-HarpeBaTeJIbHall !>IaWHHa X.M.CII·.16;1s.-HHC·

. neKitHOHHblltTp8HOIlOpTep Ten; .

6-M()HTaiKHaJi cxeM8 KamBHLI XMCII·16; l-B03J!.YlCoox.1IaJ!.HTenLHLlIt ()nOK: 2_OMnPecCOp.aO-KOHlJ;eHCaToPHbllt ()nOK; 3-B03AYXonpueMHali 'l'Py()a (lJ;,lI1l BeHTHJIIl~HH KjlMepW); 4-II03;D;YXQllOJ!.; 5-COllno; 6-RaBec; 7-CeT1laToe orpalKAe·

. RRe; 8-TennOR3on.BpYIO~all neperopOJuta.

[JcnOJrt02aTeAbflble annaparst aMJrtUaflflblX XOAOaUAbflblX YCTafl080K

OT)leJ(HTeJIH lKH)I,KOCTH HJIH BepTHKaJIbHble pecaaepu. 3Tll aIJIIapaTbI YCTaHaBJlllBaIOT pasnensHO )I,JlS! KalK,UOH ncnaparensnoa CIiCTeMbI )tOJlO,UllJlbHllKa (no reaneparypax KHneHIl5I xaaziareara) .

. rIPIi pacnoaosceaan npyrnx norperiarenea XOJlOJlil. (q,aopHKa MopOlKeHoro II np.), HMeIOIUHX COOCTseHHble annaparnsre OT)I,eJleHIl5I, na paCCT05IHHII He MeHee 50 M OT ManrllHHoro OT,UeJleHIl5I, aa ecacusaromen MarllCTpaJlH, B ManrHHHOM OT)I,eJleHIiH cnenyer YCTaHaBJlHBaTb nonomnrrensuua OT,neJlllTeJlb lKH,UKOCTll, coenaaeaaun (no CJlliBY)C ,UpeHalKHblM pecaaepox, llJIll BepTllKaJlbHblH sa-

IUIiTHblH pecasep. B ueJ1lIX Jlyqnrero HCnOJlb30BaHIl5I eMKOCTIf

Buoop neotixonanoro paaxepa OT,UeJlllTeJl5I ropasoaransnsrx II aepraxansnux UHPKYJllIuHOH-

lKH,UKOCTH HJlll BepTllKaJlbHOrO pecasepa npOH3BO- HblX pecnsepoa ,UJl5I npaexa lKll,UKoro a.(\1-

,US!T no .llllaMeTpy rasoaoro rpyoonposoaa sea- MHaKa, nocrynatoutero H3 Hcna'pllTeJIbHOH CH-

cblBaIOIUeH MarucTpaJlH C rrposepxon CKOPOCTH CTeMbI, peKoMeH,UYeTC5I ocaarua rs cneunans-

napes aMMHaKa B cocyne (armapare), KOTOpa5I HbIMlI. CT05IKaMlI. H3 TPYO ,UHaMeTp.oM 3251X8,

He ,UOJllKHa npe.\lblnraTb, 0,5 ulc no q,0pMYJle npasapuaaeauxa K armaparax, 113 3THX CT05I-

a - KOB lKlI.,UKHH arenr aaoaparor aMMllaqHbllVIli Ha-

w = 2830 D2n ...;:0,5, (1-41) cocajm. Baaronaps HaJlHqllIO npa 3TOM aeorixo-

"',UllMoro CTOJlOa nonnopa lKll,UKOCTIi Ha,U HaCOCOM MOlKHO COKpanITb paoosee 3anOJlHeHHe pecasepa ,UO 10%.

Pecaeepsi 3aIUHTHble. Pecasepsr sroro rana (ocynrareaa] YCTaRaBJIHBaIOT iI 6e31!aCOCHblx

. cxenax OXJlalK,UeHH5I na scacuaaioutea MarHCTpann KalK.!I.oH acnapareasaon CIiCTeMbI no rexnepa'rypax KHneHH5I. 3aIUHTHbIe pecaaepsr MOlKHO npHMeHHTb ropll30HTaJlbHOrO H BepTllKaJlbHOrO THnOB. EMKOCTb pecasepos V3 (B M3) onpenensror no npHOJllllKeHHbIM q,0pMYJlaM: .

ropaaoaransnsre

Vs.r :;;.. 0,;35 (V6 + VB)' . (1-46)

sepraxaasasre

VS•B:;;" 0,45 (V6+~VB)'

rne G - KOJlHqeCTBO napes aMMliaKa, OTcaCbIsaexoe xoxnpeccopaaa npn ,UaHHoH resmeparype KHneHH5I, Kr/q;

D - BHyTpeHHHH ,UHaMeTp xopnyca OT,UeJlHTeJlH lKH,UKOCTIi (BepTHKaJlbHOrO pecaaepa), M;

Q - nJlOTHOCTb . napOB aMMHaKa Ha BcaCbIBaIOIUeH CTopOHe xoxnpeccopoa npx ,UaHHoH TeMnepaType KHneHH5I, Kr/M3.

lI.HPKYJlSlUHOHHble pecasepsr. 3TH pecasepsr YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT B HaCOCH{)-UllPKYJlHUHOHHblX cxeMax B xasecrae eMKOCTHblX COCY,UOB pasaeasao aa KalK)I,YIO HcnapHTeJlbHYIO CHCTeMY (no TeMP!"parypaa KHneHH5I). rIPH 3TOM MOlKHO HCnOJlb30- sars KaK ropaaouraasaue peCHBeppI B KOMnJleKTe c OTAeJlHTeJlHMH lKH,UKOCTH, TaK II uepraxansasre pecasepsr, O,UHOBpeMeHHO, BblnOJlH5IIOIUHe pons OT,UeJlHTeJl5I lKH,UKOCTH H eMKOCTH:.

EMKOCTb UHPKYJl5IUHOHHbIX peCHBepOB V (B M3) C ,qeTOM paoosero 3anOJlHeHH5I onpe,UeJl5IIOT (B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' ax rnna, eMKOCTH OOCJlYlKHBaeMOH llMH acnaparexsnon CHCTeMbI II npHHflTOH cxeasr nonaxa xnanareara B npaoopsr OXJlalK,UeHHH) no CJleAYIOIUHM npH6J1HlKeHHblM q,opMYJlaM:

a) npa HHlKHeH nonase lKH,UKoro aMMHaKa: ,UJlH ropH30HTaJlbHbIX peCHBepOB

V~.r:;;" 0,5 (V6 + VB) + VBc''XP·O,25, (1-42)

,UJl5I aepraxaasnsrx peCHBepOB

V~.B :;;.. 0,7 (V6 + VB) + VBC.Tp·O,25; (1-43)

6) npa BepxHell: nonase lKll,UKoro aMMHaKa:

J(JlfI ropH30HTaJlbHbIX pecasepoa

V~.r:;;" 2',25 (0, 25V6 +0,5VB) + VBC.Tp·O,25, (1-44)

,UJl5I sepraxansasrx peCHBepOB

V~.B :;;.. 3,25 (0, 25V6 + 0,5VB) + VBC.Tp·O,25,

. (1-45)

eMKOCTb TPYO

r,Ue

V 6 - reOMeTpHqeCKa5I oaTapeH, M3;

VB - reoxerpaaecxas eMKOCTb Tpy6 B03,nYXOOXJla,UllTeJleH, M3;

V BO. TP - eMKOCTb Tpy6onpOBO,UOB COBMemeanoro OTcaCblBaHHfI II CJlIIB3 UHpKyJlHpyIOIUero lKlI,UKoro auMHaKa.

(1-47)

.n:Jl5I xpymnrx XOJlO,UHJlbHbIX YCTaHOBOK npenyCMaTpIiBaIOT He MeHee ,UByX 3aIUlI.THblX pecaaepos aa KalK)I,YIO acnapareasayio CIiCTeMY C uezrsto ooeCneqeHIl5I nOOqepe,UHoro IIX OCBOOOlK)I,eHIIH 01' lKH,U](OrO aMMHaKa 6e3 OCTaHOBKll xoxnpeccopca.

rIPIi IICrrOJlb30BaHHll B xaaecrse UHPKYJl5IUIIOHHblX U 3aIUliTHblX peCHBepOB armaparos ropa- 30HTaJlbHOrO THrra HX YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT COBMeCTHO C OT,UeJlIlTeJlHMH ')Kll,UKOCTII, KOMrrOHY5I B, cxexe KaK e,UHHblH annapar H OCYIUeCTBJlllH nr ;TaHHe lKH,UKHM aMMliaKOM qepe3 COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHH OT,UeJlllTeJlb lKH)I,KOCTII.

Bepraxaxsasre UHPKYJlHUHOHHble H 3aIUHTHbIe pecaaepu npa CKOPOCTH napos . B annapare 0,5 M/C H HHlKe YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT 6e3 ,UonOJlHHTeJlbHbIX ornenarenea lKH,UKOCTI'I.

Bo BCeX CJIyqalIX, KOr,na3TO B03MO:lKHO (~OCTaTOqHalI BhICOTa MaIllHHHOrO HJiH armaparnoro OT,neJIeHHlI, YCTpoiicTBO npaaxxa). npenno-rreaae cneayer ornaaars BepTHKaJIbHhIM IJ;HPKYJIlIIJ;HOHHhIM H 3amHTHbIM peCHBepaM, y,n06HbIM B 3KCnJIyaTaIJ;HH H 3aHHMaIOmHM. MeHbIllYIO nnourans.

Pecasepsr npeaascaue. 9TH pecanepsr neorixo,nHMO BKJIIOqaTb BKa:lK,nyIO XOJIO,nHJIbHYIO ycraHOBKY C CHCTeMOii HenOCpe,nCTBeHHOrO OXJIa:lK,neHHlI H B xpynnsre YCTaHOBKH C npOMe:lKYTOqHhIM XJIa,ZlOHOCHTeJIeM ,ZIJIlI CJIHBa XOJIO,ZlHJIbHOrO areH-ra H3 OT,ZIeJIbHbIX annaparon H npnriopos OXJIa:lK,neHHlI xaxep.

ElIIKOCTb npeaasorux peCHBepOB onpeneasnor, HCXO,nlI H3 B03MO:lKHOCTH npnexa :lKH,nKOrO aMMHaKa H3 l'Jan60JIee xpynaoro armapara (IJ;HPKYJIlIIJ;HOHHOrlJ pecnsepa, npOMe:lKYTO'lHOro cocyaa H np.), JIH60 acex npH60pOB OXJIa:lK,neHHlI HaH60JIbIlleii xaaepu XpaHeHHlI HJII' 3aMOpa:lKHBaHHlI C YBeJIHqeHHeM nOJIY'leHHOrO pacsernoro 06beMa aa 20 %. B KaqeCTJ3e npeaascaux MO:lKHO HCnOJIb30- aari, pecnaepu KaK ropH30HTaJlbHOrO, TaK H sepTHKaJIbHOrO rnna.

