Chapter 11

Intelligent System

Review Questions
1. What is a knowledge management system?

Knowledge management system is a distributed hypermedia system for managing knowledge

in organisations. Besides that, the system will help in managing information, projects,
processes and knowledge in the organization.

2. What is a community of practice?

Community practices can defines as a group of professionals, informally bound to one

another through exposure to a common class of problems, common pursuit of solutions, and
thereby themselves embodying a store of knowledge.

3. What is natural language processing? What are the three levels of voice
recognition?

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is both a modern computational technology and a

method of investigating and evaluating claims about human language itself. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) is the use of computers to process written and spoken language
for some practical, useful, purpose: to translate languages, to get information from the web on
text data banks so as to answer questions, to carry on conversations with machines, so as to
get advice about, say, pensions and so on.

Then, the Voice or speech recognition is define as the ability of a machine or program to
receive and interpret dictation, or to understand and carry out spoken commands.

4. Describe three examples of the use of robotics. How can a micro robot be used?

Basically robotics use for the medical, military, and automotive industries.

a) Medical; medical equipment/testing

 b) Military; Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices
designed for military applications.
c) Automotive industries; the automotive industry has been the largest employer of
robots.

5. Identify the basic components of an expert system and describe the role of each

An expert system tool, or shell, is a software development environment containing the basic
components of expert systems. Associated with a shell is a prescribed method for building
applications by configuring and instantiating these components.

Basic Components of Expert System Tools

1. Knowledge base: A store of factual and heuristic knowledge. An ES tool provides

one or more knowledge representation schemes for expressing knowledge about the
application domain. Some tools use both frames (objects) and IF-THEN rules. In PROLOG
the knowledge is represented as logical statements.

2. Reasoning engine: Inference mechanisms for manipulating the symbolic

information and knowledge in the knowledge base to form a line of reasoning in solving a
problem. The inference mechanism can range from simple modus ponens backward chaining
of IF-THEN rules to case-based reasoning.

3. Knowledge acquisition subsystem: A subsystem to help experts build knowledge

bases. Collecting knowledge needed to solve problems and build the knowledge base
continues to be the biggest bottleneck in building expert systems.
 4. Explanation subsystem: A subsystem that explains the system's actions. The
explanation can range from how the final or intermediate solutions were arrived at to
justifying the need for additional data.

5. User interface: The means of communication with the user. The user interface is
generally not a part of the ES technology, and was not given much attention in the past.
However, it is now widely accepted that the user interface can make a critical difference in
the perceived utility of a system regardless of the system's performance.

6. Describe the roles of the domain expert, the knowledge engineer and the
knowledge user in expert systems?

A domain expert is a person who has specific domain knowledge about the problem that
is to be solved by software. Typically the domain expert must communicate enough
domain knowledge to the programmer for the programmer to be able to build the software
solution.

Therefore, knowledge engineering is a field within artificial intelligence that develops

knowledge-based systems. Such systems are computer programs that contain large
amounts of knowledge, rules and reasoning mechanisms to provide solutions to real-
world problems.

Then, a knowledge-user as an individual who is likely to be able to use the knowledge

generated through research to make informed decisions about health policies, programs
and/or practices.
 Web Exercise

1. Use the internet to find information about the use of robotics. Describe three
example of how this technology is used.

Robots is defined as a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move

material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks.

For instance, there have military robots which are capable of replacing humans to perform
many, if not most combat functions on the battlefield.

Besides that, robots are used in medicine because they are highly precision machines. By
tooling with surgical instruments, they have been used in the field of robotic surgery to
perform closed-chest, beating-heart surgery.
Then, space robotics is generally divided into two main areas: robotic manipulators - such
devices are deployed in space or on planetary surfaces to emulate human manipulation
capabilities, and Robotic Rovers - they are deployed on planetary surfaces to emulate human
mobility capabilities.

In the automobile industry, robotic arms are used in diverse manufacturing processes
including assembly, spot welding, arc welding, machine tending, part transfer, laser
processing, cutting, grinding, polishing, deburring, testing, painting and dispensing.

While food and beverage applications represent a small fraction of industrial robotics
installation, it is widely recognize as one of the fastest growing segments.
Case Two – Where virtual worlds and Al Collide

Discussion Questions

1. Why are AI features and avatars proliferating in Second life and other virtual
worlds?

AI features and avatars proliferating in Second life and other virtual worlds as to provide
their systems with an environment from which to experience life. Also, provide a virtual
landscape for people to explore through the use of avatars, characters within the environment
that the user controls.

2. What types of research are being conducted using AI avatars?

There are two types of research are conducted using AI avatars such as;

a) Robotics technology – a thinking machine that have physical presence such as robot.

b) Virtual worlds – provide systems with an environment from which to experience life.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Why might Al avatars eventually make Second Life users uncomfortable? What
might be done to calm the fears?

Al avatars eventually make Second Life users uncomfortable in term of use of virtual reality

in business. Therefore, an avatar should identify itself as a virtual being so that people do not
assume it is human.

2. What types of business applications might be provided by AI avatars in Second

Life?

Types of business applications might be provided by AI avatars in Second Life will be

like a training and education, survey application for marketing and learning language.