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COVE.IR
A ITIQlrlt!;lgJe orim~e'5 ot' j~p'titer 03lndi!5'r.!\olGil Ollie I'IlQo:n IIG, t;!,kerifuQl1!fIl!le 5ilJace(faH New Honwm., On ]lupl1;er, hji~h"illititucle dOlJdsare5~owmJ, in blue and deeper d.oud!s 'in ~dl, 1I,~ blulsh'M1Iiteo,va~is tile' Great IRed Spot Just v'jgjbLein the I~)imag~is: allmong oi:ng vl)~can'( errlJption on lIS fI'i'ig:~Bicle', ln v.hkhinGlllfld!e~e'lfit ~\I'iII . glows: Jed ben,eath ill high '!{Q~camr;iP,h,lllfle I~it by SU!ffilllght Seethe spe~.]!;Ils;e.:::tiQ:n b.,;'gill')ning Ol:l pag:e 215, Irrmges:/MpiW;.
rMftQ~(itdtJfromposit'f ~ ir.i!l.eti~1 EtalD~ ImfJgiJ!'g' Spmimt An'w f,l£ISAJ' TiffJ';ojeded Ollto ,!'!' freS~lIt to ,wrI'l{pe:fllsatJe jor .ro';c'ifiD.rI'at dislo.rrli!~ 10oppmxilOOt:e'nr~,oiof ,compositefrom the l.Dl1fi·I«J~' R.ece.l:l,i1Wiff'anlfl!' ln~,({1 (liWlRI) with c'OlG.rr fnj«lJJI!JtiOJJ' !tom,the MIi/,rifpmm/'vmM,e lmo,ilJg ,ClMIBm (MVIOJ III~PL5'!wRllGs.c:r

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163

'~6S ~71 174 HS,

177 291

Sd~'n(e OnUliu:: nil~ Week.il'l SciMce ~ditn.~s.' {hoiCle

tOl!rta(~ Silence

Ra.nd'om 5aD'l~res~
N,~:srnabr:s, N~ Produ:cts Sc,ienr,e Ca~eer$

292

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Pilighil;(lH~€! SJllrg,~oiii G~liUi!r.a~

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S PIECIAL SECT 10 N

New Horizons at [upiter

I~N1ROICUC'IIONI
Gwnd! TOUir

fE~:SIP,ECTI'VIE:
If\l~ Sl!lrRri~~, [n 'the li1'l'i9i~~:MaJglllleto~lphe~E!af OIJ~ 5il!~rSy~tellll'il U. Krupp .2.16

R:E.lPORTS
ID~ve,r:s~ ~~ilIna flC,UIatiOIIiiSilIlild D,. t McCom:aSellllt
f,l •. t. MENurt]t.

S1rl!ldtur~esin ]ul~itce~':5Maigl1eoot.an217

.IErnergetif.{ Il?artii;I.I!!~: 1mlttl1e Jlovitll'l Ma!llIn:~t~t3lil

et. ,1111.,.

NIEWS OIFTHE WEEK

223 A I<fI!()cr"oo

]iIJIFi'ter ClnllH~!(!®liIiIpMl~[(m, 5'rriltificatijiCl~.r (IOnrvertiDIiI, <llrnd Walle Moti~m;.#I. 'Illiewfmm New liI(lmj,lorlil~ 0; C 1ilw,~ret al. Ifl,Qlau Ughimi~SI and lIJ!!l!cad:aH(:a~ O~lCijjd Vari,a'bil'ity K. H. 8'(Jlf!,~' et a ~.
~:ii! J!ilpitElr226

t AWilirld

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178 Ii,anl Dfi\!'e5 179

E:UOOI;Uilat R~'O~u~;ijon~1Z@d Computer N@ts 111 No~l

I'nlo the DefP: F:f,~:!i·tG~irlilll('le0'1' B~r~ng 5ell1Cllll'l)j'(I~) Hlea:t5 Up fhlhel'iies IBatitle'

l.!pHti~ Nightsidi!i Air;gllow

G. ft Gtt!dstOJ'l'if ~l filL

ii!11iI~ AUiroHl:

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lLi!lWliI1IilkersWony 'hat ILa'IJIExpatlS,l{11l
PO~5

1S1:

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INew H®rnZDn!i .lMtlPI~img IO~ 'EuMlpa .fIniil GallD)rllillleifie. W. M,. ,Gfl/,mlyet. ill. 110'5Atrnesp'JrHtJrk IRes iffiil!l!lie to Ed~:~s:e:I~IVAlImrae' Obselli1latiorus:

Ri,sb

~ielr(ijng tII'Ie51111li Alildrreas':!; Hear'!;, But .Mi~5ing ill Vital Targell

18Z HI3

,237 240

NIlEWSFOCU S.
A (ul~ture Under Siege .rw~f1mi3r'~.Il'agic: KinI.idallll
~pr.m!i11gAl!J.iI!~m~ufi.;~~ M¥~111f1~lsVI.!i1l1i1lNC)If!JiI fMl

K. ,(). ~'e:t1'erf'orid ,e~a],

184

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Gtra~pjngrm
Walfued:A

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188

B~ode

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19.0
19'2.

Tool.e,d-Yp Am<'l.1elllrs Alr,e j oinillli!!J1Forces With tme' Prof~s~oililal~s;

Science
f'LANIEfARY SC IENOE

CONTENTS

,I

!M.d!es:pr~dI MO'mifligDnz~e Olilliitalll M. Adamklwfcs, M'. ,H" Wong. Co Lave(; 1. de :Rater

IlnffOl'e<dimapprl'lg or ~he Miflilo~~ere oJ Salwm's III'I:OOiii i1iil~a,nl~rtJ!Jgle5,IMI1'iIII ~ffili9!U lIiI@lnan@I:l'r!lJpl@I~S, fo[(fI'l @l~[h lIiI~rnin!:i n@lpo t[l,[~ milt. liTu!U1ia n!!' b~wQil:'-tI ~'h @ almll~ph~r@ am:l :5Urfol(@'.

AlP~lnE.Df' ~{l"SICS

Orbibl ~\il!(~:l'I~tructUc!!'1 Uival'Mt ElOliid~ngg,t: 1!ii! Oill:ide Inter'f,PlC~ aJnd ). Clu~khCilia~et ,~l,
Mharge ll'Ul~ii!N rrom M", ,atomS-lin, an i':tdd-eItafe!' ~o (iii a/toms ~l'Iasuper(>Qnd\iJclor layer dlilllig,es ~he o[bilall 'Iilonf'igi!:i raltiof'll oi ,tm.e (ualt.c ms ami 'tlile j:i~ClpoefU,~S the of
lO.,n"26fscience ..H493:38 ,

ME[)~eINE Ti~,~IG'~!1<imf:i:: tii'il~dIS~QlP~ (if HlldOOgi'! i!lrl!a,s! ,and Col_(iI~e~mll(afl;cers t. D. WoGld e,t. el, :ilUlIltloF gro'ffl.n :seem~ lID l!:ie' drwe,n. by ma!'l)'gen~s mulated !ilt ~OiHrreCJule~C!,e:s:, most ,ofvd'iicli1mt:t!n~J[i1ll9IiweIHflmm siglilalj n!l pMhiwa~.S. ]O.112~djenoeJ[U§ 720

LETTERS
l1he Ifir,eRietil ~6i!1l1lt ilemma .4.. Blu.m D Ad diJ;eJ>!5ilil'!l (;umlllIlative! S'ei.edijirm M" J.. BefJe REfs,pcm$eS.B, (ar«Jll

1. Sll~kla

Morn:ooll1 .Myxtelrie5 Sl1<irndimg

'Olfl the ShOlliddElrl'i 'I),f GlGAfi!i11li:A (Jud X. w: IJeng n' fle.porr ". 261

204

v. fM;,}o

206
207'

(r,lolUn~rilgl Wirms Speciatii~n il'llBilruh [ Pri'C'trevie'ttlfJd tw L f[ Riesehff:9' IHlear:t'f,elllEmoioms#l; .sympasijllJllllr Pr~-ellted brtilf' WeI1;L'(lme Collmion;
). P; $efJ'lI"10
"';>-

1I11'pDi"tp •. .1'51

Pili lilting Cells P. (o,{ltif:rt

208

The t!elil~. j •.P!e:OOrltd" fevie,wed

by A

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Wet's

NIEUROSOIENGIE (omr!lli!~m~:I1 "JEmer'g@!Il(I~

,~~ NI!)V(!J~.(()I~!fVis;!(l!1! i!1!

ii. HUllmi!ln CO.IiI!!

196

Mioe IEngilil'@OE!r'l!da bpr1!!lli t

IPh®:toip'iglmellllt~ W..Mi:lbu£: /Ull rUlm Wj'IM.S[~!J~!Ilfl''(Lc[tlkafmm~l'JltMt;'j'18J5'B41V1!i16b lRe~pon~ to (IMlIIlII1:en,ll 'Olll ~IEini1elJeD1l{€;of N oye~ (ol,or Visiolll im M~lceI:ng'ineerdoo Exp~e~5 <Ii N H umalil (~l1Ie Phiotopi'gmenl1 G; H.1,(Jcobs ,(lad}. l!kJll.l,(1~~ ltdl r~n'!?11~~tmlrJ'J{emq9,gri!'tf9!1(:llnl·!;\F,IVMIt318f.iU~Wl'ik

.R.EV IIt:W l
ASTRONOMY New WI!)[I,ds on th~ IHmizom:E:alrtl:l·Si~ed P:~ilInret:s, 210

to Other Srnr5 ~,GIQidQ'$ e't g~,

(]®'5ie

PO'lIICY

IFOIRUIM
.200
PLANETARY SCIE N CE

M. D.Myef5 eti3iL

ru SGS ,lioal:s for th e Comiiil'lg' [aet~de:

!Excitationl

of l~Jruar E«:~rltridty

I~yflLan@tajry

244

1R.@,oonliiiIlC)1i!S

P'IEIRS!PE:CTIVE:S
S;ti!l~le Hei'

At (uk
2Q2
203
.lIis~m.i:! orbil of ~~J!MeD.n.aroumd EarUh ru:pr:m,oed, it p:ar;~oo ~lrJDlIIglii gra'l'iI:il~i.{)n~ll r~n O!ilnU!5. JrumV'il! nliisillmllllJ pl~I:!F, ilY:pl~.ln~~lg U1iQ! .Moon's pm·.~l!nl higlil.;QrblUl~ ~((Qnl!r~Oly"

Science
R:ESE,AROHI ARifllC.ILE
GEff.lIETICS

CONTENTS

,I

lFhe- Chl:amydamll.~as: GelilomeRielle!!l1s the' l[vDillutiOiIil

of Kelt Aniiirlil am.and Ip~[lnJti:Fun ctions, S; S, Me.r:fflGnl' ,et aL The 'Q1enorn! 01" sin gi~e·lCell~ad. !lI~ee.n Oi[ga encooe-.l phOla:lYnlhe~ic iiIlzyme.s Hke 1~h!o5e'in green ~la !'its:. sum illi1Ij,fl'!iid'llike rea:tures, as
cil'ialanlilllag,eUiI.

214S

[VOllmON 1"~l:IdiCl:IiI,;;!il il~fgle,ume

,An(~:eriltASIr.nuai Il'Ivertebral'!!: N. N. POitCrlkJrl'o·Strlflt,nem lilt at

10"forrrn~rAUcles:i nl

ill"

268:

MATERIALS SCIEN GE

JD,isw(ail:iO:iil Al!al~aJ!tchiliS. S~rarinBl!~sts. ili!ildl thrill IfirlDb'~~m 'G~ Plas,tk 'iFormirlig ~t ~he M~a®tlil1erer S'ca.!!! f. f; niknr" ,[Motz,. [1 IWeyg,(li'l'4 M..Zaiser" S. Z,tJptJflti
Th@ sUlo~n Dunts ,of d]~l!l!ation~ S@@III d @rQ.~mi ng cl!)'s~a,ls, iii'

25~

A, r'Q~ifNthall c.niy rEilprodloi~eSai$'!l:i!:UiilIl1 p r:e~l'!{e~ gelile~~c: ''O'eriit)'' d 1~f\Qu~h~ned iJ:p~i(,1~ilOfI r~iiowed iltrulilr~ioliiili. di'\l\t':lJieme or the 9 ,ailOO:~~,. :.,? f'ff5Pe.aj~~ [I. 202 D EVELOPMENITAL II:l~C LOGY

lfir'g,et '~r,oiti!,t:OOffi Rieveall, Ji)'allTl.pe:rnlii.91aJlildalfincilfig, S

o~ lNiodliiil..Agomstllln:d

271

do lillil orrmin
>:.> fe'ffl;1!':'rU",J;'

CI'1f.S~<I'l5 ~m.lllrer tllll,li: aho:ull rliliEriil,roo:~t!irt

1n000kiin:9it. difficyil

'~(I!slnl1il'e

,or i',o:r:m'5rn~1l sO!mf.!"e~.

p.2(}l' ~,a!$'t Sr£1!le,rti1!'~'

.Aillltllg:Dl1Ii~t~X DI'Ililli·,lI;3,o I w.··y. (hfli~ J. Girll,la:~l,; . F.. Schier .A. A .PI. oril ti!dlli oilo~,~kI t!li5ru~ IiiIiRWI.-I1Ii'IRNPI,n~~ilr;'id'lll1ls n i ro~i2>11s!Mt
~OI1llI! l1Ii)iRtIJ~ m1i!VrlliJlr!!5S~Ii\~gaon
is(J~ d~'lf!i!~C1fi!rnl!)oI'l~1!l ~'~91Id~l(l;nL

i!'h11~~p(li~t ~mall Mi1I'lw)!OO'S !fif'

MlATEIRIALS SCIENe E IFI,(ll¥m~r5 with CavitiE!~!>T)lIn~dl {'Or

254

HlNllAflg fl'Ol·fl1lers. to ~on~rol.molecular rearr,~n ge:melflt a nil! u~e or llMilplallingllnloll1(!JIl~s yie!lds niQ!hl1 permeaiJ.l.e meifl~ifan eli liha~ rillain s~ll1;[l'Iwilyro['ll::~rtailli gaSl!s. MATERIALS SCIENCE Miuo:llluidik; Allilile'simil lliid~c~ iiJ¥ SUI~!llnfalLe: MiUi®5tructulflbS AI. Majamde:f,tl.· GilGfa/(_ A. ShGr:ma'
.i!lIfr~ or

11.~a, ''eJrk etat

,i1!!)ril!

o~s:

J.

S11RILICTUML BIOlOGV PIKAtv!)e II~ HIlWoe~zym,e Ri'ellea,lJ;,. 'wmbflllamrial SlM ategyror IsoolClrll'!l i[)ii1.rE!rsytlj
I~Ui

274

S. H.). Brown 5. v:on DfIQ/(e, 5. .S. 1oylOI

"[l'Ie slmU~lI.ire 01 Ihe ,catal~Uc si1lblilnit 0'1~lj'c:n'i:IIMP-depeFlli!lenl prote.llil ~Jl'la~ "'Cll.il1ldl~oa~glJllai~orv£L:llml'lit re~l!s, IhQ'H this elf'iilYiflilead'l1I,a~lJl!s ~M diirfe~enti'~n~ililgpalhWay5. a

258

BIOPHYSICS
IFI~ue1re~cenl(!~IFor(if

Spect1f(lSWPY

,oil-moo.

dl.a nnels 11M Imlih ~h Q 5urMal[@ of 01 ~UbD~

mm

!lrea~lyi:mllr'O\,l! i~5·.~dhi!!~'oll! olh~f5UJ'fO!~!l!i b~~ lQ ,~~r.~~iil'1j] ~I<!C~!5 01100 !le,ne!'lliUngl~lrll!~S OM: '~heil'1llerfO!~e'. ~>h(tperU!!'N!. ~,Jj

lwO-IOtmells.i<lI1.aJlIR!eaObiol1l H otndiil.y J I!u~ctialll 5. HfJtmg ,~t.sl,

1fn~i)5IJrilb~f, n!~IiI.Qm~~,er~ fu .. rClU'-~r<!11

tillliH~S(.8ipe

Maps (lithe
(t1U~

279

S.maU ro~@s ~ik@.lih Jl!.II! Ii!nool!llfLt@rl'!!iin 1"'J'i~!J ooH~ com

~
;

~ ~
~
2:

I~Klnallildl'G'I,G;ANHA 'Ciomplex mrmatkm l:so IFlI@Jl!jirE;:df(]:r liJ'aly"L,engrll .MMSlll'lMrl,eminl At(JbkJg:ps~s M S,aw", fJ At J'lkiSi~OWi' 5, A K(lM '1; fm~fzlJmi FiGWeri!1!£ILs ~rlglJered onlY!,!jhe:n IJoln lig h.ta:nd e!i1!@li.tghF~ a pal~ti(!!Ilar" prolein are ,ai\l'ai~abre ~n the aflll'fIOoiiiJ, conditions olflty ~lIH~lied [Jurilng ~Ol'l.gefd<1'y5 or ~,prin9. »~npJ!'niv~ p_ 20(,

PLANT

S CIEINOE

(OnrOIiliiOilion<!l(h\llll!Ji~' in .. (fed IIN\II!S1i~U!d;ure IorIn 00 d~.uiirn.gfec(lmlljll!~~io!1"

GEN.OMICS 283 It MetagerloO'll~.(: SI)IIN'e}i' OIf ,Micrcil*!~ lP'lHo~gy' IEltee C(i~OriY ICliiilllalp§€l Di~i:ird1e-r D.l, (,ru·fostu,~t.al A C>OI1IiIPill<il1ve 9 eiilililfilitl: app~adll SUgi9e!!~5 that a, vilU5, ma.y be mntri'oo'~ing' to,IMfl (Urr~l1t dft;ta.'S~ation MEmC!INIE

or d!QmestJGat~1lI

Hl~ero~oni,~~

~ PLANT SCII:INCr:

... o

265 ILY:5o·PhIfis'phati dylch o1~ Is ill ,S~g;millminl Ih ill ne I: Ai~~H~~[ulil'rr ,M,Y(iOrrh~~.I. ymhio..5~:S S ~ ... D.:, !Jtissnere:l: al, ~ !¥~phQ~p~~~j;lld~~1Id~ f!ll'~~ r~~hI; ~r~9m3liQ ,~IiI(1 ~i;;I~ pt~ni~,

l. M. St01.n.mE'1

CoactlvatJ1.oiil of RE!i!:epttlir Ty!QlSilf!e Kina,S!es ,Af~e(1:s tllle: R.~p!o!fl.!ie ofTl1!IfIl,llr C,~lli; to Tal\g'B'wiJ1ihe'l'aipi@s
et. ,ilIL
In £IliolMal;OOm~, canl"!!!f

287'
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1:~~1l5ilill!~llil!SI!!~ ,~n!rnmp pil.~riul.in ((]IfrilJiillialii1n [h!~1AI imn t w

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f,!I~J\,'~UI'!!h~ bp'~~!'~.~i!i!Ol>Ir" i!(t!""·.iIf!i""I~ ~ihID l!t1l~ Ht'"''IIMIi i!te~ f!iiW.WUIlt~I.""D(,~I~' ~... .. lilcl.i;IW 1Jdi ~~iOJt.JjUi!>n'i1~, DC, ,.,~.~MI(6itl,.'rlil1tg·~I~ ~hH) 11m' br Ih ""'''''''~ •. ~_brl", r"lh.Jo! 1II ~'!llil;_·I1I. tl;~ltti!lWf.i;,. "llIiI«dLilttJoiOii, .. r'IJ';·JI.iU& 'ib...<ili<. ~rJ1oli!1I1iL"'''''bml1~,ii:!i~',<ih;.;it;JO;,;.ln~'''''''r ~ n'l~ '~:i'~,~~ ~ ~i:"!~brl!. ~Fi:!~ t1~~i,!i:!~~·Ii~~~!f~i'i'!.5\1J~~H '~r.~ f,1;ii'!(~:.'II~~gt!i~~LI\I!Ii~~ C!!~~I~r~t 'li'i.IiD ~~; <Cl1tWJ!ilt1i!! rJlr,mlil,d<'ilirtM 1~i!l.IlM,IlIiit<l,;.IIIltt\lil,;llJdm. .. d,fmmul,OIIl5 "" flfIJ,",~,C.,.ojI!l!tdjJ"'M'lit'G6I ,"'!I.!"f ~ '!\lut'<l:, 1)5,] .:!2H BBlll_ 'ij!l~I':'~! lIo!l.!'iJ'._1 No_ ~P~~!ii~"!lIl!'N~E .• t, ~p, !'tr~1 ~~. ~t!!iIlliil!<"'''$IoJ (iIi.i;<. l'rIi1I:01! '~I;!PIUt~!,!'~!!(l!!-~11il; 'r.>I·lIoo~ifi_MMS~I.il!liIj ~84o.'1~D' fl'Fo!i oIW .. tii.ogI""

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f1ecyd~d pra!p'E!t

161

SCIENCE INlOW
WI'M~S(.ieiii cenDw,org
I..1p daaeers
ill W.OOJ1lliIrI

OAJ~"I'NEWS (;OVE MGE

)o!Iili!.~hiflig if! tlili'! W!1iY S,h~M(f~:f?

e1!rllilllJlll}~ when clA.l~ ..lifl!~ 5Il1Qig~~lrg that giW5 air m~nmillla~ !l:1:J(l<5 tel Ml f~m'~iIy.

I,g I~(I!~I~ Pril'~ $tra'I'I'!1Iel!i 'l'h9ioFkti!')-liI C~re'm;ony 11C!!lll(lSdUlb!~,s; us~ of Vggliil. a g~ bemb.• ilInd olh~!Fdu tklirrJJlil 'wo~ll:Iial rt's~illth.

~oo

SCI ENCE CA.RIEERS

1N1IMI,5d~n ceca.reffs.. cmg . CAREER HESOIJRUS FOR SCIENTISTS

AJ1Ixij~ity 1ma)'smm

W!ii!:l/S'to Elrnii~; DOIl't IPaJfllk~

[rom ~~

bn1l~!ll':s mist~~(l!ilad·w.i!lion

of ils (arbon dku:iciI'~:500S0f.

GlOBM: S:~cii<il f~.tm'e-i[xperie,Ill(IIi!$ of ~flllllic: .Mrlnl.uitie:oo in 5dell'l!;1e f. POiJl

[)i'~I,erre!1oll!::;ij,f oo.~i"l,WllIiUlti!l ~d~tiiIy, ~!Ud ~p,pe~l!'o1nW{.1!uTi~n ! ~.dditilJ!1I.1Ai'Hkullies ~()r Il~to/-,·~~r s!l:iIl!1rl~1;s;.. d

US~TlJmrflll,g,Ob~tadE1!s1IIIIIt'~St~~'plln!1l·Stoli!es A. SI\'liSS(I RillalThemtolll!'s SliI (~S~ dierncnSi:r.tloos thai!: age. 11!ilI(~, .and dj~bmty l1Ieed Illat 00 barrilm; ro suceass Wi :5i0e:1iln!. leliJ R:Op~! EI~:~!1! Baddna .~~ Ci(l~!lt~y dng f. PfJin' AIflCiene l3iou'I'lWUlr ~e-it#lilgem to ,plllr5'ue 11Glrr,~cr lun ,opeWo1t~OJ1lS, re~eolrdilal[w lI1lX:roe!r;:ctmlllk. .. im FrraIliCE'.,
l!1:!~~O p~~!I'I tihlil: M~!I!,~ri:ty fJ: D'~ti~ lhlie12 O~~rd ~11l~!Sii¥sde:rrtists d1;~~rlIa~ivelamls. l
1l@:S.I(II.i!~(~S

,deS!l;r!b;e' tliJ~irr~iJ~~filce5,

Q!U1~de

GLOElA!;~ E:l<p~n,e!1!.cl~ of E,i!~h::

Mi !1!orrne:s ,[~ S,c~e:!1!C~~

elhrilil:.lllfli~o~ily st:nl1!li1,mts

SCiI ENCEiS S,TKE

iNlM'l.S,1b.OFtg SIGNALmANSOOUION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT

113 ER5PlEicnVE~ ReCE!profS tlJok IQILrtJ.itard-iRer~a ~jngSigilials What Bn:rt9 Ei!:citalti:J:)nIOO SynaJpses
,K. Gel'l"Ow alidA f:l-Husje.!l1i IP'ro1)eiiil~ de,ri7.led ~fOOll b ~ ~h:les cd ihe51jrlJapse !!:jlutarnirafe r~pt~r r:lili>IJerliirig,

E. :Poill' ~ere's. 11 rm.mdup ,oi~t]:p~ ~gffim:~f~M inrlh~' Uilllil:ed SMI.@SlliJl~ E'u.rope.

c®~mjootem
SCI ENCE.IPODCA,$I,'_
l[lrI)'II!l1ooad thie' 12 Oc~:obe~ t(! ~ei3!f abQl!!!t 1ilmLa,r gl~lrlm 1il'9 orr!Ju,.it~~. U

If'ER5PlElcnVE: P;:5.00 PS:(PJiles;p'.h~drlse n mie)...pertillrillrilt IfllrriDtelrl.sifl Apopmtit: Ic:en CieitlWilll1lC!1! R. AI. S(lJ~e:gel (Jnd.fi! lWitriamren
'TIlle 1i:e(.I!PKM"IOn p'IrIag~cyU!s:tlMt recilgllili~~ I)J~ apOj~lOti:: (~~t:!:~'~m~iJts ~ll!l~~ ph!lsphaliid1fl!;~nllie

.scit",c'€ ~dc;ast

~pe,nilm(F.£of etiil11]( minoriti~) ~III)li'itmffi., the l'IeUlmbi(Ji~egy ori~r:h,polliilks lllllfluE!'f1tiillll'9 medicill e, ..lnO m'Q£e:.
~sci~!lI(E!f'Ii1agulrg~~IloooVp!!!d!c.aM:.r!I~

«AILmIO'5,t

in

(I,

Da,y"s Wln:k

.~It'!li1Il.!lg!1 l(;i,{fklwering with! pglrtkui,ar time seasons o'f IlTIe·e.;Jlr,andi one ~f1dk~t.or Ulat 'they !JS~ to!det'emnl,ll!:e 'Il~ y diange of ~reason:~is day lenlg~h. Sawa dat (p. 2,61, pllIhlished ol'lHne 13 Septellfilber;~ee t~e Pel'"Specti'J€' I~ RlllIh~o and IO~!lI:~') ro'Jlide so-me p h'l~ght5~nt(D1the' ,mo~eullalrr trnllter.!!(Woli'll5itha~ tra:f151~a~e' Idlay Le:I1I,glth rn!ta, ~~.oilrl!edngllillitiamffiolml'.TIl,e di3[Y needs meo~!~LOln'~1 I !i![HHJlgll 'for tlm@ bl~JI!JIE!~ Il~,gh~_,sttilnulaittld@xprt!'~im:11 of pfomins.IFKFl (FllblVlmN~BIIINIDIING"KEtCIH ~mliY Iphmts: coordling~e~heir Ii1Xi~f,e~snO'I'I GIIII~.:lig!iifalr >ct' enough Ibl!!hi,lII:d'fI'l!! daily riS:(l~ln !(!);)prtl:!lsion ,o~' FI<U that, 1m!'the :Sih,t')iilll!i' da~s: 'f ~h y:eaJlr~ o dayU'g~it. ,h,a:s: w3diled Iby the time thelt'e is ElIlOUg!:i Glt'Of,o'ITIil (OIfnP~Xte:s with IrKIF'l.Wi~hthe' I~onger day.ti ·of ~fI,p'ririg and summer.ithe.r:e is ell'l!:)tlgl~I~'me tororm (OIifllp1.exe.Sl1IlmIdl sigJmIII.h) ~h!eCONSfAIIIS gene: totlrigge~ the '~I.owelrilmJJg l~a~hw3IY.
REIPIEAlIr.• F~IBOX.U iHllld G:IGiANTlEA

'~60. t(l,(:oordilml:a~t!'. The ddUV [liSE! tn

lnterior D'esign
fa r Polymers

10000a_ltllle~ Olie ~"'lb$ujrra,(lemgiiOn ca 1m ;ti~gliIi~,· in

S'ep:;!r;niof11!Sy~temsneed to 3Ic:h~eve both l1igh thti701,l9lPglut a~d high sf!lec~,f~'ly, Foil' ~ol"i:I'I,et mern iJraill!;s, 'Se'P'i! ~@tij(ijli S diepend en th esne {If the (:~vitli.e$that le~dItl;) IPi;)f'(I:sity (I!li! ~I~'e ArFigstrCJ,m sli:ale' Ul:ie frele !,!'C1l!JllfIe), but ~hte5e ([IVWe5 tYI~k[lUll!!'di5p'lay il brread slze dishibu· tJ1,(JIffi), ,Rtdike p(lI.Yiirler~5\NHi1kinh csn haw The :s,eilrcd11 for ~Irtih·~ike plaffi1et~is; alor:e~ew,;tinfJ mere lmiifiorrl'll cavitiy !>izf'S but c:,[milll~o be d ~m· as diet,ec~iOlnrechl1l ok,g~ and !a'1,erthod o!.CJgy
cuU. t.iO p~(!J(e"l5.f'arik ~" ai,. 1~lp.2:504,) 1J!5ed pm(e"l'\;ill~!:dmlllls o'r rigd:d polYlIIler:5, [In:d a th er rifla~ p05;I(On\l'er~iom pmm~s!'i~£II (lrel:llt~ tai!o:rea ]Iree· vo!um 11! el[emeflll:5,with well-colnn eded m(J!IT]piHiL· ogyin amorpholJs 'ImlvmElr~. irhe:se<rlIIaJterrial!; forril'IU1!dmemiJrtllfU!S witful mUstan(hJ!J~l'iiIlIlsparl: iilmd ~~pi1ilraltllolll pro~rt:il!!!:5rlOr:')m'alillTia'te:uoos

,ca,f1tlyiim priOv,e~h~ adlle5~ gJilm oraooR @'~asl" l'l'lm~riic mallHiall. iiile fluid! chs rlln~l'5 IDllJlnl th~ propag,a.UomJ of cracks; l~at rOiFfI!l as t~@filflrl is p~el@dI '(irom tn~s!!! fface, a Iild Ul~ HI.!~d~~se~f .hei~ps~IFi'thif caJpillary adlhe:sioiiil ~f the maJtil~iat

tiO!iIISUI' meiliSlimf dli5;1~Cill1:i(l1!1 ,ll1va~ll!n(I1'e< bl!!r~t~i f1! mikroC:illYsta~ss!l!b~f(:tedi to '!{ariolus modes, ef def,(il!'f'[J'liuiion ,art 'l,!'anOUiSQrielili3'liClI'!IS with re!lpeJ:t to 'I:ne clii}'sta[ ,,~s,. Un~\ie,~sal, behavi'of iis, s!eell! fo~ the ,1Irvai.alnche: si~e d~strilb~~ij(i!lir(ir' ai~~. cases, llhe s;i~ ~f '~he bI!U'!>t5;~'Ca IJ~s Witl:i '~e i~'\!'er'Se of tl:ie ~amp;l,~tefllgtfui, mmrkh ]lildkaI1e!j. ~llaiihe:r~ liJ1 ary l:!e'i;I ~cwef ti'JiIilit on. the :s:l2le of a riflate,r~ial tha:t ([In be s;ha ~ed II midi rormedi.
i

improves". CUWiret1!~i31n:dl proposed 5jp,;I!I:lefIlIi!>s10n'> 51"IOU~dril'! m;a.I'IY mOn:!'in Ihe' He-xl few 'yei!lr~5. d GlI~dll!li5 etill~'. (p. 2:}lCi) review o!JIf'I!m:die;rsia IilIdlill9 'oWhOI;\l E,nt~·L'lke IPLcullet~ ferrn :amUi!il!dl :sl,an, a.lilIdl haw Ifll.anyW~ lllIig~l expl'lLUO harbor 'waller ,and mbH a t jmt Ul!! rigl1t r:j'j,slillince! hom ~heilr '~a!5'1:

The Anima l Side of

at

Green Al'Q1a

'star ~o b~ pok!<llltiaHy habilnlb~e.,.

amid

lOriS,

Org1Hilism~ at lfule bil~e: ofthie! eu~alllYolic tr'Bll! s:fular@'[eatIllI"eS withba~~ p~i3il1lt~,ami Iiifl~milllS. MI!i:iClhalilt ,etaI. (!?;JoltS) p~~i:1Uh~ :sequ:if!'Ii(1! o~the g~~fl illl(ga Chlgmydomonm ,r:r:!nhawtif, one 'CJf the,:filiI oS!: basal 9 r~n 1~llliflt~. ih~ir ana ~V·

Disturbino Dislocations ~ Skin D,eep ..

1!i

; S~],~ky MOire Than Ills

~. Th ef'Bet of Si(;,!fl'!~climbiJ'l gl~f1illmrn" ~ p(lid:s ,~If!d'lle!1ebr'ates (~f! both ~ strC;lIn~ly aU:;I(h, llo SlJ'rrfaCie5 :a!> iiweU g~ reb~a!se.a!'ld~t!~m,Pts;

In an illilaILamrdlle., 11fOirmilli~J{ln l~lIIliilpp~il,rstal bll ~Mbte< :5l1.1ddemrly raUs ii\lt~lh a ~"Irge !1ifI~meliit IOf !if!,n~(iaLThis phmOml~l!On also ID(IOL!~S!Ofl th~· '\I!My:smiilll~

sls or the g!:!Bme die-mCllm·tJrClle: tiflat. d,espll~e- its; do!Se~ re~a!UQn tIO~,€, It~n)d P~i1!.'Us,r tMs ,a[gal r~ains; 'gtNfl~S:,i:iind features sharc::,c:iMm !lin~rnal:s" S~dl es mrJt~I~~ Ual t~at ~a'lolef1~~e OYl:~J' Ollblert d d mlkronilbl!l!le~ SllI rr~!l[Im:l'ing a 'Qel1tJi gll~aJ~ ~fIaJdd~~ ~.
tio!n,tJlile!3lUltho.rsi~ii'!rJestig!3ltre:the gel'lles ari!~ e'l,!'o' I"!ilion oif :I!)h~tosv!li!thes~s f~ the ~~al1ttjl!l1e~ge.

sea ~~rS:i!!Ch as
th e motiori! olr
·d e(!etts in

~ have !been made 't,omimic pat-

i terr~ed Sud1Hj~5air .il.dh~~iOf!

g

c ryst3!mne'
1

~ padl'll •.. Maiillmdle~~' ""I. I~R\ 258; ~ see ~]hJe-pe;ITsp~dh,lle by Billine'!I.) have ]OC!ll'jed an ttl!:!' mile of slJllI· ~ til slJ'I1faae:strlJdme:~ ~11a Uering ad heslen, lIht'y ~ showttl<lt Uuid'·f:ill~ed Iil'bklrrmlll:e:terr~ialil1e~er

~gledals,
\!fh e~e s,tre~Si·

Mai I1Ita ini I1I'QI ID'ivers~ty

Sans Sex
Smillie oMi:ga1Je< as!exuill :\lpede:5,.indlJld~ll,gthe lxIeU~oid mt.ilr'NS, iha'l;'esIILIr'll'i!,ned 1m IlonJgtime p€riads despite ~he ab5elflGe of the Dtll'lefilL5, o·ff
Canlinur!d lID paglt 1,67

s1Jiakl
I~.

jt!l!'liIj}S

arre o[)$elli'!.!'ed dlJll'iiDIg defm~atiQiril. (~I~l)reil' aJ. 2:501; see t~e P~r~5:p1&thleby Sf:1Il1nll~1nave mea :5iimlJllal·

EDIT

RilAL

f~l:.lilllJgn lWuUan, is. 111 WJ"Qrl!'S~@r ~If1B\lli~ FcMlhy 1 iilnd ~ia.lrmcs ,!1~!he !'.Jec:Jfgle W~h1~t~

iJD1r'i~~ll'{inl WtI:shtl1!gP.'On" DC, 1100 <II [CIinFl'lef

jl,ssis~ant :9urgoon
Goj!MIl'I~.