Pecasepsr JlHHeRHble. Pecasepsr nannoro rana YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT Ha cTopoHe BhICOHoro ,naBJIeHHlI 1I0CJIe xouneacaropos TaK, 'IT06bI ooecnesaaaaClI CaMOTeqHhIii: CJIHB :lKH,ZIKOrO XJIa,ZlareHTaH3 KOH,ZIeHcaTopoB. EMKOCTb JIHHeii:Hblx pecnaepon onpenenaerca C yseroa nonycraxoro 3anOJIHeHHlI HX na 80% H3 pacsera He xenee: ,nJIlI CHCTeM C HH:lKHeii: no,naqeii: aMMHaKa B IIpH60PhI 45 %, ,ZIJIlI CHCTeM C sepxaea nonasea 30% OT eMKOCTH Tpy6 .6aTapeii: H B03,nyxoOXJIa,nHTeJIeii: BcexlIoTpe6HTeJIeii: XOJIo,Zla C YBeJIH'IeHHeM 1I0JIyqeHHOrO paC'IeTaero 06beMa aa 20%. J1HHeii:Hble pecanepsr npennO'lTHTeJIbHO YCTaHaBJIHBaTb BHe rroxeurenna: HX CJIe,ZlyeT orpaacnars H aannnnars HaBeCOM OT COJIHeqHhIX JIY'leii:.

npOM~:lKYTOqHble COCYAbl co 3MeeBHKOM (TenJlOOOMeHHHKOM.). 'Annapar npHMeHSIeTCH B cxexax ,ZIBYXCTyneHqaTOrO C:lKaTHH C npOMe:lKYTO'lHbIM oxJIa:lK,ZIeHHeM H onaocryneasarera ,npOCCeJIHpOBaHHeM. MapKY npOMe:lKYTOqHOrO cocyna BhI6HpaIOT no ,ZIHaMeTpy raaoaoro Tpy60npOBO,Zla ncacuaatomeii: CTOPOHhI xonrrpeccopa BbICOKoro ,ZIaBJIeHHH C nposepxon CKOPOCTH ,nBH:lKeHHH napoa aMMHaKa B annapare, KOTopaH He ,nOJl:lKHa npeaunrars 0,5 ulc. ITpoBepKY npoassonar no cpopMyJIe (I-41), npHHHMaH: G (B Kr/'I) -KOJIH'IeCTBO napes aMMHaKa na suxone H3 npoxcocyaa, Q (B KrfM3) - nJIOTHOCTb napos aMMHaKa na seacuaaromca cropoae xoxrrpeccopon BhICOKoro naaJIeHl!H.

Pasaocrs Me:lKAY TeMnepaTypaMH nepeoxnaac,ZIeHHoii: :lKH,nKOCTH aa suxone H3 3MeeBHKa H :lKH,nKOCTH, KllnHmeii: B npOMe:lKYTO'lHOM cocyne npa npOMe:lKYTO'lHOM ,naBJIeHHII, caenyer npHHH-

fd:aTb 4-6°C. .

MaCJlOOTAeJlHTeJIH. Annaparsr BKJIIO'IaIOT B

C1.eMbi aMMHa'lHblX XOJIO,nHJIbHbIX YCTaHoBoK aa

naraerareasaoa cropoae xoempeccopos. Heoexo,nHMYIO xapxy MaCJIOOT,neJIHTeJlH BhI611paIOT no,nHaMeTpy HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO OT xosmpeecopoa Tpy60npOBO,Zla C npoBepKoii: CKOPOCTH napOB aMMHaKa B anna pare, KOTopaH He ,nOJI:lKHa npeasrmars 1 ulc, ITpoBepKY npoaaaonar no cpopMYJIe (1-41), npIIHHMaH: G (B Kr,/'I) - KOJIli'leCTBO raaooepaaaoro aMMHaKa, nartreraeaoro xoxnpeccopaxa; P (B KrfM3) nJIOTHOCTb napon aMMHaKa aa aarnerareasaoa cropoae xoxmpeccopoa.

C IJ;eJIbIO aaaooaee nOJIHOrO OT,neJIeHIIH MacJIa ocymeCTBJIHIOT 6ap60Ta:lK napon aMMllaKa B MaCJIOOT,neJIIITeJIe C OXJIa:lK,ZIeHHeM IIX aa C'IeT nonasn B MaCJIOOT,neJlliTeJIb :lK1I,ZIKOrO 3JIIMHaKa H3 KOH,ZIeHcaTopoB HJIH JIHHeii:Hblx pecaaepos. Pexoaenzryerca npenycxarpaaan, HH,ZIHBH,nyaJIbasre MaCJIOOT,neJIIITeJIH nOCJIe Ka:lK,noro xosmpeccopa C B03BpaToM MaCJIa B KapTep ,ZIJIlI nOBTopHoro HCnOJIb30BaHHlI npH 06H3aTeJIbHoii: YCTaHOBxe oemero 'MaCJIOOT ,ZIeJIHTeJIH nepen xonnencaTopaMII.

• ABTOMaTHqeCKHe B03,Z1yxooT,neJlHTeJlH. ArmapaTbI IJ;eJIeC006pa3Ho rrpoexrnposari, ,nJIlI CHCTeM, paooraroumx npa rexneparype KHneHHlI -300 C II HII:lKe.

B YCTaHoBKax C BbICOKHMH reaneparypaxn KHneHHlI noanyx Y,ZIaJIHIOT B03,nyxooT,neJIHTeJI'HMH, axonamaxa B KOHCTPYKIJ;HIO JIHHeii:Hblx pecane-

pOB. .

Ci>HJlbTpbl. I1x CJIe,nyeTnpe,ZlYCMaTpHBaTb

aa :lKH,ZIKOCTHbiX rpyeonposoaax C IJ;eJIbIO aamHThI aBTOMaTH'IeCKHX rrpuoopos H apxarypsr OT MeXaHllqeCKHX 3arp1I3HeHHii:. Ci>IIJIbTP aecexoaaaon . MapKII BbI611paIOT no naaxerpy Tpy60npOBO,Zla.

HaCOCbL

.LI:JIlI aMMHa'lHbiX XOJIO,nHJIbHblX yCTaHoBOK C HaCOCHO-IJ;HPKYJIHIJ;1I0HHoii: cxexoa nenocpencrseaaoro OXJIa:lK,ZIeHIIH pexoxeanyerca npaaenars repaerasaae 6eCCMa30'lHble aMMlla'lHhIe aacoChI, xoropsre cnenyer YCTaHaBJIHBaTb pasnexsno ,ZIJIlI Ka:lK,noii: acnapareasaon cacrexsr (no TeMneparypaaxaneana) .

ITPOIl3BO,ZlHTeJIbHOCTb aMMllaqHhIX HaCOCOB

npHHIIMaIOT: il:JIH cxex C HH:lKHeii: no,naqeii: H3

pacsera He MeHee 3-5-KpaTHoii: IJ;HpKyJlHIJ;HH

KOJIII'IeCTBa aMMllaKa, acnapsnouierocs B CHCTeMe; ,nJIlI CXaM C sepxaea nonasea - HCXO,nlI H3 KpaTHOCTH IJ;HPKYJIHIJ;HH aMMHaKa: 25-30 - ,nJIH B03,nyxoOXJIa,nHTeJIeii:; 10-15 - ,ZIJIH 6aTapeii: c ,nJIIIHOii: umaara 50-100 M; 5-10 - ,nJIH 6aTapeii: C ,nJIHHOii: mnaara 100-200. M; 3-5 - ,nJIH 6aTapeii: C ,nJIHHOii: uraaara casnne 200 M. 3,necb non KpaTHocTbIO IJ;HPKYJIlIIJ;HH nOHIIMaerClI OTHOIlleHlle npoIl3Bo,nHTeJIbHQcTH Hacoca K KOJlllqeCTBy rronyseaaoro napa.

ITOMIIMO OCHOBHoro pariosero aacoca na Ka:lK,nyIO TeMnepaTYPY xaneaas xnanareara pe-

55

KOMeHJlyeTClI YCTaHaBJIHBaTb JlOnOJIHHTeJIbHbli'I

, pesepBHblA: HaCOC. Ha acacasasomea CTOpOHe aMMHa'lHblX HaCOCOB He06xoJlHMO oeecnesasars ranpocrarasecxaa CTOJI6 )KHAKOCTH BblCPTOii: 2,0-3,0 M npa npeaeopeacaxo MaJIOM ranpasJIH'IeCKOM conpOTHBJIeHHH acacsmaionrero TPy60- npOBO.1la . .IJ:JIlI CHCTeM C nOHH)KeHHblMH rexnepa- , TypaMH KHneHHII cnenyer npHHHMaTb 60JIbWHe 3Ha'leHHlI BblCOTbI cToJI6a.

.IJ:JIlI. llHpKyJIlIllHH npOMe)KYT01{HOro XJIaJlOHO· cnreas pexoxennyercs npaaeasrs- HaCOCbI rana I( (KOHCOJIbHble), xoropue YCTaHaBJIHBalOT aa Ka)K.llYIO HcnapHTeJIbHYIO cacrexy no rexneparypau X.Il.a,llOHOCHTeJIlI.

TIPOH3BOJlHTeJIbHOCTb aacoca JlJIlI npOMe)KYTO'lHOrO XJIa.1l0HOCHTeJIlI V (B M3/q) onpeneas-

lOT no 1jl0pMYJle .

v = __ 3.:...,6_Q",,0,-_ (hex (t2x - i1x) • ,

(1-48)

rae Qo- XOJIO.1l0nPOH3BOJlHTeJIbHOCTb JlIIH·

HOii: IIcnapHTeJIbHoi'l CHCTe-

MbI, BT;

Qx - nJIOTHOCTb XJIaJlOHOCHTeJIlI npH

'Tpe6yeMoii: KOHlleHTpallHH H

cpeaaea rexneparype, Kr/M3;

Cx - TenJIOeMKOCTb XJIaJlOHOCHTeJIlI

npH Tpe6yeMoH KOHlI;eHTpall;HH Ii '

cpenaes T~MnepaType,

K.IJ:JKI (xr .I();

tlX H 4% - TeMnepaTypbl XJIaJlOHOCHTeJIlI

COOTBeTCTBeHHO aa BXOJle H BbI-

, xone H.3 acrrapnreas, 6C.

Pa3HOCTb reuneparyp t2x _j tlx(B "C) CJIeJlYer npaaaaars B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT aana OXJIa)K.llaIOll{HX armaparon: 2-3 -.llJllI 6aTapeii: H B03.llYxOOXJIa.llHTeJIeii; 4-6 - .llJIlI TeXHOJIQrH'IeCKHX annaparoa, 1 - .1lJlll MeM6pa-HHblx armaparos.

1(0HlI;eHTpallHlI XJIa.zrOHOCHTeJIlI .llOJI)KHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb TeMnepaType.3aMep3aHHlI, KOTopall npaaxxaerca aa 8° C HH)Ke cooreercrayiourea

TeMnepaTypbl KHneHIIlI. .

TIP,H noneope HaCOCOB caenyer crpexarsca K HX O,llHOTHnHOCTH H B3aHM03aMeHsieMocTH no TeMneparypax XJIa.llOHQcHTeJIlI. TIOMHMO OCHOBHblX pa60'lHX HaCOCOB He06xo.llIIMO npenycxarpaaars pe3epBHbli'l aacoc C B03MO)KHOCTblO' ero pa60TbI aa JII06Y1O TeMnepaTYPY XJIa.llOHOCHTeJIlI.

.IJ:JIlI lI;lIPKYJIlIlI;1I11 BO.llbl B 060POTHblX CIICTeMax' BO.llOCHa6)KeHHlI XOJIO.llllJIbHffiX YCTaHOBOK pesoaexayercs nplIMeHlITb HaCOCbI Tllna K (KOH-

COJIbHble) . .

TIPOll3BO.llIITeJIbHOCTb HaCOCOB V (B M8/'I) onpenensror no 1jl0pMYJIe

(1-49)

rne QR - renaosaa aarpysxa KOH.lleHCaTO-

POB XOJIO.llllJIbHOH YCTaHoBKH, 06-

CJIY)KHBaeMhlX .llaHHblM aaco-

't COM, BT;

CB - YJleJIbHall TenJIOeMKOCTb BO.llbi.

pasaas 4,19 K.l1:)K/(Kr·K);

tlB II 4zB - rexneparypsr BO.llbi COOTBeTCTBeHHO aa BXOJle II JlblXO.lle H3 KOH.lleHCaTOpOB;

QB -'nJIOTHOCTb aonu, Kr/MJ.

Harpes BO.ll.b1 B KOH.lleHcaTOpax .t2B - tla

(B °C) caenyer np"HIIMaTb B' 3aBIICHMOCTII OT rana oxaascnaioutero YCTpOHCTBa, TeMnepaTypbl. II BJIa)KHOCTII HapY)KHOrO soanyxa: 2-3 npa oxJIa)KJleHlI1I BO.llbl B 6pbl3raJIbHblX 6acceimax. 3-4 npa IICnOJIb30BaHIIII OTKPblTblX 6pbl3raJIbHbiX llJIII xanensmsx rpanapea II. 4-5 npa HaJIH'IHII IIHTeHCHBHblX. OXJIaJlIITeJIeH sonsr -'- BeHTIIJIlITOPHblX rpanapea,

TIPOll3BO.llIITeJIbHOCTb HaCOCOB .llJIlI 06CJIY)KIIBaHIIlI aenapareasaax KOHJleHcaTOpOB Bbl6l1palOT 113 pacaera pacxoaa BO.(l;b1 He MeHee 0,3 M3/'1 na 1 M2 noaepxaocra KOHJleHCaTopa. B ueasx ooecneseaaa 6ecnepe60HHOi'l 3KCnJIyaranaa 060POTHblX CHCTeM BO.llocHa6)KeHHlI CJIenyer npenycaarpasars: .1lJIlI CIICT.eM xoaononpo- 113BO.llIITeJIbHOCTblO . no 120 KBT - O.llIlH pa60'lllii' a O.llHH pe3epBHblH Hacoc npOIl3BO.llIITeJIbHOcTblO. paBHoH MaKCIIMaJIbHoMY qaCOBoMY pacxony BO.1lbl; .llJIlI CllCTeM xOJIO.llOnpOll3BO.llIITeJIbHOCTbIO ssnne 120 KBT - naa-rpa paeoxax aacoca npoH3BO.llH:reJIbHOCTblO, 'paBHoH 40-60 % MaKCHMaJIbaoro 'IaCOBOro pacxona sonsr, H OJlIIH peaepsHblH aacoc TaKOH )Ke npoIl3BO.llIITeJIbHOcTH. .IJ:JIlI ooecneseaax 60JIee' 'IeTKOH CHCTeMbi aBTOMaTH- 3all;IIH H 3KOHOMH'IHOH pa60TblKa)K.ll.blH H3 IICnaparensasrx KOH.lleHCaTOpOB 060pYJlYlOT IIHJlHBHJlyaJIbHblM BO.lllIHblM HaCOCOM. B 3TOM cnysae pesepaaua Hacoc He YCTaHaBJIIIBaIOT_ .

TIPII onpe:a.eJIeHHil nOJIHOrO aanopa aacoca H ranpaaaauecxae nOTepII B ceTII I1p (B TIa) aa TpeHHe II MeCTHbie conpOTIIBJIeHHlI HaXOJlllT nO 1jl0pMyJie

t.P = Arp ( :BB + ~A) w; Q. (I-50)

rne A.TP - K031jlljlHlI;HeHT conpOTIIBJIe-

HIIlI TpeHIIlI no JlJIIIHe Tpy60- nposona (A.TP = 0,035 - .llJIIi

aMMH8Ka, A.TP = 0,04 - JlJISI

BOJlbl ,II XJI8.ll0HOCHTeJIeii:);

I - .llJIHHa rpyoonpoaona, M;

dBB - BHYTpeHHHH .llHaMeTp Tpy60- nposoaa, M;'

19 .

A = - - KMIjlIjlHIlHeIiT, Y'IIITbiBalOll{lIii

daB .

MeCTHbie . COnpOTHBJIeHHSl

(Ta6JI. 1-15); ,

La I- JlJIHHa Tpy60npOBOJla, norepa .1laBJIeHHlI B KOTOPOM 01'

,56

Ta6JIHua 1-15 3HalieHue TCoaq}(pU'lUeHTa A allll pasllutjHblX MeCTHblX conporuenenua

MeCTHoe conporaaaenae I ~~ II MeCTHoe COnpOTHMeHHe

I K03<Mm"

. !lHeHT A

Ilpoxonaoa BeHTHJIb 340 R.
YrJIoBoii BeHTHJIb 170 -=0,5 26
dH
3a.llBHJKKa orxpsrraa 6,9 OTBO.ll 45f R.
3a.llBH)I{Ka HanOJIOBHHY orxpsrras 200 -=1 12
, dH
06paTHblii KJIanaH 340 R.
TpoiiHHK --=2,5 6
dH
aa npoxoae 20 R.
aa pa3BeTBJIeHHH 67 -- =0,5 54
dH
aa npox~.lle C YMeHbIUel!HeM 32 R.
ceseaas HanOJIOBHHY OTBO.ll 180P -=1 25
_!i_ = 0,5 (xaaaa) dH
40 R.
dH -=2,5' 12,5
R. dH
OTBO.ll 900 -=1 18,5 Bxon B TPy6y H3 cocyaa 17;5
{yroJlbHHK) dH Baesanaoe pacnnrpesae .-
R. » d, : d2== I : 4 32
-- =2,5 9,2 » d, : d2==11 : 2 20
dH » d, : d2==3: 4 18 .. 5
Baeaanaoe cY)I{eHHe
» d1 : d2== I : 4 15
» d, : d2=='1 : 2 12
» d, :d2==3: 4 6,9 Il puueuanue. R. (B M) - paaayc noaopora nOTOKa no OCH Tpy6b1

dB (B, M) -. HaPY)I{HblH .l(HaMeTP TPy6b1. '

TpeHHlI 3KBHBaJIeHTHa MeeT.HOMY COnpOTHBJIeHHIO, M;

W - CKOPOCTb .llBH)I{eHHlI cpe.llbl B rpyee, M{c;

Q - nJIOTHOCTb )l{H.llKOCTH, Kr/M3.

3HaqeHHlI K03.p.pHUHeHTa A .n.JIlI 'HaH60JIee

qaCTO npHMeHlIeMbix BH.llOB aanopaoa apaarypu H q>acoHHblx qacTeii rpyeonposonoa npnseneaa

B ra6J1. 1-15. .

CKOPOCTb .n.BH)I{eHHlI cpen (M/C) B rpyrionposonax HaCOCOB npaaaaaior: acacsreatomxx 0,6- 1,2, naraerarensasrx -.ll0 1,5.

Heoexonaxax MOIUHOCTb 3JIeKTpO.llBHraTeJIeii: .MII: npasoaa HaCOCOB N (KBT):

VH

N = 36001) , (I-51)

rne V - npoH3BO.llHTeJIbHOCTb aacoca, M3/q; H - Heo6xo.llHMblii nOJIHblH nanop, KITa; 1J - K. n . n. aacoca (no .n.aHHblM xaraJIOrOB HJlH saBO.llCKHX nacnopros).

ITPH Bbl60pe 3JIeKTp0.llBHraTeJIeii caenyer yqHTblBaTb CJI~.ztYIOIUHe ..K03.p.pHUHeHTbI aanaca (neperpysxa) .

N, KBT

,no 2

2-5

5"-50 50-100 CBblIUe 100

K09cjlcjlH!lHeHT sanaca

1,5-1,7· 1,3-1,5 1,10-1,15 1,05-1,08 1,05

npOEl(tHPOBAHHE nOJ(3EMHblX XOnOJ(HnbHH~OB

ITo.n3eMHble XOJIO.l(HJIbHHKH .nJIlI xpaaeaaa

cxoponoprsmaxcs npo.nYKTOB paaaemaior B ropHbiX . ssrpaoorxax, rrernepax H zrpyrax no.ll.3eM-

RbiX nOJIOCTlIX. .

51

ITO.ll3eMHOe paaaemeuae XOJlO.llllJIbHIlKOB no cpaaaeamo C Ha3eMHblM HMeeT pll.ll TeXHll'leCKIiX npeaxyinecrs: B03MOlKHOCTb llCnOJIb36BaHIl51 ropasrx nopon B eCTeCTBeHHOM aaneraaaa B xa'1eCTBe CTpOIlTeJIbHOrO II TenJIOll30JIlIUIl9HHoro Marepnaaa; noarcaeuaocrs coopyxceuaa II nOCTOlIHCTBO renaodiasauecxax CBOHCTB MaCCIlBa; COxpamenae pacxoaa XOJIOAa .llJIlI 06eCne'leHll1l aanaunux reaneparypaux peacaxon BO apexemr; paBHOMepl10CTb pa60TbI XOJIOAllJIbHOll YCTaHOBKIl B reseane rona: nOBbIIlIeHHa51 aKKYMYJIllpYlOrnall cnoc06HOCTb orpaacneanjr (BMernalOrnliX ropuux nopon) , n03BOJIlIIOrnall AJIIlTeJIbHOe BpeM5I coxpaH5ITb pelKliMbi B xaxepax B CJIY'Iae OTKJIIO'IeHIl51 XOJIO.ll.llJIbHblX MaillIlH; B03MOlKHOCTb cytnecraenaoro coxpamenna 3eMeJIbHOrO Y'IaCTKa .II.JIlI YCTPOHCTBa 0pOMUJIOrna.ll.KIl; YMeHbilieHlle nOlKapoonac-, HOCTIl; ooecneneane eCTeCTBeHHOH xacxaponxa II HeYH3BIlMOCTli npeAnpllll,!llll;

Map HAY C npeaaymecraaxn nOA3eMHbIe XOJIO-

. AHJIbHIlKIi IlMelOT 11 HeAOCTaTKIl: Y3KHH <jlPOHT norpY30'lHO-pa3rpY30'lHblX pa60T; 3Ha'lHTeJIbHa51 npOTHlKeHHOCTb KOP1l.ll.0pOB, xaxep H KOMMYHllKaUHH; .II.JIIlTeJIbHOe npenaaparensaoe OXJIalK.II.eHHe ropaux nopon nepen 3arpY3KOH XOJIO.ll.IlJIbHHKa; He06xo.ll.HMOCTb B pane CJIY'IaCB npenoxpaHeHH5I CTeH H KPOBJIH Bblpa60TOK OT ocpyurenna:

HeIioJIHOe HCnOJIb30BaHHe CTpOHTeJIbHoro 06beMa B CBH3H C HaJIH'IHeM onopmrx ue.itHKoB H 60JIbIlIOH npOTHlKeHHOCTblO xaxep xpanenaa.

Tpe60BaHHSI K rOpHbiM' Bblpa60TKaM

K nOA3eMHblM nOJIOCT5IM, npennaaaaseuuua .llJIH coopYlKeHHH XOJIO.ll.IlJIbHIlKOB, npeAb5lBJIHIOT CJIeAYlOrnHe Tpe60BaH1l5l;

OHH .II.0JIlKHbI paaxeuiarsca B .II.0CTaTO'lHO

nposnux, MOP030YCTOH'IHBbIX H HenY'IIiHIlCTblX ropaux noponax:

IlIHpHHa IlX .II.0JIlKHa 6blTb He'MeHee 6-7 M, BbiCOTa - HeHHlKe 4-5 M, (AJIH npoeana 3JIeKTponorpY3'1HKOB, 3JleKTpOTeJIelKeK II 3JIeKTpOIlITa6eJIepOB BHYTPH nouemeaas}:

nona nOA3eMHblX noveurenaa H Bbe3AOB B HIlX )l.OJllKHbl 6blTb ropIl30HTa.abHblMIl, nonycsaIOrnHMIl nrratieaapoaaaae rpY30BbIX naKeTOB ua nOAAOHax II nepennazcenne norpysovao-paarpy- 30'lHbIX MexaHIl3MOB;

nonaeanue nOJIOCTIl AOJIlKHbI, naxonarscs B xopourex caaarapnoa COCTOHHIlIl, 6bITb CYXIlMIl II He 3aTanJIIlBaTbCH rPYHTOBbIMIl, nanonsoauxa II .II.pyrHMIl BOAaMU;

repparopns nepen IlCnOJIb3y~MbIMIi nOA3eM-'