ON 10 J II..m.¥ 2007, l~RIE,E FORM~IR u.s, SURGE ONS G,IENU:AL SAl BEFORE rHIE ~IOU5E Com~11iuoo !Dli!I O'0ersight Gov-etli!lrtU:::ifll RJetlltITiiiilld detii],Ie:d a risiTii!:I tide otfpolitiOiJ inter'fC:KHC~ill1! the ci!)nd~!;;t of the Qft~c~i!ITI \~i~ichH)cy ~!ad,!j~'f·"'tld, .Ric~1.Lrrd. C~!1Y!!Ql:!."!. W110!J,':*l~~r,\d thepo~g!rioI'l1~:lIt year; hdd Qfbe,iifl,_gb~Gcked from speaki~lg Ol]t enissues :!!uc;bmi stem cell ~;e.'9oorl;;fu f!OC!d e~1Jergc:ooy c!()InlrrtCcption,,<'!!'Id of i!'~struCti'O~18 ~fi:;re:l)Jc~ Pf~ffide~tB,mih throe to times oocVieiryp@.,gc 0$' :!lilly $1]Clec.l~ g,fi,l'i,i"C. D~v:id S:~lcller ,of the !C:ii~lro!'!A<illmhl~stra!'Uo~l he n~coil,nmtediIiiliLerl·erCl\Clcwi.1!1iI hisreport 1011 ge:xmllitya~d pU:bHc!ln.eahh" :i!rn. part because ofrhe M~nka Le\'I.<in:sk.yif!!'f1a;ir" CE~rcttlGo~p And described atllemps, oOn~leRe~mfl "(I!i:liic~~taff s to,dlll\I'a11 his AID'S C3!mp~ig~l. The he.'H!l'iugra:ised qI.lCS:90n!; l~.O"t just $bont poliliicaWiWl'erremlOL:: "'V~llh. scic'IIl,rebut about !!he S!J.ig:t::OIl Oe'~e[al1'h:i~il:8elf~ :pi)sitioll~halt im$I!S ad ~. rll:er'(;:II,I:ri~l ridellilirong,'ITh U.S"poiit:ica~ h h:i$t"fllJ'Y •.Le,g~~Juion:m 18:89 eR1rnJblis.1'Djcd~hcpiJi>ioio!lll of S1).lf~>on Gel!~i"" e:ra1I ",fille Mm:ill1eld~os,piit a I Sein.iae', i!I. n]~:li)irg:ove:l"illD.eli1l,tlligemcy mi!l.~ eW]'i,!led If3p~d.ly dmiill,g the 20th oee:nrulrY into tXle US" P1Llb:]~c e:<I]th U Service fPl~.ISJ.By the ]960~, the Surgeon Oe!lllel:<I~.ab ..~Y's all appoiIiliteefooUl tlil;e ~1II1ksofPI;1S am:eer offilcer,s.'iW3;sillill Ic],ullrge of <I. smsll il:h1il1lfp.i~Fr::' offed~m[ ]u.ealth p:;QgJr<lm$,. ~m;hdnglhe~NauiOJfQiI,1 ~~I~i~· tutes of He~]tb,theF'ood iIInd.Dn~g AdJll.1i:l1ii,s;~Rti:ml,i11lldlhehlclJi,~1'l l"ka1th Sen~,cc. In 1.9ftl. i11ll'oli.tk~lUy appointed A:ssi~>tmu: Soo:retary tor Health i:DildlC Dep(Jjl1mc;liI:t ofFletlllitfil, .EdncilittO'Il. and WeDf~r-.e ~''I..IIP'" pl.m:tOO ~1m:e.Slluyoon G~eI1lJ;'J!'ltl~Je ]iDu,elTIlm:g~geroftJb!e .PEIS, and the SUfg,em~:Oe;[Ienl,slillip became ceremoil1lii1l1"N~xoo ~erfr thejob empity &m:n~972to H)76. and Can~r de~i;am,lT;ldhis A$s~~rnJllt8ecwt..'tr)' for 11:ealth es SU!y'OOti Geoor-.a] a~!lllf!fl:etUt(MJl:ht. h'i!19'.$1.~:il~dcm:Rci!!l~i' n.o:m~~~H:dC iEv,crcU }(_MIp for t):ejoll" aphj'sici~H~1 "\\'it~l,little DubUc lJu~i!hh'exiP'ericl!icc:,who ;,vith~t~odlfi b:ruisi~g ,eOlITllfunt'liHio!t!~~~milil\i,O':r'i thc:nr,ei~· iI~:d

aJoo

'i,iel'lt~d Ul~ PQsi!iJr:)!lof St!!I:SJ~O~l O~l1cr.d , At alimc;w~~cn moo~pllib:~~c,olfici~!~wer'edJi$~~!lci·IlS: them.'>el,,'es fr,pmAIDS, he taJd::ledthc e.1{p~Qdi.ng CPldt:;Il1DC, H hi 'lIv[~.l~ngne~s :ipef!k fi:al1l!::ly.. to C:[!I:!bf'"d~elho8e ",~Itri:flg wl~the dise~()e.~rld dl.slfc,,£.ard the appafQ.!H: ])n,-::Ib:re'!lC1C8 of his p(!~~1:iC~[ overlOllds Wf!S '!,!VekOllled by b(l1msc:t.;;llt,fu;ts !In:dthe"IJ~[c;The p:rc:8:idk~1~.1: n~~rn,SI,ilrnedilent but s sflPI'orrhre, aDoolrdil1ig~Q ~Koop.while ot]rnIDr"S in rhe Admi"lilistmtioni>che:rntcd to ousr bim .. His

m!l1me,llIl1d his oH"iceg3Jined wid:c l'ECC!lgllrudon and helped 1~~"Ope] c!I.a;paigm. in other $I!ea.s his Stlc}\] as i>luokilllg, chi~d 'health, :s!Ildnut'l"~'km .. [~l!em!lny, he I:'e\!i.t!l~i:zedlhe PHS Cmm.'ll:issicm:ed COll)s.genemtUllg a 'Pride in the mission Of]UL1jlic w.eall:htlm>rnlt6d~en IID:SC'II1it 11II~,ajllYye!lr.;. for feree of Koop is li'el:sama]if:ty~ the: ha:llpellil~aJllCfl Oofltle! AIHS cllillidem.ic. aJud :<1 ~,mll]s"olf pres:uo.ent I,"a.suited ~n an el'!:tr<loil"oil:lllry JiI,110melilitoO:fpO\:ve,v aJlld e:frect.ivelllcss fmrdl.e Su~on Geller,ilIl ..lh.u this ~~_]~me:liictof evenls .m. Irare-, 3100:SlU~O~lS General since K.oo[ll have s:lr~gled tQ' aehievetheindepeedeaeeeud v[sibUi!t:y UiI:lIt lillie e1llljoyed,. The SIlU~eOil1l uenen!.l1emai'li!l ,01 respected figuiI:e, but; tlruejob isi11.~e:f~ned. b:udgct[~:1i. and sllbject to the W~.1iMS politic a I of a:ppoiimees <lIt the IDepartmeJlllt of 1,~Ie'-iI[tl;l,lIlmd llum.lln Serv[t:Il!S and t]ue Wliiiiite Ho:J!lSc. 'f~:le Sur~eOJ:l General ]5 w£dely considered to he t~:Ul doet,of For tllilenation and ,an ()lfiI~.blldsm"':DiIfQr the [plUbli.c"'s hea~,th,Bulil!W realiJ!:y.n1otiem l~:o!:d~ oftilii,e efficeaee tightilly c~ns,tra.inii:d by the 1I1!c!)t;~s,illgly po]it] dzcd e!w!.ro'Jilirnent of Was,Mng~:OlrnJ. ~t is dilficuh to ]m<llgWl:le a modem Congress c;re,}.tiJm:gt!liae oWice of S1!['li!eoJil General, Polit~c:s Wocndd]iJj'tallow ~t to ~H!!ppen.FORYlfa:il!tcly. <'Ind to our n~tion"8 gro!iit benef[t,t~lc position !1]!J;CI tradi:tion the

n.e

al:readyexist But Ihcjob needs ~.dp, lesi~rn,uion isneeded ro do' three th~!lgs: pr-ov:idc an ]~ld:(lpCfld.:ot b~dg~t~Of thcc~rrentffiy ml)l'!dic.a!H:poghio~~.ma!'!lh,",1:e an ~nmj~l SUf;eM General"':;; Ro~cm of.!thc; sta!tcloft1u;:~la'ti,on's
~lCfl~l:'h; Stlld,

essential to ,Sl]~else, in~ll!~a,b;: g.\I!r,gCOIf:lOet'llcral rm~p~:1i l']C~~ ~nterfcN~l1oe, the Politic!.1 !lhielcl~ng fOil" key :govenlilflelWt o:ff1dab (St~C;:~1, depl'lrune~li1lI~ ~ll$P~ottlrsge:ne!l'al) ss has pIiJ.::c~de:~t., ~~dsimilar Jnea(;,uve:s shotl]d be ,~dapwd fo.the SIJrgOOfl G-e:l:IJiCr.~], It is ~ C!;illgre~1>li!hm m:eds I:QI:es:::uc ~e oWlclf: of Sm:gecm Ge'llilf:!:al and gh".,e ]t~QI:II::e:!B:nd rb.r ,sil'l. the support fIIl(ill pl.'ote<lt101mi needs to adVaID"Hle the publ.ic's~:'flalt', it

EDIIH D IBY GllIBIE'Rli CHI'N AN D JAKE HS TON

M.lil C R 0113:111H O,G ~ (

S,e'I~·PUln(tll.!llring IPathoge'ns;
Te'~I11!i~ffict (olellfiaditi!~:s.e ~¥) Mith tliii! om:s;!,llie w(lIj~dl, bai,ctefia liialve: ~,ever.aliqqH!!l of m'!!(liIiIIl~iSm~~'r tr,anSPOlrtillfi'Q ti~il!ins ,and '~r1zymes across templE'x ceUelilwlo,e:s.A r;eC:~lilny describE!'!:! 1I'VI~e:,6 se:(:r;e;tJiiOn syst~m (T'6$S~'Ihas b~~!I! ,iilddilid the lis\.andit:s '~i!llli!i~:i (~!1:s~r'!!l\:,d !lile'f!,e dill ste: rs ill fle:~(I!IIHld:mfl IilLl! me'oou,s Gir,a m~flEl:g,a.tii\l'e o~g,aIli~I!im::! .•

ifldudi!i!!Ji siIr.ains ,(If ViDrJo- cilr)/eme. Puki:!Uki ,et ~~. used the sodaJl. i:!1iIii(;ieoo l)icW~SleU~m dis(oid~m as ,gjnl'~:':;i!@I~WIllil.~lIIItatihl)Sltilf'l whkh t@res.t 1655 I'll IJltaliit5 'Ill:~:th~s:m:Dgithogelii., {llJIr pm'le~n~ a!r'~ nE!~d~ to F i:!ss,~b~~ i! (o.!!!1I.p~~te aJp,~!Qiri'l.b.!s~ lih·~ i!JUiithor~ :i~~{lJIla.t~ thaitililitiaJUy tri frtE!r.s:@.f VglrG pr~teilii$: pe!il.~t~aJtl!l th e IUIiIEl.n;!blrrl3!!"!e@·rl(l!"ll1l a chali!lf'lel, t i!lIiI,dijl,en un~ftr;,,of' :a. ri n,9 n~E!:o;.u'~tlIr t'e,. H~p", iii ~e ~porood a midi :s.ta~k III p a 't:o ~orii'li!a ~,O~~O\II! flIE!II1!:d~~ 'tl:iJatf,!lId U:tates: it'S: ow!"! trii!ln~~l)rt. lite'm~r~~ aIMy,. tlile cQmp[inen~. ha,ve h.Q!nii.Q~o'!'J$ inlthil! t:ail~~~p~ike~el'il'lbrl!llil~~ PUIll dl!lring d wi(!e of th~ 1f·4 oo!Creri GI~hOlga. :Afte~ ~~I~ol'll:,the VigrG-i (iOm~m'mml: prn:1iIiIet'il'.5 pa.lh OQ,enesis by (r,oss-·ii l'iJl.d09 h.OOJI .adil'l. - ,CA.
hot;. Mati. Acm:l Sci. U,lA 1(14, 15 5Q1I (2QJOn.

(IH.Mlun

,oulsLy .aff!:!Oi:s; th~ i!'I!,f)iila biilily of ~oii. mtra~

GeiflUy Ex:eising INlitro'ge',llI

1R:i!lmovi3Il'Ilti IliIitrog~1ilfrom In~@rotye~ic: alrom,Mh: (O:1il1I polllen~. of cn.~d:e ~ etro~~l!!mi~ perro.mleti at en D~,iIilioIijS $~31le thlM1l9h liiigh"'lempera!t~ r'e ,cat"

'9 l¥1fI to pl;all ts ,a n ellis a lfililljolF ,13lg fiou~tlilf~ ~

uUilCern,ili!l tI:p,~m:liim.at.e~.y~llJe·UIJiird or f'B'riI~~i~fnitrog@fII is ~.o:s.~m ~lItis m'i:!ifi,. 1 'If! ~~. Subbarao eta'. riillpan ,~ pot.e.IlI" li"UYiPgwerfuQ ~U,i;lte,[,'gYto l~edli.!Ce ifiIitfij1icatioifi in ,o~l~ 'l,!lMedth~l1it r

a ~ytic iliydooge iiIIo~l¥~i:s •.''I'ilh 'IBIi e aJ~iiilI or miritiili'lizil'i9 ~ene!"~tigf!gf ~itroge!i! {Ioxid du.rf!ilQ ,oomb~s~ es tfi(l!l:I.H:~wt;:\i\er,'lime'm~h~!ii! is~c deta:iL.s oUMs: p~C!c:'e:ssere (lJ1[Y~o~isel.yI.! ii'!ders:tY1~~. g ndthere

rccemo~'~'S', 1~,elelaiSe:s: biio~(lgi(ii;lll

Aw1~d re~~tWe

()If

wh el1!!~,eymt:ls' t

Ita,s beelill litt~e ~ei;ldmy lin fin:diog wdL-char;;u:teri2'ed homlogellooUiS :SiY!ile,IiIil"l ~hi!lIte)ic'i5eammat~:LIliIitmgen dir,edl:ly. FOl!lt ef (11: hall/'e ~ow dis~ ~ co,ve,mMthai ill litaliiliu!iI1 carhene mmliP,!el( d~.II'I!Ly ~ a!mdISi~divel.y s~ap,~its G!rrbo!lll fiulh,e' fiiitr'ogie!1'!1 ::a :z ~IFI p:yridiil'le' OWl tre[lltmBFlt!i'li~llliIlrime1lirly,l~i~.:r~ cbloride,. The mOlililagelileo~5 ma.cliion Ilmcemis: alt t 65 ~C toyieki a sub!ll.itlllte,d i:lenZ!ene amdl Tiimido ~ m:1iIiIpll~x 1IS:prod uets, The i'l ~UlJorsp.ropo5e a ~ ~ me(h·imii5~1iIII or e~eotrocydi(; re:a!ITiilllg~lIIler1i1:5,iI1Ui_'£ <ired by INI"'5~lliiatia.FI; SIJIV,>litUrlllil gli:J1.prot:ic add ler ~~he :5'i:~!i[Hlilg~l1I~ ra~~~d dn'l!'~ ~ihe~wtllp.nit! to ~th(Jfid,~m fe:agel!i~ l~ r'~'e·[,;:rbh~:blj!' a[kylatiolrl ~ ;l!ft~ir donM.lJD!l ,ofiUimido, gOOi!!P to lligh~al~VIIt: I!i rl:l rn(]lybJj~num,l!\Ihi(fu! ~~i'lJJSito~rl~sily S@iPllMb~~ ~lfl~(lwbLe' M(D'~it!lid~ S~4~~ es, ~ .J5Y. . f11 I. Am. Oe1l'l. Sor.. 129. 1I.ll!J2lJ]:a07:S3:2€m ill! (;,001). ~ .l:1i

lm'itriFlii:i'ltiolF! inl~ibHQrsthii!it d~;QJ~ n'l atk.!;IiIl_y·re,du:ce nlrltrril'i(,1!I~i(lffil ]mI tliiie mot rh ~m5:rDfule ~1Iil com pi! rime son to dlomiE!'!>Lki3i~ed wfuleat When ,~Il1~ym~·5hmI1'1IQ~me(!lI!il~a]IilI'in:g . ~ tliiie ~elevilll'lt ,ge'lIildsJ w.as ~!iltrodllu:M into 'whetl~~ b:llOi.ogi(,allmitrii~~G!tion il'lhrnbi~(Ir5. WBre· altw Ilr'odlmeci,alrld pmdm:.~.Mty illl erea riM. New' .~trains ef wh eat (aWl now be bred ~o ~fI nsfe,rr lIm~S U i'lit sta bly irrln line dam t'5~ki!ted whe:alt gmoliJlj~. - ~MZ Flrmf 5'{pfj' :IlI.lo0'ilsfi.:IliLO"H)OO·91,6@!·;;! (2(1I!Jl:n.
[UMllTf. HIEfJI(E

9 reelllmolJ5!~ gl[lses. ArllOt~er ,ClltrnlOspheri1( aHriblJl1)e or !Jj11\eliI!: irl'llportdlill Ge, fh·e~o~<!~ OIII:T1l[Jillm t of 1Itrno:5plheriir w'at.!M vapor, W, h:il s Ibeen mo.re ~iiUiC:1ij1t ~ostudy", 5an:IiEr gl al. 'ilI~@ dfl~a fral'l1l~he!jat~~.it@· Il)a,s:&I Sp,~ia~Smsor I'IMclfIOwave Iliiilla'!Jli!:r{SS:IWII~' to sl'icnw ~Ifi,at .(~ I!: tilUiI'l atljllJosph~ri(; 1'Ifi~~·stlire [Dll1tetfl c,iJel[ thi oc:~a f! s hes ~niil'ei31$oo ~. 0!.431 ~1m12 !P~

deeade s~me l'9iS. Ilh~y then ese liili:syhs.

rllJOun 22

~1h,at~~'1i!' olr th e o!ls;ef'.r«!·i P'lCJe.1l 'sb:e SIi!'in W:;;

~iild 'Iine .1Pi:!tl~n ,or- c..hla!1lgiesthg,t h ~1'I:s. dis" p:ia.V'edl,over ~lh,at 'iJil te~1Jal., tan be e:.'«P~<ll'!ilEd ~!il~Yif ~he IP!!imary 'C!l!l!~a~·is h!'!l[1~rHl'ldulce.d the il'1:cre~esi!il g~eeiiill"l(l!~ 1I5.e~ il'1lm e i31tmos~ seg phere, 1111 ll\Ia:v,th~Y5rhClW tiilat t~e! "lil1lg~this pl'iill'lt~,Q~ anth~opog!!Nilik imp;!!"r:t esn Ibe S€ell'l iln

diffe~ef!tdimate

mod·e~~ to

sha-w

More 'Water i'rnlJlihe Air

AJ1~hropog eli!k kdluel':l ~e (In l~ e dimJi;!:te !System
is: ma~il;e~t Mt o.nlyinllii!e ri51E!IIf J1~ar-sull!if:aJ;:~ (

the l1i'I,o~stme (oil'itenlt o~' Eartln's atIililCi'5piile~e. "I~d~Ih[l~'I,ne.im:rea!'le is. oon",i"'tentlliiii~~ th~ory, thereby stlrlmlQlllill el1ling mlInjlj.de rlG!~ Iboil!hin tful ose models a,liId ]lilIl'm.wwelll·~e une,dntlnk:s of dimate tire ulnder:smod. - HUIS PIO:r:; NoN. Acad. 'Sri. U:,s.A.lI.0!4, lS2413. (2oon.
(Ii EM r!illlll 'If

...

~ (!FlOP 5 [ liE

~c It

t~o po~pherk. te,!'!i!pe!,Qi~u~·e$Uhe effect Ipeople· ,experief1lJ::e: "Iii:)~tdiirietUy), b~t ~Ils;o ij,,,, the: hydro~oglkal ()i'de-, IjMceiil~ ob5'BrVal]ona~ ':>tudie:s !have
showllI that GiOn'l]mleIlllllL ri!ol\ef rullilof:l" •..:!!on.al-mle\llilil ~c,in[,all"and 5U ~fac!e IhIWllIlIidily an d'isplay trrlf!mi5 that GIn Ibe ,c,scribed to ttl e re~IJ~I!> ~ ulmcn a·f ,a.clhrily. ptrirmalr'ill!t t~e 1,BrIlper.a.tulre Ir~i5eGi:lulsed bryim::reasi ng com:elatmtiom ,of atrl'los',pneric

Wh.,ereWatew Hiotd]s Stn~

Wine!'! pola~ mQIE,oo~~s.di$s:Olvei!li ailer, l~~ ~ol~ W ve!'ill'.~ a'C(t)mm~d,gtiijiiii of gooypst~al resem'bl.e ilS QWJ1 SW!,It::t~re billch ,as hyd.'~~¥ls ~f!d !;I!f!iI~ines) is u!il$tJrp,n~ili!!lI. ~~S$ dear 1,5 ~o'w 't!ile' fletM~I~ (If hydroge'Im'booded H~O mi(!b::cll!.lles;1!I(~~rn Wlodates
Canlinur!rJ lID Pf1glt 1 n

~ A IBn~st 'Jmlllli WUdWhe·at r

~ IM~lm~ific.atn(lIill.!.alTI'iimJ(lMalllP'mte~i'l 'lIlCi[ gelilNates ~ llIiuc:tein th e rh ~lmiP !1!W~ t~mmgh(~e bi(l~®gi(ell ~ oxndll~iion of ilrrnlrIllQliIid with Oxyg'N1. dele~el'ii,..

EDITORS'CHOICE,
iilsiIllurlie's mmpolclJ iiI~l!;yi mlif1pone'lliItS. Re'lU'l end 8a l!1i:ew 'E!',xpLorEld thl;5, questlen IhmlJj gth u!ltr,[lfil:5,t vibrilticmi3il ;i3lniimtroIlY,!II:! ei3i"iUirem~n1i:5 of l1Iilm' g@ll·balsed H[J!!I1lOUi5 soIUl~S; lj'Jij~h'l!'tlrying d e!)lr@e's cr~N·i1;lk)Ii~i'litljOlt After tagging 'ilIIi31e;riFlICJ'le![ue; l in tliii@ sCil'l1arliorl :s!hJ![~,iliii~h IDW~ level ~bra:tiolflalt ~xcit1lti,on~ the il!Jtholrs, ~s~dth~ f~m:toSi~(:OI'i,d tim~ ,~~Sg~lJtiO'ifiI fal~~5IlliFpro;b~ g to, mQIlI itor fCl~tic,lfl,a~ mlobjlitl,~s of t~~se m.I:l1Lec ~le'~bef~re dUrlli.!" $h.1,ii!,~l,e):c~ aJiilge' w~th th e su r~ rouliildillillg bu~k Jn~g ~Oliil.The daJM revelQood tw,() dlis-tin {t, re,ol'i1e'liilta" tioll'll rales, and the' PQPUl~i3i1,l.0I1 (If more~IIj)!Ii\l:y mtdi~,ing walter molerulles slt.e,adUy 'intreiilsed <I:Sthe 1'!:lIIiT'1~i~ of hyd'mphomc lr:rnerJi~y~ gmMps 10111 ,!'iCDlu;1l~lSie. A cortine n reila!tilo~ IOf f{]llllrimlilllob~lrizled GIH gtrOups W'ilm ea.clill ellh~~.gm~p :s,1!J9gJe">t5 ~hol'l9 di:sruptiolill m a of tliileoolvE!',nl dynamrics ]1ilI ~Ih,e th~drroplmobk vidllility, ~~lo[JJgh tliile .1IurtfuJ~:m, emlpha~il~~h1lit ~he strartu re in wIl kh t~ffllliliterso in~ buie:~~yI~otl!;'edl fBFrniiilil s d'ism'dfred, ratliil~rnllillll'l ke-lli~.'Js::f PilY,iI'. ev~. tlt '99, ]4!BOll Rf ilndt8i'l1o~1d p:roblelillS or recmnbill1liJt.ilcm Cit gr<llin boulnd tlri~s. MO,DeOVeIF, thewim gl1!'ometll}' fi!(~ ~i~;ate'5u[rd~ m~led:i on Ellnd 'ro~ter:o;carrier g~l:!er,i1I,tlloll ]1111he Spi!(~ (hiU~!!'egion de·~ lIIithiln t r ~M i'J rr~y. Two )lMdlil~ h.il'Ol'~ @,xiIlJlorroo' 1in@! '!iJ~ll: of :S~w~r,e~ rr,a,y~illp'ho·

llO@[~ctrodl~m~ra~. 'CE!l.is. Gocdey ,~tat

gr,m p,·ty,p~ :)~ l[iHln'C1wijwe (NW'~' .i:linays

,~ithll:f Wroif!'!01!. base of

,gokhcappedi CQbl1!~t
I'IJIWs nn ,gJn:odin!c ,!'I,lu· li'IlIi!1l~ IiI1lo)[ide 1ii'IiI~rn~

ibr,~flles,or hom

11

c~oon

S~~i~o wirli! a,frays tookl iii'! p:r~Fidl~le p:r~,jjildea n

,ga,Ld-coat~d I~ oIll'lrD'e Si {II n sub!'ltr<l~el. On anay nmmer~ian 'il'! dry ,acetollrim,le So[l!Itioll'l!> of RUI{2,,2 '-bi p1ridyU~ ~1Ii ,and iHg!1Xe ,art lamp ~~H.~minaliolrl, c.yclk 'I1oHamlrrnelry ~h(lwed 1!~liilm. ln redudki'lIIli'i'iiV'€' peskstc mare p05ithl'e vulli'l.ge5 rr,el:ati'l!'iii1111J Pit.disk eledmae. iII Photmm,· rent den~~llie$were:abou t ~!wire~ha:t or plana IT P"YP~ Si. MiII~[dod at grew' ~~III g~e-(rrystilll,nnie Siii\inl~~ with Qialtie'tBrs 0( ....1; 11m lJ!5illg iii. go~d catlllys:[ol'i ,i31f11f14YP'e!' S~,(111) sub!i[ra!t@wi~h a sntiffiril o.xhie: ~JUI~mE!rliilYlii[. Itln ,fI 1, r'-dlm ~thyl:hm~ roc@lle redox ~nElmil'l m6:~lhtllrlol. lUUliflilliatic.1fl wi~h si m~liitecl sIJ!!IlU~h~ !prOdl~(i~dIll ;shorti dn::~h jph(Jtottlm'iiit dle!'ls.~~or 2.2 mAlcif!li2:. It:n both sys,'IIern$i, beuer pr(lte,ctiofi. ,of ~h'~ MI~

c:gst"e'r:recti\1f::'il ~teM,gt~v~ 'ig hig hr~erl'o~lif!I!il ~ee $i~Qllte·cP)"St'g.I. $'i warier:;;, Wires gr~w!'l ¥i~ va~orlh:jJ~idl-'S()I~idi ,iirid~od5:ilreabo ~inlg~e 'cry~ti3iLs

sy~faC:le5 m~v bIPrg"le pe~rlgrli!!iaince. ~. Pib!S;

J Ail)',. 'n~iI'!1,5Q.J;.12:9,

l!Il'.• 0Z11ll~nl J!:2 5 d., 1

'(20(H).

](l'.• 021f[lil(lI] 46'97( 1

,<::<::S,erpliins s.ay'e (eUs

j}y a talmHy ~IJ pep~l.[J[I:'lelin'nih~1i~r~ k!n,olWiilas ~eITlpinilj;"Mmrt !!lierpi'Iil"iiarll' 'iiecreted~ iJut ~mlll ei1lr~ intrra.ce~lullar ~ riOoo<in!ii'iilllillJiji~i:lt,e,~ iii! ~egllJ~illim g! ~YW!iomal prowww.,stk@I.,()rg. teitlsE!s. liI:l~ ,!I'rii. ilio~n;L1~aJ~. in ~lliIewOrm faerMji.lroliditis e,lf9~1i's.r LIilS5 or 'lifl einllrncemu,l.ar !ill! ~pin S'fitP-6 )(alused dlril1111111ho D,e(lIJrni g lliglM.y sant ~,iUve to hijpo'(l~me~lliL !llire~aJnd ta, d~e a r'e~SllU. l'Ie<crr,otl1c!jll d1~illm.Thi5~fted:i'lIppe..:Jre,jro as: of { ['e!q1tlireirdllibith):1iI IJIF CY5~~r1e p.IMa~e:$tbeCi1IU5~ ;sltlrVi!{tJ:lilJftll~ lli:n:oc1ltcwt Worm:5. ws imprro'J,lioo in lIIiIutllnt iI~illllllll1i(mgillieeroe(jt.c1 exp[leS5IWl,~d "tvpe SR:P-6 but 1l0t.ilil .miIilil1l15th.at e.xprn5!~ed'lIIIi1i1Ullant :5!~fP]1i1 ~hi3l !~fI'k'edgl1ltnlbUery ilIQlirVij~y~. (akiu m I!Illom~jla~,i:on: ,alP,~~i3JI'tlIli~obe requirit'!d torr :cetJt rnE!>i'l,th b@c:.aUiS~ S,Iijl',,6 ~ii'!O(~oot aJilimilll:s"~ilIdil'l~tl1:~ ry:anuu:lilil@ f€C:.@pro~, n'~ o:slitCl!\<l, 4, :5·ui5iplro~phatlil t iil r«e,IPtIH, ~:~ the (;aJ7"'~rbif1di!1g p~teir:! (a.~re:th:Il!.!UI1 show~ suppro,s,lSlll(!n 1lI:t,cell dea~h. lY5!1)5i)lirle'"lm~'e 'gllil-gralii'!i!!les' 1a!~oalil~a:Ii@'~ to be r6QWi~re!IJ,tbecause d€~lth wa,$ SIilP~~s!~dl iln ilI!limlal5 Lad~1111'I,g ill ,g~u'~no$i!lle trip~0l5ij;J~ atase f'e:QU~red:r\(lr fOHri ,alUO:II1 or thE!'ge ,aJcidl!c ~gral1ilu[E!s.AJil~mat ~ackin9 S·RlP~6
i

B~al£l!lk!aRy ae~W'e' pm1lea5il:r~aJ1e' he~d: iln em eckifllp,art

wer~i1Il:so m,Q~e.sus I!lepli bl~ th gijil 'wil<l"type gftlil'i!!~lst:Oi~e.at !;h ()U;" h V!l«tl:!!i'!I, 01: InYlPermlia. 'l'h e aruth 01':SW'Qille 'll1rat~~e loo:mlm~ii1eff~(ils tOf :sef~~!l~ ~'ii1th,esestimll!!U, m,ayi!'lidka~etihil!!~.lher,eis acen'Ii",a~Jiiet:l!iQtk deathillii edhQi'li~n'ii 'lh ~tcan be rei~U~il!!t,edtb'jl s~Jipi!1!:S,If ro4~e!'piIiiS ooli,dld aGt ,~s ;g Uii ,~fiti· ,doilJe t(l '~eU.s v!i1ei1.er'QQrnm!g,:f;Qrexa,!li!p~e., I;rYl~(),xic.~t~e~s: dlJl~!Ji!g ~'e!1i!i1:!;Iiij!ad~s. S·l[d 1l p,rosiI,Illi'!,iiival. , fl!lnctiDnl,ef JjllltraodhJl~ai~5ierp]lilI!> mightB~:5!J e~laill! wliI!i'iniUe8l~ed exmnes!Sioo of :s~me' 5lerpin. [,alm-, iLV member:s; !l'Q.rr~erlids: ~(fDr P~091I!'1Q'Sis~Iil'\fo3jrkU;lS~!JIma[n c,giflcer.l>. -lBR 11

SCience
·www.sd:l!l.lCE!mi.!lI.!~g
1~.OONt!w'~k

t~l:ro.l.I~-~!lf,!,F

!)oll~!d Itt!l_IIe!liil'

I1!n.ur"'lIEI!I~D~ MoniGl! M. 9f,~~d

lit

!:nc WII'o1!~uawJi!~~Mil! l, LI!!"ner fI!J,~1~ :~t!l ~i~!f!H

~,f)IIIiIA. i'uLnU!MErdSr-m:M51<11!11'(h~lll!IIll(ji!l!l1jm~lJ.rlr5ll·i~@a:aald!l!l f)1l~(JO~ W~~1! ~~tlW; ~1;!m!Mnml!'l(l ~''C.i!'!!o~ P,~! !!ti!l\iil; 'JI!Uli!JUf!~ llau lie 8i!1w', liliCJ,l'iI i(i!!!ii~if!i. l<r't~nd~ [nOTmord. V~dti Ll~tQD; ID"'1J1,

11~".

~lPilJn :E,II1I~'R,~

!!1II!50i!I,

IICrnllIlill.,

!tI'~ii!1 ii,
~tI'.
nill~~: EllfiIiIIi

:~!!,lI.
Plrillill'

IUtis

(o!!!! i'!!ar!!!!l!n
01_

~l=n~LU.

WiuKoglfifl" ml;ZJ!iOOS

A1mIIJ~ NW

l1>llitooia~2Wl2~~~91). W ..M24M-'IS>li2 ~: ~:-ij~5~i!, ~.~~H'it;l.-1~~'

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A~t,~',@f'!e"Wav l1raf~cls ~\!;perudw CJM~ g~ therng(ifi inlhe'n~, d~{'a,d!e,TiTIIe fir~t.Jg Pili iiiJ':s 3,OOO~k!i~Qlgif,i,mf11 Ka:g I!i!Y·i:lrem()t~:sefjcSTiI!g sglel~~te,~i~l iQm1v~ I!III!Ql1Ith. Nei'!t Willis CihhN!"S 1l.9Q~knogra.lI!iI thiis Ohailg'e 1., be]UiIgl sent to m:;lp"hiln'g( r,e-so~rres, hi! A~'12008j IllIId~ wi_Q la!,lllch Oalld~a,yaalf'H., en ornb~ter~btw1n al5(l send,~ 29~kiit~~ gr,am probe' tlml~ing nntD 'Ihe 111!iIr!:1!lr sl,Jrrac..e. i3ritn~ ,~n,d IlitgUalii vehicles will be'arldi.ng~o mne IPileup, Only China hss a planlfDr
d~~o~ IiIg Irnt il5 rlubbi5J:i.. IBernffl Fo~ g. dirledrDf f],f the ~ iii ntE'r,!ll<ltiion a~ LUIIiI,['ilf ,Explma~ji:[l1lI Workirqg, IGI'OilllP iln the N:~tfulerlllaJnid~\r lPoillltedl o~t that the' .ApDlIo !!Il1,5silOn"ilen be'fulimi seve~.allI1ll!m(hM :1(ij1~ogll"alil1s of 'waste. Not,;ng~h:at i~.~o[lk2"l yea r:~riDr' 'ti:iI1!' post-A:i!!iolilo lUIili:lr a1mosplhernto".5talbi,~iz.,e llaJd;,~ p~ys,lir:ist II1:0ger,-Milill rilte IBonnet, Ipresildenl.()Ir Flfa:nce':s, (mrilmitite,e on Space' I!i:.ElseCirch. '«I,lred lor iii "«on~~F'I,I'i:I~liolii r!.%'i~ ulfltomlfN~dllby a ·~UlllaJJI:S,.WUI Ch[IilCi'~.,!lief LUlnar if'~p~OIra:l!ion sdeatlst, ijili Il~UlffiliJlrlil'g'rm ameen dump .. F(liingiallsos~gg~$~edthait. Sllt~U'lJes rnligM be put to sleep fn ,CilOIl91"'~'HIifI orrbit. Wmmuli3irl ~e::dt l1ol~I:Y frrolTll th~ IlllOOJlJ •.~ sOiIia Borm€1" it. "ij'!I~[~be d:~$tr(lYlild SQOIII@:rr [r.1iJI~h~rJ ~]i..a_1"l ~atE'r."

n.

Talki Ingl u MUe,

"I ,allfill suggE!Slinglha~ iiII@ drl~ onty a f"@wy~r!i ,a,wa.yrom the ~on:u atliMklil th~ propo!lit~c!lll f Ihatthere are n:~ cog nitwe d1iffe~erl!ces, be'M~n men an:(llWOmen win lJe ,aJS 1'i,1lrd;1D 'SIi.!~t3!~il s, 'lhill a proij)o<sitiofltha:t tbe~r!Jh rid,e$ (I~ ~ihe I~!'!!tk b.!lrt~e','"

lPag~s 'on 'l~e:f·ou~ iexis:t;; ~nQ:speci~5,. i~c::Iudim!g Bahtll's tap~~

~If! ba,c::kgf1O'l.!llIId

(b~(J!IIi),wlilkh I~a!'lg~ ru;om

Me~C(lOO' C()~(J!IIi'Ilbi . For a reSl~aochers \iiai'k.ingwith

..~~. illWlil!ld O'lilm@ Unit til@r!! d wa!!i no e.tliSy~(j'lllll id~lfItify k~ rl!la~$DncShips bll\lMi€e1fl pulP ~i$hed IP~p~r$'" 5aJJi:5 al~k M

gr ~

tgpi ~s i!li! :tJ;ie wih;!~the fijietdl ve'lffil'l,!1liY g:lJidie 'klmij'she-s

fr,om !'IlIaJkin:g (alPtur-e~~M:i'og w.cn~ weu."altlh (llilgll~he eread-vice m'le\!'eryth~lliIg P~'!lC:'I!ILa ~ C!on:riitiOlH t:I.p~rspreI

Ho,~lijm.alFioff 'lh~ 1~'YJ'OiP~!1 Virtt!'i:!il

!!; o

-PiNfliwl ~d'efllj5:t C~l~~~Mluf.lil1y;, ','H~'UJh!cJr of l'n@ IB@n CI!UV€,. ot a 1 Ol!"t,oblilf rneetiag at the Amerkcm Erli'ffpri!i1J in~titm€!' iR W~slli~~tQt!, llC..

Project, whol unveile,d p,~perSoope QJlQiili:l!Stro-

O~se~ator~ iFewliiII t~glY d

n;))micaJ da~a cQnference

1i!li5~liI1Iormthin LDmldol1!. liliIe s('IIHllValre' provi:de~ ,~ gri3ip~i~ ea I. appr10ach to :lli~,m:hinglhle' ~t.er[ltJUfe.U5efS calJiloeate per:ll'!ln'a Inz.ed chit! rts 'IMItlh ea(~ ~lIIpe\F dr'1lIWJlIilI5t!1 ililol( m:rnnected by.a rmws, IPoiJiltil'lg~o the paJper~ 'it dft~ ilndl p(liin~111l9 hom the' pap.ers:tllii'lt ri~e it By r(!Vl!!!illl'lflg tine gJ'ji pelf~,with th e mo.)lin:oollfll~ 1119 ,aJmJlI'i~ea.dls,. \a~erScope sorts outthe semnFla! P

'" ;
~ Ii ~ ""

to mscuss

Ikv.llf~~N!' d!i!"l!I!l ~tA,.o.j':~ ~mM .

Prl some

btl1fldles oj.<sd'efijc-e.

fer can make ]1 har:d

1;0

ailll'1r-tll

"' s

i ~
:ill ~
yOUl1I' Idhtl~F~Ogel: dose 001 l~f'sl@' stram! g,ely ~flg rossilng '~rQP]ciill,her-

semlog~!G!II.te'5t5. And U you tli!iin'k ~lhe ilnnm[lilliaire' oh-.~o-nte, (h&.1\: ouUilIe ~:nte,rrliiew ~ill~ lliell!)Hllef Cos:1tI Rij ([1111 e:rnvira:l1mel'll minii5it.er, W:ho'WtI!> attacked alildllilearLy kiU~ed b.y 1II1i1 !i1il1'ill9Eld mMh er~ii'!pk »

VlWW..'ltipirrs"or:gl.

bl",'O,~.

JIl!$l

c!jek I(}'!!'tli~

SOilrUng Ihiroug'h A:stro-(halff

The power o:r .SIOCialt @til!ioF'K'l!'!g liS n be:ilf! 9 le)(ie,llde,d to sde,i1!ti,~'k pa,p'el'S •.

work~ from the a,(,a.dlemk (bff.

IFor e;li,ample,$t:(jrd\l~rl9 fOJ "'solillir r,adi:o bUl'Sits'" b:r~llg s up more th af! 25 00· iJ~:ts,'on GJlI ,iJJ(ad~rnk a.1l:t11'tlars@. But ill r.~ dltoo o:r li1l~ iiiiJ~H!$~fe'\!i~"l~hl~ l1iJ1fldfull!)~ QU.·cU~ ~r'~ t!l!e yellow bll:!ieS lWi the' sc:~ee'VtIsh()t "1~()lIIe. ~Ther~':s sn 'iJIha( ,if!ilome,jiU. ruinl,. 'Alma, th~n t~e pl1!lPe~I shoililld ~ea.d 1!lQll':d.'" 'says N'of'n"i13n G~~y,gi':j g~trOi'i(iiifl'er at the: Univef~it~ ,~f L~ic:es~eu., U.K, lP'aper$cOili' e {1P~p~rs;~ope,:5-Q!;In::erQrge, ~e,fll 'is:(;mmenil~y OOlmpati b'~e 0 lilly with ,astrO~~V$~:(S papers, but !Holln llIl!i'llnl if'lo~les to'e:dena it \0 ,other "i,dffll~.iirk cl[l1:aOO5i~5.

001 time 'Tapir Sl;lec~ill],S,~ GroI!.!iP'W'f,b S~le ~'ro!il1[~e

va

~ ...

WocW

COr! SiIN'lJ~n,](I!li

U~,i)D!:l(IUCIN), w~lch

~ ,olfJ~f!; p'hoto~,'i!ide,~, ... ~

WUh theshee~ VOhJI'lH! ·of .gftid.e's lPl:!b~ished Incwa.day.s, ngli.!.~ing out ~~i h ;iue the key Il'l~esfs .Q1 trkk~ c 1~~Dblem, 'H3~' sh,~!!\W~ :how' many 9 "Wriend:s" a rth:Je.s, fuiave:.a new tool called! :1?i31perS'cope' is llellPin!9 a~tmn(lmers ~hld tfule papercsthat reall~.y maUerr.

EIOrl"ED eVYUOHIUli IBH#!TiI'ACHAIR)lE.E

lHEY SAil D IT
"l amnow a heavenly body. 1 ... 1was blown away. U came out ofthe clear blue skyiust .1 ... .. ..... id ,,' Just lik~eall asterou ..
the miglDl1allStoJ ire/( serri:es,p Ir;eactnlll9 to llille I nie'rl1l atir;ma I A~h'OIilQ!l!'I1lki3ill~,!'l'iQIiI'~ ded:S~O'!Illto
flaiiilli~ ,~fli as,~~ro.ll(!i~
,]fipaille<f>!! ACt0f

found out about it yesterday.

Gleorglf! T!il~;eli.who IP~ayed :S:ulu! ln

M!l!IZZIlIEtD. 1rwo yeal:~,a~'l:erlaflllJ'elil(e Su mi'l'i£!rs mtl;d@ 1ihill!'f i1l1~(!!fiJl~ ri!!m:tir~, ilboiLI'l i.l\iQm.en and St:ieM~~.1t !Ji'l Mm pti$h~d Qut 'GJj ~e IH,u\!i'iI~d Uii!1l1v,~r.si:r~,pl1~idem:y. ~o:m~ still tlJieat ~11ili1I~ikea Wl,ari'jI~I:A fif1:ce:nl imta iii ce 'inl(Otve~ f'emale hli(Ullly mUl:m.ben; at tln,e: It!Jilmivenity of (a~Hil:Jrn~aHi[) wh« ( Leid iii ~Ui(ceS:Shllll~tcHion ttl h'iiI'lleSUmlilfll!:1!1'S dii'S;in~ted alSia diIDlII'll!!lr !Sip E!.alker all the Se:pteimber me.etnng ow ~1ImE! ilJl( Boa iOOlIof Re,~:e!;l1'S. BUit, ~irt,@ (o.nt[owr:sy' has ea UIi1@d 5u mrnl@!;~ lh~ :svm~\athy ~W :50mle' ·of ~is
(i!~stlt\lhj~~(riti ii:S:.

fI:5tJ'or'lo,mel'siil:il'99'1I, 7.3:07 iril'llli:ei i5 l.aca~M betll'i'ee'fl M,111rll .. 1IiIe:! Jlu pUlN ..

his btlfllor. I)i:;oo¥er~d IbV

IINS~ DE, ,GOVE IfU\IMilEIN'

YC!'UiN'G 8·LO'O,O. The 11lI.S:. (o.mmeme Department has pick€<dl a 3:2-yealr~ldIIPOmii~ cal (lpe~ative with 1"110 s(j.sli1Itifk backgjrolJiliild or indlJj!l~lial €X!P(!rh~rIIC€ to .hiead oilll~@Wotflce imendtd. t(lrlo~ner lfl1l rlOV'M.iorI. Joel HlarriSi, whQhas,worl~ed :lit ~~·eWhit~ House alld f©J" R~pulb[icaWl' forme!" Cololrado gO'\1lemou Wlll!iam: []we:ns,. wm, dful@'·ctt Ted~l1Io~~ogIY the (011 n,di~,'~\I'h~ reIP'~ace: t.h~ dlepa rtrnent' s rh s 19..!yiea~-(lid]edll~'ob;gy A dirrrii!i1ilislf,ati Ori.

Ihe Iedmo ~olmr Adl1lll1 l1ifltWaJtion, whikh ,om:)E! boasted al no ffiJ]Ui'on bu,d'get an!dl S,O-plus ~e;r50n :Sitf.!n,indud~!'!g an '!!i!nde-r" :Sienetauyfolr'ted'lool.ogy, ",as allbNeiQ to witl~@'1" on lh@ Vfil'i~ unum COllgre!ls:anclthe!Wl1i~t~, Ho'L!~ ,agIFeedlh~ s yea rr til Il'~i1Illlm1 it. IBrul,foX pe,rt; I at:e dOilm'l hoM gut~l!.ldl ~'ope' for the flew 'CQUfld:~~ ludre<dl w~tJliQilllthe~euelalrryl's;oHke andl IlHk~l!i1i a' budget 9 "lit's dle:fioi te'i.y an OIPportUlnMy lost," says (hwlsto'pher Hill of G:eo1rge Mason U r'II~\]ie~itvi.!11 .Faill:tl!liX,. Vi rg hl1a, ;H' ve~ran IPilay'elF il!il teclll!l1()I.o'!JY '~~SUiE!~. "-I (.an't ]mag'ine that h is ,a pIITe~cript~o.mJl 'for ,tI(UJtI[~y dOling anythling. ~ Hill s 00 pas to IPoo'li'ethe: critics wro:n gl, "]ied~n(l'~ogIY is III CI~~t:~G.!l lFi v@r d fOI~ our !!l!(oI'IIIOfiilY, '-' h@~alys,. 'and myjob, will be to idle.li1Iitify ,and UIO r'(ji~rl~'~E! actlon IOfl~I'l'e fI1IO~t lm PO[~ tant 1ISsl.!les;,'"

rn

Am,m!gl t.hiQmti"s, l~aiN'alr:d1,SYCMi,egi!ll HOWl,lr'~!ii~!"dI!Jer, ~Y:SI "~ do~'t kn~ EIj~~:!'Ie Harvaffil ~hm;l'fa~o~ what ilapat: p.eruelCiat U( IDa¥i~ ••• , Thie ~~leIDIb) a Glidl f~~· ul~ty Mn©' QPpt;D~ed [Sumnru:r)'!i.~1al~pearalnD(i;!

w,h~

»
'WCH~:lIDtV·'WIISE. Balwl"~ng obledkllIms 1iwolm the 1I.S, Se'Dllat:e'"ll~e (ontrQ.wel'$1.i:ll (Mer or Igltl,bCliI. he',jlhh atthe Depilrtme1lli[O'r Helllth tll'ld~IlIl1n1! I!III5e,Mces (HH S} wu~~ $00:11 !be he.ade,t!! off to .]I new ;]1~s,~glliulllel'lt. last we~k •. .fI1 SerJ!lItf!' I( alm'm~uee wl'ls,lalE! r'li!d ~ ether l(lal~'lpr()'rIe WiUialiTl 'Steig~ra~ u.s. ambltlis~:a,rnpr 'l1ClMozalinbiqllle<. S te'igle:~~ 37,.a Ph.lD." in ~!ni 1Iil' .Ai1it1i!'!!lf'iclIlf11 h~no.~y a mid lru~·@sornl of ;]lfOflllfie,r R~PliJbU(J1l1fli .ool'lglrel~~:m.an, mas. be~n tlC(llSe,B b'y ~ ~ S te< mnpl~o~es: a nd outside r\@~H!u(hems. ,o,f m icro,~ I'll alrliag]liIII,g H HISs:cn el1ltisn'j f1Itemaiti'on a'~ a c.till~tli @sill:ld pu:shjilll'g (ms~rvil!ti¥e', pro"'indll'Sil:ry positions, {Sci€l1:ce. l.~ Ss:p'i.embElf2004. p.. 1~~1}. Re.cerIiiIUy, he ca,me' under fire (Olf a I~egedlly SU~ pfessing ,f.! globaJllhi('alt~h rep ert from th.€ :5ulrgeon G:ef!{l:ral. At last \!!Ieel's I~ealwj!llg, Steiger dleHededi questlons about :HlilUl'of ~1ilE!semat1Jer~fr'orn lh!llpre~idiflg member, Ru:s~ Fe']rI'gold U)-WU, a:ss'erti!'l~ thaJl the S~r~geoJi'lI General 's report "hadl serie IjH flla~v$" glllJdi diStp 1lI!1i f1!Jll!le s,(jentific ''!I'(!ill~e' 'o,f an il'!1tematio!'l(!lll A.IDS ,meeting. He sald he'ha:s ",gafJi'lied .mUlch e:xlpene,m!.ce" '~~a~ has prelP'ared h~fI1! for deal1lil!'9. 'lj\Iith MOl1'allillbjq~.e·s prroblems; ml'ithA~D'5 a~d m(!ill:riria:. The c~)mlTl~U.e!e ls e{l!pe~.t:ecl to ,apj:l.r()'W Ute I1iQmi ngIU~n, iis is the f~II Se,l!il·;;.re!. HS 5lPokJe~pelrr~9m! IB~U Ut?~~ "~,o, died ~i,()ns 111 :l)ee'[J1 H H~ d ave llfIa,de!" about \!fn:ell StfigleiIT .nn~gj~.ldepa[t ofwhiowolllld take ovel[·IIifi~.!i O:51tl!)n.,~H~s; de'palrt.ulre P will be' ~ relie~ for HHS ~delrlftb;ts: ~Im!d praif'ession;:lilh.,,'" .s:aY5; UrlliYler:s.ity ,oif C:!l~iifo.rrll[[fi,~, 5!1Ull FI[.3lllJd~w,inte[lIl!il'IHona!~ h:etlilith expert. Thomlfls ,Nlo1iO'ruDlljf,.a founei~ ~:~5 omdat

Lo~k like i~nor.m~ roo~" The ~&itiQn that " l.eiB the r~:elTIJtsllil r e:5,[ind the inVilU;illl!lii:n
1

~ :ill

I mi2les
(ll

(IIOO 5!:1W1me:r.!i.'~;;poor re~all'l!ClUl1jhr:~!li 'Wilth botnl WlIll1fieil1lldlnrll'l!j nderre~re~e,l1Ited mil'lllnW f',aruU~ .1t .~j!J1Nillr;~il!.''' 'S'ilJliIlliirliflWS, .SJ,YS, ~II Wtl~ S:OIiiH!Ii\Ih;}t sl,wliiri~ed that rIOl!iI.e ~f ~IE!' mUejl w' t'" ~ fhtallrnloollors~~(i<;eup Ip;nJbj~idy en th~ pr:ece·· ~ ~liUiit.'Se:tby j'es\':ijjl,djlii.g ipe~1i'igeiii9age::;:: mffl,U ~cau,Sle'of oon~w!;feny.,~'

~
~

i
'"
S

RJegen'!s:' ~I'Qkespersto'nll~ Davis d]SF tilee:,lisQde a s "ne bi91deaf" adail'lQ lhat "~l! dcm"t warn to an:ilIo1 poop'~e Ifftee,clL-e~ly"." Mamee,ril' S:.l!antICm;aFlello~!Jtloililar,Y btol&gilt at UC 'IDaIvis;who:sign@ld tllin€ !p'€~i~ tiOmll, 'S~,yswhG!tsh~ i !'I 01(]'theol'iS Wiil're really dlia'jemh9 tQ Il!tQS,ina decision by ~~E!ill!,f11~:U~iti~grQ1{emiing body 'til 9!7aWlt a Filiate audliE!'!1peto a CiO!1~~.o·wr!lia~ ~e[~ke lig,l!
SY!mim,ers~'It W11I~!lI't a f~,e-'$pe!ech

u.s..

5hie~ay.$.""~adl:$~mm~1')been i!iVi~~diOO iJ

]r.'5ue,.~

publk fQf1ll1!m *e l!!in~~e:F'5ii'l,y how ~t QJ'Ii

l

dllversHl{ sderJi!t:e -all1id l~ogineel~illl1lgl,we wo~.lIld hi1I1/€' hard WiN)j!lr ®brtems"WeJj'llOl:.lld s:iIll'lP~¥ h;:lI¥e'~howll1l UI~'~'~~~~me t'fltUI!idl: q;li'esti~onlii,."

N OIBiEl PFlIZ,E,S

mrtMiIlieftlc'ieht

'00 be mcd to m,like 'whole

<ITIiliilii,')is wi.th geliil:ctic <I11:e~OJli:OJ1:SL Eilt:etMiimti Evtlins. them. ;iJUhe Un~'lea,'5ily

De cue-two ro:sernrr:;;ll p~ncbth<1iI~lkJ\""ed,the crcaneu of des'ig],lC;:!~Iic\l has caJrnt0dt!.le;

~001 Nobel :Pri,;.:e ill PIl)',siol,ogy orMt::id~c:irlie. Mario Cf~pocch~ a nO\\t,j![fdl-ltvg]ilJ~S M~d1c!!1 [nfiii~1!Q:tiQ i!lVcst]ga:t~r at the Uni:\I'()W~i'ly ,of Uta:h ~Il S~bul«: CitYI' OH vc;::rSmi'tiruk-s ofthe UniV'el:g~~y' Nmtlh Ca,r'O]'i~~;::I. of ChR~d l!llll, $Ilid,M~nin Ev~n s, of Cardi n Un ivers.:il:y,
UJC will share the pri.zefJm: cleveliiJf)]ng the
ilin:amBl~S

(Jifmut",b~l1!i(.;

chemic;~I::i.In t'<mct.
lltlutflJte

~u105't'o:f

til!;;

of (!Oiimbridgc, U.K, He ,~e:d .~.gWlIIpth atin :~9g~r~,or'l()d g_tu'ling'e~:l;bryli)!'lic 8~m (BS) ..

cells fh,)m :~"'mSii: mbryulj. E'\f:lI~.l~j' ~ teo, h~d

ti~~.,bio]o'gi,stsstlJdyiflg ken, 'ih~ ~bi'lHyto

a ~U,!!H!ntnl(lUS(;

faced skepticis m. Experu had dom:llncd

~:'Ilhe:ther suC:hlceils.
'!.\Ih~c:!ru 'C,UlI became am,},

:liil'roin d1d!n 't even kiii'O\'\f\liiil,id\l.g,e:l1e~~s

bro-

wm[ seemed a d:ish'!.nt dream, W~rking i.lldependCIlU'til~~:~~e 198:0£:,

aspe;dific

!.I'C!!;U,~ al:

:hO\~"ev<el~.O::!1pecc:hi. and S;lnftl~iiCS e~ch cr~f~edl

\!l'ays W ~dipfureisn DNA

!~I1~:O aspecifle

red~.1lJiquml:l)QBlake kllocit:iJ'Mlimiee,
dThtlt~ll'Icl\;: s:peci,f,ic g~l'Ie or a

genes,

Such mice

plaeeIn the, ehtomesemes of lua:r!IUnaHII:rI celh;". A su.nilat STIr<UI~jgy. expliOHrnng~ lli:lItlJli3l .DNA~S'!lI!I:PP~ll:g :~mx:ess C.t'l]~e!~o-o~og.ol.ls h

'O,,-!'I '--;.Y ;;1i.II'~fi It]u""''''''~li'''::~\1 ~"',!J"; _ m::, ':'_ <! ii:ili.l . :lC:_ ........ "' .. ~.. ,,,e ... m'·'''''-!'i r 6 ... :: 'ihfm- olJ]:SPruJ:g catl)' the ~.tem oe 1!8- ge~le:li'Ii"i ~ ~] t~i~ ~~:nl~, _ . _. ~ C<liPe~hi. a:JIl.i SQ1l!idlics both qwc:ildy ::Of""" '~
~'J

ofthe: Ur:li\l'e1~s,ty (lit' Qx:fl)l'd,[J.K.,. who "ws a i p~tdoe in ~jrnehlb, ~"~ l.ec~me~o iUs!Uiid S~l'ud,. "Semeoae C'O:rltS!:minaN~dmy med~a!' ., be cause til e'ie! we re slmng,e-]oo!k. il1g cells glJCM1i:ng h~1it. Lah n1embel:~ bad '~Oconvince Mill. tiillt the: 'oelb!i'!i'e11e ESoel,ls" s:he says. A fc;w years late-r. Bvaus and hlis 'oo:~~~ lell,guf:s. showed dmtthey olJ)ul.dl proom::e Uve ~. mke by ~njc:;cti:n~ cnHm:ed ES cells ~mo a ~ cle"fe']opmg clnbryo. Un: result is ill ctu,ime~ g ~n !nillim<i~\\jJi\iI()Se tissues are aiaix of ~fue ~. .ES ce·~ts andtho:re fto:Ii'Um, the hO!ilembryo'. :1[1 ::1 mMily of tih.oiiie dlllimel~8:, the' addled ES oe]]s : by d~!aJnccpl)odllC(l the ~rlg:mlI!':s ~p'erm ot ~

cell llm!thei:lody. could be g~O\"fJ'l ~n t~~~ ~<,!_lll. Ev,en Evalm!s 'lill!!!!!i oonm,s~d whe~ he fimst Sfr'iiV nile: ,celh, in cuMun::" say(; I:liz~et' ltober!fiOlI1

..

that E5 c~ns ollfe:redflll. oppo.riunir)' to g.ClIiIcr- !i:i ~ ~('C li~ a:n~maJs with a deslred ~ll!!taHo]1\in :0
~:(I]J odlResearcihc;rs

·Ag,<Illiist.tl~~ ~dllh. ~lrSiuiiJfl9 ide~:> ~ifl~i~~loor:s~~~dlj'{Qi!lldn~ll~U ~.ff~, ~h~llrur'l\:~ r~arclil~r~ wlflQ ~'i)I~lhiis y~ris N,o-bel, PNeil1l physiQt9gy Of m~dkli 1iI~ ~etlJii~ ~oll!illlQr tilil~,re-,iiltW(ii' QI d~~ig!ller mOIl!Sies.~f,a]lIlS; lin wlil~chl spedf'k '911:1005 ~I~eaIillred lor disalMed.

oDlild target' g~li:~ in ES cells $m:I. ~}!~1 sort {)IILU the cells ti:at earned nle d~ir(:d m.od:~I1C\1!1liM. t'~singt'l\tem. 'I!O c!:ei1l!tedl:imcras.. Some affhe ch~mer.lls·on:. :sp:r.i1JilJg 'W'OM.ld. (IJ'li\e tlrue <IUered gtm;ein all ~~lcdr lill tissues" :t1nd by blie,edilll.g tbes,e 3:]iJI:imals 'h1getll.eI~',b'~ologistl>co1!lld creaee •. ice tlm,Bii

~
~' ~,

~.

!.
~.

~~;B:ve ilI:IIIJ'W'ed sde~l'IIl[st;s tolearu the roles O'f tlitau~,mds, OfllililaJ~llmali<lin ge'lites and.previded ,~. )('l"atolTY i,t1.odeJs ·(I·f hu~.uaJn li,m~ctiO:Ili s hll .d

\\11kh totesrpeteraial themp]e~,.

moornb~uatiiOlm., had been used tDilI~tl:::r gel.~ies in ye<l,'St and otl:i,emrg;J.1lIIi,mlJ~., blltt ~,uo~tpe(Jplb a ~sumed~t\'i'OlItldn't w>orlk,i Ililllililalmml ..s, 1 [1i1d!eed,in the 'early 19'8!Os,.Caipeccfii,'s gnml
<I P'ldic1l1iOiiill

a:m1flp~ete~.hlc~~he t\MoworkllJ,lg,ool~ies, o~a gl.Ye::IiIigene. AldLOUgh 'l:iu,ey ~eve!f ooil"ma:Uy :2 coll<'loo<fEite~ EWlls"bmng;tl,t tile ESceUs to ~ my ];I:b in his O\\iliilJpoc]!Qet;' Smlthies stliys. f

I
~

Wllirne: 'C<I[pccchi,spenttime leilllillnrg the:tccl:inol,qgy.

hl, Ev,ans'sltlb

The wclllini,q!l1e!i "'itmly provided tln::vo.I1!ILtU.ouDJ il'il M,1IJ11!l:tiilian biolO'~t~a;ys Raj l! K1!ILC1reil1lJ;l1fiti, . a gCf!!3tk;:ist~Jt 1.arV"aJld ~ tl:ni\~sily:. '·hi~oo:E21llll ~!m~'~fion to~a-1n~tt11creis :!iil) ~!~a1ian tJio]('l~stl::O~y "\~l()does riot U!SC;dl~ tooi~illll one \vay ,00" ~ooilh~r." O,il()~{:l~~t'; h~'~ICltn,g st~di!edn:l!lutallt Il.li,ce

was rejected by iI1IiI,e il.timl,a! N

b~stim.oosofHe1i~~~lin !Bcthe;sd~,. Mllryhl!od, whhdlC: advice tli.a!t be slouM forgt!1 tJhcidea. HJep'c r8,c:v'~rlC~l, us i:nJJ::mO'rlcy 'C~ bblcd
'I:og,~he:rfrom OIihc]' 'P!loj~'iI~. Ard a f(;\!,., YCiflr,;; I~ter, both he i!:_rO Smi'diUCi!t~h()i'Q, \''''OItli:.ing, at ~~le Un iv ~r~i~y ~ f Wise Q Ilshl., M adi sQn, ~hj)w()-d!Im'l:t1!~liing spccmc &~'Il!~ ~nm!!m• f!~]o:!l1 cd~~ 'V]ahQml.Ql.ogi()r~s f,ecO!:nbi]n!f!dol1 '~dsindeed pO~!l;ibk ..~l![t~hc '!.'>\1rk wa.'i 'in 00[15 in cultmJe dii>lia.es,a~~.d the~ec.hni:q~te seenre:d

Every ~i,o[,()gist soonwanted u'enc pun(;~cd 01!!ll, .1Iiml OJ: h,lIndful Gf eom- .. eo ~ p~'1r!'!i(;8, quicklybegan eorupetrngwjth ~

~ ... ~ a f1l'\fO'ri~e

plncc ~ gUC'~ ~s~~e Jackson L3bor3!t{)ryin ~

Bat Harb,or.~ M01Iin,e. tOI'lfovioo kf!oekol~t ~ st ra~ns to drug c ~mp'aJliic[1;and !'!CaJd~Wilic ~ I?lbs, To d~tc, researchers havc:knocl;;ed g;
olu'la~ :~(l{1;~t11.OOOg~~~l'l h~ .i!C'e. observ.ing '1Vh~l",gQ'C::ll ,('lr()l1i,,ginCk:i\l\e~.opl:lll~nt. or
"__, . -. -_ +_ ~ _

for ~!lNight~ i!~oot.he r!1if!mmal i.m~ lIbody;e:u:~

f(ir decade,::;, tllil.ey ",l,!'ereHmhed 'lO 'l:Qd!ent~ \VhOiSe .DNA had bClen dis'nlpt:cd ~Il ndoMB m phlcJes by Ih1!u.lml. IUI![I]J,dons m' the ap;pi[cadolJlJJ

~
~.
IiIJ

~dlU:ltl~ooda!l1,d t:l'lcl~:ebo/ .l;g.f1:~llingill sen s>e ·of ~ '\vhaJ Ihegeue does. By deacWratlng.' f!i

s peci fi c .sen c!!>t hi8 way,. fo. re x 'HHP~ e, Capecehiaud lil.:i 'C0] ~~e gnes. went on to S a identify oiiil.es.that shape lin~i~lJs" ~~iln;$> ii:nd O the over~~~mammelian body ph.!.l!LBoth Sm.itllli.e~ and Ev<uil~ devl;ll.oped •. icelack~iIfi:g tl:e cystic fi.bros~!\igr.:ne, one of!:rl~JIIy knocklOU!t mouse stmiJ1Js.creaied 00 mim~c .l
~~Mlllalli~~]iilc:S5<~lllide,cd, thereis nil0W ~
]WiI,i)US(i

gen.c (Sde."lce, 30 1Ilu1 e :::!Q[)6, I". :~8(2) .. St.epti.Cli.1 grnl'llt reViei'li1>'el"l'lwere not the '(ndy liumidh:; C<t;peclChi (ii\'I!:,trc~ame en ~.1iS\WIy
1 1

·~oscientific stm;d.oD,.As ~ chi,~d ~nwar-torn

half, he survi;vl::dOl~Oine~oftel'lbegging
st~1!·~iil1.gn o

and

the :stu~t:r-bet'''''~':f.:n1]lili: age:H O'f 4 and '9~.'hil~ Jm,i~ ~'Wthe:r•. apoet, W1iISi

walr. she tracik.l6d d!aW'J!1ll1 w,er;), l.l1<'1~.no'Lll'i:shoo MlIrm.o in iI.hosp~[iI]. OlJlilld.lI fc\v daY:ilI:E1lter they were Oi~lI bO!O'lit totll1e Ui:1iwd Srrn.tes'~o ]~ve with ~,ler roth elf][1 Pennsy~V<tfl!i,i'L The b yQ~mg: M<IIriocx:pectedthe streets to belirerallyp<ivel(jJ,.,!:itl: g{)~d\ het(l~d. :;'II.:liros~ cun:fer-

ence in s,i! lt Loik!e C]tyo!1~h:e day hewon ~h¢

prize, What

\..()ddwid~ effort '

~(I

knock outcv'CfY

Icamp n:llt ~er

i,.priS(lncd

.il!il,I:1~e ;'!.chau CQrlc.c]il,ttatioll D "Uilit~-.fa8c.]SI\wiitilmigs. Aller tht;;

he fOl.!lldil1stc{!d.

C:aJpccchi

S!l!yii." '\"'a!~ 'OP~:Ofhi!!dty.'t

-GiRi~H EN "D61EL

p~ay vide:a giil~]lle:s•.or Hsh~n 10 DiL1!I.$lC onan iP'od:. ymu've il)elleriterl dh\e c:t:lyi1'lrl):W~'i:iu,e~ff'oJ.'ts of dUllO\!l nll1!ers()if dIe :2 001 N obel.lI"rizelM Physk:J;. Alben Pert of'Franee's narional research 1lJljeucy, CNRS. ill Orslly. France, and Peter Grulilbel¥ of tliIDe Jt~l[cliI!Res.elllrclrn, Ceater in Genfl:l.wnyindeIJen dfillilly disccvered an effect l.JroJOW~i1 a!Sgiant ~~1.rnl!!1!net.ore~
ill

If yow. w'Q:rk ~t

computer,

v,m;ued ib.,y 3J few ID'Creen~:. til 19'38, Orfmbe:rg .mHlF~ltjll)und.