HbiMIi nOJIOCTHMn AOJI)!(Ha 6bITb AOCTaTO'lHOH .llJIH paaaemenas KOMnJIeKCa Ha3eMHbIX noncooHO-BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIXIi aAMHHIlCTpaTIIBHo-6bITOBbiX COOpYlKeHIlH XOJIOAllJIbHIlKa II ofiecneanears He06xOAuMbIH $pOHT norpyaouao-pasrpy- 30'lHblX pa60T;

nonaexnae nOJIOCTIi .II.0JIlKHbl HMeTb YAOOHble aBTOM061lJIbHble nozrsesnsr II lKeJIe3HOAOpOlKHbIe nom.eaaaste nYTIl, npll OTCYTCTBIIIl nOCJIeAHIiX IlX cnenyer pacnO.llaraTb PSl.ll.OM C lKeJIe3HO.ll.opOlK-

HbIMIi CTaHUIIOHHblMIi nYTlIMIl; I

B6JIIl31I nonseaaux npOCTpaHCTB AOJIlKHbl

npoxonars aeotixonaasre IlHlKeHepHbIe KOMMYHIlKaulill .II.JISI 06eCne'leHIIH XOJlOAIIJIbHIlKa 3JIeKTpO'3HepmeH" BO.ll.OH, TenJIOM, ra30M, KaHaJIII3aUliea II np.;

nOA3eMHbIe nOJIOCTIi AOJIlKHbI paaxetuarsca Be, pMIOHax, xapaxrepasyiomaxca .II.e(jJIlUIiTOM XOJIOAIlJIbHbIX ,eMKOCTeH, OKOJIO OCHOBHbIX MeeT fIP0I13- BOACTBa IlJIH nOTpe6JIeHIIH CKOP,onopTHrnIIKCH nautessrx npoAYKTOB.

npHHD.HnHaJlbHble BapHaHTbl pa3Meu(eHH9 'nOA3eMHbiX XOJlOAHJlbHHKOB

B03MOlKHbl 'IeTblpe OCHOBHble npaauanaaasHbIe sapaaaru paaxemeaas nO.ll.3eMHbIX XOJIOAllJIbHIlKOB: B crreunansno B03BOAIIMblX nO.ll.3eM-' HbiX BbIpa60TKax; B oTpa60TaHHblX ropasrx aupa- 60TKax; B ssrpaecrxax, npOH.II.eHHblX no 3aAaHHbIM napaxerpaa npa paapaoorxe nOJIe3HbIX, acxonaexax: B neuiepax, KaTaKOM6ax II nposnx 6eCX03HblX aupaeorxax.

Cnenaansaoe nonaeauoe CTpOIITeJIbCTBO lIBJIHeTCH Halt60Jlee ynaeepcansaua BapliaHToM IlCnOJIb30BaHliH nonaexaoro npOCTpaHCTBa AJIH p aaMerneHIlH X:OJIO.ll.IlJIbHIlKOB. ,B 3TOM cnysae MOlKHOBbI6paTb Hall60Jlee 6J1arOnplillTHble eCTeCTBeHHble(rJlaBHblM 06pa30M reonorasecxae) II 06rne3KOHOMIlQeCKHe YCJIOBIiH. 3TOT aapaaar npencraaaaer Hall60JIbIlIl1H HHTepec B ropaux paaoaax, KYPOPTHblX 30Hax, pasoaax C BbICOKOIlHTeHCIlB-' HblM CeJIbCKIlM X03HHCTBOM, B 30Hax Be'lHOif Mep3- JIOTbl II T . .11..

IToA3eMHble XOJIO.ll.IlJIbHIlKIl, pasaemeaaae So cneuaansao npoaneaaux nOA3eMHblX asrpaoorxax, OTJIU'IaIOTCH npocroron nJIaHllpOBKIl, 60JIbIIlliMil paaaepasra xaxep xpaaeaas II scnoaorareaemax noaeuienaa. OHII npauepao ua 20-40% '.II.0pOlKe' Ha3eMHbIX XOJIOAIlJIbHIlKOB TOH )l{e eMKOCTIi. OAHaKO MeHblllRe sscnayarauaoauue pacxonu (sa C'IeT pexonra, aaxeasr TenJlOIl30JIlIUIlIl, OTOnJIe. Hllll, .pacxoaos xonona) oxynaior paaaauy B xa-

naransnsrx 'BJIOlKeHIIHX.

Paaxeuieaae nonsexaoro XOJlOAIlJIbHIlKa B OTpaoorauusrx ropasrx asipaeorxax n03BOJIHeT IlCnOJIb30BaTb yace roroaste nOJlOCTII, oripaaoaaaUlHeCH B pe3YJIbTaTe BbleMKIl MIiHepaJIbHOrO cuPbH, r JlaBHblM ocpaaox 1l3BeCTHlIKa II ranca. Kauepsr, oepaayiouiaeca npa paapacorxe xapooHaTHblX II cynsrparuux MeCTopOlKAeHIlH, xapaxTepH3YIO'rCSl .II.0CTaTO'lHblMH paanepaxa AJISI pasMerneHIlH CKJIaACKIiX nouetucaaft II HOpMaJIbHOrO

d>VHKIlHoHIiPOBaHIiH rpaacnopraoro II XOJIO.llIlJlbaoro oOOPY.ll.OBaHHSl.

58

OJJ:HaKO HcnOJIb30BaHHe rOTOBblX nO,ll3eMHbIX ~

noaocrea' nozr CTpOHTeJIbCTBO XOJIO,llHJIbHHKOB CBH'

BaHO C orrpeaeaesauxa TPY,llHOCTHMH: ynanen- , n M I .I~!

aOCTb paapacaruaaexsn MeCTOpO)K,lleHHii OT OC', ItO iJi _.

HOBHblX nOTpe6HTeJIeii np0,llYKTOB XpaHeHHH; YK- -,0

JIOHbI Bblpa60TOK, npenHTCTBYIOI.I.lHe npHMeHeHHIO "t---- ..... --T~-~-.-::--::- ~,~I-=-.=' .. -=.[=;: -Ii]

THnOBoro aKKYMYJIHTOpHOro TpaHcnopTHoro 060- .... l

PY,llOBaHHH; psaaaa nosepxnocn, xaaep H ueJIH' .,.

ROB; 60JIbIIIaH npOTH)KeHHOCTb xaxep XpaHeHHH; ,,+----r--..,..---\ I C=-===j t""--=--=--=J

3HaqHTeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO 60JIbIIIHX C60eK Me)K,llY .... II I I

xaxepaan H np, ',' I I

Bblpa60TKH, npoaneaaue no napaxerpax, aa- 'I r--"---l _t---,-----,

.llaBaeMbIM HX nOTeHUHaJIbHblM nOTpeOHTeJIeM, ['I L-:- j ,----.JA1

B npouecce pa3pa60TKH MeCTOpO)K,lleHHH H3BeCT· ; I I

HHKa H rnnca B 3HaqHTeJIbHO 60JIblIIeii CTeneHH II ,-----11-----,

YIl:OBJIe1"BOpHIOT Tpe60BaHHHM, npe,ll'bHBJIHeMbIM K II L._ - -i !------'

-COBpeMeHHblM CKJIa,llCKHM noaerneaasx. TIPH HX ,I I

npoeKTHpOBaHHH MO)KHO ysecrs pH,ll !jJaKTopOB, I" ~ ~

-CYllleCTBeHHblX ,llJIH 'HOpMaJIbHOrO !jJYHKUHOHHPO' L~~-=-=l j=-=-==J

BaHHH 6Y,llYl.I.lero XOJIO,llHJIbHHKa, HCXO,llH H3 HaH- I I

{)OJIee nporpeccaaaux 06'beMHo·nJIaHHpOBOqHbIX I I

peIIIeHHii H TeXHOJIOrnqeCKHX cxexr. TIPH STOM ue- 120 ~J

~eHarrpaBJIeHHaH dTpa60TKa onpe,lleJIeHHOii qaCTH I

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59

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)KeRe300eToHHYIO.· ,

KOHCTPYK~HH KpeIIH BblpaOOTOK ~OR)KHa npaHHMaTbCH aa OCHOBaHHH cpaBHHTeRbHbIX TeXHHKO- 9KOHOMHqeCKHX pacseros. 'uRH YKpenReHHH ROOOBbIX OTKOCOB, OTBo~a nOBepXHOCTHbIX BO~ H olj>opMReHHH BXO~OB H BbIXO~OB B YCTbHX urroJIeH H HaKROHHbIX CTBOJIOB npenycaarpasaercs YCTPOHCTBO IIopTaROB, xoropue lIpoeKTHpYIOTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, H3 ceopnoro HRH MOHORHTHoro xceJIe300eTOHa. KOHCTPYK~HH IIopTaROB npHHHMaeTCli B COOTBeTCTBHH C TpeOOBaHHHMH CHHII IT-,U', 8-62 «ToHHeJIH )KeJIe3HO~OpO)KHbIe H aBTO~OpO)KHbIe. Hopxa IIpoeKTHpoBaHHH».ITpHIIopTaRbHbIe yqaCTKH (YCTbH) lliTORbHH H HaKJIOHH~X CTBOROB so scex caysasx ~OR)KHbI HMeTb oraeCTOHKYIO xpens aa ~RHHe He MeHeelO M. '

Teno!lOH30RH~HH nOBepXHOCTH ropaux nopoa He rrpeaycxarpnaaercs, aa HCKJIlOqeHHeM yqaCTKOB xaaep, npaauxaiomax K HeOXRa)K~aeMoMy npoCTpaHCTBY .(~BepH, rpancnoprnue H BeHTHRH~HOHHbIe COOHKH, nepexasxa). B STHX CJIyqaHX H3ORHI.lHOHHblM CRoeM noxpaaaercs nOBepXHOCTb 8b1paOOTKH co CTOpOH~HII3KOH resmeparypsr, C nensro cxopesurero OXJIa)K~eHHH ropnoro MacCHBa H YMeHbllieHHH TenROIIpHTOKOB K nOBepXHOCTH BbIpaOOTOK MO)KeT OblTb npaxeaena TenJIOH30- RH~HH. I1cnoJIb30BaHHe TenJIOH30JIH~HH ueJIeCO- 00pa3HO, xorna OHa O~HOBpeMeHHO BblnOJIHHeT H lj>YHK~HH OT~eJIKH nOBepXHOCTH. B nO~3eMHblX coopY)KeHHHX B xasecrae TeIIROH3QJIH~HOHHoro MaTepHaJIa HaHOORee ueJIeCOOOpa3HO npHMeHeHHe II€HOIIOJIHypeTaHa, TaK KaK STOT MaTepHaR HaHOCHT nYTeM HaIIbIJIe~HH Ha HepOBHYIO nOBepXHOCTb BblpaOOTOK. HaIIbIJIeHHe yperaaosoro IIOKpbITH'lI npOH3BO~HT cneuaansuoa IIepe~BH)KHOH xanoraoaplfTHOH YCTaHOBKoH. ,

ITpHMeHeHHe TeIIROH30RH~HOHHblX, a TaK)Ke BJIar03amHTHblX nOKpblTHH ~OJI)KHO OblTb OOOCHOBaHO TeXHHKO-S.KOHOMIttieCKHMH pacseraxa C yqeTOM CTOHMOCTH MaTepilaJIa IIOKPbITHH, sarpar aa ero aaaeceaae H sxcnayarauaoaasrx paCXO~OB no OOeClIeqeHHIO 3a~aHHbIX TepMOBRa)KiwCTHbIX pe)KHMOB,

Ilpa HaJIHqHH B IIO~3eMHOM XOJIO~HJIbHHKe xaMep xpaaeana MOP.O)KeHblX npoayxros CJIe~yeT OIIpe~eRHTb B03MO)KHOCTb TeMnepaTypHoro pacTpeCKHBaHHH nopon B KpOIMe BbIpaOOTOK BCJIe~CTBHe nOHH)KeHHH HX TeMnepaTypbI.