HULl

sistance (GM.R) th1i.t fuded a dramatie i!ilc!'ea~~ in '~liIeci:lipiic;i'ty of,eO~lPliJt,er h;ud dr:hfe~.l'h~ di:scO'!iCii'Y ~l:f;olaid M1C eo:ri'1ei"~ ~tone~ fa l~~V field kno"'f! as sp~n~rorgic~,. h~ cwhkJhl'csearc,hccrst!'y to ~",p~oit dIu;; fflC'l
~h~te~.cdrOIlS :sp:iliiL like little w[ps to· liit'il~kc rtIO\\'cl dc:vkt:l:$,

dl.ey eouldgrea dy inerease ~Jru:e'11IaJngc::~ in c res~ S,~iII:11I0~ if t he:y m~del<lLy,e~:,.,ci.lk~fi ]ms wlrh hlyers (lif iron sepa,m~ed bylajye]'S of nomnagnetic chr·OInil1lfi11 on[y arew atoms tliiick. lf'two .<]~jalce;u:l!iirorl l.i'Iy,e~:s. ma,g.~ are net~:il:edin t~,u:: same d:iroc6o,mJi,.til.len eleetrons spi1ll!ni.ngin oilftedil'ecti!O:n 'l/ll'i.U pm,~ OiI[Ol1:gm.e fi lm iroadUy"w:herea s eiec;trOfl!\:slP'i:ll!n~ng in '~.he o'mt:! d:iroeriof.l\'i'iU t'lot I"f,. h01>i;t:ver, the itoo~a1fC'~ :ii!liemHgiltiM:I.wd in o;ppo~tte d]tcCti g~~ then ~U ~l'eetrons runinto g:!e:i!!tJ(;;r vesista.~c~1 :rf;~rd~.(;~~ fh~w thc:y arespinQ WJiing.'~at mlSl"'eS .ar GMR fill!ilman. e::drc:lll!cly l
j.

The ba:!!l[,oqua11ltl!lm :m~ch!lnicfll '0011eeprs In'lh~m]:UM'R.\i'fere mlderstoo(l III tbe :~970s. but: at the ti~l,letechno·IQ,gy \\1015 not
<liv<unHlble~o e:xpl.oh

them, 'Fert s<lys .•.• ~ ]:ml

lhis~ dea ~Ilthe illHdge,'" :he S08iys. "Th en in the 1980 S, i1l1b<ec<lme' p.o ssilrl e torn:bri!ct1,:I;e t.hesc materials," G:ru.tI!bergcculdnet be :re~c:,~e.dor 'COUIIlIiLClltw:he.ll .Sei€rlC~went f
tGpre.s!> .•

Al.tho;ughFert and Orr~nber,g· d~seoll,'ered fh~ c:fket~S:tt~a.n~r:kiti (j.fIBM~ l\Jma:d~fl Re:sern'th GeiiU ttl Siill1Josc. Ciiliroifiiilioiii" dJid m.uch! gftlm,e w,oot t(l make GM R '~eC~h!1O'logkfl.llyuscfut SlUf!lIt Wo;l.f~~. pby(l,id~l ,flJt tJ~c till]'r,I\er&ity ~):fV~rg.hil.i~. Cha:rIQuesv~ne~ says

'Se~lsit:iv~ •. :a!gfled,c fh;hl detector, As

Oil,

he W,~S s~~r]sed

Ula!t 'P-(lFlkilmJwas!l()'l:l:i:o!llin:iV'f:"r-

s Cor~.f:rn~~n~v~rJ>ut)l;':'W~thmut
§!

"It's arphysics dli::lico¥cry that has had re~[ eonsequeeces," i;!lYS Rebert .Buhrma'llll., U ~pp]ied :phySJic~!!itat GM H.

re::;; h, all ~:h(:bhs and hardware :iliil, a disik u cl1r.ive C!)]1I be made: Mncl~ SDS!.]]cr"

ored ~S\:\id.t ButTI.m)'" .B!and ofthc

we

·~tQ c:arF"!! eur whole

i i

:5
'"

;1

a J~i[lc:l1I, 311'ddrive:" h llong ibef'o~t:,the: dli.scovery ofGM:r~researcllefs.k1m.:w t!mt app:lyi:ng a magnetio fiicld to a
Oil1l

'J

\1,\0u~d.llCIrt\he able life: ,m''Oulild

;£Ity OfC!litllJ.iilbridg.e, U"K"t iWiyS tiJJ1!8!t~lln,e Nobel C!(.'1mmMte>e a:pparc:nJtly distillguished bet;'i~,ec:n the: di:sc!(}ver~ and its cl!lltiv!lit:iolml."This :~sp]il)lO'Cr~y 01p~.l:ysi.csprize for II. truly extraordi nal'Y and
l.love:I.,etfect··
'ID".ii1e:'

adveJ~,t ofGMR hclpe{:l

'~ ~,umt~jri,~ill ;~;siml'l01' such

~,l~'C~[

~aul.lc:lm,tliu~ emergiml:g field. of SpiJilltmn~:,cs. Wolfsay:s.

.~ C!ou:M ,dmng,e us ':;::OiIiL&uct~Viity. ;; E] ectri e currentwoel dn()i~\, ~e,tl~i]y.p:iI.~aUe]to _t~c

:I~~,~sl
'~ direction
~W~8

In l;;\mgch

the nmte,vUIi[

:~re..1dny acro.ss[t lbch~101os:ist~

.~ ~]!tl!m(;s~edtlmM ~ffi.:-lCt tOI maJ;;~ ....
.;:;;:til1:CS!Cm~lg

magnetized andmere

~ ~he ~'n;~d he~~~'" t'h~t ~e;~sQd

'~ But the cffect, kl!il.QWU as :a: ![1lJI.i.s(ltropi.c; m.aglilJJ(:tore~ i: s~mtruiillllb '~O'Ji ~he In!ellilori@5. Pihv5idsts A~helrl.fl~11 fr1~) ,llflJd.~~eirGriiloo (lrglind~pmdmrtl1j :f:!j UlJU::e.,'l,lf'-.lissm!IU;.lihe~'esistllm::e dioco~red al1ll,el're£.uhat va~'~yiiillcreased'~heCilllDac:ityof O:NmJm~~rdmoe;.
.",

i~bi'!:si:!mi'~oolnp·~~er ~rdI dri'\1'i,;:. h

'u.! .', __ _

of d:lf~.~~:eu~d

"Th ~::; d e ul<l.f di seovery :p:t1r seemed boil> c:I'ysu:lI.iz:ea let ofpeople's interest ]n werkingin rhisarea," he say:s. Their (l frons w~~ysomod!!:)' ·~tl3:dto' rI':l!~riad oth~r de'ii':icjcs" sl~eh ail. ~:mptll~~n~mo!)' ~l!i1it c:ij;ri bold inf(i'!'m anon eVer! \vhe:!1I ~tI@se~ ro"lfcef ~!ld !ll:i~(I-

chip8that !(;x,loit l\-;pit!

form cOlUpu,W!tknm:Sj,

~(ll

per-

~:AmlRIA!N. ICIitID

Wt!b r'Bi1ilrij~g by :Ii)afli~l O!l!ry,

, S ,IE:N' E SCOP'E
B nich
0t Durt at

IIIN!S; EIIM~

PAI'S-(~ristiaDii 'B:r'~d'lOt. the head of Ifrenan ibiiom ean (i!I[ re5et1lrm ,agency ill,NSf RM. h i!~ I~l~~ig,ned .. mid alregi:l~J;(ms of a (cmHk:l or imteme5t. i'IIl'JIoLving a t.(]UlI'IP'tiIi1lY ."iel. ~p wilh h~ 1~l'isi\I~rJe.ltilI5ERM. o.nwlo~i$t. ,h~1I4ilija 1fi',a:t~rlil1i. ! 1
In i! '!>tlli~E!liIlJmt rellt"<!5ledlcm l'I!IondtlY, Brec:hiot, 5 5,5;~ridl nlll minted ~D exp~OI'@ atlil~r car"'l!ret" op~ion5and hI;a~~Ihislian d~hee to de'h~rld :him~dfiJil t.1Ii!,~ ,aff!llir; dIU'~is, figlhting ill I.~ga( bl1ttl~wi~h M~tllg~n~. ;a ')~mll~mJythey ~~ li.!pte ICI!JIIIW iiiiI·e~dI1!Lf~e ter::hifdQIl!~ICI de1JeCl: calmer c~I~~ a or'df.agli:lose fetall ,WiiiJo!l1i'!1!1altities;~sn!lg b~oOtd

'n~

Into the, o e e Pi: Filrst Gllilmp'se of B,ering Sea CalDlyo'lns Hests Upi Hsheries Bsnle
MariJmJeibiJoklgliSl'l> th~s Slll11111el,'IJeel't'd fDr the fifst tiMe ~Ilto the depths of' hlfO' l1iHISsive canyons, be;]o,!;' AlaJska':s Heri,ng :SC<JIt::<liHYD:I1IS tlmla!l mily be kiey ~OslJ;st1l:inil!ncg the worid'S bf!e,st :foodflshC'J}'. nie~rf'ir..1!l.1i11nd gl ]nlpiSC~of I]feill1, Zl,1Cnl cliI1I.l:g <Irldf:ribil of
c<linY0im!I:snloruy set COimllSenl'~tlonms~s a:]u:l the i Al<Ilsbn fisheW:iel-l industry on,'! oolli,sian ooun~\l. '\lI,l]tlrn. eo:n!lCtvariolli$.f~ :i:l:!Juilil,g tlm_l~t the

MA:R,INE :810lnGV

'Vessel" Bspera.rlza. with rtwol.lmililtln-pilo~ed RJ.ov. The ieillilil ~ystecJIm1,~ atiC<li~,i.ymrveyed.pa.m of the canyons,. OJ.1eof whkih pl~1.I1g.~ 1130 mLerursdO'WU1, TIii,ey feundreeks and :stm~.yeutcrep S
suh.eJr"S:lbles, 'Iil~d Qne

sil!mipl~:s,. Bredl~t, :s.ay:s, th at tile (iO!lJ'!J)'arnJy4m! ~h~ch Pal1efti!fli aPildthe COy~le.'s c~~'~dreiiQ ~~ shares eql:la.~in.(J4,~%=4:5 J~5111iiil .~ es.ysteilT! 9 to rni1lrke:t with"!.rll:lro,~e" difliC!l~v,aJtidalioil'l, MetaJ!'lIenl~d]rr~tor lJ.~vid .zn~t.y ·5<IyS!Br&hOlt ih,aIl:]Jmp.roperly liSe<:! I~i'!i po~itioMi 10 pme~ent. '~h~ prm:iucHirom .[,~ooiflg ~h~ malrike'l (5d~llce,3 All!Ig.lU~t, p.5:a5). IBr1edmt'!; resiignacarn.es as ill jO~'Ir:lt ~nql.liny Ib:flhe re:5~,lI[ich and heaUh minli5l:rr~e1j 1:5, drawing to a oo.!jel',. <Ijl~hough li1!> findin!Q5 halle net been Ilil'ili!lde IP,uMk.IBlrechot d~D'I~~5~hat. he WBIS PI[,~sur€cl but (1lIlm(Hdel! lJm iil:!iJm(@,Jr!;!nie'1Iii ~ihllt. ~e &nild ~$tm:rlg disc~s;si(Jm; flb(!llJ!llhetijll1iliI19"o~ nis
1101'1

prctrudingthreagh

the muddy canyon

tl.OOliS. And 0[1 ,every SIlJ1chhard subsrrete,

e&nYQh!;l, :n,coopmtectiOi"iWorm~~5hi:!1g. a!t!d fisheries ~niuil~gers C01l.l.liiter]i'ig that the C;l!nyml~ 'e~Ogy8~ms ~ri(l i"!()'~nee css.{i,vi]y ~u~iqu~lild~r,e IlC<},vityfi~hcd., a ~ot l~stwC'ek in ,Alm,cilloragc, ex.pooUJoll

cfyst~,mne barrel ~pOill1ges" and

suemersi blreplilot.S8lJot.red the b:rigln celars of life: fan-shapsd cor'<llsll[ii ,ora!I1!,!:];le as a tr,opieiil :SUiiset, ITifl,genla-hued roekfi.s:h,
yOl:.ltilg

IIIBJ]tll'iI.lne., F(I~ (ifl1lrE!

~51e@'

'!IIlllllilll,.~[ij~mOl,IiIiIi1!'Il.mgl

tglit()~nl1!ffi!I!flllIll'20(J171]OO9!3. ~AR'1iIIIN ENS.ER:~N,K.

mem be:rs UI1'1lC~[,cd~:~drprel ~mi~H~;!'yfind-

[ngs [n a ]l@clk.ed b~,ulI:l'lIolf~ci.~~esslea of s the North Pacific Hsher'l Ma~~ag.eme;lIIl~ C.oulldl {N.PFMC}, the;advi.!>ory bOiard tha,t
\1j,'Orks with the N~u,io1fl~~Mmline;l!:isheries

Sc:rvi.oefNMFS) to oversee tJ~.eresou:roes of the .Bieling; Sea .. The ,canYO:lls sit ]~~ mid'd]e of {!ne offhe Ilhe 1ll01jt .heBf\filyfislled<iI\I~,m; Hmlinl, &e~riilg 01111 SClI SlliL~lf r~k,.w.lwre ~ ne,uiy 2: iIlillion metric to ns !of f] sh, pa,l[l io uhUi]y poUoc.k,. 11 re
cau~ht each year. BlU ]iibtle\WIskn,lO\!,\1;I <I!bQut

go]d,e:i"! king crajb~.~'U \"I'1.l,~,i1;bsQI~tcly ;;ulna~i~.g'1(1 ~~cth~ ~'o[o~s,b(;low~]lJe g[~y sea, ~Ild 10 h~'\I!e such a! 'CrnQse view offlile feOlt:I'u"c8 (l f t:irue e:C:O$ys'N:::1U ," !iays Ina1l"~!le ece ~ogist .M. iehelle Ridg\.li'ay. :)I. een s{uha:l'u with OCeiHU,lS A [.!1i'>.k!i ~Il Juneau, who pil(lliled one of'~he !1iubn'l'el's,i:ltJks. Ridgw:i;!!jI is a.lso a me:mber ofNPFMC's adv:~smryp!l:lll'll.al:ld says she has ·'take'lml pllellty OfS~lirn;Plle]"m:m1. oo]leillg'llles: For her 'Il<lTrilin the ell:pedi.don beesuse of G['ee:l1i;llea.ce'::;, advoca.cy mile. S~,e.S!:o:ne, ,~lliiH:II otlllJer NM:FS

AstrorIJl:nw'

,sun H'l)t~n !Chi~:e~

wm

It's:~!nidal: tne first ~rf·aJ ~~ geJ1e'~~ticm of

,iiiiI m! S'~~,r~e!.eSioop.e~ be byilt: 1111 U~~e:•. O w,1(~ 'Sp.ortiflg sevemJ ;E!k!i!illele~ mh~~r$, the Gr.a!ilt Mgge~laiil ife~e~~(jlPe(GMD 1'I~\I'oe t1,!Jht.tlile'
g.i3I!lher:ilil!J ~Oli\ie-r OIf a ..imlgl~,e,22·t'!Il,e;ler hehe1!iIi! oth" I!laS! week,the GMT ~,(lrusmlh,lii'li!~elght. Amnlerit1Hl instil.DJte'5, and! u Iil!hlerSii~nes1l~:S OI'1~, A~"'trlllriill!il-5el.ecMI Cerm i~::IS (anll p,an 1l5inl l!iHDr~hiE!rm! CI~i l.e'al~thi:! fWH'~ sit!:! fow tih,!! ,~em ~dI-~I~,aIU!:!,rililg'iillii !>trl!lmen,t" due' to be ((Jlmp[~~.e-a ]Pl ;2iJj:J16.1rIiiie mountaiili1ta,p', at 23010, meibe-r a~tit.tIJde.is a,lre1ld:y heme to Ihe twin 6.S:-rne~er ~ge~l.ilIlil t.e~e,sro~»e:5". Onlly $30! milU()nJ00'1' tlhie' project's '$550 d~IUolnp:lfic;etilg ha~ I~eerl ,raised ilsfundin:y a.gendie5 mill wm th e r'e5!ul.I"i Oi[ Ihe frilr5t mirror casting imQ pot1;~!hiJ1Jg. IButlh.at llill:5lii't d.1lm,p" Ill-liedl @flIUilu:5i.asm [lY C1hii~iJlnl .al$ilrOmJ(Dm~~!l" ~1I"M5 wI~~, et!p' (l1i LemaJsuo:IfIOflfl'l ,at. ~1'!1i! k [Wltill gl~oog @ CfSiCrmOil iJlna d,ev~~opliTilent" ~ays LOOlil!oldc Ili!fa~m ,of'tlii!!i! PQnt~r'ic:~~, I!Jli!i!;ii!2f~

and uniYers~ scdil:iliIItis:i:s ~;y that the:y joined tlllJe cruise because of the rate DWOlJ"tiJ]JJily to ex:pbre tJl1I:e ~'eJilio'lml.
d~Jr,in g 2.5 di,vles. So fl.l!r,
R,j d:gway

other ,~ife in thec<lII()lOn~.,,~.th dmaiQIll only 1'he tClIJU :iIDas list sl.lirt.cdro, tIilUi.ly:z:e the j a.handfulef'dlves b:y relnm.cly,opeta~d ,\~Ill.,- ooUected specimelu ,1I1:ld vioootape recorded
des (ROVs:)rnuJl from IJ~-c;rutc;hhau.l!ed up by ttaw]e:rn. "The reaTl!y'Grlsare ,one '!l'Ihhe pliJiL"C8 .~ ~nth(;\'lOlf~dl;dl~r,e no,body h~,:s looked :t bcfor.,~~~'Sj,yt; Robert: :S~on~,3. 'bCIJ'(hic :halbi,'tu
',10::1
,,,,D!1

~li!tl.cgene-r.a of COt...I. ~nc]uding red tt,e'e (PYinmoo sp, ) IMld bllack CJQf:aI (Liliip(lfli:e.~ ~).),

eouat s

:~ ooologl:st at NMfS hl J~t!~.u~,,\l,diIiOh~lpi:;d

~ ~ ,~ :; ;t5
,

dc:~~igi'i thCiSIMf'\r'CY. Las~Oeccrn'bClr. NfJ'MC ni]ed tlll)'i it ~acb)d s;l~fJjlCie~t d~i:!l!a.bQu'I: the (;~nyo~1l'l t\O j~:Mifya ,dQ~"M!!li;;,So Jolh!n HlPci[;,~r> a manliu:;: bio1ogisl :and] Gmeliil.pe~ccr:epirre::>CI1,ul.1ivei "!.whO'orgalmi.zedl amd led the :mOll': 'I:~iall $400.000 e:qmd;udC!\I1i" mnfinied IGm~ellpeooe'S

d,o'~~~s 'ofiSpong'(l ,generaJ"and 8,evenl:i ul"Igd~]'!Itifl~dSpO,'Qg~Ul1llt S~OilC: ~p~ct~wiU ~Irovclo be nc:w gpClei~:i!.. S:imthur coral h!:!~l,t'a:~~whic," senes aj:;a refugefol:fish~l1d cr~b. M!~!:,ccic!1dy p[otect,ed!1JC;i1:f~be A[e~,trna,n5, Tl'njc~ea:m ~.~SiO dis.c~'V(,;r!Cdsmths of s'eawh:~p' oCilra] (Na!lp'!;eI'.iS sp..) ~s\:vide: ;aJS
"~freewa!y" 'l:ilmtha..:ilbee:lJlI. a mage d by .. d

sfd,ad (gt6ruic~ de Ch~te tiiq S~r!liag().

-GO\I'EEI.I' 5'CHlLI!!11:6,

NEWS OF TH E WEEK
t'i:siillil:lgUllc,s dmgged. ~[(m.g the bo;ttonrl, s~ys SUbllli~!eI'si'ble~pilot David GM.gg.e:nimim of tile nOllpmrll: 1pla:net loeesn in W<lisJiningl:.an.I[).c. H OOe"l,f<I![nates tJhfll fedenl law requires the: N~ti.oJil;El~. Oceauie and Abil1LO:5IJhe:ri.c AdmiJrnli stF".s.llI.on, ofw]lliilcll N.MFSis api:i:rI:,to nl~()irt: new data .1Ibout dC'e[HcaJ eorals lie) Cougre:ss .aJnd ~:oouttine !:rte~~:sth[l.t :mlly be hi.~.erl te proteet these vulnerable, slewg',I'(lwlng o:rg~m~[sm.ii."'llfirild: theC()I~tllCi1 'will other sea HOOF areas 011 the .B.erhm.g Sea havei to eeusider <I fi.::;hrnng closure hl the: Shelf: To dose them, "tile ca:uruyom;\:VO'llld 'C!JnyoillS biased on ow filmdrungs,," sarys Ilm::je'\l']lr. have to be des:ignnJt~d as; lIDElhi~<Itsofpa.rticll'" But ceuncjl members .!Iren't so sure. lar ceaeem," which hasn't yetbc,cn IH'IO~ NPFMC "a~[e1!ldly took s:ctioli1l1 on iI Bem~ng pesed; she says, for nmv. dl.e eeuneil is not taking flny specifie action in response je Sea C:40Jlise:n1fl!t ionlHI.ck age,' saysp ..triei a th]~ 1l.J1110ffici,~] ~re:iiemi.{l:i.ofl. l.ivillilil.$,1lon, NMFSfi.sherie s ~iokl~;i stand N:PFMrC~s s,c:~el1,tifi.c canlimiil:tee ,c~.lliiT.; she ...1!1.16I.NIIA "UlRElll. R wits teferli'~llg to protl~'M:;tions extended to VlirgiA~a.P.!brEltli5 ~ S£:~nCiliwii'l~er In .~IrIIa!l!(1, Of~an.

l,aw'malkers WOlr'ry tlhal'l tab IExp'ansion Poses Hisks

A C()lng.re;ssk)t~.a!l c{)I:rt!lWliU~I~st week ~o()k 11. '~:a!Uy IBSl-3 h!ibs.. which CJowd UUft!~beFin the ~~md:I()(lik~lt~e, ('~iPl!osioll of Ibiode:funse ~\ou.~alJil:d& 'nle51I~I:;1!bs mCaJllI more ncw~'{,lrk~'e:sean:::]ulsiaee the 2(0 ~ ~ntill:~ aUaic].::s. :!lInci CI'~ 3!ndmOh1 dange:mns pathqg,em; .~n~:;!bs:, Ciol1cludcd U1Jatd~ m,llill'J.bc:r ,()n!lJ.x-: is!1:I'~~'l'.il1g Rhodei' 1Iiioteit.l!. it]IDc.:lIlt~ny eeneal "1\I'~1Si.gh~, W WinlOW: adeqrtL!l1.eover s ~gl:ut.At 3! 5.~.m,lrheall:"1. ~on~d[<;ay we :m:e ~t g;re~~r :ri"I1:." aceifrnr U~]g!federal QimoiRljjs8il;:knQwh~dged gajpsilm. clients ,1lfud misuse) he ~aidl. addingthatd.u~ Fm lfal.onHor.ing. !i:afety at b]QCl()ntai:Jmlment: labs, a[ndi:~ieIl:igel1(l~ aJ!1;e'lll:des '~DLdGAO [~l'!,IieSli!lui: althDil\gh ~i!Clltlcsts H~Jee;;t:ll!ere·s. <I1~rnib~ glElri:o:rs t:Jinai tliil'lY sharefheseccnuerns, Ot1~,er t'e,cller<l~ offldals acknowledged ~em. ~lin,ey \¥o!I''J:y th<lJt: :h:<Isty refo:rms m'l.dd do gtlpsi:mI1 oversight ,oflHibs ..ilIo11l1d]]ug seject nlOJie linl'lffi'illl. th~m!il.ood. The, he<lrlng by tt~llel~l)!IItse: Energy <I1.ld agenrs, [~ulJlbo!!lensthet could be usedas GOJfillme~le Commnltee oversi!ht andin¥e81i~ bi!owcapoilill's. A 10m ~llllat:ioJiil[ieqill.i:rlCs that ~tiOll:$ $ubcommitlee; was held to' examine tiruefJ1e [i€:wste:r W~t~.lt',e C'e,w1Jenl:far [)~s~ labs til~egrm!tit1i1in himrufety level 4 (.BSL-4I) ~..!bs. ease Central mlilidi P'[lfei\!'el1lition (CDC) i.n Ad.i'I~]ro. Geol¥iOil, and Ulllcl:e!fg,oi:lills:p!3C,l:iOrlS. whieh smdy de<ld)i'pl1tliiI.oge'lls~o:r\1!'Il~d;l. t~Jlii;reig [1,otrootm~nt as l1!'tl1l.1l!S .B.s'L~l ~lllb~, But :~n:spect()ir~ apparcl:lfiy misfled serieus ,... kh &t~jdy '~SliJ risky bi:.lg~(Scif:./Jce, 28 S6,p~ pwb~e:m~at t:(:iX3i!l A&M i!1 2006. Riduud h Besser, di:rect,or of CDC·'s: t!umri sttI pr~~ tember, p. 1852). The Niitioiiliill~l~tslihltc of AU~!'gy i.!Nd ]nf~ctio!.B~s iseases (NIA~.D) D p~:rCdfil~~1'! Qffi.cc, c'Q~c:cd,ed aneed to alone hO'!~~pc·l'i.t ore d\i,~!l S] bi~~~o~in the m i.mpooVie '1I"ha!t :il!e~aU~ .<11. ''yollng progr~l;"·Hc: p~st.5 yearS!!)ll liiI,ew BSL·3 and BSL-4I~b8, Mealiil,;jhi~c, a :;;pa,t:c of,ac:ci, •. dents is. !lidn~ng concerns ::Ib~ut: ~al~tyjinc ]udingar!ll!,lt11JllelH)'11:1ed i~lft:Cl~Ol~, oth>cr V'iQI~tiOll!lia.t .wnd Tesas A.&M Uni'ilersi.~)'i!lilll Co1~:ge, SI:artiOJ:l~lat led r~er21 oflh::in1l!> to suspend irt:s biedefense werkiu

us.

dh;;d!o~!f;ld det~HSJ of th(lisci~c~dmt~i. 'which i:ru:::lllWedi a:nilll~l bites! ll~dle:Sitic!a;,. :l!Jnd pessible ]ost SIllnl:}~,es:.'wre:e releases were l dlemet~d when fi:ve V!I'O\I"I),ocn, 'became :~U!:mm
·~vo:rl{i:J\g\1!!'i~1~.select :li~nt, N OI,1eofllhe a
]Ild-

clients posed <Ipulhl.:ic health threat, .Besser :sa:id,Another case ~n'lO~v:ilmgt~;o sh[pl.mmts of' ~ea.lk.y vials ofanthrax resulted in <I :$4.'50,000 fiIli~la~>l renthfor the shipper, the u Lawll'e,liIce .lLiViernmreiBe:rkie[r::,ylilbo:TI!Ltl(uy in CmJliwHlllill .. Anot~lergarp bigWigIDutcdart the JimJeaJl'm.!1! :~s thllt. Ilmk:ss 1lie 'WOd,~~1V·O]VCS mcolrnilLbi:naIliI
DNA •.no :lIg.enc:,y ,oversees i.lIbs wor.king en Pll~liI.O:gerl~ ot o]lllhe selecHlgem list. SUQJ1l1S H

S\A.RS ,'I,lmJd ,ensJu~ N]t\I:D De"lUY m[\eetor d Hugh! A'i!iIJ(;hi!ilJJ::~o~~ siiidilg(i!'icias phiftIllJO Jr. fortl1 o1Irll~·teriI:ge]lJ;e:y ~atlkforoe wimpr,O'i,<e ] bi.OOflf~ty Qi!,~"TIltg:iwt R:hode~ :H~gge8t:cdthf!t a sj.~~gl.c age!1~y :sh(l,~,dd oversee aU US l.-Ji 0il![lldD,SL-4 ~albs. n~tone 1a,1i"I1!IiHllcer cant k)lle:dag:mJ~llsr s,tifl:iliillg n;:i>eawh. Mkh~le~Bl.I:rgeSl> (R-TX) lJlJJa~ed research Cr,)Il'1'!nu:~ity's the
:£ 1':Ii~lI1e$sat:id;cnt:i.ry.i ~l,g the

SAR.S

eerestavinrs

and stepping i~s spreed lUll 2,1003. "] don 'it wmm~to
see us do 3Ilj1tliui:ng: Ulat 'w{m~d rob

June, The TexasmcidJeIl~

(mmne tn

reqnesrs by the' Sl]m':hhl!e Preject,

an OIc6vis.t ~JiO[J;P in AU~t~i.l., 'Iexas .. A1: due h ealr~nlil, S:tlIlM~ arrrm itte e:
c;illlj],

~~ght Ql~Jy

after

plltbl.ic records

Under Krurt:illl.~. (OIT9II'e'liS t~ mrlaemJ1!di ilI~l!ItQfe~y arnh~ 1n:§111lgl DIJimoor 0:1 bio~€~~~ ~bls.inictl!!ojJi~ those 11i~e iis:A ~nllY BS:~-4. d

us of~h<'l:t,abi~.ity,'· EiLe s:tl~d. Th;<ut COIlC:~1Jl I~S; s:iTI:llIre;d by the A.e~.'iL~ can Society for Mi.crQbi.ology {ASM)iin Waslll:i:l1~tP:IiI,. Il c."·We
IiIced~Cl bc,c<lrehd that wl.l.;[~ever le!:rLl<l~tui()n emerges dQe~iri.·tc:reM:e such a burden' t~lilt it <lIclMUy
he-<1I[t~li1I1C1.i~Ur~slm.cI
0

Bart St:!!lpill([)_:.Ml) asked"

'OAr,e so irIfa<'liny labs, doing tlns

res6.l1!Ch thaI you ~£t\1lllllyimlcre~cdle chanoos oh '1[t~tro~h~c :ro]~se ,ofOli dcad~ di&e~(;'?" A.ocording to a~ il~lysis pme!lOOld at the ~!!~:rilmg~tlmcrisks llfC n.~f!g. 'li a.proiimiollryt h
reffil'Oift>~~thRhodes ,oftllte Gove~nmcfi'~ Aco()~m'l'.aJbi·~]ty fl:lce~GAJO) fOilJ:~d t~1a!tby O i~co!.!J!u d~Ji;~,efi;: :t1v~ CX:i8ti!1!;l: BSL-4!abs ~ arud[ 0 mQ·re uIl(j!er c01Th~!iJi\j(;ti.onr pl.mned o by Vall(lIJS mnden'ifincludrng separate ]abs at the s~lIli.e:i1J1JJ'lwtlltioll). GAO was 1l!lillli1lb~eo t

Sllid CDC

l1o'wpb'J~.:!l t'[l

conduct

:iriI]lotein~

d!ep~binsp;(;cti OliMl.ili1JC:lrudilflg.Ll!1i!Lnno:ltI1lCcd! vi:;;its. :B.cs,ser .~h;o (:ml~r(ic:dI crlcatt~lg: alJ'il :a:ecklel!!!t";!'\(;Portin:!il ~}'st(ll:n, Uk~tho~flii!li by N A_SA, ilnd U11C av~ati,()ni~d!l!stryl' itJrn.at t;,,'Ould ~nable I~b ~ to ~·I1~rc,cxiIi'eri.cnces wi~~l.{lI~t't

wsea.n:h,!! saysAS.M!S
~:tl'!el'~ Shocl1:1ilikcr.

itl!t,e:rlTei[e~ livi.tlmpublic:

i ~. ,l]biic aft'a:irs dill~{;lor i·

i:.

!i!

bel!]!!; ptmished.
To,daie.I05 po:ssubl,e ClIljn>osufI;:sa;nd~o~!Cs El!lI'111L': ~po:rt;eldto CDC lilnder ~'hc lbeell existing mllL'ls. nu: mflel:sig~JI: :>ubcomm.]:t'I:ee bl!st !Week

The pane] e:i>.P,~ctiitiO hii'lld more~ea·ritiig~ 'Or.!8ii'ni]~fl:il!b~ in of~,(ir ·eo~nlTijc~. (ciftid is! onl:h'e ~mp]iC!.a~i{)ns ,ofdo$hiig '~]mJI;:[I!!l~ [s[·m~d ~~i]ml'i!f!ll)i~~l.i\scCcnte1i'>!QC!ltQd QJJ ~ A .loo,glsl,flild. N C,\N VQrk.~:!>elIS. I~b(lfl:a;to['y ~ whc:re tThJL'; most da:l1gJcl:")t'~s Il!1llilnal ~l1!!tho- ~ ~ ~ gells a:re sotndrn ed. "'JOCELYNI MISIi:,R f!i
.
.

i r

1B2

, S ,IE:N' E SCOP'E
SEJSMOL:OGY

IPier,cilogl the Sa,n Andlr"Bas's H'S'8Irt, IBut: Mli:s,s'in'g a Viiital Ta,r'gle'l

Foll"rhe f:ir~ttiime. d]'ineli'~ have retrieved rock fh:ml dee,Pwi.th'in <!Un lJchve fil.lmJlt l;..me~,'e < earthquakes can get a s,tIIU. tes,etlt-chers .. 1)Jnounc;ed~ast week Wit~a ton o.f[,o c 1:0; u corete take to tlmle lab, eil'l:c]ted scientists will be di.;8:'!cct:iug their h,ndwf clues to

Few leilies ~nRii~IeMysterr

A'fterr 11 14..rmollllllh inv;e51liga.tikmlofind m.Jt hmy Il!Inapprovei:! IJarie1Iie.5(!1f gelille1ica.t~y ,e,l!Igilllleerea lrial:! got into 1~1.5.'lJldtU~'ilpe'a,n:food, tliIe D epalfilment of Agriiru~llJIre '~M:SIDA),h:a8 mme u ". with lllleJ'imighl5iflllo ~xa(~lll wfuJatw~rrI: wrollllg .. Bayer ClropSdelflcse discovered amI!' o,r it5 experi~ ilill1!m~all:n~inbicid'!2'-t(lll1!rl1mt klng-g!rLiiint rk~ 1;';3 rietll~ hfi (DmlfIfl~!ilL ~S;am'pIe5last~iiilr ,(5(,'~ri~,.

u.s.