KaJlOpH1JecKHe H ,reOTenJlo4>H3H1JeCKHe paC1JeTbI

KaROpHqeCKHe pacserta 1I0~3eMHb:X XOJIO,

AHJIbHHKOB npOH3BO~HTCj): aHaJIOfHt:(HO pacuerast Ha3eMHbIX XORO~HJIbflflKOB B COOTBeTCTBHII C Tpe:

63

HHKaM It CHHIl ll-A.6-72 (<<CTpOHTeJIbHaSi KJIHMaTOJIorHSI H reorpaaaxa». OCHoBHble noaosceHHSI npoexrapoaaaaa).

nJIOll{a.llb nonepesaoro Ce'leHHSI BblpaooToK-H paOO'lHX xaxep, OO'beMbl H nesepxnocra nonsexHblX nOMell{eH,HH, eCTecTBeHHYIO TeMnepaTYPY H BJIa}!{HOCTb ropaax nopon, TenJIocpH3H'IeCKHe H MaccoooMeHHble HX CBOHCTBa npHHHMalOT no nan"blM HH}!{eHepHblX H3blcKaHHH.

TIPH OTCYTCTBHH naaaax H3blcKaHHH .llJISI OPHeHTHpOBO'lHblX paC'IeTOB eCTecTBeHHYIO resmepaTYPY ropaax nopon aa rJIy6HHe 25 M npHHHMalOT aa 3° C asnne cpenaea ronoaoft.rexneparypu

aosnyxa B .llaHHOM paaoae C YBeJlH'IeHHeM sa 3° CHa Ka}!{.llble 100 M rJIyoHHhI cssnne 25 M,

a TenJIocpH3H'IeCKHe csoacraa ropHblX nopo.ll - _ no TaOJI. 1-18.

XapaKTepUCTUlCa 067>eMHo-nJtaHupo8e"I/HbIX peweHufi. nO(}3eMHblx

nJlOlllaJlb oblpa6oTOK, M' \ 06'beM olipa6o'fOK,
YCJIOOHaH
". eMKOCTh . .
XOJlOJUUb-
oapHaHTOO HHKa OXJlaX<)IaeMliX BcnOMOr8TeJlb- OXJlaX<JlaeMIiX
'oYCJI' T oouiaH xaxep HblX noxeure- 06111HII K8Mep
Fo6111 (nOJleSH81I)_ HHII, KOPHJlOPOO, V06111 (.noJlesHlill)
FnOJl Focn vnoJl
1 (CM. pHC. }+26, a) 10900 11200 7500 3700 71000 52500
2 (CM. pHC./ -='2q, 15) 10900 10100 7500 I 2600 67000 52500
3 (CM. PHi. 1-26, 8) 9700 12800 7000 5800 78500 49000
-4 (CM.,PHC. 1-26, a) 9850 12000 7000 5200 75600 49000
, /

(jooaIHHSlMH CHHn II-A.7-7il (CCTpOHTeJlbHall TenJlOTeXHHKa». Hopxu npoeKTHpOBaHHlI) H CHHn 11-105-74 (<<XOJIO.llHJlbHHKH»), aa HCKJlIO'IeHHeM pacxona xonona Ha, renaonepenasy sepea orpa}!{.lleHHlI KaMep, KOTOPblH onpenenaercs aa OCHOBaHHH reOTenJlocpH3H'IeCKHX pacseroa.

feOTerrJlocpH3HtieCKHMH paC'IeTaMH onpeaeaslOT nJlOTHOCTb TenJlOBOrO nOTOK8 H3 MaCCHBa ropHblX nopon K nOBepXHOCTH XOJlO.llHJlbHHKa; npo,AOJl}!{HTeJIbHOCTb npensa pHTeJlbHOrO (npensxcnnyaTaUHOHHoro) OXJIa*.lleHHlI· ropaux nopon OT eCTeCTBeHHOH (Ha'laJlbHOH) TeMnepaTypbl no aap,aHHOH; MOIl{HOCTb CJI01l npoaepaaiomax ropasrx nopon B KpOBJle H nO.llOIIIBe no.ii.3eMHoro XOJIO,AHJIbHHKa; nOTOK saara C nOBepXHOCTH aupado-

TOK. ,

Ilapaxerpu COCTOllHHlI aosayxa aa nOBepXHOeTH rrpHHHMalOT no KJIHMaTOJIdrH'IeCKHM cnpasou-

TenJtol/Ju3U'teClCue ceoacrea eopnux nopoii

Tao JI H n a 1-113

KosljlljmllHeHT
06'beMHalI MaCCOBaH YlleJlbHaH
TerrJlOeMKOCTh reuneparypo-
I'opmae nopoza , M8CC8Q, OJlaX<HOCTb W, e, renaonposoa- npOOOJlHOCTH
Kr/M3 % K,AX</(Kr.K) HoeTH A, a·lOo,
BT/(M·K) tL'/c
Ilecsaaax (cpe.llHeH BeJIH'IHHbl) 2500 2-5 0,835 2,56 1,22
fJlHHHCTblli H neC'IaHO-rJIHHHCTblil 2450 2 __ 7 0,92 1,75 0,81
CJIaHeu
MpaMop 2700 .ll0 1 0,419 1,28 1,14
fpaHHT 2700 .ll0 1 0,92 2,21 0,89
H3BecTHliK nJlOTHblli TOHKo3epHH- 2700 2-3 0,92 2,56 0,97
,CTblH, opraaoreaaaa. -
,nOJlOMHT 2650 1-2 0,92 1,75 0,7
fHnc 2350 2-3 1,47 1,16 0,33
AHrH.llpHT 2400 1-2 1,67 1,16 0,278
PaKYlIIe'lHHK 1800 7-10 0,835 0,7 0,47
» 1400 7-10 0,835 0,465 0,39 64

Ta6JIHIU 1-17

II'

XOAOaUAbHUKOB, paexetuaeuux B paSAU~HbIX eopnux nopoiiax

Oueaxa KCnOJlh308aHHII 8blpa60TOK

ll08epXKOCTh TenJIo0611eHa C OKPYlKalOlIlH MH ropHhlMH nopozaua

FrenA' M2

llPOTHlKeHHOClh llpoTHlICeHHocTh

rpaacnopraax Tpy60!Ip08011~

KOMMYHHKaItHA, HbIX KOM¥YHH-

M K'08ItHA, M

BcnOMOraTeJIbi HbIX nosreure, HIlA, KOPH,~OPOB, VBcrr

18500 14500 29500 26600

22900 22900 26900 26900

160 .45 145 40

170 65

230 70

,

-
no nnOll{aJIH no 06'heMY no eMKOCTH
FrroJl VnoJl . VQ61l{
F061I1 V061l{ aycJI 220 '100 140 95

40 30 35 25

0,67 0,74 0,55 0,57

0,74 0,78 0,62 0,65

TIPH CJIOHCT0f>! CTpOeHHH nOKpblBalOIUHX H ; I DO.D;CTHJla!OIUHX nO.l!.3eMHOe cOOpY)KeHHe WPHblX DOPOA paC'leTH~3HaqeHHH TenJIO~H3H'leCKHX xapaKTepHCTI{K/MOJKHO onpeneaars no BblpaJKeHHIO

r'--" -

(I-52)

rae :A. - pacseraoe 3Ha'IeHHe KoacpqIHItHeHTa

TenJIOnpOBO.D;HOCTH, BTl (M • K) ;

Ai - KoaCPCPHItHeHT TenJIOnpOBO.D;HOCTH

B rrpeneaax o.D;HOrO CJIOH, BTl (M· K);

n - KOJIH'leCTBO CJIoel3, xapaKTepH3YIOIUHXCH pa3JIH'lHblMH TenJIocpIj3H'leCKHMH CBOHCTBliMH B' npeneaax 30- HbI TeMnepaTypHoro BJlHHHHH nonaexaoro cOOPYJKeHHH;

h, - BblCOTa COOTBeTCTBYIOIUero CJlOH noPOA, M.

KoacpcpHItHeHT rennoornasa a npa CKOPOCTH ABHJKeHIIH sosayxa .D;O 0,3 M/c npHHHMalOT coraacao CHHTI II-A.7 -71 CCTPOHTeJIbHaH Teo-

", nOTeXHHKa. HOPMbI np0eKTHpOBaHHH» paBHbIM

'8,7 BTl (M2• K) (7,5 KKaJl/ (M!. 'l . 0C); npa CKOPOCTH .D;BHJKeHHH B03.D;yxa 0,3-0,5 M/c OH YBeJIHQHBaeTCH Ad H,6 BT/(M2• K) (10KKaJI (M2• 'IX X°C).

I'ecrenaooaaasecxae pacseru npOH3BO.D;HT OT, Ae;ribHO AJilI KaJK.D;OH soau, B KOTOpylO KOMnOHYIOTCH KaMepbI xpaaeaaa C oAHHaKoBblMH TeMnepaI TypHblMH H BJIalKHOCTHbI~H peJKHMaMH.

TenJIOnpHTOKH H3 CPe.ll.bI, OKpYJKalOIUeil: nOAaeMHble oXJIa)KAaeMbie coopYJKeHHH Qt, BKJlIO'Ia, lOT renaosoa nOTOK HS MaCCHBa ropaax nopon, ,DOKPbIBalO.I1lHX H nOACTHJlalO.I1lHX ropaae Bblpa-

6oT1!:H Q1', TeOJlOBOil: nOTOK sepes IleJIHKH H nepe.. &PilCH (neperopcaxa}, OTAeJIHIOIUHe rexnepa-

A. B. Bt.lKOB

,

TYPHylO SOHY OT aeacnonsayexoro BblpaOOTliH aoro npOC;:TpaHCTB8 HJlH OT 30HbI C HHblMH TeMne paTypHO-BJIaJKHOCTHblMH peJKHMaMH COOTl~eTCTBeH HO Q{' H Qt"'.

Terraosoa 1l0TOK aa MaCCHB,a ropaux nopon nOKpblBalOIUHX H llOACTHJlalOIUHX ropaae Bblpa 60TKH', onpeaeamor no cpopMYJIe

Q~ =2qP"

(I-53)

rAe q - OJlOTHOCTb TenJIOBOrO nOTOKa H3, ropHO- ' ro MaccHBa, BT/M!;

F - nJlOIUaAb noaa 30HbI (BKJlIO'laH IteJIHKH) C oAHHaKoBoil: TeMnepaTypoi!: xpaHeHHlI, MZ.

):{JlH' He06pa60TaHHbIx(pBaHblx) noaepxaocren BbIpa6OTOK BeJlH'lHHY F CJIeAyeT YBeJIH'IHT& npaxepao B 1,5 pasa.

PaC'IeT nnOTHOCTH TennOBoro nOTOKa HS r~ HOH nopOAbi. TIJlOTHOCT& rermosoro nOTOKa HS MaCCHBa ropnux nopoa K nOBepXHOCTH OXJIaJKAaeMbIX KaMep nOA3eMHoro XOJIOAHJI&HHKa qonpeAeJIlIlOT no cpopMyJIaM:

npa MaCCOBOH OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BJlaJKHOCTH ropHblX nopoa MeHbme 3 % (W <3 %)

1,35:\ (iK""" tn) q = y MlI·3600

(I-54)

npa MaccoBoil: OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BJlaJKHOCTHropHbiX nopoa 60JIbme HJIH paaaoa 3% (W~30/01

rAe

A - KosCPCPifItHeHTTenJlOnpOBOAHoCTB ropaax nopon, BTl (M' K);

t. - eCTeCTBeHHaH TeMnepaTypa rop-

HbiX nopoa, °C;

65

tn - "TeMnepaTypa nOBepXHOCTH Bblpa-

60TOK, paBHaH 3aAaHHOH TeXHOnOrHqeCKOH reaneparype xaaep xpaHeHHlI DC,

a - KO::)(pcPHlI.u'eHT TeMnepaTyponpoBOA,HOC'I'H ropasrx nopon, M2JC;

11 - nponoaaorrensnocrs pa60TbI xoaoAllnbHoH YCTaHoBKII, 'I;

f)w - K03<p<pHulleHT, 3aBHCllIUIIH OT Mac-

COBOH OTHocHTenbHoH BnaJKHOCTII

ropaoa noponsr W:

w, % 1)w

5 1,75

7 1,5

10 1,4

3 2,0

,to - rexneparypa 3aMep3aHII1I saara B ropHbiX nopoaax, DC;

Q", - KOnllqeCTBO renna, pacxonyeaoe aa

3aMOpaJKIIBaHlle saara, COAepJKaIUeiiClI B 1 M3 ropaon noponsr, JJ.JKjM3:

Qcjl = rWo6, (I-56)

r - rennora naasaeaas nbAa, JJ.JKjKr (r= =335.103);

Wo~ - KOnllqeCTBO aaara, conepacameacs B 1 M3 ropaoa noPOAbI, xr;

QT - KOnllqeCTBO renna, pacxonyexoe aa H3- MeHeHlle TenJIOeMKOCTH npoxepaaiomero enos, JJ.JK/M3:

Q _ CQ(t3-tn)

T - 2' (I-57)

C - YAenbHall TenJIOeMKOCTb ropnsrx noPOA, JJ.JKj (xr .I();

Q - 06'beMHall Macca ropnsrx nopon, Kr/M3•

TIPH onpeneaeaaa nnOTHOCTH renaosoro noTOKa q no npHBeAeHHblM <popMynaM HaH60nbuIIIe 3aTpYAHeHHlI Bbl3b1BaeT Bbl60p paCqeTHOH BeJIllqHHbI T. TIPII yseaaseaaa pacseraoro anaseHlIlI T pe3KO B03paCTeT npOAOnJKHTenbHOCTb npenaapareasaoro oXnaJKAeHHlI ropasrx nopon, a caeAOBaTenbHo, 3aAepJKHTClI H CAaqa 06'beKTa B 3KCnJIyaTaUIlIO, npn YMeHbllleHHII T npoaaaonarensHOCTb xononaasaux MalllHH 6b1CTPO npesucnr rpeoyexyio Anll HopManbHoH 3KcnnyaTaUIIH xoaoAHnbHIIKa.

TIPH pacsere renaootixeaa C oKpyJKaJOIUHM MaCCIIBOM ropHblx nopoA ueneco06pa3Ho npIIHHMaTb nnOTHOCTb rennosoro nOTOKa q, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUYIO BTOPOMY rOAY OXJIaJKAeHHlI nOA3eMI;IblX Bblpa60TOK. B 3TOM cay-rae ooecnesaaaerClI OnTIIMaJIbHblii pesepa npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH

XQJIOAHnbHblX YCTaHOBOK, He06xoAIIMblH AJIlI

nepaux JIeT 3KCnJIya1'aUHH XOJIOAHnbHHKa.

Ilocrenenaoe CHHJKeHHe q C TeqeHHeM spexeHH H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, YMeHbllleHHe nOTpe6HOH;" npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH XOJIOAHJIbHOii YCTaHOBKH CJIeAyeT ysarusars B AaJIbHeiillleM npa saxeae oTpa60TaBlIlHX xauma H armaparos aa HOBbie.

15 1,2

Pacseraise c}>OpMyJIbl AJIlI onpeaeaerras nJIOTHOCTH TenJIOBOrO nOTOKa HS. MaCCHBa ropaax noPOA npn npOAOJIJKHTeJIbHOCTH HX oxaaacneaaa ABa rona (17280 'I) npHHIIMalOT BHA:

npa MaCCOBOH OTHOCIITeJIbHOH BJIaJKHQCTH

ropasrx nopoa W<3%

5,821. (tH- tn) 1O~3

q = . .,; a ' (I-58)

npa MaCCOBOH OTHOCIITeJIbHOH BJIaJKHOCTII

ropaux nopcn W~3%

q = 5,~.1O-31)w Y~A ";"";(t-3 ---;t'n)'-:("'Q-cjl-:-+-'Q"'T-'-). (I-59)

Tenaonepenasy xepea ueJIHKII H nepexsnnca

no rpanane TeMnepaTYPHoH 30HbI paccsaruaa-. lOT no <popMYJIaM:

Q~ = ku~F U (toKp - tn);

(1-60)

rae "1:,Fu H "1:,Fn - nOBepXHOCTb TenJIo06MeHa

nenaxoa H nepexusex no rpaaaue TeMnepa:rYPHOH 30- Hbi MZ'

ku H kJl - K03'q,<p~UHeHTbI renaonepe-

Aaqll COOTBeTCTBeHHO ueJIIIKOB II nepexsrsex (neperopo.lI.OK), BT/(M2.1();

tOKP - TeMnepaTfypa oKpYJKalOIUer()

aeacnoasayeaoro ssrpaooraanoro npOCTpaHCTBa HJIH CMeJKHbiX nOMeIUeHHH, DC.

PaC'IeT .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH npeaeapareasaoro OXJIalK.lI.eHHlI. JJ.JIHTeJIbHOCTb npeABapHTeJIbHOrO OX-· JIa1K.lI.eHHlI nonaesmoro coopyaceans C orpanaTeJIbHOH TeMnepaTypoii paCCqHTblBalOT no CJIe.ll.YIOIUHM-<popMynaM:

npn OTHOCHTeJIbHOH MatcoBOII BJIaJKHOCTH

ropnux nopon xenee 3% (W<3%)

0,31)kJl[ A(iH-tn) ]2

1:0= -- , (1-61)

3600 qoyaexpm(tn-6)

npn O~HOCIITeJIbHOii Ma\:coBoH BJIalKHOCTH

ropasrx nopon W~3%

x 1.,1 1.(/3 - tn)(Qcjl+QT) ]2, qo exp-es (tn - 6)

rne m - K03<p<pHuHeHT, xapaxrepaayro-

IUHH THn xaanareara, l/rpa.ll (AJIlI aMMllaKa m = 0,0555; AJIll <ppeoHa-12 m=0,038; AJIlI <ppeoHa-22 m=O,045);

(1-62)

66

..

'VB/( -f/J°C'-f5"

1 r-----r---~._~--~--~~

o,Bj---~-7--7r~~-b~~ o,oj--r~~~~~~~ __ ~

I,f

1,2

f,1f ktl .

PRC. 1-27. fpa<pIIK ,n:JIli onpeneaeaaa rronpasoxaoro K03<p<PHlJ,HeHTA kq

e - paaaocrs MelK,n:y rexneparypon soaayxa B OXJlalK,n:aeMOM noxeUJ.eHHII t« II rexneparypoa xaneHilS! xaaaareara (,n:JIS! CHCTeMhI C nenocpencrseaasrx OXJIalK,n:eHHeM e = 10° C, ,n:JIli CHCTeMbi C pacCOJIbHblM OXJIalK,n:eHHeM e = =15°C);

k,. - K03«p<PHUHeHT, yq:HTblBaiOUJ.HHH&JIHqHe onopaax ueJIIIKOB H 3aBHClIUJ.HH OT OTHoweHHH WHPHHH ueJIHKa Bu, K npOJIeTY· .KaMepH BR H rexneparypsr B OXJIalKnaexox nOMemeHHII t« (ananeHHH K03<p<pHuHeHTa kl1. npaae.neHhI aa pHC. 1-27);

1], 11 w' - nonpasxa, ysarsraaromae yCJIOBIIH aa nosepxaocra OXJIalK,n:eHHS!;·BeJIHqHHa nonpaBoK 3aBHCHT OT pa3HocTH TeMnepaTYP MelK.ny B03,n:YXOM H· KHnHUJ.HM XOJIO.nHJIbHhlM areHTOM e H OTHOCHTeJIbHOH MaccoBoH BJIalKHOCTH ropaoa noponu W:

15

io 2,0

\

2,4

,!lJIS! 1] w':

lV, % 10 5 3
8,0 C 0 I 10 I 15 0 I 10 I 15 0 I 10 I 15 2,0 J. 2,4

r

7jw

1,2

I [

2,1

2F exp za (tn- 6) ,

(1-~)

aaecs Qn - CYMMapHaH pa60qaS! npOH3Bo,n:H-

TeJIbHOCTb XOJIO,n:HJIbHhlX MaWHH,

06CJIYlKHBaiOUJ.Hx .naHHYiO TeMnepaTYPHYiO 30HY, BT;

Q, - 3KCnJIyaTaUHoHHble· rrorepa xOJIolI,'a, BKJIiOqaS!· norepa B ceTII II nonpasKY, yqHThlBaiOUJ.YiO HenOJIHOe apeMS! paoorta xoxrrpeccopos B CYTKII, BT.

PaC'IeT fJlYOHHbI npoaepaaaas fOPHblX nopon, rJIy6HHY npoMep3aHHS! ropHhlX nopolI, B nolI,OWBe H KpOBJIe nonaexaax OXJIalKlI,aeMbiX COOPYlKeHHH paccaarsraajor no <popMYJIe

3,5

4,2

2,7

4,5

5,4

rAe H n- rJIy6HHa npoxepaanaa ropaux nopon B KpOBJIe II nOlI,OWBe sa paeqeTHhiH nepaon 3KCnJIyaTaUIIII XOJIOAHJIbHHKa, M;

'&' - npo,n:OJIlKHTeJIbHOCTb 3KCnJIyaTaUHH nOlI,3eMHOro XOJIOlI,HJIbHHKa (npa paeore XOJIOlI,IIJIbHOH YCTaHoBKH), 'I;

n -napaMeTp (B M), SaBHCl!UJ.HH OT noTOKa renaa K rpaaaue npoaepsaHHl! II CyMMhI Q41 H QT:

5qnll·3600 11= 6(Q!jl+QT),

qa - CpelI,HellHTerpaJIbHOe aaaxeaae rensoao-: ro nOTOKa K rpaaaue npoMep3aHIIII (BT/M2) 3aBHCHT OT renaooasaseCKHX CBOHCTB ropaax nopon

1.13tH~ qn = .y 1l.3600

ITPH pacsere rJIy6HHhI rrpoxepaaaas ropaax nopolI, Ha BTOpoA ro,n: 3KCnJIyaTaUHH nOlI,3eMHO-

67

(1-65)

(1-66)

5

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-, ~ ~-
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r-- s

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y 2

2

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PRC. 1-28. Xapaxrep H3MeHeHHH llJlOTHOCTH Tenaoaoro noroxa R rJlyoHHbI npOMep3aHHH MaCCHBa ropasrx nopon 11 Sa1lHCHMOCTR 01' npo,!!.OJIlKHTeJlb-

. HOCTH 3KCIIJIyaTalJ,HH:

J-6ea TenJlOH30JI1IUHH; 2~ TenJlOH30JlllUliell.

ro XOJlOllHJlbHHKa II H qu orrpeneastor no cpopMYJlaM

(1-67)

(1-68)

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PaCqeT nOTOKa BJlarR C nOBepXHOCTR BMpa~oTOk. qw [B HKf/(M2·C)] onpeaeamor no nsrpazceHRIO

(1-69)

rae P2 - ynpyrocrs napa y nOBepXHOCTH BbI" paoOTKH npH OTHOCHTeJlbHOH BJla2KHOCTH 100% ,H rexneparype noBepxHOCTH BbIpaoOTKH, TIa;

Pl- ynpyrocrs napa B B0311yxe npa sananaux OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BJla2KHOCTH aosnyxa Hero TeMrrepaTYpe, Ila;

p - K03cpcpHIJ;HeHT MaCCOOT.llalJH,

HKr/(M2·TIa· c) (1 HKr=10-o xr).