Ulil'stablc piece efroek," 8t'1ir~ Etl.:ilw,c_dlii,. Aga i, Jill and ;lIi,!i:PI~I1, the h 0 le's wal,l:s 'co ~,~ k-tr,jeved ceres aeresstwc '-'creepi~lg"fhlldt 8egm~lIWt8: ;m;~ti\l-estl,-a,If!id~ ,o;hhe S;t]i!Andre~s
strf!nd sili])' ~,l!IiIoothly
ql!ia_~C8of

bliPsed. and d~i]~p"ip~s l:'/0t stU!;; k, ~lDespit:e the oib~tild'es, SAroD d~Uen:l

how afldwh_y fa~lts ruwrnre ln q~i'lke8,.B ut

where rock on ()ppi()~i[l.gfaces of a ¥aul't

bywit)out gtmcr~t~llg ':iJIiY8~7_(;.S.;;iSi.oiogi St8 have hmg ~l~,ou~~t(hat gO~1-01hin,g aJbol!~cr,(;c;ping: seg~ Ilfnent s----'perhaps ~Ile :p:re !Sene e of part~cu~ l~rI)' soft and $[rul'l~or:)' .nu~k-.in e'i'l'i;:{lthl1bri.C~h:~S;f!ruef:@t~hand

the uncoopcrOllive Sa.n Al:Ddre~s -faij_lt~~~ fro 8tr,Uod dri~Len t;Ar,!et~llgtheir ~hi M:I!; ~ gool;a sma]] I]~tch ~f thef~uh th~t !:'Ieg~~ ~s:rlybre'~ks in ~.i!!IDiY qookeR.

~hil)rt'~circ!l,l!i'~

quakes

(Sci,C'~,!c&.II Qicto:ihe:r 1991 ~!p. I. ~n).~:l"Ideed,

re'se<lll'd\I!('!il's~otull(l. :d~ppery miaeral t,fl~c. the afball:)y-bQ[lto:m fa-e. in debris :fi:om t:1illeillli.tial. s'A.FOI) dlrill.in,!!l of [~le:fl:l,1!I.It A:ITI:di cares tJin-ough ~iliIDe.gJI"ou],M:I.l1ock: at tilu: heart efthe

2 2 .selP,~mlb~f2006,. ill, 1714) ,flIftti Ci f;Jother tiili$ ljear, USDA~as'l.w~k fildmlitit.eg tlfAfI~:iI ~n't .1I,llteto (l!1I'LueCiW hm tli!ee;ql~rf Iiliu;:n,tal r1:oogot: hM~me:rood Sl.!IPP~V' as p.an ,of a brQ.iJcler Sut Imevielll (Ifi!S b,]Oledi1 regul~QlI:~cm~. agency the saY,S.it l~~Mm!ki!1g a&loWit ~aysw k~p ,a t~fhwr 11idOf! e:)j)J!'er~!iIle'PirI~l ~Igm!ts. :s~ch as ~,I!,!h"ijl!lg :lIIilome~ol_glTIol:! ~f'",,~d·,bf;eedil'lg fi~tds. And ~.(I aid s~bseqll!e'minve5'Uggtio!1ls, it f]l~ also l!ireqjlldir-e~lf'Ii!pi!!n~est~ I~ep beotter re~ordl5,
..fRIIK SlCIKSlADI

om mind IM,emln~l:aP',~arrIfrUsk
The BillaJJot! M@~irll!:ill fI'~~ FailmdiUioni hillS; G iii 5]:00 md'~!lOlillpragram fUI!i1di ~o 1-0041l'ii9liHi~1( :r,~~tiJrth proj~dll" l1ida1:aka ~iIa,dhi"Yamada, hwd or the- :s.egu~rIOYIF!da~ 11on's g:tobal htlillltl1 proglrr.am, S<'i~ thE: fows
a,nil0lJmlrnd

creep]ng fault cO'[I1<l~nbits of serpentine (:un:set,£,,'eelli]sh). whkh ean give rise to' la[c. .Bu~nlomuing costs have p1l!l1lc,d the f(!.se-ilrd up il>horL"Be-c01Iuse of a lack ,of liuruds. wewere 11milbl,e this ye<lJ to drill ~uto Ul,c repeat ing earthqmlbe;~Ell,:s\vort:ful te] l::'J Sc.ience ..The ultilfl.late: t:rltg'~Hof SAFOO dr~ll~!ig, h:iiJd!'iI\i!iays be('H~! Ii I.rn-J"'i:ne:~r"·V'iide piltoh embedded ~n the cflCepi¥lgfal!!lt Rath~f than >e!:'C("pillg, tiliilat palt~hbf'L;i~k~

wUlb~ in a:~~sthe Chiillfity ;:'lIJ~~.dy:supports. i~fectiolJ~ d~seaS!e:,lt!ateMa:l aJiiidiflewb!l)l~ifQ

Ili1eatth.,gUild] nutrition,. \ffilth the hopes ~lha!l:dl~

c:veryco~p~~ ,~fYC(lrs :iliii, alll!a~~ nH'iiad!e-2: C:.i1!nhqiiJ~ke (Sch-:Jic.e.

creeplilllg l!Jaln of dlliL~hmh lOut. mU&~.IiI·t 'getl'O'i1Ilqualke. 1l1.':iUi,liIg for t(he San AlIiId!]"'C'a!! fl3!uhi orl)se:n~torr !l,t Depdll (SAFon) beg;aJ1l ill _ .2004 j:M.st\7rest aftlle Mult: mI.ea:rthe, tiny c.emi· ;~U"l CaJUtOlnhl. 'tCn\,'1l @fPlIDrkfle~d snd ClJil1:1.i.··· r~ uated early [ll~S past Septembervwhen dltil llers ret:r~r;:::Nedth el <list iO,f44 .et,e-li<"S, of :;rock care .. 1.1.1 t.wo s:mnllu:ers" the' dlrillcrs Ellim:l. :~ bored t.iu.e llM11,e :straight dOWJI1. bc::fb:re <INi1\1!l~,i:ng lit ofli'wlh~ _ea~,tto £,vindlh~Ulh dl~ find I:<lIt :tl! a depthM 3< kl ]ameter~.,lhISP!ai::i,t :ilu.rnell. :: dteiY b,ared '(I[J:t lQo~'ce.1Jiti~ncteI~tI11jc-k s~de .~ C!or::s 1JCI)~~~ t1;~-o.~ctiv~ ~~]fld~,ofth~ .fm.dt .~ . Itw<I:'i ,3J chalh:'1;]llJ;!ng 8unlfner;'s,a:)'~ :~ s,eigm~,]og~:.l:t WUMam IEllsworth o'f the :~ U.S. G~o'~Cligical S]Ani~yiti Me:m1lo r'ark, ~ C~lifof~d.a., Qne·Dfl:hr,ee co!-pri~ci[i'al '~ ·~nVIi:s;ligaJt~rr;,in tJrn,e $24,.6 •• iUiQ~ pr,oj'ect' ~ f~!nded by th~~atii,~n~l :S(li~.'lcefon~~d~-.. ~. uon. The "'da.!ill-ai,g.ezQIl'e" Qt, lm'1!Q:lld:l!Cds Q.t .~ rtIl.etcl's of con~tortod. bru!k~nro,ck ere-sited :t5 by m~.I.U!Ons ofye:a:r ... Oof fauh:]ug "'is:8! ve:rjl

23 Deccmber 2005, p" 18(8).. Rege,an,;hicn. hoped to! k$''Iln:mv that pa:r~:,ofllllC fallLllt (;~Il acC!lnnl~

'rerean:h will 'oollr1!pLem'et1lt tl1e S436 1!T1~~H(m t~e :ph!~~"lhroJlY~~e-adto 43 g~,i3Jf1ltll!'1i'! ~e~~in its 6~al1!d Ch <l~~emJg,es: GtClbiil H'e'aM:h program. ~I!'I Proi~osa~!>taln fUliI f1i!lIIiliiO,me 'rundllfl ~IWOp.alJ:~. am! dedsiol1iS will be made witMrti 3 Iil"lJOfl:l!liI~ wiilh '~neriir~t gr.a.rrts: g:C)in~ mJl~ iniMie '>eLCim! eI !il1I~f of .2008,. Yamada !>a:'l~ tine r,e,t[ljti,ve~.y "'ma:l~
1~J[lughly$100,(10[1 award~ !>hoo~d allJOw::;cief!tirolskl, lesllilowl11deills and re'!olelat"Is:lhi:s rea.1ly w<ltko or d!(le~it.lha1.le Ufet' ~mDN CQIiIIEN

late eaough stress tn produee qU;3!keH evelill

~1~olJgiill sun:omlrnngf8JuU:,c!Ln't the Te,m~. embers still WElntl'O drm the quake m ta:l"get, b t:U( th ey e mll,'~ afford to do it :liIm:v, Drill:inH: tlin'wrlgb the roM:en n;u:::kof the fBull ~Ol:le added. unplmlw;oo, costs, AJiiKI.tlite-Rllzi:ed s,ea,refu, lor $8iO~.~tmrrel oil. boosted. ecsts Oli:CIOSl'i t.he driU~~i~m,~i:llll_(h,llitJJ:y; 13!:ifQI1e r~ear-cihers kimi;s of semlQ[S :m the bo~ei:lo~c,uS"t j llOO lI1I%eror~oo(l1':Ilhep~tc~"wmch should foIi I ~sain m II Y'~!' ,or 1:\'0'0. ~lt miUinginttJ,it!!l,I:i11
!iH!'!,;IGIll]

State b(llldsror steWl~1l worn new o:f1f tlile sl1el],!~iinl a :Niiav sgJle :~a.stweek in Ci)~if!i)l[mJia fill
What 5lIppmll~ sa:r ilh!J~Uailes j;DopnJ!.ar~lntelle'St
illi! ~ihe $8IiIie!',> nlil~e,ntr~'1>B1IfC:~ eUinl:. Ilm~~.!lidua.~

Callif!l)lr1l1i~,a's; Heavy .lliUe:r: BO'ld:s

could t,_l~.-eUhe GI,U:H1kie]Xltch. SAfO.l}ru~.ld[ng lbr Wr]mngmn ,out TilCyw.iU !l)OOfil i]lliMall

illi!v~stor~ $natched ilIp I!llilore tha,!i)4i'Q'llta of ;the miltiofl '!Ii'Od~ of b:ood~ d'E!'Siglmied to rillii'!!1Ice Propo~:ilkllill 71, t~ein~li ..tive l.'(lilers :pllsSE!,a]1lllrtl.io!;!',i2fIiliJer2>Or04, lO8iUlIiTI mize di S 3 Ibill:foll1 im:titute. "'W'e we:re tIilil'lllknllg WlE!'ggc~t
S250

t"equi!'ie ~cw ~u!1di~lg be:yo:nd SAFOO. R~e..'-!rChern O'~t:rid~ Uw projicJat ~r~gly :8uiP""
[,){)ft

ii1lor.,e· drij~~fug. l1~ink it \voi.d~ bl'::aJ eriiTi,C j,']

ifinlhe next bvyews 'W'e d(,lfl'itgo ba~k in mld (lr,~U int,t_i' 'tthc f~pt1iJ:ri~g pfltchl :say.s rod lIiI'ecl1am.c:i~tTerryl1J]li!S. ~ pral1bss;01" em.eritMs
a't Brmvn

:sal'e.5:loim:lividlJ~h~, but ~wer,ioond 11iP wiith aMIiIQ5,t n03 llfIil~k!(Iil/' Sillys : Cfl~ifmniiil h~1I5lJlry:sp(lke~p'mGlIDI Tom Dr~!illlar. Lilwwi,tlJ tnatliremfin<lillll' ~ol¥m' thns ~iPnng de:liaiYoo the $a~e-~or th e bomdls for ml'Jrelti'a mJ 2y'~rs. -CONS,.NICE HDILBEIN
<l.00J1~

:6:30.milJiol'l~

iilm

IJInivel'Eily, '-<h's rea'l1y

\\'Il)I'lhh,'·

=lRI'CIiIIAIRD A.,IKEElIR

VAING~I)NI". MYANIMAR. Wl1c:~ !i:1iIff"rolll!-robed !'iiOnk\l oo.ok 'k) the ('i;tiiC~ts, hi~m®th in a :m~c displilY ,ofpub:l~c,pRM;res1 in Myani!ii!Lm'~ ctti~-5.

the counlt)ri]1l lockdmvrl. i!'i d~OOlil1l,ging ~{j\~ [oj! ~hosew~ilo hopsd Myarnina:(~acacl:eltile li.fc i11~~tbcre\'itillized SMli!I."The
OOl!glby

nus

.. -i,fj'''I.",..,,~ .. ~cc_ii;!,!J~y I.~~._a. ,ltr;I""n-t:t. m:;_5'!Y"'!~' .","'---7i,~111::· .b"l~l!i1 dF e w1,_....__ " a \' iI6W,~Uei:Ulp'ls b:J, enga.ge the go,ieri1f!1ilcnl
,e·

nomic S;~I,portllfldpohric~J

,eo,\'elt!t,olt! its

gJ:gef"3mil~itf l~h:me1iWt in 1Il!pri8;iogs !lwU!mi the \l(rt:ldd wa.~.IO\1!fgle~:r .i8si.ng: u~,iveffihy (i,N'·
d~llts. There'S a! good. t' eaflOlill'5 5~yBtlrmelSe OlcadcDl~ 'ID]lcjilumlf!t!l<lt has;rokil MY,flll!lmw, romu:dy IBl~rrrul,lblithe 'jmst 19'1'CaV'S has siultifled :s:nd !!P~lll:t:eood~he !,In~ver.sIHes,."The militmry has ~ dd:~bor1!~!;;pol.i~ U,nl(l~ 'edn~te the peolPk,:,~'a~]eges !I.\\oIm;;tem d:iplo:mati.ll YangOJ1., "They <lIioo!llrnid peeple w:i]~ ~,emm[0 thtnk c~·[ti!o<lJ[y·' .. Burmese diss'idellt AmlgZaw5 edi.= t"Q:i of Tile frm:waddy ~1:Ia!;F'IlZ~ne, ag[iees,,'T,i:Je~militru:y leadl'::rsdlink ~t~s 'ea:s~e'lfhl' ceutrel an ulledl]~ eared p0!'lld1liti'O:n.·' he asserts, Tlu:epmtest$ hm~e prompted ,I, b lee dy era e lui ow n, Uni ted Ntlti.an:il; spec ial C,f]VQ,y ~ bndilim ' G;K'Imtnurl.W<1isif!l! MyallInar ]il:-!t week to try 00< OP(l11 a dia~ OS,U(; bctweo~ th~ j lmtti! and o(pj)OiSitwrI ~e-mc!'s> inel~d~Hg A1!mS:Sain SttUi
l

l~~s sg~red

caJt<l:8tg"QiJ!hiJ!;; (If ]o~~(l~

h~mm C'~~cilY;" Sli.ysa ll~lil~ NatiOll:!!Edc~tcal!iQllal~SC1k'l1t~ilc, and Culwral Ol"ga:lThil'.;W:k~li1I (lJ NESCO} Qft~d~1 '(VhllJ!leq1!!'C8tW ~l(lrlyl~'lity, 'fhe uurmoH has rddndkd a deballe ~bol!i't l~IOW ~D lJJS;S~st MyallI!lJU:I:I:'s fad[ng academie OOllUluJ!ni1y, Sa:f1Ctioll'l; and a;ppm1b.Slt'[(lIn have fai.i:edto S\wy the jU1I1I.ta. whioh ~~~ vi1~~eoo-

b'N~~' dllvid~f!ds ei:d~~; OH~~f!ij!u:eror pll!id bolder(Y~tI:e01!,Cb:: 'Thc:~~l\l!;'lii-l' to ~IPport ()\~r Cijruruc~gues :Iliii!My!a!I.ll1l~r ls t:omaint~hll awel ~1:]ellg~he\!i!J! pro:fessiolla![ ties wLth dlCm,f.i!lild Cf~
to ~QPlr(l\ni:de rJrnelililwilh o'P'portlill~Hes; with the \:!.!arid bCyOlldtl~ir ICOI,l!Il~Y;" :~a~M~ria. SUlik" an expert: o:n SOlltll\e3!si: AS!lflll ~I:CJmae;o.~ogy~le $ Univeil:sity ofl~lawID~. Mmloo .. Sho'rtlybe~o ..e the recent protests, Scienee met i:n:fo!:mally with two dozen reseerehers" in .Bag3Jli1I, .Pyay, ,UlldY.1Ugoll ..AC<lde~ • .ie freedom .~ V] rh!iJfI~Iy no 11~ S ,ex istent, m~ysay: :Evr:n sciemi~"Il'i iml Nodh .Koroa.\ven:,~eer to ~JPeak with ajoU:rllt1[I.S.t from Sd€f1c(;J.
(ll)lltitll}C

110 dQ' their werk :sind interact

[i:1')"";iJJiI".' ,~$I:~l'.1J bOJ:lJdswith

~~:::o ~

ski.~is:h ~

K-y~thl; NobclPc3cc b!!w~le ...Jriho ha.5 :l'pCIt~l :R ,!!}n~~e is )'ca~ p~~t

as &1O;:J1rxJ "vent to pre ss,s·Q'W die rs :h~d UIlldc"fhoW'lc a~!:.B'tl~

cQ]~ea:gMe8,ilfil the shOllidmv ef ene a ... of the world's m08t r~'pfes~i.,*c i ~~e~wi~~n(li~ 00 easy. '''BU!rmais ~ '5 3! mm·il~ I'ni~l!llf]cld," say~ A1i.Q;l1S :::1 Z:ij),;v,"1"ha:'cis!1o bl!i~k and\vhitc."

~.•. '"
J

embarked OMI.;! d)o!l;)li~rtQ·clborca.m>- Vl!liI!tiing fr'lI.!stlrrar1:i:on. D;~1I1.dhri51: onk le,a(j(1["S speal~ ;at'tango.Ji)'s I m P..:'lllgYtil to round up ootEvis;ts. arJm.d pllu IPagiodmldu rring. a pmles:t ® iII.23 SepternhDerr.

Snllled .. ,g·on

Sl: '. Alillhe< ~Qr>1e ill! Myanmar f~!!~£wed ~. !(!'r !his, O!~tid.~~[re 3Il! of!!~mol.!l:i.!~o' pg'!!!lec:1 ~' '11tI~ ff~liIl ~lribl!lllilli1 r~r.spe.)ktng ~o 01
ilDn~iglll ],Dlurml<lUi~t IHitnout g01/;~nllrrl~n'l.

i ...
i
e
WI

aullion!Ultiolli.

IBAGAN;. MiliA'NMAR'-'i~ ~ky~in.eilli:5:1!!iId~dedWiJUg mom ~hi~lfl 32)00 1JOOiiIplfi ilIlfI·Q b!!~I4Iap!ffi1 ~t!llp.ils: IBtilg:an" a sprawliJlQ ilIlmciel1lt.[iity Gill itlh_ebaD1lkoffldvs!{amilldy IRi'llerlD1l mrrl![,al,Mjti'!lnmilr,isth@~flJ98:!i~ ill~s@ml::i~gle:'Ciif Bi:iddhi~t mDl1l1mMlSrlFl ~h~ wc.I1M. 8m it$l:iIr;~aUlllaildFlg vis,ti~~;~ rid'dlEd with·impo,stor-s;. Ill: 'Ill e p.!lSl: d~tatlill', OOIDe 1100 liIfIon!JJmell!ts iii ~ be@~ mbuliilt '[ilTomtilie glwooJnt:i up. At. ~fI!1'oon:5Jlfu:C!:ilJfi ~ite rj),'f ill mu~arty nnidi~dltemp~~.th~ f:Ciriimaffil ootr'earts ~lFIklUi~lDilir~Dlii'lg's :!!1i1idiawto I~~,ap~ tliIe ml~:ddavS\l!f!I,n~:~isth~,2lstt~rnp'~hiS!te.am h~s buih. b:l.lt he'::; in flO iIIiloCild to brag •. "III'm :~os1IF1'J!l

o~t:

,tli wa:gas fiIilQiS}I)iill:l:u!S~ a rop~ IliItJj~l!~vw I!i ,,~l th:~ p the [!(!O,r. 'Tih~lliHe Iilehillldi :s,d1edlul.e" hvil'!~ I!\ior~d Olll~'ll' bW!iLdinlQ f.~r merethen haM' ~ y~.a~.and the i'O'ii€'IDalfll Ih,ar-s.
(lfli

1ilirlsiptt. "' he: $,ay:s, mQPiPlfI'!1lhn,~, wth :brcw

fed

II!:!"C'~'Sw

sp.eflit liI'I(!f'e 0'111 IiIrIQlt:erii1ll~5: i~a'b~r ~l1d th,iai'i he IOOce~vedulP,ffili()ll~.r',om the

l(l(;at ,ald!ITI~lIIIistralio:n. Oiill'e'ff Ul'e centillries, b';:!I1diits .• :a dev"lIltaUIm~teilililblJor 'irn m.~n5, halve· ere d.e'd ma ~l!I or e:a'!:ii!lni ':0; med~e'l,l'i3II.ii'i10IlldE1~S, alt content N
wli~IiI~8ife.g lru1l Irrlin !l1[11 fragi I.e lnewiitay:e, n'liI l~98~liIe!gO'J.i'e r,!!Hnen~ of Mya, III mJii1F"hfmJ Ildy Ik m ClIIi'o!I'll [Ill IB:UI~maJ.rordeH~da SlIi'~el~ ,111119 I'5loratiolll, iIlH~ re5!ulit res, W~i!lt ,one
pmm]IIH~n!l

fl:o!]!d~., <llfid ,ealrtl~ u'QJie-s, irnoot'iing

BilIrm@~~ sc:n,ol,H lhi!l~

A benighted l!IiopulaiCi! ~ilitary,

O(f Thtmada,,'V.

c· - n. :'ii'i ,t,.. !.l! "') .. A-n,"-r' cru~. __,.,g d e: o_ .• _••_1,_0_.5_0Ifl- ifi0.... ~I. :""~.' n... --,. ·~hi"i' . -1n-IiI:~t"'I:~i 1!I:r'il \;enrilty !It:iidcm:t-lJiti 19'88. the omni~ooser'it , .,1" " -' , -'I!. plremllCr'I!.' I cr ey~Cf!ti~nrusnrunon ,l~~~ .~,~Up Ull~ver.shy of~a:flgoon. Thetm:wersi.'l:ypar~ ti~Uyooopc;nedl-b~t Mly far gfaJdu~te swd;y aJllJdreseareh .. St:1enc(t \¥'a:li Il()iIPC'nllutte>d to ente'i the c3!m:pus.Aceo:rd~ng~o neW$ :report(;, univers'ity fad~Hie:£ a:rel:le~n:g us:ed I~Dail dissideets, j The: :aJbo~Hion of m)(ieu:gW'9.dJflil.~e p'rog.r.a!llltS <lit tlhe Uni'irersity of'.Ral11i.!!loon may ffilve dUIll~ i~~:3:iedthe problem of e:nUglilltene d Y'on:ng

d~b~.@d "':ID'~iUk,liilliQiM'ft(l.-eQ~®gy~: ~h~ q'!JIicl~~ m~ chE!lalp ~r~ttiQiI1 ,o·f i'!I l:1J;oki~"',UjiHlE!r l@m[pIi!:5 "mel ,stull,i3$. ih:e: shoody strUdlJl.!r~" .alr:mg Mill' ,ilIr

;SCHfiii tef"t,aJll.. if:om"'Sihl"~haJp~cl e

viewingtowe:rai'l,d
f!HII5'el.!!~ ill Ig,Qjf~:S~ flfiW

close d tb:~ OOl!w:wy 1;

~~'il't ~!'l 01! st~~~rl~(!!il!i! ariigd'ler u~gl~ioUi!Oil!ild pe~;kld" are me,arnt W,crttract rnlore totui~ts.and 'cash, Olllltl;lwal ~nteglri\Y ~I'S i!ri! aftNlh olrug~t ,~fLd m"lliI!iamdnaea~ogi~s a ~e i'lplP\1I!~led,

"'.50' n'!OilDily~ites ~,avebeen 1p'lilta.gl?d IOUde'5,'Ii~lOyedi 1~J!IriIllisgluirnecl

attelll1!pts [It resteratinn i!illild tnulri;S!1iIII d!2!!le:r[jiPJlllU1!1iI~," Si!ltS )ohln Miksj)(" )analr'(Il:ae~{fgi~'t. ~ittl'!'E!: N atiolil1l1. llfIi~[sity oJ Silngi1! par,e W~(!j, liIa~ '>I~dlied IBai!:ji8f1':s: :l!lra1~!i, "'that OUf mi3in(e'!l or reoofislirilJc;1iing alii ilCnUi3ile. pictlrurf! or the e-\I'O~ m l!ll~on of o1\i'ilEi3ilihmall[)ngth~ A)!',eyi31rwi3~1~11'!le' ~m'J ~erii'l!lls~yc:ompromi5~." Mik5ica:l'lo ethers jjd~)noli\\loolgeth~itlefl9lall1is a [jYiI1lQImOfl.!lIliflje.f1\, and ilI:55i!iJ(~,the IB!lInlil~,II~h<1lw iil riigh~~o Ir~siJ:cmetern ples forw(!:rslliip, "In Asia. te let yom hmt:ag!e' go im~I1l1 )la~ IJ-f dliSlepa.lr h not. a[C£p1iilti~~,":5il.y:5i3i UNESCO, offidal. 'Ilepm:blfim., b e' S<I~, i~tha;t ~~l'IobooV~h;~ f19W irs prof'e:51Oioo ~ ally ~raln:ed.~·Afit.@r .he 19'75 leGrlhquia ke;, Myarn'(I.:i:r~mriILOO UNESOO 10 take: lli~~~,d 1msilorillflg up, W~k~fii@d :s·tifi!!(ruret fl p~log,~,amd1!aJuafl wlfilil,iiIi'IolfaQ' ,~~€'d ~pif11995,. 5~ntl~ 'dii~IDl. po or' oosroliatioUil work nas; nllll1dIH:oo;:ul!d@,~U!S~rut1i!!rns: mo~~ wlfl@rabL@' to futm~@arthqqjlil~$, $:1.1/.5 Pilm;e PilmfJrd! M .tii!.e: Frelll(_h Re.searcli!iSenool oftJlle F.1l:r IB~st ]111 Bangkok. ~lrs,qw~1il i(ii:!mlg;ero~s/' h~ says. ~ftJiilicaJlIly, 'I~ ~ ~;aJpid rebu'~td~n:gQlr '[he Bagalf!tern ple~ ma,yb,e Imepeati!1!Q'I l1IisiOI'Y. IRecent ~i;' deJ'll~ su~,g:esMh at SO!l!i!e 2500 tem~Le~ rose-in l3~g!1!:n ~r Oil7'O"~a:r lPeJriiOd the' B'~ ceiJltu,~Yi ifll
1

:men ~nd'!i.\i'Omeum,(;Q!lWgl1egp'ildngin ]arge ]Thmn~ bel.'s, but the ccmnuy stillreq1lti:r-ed"cOJiljll,pe,tent

workers. As a selution the: Tatmadaw gavernnu:fll,.wll1,ich in itliill Orwelllan touch ~0 ye:aJfS, <l;g,o :rerlll.edit-se:lf ~Jrnle State Peace <lind Oevel,opmel'il:t 'Co~lJie~~.claims to have

established ] 56 universistes and colleges 'thrOllg:W!rIIJ,uheOCUJrll:ry.lip from l8:in 1,'988.In O\li ~r!!t speeeh, the j mU~'slea.d):;f. ThirunSilwe. cited t~c "promotiorl ~f th~ ,cd1!DJC:!I'tion st!!nda!ld ofthena'~iO:Il" a~one ofthi!!ee reql!~r~~
!:Ii)

Mer.U~!lg''pr£liCtioo democa1!cy ,clf~oti~~."· t

Slm,we is liv.ing
~~l ~

~"Tl]~Ml

i fiy.cs

'the: W~8t~F!!1 dlipl~n.""\'~ ~nYa~gr;m,S:hrc :ill ~lld~~lcr crl'iDcs sa-y~at ..xi~~rig.n V';:!,i1!ils ~~:ve
~ d~cli:llJced ~!mtr~pi.tQt:I.slly."'The tm!.gedy fs th(l~ ~ d.e oOll[l1Iu:yisrurlher Ilheldnd than [t '\,Vd:S In d~e

fallt~!llY !;l;',-ol:Id,:"

a ~mggerin.g ra~:eor ,(me leJlr'l,~lee:'feJiyllO dtai.~.s.~Pe.rl1aJp:~ modem. ha~Ji~;i.tbu,dgle:t~cut3r'ti~ ~o~r :sa~s.,pre.s;s'I;!red b-V dO:iJlom'samid oo!iltraot~~s •. glre ,i3!d~a~lv ,contilf:llUling !1!ll1anl1:iei1.'l:tr,aid'Ulion/, says '!itobert Huds'!:IJ:!,all! !:lJdh 1IIernlogi st. at thel!llrni~VE!irsity @:r Sydl'!~V. :Aus~rdi3. \!Ihol lh~~ e\l:(1!va~ed ,ar~ 16:a9!1!111+ ~f!Chard,. r.JI~UI\!t~UI Gagan 's $~!IIi!pi~e: esigliil$and TQ d b~lgM. (o:~ors h>QII,I',~~p,Qi:~ed~' '~h~ '5i:~, " "QUkial~ Ulle~le," he$aY:~.r "'(!;all i:~ beaIJ1iirkalti.olil.'~ Huds(l1l! p~b i~ dine~ifI1I~~y.: res~orall'iCifi :ilit The ~n,riIlle!)'l,'erge~ ,(m Di5J1l1~yrica!tnlO!ll" "...;8.$. "

,'!o'I.I'INW.scienc:emag,org

S'c:n:NCIE

VOL.:na

12 OCTQ;SIEIR :2007

NIEWSI'OCUS,

EXPLOIRING .AllTIER.N.AT1VES ~NIMYAINM.AIR~SW'~IlD NORTH

BE!I~IIINGrlsk Elulmel!e how they r'!il'e~i'Jl)oul ChJini!l,[nd)!ioui'~e Im::llly to gll!!t llliI ~awflul ilbo~t li'he lhulnger el'r (~eh nOl1nenl n~iyhbor mo[ Mya,liIma_r'~ ~imbel",g:lIll, il~dl other nliiltUifo1ll1r'efl!.lumce:). ButtlirJI ~.mIil5u~. IiINv,eniurein ,lU stlililili! Ibl@dle'!l~opm'@'liu. ~!I!I~he Sh:a~1li State ef lIiHDl1Ihea,5<1!LWrL 1"'IiYimJIiI'Iflif. ju!M ilil!'JJ'OO~llile iJorl~Il!'f hall!! Cl'lin:a" COl.! ~d, S@i31sil1!iam~. t st~~ flflimproviin~. (h~IFIi3J'!l ir1la,g,~afldl a~LlfI'iIll' if I oo.th iOCiilll~L~1;'~!1 :5ti!IlidfllrdS. and i3oc@.o~!;folr~tit:!f1tiiS~ JiI' to ,ilIlDlicdiV~slity l1iJt spilt lin Jafll!!!a!ry 200iB, UI~ l[l~~a'~e: w.te~earcl1aii!·~ IEd~c,aitieJiF! CiiillUer fot #\Ltil.~liII,altiv,e l[lleve~o j:i!l!lie!1t ~1Ji!II CAlI)) wHIl ope~~ 'fOiF huS,~Wi,e$S Sp,ed,~l ilif! ~e<g~lOjij Fe·!!!r (S~4), a di$trict 1):( Shan tha:l shar·~ a s,u'etclii of the Meir(J'ii!g
~~~lte,~ <:: ~i1'a,'s ~~!1If!~!1!P'ro'Vi!'!ce, with f

iBeijing. will~E'!)t phlililtS~!lII(h as jafmp,ba' th\ll;lcim 1tI~ Ui~ed~o ~nm:I!lIc!~ bi(dl!le:~5,~lOr l~e Cnmllese IfI!i.•d:e'!:. 'file- 55 m~rnl~io (elllte~r wi ~l m(llnl'J,g ea n 6S00·heaare Iruisber P~i!lIJfltiM.iollihilt hopes ~o br,e"ilk ('v~n wlthini!ll deGi:lde;, ' sfllys W'~rtg, II?!lIdl!i.l"slr@$i(fi~nlt. p R:BCAIQ c®y~d iIll!;[I' ,ilIet a:~ ,ill ~raJk~ ool!f1IMdll~i lWlllo;PJifl@llil. 1i1il'~(@n" 1@lris"flgo<odl ~tar1!Jjil'!j ~~CJ]lIirffgliJflfIe'~piIflg .~R..."1I jjulhlOriitJj~Jj\\jit~ !luiS1iarirN3Iti~!! I l,ilIn'c"Uis@ pta lIIiF111i1 :s;ai'f.~SharCl., H@ hop@!.~ Ih at with a III uliild@r:~ttafl(lif1,!lll(jf g~
I~

biod~\l'elIisityan:d the va IUle ,of pfe~~!jfi filgrore:s,t: a ~ljflgs;i,de IPla1iilta1iolil$,

'if!! ~lhe iGQh;jfJ:1!ria~ gte,. The~~veli~

gli]nt ~igb~il'!W!ds ",here' Chhi!a., I.~OISIr ya,iii!i!1JlI!r" af'lldnli;:li~~lilld (~!iIV'efg)e~~e M nlotOnlOU$ fa,! opliuUll1I~~pPcies. 1m!S,R"'4, the ]I~~id~ cr10p w,~ ,e,ra,d'l:catedin l1'998, Ifihlt popPle,::; t~rn\!'e ~Iil olther c~rl1ers ef .M,yanlrnla.rr, wt:llidn ls sere mldolnlly to Afglh<linii~;talil im ClIr;Jiiulm pradUlclion: .. "'They glMW PQ~piles nnt ~mmr! dle~ir-e. I'r~ becaluse' 'they ,alre ~talwililgt/' sa~s WaI'l'[I Yin.glllliling, il. Chin elje! e'mltrepreJilell!lr with ,at IPUt ~1iII e Ii1vi· reJ'rJlliIlI!:!IFltaL 5dence~5 1i\!110 ·iS~p'!!iiH~eil.ding IRIEGA.D"!ll"e~t,;l~,ljshlllil ent E.~pelf1s iii!'!:! concerned UliJll .5R-4 is poi~.edll~ lregain mts.:l,ddkU,PnI 110 VJpiiuliIiI. ~In

.~!i1 g dep<il~h!lre'homthe ys!ual Chiiiiiese bi!.lsil1:ess mQde'~. Wal!!'l~ l1ars p~t. 5ci€nt~'lir'k co,nrenllsat 'therme'~rromlt. '~N(l o:m!J3Iniz.aitiQ.uninl MY'aJnln1!~~.has d,(IIi! e e's,elindl to 9 u lde d e'\1'el(ll~m ent, .. Walllig sa,y;'l,. RIEUIi)' Ilna:s, drn:rnl'lil'i~ries [Of' vi~it:" flil'g sd'!!'rJilis:1;5, ""ho W,W~.pm"llJle eVe'liJ!Ith11111'g ~iI'Oml a.pp~·ied proiect5i iii bi'ofUleh:· !I,!ildl !Sl!<S1"
I~

S,R"4caJfi ,a!!l,Jlo~d t~e fate or Xi$hiJaJ!1)gba~!1~P'u:ff·&WI~,eriii~!1I~aJi1~ wliie~e fli!blb~ff jllaliiitattl:ilj'j,~ ha'lt~ fum! riot. "1'1 willih ato1al oo::::aISl!llIF U the .s:~me nl!bbe,Hlie; lal!ildstaj~ e ~Qde'~is rep(:'a~~cliiil :s.R--4~ i ~'$ha~1:X!.ys,

H~e 1990s .• GI:si liI'OS spr.mg II1IP il'l ~he ~i:on:a~l ~~ir(~ (!lIiIle,[." r~g~on. caterln 9 hI' mOIil eY!.'1d Chmn~~,e tourists. Two y'eol~s ,tIDg.(I, as paJ't O<~ alii 'Wfilngc'onoo'ties thilit lil I.!ncMII1QI ~hl!!cenillliilligaml:di f1gcal!li1l~ilii:g Jill, C~itl@s~ i'.u~thJori= ~@fgn S~=4,wlth::~ elll.iClYS s1iglillirfcalil~ a.U1DI'i'" 'ta.l!'s ~Qrc,@<d' d,[lZI;'lI'ls< ,orG~si nes 110'clo·si:: snd omy [[rom .Myanmarr's,Oll'!1.11ra,l g(),1J~mutrl,l'!nt ls (,(lm~ t.ilit off P~II!i!ii:~ ~h~ lregr~'on, \,~~ch.is~nthE!' RilLlbbe:r ,iillnilill'1il!SiflIPiKlh. W,<lrrI!J'iin.grllllil1l!lr ts ~iOfiliirigruo h~[p iii 'gilmll,~~. "On'ly hl~gill~n$k lliF!'!!,estCil!'S 'liCl .Chilli ese-grid. MWit~(iI~t al~~;er!'l lil;l'e· d evel," (uwcMVi!in!TI~lr,oH~ opium hj1bii. a 11~.re:, :sa~S, BufW.ang has !!w)Jil'!h e hei'!fils ~he OliPm ent, th,er~ is: al UlkelihoQd 1)11e.~oess.cilJ'e , of I~C1!I~5wit~ the proll'!,~se' ·~f e'nlIpl~~ym:e!ilt. dlefore:natlo nlf'O'l't'~e l~es'll!mIP'lh~!'IIOf ~phi! m cUI~ti\lati~'rI, ~. s ay!l Gy ~r;anl fo:r ss m,a!ll.!I ss 15 00 ~i~le ,af!,[j a, ptoo,ge to blJi~C41al schooli1!il,ti a ho.sprlall Slh,a.Q" 11fOll'est ea:il~(igu~t ,i3Jt~l!!ii"dl!!e IJJI!i!iv,ersitY~!l ·W61 laifayeUe,. IrlJdiQ:i'l~, 'wi~hhe~ph()illIt th>e Chi nese go/(/~ml!mml Sdei1.t,ist~. t(ll(i,a~,e e'age~ 'In Ipar-ticipa'ooi Ji! '!llit,e e>Jl1)err:ll1:!€nt "~R,1.4 isa Itlniq~e'~te 'rlClr' p,rQli!'I.C!~iJ"IIg amte!l!l,a-~ 'i!\!hQ v'i~ited 5R-4~!lI ~JHI4· aod .2'O'O~;, This., he S:!lliS, "WQuld diJe~ny thi1e !:Ieve~QP!fQell1ti1lf'ld protec:~lin,g f'(!i~~tb~;C!difi!l-e~s:Uy ~ So ~nlJei!'5~ As-ia," ~ 'thre~tell biodi~'5'Hy 'OOl:1s~~l!g'I~~I1i," t9('l1p:imlgl~olll\ert ~h~lt j:!rQspec:l'-Wfuiile crea:tin;g ~ $:W1~a,]~albl.e b!.ls:i!il ess s:a.y:~ g Shi3'o . .A!liI il'lilia~ project Iile' .~Yi, .r;~1I~.d 'be ,;;IIbigdi~eJ'$itv iirweniory 'of 'v.enJ1Jl!lre-:F1,~(AD, b a ~ kroll.ed by' ~~ I!Idl!l (0., 11Ililriv,ilI~in!lestrnelrcrtii rmin the'regioDll, -R.:5.
I

t£lil'!:able dle!,l'.eI.!l'Iil'm.~nt to ba-.s;k '~ore:5t ~(!ol~ o~y.Willn,!JIllili!l:'i e~~:abI.ij5h:ecd Lilnh 'with the. (ifIillie'Se A;cadleliflly of .s:di!!JmC!es,. il\!hi,olil pil,ms ~ di~iSlla1m riom 'tiO si x teallllflS: of re'l1e1.1!ridher5' ~D the SR·,4· mi'!aiity BtIdy llie'if ~'eillr;FO;['~liglil scielltl:5ts I!'Ii~U. war~ly web;;O'm,ed~ ~~ys 'b~ WaJrn ~ .. "Iime:na to wrllil i~ in~o al r,e"~.~lltE1imar'-

of RalllgoClfl's cI.oS:MJ1e tium's coo:rdiiIl8toll'.,. Tl'n.eSie efforts w[n COlD" cripplin!!!;: blow,. she s;ays: tinue :i~.2IlIOg,. fiD.'es~ys:, . "'hw!IDlS ,cQi.nsidemd ODle orlfihe fi;]TIest u:rn:i.ve:rsi~ Ollle r suec es s steriesieelude bird .. I u f ties in Southe<JJst Asia.:" Now. ~l,OS,t Burmese mOl~ii~m:nJll! ith lJ]!e~p w from the: Unritecl N;fIItions 1I.l1ilideIgra.dJmu:es ~Ueilild 'C:]OBS~I;:Sa ~jno:nth ata foodillili1.d ~rioult:llne O~f]lliz<'ltion,~hec],~ tim:e ;],t ,one of the crunp11ll,sflill o!!lJtside Yru.1!on iittOJrnI 'L'lf theUnk:aw,iiI,g Villley Tiger ,Rieserve and ta~e QOl,Te~Sf)()indeoce courses, 'Cli1:ildre:l1l of with iIllmeWildlife Consenl,E1tiiAln :Soci,i1l't)' in tlii,e Tailmada,;;\I' e~,ite,are sent abmad for study" New York CWo/,. i.tiI/tlthe e:srn.b[~shrfielltof'I:\No, facilitie8; ~ conservation center jn nerthern ~ays 'dle dipliOm~t Ap~n i;(!ttl thelll!!i,she~ysj' My~Jlilm'lT (sec sruieb.llif p. 18;('.) and <liniIIfcii!llIe~YOllmg ]X1'Qple wim good ,ed)uOfIItio;ml ilro g:IlJ""v:,
~ ..950lC
~Q ml,d;erg)limds~s:

n~eUnlversity
iii.

the students is 11:1 at ti'D.,e\!l!Or1i:: e rei s much h harder t:liiiJ]i119itt 1IJUIl~¥enci~;' :SilYS: li:udSiOH. Wilh eedleagues in Pyay~ Hudsen conducted <I grou:l1d and satell i'I:C, ;mr\'e'Y ef Sri,Ksetrr,Ol,in ~ 2005 ~lJ]dj2000 t]u<'lt: revealed an cxlens~'\IIe' systCl1:1, ,ofw~Mnv'OirJk:s fO·li'urrigi.lt~olrn. tunc flo.M [onta:o.L 'fhe, srnrvey, bnildlins on e:l'I!cil'VOIti!ons

r~,w~lednew w<lihll"Cs,inc

c'~rfiied. Ol]t spo:r1icl·ic1il~.y since ~,907. also

IlIXdil:'lg

the remains

j,

i~ iSca.cer and ~;fIrcer;:~' This, cembined wi~llIadire s howtag>e of funding, ~,<;1!8 made h harder fo,1' o~dc:] rese!lrctic:!S. [11~ly (lfwhl):rn~~:iv,cd trfli!:li:I:\g h~1China er the Sb'Vife:l: Ulli(l!l, tor'cc:rnit fresh
1~~le'liiI."Un:iv,ersHyl(!lOO~tori.c:s, ~e In te:rribl,L':
to\VI1~'t'~ a~ts &

u]ogi.CfI!I.lie'k'l 8cW,oolin

.P)'\1ly.

{':,olld:itioJ'l.The'}' are like ghost

ThmwinJgI ,]~lf~~in~ fOl!!fldoo 2J() c~m.l!!,n,~8 a.go.lh~d['L"l~hIT'I;.'i;l,d iXJ! ~ dty o,:fSr ~K setra ~n rh" bankso f the AyeY.s!M~dy River '~~ (3J.key om$los::t of tile Pyu c:ivi:~l~boliil. i;ld~J,Sri Ksctnt, !lc~r the T

of a!,\f;lst 'bridk com plex ,ofPyu. bmaJs rmdiron li!VI1""Ce~ ~!!ttside Sri K~tm8l,.'liaJi]~. lP'romising :m.S,lh~8Ci11!te·lI'llCd()!ms Jr,c. tlUc~r a ~mpac:t h; UmitOO. '[he arcli1:aro!ogi:'its 1m Pyay
luw(;\~m:l,iiJ!ir~ boowc~be.v,O)1IdI th(:k!'!te,flig~r no

sm~i~, R.(,':~aorati!Ollof:Sl']~ctr;\)!~

~ 5ijO-~o'~Bm.lJ Haw Oyfu j:liSigodal:a~ bec;lllr~e'lii for 2: y.oors dJueto '~ack (lflblldfi. WOi'S!:illgfadlm!er

OlllC e1\tem]S'i:" '''Thaf$. \lihy the !!:,ove:r!lMent (Iloesu'~ '\~Iltf'tlrelguers tesee them}ivcrsily'" I1e 1;my:s, '":cl]leln]Sl~y shl:de:mIIl:s()5I1l on~y read <lb01!d e:N:per.imentl>; t:~ey csn 'tdlQ t41cm.;" adds U'n;eWes~crn diliIJ]OMilIL AHU]! seieutiflc literat:II['C ] S SCil:l1CC:'.

OJiilJlya handfiJl cf'science and~ec1:mo~()gy p:m1 eetsre c eive s:igillificmiu gOVle.I.'ument resourees, One ~st~.le ~'Cv~w[:fpb]iJIS to limaM a ~ nmdelllr research f3,(;i]~ty. five yc,lJir:s <lig!O, the, giQVfTl~.mentiliil.ked a deal, to buy ,11 ~O-me:g;aw<I!ttreselllllich reacmrfU.lm.l lJUssi.~. The ilSJ"eernellt: s:~al]ed until My<ll1.fI1il.li
afillOMfl'Ced itsi!m'tc:t'iilllOliill Ci!diClf titiiii ye.iir ti,j

f~:now through wi~~ thepl!I:l'Chase" 'f(lj,ects C!lWQ,f~U gut Qft}j~hiQn <il!bru~Jltly. hgw~r. hl .B~gfun. ;;)n a~d~l ,ch.yi~ 'ce!1itf~l. Myaw:m[!w (sce :;id~ba!!'. p.. J 85 h the 'e"cavOlt:iOf) sHe ofa
my~lpa'~aoc ~:;; ow fenced off' b)t bad'l(ld n

wire" The d~g In:flS been dornUUilii:!l ince 'i~5 IPfltrml. 'f~rncerPrime Mirnlst:er K~1i!!lN YUllt. ~!il·as1)~stC!d3 ~$rs :flgo. A:~y CioUalbm:,9tuo:sil wHillrm:,e'.~g:~sc]e:rutis1'§ ls 'If u hl,el'aJb~e to the T<!!t~Jldaw'.s whi Mtii, AC(!!OI.'diling~oBUl1ne~~e: scie~u:i:sts •. e.'lCMIm]n.~ istry lrn'fiI S <I "Fereign Af1a~ Committee '", I':S i:rildmjling 1ff1l[\eSent<Iltnves aftile detense and :secLUrity bu re"i1illS, that evaluates 1)l:"Oposals,; tlite amllini.ster must :swgJml offan <lJPIJrorvedpmj~ ects, 'fh11lJt process sot ImlMnCcomplicated

'Olly of P:.¥'!By~ 271[1 k momc.tl;:rt; uerrhwest of Y~mgoliThis ar3!rHy i.11i Myam1!IflO\l!r;. ~Il active ,cx.cavalilOn site ~l~i'vingfu,mg~l researchers, ~,v,enMior.'e' !lurpa:ish~.g is a cl;1!J;!>ter ofwh:itIlwash ed Ibnild i:ngs j1Ltst ~n~idle Sri .. Ksetrm's overgrO"",,,:lii1 'iniek ~l1d e~dhie'l1l 'Wail:!:;: U's the: A.ekl Seheel of AoobaJeol.ogy, .Pyay. Opc:m.ed in 11005,. the Slthoo~ n,lITI.V has 'I1iI1lft.)
d'D~e~,~, 'tiMdCIililsln a :i..:ye.rnr di,I.QHm ocmrse illiIJ S tIIppliedi: .. ro]alaeOlOID'~l<Iit 'e:uiI1I,p!l3.sizes preset»
vatiolill.lEm.y access to

af~ernd :h. ~rgdy OIJ!,l:'~ oft:~e quest~.on-'for l arehaeelegists lI:ny\!:lhere ]~, MyaWimar-C!llpCB ~im![~Y~fi!e[" t]m:ehefty [1lc:rcasc~i~1fl file] p!l'iocs t~l81t'sp,roked thereceJ},t de!fl1Jro.onslmorni)!s. Now is ~he,ti:~IT!e toredeuble dio:rts t:o reach 1)1).lI:110 .M.)'alu'Q~,lIl~' l'1,eh~ ~arn,. s;~ys: jo.hn M.~ks~C" aWlarehaeoIQt~sl: ".'1: the N3Jfliol~<I!~ lIInruversit:y of S[ng<l.pm.1e_JilI1.d Jrchai:mlogy is a

Sri Ksetr<l prov]d)es.

goodplace to start, J,i:lIrw.<I~I~'sSlm:k ~I'C'es. Fo.rcig;lll arcllaeol~~S'is, she: sar)'S. ''aire ]1IQWHu'l ]:~f'::~liliLe scientistsin Mya;MmillF.," Sbe <lJlild tor

when t'h:e,!o'ilemmennel:octlited YiP COll.llwytO My<'lnnlMs remotenew ClliPitllt Naypyi.di!Wir.

illli

bands.gnle'lmill£;', the huge a!llcicnt

pr;@Jctk;~Jwolik,

"his
to\!ffl

(I, gwe1tlits~te"Il'n:cllilllse ot'fuJoIl!()i!S'of ~;pacefur

fe:lu1!IL1liry.

says

yc~ toolle O'Ii!'elIireloV briglU spots m~le ]and~

<\iC<l!p,e.

()veli' thcpa.st 2:

yefll~~.fo·:~ l'il'!.<l1:11 plc:.

J

!:Ii)

:~]~e h1!'~ermlt:ioiimJ1!:~ Ri,e!'!: Rege~!''Cb Iml'till1!te'g lil'tiSal:6dR]e~ Ib::s~<\iWd1 O:J!!1Wrtil!f!l tlm~ nun WOlJikshOP3 ~ml U'~mi'llJlgi~ Myaml!m:~r Oifil 'top~
OO:lili:rol~ Il~U'fLent

sc:hoo!lin~Ir~.Ii~torn have c.ompl~ted the well00 s!P'(,)ctoo A'rrch8!(lolo,gie al S1iU"'!,~)fof In di ,J grOOimiJ!:CdiiP'h:l!m~prn,grill'!l.

lIIitC~~aeo:lqgist 11.t tbe LJniv'e~ily of lLorldo'l:1. "'I,~!o ha'll ""t'lrked til Myafnm.n. SG"ter.a~ fleM

Elizabeth Moore,. an

others hope tl\i,~1: 1!iInspe:cdfied saacticns aaaouncedlast moath by U.S ..President

Georg,e W,. Bushwm n ott<i.lIget :sd,(1 I,~tly C>ldl<iinge. "B<1J11n~llg 'IDre!lgID1! scilc'rltl:sti'; fuJ:m
t",'OiI'kifig

in t~~iLl JQUlI'I'l.ry ll!"iU~imll'l11y~ooia:I:C C

01@!'C

ar!Jd'ii¥ea];)en

olle!lg'M.:es in-eo1:l~trywlmo

~icS!clijQh a~,irutf;:gl11!tedW'¢cd

i ~f!!1ag.eme]nt,~~dl~s(:f [alJJd~C\t.c;I!~~. "Th~y,e"

:ill
a §l!ea:~: need tii} SiIlp:PQrl thel.lvchllnQoo:s Qt, ~ nlte poor fmnen;, ailld.~oslmngthe:lTh sdC\l1It~:fj,c ~ caW1im:::hy," says Gmnt :S]~lgldo:l1i', the (~OlllJrSOIf'~
I!;

Cr~ci.~Uy" My1)lllll~!i a.~~~o:r~Hesh:[llvc ~1I()\l,i\Cd~f,eig:!lI r,es~ynihero"i~():~ud~g ROOcrt H1i.ldson.~Il ~r,oo,aJoo~.~gi5t,Sit tllile Un~rnlry of S;yd:wey.AustI:al:i!l~ to ~eciUll:l at the school. i"A ,OO!mlnOl1l mild Vel.), heal!1lell~ng .comment fi:mn

U'le 'l:1CXt:g:elm.-et,uioo,·' St~ik ~ilYS. N~ri~g yOO~lg :rii'i!iild:s \~"~ 'be cas)ii .~~ the detcl!'kl!J1a!lio~ oHh.e ed~~c.f!!tii(l!~ys:tclnb~~ s
Itraill!

will

tnkc;~ <]! h~avy u~~L "Even iJth~lie is an oevem:ight oeihlng.c in th!;: CQ!.'!lllry''S OPC:l1iIJess:' say.slhe UN]~:SCiO'olfidal, .. it WU~. l.-e a Wil1i,g m dine to ,',ecIQver:' -:111:[ IiiI:A!RD S,TOIN!E

,'!o'I.I'INW.scienc:emag.org

SCU:NCIE

VOL.:na

12 OCTQ;SIEIR :2007

NIEWSI'OCUS,
beneath t]oe smf.ooe of rerentl flnd:~~]gsrno:rdues about the bio!oID' of itcllil. '".nch remains ore of the gWeaJt". est pazzlesin Siemmry l'l'hyskl!~oID';' :S3ysl-l.enmmn 1!; and1i\fCrk,er. a p~o" neeringit:chl:'e,s('":·.uche'l' ~t the UniI

've·rs:ity of~Ji'~a[1.gen-Nllu·elilllberg in fie'flll<1ny. OI.liIeethought t.o be alesser Ifonn (lfp!lifi.~tch does sihlIl:e S!I;)rtIe ne1ll;rnl ,.yet"V'.l1r~willilthat Qthe~ ILm.p[ea~s~llIt seasatlon. 1B~:ll)~oell~ research pO~ml'! to receprers li1i!1id nerves that IT!!i}'
tliCICCri'!.iCly sign.aJi] !~tch.Drugs:
'~:~'a!1

t~m 'the \JohHnc down em such sigwaHng.pathways could v~~dy improve the ~:i'li'es :fmaJJJ)1 o :peqp~e""'\o
deslh::t·ately lm.eed help. elinicians :say. ~'~llCh isab~~llJt:ely a n:etgk:cted a:rea of .!eclicine:," says O!l~bl!nder. "]n.e:dremd.y dj:sa:W:~llg:' And ebronie itch lS .~u]'p l:iSI1ili.gly w ldespre ad ..At the lue:e1;]ng. G~~. Yosillil'lI)vit:ch. ~J. deJrm.a~(l[:(ig:i.iSt ~t Wake .forest Unive'rs;ity Schoo~: of Medlcbu:: :l:1iI1 Wili1llswn~SnJe]iJ~., North Caroliua. reeled off ill 101m.!!!: hs~ of 8Qtlltcll'g.~induc;ilm,g staristies. A 200.6 study ~nThe. .Lcmcet h~fecl,iousDts(!{l!U!S esrima!tedthlil.t :3;OClmillio:11! people WOrldWlde sl!df(;r ftom sc,i1bies~ .1l11il:dw,Y ~,kitidiscrder ,caused by b~~~irig mite8. A Itepurt pulblis~.l~d. on~wile~n {),erma'i'fis in Augu~t estimated that l [,.6 million AIlu:~:tcfms ~uffc:r from the .i.~c~y"
~nnaJmed

The B,iolo,gy ,of Itch

(hrOlli1lic~t<:1iI1 afftkls

Gr,8.s!ping fur le,lue's, to

miUions

of people.,. but little

melchillni5m$:_!U~...,..._

is :kJlllOWIIIIab01d tilile underlyil1lg

and sl~dyIII Nf~tll~N)logy D'iaiJl'SiN

CICZCU'IJ.a.

skim of

11 200,6 ':n~}i~'-

ptanttHim~ found moderate tesevere

SLAINIFRAIN(IISC:O. 'CAlLllfORN,IA-For most

nel.lmsc~eIiiiH!>t

aJJ!1d ne::lLu·o:logislt: ]Flan~rd at

itch in 42% ofneady

I.~}.iOOO l:Jid'llli!ey~di~1~s~s;
]11

Medical 3,(,':h~o,] in Bosten, w~~otreated Ni!.sCinmld d:cSlcribed her case 3.1 III reeent here ..Oaklander IIIarne:!:> the i.:nft:lbleodtlrirstyiuseets Of poisonous ;p!;8ints. meetillg But for Mm:y Ellen Nilsen, ~h::hi.~'H'lSS :r~.E1.li~lg Hen on severe nerve da.nlage he C:IlI!melll ~~:fe,"ahel,illgesperieaee, [~l, :~,99g~ caased b)l UiI.e vi:rw>-d:8imag,e, UiI:8it: also left ~t J~e 18, Nilsen had iii, sliliing:l~sm[tbl;,eak. 3. Nil sea umib],e to reel pa~n fremher resurgence raf trnle,~lliIiJckl:npOK ViHI'S. Anli.~ s Ci:'<1 irtg-i uduced weuuds ,.AUliilQ1IJIgh tell viral dnlgsc.~eillB'ld. mpthe pa]uwl sh]ugles Nilsen's ,e.x,periellC'e~s exih!e~ne. to S<lY the least, !C,liuro:mli.c itch i:5. tiu; flOIillil. rare, MI]~~ rash ()\1:Ji heT face and scalp, bNt <Ite~'Oc:,i,ous itch wok Us. place, "It 'I7!'lIS Fe!cn~Jess:' lions ofpeo[ple 'l!vorldwi.de suffer from N Il s en s ays, 0 Vier a 13· rnonthp eri od, ilm.c,ess.ailm,l and ~.argC'~y l!UiLexp]<Ji~.ed itchiNilsen scratched ,'[lillie] s,cr.1iJoc,he( desil'i.~e her ]1J,I;::SS b.r(m.!1;ht on by kidney OF liver di sease, HlV, 0]" v<'l!rion~. other 1I.ilnlCI1!'l:S. Cllwrolm!ic be s:tcfforts netto <linddcsp~:te he'l" horror ,U t~~!()g:!Jmvin:g [e:8~·Ol.l;!; she ::!1rwin the mirror. itch disfu,pts sh:ep,l1Cduc(;~ tlm;c,qu:ali:ly of At tbcrime; ..N ihen ~y S.i;:1~ehad l10 idea life. 3.m:d undermines the l~ea~th ·(If those ] '~],l~t the dam~ge ~1~"'I.i!l:~doi'lm,g~ohc~el. f who, sutTer fj)omit~y,~t tihJ;;rll'l~ Uulle docwasrncre tha~ (iikiri deep, bUlt she endod up '~~r~ dete hdp. can il!! a BOlSt~n cme:lJJ,(,';lJilcy room with broiJ.'lJ ~lsA:1:fhc ]~lil!l;;ei:in~~~ d:U'\o'IeI'1'i~ gfflMlP of c:l:inlelanaand f(;s.e;;l!rc11cr8tried tOI ~crtiltch !SUIt:: iPf@tJ'udirlg. ~hro~g~f! :!Thole: ~hc:'d Ipeopk.itich is
occ~~Jo,]!I~~j ~i~orMived ~J!ll1Ioy~nce. prlovo!ke:d !by ~ run- il1l witli1l
!UlI
0'

pllHen:ts surveyed

12 counrrles,

:Other

:llhld:~e:!1i have associated

intense ]tl(::~~,:hl:es.s

whh bHe duet obstnLctiollTh$.i:~fecIUo1ll!s diseases, and dilitlg :ref~'rtii(Ins..for r,eaSOll1ll$ Mmt mrrie. poo!."ly understood, seme ,eo:liidit~om. cause itclin:oveJl' large swaths oft~le body" "IIvJ.l.ereas otlitet$ tend ttO affect m,dy theface,

back. or othc~oogioIil, YQsipov:iruh says,,. Whe:'i:'C-'Vcrit strikes, chronic itch isn't good for yOllf he;fllth.¥osi.pm'itch adds. The stu dy (10 f k idney- di~ lysi s pati ent i'l.~o·r ex .. Iupl e ,rQ1JlJiLdliiI I." % h ]ghe:r m.ort.anty

rnre in thesewith chrome itcl1, ~ fiilmdillg thClre~c~relle~auributcdto ]oss of s[,ee:p. h~ ,S! ~~u.::rO;1!tl1!rlc review :pldJ:iishCid h.'! the J:I!lly '" 19~~Ci of A CUI DermfJU'.J··~·ll'~'Feologic.'I,. ~;
V('l~~pavi teh concludes th a'tiUl~,i;:;; loner!
Vl"Ql!"sea~ ~!ight.l:!Ie 5~$pec~8th~lt ~irc!!!di~f!

ill,
Q.

~C:ia:!ldlCld ]~l er h

skulL
• ill till '111fI1@mllllionl'llWDrbh{)~ for l~fh.Q· S~lu!:lf ~11 SeiilIMllb!1lr.
(I

flwCH!.~.t.iQ]ilJs·in (;Q!np'oM:nd(l; t]l:flt a:ggrav!ltc or dampen il'Ch may be ~he re·OiISOIl. Levels

::ll

i
1i.i1

"She: g~vc be;r:!ie~.frontal-lobe f b:rmiliii, dalu age," 'say s Anile LOILdse Oalli:JllIl1Jde~·. a

r Itcil,

o:fthe ]tc;:b-illU!lPip:res:s'ing ~onnone: corticestewne.for ,ex,mnple, wane in tlTllf: ev,e]l~hm,g.

~
WI ~I

[(:heh is :sop~:oblemilll~C:.w~!~y we h1ti\ne i.'l: in do ~~~.efi :p!<IC e'?M !lny researchers th~nkut rst evolved :<IS, <I defense meelranism against insects, llnhke: pEliin. w:tlllch elicits a wilth~ drnwal :res,po:nse, Hell d:Fa:ws :ruttc,ntioli11 11 to IPrurli:cul~r ilf>e!l. of t~,le8k~~1 e:lk-:its !'Icru,tc:h~ ~ll.l.d i~ilg,. SQ 'it 1I11J<1Y SeJf'\fC toremove :i~,1:Sects,and

IB~o'logiital

RI'Oi.5

res;pom:l~oa1iliti:hist<lmi]le drugs. Tl~!m:,e ~lU1S~ ]cai. m)milluliny reported ,cnconrl:lg;ullg find~ng!l fWmJ1 a smfll~II)~~O[ s;w.dy in C,]["fliLos,is be molecular pl.a:yers in itch MlI,llilI5m~SS,]mlll

besides lillii:st!UIlUllfl, but theiridentity is 51

lIliystery. Even SiD, Wfle:M! Sun and Che:[Igave geJm.emC:::<IIJlyIlOnlll,t1~lni.ce 3, dn~g th«lit btccks

pa:tients

with ~hi[1Qn:ucitC~l.

:suall(h, \Sltll'atc:h
SOillilJlJe res~urcltlJ,ers ;aJl)ealsc SH.lltfY]l1g the old-

~ny stii!l~et~. egg:::>,cr other de;PQs~ts

tilley

<GRP'.It, theredents .$'01::1:1 teh e d less, in rc:!>pcm!'>cto subseqnent rulljle.cti:ons ,ofthliee itch~pro,vokiDllili! COJl1!POlIlu.is-i,nchud.ll,lg two, thiU (l;ori't VI-'Orkthmugh hist1l1illiitiliie:..n:t1t'~..

est ~tch re~1Je dy of all: sCIm,tching ...Neuresc]ent1.tii:ts Slievc DI[l,~dsO:IlJ !lThd Glean Giesl'cr ;i,lfiJd co] ~:eiiiJ:!;u,e.s the' Utrivcrsity ,iiit of M ~Il-

goodaigrl!, Cilten sifyS: "Ou.t re~iJJhs sligges1 til!):!: GRP'l l[b,lo:;ke:r;!:l]1 OQ'L]~,d be pil.rtic~]~,mf]y ~td~,. teet ltimself <'lg~in~t :~n:scct5 t~illn <'lgl!li.w!f!t p!)om]S'~ngf(Jrt!)e(q:tin,g, (;h~)onic: d!jr.m'ior otlJer ~arge a!!1]m01iils," e :sO':t¥~. h OthG~ re~ca:rch~8!1eIH~rted on at \lllriety of pos,:sibk trea'Uil1l,cnt(l;fbr (ll!iJ,mlliilic; hchA:IOl()~IP hclm'fJlldp<l.il'llare d~fIerc;nil seni.nch,l1difig medicationsmere ,e()1l11]10~ly satlens iiedro dUre~~!!'Itbehavlors, rheirbiclogy ~ppca;rs to be illcx:(ricabtJlil1Wtcrtwil'lod. l~~d to tre~t dc~re$st~gl (~e[cctiv~ leaw behilmd, s~:}'1!HlaJnd,"''Ct~~t;; "It m~y h1tvc blJeJ~1ni!:OI:C ]~,l1:pOftaJm for eCllrl,y man t o proHcw wa~·'()!lCie cOllsidewd 1Ps!]~l'S little Bot'Th, se,I'IS;a;tiOlrilS 5!1:>L;: comrC.)i'e!d from ,~:~~C peripl~!e:ry '~o the; !.<p:~nal,cord by :flierVe'B c!I.Ued C :f1ibers, ~ndl:he t~~hllking was Uun ,!I Hhle bi~of C~fiher sti:l1Ii1tu~atiancifI!Hi5;Jed ;uti::h. Whe'l"eiSiS :oool!e. s;1:iDUI,f1t~Ql~ caused p.mJ~n, In