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E, % AO 5 ~15 15-2525-40

10-3~,HKr/(M2·Ila.c) 1,04' 2,08 6,25' 10,4'

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nOKpbltHH K09CPCPHIJ;HeHT MaCCOOT.llalJH YMeHblIIaerca,

;

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a-Ha nOBepXHOCTH; 6-B Bupa6o'l1Kax; l-KoMnpeocQP; 2-KOHAeRcaTOp; 3-HCUapHTeJIb; 4-B:J-' AOOXJI8lKA81OIUee YCTPoltc-mo; 5_oAllHoll aacoc: '6-peI1YJlHPYIOiUIIII Bell"I'HJlb; 7-,oXJI!ilKA81OlUHe npH6oPhI; 8-

paccoJlbHhllI aacoc,

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. 9Ta cxexa HaHOOJlee 3cpcpeKTHBHOH M02Ker

OblTb B czysasx, xorna nonaexnae OXJIa2KAae· Mble KaMepbI CBHsaHbI C nOBepXHOCTblO llJlHHHbINIH BXO.llaMH, a TaK2Ke npa OTCYTCTBHH Y.ll06HOll: nJIOIll8.llKH aa nOBepXHOCTH, npa nOBbIlIIeHKIIIX TeMnepaTypax rOpH&X nopo.ll H YCTOH'lIiBbIX B~~ paeorxax, ..

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cxeMbI HBJIHetcSl HeBOSM02KHOCTb (no HOPM&M

noscapo- H aapsraorieaorracaocra) npHMeHeHHll

aMMHaKa B ItaQeCTBe XOJlOllHJlbHOrO areara.

TeMnepaTypHO-BJIa2KHOCTHbie pe2KHMbt KaMep

OXJIa1K.ZlaeMoro CKJIa.ZlS, pasxeuraeaoro B Bhlpa(ioTKax, npHHHMaIOT no TeXHOJlOrHlJeCKHM HOpMaM .ZlJIH Ha3eMHblX XOJlO.ZlHJIbHHKOB. B xasecrae rrpatiopos OXJIa1K.ZleHHH peKOMeH.ZlYeTCH npaaeHHTb rJIa.ZlKOTPYOHble HJIH naHeJIbHble oaTapeH H B03.ZlYXOOXJIa.ZlHTeJIH .ZlJIH xaxep xpaaeaas MOpO- 1KeHblX H OXJIa1K.ZleHHblX rpY30B H B03.ZlYXOOXJIa.ZlHTeJIH .ZlJIH xauep 3aMOpa1KHBaHHH. FlpennonreHHe CJIe.ZlyeT OT.ZlaBaTb B03.ZlYXOOXJla.ZlHTeJIHM, KOropae, 'nOMHMO OOW.HX .ZlOCTOHHCTB, n03BOJIHIOT HHTeHCH<pHUHpOBaTb TeIIJIOOOMeH C oxpyscarourea cpe.Zloli (ropasrx MaCCHBOM). O.ZlHaKO BO scex CJIY~ lJaHX B03.ZlYXOOXJIa.ZlHTeJIH .ZlOJI1KHbI ObiTbOOOPY.ZlOBaHbI YCTpolicTBaMH .ZlJIH 3<p<peKTHBHoro llBToMaTH'leCKOrO OTTaHBaHHH cneroaoa IIIyohi.

,nonOCJJe.ZlHerO BpeMeHH B nO.Zl3eMHblX XOJlO.ZlHJlbHHKaX ObiJIa pacnpocrpanena CHCTeMa OXJIa)!{.ZleHHH C pacconsaax OXJIa)!{.ZleHHeM. TI03.Zlnee nOHBHJIHCb OO'beKTbI C HenOCpe.ZlCTBeHHblM OXJIa)!{.ZleHHeM.

B OTe'leCTBeHHblX nO.Zl3eMHblX XOJlO.ZlHJlbHHKaX npHMeHHeTCH CHCTeMa C pacnoaoaceaaex ,XOJIO.llHJIbHblX MaIIIHH na nOBepXHOCTH H C npoxexcyTO'lHblX XJIa.llOHOCHTeJleM, - paCCOJIOM. B KalJeCTBe npacopos OXJIa)!{.ZleHHH HcnOJIb3YIOTCH raanxoTPYOHble oaTapeH H B03.ZlyxooXna.llHTeJIH. OTKa3 OT npHMeHeHHH petipacrstx oaTapeli Bbl3BaH CJlO)!{HOCTHMH B HX OTTaUB'8HHH, xoropoe npOH3BO.ZlHTCH npa nOMOIII.H ropasero paccoaa.

Ha nO.Zl3eMHhlx XOJIO.ZlHJlbHHKaX YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCH BbiCOKOlIPOH3BO.ZlHTeJIbHOe oOOPY.ZlOBaHHe, ooecnesnaaiomee OblCTpoe (B reseaae HeCKOJlbKHX MeCllueB) OXJIa)!{.ZleHHe ropHblX nopon OT eCTeCTBeHHoii TeMlIepaTYPbl .ZlO 3a.ZlaBaeMOli TeXHOJlOrH'leCKHMH pe1KHMaMH.

TIJIOTHOCTb TelIJIOBOrO nOTOKa, OOeCIIe'lHBaeMOro XOJIO.ll.HJIbHblMH MaIIIHHaMH B nepaon npenaaPHTeJIbHOrO OXJIa1K.ZleHHH, H3MeHHeTCH OT 175- 230 .ZlO 45-70 BT/M2 [OT 150-200 .ZlO 40- 60 KKaJI/(M%·'l)].

OTHoIIIeHHe lIOBepXHOCTH oaTapeli K nnomana nOJIa K8Mep npa rexneparypax 0+_50 C ,COCTaBJIHeT B cpenaex 0,5, npa resmeparype _200 C -

0,8-1,0 M2/M2. '

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nOHBJI'HIOw.HecH npa ee paoore B 'YCJlOBIfHX TeMneparypu KHlIeHHH xaanareara, OOJIee BbiCOKOli, lJeM 3a.ZlaHO TeXHOJIOrH'leCKHM, pe)!{HMOM xpaaeaaa,

J{JIH YCKopeHHH BBO.Zla B 3KCnJIyaTaUHIO XOTH ObI 'laCTH CKJIa.ZlCKHX nOMew.eHHli OXJIa>K.ZlaeMbili OO'beM ueJIeCOOOpa3HO pasneaars aa HeCKOJIbKO OTceKOB (:;JOH) , KOHueHTpHPYH na OrpaHH'leHHOli nJIow.a.ZlH 3HalJHTeJlbHOe lJRCJIO lIPHOOpOB oXJra1Knenas. OAHaKo raxoe peIIIeHHe CB1l3aHO C TPY.ZlO· eMKHMH.!l'OlIOJlHHTeJIbHblMH paooraaa lIO MOHTa--

)!{Y H AeMOHTa1KY OXJIa1KAaIOw.ero 060PYAOBaHHH.

B paliOHax C X~JlO.ZlHblM KJlHMaTOM npe.ZlBapHTeJIbHOe, a, B paae CJIYlJaeB (.ZlJIH ynaxoaanaux lIP0.ZlyKTOB) H nOCTOHHHoe OXJla)!{.ZleHHe xaxep MO)!{HO ocyw.eCTBJIHTb, lIpoAYBaH nepea HHX B 3HMHee BpeMH XOJlO.ZlHblH HapY)!{HblH B03.ZlyX.

Ilorpyaosao-paarpyaosasre OlIepaUIIH B oxJIa)!{.ZlaeMbiX lIoMew.eHHHX nO.Zl3eMHblX XOJlO.ZlHJIbHHKOB npOH3BOAHT npa noxonm aKKYMYJIHTOpHbiX 3J1eKTponorpY3lJHKOB H ~JleKTpOTeJle1KeK. TIPH HCnOJIb30BaHHH cneuaaasnsrx Bblpa6<?ToK MaKCHMaJIbHblH npooer 3THX MexaHH3MOB He rrpeBblIIIaeT 50 M. Taxoro )!{e 3<p<peKTa Y.ZlaeTCH noCTHrHYTb npH 3ae3.Zle B TpaHcnopTHbie BblpaooTKH )!{eJIe3Ho.ZlOp01KHblX COCTaBOB H aaroxamaa • B cnyxae pasxemeaaa OXJla)!{.ZlaeMOrO cxaana s, orpaooraaaax supacorxax npooer rpaacnoprHbiX Cpe.ZlCTB YBeJlH'lHBaeTCH H MO)!{eT AOCTHr· HYTb 400 M. B ,TaKHx bO'beKTaX oomee KOJIHlJec'l'BO aKKYMYJIHTOPHblX nO.Zl'beMHO-TpaHclIopTHbiX MaIIIHH M01KeT B 2-3 pasa npeasnnars HOPMbI, .ZleHCTBYIOw.He AJIH Ha3eMHblX XOJIO.ZlHJIbHHROB.

B lIO.Zl3eMHblX XOJIO.ZlHJlbHHKaX rrpenycxarpaBaIOT aaapaaaoe OCBew.eHHe, a TaK)!{e aanac nepeHOCHbiX aKKYMYJlHTOPHblX JlaMn H3 pacsera He Me-. aee O.ZlHoA na Ka)!{.Zloro pa!5oTHHKa MaKCHMaJlbHOH C14eHbI.

cnHCOK HCnOJlb30BAHHOR JlHTEPATYPbl

ApUlaHCICUa C. H., MaT8ee8 B. H., CUHlCe-. 8U'! 3. R. XOJIOAHJIbHble coopysceaaa Pbl6HOli

IIpOMblIIIJIeHHocTH. M., «TIHw.e.BaH npOMblIIIJleH-

HOCTb», 1972. 320.c. .

3uJlb6ep6(Jpa A. 9., Fopcsas r. C. I1H1KeHepHo-reOJIOrH'leCKHe npennocuaxa HCnOJlb30BaHHH nO~3eMHblx nOJlOCTeH .ZlJlH xpaHeH~H npo.ll.oBCJlbCTBHH. M., BCErl1HrEO, 1970. 80 c.

3uJI'b6ep6opa A. 9: Meronasecxae pexoaeaaaUI-IHi no TelIJlOBbiM pacseraa nO.Zl3eMHblX COOPYlKeHHH XOJIO.ZlHJlbHO-CKJla.ZlCKOrO Ha3Ha'leHHH. ·M.,~

BCErI1HrEO, 1973.55 c. t

I(YPblJte8 E. C., repacuMo8, H. A. XOJlO.ZlHJlb-' asre YCTaHoBKH. JI., «MaIIIHHocTpoeHHe»,.. 1970. 672 c.

, MOCTIC08 B. M. CTpOHTeJlbCTBO lIO.Zl3eMHblX co- 0PY1KeHHH 6oJlbIIIbro· Ce'leHHH. M., eHenpa>, 1974. 320,c.

Ilopxaee r. B. Tenaosoe B3aHMO)leHCTBHe anaHlIH H cooPY1KeHHH C Be'lHOMep3JIblMH rpYHTaMH.

M., «HaYKa», 1970.207 C.' ,

Ilpaeuna TeXHHKH 6e30nacHocTH aa aMMHalJ'" HbiX ~OJlO.ZlH;7IbHblX YCTaHoBK8x. M., BHI1XI1, '1967. 144 c. '

Ilpoexrupoeanue XOJlO)lHJlbHIjKOB. M., «TIHw.e-' BaH npOMblIIIJIeHHocTb», '1972. 310 c. ABT.: 10. C. !<PblJIOB, TI. J1. I1.Hpor,B. B. B1iCIQTOBH'I; A. B. Kapnos, A. 11. ,n·eMeHTbeB.

-,

HHIO 3alll.HTHbIX peCHBepOB H He06xo.n:HMOCTH nepHO.n:HqeCKOrO·nepe.n:aBnHBaHHH H3 HHX XOnO.n:HnbHOrO areara B CHCTeMY. ITpHMeHHIOTCH 6e3HaCOCnsre CXeMbI C BepXHHM paCnOnO)KeHHeM ornenarenil )KH.n:KOCTH (pHC. II-I), npa KOTOPOM nHTaHHe oxna)K.n:aIOIUHX npnoopos rrpoacxonar non .n:eHcTBHeM croaea )KH.n:Koro xnanarenra, H C HH)KHHM pa~nOnO)KeHHeM (pHC. 11-2) npa aenocpencrsea-

.HO~ no.n:aqe xono.n:HnbHoro areHTa B oxna)K.n:alOmae npnoopu C acrronsaoaaaaex peryaapyioutax

aBTOMaTHqeCKH3' npaoopos -.TepMoperynHpylO-

max BeHTHneH, peae nepenana rexneparyp

ITTPJL-2 HnH I<TP-2M HnH pene ypOBHH ITPY-5.