.~'!n.f~ct~

ne::lotli, M ~,nne~po:,~i 8,. rec'Ctltruy ili1v,e~ti,g<J,too

the; 'etJcc~ of Slcr<11tchi.~,g en dl~ ,i'!ctivityof InCH!k ~y8. 'f hes e neurons rev up
W;:l.~~·'I)l!~ the :'5pi.:m!!'I] in cerds of
\i'o'

im'i:~t~~ctiz(;d

hen

l~mther.

serQ~o~li:lii.rel;lpt'3lke:inh~.bi,u)I!S) ~nd ,epi] e[l:'ls)1 (slllch !lsga.b.alpel~dll)that !l},a:y qu ie~ll;rIPer,~H~t:~\le h~h-,

researchers inJCCiI: hh,t~rm~ne or other hcl!iJ~ oompo1!l:nd~ \!!'id~r the skilrn:,firru!lg imln!~8~~ at::ail) dev8!red raie, But when [)a;v idSion 1.I~:H:d a &s!w lbi~de ·Ilog,e:rlitly S:~I~!lreht~~e [;lite 'of
HlJ,c injlectioliii" time ne'llirOns:

UlIi.s 'fi!ew. P<I[u lilind.i~ch share II (lO]il;UllIlnlica~

tiOill1 [~nk '1:0 the bm~l:l.and only Oilil,e of t~:lem

can f<IIl.k iH a time ..Tbis, would ,expl(linwiIry

tends: to (!]IUeU itch au d w:lThy ,(}e!n,<I~n lp.lI.]nkillinli] dil1Qi;sm(;ilit.flltec it. U:J!l t in I.9 () '1,. aresea rch tea m le d by M ...~rin Slil:~i1Ime,lz, now at the Un~'ii'ersi,ty of pain

M;runnheimin eryin healthy

rel)(}I1:ed~l:liC d!i scevs\l!bjects of C fibers ~~~It r~gpolmdvigo.roUi~'ly to aifi itc:h.-ifidl.icing il!iijecti!o!'i o:fhi:li.t~mj[le under 'the. s~diil,bu.u riot U)I pfI!intill heat or ,i~(;;I~~ng, The. find~~gs
Genn1l]1ll)'~

hUlmJ1,O\iiD1

L~!.lg~~ned th~t ~tc:h,u~dl p,d.lliIi maym~ki~d~pelld:cllt!yto the Ibrroin afller a.1I,

interr.up,ted.the;ir bB.Tageof impulses 10. a few seccnds, J'~1i.s inhibHioli1 only happel:1Jed wilen the: ;sp.i:l1l~lIJm Ilel]~ rmllS were s~gl1liali~l,g (In itch-scrn!chi:l1Igl]iJJ tltwe abse nee of ]uih m.illde th em IUO re exeite d. Davidson re~ ..lied in apo,ster In'ecS~;1:IItlltiOi!l the; meeta.t ~ing., Tl:l,(,: fi~.u~:il~J.!ilSU!i!i;!i!i:e,st that :s,cl:a!tdlliug s ii~dilii.bhfil~te]rnin ~:'h,e :spi,]1ll1ru coriC!, belbre it even reael~.e~the brrn:mIJ, he says. 'Thil.t'S,not '~D8a)' the ~lleMa:g~ !'icveifm~k(;iS iitt~lroiiligh.:8e\;e:ral i'eQeittst1Ll.d!iJe~have iUsed functional ~~:agj'ge;till;r,c~(m1.!.f!(~!l:'i~ag;it<!g 'f,() i~l.",~~tiga>te bO'ilv the; brain re::;p!011ds to, hch, h:!! a sh~dy'.'.dt~l16pe()lple; halfwit:~ cllirQn:icMch

A more re~t

strike for i~chinldepe!]dcnoc

cause d by .f!top'i c dC:iim atiti:s" 'Yosip O'vi1:ch's

gl:l~UiP f'()nnd hear~resiPollses '~o;~tc:h[n ~~lC a.rube~'i@r ci.Wlgnbltc c O,lIite:K,a lbir$lll atea lh:ll't. among al:liD,er things. m.ay Ml:3;ch ell'llo:tiol!l1~[ sig:n~fi!Cl!lTliCe' 10 SCIlSOI:Y e:%;peJ:iie:l1Ice:.Nc1i:~ml act[\i'it~ in the IUltCI:IOI:' aingl'~llaf:e ram[~ed 1)[11 \VI.le,~Uu~resea['cher:shDjrec::ted hi:s~Rl.n:i:l1l,ei:Jm;to the sldlI'i, offhe. sllIbjeots' foreatlliln:s. ¥rn;~povutt:h re[pOrted. Thisinereese was gnl'<lI~e1iin d'er.. t~~e ~u<lili,tis; ;s!J]lbject:s .uiI,d 'i"aJri!edh~1 propOdl~OJrnl f!O iIll.l.e:sevelF,ity o~ i!hdr i.wh. III 'U'IQthl.::'f study. yo::.:ipovitcch 3.Ji1Idcol.le~gues; found thai sctatehi,llig, 'even iMa ~:~.l,e t1bili:eJi1le,e antell, decrea~:s ~ttivi.ty :m the [}]JIrelf,~o:r,cingll~~rre" Such studics nlruy eve'ln~a~]y shed liJl;hl Olil:wlllY SiCfa,tchi:l1gi.8 S~ addicti:vc.''T~:ucl)cis d(;Hl.1it~ly a r~wl)dlns ~ff~et tQtlIDcf$cmtt:h itso:~f;' Yo~iDQviteh :sa.~~.PerhO\liprha,t: ~~dps s ~.p~ail1l! 1.:vhy ~;6ople o:l:ten sem~ch 'I,l!iI'h(i!lJ! th~y !'ie~Ol~lers illi!l:)W ttcl~¥~t!ue.Afu\iit)l¢~a~oi. Gcr~la,11i r~$ea:icbers yid{:{,'ta!p~d peQpl~

comcsfi:l)mb~ne:tic:iSiL." at '\\fas:l!uing1~!l lInivcr!!~tyin St Louls, Mis:soIt~ri" rul-Gal~;g Sun and Y '" Z~J(lu~feil'!igC]aell used DNAmic1OOU;)!YS tl!) ~ aeareh :thr lteh-re I,ate:d: genesi u t:fules;p if.'l.~.] ; cords Ofmlilioe.~aS!ed O1m, i.ts h:ighlevf::ls in ~ :S'P]n<l"IIHllUClI'IS t]n,Q'[Jght: 1'.0 ,colm,ve,y i.tch o_!Re a: esndidate stood OU1l:: rhegelm,e!i:o:r ~i1Is;lr.~n~ Irel!eilIS~ing ~ptid~~l'Jepto:r (GR.PR). Wilen tliae :.. W5e,U:Cflters: created lliI1kel.m;:,k~lng the G.RP.'.R gene, the: mdlent:s s,'CB"a~C",lIedlilimGh less filmu 8' :IilOmliai. mke w:hc,1:I both :iliets of 1I1l1]Um!SW'e[1c ~i:lllj,ectedwifh Se'i.fCIlditcl!u,y suibst'tl:noe-s.Yet title

.Itdil~f "Im!DJlJtm,iI~e. Iia f101a,giI;:S P~I#1!il'(tMary Ulelil t4i1sen"s he<ldi.Ifter ol chr~;lIifi, dlr'ijy~ !ii'~rto sQfatclii
ilirulllQln

lher ~~1IJ1l (0

S(1iI0, insa).

~tm

t:r.u1Ismi,Hmn!:ll:

neurons. One,ofthemost

mice!1e~sp(nl]ded Im:onnally t(!! p®:~ntld ~ IPoking:. hCllt. iI[ldl,lO:K~OUS ,chemical. i,]ilJjec~ ~ '~iQrIs. ChcIII'(,$on,adjat the oOllfcreIl~ alldigl
~ MU!t1lll1It

~ 'llIDe9 AUgJll!St i~ue of Namr~. ~ 'fh~tlnd:i I:lg~ offer ~" ~m~flli1!!uinslgilt ~i !I1tolt.'il: hi 0] ogy it') f hich" on~~r r(;:.1~,1!tehe!,g ,('.;1fec't~. ed!l!'ef~lg itchw:it~out duIli~gpa:ill r say,i.'!!'!d d~,~y!UaIy p(j'~!,!.~ to ~os~ilbk; ti:'\Catina l:'!andfi.!W offl(;ecntly pub.lh;hecl ~tiUdie~ ~ ~~!lt$. Pl;1Jrt ohllJf,;: r'C~s:9'll chmnk it~ ~ondiwuth W1!tie~I'~ sl;d:1icril1g chroll](;: ite b relaJted ~ '~ions haveb~cn gO h~lFdt~ ~f!t isth,u. U!!}IIk"e ~b~)ii.!t tch and i ~ok&d!lC:Y d~semi!e:. (Pa.i.lmJ doc~ ~crvc a pt!f'- w~tdl~nga p~bH'c le·c:t;lt~~ aJlcute hchy re{lct ions ~ll.U$ ed by 11'IIo,squ.ho ; pose. !il:H~:r,aJ!~:~. NH~en'sc~;se ill~~s't:l1!~tes, caJug!rut ~h.el:rl::ic:r;(l!tc!in:i,ng liI1i!i)f'C than usual., Th.e a:5 l !!i bites; o\'Illdpoholiii.ivy. most of't~cll1i. a:n;: no~ And fit the meeting, I:Ie:searc'fuu::n,tbOIlli tll.e effects oif:rem1:ing:lllrtidc:s a:bO!m Melli ha."'e )let p!mr.~celJJd c;<JJ[ bm[lciffi, of a. jarp!l11l.ese che~m.~ to be :rillJOI:OUi;[Y tes~ed. ~m.ed]a:tedby :h~s;u!lm~lle,mul ;so 'lil1ieydo not -GREG iMllILLER.

pl.'omisi~ll:g leiBlds,. s,ay scve,lral re&;e<lrohers" t1a:c,llIr1J~s tJ,ml stiMu~:llte s(J:"cfl~~ed K op~t}id recep~ors. Opiol:d rcoeptor:s ,we be.stkilloWU m~ site QfoID(;ttoililfurpmvefru:~p<ll]nk:iUers. the like morphine. wlrui.chil.ctiv~t'es, ~ opio:id recept'OI1i, dI.!Uil~(gpa:i~ but ofiC'11 prodliJljcklg itch 1I:sa side' efftctDfllg~ that !'i!:imU!tallt~ I\:roee~lto:rs I;;c:c!nto ~1:<.\1iVC; ca.t~y OIPiP'()S~t't,l: n

i
g
Li'I

'_

'_-

,'!o'I.I"INW.scienc:emag.org

scn:NCIE

VOL.:na

12 OCTQ;SIEIR :2007

NIEWSI'OCUS,
.... 111jl~rnt~U~11l'~~!lI~i@:d~ '5(Ufm~t~i}:(ln()lIlIi!Ststliltl'lJIgh~ ... th ~s~ t:wll. t}'I~Q<.5of ~jn!l,Q!F l~~ro th(! :5.1 nlQ sp1!ldeSi, but DNA lJ.:Jilr:ood~~proved O"t~enwn~.

NQs'mplle'solut~:!!In
lliaDcooc-8 ougrocenes 'wMiire, imrrnlliltl:yl\eveai,tliJe,idel~

mipes,.nn :<'Uninmls, :EI~J[,litochondJ',~l~I]e 'c<iJruoo COl :seeitis!t.I ,~'otki~l, ii, simitarl"!'ilY. 118,] 'k~:KI f~!:ie:;; t~.It::; sequmce '!,~~lltl~s;e:J:Kmt;h o ~Q dis.tingt]ish liiIillW ;mil11<L]line"'1g:e~ but if> OOIr ~~:vOO.cnonglii.dl~t II; single DNA I~robewmb for_oot ~rnsrns ..this !iii]1)'!p~icity has spatk6-d
p[1!.IliS~O m.e hand-hc~d:sequcncen;h,nc.a!1l t p!JO'I.;ojd~ ql!~ck!)oad(lu'lS:i~ the fi()]d (SdeJliC€,

tiityO'l~ldI oosl: of an il:eJn injr~8'I: il,fu,;\< Mack aad

] 8 fdbruary 2005, p. 1037).

From tI\i'e~~arl,K:re~s .!lind i!}~.llJ:ersbe'W' ~hmJt :p[!IJlJts'",'QI1~dneed it different: Il:'Ig, .Mi,t:od~.onodd al gen eswo~ldl'ft w,o:rI,::beea Ul'e~:l~ey ,evojive more $~m1!!'t~'inIPbl!!;~.t:5 th!llllJ in ,~ni.~ll!;: too t~w dliffe'l"m~c(":s ex.~s'l: bet.ween. ~my, ;<Ii potatoand a tomato ~~~. them ap~rt. ten

TAXONOMY'

Quili-and"le.aJs,Y IlNiIAidelllti'frucatiO!fiI ilIli1lrdle;r to, pi g:E!!onltu,te

Oif

I!)ll1Ilm,iJlls,ls

und@1i way. bl!Wt p(amruts ,a,re provffing

N ude:m: ge;nes weren't very iI.ppCa:]~llg ei;tner becanse pl:m.IIt'001.18: o6't~llh<li''\fellllUl!lilry copies of
,<I in ire chon

dri,~ru~elIlle

butrel <I~i'!,fely ] ~uk,:

1,'ouJI' ye:au. ago, Paul ,19IO'O'C£1: wowed reseerehers ;@It the Sm]tlll:SOlJli~n Insti,tutioimls Narienal Ml:l'SClLlllil1. (If Na:1:llIllfa.1 Histary (NMNH)ill Wash~ngtof!. DI.e.• wit~1 tile ve:SiL!I'I:SfapihH smdy thi'i,th~ !'jij:id demono :sti'a~ed ,!i wary to d~Mifisuis,1:i ,<'iny ii~ii:'l.l.al species fWn:! il~y QU1~f,l1!sili!!,go!'!~y ~ short

one plaml1J,-om

[)cbOiiteS have been ngilmlgllbOllt how nm,lY and. what pieces, ef DNA ~t ~:I1IkeslQ tei.!. f allo:tJiaef. SOlrnfllE.\~'l!ap:s liIili:ve

nuclear UNA. So p.]ill1Itex,pel:ts, t!11f]"l,cd to ~ genome JJilotfollndiJiID ;1bninmh,-tha.t o~ ~;]u,e ,e:I.ll.o:rap]a.st. the: Q[-:WiJii:e~~e thai]: 0)111:ve;iiils $lIn~

p~eoeafva,ifib:le DNA. Hdben. an (;';,fOa!.'!tliOn~ry bio.log[slalt

(:1l.na,d)fl; called

tllnJctJTJJi:vc:rS~ly ofOl,.u::!pllln it ~~l ,organism;8 ·\b~rc()dc·."He O;'!!ppcalcdlbr.aJ slll.'l.l'lllrul'e:ftb:1iI '~(lnnd a I,Illique ident.if~er in p~!lllts"'~Be was sta~'i!n:gright !11
me,"

fo !I:,g:cd !},:licnd. ga tberi~l !:1;!I:,epl'lescnt8!tlve geqi;~e:il!ce!:lifu;:)rmp]ant~nmgi:f!g t~ messes to dai~ie8,i1i'1d OO.vCi'ilI.] t:e1ifi1s aiile d~"i,iclop,jmJg DNA c:nttak'lgN ofmcdiJCtmd pl~tlHi or endan§e~d nees, Yct, f~r t~J(; IHOgt p.:..rt.lhese datt! are QfliUlc u;$et:Lllt~]e:ver)\Olle 'COOiI gree' on a ~ st~~ld!aHL ;"Botm:lists <l.m~l:'Id il'he:\vo!:ld are champtng ifft the bit '~O g,ct in,vo;IVledi:I'!JJtHtir~ co d~llg~" s,a:y!,Koelu~eth C'a:m:e[·lon ~ 11plant
:!!:ystelJ1tl!l.artist at the Nc\;v YOlJ!"kBol'.\Ul:ic~.]

l.i\W.l]:~Oche'mlc..,1I.]s. As a first mmss. Klle{i5 ,and lIw!> eollesgues sC<'lIn!lCid the two chh:lrop.ia:8,t genomes; U~lnt
:OO!i.~il]'Cheif8
~~qu~~C!l,'ll'l

had almii!dy ~qM!'iCCl~ pk:kiflig 'atl,t iilIinestretell:es thatvaried t~e ~,lQSt. '''The

hl,i,v~ '~~'1be :s]miIOl1!f ~~.)Q1i.!gh 00 be [pf()boo.] .;:~~~lY dUli::ront'(;!lfl)l;!g;I~ to d~8lklbut guish pl~lnt species," .e:XI':~~ins 'CI.~anglLi~ of the lJ niv,ersUy of.~I.oli'n.g.K,ong. Kres~!; g-fOlIiP 'e"'aJ~iUru:eddle:$eliCgio:r:tS"ln 2fl05. a't the fir:r;;1:'
imemanon al lItt~rcode meed
Ilg~ they

]"e>o~] !li,W.J .)l'l:l1!K~,eili:fJi" a bot~n~ M a:t ~

'·~~oo.k
.il 3$

Claw-

nomi-

!l.ated!abo1!n 450 bsses, par~ of~ "s;;pacer"

sequence bei:\:li'eIeniVl!'O' geMi.esftKr the pl~ufil:t:~' bareede, ImN-psbA. 8p9(lers~endto be Ull;llJe v·d:r.i8ible ~~.Ulll gem':s themsehes :iI]1J;difu,m-eir'oilJe beli1!e~:':~e~]tir.eI:'5."So far; :Ui: Sleems:to '\1!!'Cid:. t~~e best" of<lU bllrnooos" ~!KFess.i~sims. At that ~il1,eet~lug,bo\\/Cyer"

NMNH.

a cha1l~l;gte."

KIleSS,

.!lilld!

d)en in New¥cn'k: Cily."P:eOI;lII.e

iruis,coUeagues begn wbl!lltl:im. ~e(Jmne !I. rnll1i~ '~]'ove'rsua,1 ql!.test fOili<I liJotniC.fll b<liITIOc:b. A'I: a .Infletu~.g in Taipei. last 1l10'l1Iti\~ .htLn-. dlred:s oflle.!;eru:a~ers: deserieed tliJei:r successes

31m': Vel) 'fn.lst.r!ll!ed." :I}y the-lack of c:ons:ensl.1!s., And t1'D,e IPO"te::IiIlti.<Ii~fo:r aCi1lifl~s.ioni,sr.is;[ng, as gnmps pm:slMJe selected ])N A sequencessnd dlufl\e!'ent C<l!~()g;iJilJgstmh;gie:s.

i:lil b~rood'i.ng; b:~ros.moUlsi. r.sl~, and O!ther31i11i,.

_<1&5,. df:m.OIl5t1:<It]~lg r,<Ipid pI10g_3:e:iisfQ[ this ~liJilh.ltech 1IJ'PI.'O<LQlin,[O c<ilJt<lI~]ng "biQdWe~1>i:ty. Re~Jlreselilltat~\i'e:iifrem tegnlatory ~':I~)enci!e!'l olJJtl;ined ptatls to use bru:oQde;s to track wate[ ~IHlI]ity, us we]~ i'!ISim1rs:~"I,ie and e'lit(hlJi1ieil'e~d

"alot ofUllle

iCiROUP
IKIi@~) tt ,Ql

S,AClR
rmH,.p'roA,

boi:Blny ,oomJlnWlity said, "Wl1:oa" there:' P;rOO~ lems w:itJillI tbis,' '" recalls Ctlm.eron. He and

,others thaught mOIl:eoompre:hel.lsi¥e. ~)'stem:atlc studies were needed, R:epl'e.se['lt.ative.s

f~tl'~nthe Al&ecl .P. S] can and Gerd on and

species, Bul de;:.,pi'llC

Ii $tJ'Ong

c£llOrtby Kl'eSf!
i~'8!Jcs;,

alnd ~()l'..:c:f!S of ot~l(lr botllfi!lfSt:il !:i.nd systlClTI:aJ:tist8. ooroodil1.g :for pl<\l!!rn; h~~'ctw, ~c:l <'Vl!iC
dild

gay~l.i-JOOfig Ki.fi\ a ool~ist

Vlersi~y ill Seoul.

notreach

COlmS(;t!Sus" !iliOO,1Wt ;'i~V

'~lQ'

has O\\l~ bafiCQding ~ch!;:me,

:a:tl(;o~-a: U~icorm~1l!!:P with h~s

• irlh Q' S~([lnlll Ini.il!'r.nOlliolllal. E!~I""D,!lIQ ,of n.ilr@o CO!llf:l1rm,~e Vj'a~ Ih@td l!fi to 2J. :5~p~@mlb@:r200,7 l,n, iIT<!ipci, l1i3iiW.m,

Betty Moo:reCollndati"om-which h~d fillil ~[lCledllfflfl i!:ldle f!wae----rofi;,and.cd 'With Ch(lt~e~ al~ (l1'a.tK', fptl.C1. $900,000 re Sl!ip'portthrthc::r ev,a:~u:a'ti,o:n of .tmW".,sbA 'barcode c~!ldld~,t~. MtlJriJ: ha~e iUl!d Robyn C Ki m et.' ,(II. mililtr;. --(J,(pflH 'm14":psh14 -Cowan of tihe ]t:,try:i1i[ Bohuwi~ G~rn"d(:;n8"}Get...,. in$l;ichm U,K •• !!.1rndf'le~c:~wdu~rj; frOIr1J 1<1 ~ rt ,(I'~ f!illl'l~ (J,(p:F1H psbKJJ 1lbo-ut 10 i.n~H!J;!Hoil1l~;~c:n;,~!I!:cd.'IOOIiI."Ir;:~c and er (lin 'thi@ ta~~~. O[~,er I~ IP:;!iS!: m~i'llhs,. r~.sealr,cMIiS ~1Pfi.Cleneg~Qm;in 'l!itech:lboo:p~as,Up sec which & 6 bve pr~~o:5@ds~\!'~r.al ,"~f!ilblIIilWtta,liIS;af D,NI!!rog~OOiS ,colM.ldb~ pll~]"d Ol!!ttby' a s,ingle: 'pm)be. They a]so chDcked % PH!Il'Sof species: .representing ror bmmdlll~ P~ilrl15.

m
'~ ~ ;
,;)I;

~liII'

S:

...

~. ;p. ~'
~,

Sl:

i w,

tlofl pl.mlJitkhilgdOiDl to see: WhlClliD, lO'.lem vari,t1ble. And IheYe:'!.l3]uated the most [100mi;s[ng h!llf~ dozlen ]n spe,c:ific p]il~it grouln:. Kress's S.l!1l~iths.alli,~n g:ronp decfned to pSirHc[piile:~

set of ~]~~rker.swas !lor!: uite decided on;' he; q

notes, Most ofthe,f)es;ern:oohers n:g/I'C!e thBlt ~JHl !Im:J]C]rnse'S mail( ood .Kf.esis'S :!>J~<Lce:r s]n,cndd be used, And. most ,!I1.1e c.:JJUiliiligfor <I Hui.:rd re!ili~ en, like ~yOJ:Jie f the two oth eli"spacers o p:ro~}o:scd by Killil1.. Grabsm aud linlis colIleagues <1!1l13 gomg 10 eva,h,ll,u:e these: rom CiI,W,· di.CL"I!tesand re,port badklEiltel' this faUon lmow well lilley 'i"V-or-k.

sboppullg for a.:lWyonc:seeking !l.l!lIi.wm,fl.l b arcodes. :Bit]t 1lIe1ldmrlB OLD nor pubUc databasesth<1t~f)ciIia,ive DNA sequence:s w~~]BlcCf!pl phmt: b.aJrco(les u]iJrtiJthere ]s a !'iiiiJJilgi!e~g reedstami;md.IF1111ihermm:1!'. BOLD 'iviU need to. de'\lle]oJjl new b!ioi:ntorma,ticsto .ruCCOJ~Imodate hareedes thllit ]l1ch.tde mlU.16p'~e DNA regi,0I1S:. '''I am wolTied dl_atif we don't stm."t
lIiI!lOll

th.ey conl'un1ll!ed refii;n:III'lg iIlil,ey had pFOiIfJOsed.

the: spac

e!f

sO.'ii1ltegy

In tfue 16June iSsue (If PloS One, Ka,\~ and ~is eelleagnes reported tbe~I,·I'!eslJllls,: Th.ey
ado[pl:ed
o\li

more c-omplex

:SU'irte6"Y~Q condWl;et

~ sW"l'ey of 50p,IIlJl!t SP~Cii~; "'We aJl[ w,Obm:ed ~~'le ide:HII,-Ol. single resiOJ,l,~'" Kress recalls. SLIt as h~5te<'!!nlook;ed bey(l~.u!,tlowefing pl~nts to mosses, Uve:n:v-ons, and other dis ..
~ant k~n, t:I1CY!",f111i1l1Lt(l too mach 'i/~ria!tlen,

AJtho~gh researchers oOU:ld~iil'ieu(l)arud eomp~re s,Clql!'cn~c~ilm!c1lr.:.se:ly rd~tcd planta, ditot<.>e~n Wlrlc~a'~ed plallll's s;t~clll as g~lil.we[" and tomatO\!l,!'e:!Ie roo diifen!'I1I;t, Thc~relUcdl>, they su~estis ~''two-IQcil1~ ~I:'oode~" ~Y~~5; bClth U\te tJ'l.!H-psbA space'lt' and part ef a _ge:l1C ealled ,.bel.. AdJdi.ng the gene. whiehhas changed much IllO:re s,im:v]y over c:vol:~uti:on~ <liry time, is useful fbI" d.]siil1lglli.s~:li]]g do.s,. taJlu1ym]ated :P~ll~Jts,.
"II'S 8. cm.1.c,ep!~:]u~tit I. aetu ally like,' SiiI.yS CiI.meml'l. BUI: C:bru;e:~I)~.d GOW91l1 havl:ln't been

Kr~s!:h hot,,'-cvet;,left fl1]stmted. He poitl!ts mrt tllmit iileve'r<li~, lllpers p:r~s:elrn,tedlllt i:Wi(.': .e~,1p il1l,g ~'i!J:pPQn:edhis choiiCe::; for a barccdc, \¥'.ereas there '8 Utdc:p!JlIhli~ihed dlaI'.,jjsupport· ing o'llmer scenarios, He's hes i,t~l~ abou:l: :Wily lh"e~-lgel1IDc !$Ce:l!llf.!~!(i! beC!1iillli~it lJi.'Ouldcre.i'lt(; "anorder of mag!l~u.!d~m~r,c work," A~y~

t~:ill1!k:iilligabtmt this &ital~ii!Ye ,[ptoM~eg.], s;lJ)ddenruy \¥e: W~,U have tlrnO(I~lIi'1d8 of ::ieiiJI~]e:i'lce::l and ~o pl<'l(Oc j)li,I(l them," K~,C8~ ~my.$, tKJ

The po:t~ll!t:ifd. dThf!.O,~i8 ~~flect!Min bm:~'Od]!lglh:r ~~:ad~citi!aJ~ p,]afiits. T~c Smiil1'l!Sonia[!'!

grOUp!hflS dc\!doped

750 .edidMl

~l.a_!:ns.BlU u_ntnJooontly.lK._~8 r

f!

i[)f1r,codc U bra[jl fer

b(Jc,~\i!!$ing yet

w~sj'g't ~wareU~'1.'l!t Liuhas

way~IiiIc ~ySi''''¥e'
baroode r,egifins..

'rt}

Inov~ng, flhe::ld" :I:o:r n,ow' 1!1singh~s ~w,o-

C:omf.;,et1i'iiilg ne.ei!lls .PaJii Qfthe pl;1)~le]1jffi,

is

that p]a,lilIll.\ese:<IIf10n,eI.'s have dJifirerent: needs,

for exmup,e, iii 1l1rigll!:: barcode m ily not be' all that c:ritic~. fot eatrulo'~hlg the pllllHts [1:1 !I. ~iv~11iImoit1ut. where lypicaUy ~he si]'H;;ci,cHi: 1!.!ren: 1 clo~;t~yOO]al)r;ld. "Less thii.iin ~htoo. ~Ild often o~e. g~flle will 1,IiIittlme deibat:e,.lnT:aip~I' •. plallfl: rr'~!leall'(hernj\rai1ll9l~ed over pCltei1ltl.d In.arrode W'Oili( quitt: ""f'~]]" if! a. regi(J!I1:i•. Nkhil91 h~o1Idl(l\iilY i.lt ,not r~dfrhlg [!!lIt ~glfl';:!lnl~lIrt b

eagerto buy intotl.le sIDlte<ID'. E!ld~er,.the;i]!' reillil1lrulliwdaw,lIy frl(jJh rbeL.which wd![.\'i fm <Ii key ,elu:iy~ue illvo~,verll in (;<I!pru]".i~,lg ,cali[ml] dio::!!:ide rorpho,t:osynthc,si:s. IOcc<I!i.II!se they couldn't eome U:Pwith 3,il!n~~rsa:l pl"O'jb.e fi.'lilf puUiiig oul wOli;, ,(i~y-'to-OOqUCjliOOP~~:il·.M folt~he Irl.i.li~psbA :lil,:i'aee:f. (; h:a::le ::5:aJy~ til r::iw
~~l.d:t~, !:it!!gg~5I;ti)~."'ld'ts vOMiflbility

h)' as ,a! umi¥crniSilb~od~. instcadpr(!IJDosed

f1!

limit~ :it8l!t~11..

In the .May issue 'of r-a;xOl.l. O~:aJSlC'S team

bercode w'sing th:roc DNA

loo~~ SUr'V'Cy. Oihalill1 poi1Jl!ts;out ~nd.cedl·~st year. ·~Lclf1'eThbcrk:t of

!JIoscph FOlurncr Uliii~.ve:rs,Dty illJ! Gr enobll;:,Fran(le, w~d colleagues f'Oultd they oOIlM use just one DNA sniPlPct'-a.IV;)illJ:oodlillg p~trrt of.lIg,ellC'-;tol
l

reg'lons, A 'u'~p'~epmbe: is needed, Chase explaiins, because ""110. ne af'them 'ilMrh. unf ... o · !;'!f;rs.S!mY."Hisgn!)l.l(p had !li]! qjtlHe!;1idl~ed ,on '~'II'hich :prmnes \mm Ilhe ~I:; dii:f.1ie:rentol)es help diis;ting')!lis,b (lermin groups ,~fplm'D:ts, (l?Iee~l3llfile~. MMI1\vh[~e:. Kim 1'100slrm::k Cii~utanllni!lo'iND'l in search iflflhe best 'P~S11!ilb.:'1JI.lOOdle~ Ifu: gnllll!p rn.' :Sl:qJllellced the c:ni.ompl.asls. €mm U]~Je plan:ts. i:lil,cfulciliuS:seNcngjJmlseng: species, disc~{r[us :se:vernl. mgi.Qns thai ]JI1Qvid:ed Itll[que specie,s :s[gn atuue s,. K i:m'slYl,g,'OUP <II: so de.c:i.ded O~ .a

a!mJo:t~cr bf!.r:codccQmb~!l'f!ti,on to ,cillm.log Chine:lile med:fo[nall~I~lllS" Ami !;OMe resem.'c1\N':n; aJl"el:l't '\l!I'a:it'imgFol.'

the iS~andard to 1)(;: ecided d

cell abofaJtorsBI.'C'

!.l1P'01l,

Kres.'O ~ndlds

~lue~Ne!i,on bmrood.e-li.ge;l1Iie ;and '!:wO, ::lpi'lC~ ers,---aJm.d c-ouEd d~or.huiru_.tc fUm..-erif:lg pl;<1i[l~!ii

[lbo~e ~~ 1~'UUf{,,onc: Ofe~~<lI8C ailld

IliK~liOOdl.-dSOO K..oli'mj:i~ecie~

[0 oth.Cl gCrl(!,f<i.. ;~m:luding dan~ dc,Hans, ~]lacs" ~fld Cardamiill!. The g;onc they

lbe:]()liiIgrnnglo

C~w,an'~

(:ho:iee$. Usi:!li,g itl~a$lMeU~od, K~'n. hail aJrcady

~
~ M, dU~Ulg: ~he Ta!p(:~ mectll1lg;

.a!mm,-edoo.Md oome
tl'ltCLe;lJrgene8tviU

d.isting1!.lis:i:I h~.rof l32 Arctic s:pecic:s :shJdii!cd alliDd~~leanion" ~olHlo. and ["eik ingredientsi]], a dr~eds()i~1p urix, Tile Slffili.p]JelB.]SO 'WOJ;ked 01,1 p:]a:nt IH<liIil:er !exlracted, (IUm a 2:0)'OOo.yeal"..oM OCo.zcnhUHmH fecit] s.:1lHlPle"he g;mflp~)<»ted t OU]]g,l,e 1.4December 2006 in N.w::l.ei,C:.l.icias l?:e;s.ea;n:-l~. Uey sugg,est thalithis limited b~r~ ,oocJje l1!'Oly(Msuilitice for trac;ldn,g p]an~ used ~n !he Food lmd roiSlnetic~OO!ll5triles. 1['1.COlm,W'lst, ta."IJonOlJllrus.ts need 1t.1Ofe d.epth, withillllll g:emJ.:.c~noJagh DNA to re'4'ieihl, the dewee ,of rc late:dness.1 ntr-Oll;!l: and :ip.lIicer ~iO:flS don',!: :a1!WfijfS dJo~hat~ tr!iUl:ti[plc g,(;l'!es
~S:~~~:r1.ti::i~ a>g\tcthat {'l~!lfi~lIl~ylllll,ve'to 00 part

b~rcioding the: 300 tree

species :Ull~. ~o:Jmg..;~m'iln site1:Jm,P'!Il1rl;ii1l:m. s]lI:dtllne'y:p]an to do the smu.e lilt 16 otW.er !IllUd:r sirte.;sru:oood tllie '''mrid. Chase :~. rou~, Is de\lie~g o(piug <I IJim'Cooe.rnt.1.'I}.1iS\e of e'IH~nily:red lrop~ k-;,lffi trees fOJl t.n,e UliIIi,t,ed Ki,[lgd.Qm to IUsc;:~in de~el::tililg ~~~egil"] tinloel: ~lHpo:rt'.s. The Sloan .FbmuifLt~OI:1 hilS: <u;;l«:d '!Cameron to dJ'dfi: ti,p]an toc:oal'rnill<1!wihe b:aliCoding ,oft1ile woJj']d's~e specie,s. And. Genom,e Canildil is; .500 p,laJl'llts

:stoo:r

,ocftlc.;~u·(i~)dC~lL't. "'It's aJ Qrwh~22i'liw~uio~'" d~scys:~~o'~:~ sa.ys Gra.h~m."TbecritcriaJ tlO pk~k tihc:~e 1§ i!{"i.'ereint'ell~e. l'hc KorCiJJ1! ~trnoogy limbbl.cd t!'W_r~ej1l~!1e s~i;\vha~ cQ!J:ltradl~~~o:ry:' ~ 1!lp a;~·qjuhe pf'li)mi~lolg" ~_ys pl;aJllt :systc:ma1ti5t BUIUheve!s :aJ :growIng necd~o COlmllf,;tlipw]th ~ :Selln Gn:h~nnof tile Uni."\IIersM.y' O'f'British ,S! so~udou.~Ug~ t: nfl\V" t he Ba:roodei ,()f Life
. In a~l, a'bol.ilt "~l~t~~di}~e~ prol~~!Sal;s c~e