JLnH pacnpeneaarensasrx xoaonansaaxos, HCXO.n:H H3 HOMeHKnaTypbI rpY30B H 06eCneqeHHSI npHHHTblX orrraxansaax nepenanos MelK.II.Y TeMneparypaxn soanyxa xoaonansaax KaMep H KH·nHlll.ero xaanareara, rrpenycaarpaaarorca cnenyiouiae TeMnepaTypbl KHneHHH aMMHaKa: _400 C .n:nH KaMep 3aMOpa)KHBaHHH H HH3KoTeMnepaTYPHbIX xaxep xpaaenas MOpO)KeHblX rpY30B C TeMneparypon soanyxa -25+-30° C; _30° C .n:nH KaMep xpaneuaa MO~O)KeHblX rpY30B, C TeMnepaTypOH aosnyxa -20 C; -8+-12°C .n:nH.Kalll:ep xpaaeaas . oxnazcneaaux rpY30B C TeMnepaTYp0i'l

B03.n:yxa _3++4° C. . .

Ha pHC. 11-3 noxaaana rrpaauanaansaas naCOCHo-UHpKynHUHoHHaH cxexa C HH)KHeH nonasea aMMHaKa B oxaascnatourae npaoopsr xaxep, aa pHC. 11-4 - C sepxaea no.n:aqei'l.

Hacocao-uapxyaauaoaaae CHCTeMbI npoexrnPY-IOT C yserox cne.n:YIOIUHx. OCHOBHblX noaosceHHi'I. Ha Ka)K.n:ylO TeMnepaTYPY KHneHHH xaana-renra npenycaarpaaaerca caxocroareasaaa UHPKynHuHoHHbli'I pecasep. Pecasep no.n:6HpalOT B coOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe60BaHHHMH npasaa TeXHHKW 6e30nacHocTH B 3aBHcHr.'lOCTH OT eMKOCTH CHCTeMbl H npHHHToi'l cxeMbl C rrpoaepxoa ,n;onycTHMoi'l CKOPOCTH .n:BH)KeHHH napos xnanarenra B annapare,

B psne cnysaea npa 60nbiIIoi'l eMKOCTH' QH-

CTeMbI aa onay TeMnepaTYPY KHneHHH MoryT

YCTaHaBnHBaTbCH aecxoasko peCHBepOB.

.PeCHBep (HnH pecasepu) cHa6)KaeTCH .n:ByMH aMMHaqHblMH aacocaxa, O.n:HH H3 KOTOPblX . peaepBHbli'I. Ha pHC. 11-5, 11-6 npaseneaa ysea 06BH3KH H npHHUHnHanbHaH cxeMa BepTHKanbHoro UHpKynHUHoHHoro pecaaepa C. aMMHaqHblMIf

rnABA II npOEKTHPOBAHHE CHCTEM OXJlA)I()l.EHHR XOJlO.ll.HJlbHHKOB H OX ABTOMATH3AIUHI

CHCTEMbl OXnA)I(,lI.EHHSI PACnPE,lI.EnHTEnbHbIX XOnO,ll.HnbHHI<OB

Ilpoexrapyexsre .n:nH xoaonansuaxoa CHCTeMbI OXna)K.n:eHHH xoryr 6b1Tb HacocHO-UHp.KynHUHoHHblMH C nenocpencraeaaux OXna)K.n:eHHeM; 6e3HaCOCHblMH C senocpencrseaasrx oXna)K:!r.eHHeM; C npOMe)KYTOqHblM xnanoaocareaex, CHcTeMbI aenocpencrseaaoro OXna)K.n:eHHH .n:on)KHbI ooecne- I qHBaTb aBTOMaTHqeCKOe nonnepacanae TeMnepaTypHo-Bna)KHOCTHblX pe)KHMOB B xaxepax; paBHOxepaoe H naneacaoe pacnpeneaenae )KH.n:Koro xaanareara no oxnaacnatomax npaoopax xaxep C nensio MaKCHManbHoro Hcnonb30BaHHH HX nosepxaocra rennooraaxa: OTHOCHTenbHO ManylO aMMHaKoeMKOCTb acrrapareasaon CHCTeMbI; aaumTy acnaparensaoa CHCTeMbI OT nonaziaaas sracna II 3arpH3HeHHH; npocroa H 3q,<jJeKTHBHblH cnocoe Y.ll.aneHHH CHerOBOH IIIy6b1'c nosepxaocra oxnascnaioumx npaeopoa; aBTOMaTH3aUHIO pa60TbI xoJlo.n:HnbHblX xoanpeccopoa H scnoxorarensaoro 060py.n:oBaHHH; Ha.ll.e)KHYIO aannrry xononansasrx KOMnpeccopoB OT aBapHH (rH.n:paBnHqeCKHH y.n:ap H T • n.).

Ilpoexrapyexue CHCTeMbI .n:on)KHbl 6b1Tb aa,ne)KHbI B sxcnayaranaa, HMeTb MHflHMaJlbHOe KOJlHlJeSTBO rpyoonpoaonos, sanopaon II perynapylOlll.eH apxarypu, npaoopos aBTOMaTHKH.

Ha pacrrpeaenarensasrx xoxonaasanxax npeaMYlll.eCTBeHHO npHMeHHIOTCH HaCOCHo-UHpKynHUHoaasre CHCTeMbI aenocpencreeaaoro OXJla)K.n:eHHH c napaanensasra pacrrpeneaeaaea H HH)KHeH no.n:aqe af(MHaKa B npaoopsr OXJla)K.n:eHHH. Be3HaCOCHble CHCTeMbI aenocpencraeaaoro OXna)K.n:eHHH npoeKTHpYIOTCH roasxo C HH)KHei'lno.n:aqei'l xaanareara H npHMeHHIOTCH npeauymecraenao .anH XOJlo.n:HnbHHKOB He60nbIllQii: eMKOCTH. B CBH3H C OCBoeHHeM npoasnnneaaocrsio aunycxa aMMHaqHblX HaCOCOB He6oJlbiliOH npoaaeonareasaocra nanpaxep UHr-70M (5-10 M3/q), ueJleC006pa3~ HO npHMeHHTb HacocHQ-UHpKynHUHOHHble CHCTeMbi II .n:JlH xoaonaasmncos He60JlbiliOH eMKOCTH. OcHOBHblM He.n:OCTaTKOM 6e3HacocHblx cxeu HBnHeT~1I TPY.ll.HOCTb pacnpeneaeaaa H nosapoaaaas XOnO.ll.HJlbHOrO areara B oxnaacnarourae npH60pbl, ocoeesao- B pa3BeTBJleHHblX acnapareasaax CHcrexax, qTO npasonar It nocTo.H~HOMY aanoaae-

70

----}

PHe. II-I. ITpHHUHrrHaJIbHali 6e3HaCOCHali aMMHalJllall cxeaa OXJIaJKlleHHlI C BepXHHM pacnoao-

JKeHHeM OTlleJIHTeJIli JKH.1lKOCTH:

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aacocaxa. )I(1I11KocTHble rpyrionpoaonsr OT UIIPKYJIlIUHOHHoro pecasepa K aMMHalJHblM aacocau 1l0JIlKHbI IIMeTb MIIHIIMaJIbHOe conpornaaenae. Ha 3TIIX rpyconposonax YCTaHaBJIHBalOT <pHJIbTPbI llJIli 3aIUHTbI HaCOCOB OT 3arp1l3HeHlIH.

Ha narnerarensaax JIHHHlIX aMMH3lJHblX naCOCOB YCTllHaBJIHBaiOT otiparasre xnarraasr llJIlI npenorapamenas nepenoaaenns UHPKYJIlIUHOHHOro pecasepa UPII OCTaHOBKe aacoca. Kaxepasre pacnpeneaareasnsre YCTpOHCTBa noznouosaror K MamCTpaJIbHblM TPy60rrpOBOJJ.aM C YlJeTOM B03-

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71

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Ha TeMnepaTYPY KHneHHH<-30+-40° e YCTa-, HaBJlHB8IOT arperarsr nsyxcryneasaroro CJKaTHlI c npOMeJKYT01JHblM COCY.tJ.OM (pHC. 11-7, pHC. II-B). B pane cnY1JaeB npa cooTBeTcTBYIOmHX paC1JeTHbiX rexneparypasrx ycnOBHlIX B neaax ynpomeaas cxexa XOJIO,!J.HJlbHOi'l ycraaosxajra rexneparypy KHneHHH -30oe MOJKHO npHMeHlITb soxnpeccopu O.n;HocTyneH1JaTOrO CJKaTHlI. AMMH,lJ.'1Hble onaocryneaxarae BHHTOBbie xoxnpeccopu ,IiOlKHO HCnOJIb30BaTb ,!J.JIlI TeMnepaTYP KHneHHiI

11.f1 "";'38° e. .LI.JIH TeMneij8TYP xaneaax ;-B+ -12°.c npHMeHlIIOT o,ll.HCfTyneH1JaTbie KOMnpec-

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, nepeKJII01JeHHlI KOMnpeccopoB, o(5ecne1JHBaIOT B3aHM038MeHHeMOCTb HX' npa peaoare it rrpotJIHJIaKTIlqeCKOM ocxorpe, a TaK>Ke B03MOJKHOCTb orcaeu,BaHHH napoa H3 JIIO(5oii 1JaCTH XOJIO.n;HJIbHO'A: YCTaHOBKII.

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72

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.ztaqeli xaanaresra B ox,!!:a:>K,ZtalOmae npaooPbl xaaep:

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nOACTaBKa.

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• YMeHbIIleHIIfI Kcppc3I1H CIICTeMbl II BcnHbIll pacraop 3TIIJI.eHrJlHKCJllI. Koauearpauas xnanouocareas .lI.cJllKHa 6b1Tb TaKCll, 'lTc6b1 TeMnepaTypa ero 3aMep3aHHfI 6b1J1a na 8-10° C HII)!{e rexneparypu xanenas XOJIc.lI.I1J1bHCrc arenra B acrraparene, B XO'JIc,ll,HJlbHHKaX npHMeHSlIOT TcJlbKq aaxpurue paccoasmse CIICTeMblC KclKYXCTpy6HbIMH I1CnapIlTeJIflMH .

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. HHfI C ,ll,BYXTpy6Hcll CHCTeMcii ,ll,JISI C,ll,HC3TalKHCro XcJlCAHJIbHHKa.

BalKHblM YCJIcBIIeM pa6CTbI pacconsasrx caCTeM aaasercs 06eCne'leHHe aanescnoro ·CTBCJla· noanyxa H3 CIICTeMbI. .llJIfi 9Tci'i uena B cxexe npenycaarpaaaercs pacmapnreasauri CCCY,ll" KCTcPblii nc,ll,KJIIO'IaIOT K BepXHeii Tc'lKe 06paTHcrc MarHCTpaJlbHcrC Tpy6cnpcBCJla. PaCIIIHpHTeJlbHblii cccyJl npe.ll.Ha3Ha'laeTCfI TaKlKe ,ll,JIlI KCMneHCal{HH c6~eMHblX H3MeHeHHii pacccJla B CIICTeMe BCJle,ll,CTBHe KCJle6aHIIii reaneparypu H ncJl,ll,eplKaHHSI nocroaaaoro sanonaenaa CIICTeMbI paCCCJlcM.

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I V = Vc~At. (II-I)

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74

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75

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76

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78

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