~ eo.hll:ll'Ibia :unVaillco;uver, 'OImm:da .. 13m "11 n11l1l~

.D!I.~l)IJ Sys~:ems (.BOLB) SCn:NCIE

provides

Oirl!,'l-sto;p

into ~ ~cbeiline to deve]op b;1lircodiesfo[ tfue coo~ury''!l! :5000 ploxl!I!l spcC!~e,s,. Yet despi:lC a:nih~s activity, David Schi!l!ool" ''c~mive 8eii:Jet:'!ry ft)r &'c O:lI~gorthtrn for~'~ Barcode 'of lJfe b~.s()idilf! WaJsih~!lS:ron. nc." afg\i~ for plWtk!mce. "This p:r.oc~~ has~~kC:ri 'Io~ger $'a!~la:lltici!p~teda~dcerfainly lon~el:' th1!!glW~1'!~~:lie l~opt;;d:'ho:; points QY!t "BiU,t, 11:~~1~ end (l(f'~he d!fIY" It~le~ta. wHl revea'l wh~(;h aT(: thfllnQsI: eibc:!ive h:igll"pc:ribl1n~ng~'egicn~s:" -!lI.ZABIE1iH PEIN 1111151

,''o'IfINW.scienc:emag.org

VOL.:na

12 OCTQ;SIEIR :2007

NIEWSI'OCUS,
ASTRONOMV projeots thm Ug),Ollt Europe. 'T~lI~uali.t:y (If q t~n'!S!e~m:;ky;[l[l omervatGl.ie;sis sueh tn:ffi poo~
fessimlBl[ iiIIS,OOOO!lilll'eJSare ~'e;gll1wr lliliier.s,

To,o'lled-1Up ,Am,at'eurs, A,re J10iiniing For'ces Wi'th fhe Professienals

Il1Iobb!fi Sts:w1iIIO Ilo1!!lle ,ttl e [milg'iilt sky ali!!1 fillildiing~harttilill@,l diE!lm'illlf! d wMth ,DicadE!mic adlffll1llQ 1iIiI@1!f. r :s;ki IW~"aJli1IdItetesc,op,es,ilJllei n IBARCn.O N Aj.5,PAIIN~By d.ay, AnhHl~o ro plOlywiih telesoop!ils.W"i]lliiam ,He-rnchelwl1i::l O.~~n;ig6ii:l-S~;n.;il1Ir;:;r;SeC!Tl5 ]ike1~~1nlil!ll'!~,}'~!y. o ;1J.jll '~nglilJ!iS'l i,lnd cempeseein the Engllli~hID,vn (If :Bflili!\\lh~l1,i!1 .~ ] , he di;so~)'i,ered Uran,l!t!t 78 Thcpr(ll!d~6·YCf!r-old f(!ther of twogir.ls w~ks as a. techllh::falrl t:I.t a:p:rffi~ltin.gf1rm" Bu~: mnNorth Amc~&ca, aua!lCi!..l1iS begmle~ch11nglng 'OO~CMl,t:h)!l8filld t~]C(!ll)'\:t']~ pmfus8ronaJ~ as Iby n~glu., he tff.!!il8fo:!"!TIs. Atkrs.11,lnd.o:wn. O.~rrig6s-&!lmiri,(,:;!~,m;;ri!I~lohiili ulldi::rgrouM ,early as l868\.vith thcfOy~lding ()fme R.Qj'~d ,ofCa~lad~ Ih,llt thi~,gl'i l:;I)ir <W b~ellil~er~t alflCe!hiail:~u~li notre o:u:~ef AS:lrml(l.i~l S;Qci('),ty rea!],y gouooo.killg IJ1HHI \VIlen tl\J;(,)Amel~eal) pl~ce at: NAS.AI1l::adq'~~!tI.1e'lJ1;. Th.e~~b. sre Ulilied with shelv,es ef instn~lnC'clliilh" journah s, As!;oe:ia~!~olilief V:'lri~'ble S~~:r O~l>Cirveni. ~s.'tr(!irlOlnic!l] :reful~,e]~c:ebOQlk:s. a!nds:tacks of {AAYSO), :sta:rted.pooliag d!lt~ in wha,t ~ll1S dlllta bao.bull d.~sks. Amffiwith <'IfewcHck~ <lit Ule beoo.e tbe worM.'s.~argeffida~.IDue Ofam!ll'eMT compater on hi.:> desk. G~rr.igQs~Sa[lcJrnez is ,R~r'ClllOmlcali dbserva:li.ons. U "MIslolJlldecl ~I,t :staring illLto dcep spao.e. ~'larvaOOl Uni.m:sHy t:oeml11'e tba.t tbe observatiens made by ;[]JIlHlIenrS, would not belest, Behind tlin,e G~r:ri!os~S ~Jllchc~ domicile stsuds an obse~lf'vato:ry liThe u[h b fnllu oft'"the-=shelf eom pO!ffillelUs. Through the ope]i)jdome of the
j•

11]el'C:are severalreaseus t'odhils blossemiing,says Richard .lfi"e~llbel:g, cdiUtUf of :S1.ry ,& 'Fa/esc-ope m"~'lZine,,"But the bi\~st 1:meakthrcm,shwl1I!J the ceo eamera," he slIyS. "h'i:nlilllI1erullfle!y alIl~ved1l.lS.IDsoo,objoc1S ~Otinlles tliilliteil' '!i\'itll~.the sruanel:e!,escope·s,.:' The cr ch.. 'lIfge--coiuptedi device, camera h~ beecme '!be' ~inc quano:!1!of ~tOO!lOfTI-

eco.

i~<1J diJ.ilt colleclicn 5i~lce lts invention j, decades ago, as 'i\tt;;l] as ~~,,,,~dglg p08sib'lc choop '111&0eameras <\1ind dugit8!~phooogrflr,lly"

oeD eameras ~~ru()W asnonomcrs to

C~O!l\1(;!1

tradit;~o1l1l~i. ph01()gr~pl1y" photQlns itrigger a e:l1ie"llllkl'i~['I;!:S1cti!OJl in 'I be fil:mtlll~n~ af!el~ $eive'l'wl stel) s' e f dc:velop.ent,lu,odu ce~ me~~Uic grains: that !lrd!d IJ!l tn an im!l(bre. BUI: in II OeD Ci8JlllCm, [lldd~utphotofl'nI5 di.mct:ly create an

p1~ot,on~ [!lito cl!~ta much ~llore c'lficim~tty. ]n

electrical pu:~se ilia. iii. eireuit fila~: ,calm,be reeorded an a co;rum.pui:eras a pixeL n,e ~OOSl ~n effich:IHly-eCD ca]"llle:ra.s detect 7'0% of pliaJatons eompared with

ttiihllls20/o-suddenly ~!I.nnool ~nllln"

liliebac~lltrd teteSCOJi1e!'li~i~:O "vel)' pO\\fCrfuJ tools," s:ay~!fi,el1berg. who was r~nish~n~ his a!>t:ro~ physi,cs 'h. D. ~t H!~nrlll)d ~n1\he ]980:swnel'1 CeD c,amera~,,"ere f~~toomi!1g into, lTIirMwi~s~m ui5e ~gOOt1igpil'o~t>,i~1 ~gLTO!l~~rs.

Ci(lttilSe·'si,ze:d bu iM ~[)s: points a

telescope
<IS

bi,gHls a torpedo.

Ni;ht OI.I:1I:er ni,!:1;ilt. g;l!I:i:d:ed by his COlll,utelt. i.toollect8 light ft,oITI a ~~o'Gf~wo~ ci~l~tiii~ ,ol*ic'l:8f!ild

rooordis its d~.t1 on disk. G~ri,g,6sSiiJ!:!c:h:e~ Q~I'i~'t do thi::: ~lJ!lyrijr d

~h,ejoy of\>~~~.ing the fiI;ight :f:iky; ~~s d~t:aJ aJn: vital :Eo:r several olil,glo~ng ,a!cadc;mi,c rC:llcarc]!lp!:,ojeers, and hk;;l!Ji~me aJppcars

Ch~ap, m~s<~·pf(!dtN;;tiO!J1J! put ('CD pfu.Q'l:Ogf~phyinlhc lrn~!HI~

of am·atciur asrreueaiers by the

carIy 19908,.
The n.ewOOU:llity of d:tgit8il. da:t:mJ lThSl>'equi.r'ed heavy-dJuly CiOlllpt~t~ r

,f1S

C(:HI'~.r~hor 011 ~.

~ningofp,eer

..

:rev]e\:\i'Cd ~a1P'el'S.

Amt~()ng s'Cie:llIufic f:te~d:!l"l;3!SifO.. m;oIIl'lIl.ll<l)l be the :~ru;:l: ·onei'llli which amatears ean s[<undshoulder to
!;;ho:!lklb wiHThpl~Oress;i.OiI:l!l~:SM1icl e:llivel·Ojlu~ of know ["1iOif,l lijullliity •.[)ata :liketlii'!l~ C)b~Mfi,,!'ti oj' oll,i'arbblert~rfwm edg.e. ln some cOISes. jt]]j;ey iUFe even iiI~ butt'lllr ro:r p,rofe~:5'i();il3I~ ilfiUOlOOmm ..

i:rclg, midlam~~e'~r$~l~veplased 0\1! a rele here (1$ wei l, All amateur:sc:ri.ptcd prognrun e alled .MiB:x]m D.L (lontml:stelesoope ~}Ositi!mJilll~ Sind the ceoc: am. era and '1):1"0"!IJhIlw~·

exp

lI:!m,dthe

ollitoOJ~,liPeting pmf'ess~on3]:S For :fl::;se'i11l'ch grants. The past decade

reooi:ll:Silmx:

]'iIok'glc::ll[ ~ml0v<ltrioIlll8, and chc<tper cJ()mpo~' lilents.,lBasic reseaech C~WIII Oll1y bene!fit by t~P"
01li

mi ammDllli astJiOfl.omy

f:JlllIS SeeJ,l,.a ,du.e to tech·

ping into thisreseuree, say:s Jo~ph P:.a!litcrsofl. v,~ity; ;'lhe811imtotaloft!1~m,dl'l ,~:dI energy
~!TIO!l(g.the'!,;\\'o:rld~ga!t!.u:~lI!r 1Httfi'l!1M1(;fSVl.'IS:dy

profus~[on~[

!l:8Wll.0!Tl(;:f

at Co~urn.bifl, Uni-

~)Weoos t~'mt fp!!Ofu~ioi1a1s~n o 'Clh~iIIp~oob,I'Q'!I!g niigh~

Amal.ieuf 'J.stmmomcrs are qu.k:k to P~]liDt'Ol;l!t t'l'll:S!t: d1te:ir researCh ~l~sa '!ong peclJig'.'Ioo. Ma_ThY
I:l!stllOnDm~ca] P10l1ioorslWeiC

I~ch :lWnel:TI. \\"ho

~~oo

t~ll,i ssoftware is: sup ill eb,:. sllys AAVSO di.:rcahlJl Arne l'~ende'l1, ;::. MVS(J nmli'h'l~:S a!J,out :I • .ift~iol:l ohl;e],'¥<IIlIUol:Is, •... :Jllu),it~sheavily used b¥pmtes:sioiIJitlls," The iii progr,E1nl is, or~ (l]ilrnongrrmny, he: says,.. ~ peifye1iil'inm Ml<iIClltrs In 45 ccantries. J};e o,t~].e:rkey breaktlIDroll,gh W1J8061 ][le ;, . The ~ca]e: ofs1Jd.1.i1l'i1:1iI~~utsc:iGJ:1'tificdrott:ii, isunknewu in ,other fidm,. Om<l~<iIne 2 500 vol,· oorrnnNlniclItion. becaeseit CJii;1lblle8 ebservers ~ unrejcr bidIQ.gmsls,~tlJdyi.ng,wlJ]t fly dev,e]()~·' to react q;l.l!i.c.kLy to f11~-chlll1,giIl1g eV(i;ifUS."The m~!1Itlj!,,.jth s:t~bN)f4hc>{1jrt '(J(p.lipl1:ront:ilmJdl()!ir l!ltcmClt is,ke"".··to i!itc: ~lllmnro oftl~ [1Jl~;a~l~r-~ ,.r ~ 0 ,owt! ~]o:mes,,) Tbe AAVSO :!!matcur~, co .. proiftssiorn~& d.]vidiing ]i!.lc,:' S3I_YS Hlendo:n. A ;<1 ,1!Iil.t~orod30pce:r·reyie",~d! pfl,(;;r~l:ast yr.la:r r~CM'I:e;xilmp]c i~ thi(;;obs~t'\l3Ho1ill of an 8!Iorue.~ndthe; ~~oeiation !:.j~H.ia~iY scv- ~tr,e!llcly rare pair of :;l~1lif~. knm~l asV455 hti~dil ler~la:c:trirverr;;ge!U"Ch !;lJ:itlrn!t!ii ~t any Q m~ time:, And (for "AndrQm\~da'C"), illii,w~~ilCh white ~ [)Q,;l;e1m~ofother r.!~m,~k8 hff:!I"C~~!,te.d u:p ~!:'! d"v.fIn is, !Sucking n1a;U>er from Hs, POE! nne:!"; 1;1! ~ h dlCp;'!.st deca)[j!e. Oa.mg,6s-S.funiclX\z i~part of a bro,\w, d,\wrf:, ,Pro:~~siof.u;d,s ave beetr1ll \vmti'MIlg i n31l:ceIOlla':basoo g.n)lJ~ ,cal.led A,.$I]·QGea tha,t f(lr ~he whhe d'Mmdto gather e:l\tO"ugh trude-ail: ~: links a:lmRJtl::::ms whh IPm~eSS]O]1m~ a:s~rO:I1I,ollly fnd to beCOMe'·calady$.k;~'rc~ea:s]ng ~ e,
~I

a rneb;r~1!rd

eesses 'l:l1edata, '''TlIu: 'qlUal.ity of

~i

W'

1'9.2

:;uddh~l~, expl.'OSiml of ligh~ ItThmt IIllOOVi~~ wluah]e: datn C!!I1i SLd=

.I~r fNoh.n;liioJl. Tile owbil..ll"St was ]lot expeciiCdt:'OI.' decades, but :ut: lil<llppened,"m ::I Septe;.be!l,. ,1\

"does have fillat ,e:X:~Ir8. FI(IUy'IVOOd1l'lllCCt, ofhelp~lg~O 1:'l1Je= 'itell.lJt 81g.[obfl~ ml.mslD:op.tue;' says

apanese 'U111<'I!II(:u[' spettedit and sent 0;11,]'[ a notice Ollllli,m,e:. <IIndlljlmtet~rteh::,:soolles aFOUI'Id tlii,e 'i,-"'Od:d S'!;!,i:ive,ic.dttl' Ciip;tLUl'1e '~helbr,ief cvem.",M.l<1it~r.~· are lemlling theobiServlltioo<i,l stl.1dies," :8ay8, i,"lcJlitde:!1!, ,m!idi "'ilbe!)[;; wiU be R1a~ty~~nport~tp.ilIp~r.s
j

Wal1'iLe~:H'D",Y QM:eof'ttuoll:~ands t of]1,earby asmewio:s could deva starte' thli!,p~;net 011 iJll:Pi!l:ct ..

Wame~r's achievemen tsin

'~be fic[d
]illMlke 1"11111,1 :stand mH,

b1lll.1 he'S net Wiique, TI\J,e, Il~m-

e:xplodcdi ~impl.ybocflil'~

r·e·se'J;l'ch c·oU~bOir~ltiol1:S has

them,"
~.)I'll<

bet of i.1!m'l.teur~profeS5iQ;t!1ln I
"!pl)O-

f:ess,~nal a strenemers n (led e

Pamcia L~mpcns., H~,():R()y.~1

d\i!ID,~ wHI. eome Hum this C\,t'l;:nt" R~.d\dij";lllg'~lIi!ililtel!JIr But arc a~1.~te't!l'r 81s;tIXliIH,nnc:r~ ;aJw!lI:re 0 f how thei ~:' @bSCI:\",9.'t::i.Ol~,!ll ttsnslste ~n~o realseiencc,?'Thcy a:IlC"!lays .Fienberg.

~u~! str"ln(!!~n~F at ~

Observatory ~f Bdgi~fIll in B.njS('i.el~, Uero~vliii, f~ei]d of researeh, \!!lru sble st:a:rs. is: a
e~se in p!!)ii~n.Tll,is 'CI~$S()if slm's :i s :m.;y s,t:er~ous be e aase ~j~eJ'

"'U>S mIl azlng IniO\V\:vell!iiQf_e orii:lemt'bllmMthe fi.eJd:· Take B,rl;fll:l U Wamel'. 1'0]" en!lm:1pl!e. (l'hei.ni tial di: sti n~
gui:slu:,s

WOw bri;ghrer ,m~clfai~I:el' perJ= od:ically.1Cl tease arp<lrtl:1iaJe m.iuiliy ca lLl:Se'$10 f v.Bl"lElbHiJy" d~m. must: "tIC:coUectoo (H)]ltl:rnll~
o~,slyt~:m:n~~lonrr: HIstar's ,cycle. whkhC<11l mlge:fi'oHl n~dm!.lI~es

sional astrenemer in Seurh AliTictl ..) '.~ ~ot myfrnnt ceo

h~mfro]liI1.

a pm fes-

in ~992,," :says W~:lI'ne:r, who

was werki lm!(!l<lis: a computes

IIIr,o!l;rarmmelf and te~'evi~ ion repotteU-Dli1, eoklr1'lciQ S;prinss. (:o]cr.iiido,M the. t.i~tc. HI~ is piiit ofiil iiilet.'wOl'k of more t[ll\1:ll

to ye.:1n in dWiltimt, to obtain aJ "light curve," G~tti~ljust <I single ]rui~ht"rneue ofHle major pr,oilf'essi enal tel escopasis mreW]~HlitJg:g the ]ott:~:I'y. bl~t
ai1!ia'leliifill·

liu avcl~e.·~]ij;';uil)'''

~000 iHltefm~!tkm,!1 <i1!!tHlreUfl'l scru~n~ng our ~o~atr )·si!;;;rr!'s ~ • inor planets=-rhe aJS:llCfokls~ndr.'he[r tlk, HOst olf""4lIich orbit b~'(Jfl'lld .. aJITi, M<UlJYi:!re a~ M big a~ m~llilllili'!lls, hut just r'iudi:ng t~e~n the in
.i11likyfu~acl<liiiess~sa feat
lIhiut[OOTh ,()ftll~f;bodlies ]S

Fai~'th,e l(l"\l1i!ofk.Aiifl'l!!IUlnO Gaili!igoscSiilll;cillef (rigbd in a homermad'e',o!Ilse,rnatCII~~IBadryiCrd !,!!dl!~I,ls; ~.~ as ~~~,r;:,@ro ~~.!iilflg~lmlwl~ll !}~i~~glill!!lrs~!)t@ Its!~~lr! Qg4Il~oo~ti~m;,

Mapp:~~lg the disItri." n~ded ~ i(,':o.rI~U1'li!l m.odeb of lm;ow the sol!l:lr sys te:m evolve d, Armed! wi.mceo cmum:as. all1l<'Lte:ru:s·becalll.e l~tte:.... lfllY G[I[~]eO..'>, ~PO:l"ti~,lg ~n1[1dred::; of:PI1ed vi{illl5:~~I.1l:liden"li[jed sstmllomlm[ bodies,. Th<l,t [lOn,n~;z,"i.eame tQ ~Ilm, end when the pIQ.Fessi!on,iIJ.s ~llglillt 111)in 1997 w~tJ:l,the r..1:St fiull."s~ dig~tal Slll:¥eYS. "'But matjusl cl.lEIinged
tlii,e ~illlIm!e:' SlyS W;Jr,~ell" Instead
m1c\W

minerplanets,

lIi1iU,l:1iIlleurs

ond,entif.ying: fo,c;u!led the;i~'

!l]]d

ies far ibeyolldthe rea.,(lh ofdlC major p~ailC:~s, . Over thepast 3 years, ~e h~(; idclmtifiedflve; pairs. Tl:~e di::,cffil'Cry helped! utte Ol.lt rhe tug, .. 'of.gral\.l!my U~eC!(I'y~ al~Jdl!l1!!IJa!,;' ,ex~,!Ia!na:li!ontb:l1: :solar hea,ulliig C(f!uses~Ol:3ttolla[acce~era,.. , Iii on d.\,!;t flings, ,clW~~l'iu QW-!llluldelil1i.e OO'!l.erof &illl.!cel,m>'i: year(,MNo:ve.b~r:ro1}6 ~ Wa:n1Ie[" :~s:stJteepish alho.ut camJmg hjn1:self ;ml,anuatC:'ll!t: these dJ:iJ:y:s.becallLl.se he las learned tI mlIkl ler's degreein ,lIstI10no.y ~ from J<lli"I.li1i: s Cook U niveHuty in t:O'i""lSvti~:te.Australia, <lind is CI full member of' [he Ame:ri.cm:II AstronQl1iil:i~ ,cal, :IDci.ety (AAS), ,IJiI oIg<IInizail:ipn general.]y open oJrn.ly to, pli'O:f,essi,onll~:t'lstrolwmcli's.

ofobse r-vlngwhene'\'C'w they \~~rt,8h~ say~ Afl1<T~rn ::.Lu:ll! a:s af!in:i.g6~.. {!~1.::;he-~d~e]{'lfiCr S " very h[g h-quallry dam" on the :sall'l.~le t~rgct over '~ma!lil;y weeks ,00" e,Velmm(Dl~.I!i" FOO':I~ee, The S1Je:n:i1!r lilln~ 'Clur\!Cs cataloged by AAVSfJ

a:re of.smUmr

qU~][ly"

fbr pro:FeS&itOllals~o m.ke $dV$l,~e of this free resonrce" some sml. olfda.ti.Il.!1:: agem::y ]$1 ~l:!ql1ired,. ·'Wha.t's needed .is: all ei'""!c~e:l'it $)Is= rem to cClim.u~o1i~llofes:;;ifo];l;<IJ~ : <ISmOOi~l'm'S enetn-eue \\!.it~~. well-equipped am!lle'~~rs:' s;~ys Fienberg~. lie: is now help]Il,g1D set up aJ "IPJ:o~ a.mllte'm.'regi:stl)"'· tirur1QtlgJ~, AAS. Peofiles of ~1,1~em3timm[ a.ma.'i:01.I1lr""S will include the~.r tel.e~ sco[p'e spedJ"iC!ltions, Ob8eJiVilm~ eillpl::f,ienc::e. OlliU,d e-mail addresses. Andprofes,si.ollal.

nt~~

effort:!! on characteriaing

H'IDe:m, .fI!dng m

repC<l!ted oose:nm.tio:ns to

granted on the basis (JIf]wispl!lib~~sbed\¥Olk.

Bla:t he ~ti]]cOJrnSid!~ IriliiL'iSelf I:liule mte,1JF half m of a, c~~,aoo~al:iol1 begom ma mirlo:rp~iirl!~t thil~ !oolli!t;rencc~.1999,vhe!1 hc~t Aiaf!lli:a:ms., .31. pl~!1~ml' 3!5:IrOn~~~l!1;:r3'tth(l SP!lOC:Sde~!Ce ~n::;til1l!tei~Bolilde;r.,. Co~.or,ad:o. ViI<'a:tn(;l!l" him, .. ~cJf 1!;,!I(jI!lj .gnln'~!ilfl',om 'I!hc U.S. N!!lt~O'i1lI~ru Sci1C!~I(:cIFO'i,[lldialiJl}1l :!lId NAS:Adl~8 year, On,e o-f h:i::i ~lissi(!!:!m:!l t~ca:Ia!(Jg~he ~in P:,Ope:flic,"l of i$ .fI]·~bowlln! :nr.;:a;r.Eartll Qbjec~. b~s:ed O!lll h~s .. ,ob~enS!ta.:,l!ns !lEd ~h()SlChJlI~le: ~~rer,!In.In;:.Aside from the vahle IO h,fIJ~iiC 3de:n:ce.the pmj,ec.l

re:vC11] t]u,eili!s~

ro'l:.atiotl,d speed ~lmd\vllf:!he;r!hey are ("hired

Iby their 01i\!]1)i:ny~.l1oons. A]l;d tll1i~~~where t ",\Marm,l:l".~!1d o.thic!3~tooe~' i:!'ItQdlC scionce. ~ A bt~mullg 'qL!cst:ion :ishoiwlll!lI'lotp];;a:oo:t.s ~ ~,(;qi!i:i~ the:i]' O.\,Vll sateUit~8. Th~: prcvaili.qg ~ ~1itet)ry ill '~h.l~'OOfls heild tiI'1,,>:!~:if'~ :millQr pIa!ii!et ] !l'(o,tjl~~ clOillC t:Q ~l~ 'C"11ionm~s 'body h~c 'M.f.I1i.

hl 1Istn:momy, sa:y:s
a:ii~omc:r c~~h~:eirl
,1lt

asrronemees willpos! d,et~Hsabout their reseaceh p~jeCl::s andwh1Jt k~l(lls of oo~eJr'i,i.a~ tions,the.y ~k., 'f.!w registry ]:'l bouadto ~urt~l(; al'l'1i1I~OOrp'rofe8gh')1~alli"~'!1C fu:rthell'. W~l~11J it eemes
D,o:!'!,ll[d

Kurtz, all!

I
IIo!

~h~uld be t~klC!l i'lm! it~Q!ig;imd Frefilch me~n]ng"~ a"'lo\'~r"

(.1:[

the U!:l~w,w(1;i~ oifCet1Ilr.id l.~n.Pre$~Qmll~ UK~. "ili!~~e!l1n 'am~leur' aJS,tronOliilI.y. mot ll~eSc~arily
-:JO'IHIIN IB:OHAPilINION

~tlil,r.;: PIilU of i~ gJaVilo/

, .

C!lliil
_

br~k
~

a 'Ch'MIIl~l~e
..

~ filolllll~le$mal~.body"t;; s.~~If~cc. test ~hat t:!iteTh ei ory, Wa['II1.er Se<I!rdl!edfo!' i111.1clngpail:s ofbod.

'11IJok~llJJg ~l~.5hlll

ooli1!,lemmlsirun_gs," N,ew Eti!rOp~iVn regl!~a:lk)!l!Sf:Orthe R~g~5Lf~ti(j~i'Eval~~liti(j~,m~d Ali<t!@()riziUior'i of Chemicals (REACH) l'eq;~i:reindiJ1t3tty to pr'Q\;:Ide datc. 00 O~h~f ~~11~~hftv,e~l!mil§:!rregllnJ1!.- &l~ t(l c:sta:bHsht~ie 8afutyQf~u~w~d ~:d~iring(;h~mk~t5. UnitCld Th~ t!O!ll~.Pe;~mBDE disa.s~oc:ia!h;:~ from S,I;f!tes shQuld :roIlO'!l" s,~it. In Cf!]jfOf.!l~~'j A:s~el~.lbl:rm~fI Mf.!~k Lc~o foronmalliid luigmtcs; iuto dlie ind.oor elmlvl- i:nt:rQdt~c"d AB 706. ~. btrn~ t:hal' .autho:r~2:cs the state to oonsider W!llllcnt [especially hou~e:fuJ[)ldd1.lSt hUlfiIliaJDl health :!l!1:td 'cl~vkl)ll.ellm[i.pa(:ts;~ as \¥eU asf1ire ~fety,. 'i."~1C:r! h~U;S:llitdrus shOI!,:\l'[ha~pe]]ljJI;!I!B,[)Ei~ rcgul:llting nfllmma.b~~ity.. TM.s bm~.wo~ld IProh~bit the !IiIUl:1it: roxie e blaa:ccum1!.l.!la,t1nga'lld ~l!!Isthe poteliltla][0 daIS ses (l''f du:::mks.l.s .In.f~n~ltIL[[C.m:~ttr.esses;, !l!l1Ld bed c ~oB~,i.ftI,g ,~d'Vel1:e'y aii:~~: h~Uh (9)1 ,alldlb.-: e1mivi (Mll~eliS UlC 'I'li!:aJ~l~f~ct'~rcr ~s;Jl,~t!lIb-H$:hI·~hdr s1!fely) and :$imp the c:ydc .. o:he[pl<aJcing (lIfle tox;uc fire ret'S.rds'llit \vith 9no,t11H~I:: romnent, W~ 2003~ Ca~:iforn]a b.aJmled pe!lmiISlB.UE: dg)t other sl:a!le:s ,Sind t.he Fi.re.retsJ.'da;rltchemimllsin O'lli~ lsomes s:h.olJlrl not poseS! greater haz.ErloopeaM' Union (EU)mHo-wed sui.t In ard to mil:' ~mea.Uh eII'!i'.i~nrummt tlm.lil the :f.icsk and oftltetwes they aim SIUp201M, tJllifl US. m3lWufattumer VOhMlhuily !Xl!>edl to pl.'evenl .. Eq[lTI'IImlefilt o:r gl'efIte:rfi:re safety ~an be. a:c:l1ii!e:vedwitl:i ceased pmdlnction. new tlecihilml.ogj.es ;il1md mlllileci;l~s.flhn:liiture design, and green chemlsi:'1'. ,glruENE. BLUM P.entaBD:E 'W3S replaced by ch]oiri~· nated [rilSa~lJclI 1I.I~lllbllOWt:l pmj:lwiet<lry (emlter OF! ~!'Istl!l!tiOt"'s iil!d Go ...em.~nce; IUlnllrers1l,. ~rCiim~miit BerklelE-y, CA 9'.i!n~,fllSll. mb..t1JJ.m> 'COJ,l.tiliinilllg eheuricals such as R@'@fl!iiOO@i.§,i!!IId N'~!O 'c:hlo:rua,~kyl pho;spljl:ffiI~e:s., h<ililogenated L [, 11:,. :H~II ~", "l!i;S, 11m, n~E!n.lIili~l trli1! OOalh IfM~~by ~~~~·lfir~Jlrn:lI~!~1~mlIR!!!!!~ffl'l, DM~i(ln. N!a~icma~. ~rCII!(tM1 rusorla1i!lln, Qui~ .• JltI.,. 20M). Fir~ <Iry] ,ecsre:rs,;bdtetr.abrorrJo~hthiIll'lre dii(l] ~ Ttri.~1!! .~ru:! roort~ (if f'if!i~ F!gliJIl~ Md Ii:!g[:!~tJ(i1i lJOO!l' i01!~dl!fa~~II: '~~(!<r.ll ( m J~[lLlI~· ~: diest:er~ v.fiiic.h mtliy be ~;O ~mfei[AIl EPA tirm by ~lt,CPS( r;CIP'5C ~tJfI,a!raft .~oo\'m!l!'Dr u~lnG~d~llIrillIlLl~ 1I~ll1l!1liolbllll.}', 1Mi1~. SIi!!IJdy ofdl.ese chenffJ:icaiEis,i:J:~lIire.a!'i (;If ~a;I'J~1, U\S. ~rnal.e (~ RlerGlim M·(J ~? (1S,204~~ !U,S, ~iIliItf! sm :a!l<l61,;I~ii)pMdill!li (iii . • .Ia:it~d ~;tl!'u[Wn!s.PBiDIEs,lU~d l!allrcrni\li ~Jate ~~U:lilLill'll6lO4·1D req,uill! b!l~1l!I (100 !}iI!llIA'O lCilire Tire iElilrdiilll ~rn, .~J:ll'I" ceneesu, ,i!II:-J "!(veU 11~~]afJe' d$i!ta gO'lp'~ for iilS,HrC1 ,rlltiiudiilnts ~nflilmiwlrll.. .6Q.'4 (5t!1'f.~f (.;[li~l!!)fIja"Clep~rt!'!~MlIl 0l1lW1I!1i1!Mf~if:l, l)I,ItAlfif" 2005}1;<f!;~ 1M ~ill$ il~ I~~r ~. human ~calth and (:!\vlr'Oll~licnt.a] &dbt;r Il<lH5 (Illi!KIi~ Ha<iIle Elil1.61O, N:ewJersev ~l,emb'lt lBiIl22'99, Newl{ai~.tJ&eII1!i!b' Eli~lUi. f, ar~ sirucftllllraHy silil~ilar to th!i! inRmnalion for all oftMfIm. (10). ",!II!! Ferorti~I\I\lfIi<lSnte 'BiU9!l1.7a;} l(l,!l>~;J!l [aIJformiillBl!U fQf rurnilJ.!r,~n~~i6.;r, § hO'\\i1il ihillIimIEilllm)l'ic<lUlts IP[!l3:s" 3- JI.IBltml, B_ N. Ai1!I.~.,j S'd~CE' ~ 9~, l7 ~.~9",7). ~ While '''¥e CGlltii\l.iC to risk IOU~h~lth IP(Ss, ~ioxi Iil'S, (lililjj ti.!~~I:'iS<. IrQ 11_ .lIt n. GiJldl, A. BI.!Jm, 8~ ~. jl~~, SritJm' :1;00', i:l!S (1'.11,8]', ~; li:IJrough i;:XPO$!J:Ii'l';~Q!l'lesellCta:rd:a:nt8~ add11tijlOil to havnifllg sifli111Lar ~)iI'A" 18ElIm' tr. t:flt.• Stt~{:e' 2.101i IID2(1'(l,'9'7$).. 0 rop!"(i'wdc~~,~~r~bl,e IiIlI~lCha n~~,iffI!!; 01'tQ:(i:CJiry ~ii1 <Iil~- mey do ~Qt.ftPlliJC<U s, lMptJn ,M ,Cmcloop~ llt!itMl:1! ft[i,r;mll? {Ui:~;. ilejfl.3i1:II1,~;nt 11l1.HlI:lil~h ~lId HLlm.a1l SI!!M~t!.~.. ~ fireprotCocdQlI!, FroM. 19:80 'to 1999, ~[[Jlimiilil[I.1iilidro!cW I~,al'rll. ~~aKln rFIa'i!1Illl! ll'mt. ~r. 2005.l: 5 !I!l1il!ll ~rud1i~SI' thll.Y ~Ilso bi(it~ !!:CyiSJllih,goiJI'Illj[llljlo.rll~l!rt(!!r:ltl\l'pFon~I!!~6Url~.pdl. .0' :st![~es that did m;1t ~:eg!D~a~ i)un,ib:ur,e 11IlIlIIlatei:l:l'ld p ~r~st ill bOitil 7" . :n~n ~~ .In fiIlI'l)I' ~~HI!:SW~mt. c.l' f1~mi~ r!ll<lmi!'litl(F'R)' {fh~,fI'Ihta~~ill p. hiJl~~la.M "1l~lnfliills. andl f1i'11ll1!1~~:FIMluty esperlenced declines in i.!Ipllllill!;itf!'~ 1'umir-lUf>t!lbiam~ ~ll..s. '(£.;ilgjlfl@r Prolf'll!!:t. S;a1irll'l'"(:Ofll iI1r~dll1ll, 8ffLhif!!w, ,MOl ...

AllJH[)IU(lH SMOK;IIN:GA1NI) fll ~IE ID:EAlHS A~IE IRAP~ID1YDEmEASl1 NG,INWH E. lU!lili~ed S:t!b~es {.I J. p!t'lPOSOO n~tHlSimln:ab:ility I!e£.l!l!h:tt:~on~ looil!llid add I.en[;ofll11:iU.ioltl; 0If" a:cl!ditio'lm.lpoUilds i'lif:porenll:iaUymox:ic :nre~re'lm'dllflt dilemi,L:;a]sl!o bed (:lbfht1ng" piU!O\v£,mmd. feam 'wjthin 1lI:pl'i()Is1Jef¢d.llnTii.~ lure (l)..In the I ~nO$,,~ilu~lbme rerun'd<un~smrni:natedmis [lilis f2.~3~ b di1bIO\mopropyl) pllOSplliRIte] [Iud c~:d.ol:i.mriiedtrls [iiiI":us (I,3·~lddcmo-2~ pfopyl.)pllO'spl:lifllte] WCIrl.::: remollJiedwm lise ]n 'c~Ii.ldiren':s sllef:;pwell~' attle:rbeingfbund to be mUlt:age.m (3,4) mirt ,oou~dbe aihool)oocli l:11tO chi~~ dn~I1i'sbodies (5). They are a 100' poobalble ~immaii c<ll',ci~,l.ogfns, ~6,7). Today, (;h~Of,mlltcdtll,.jS is jhe secoud :liIDJIsllJsed fire retmrdant ililli:tirni~ ture, found, iII IlmmJllIts IInp to ~Wkof the fOillllrn,'SweigliLt l-1,0Vi'd:id~rni:s ,b<l~pejlll? bl the 1980s,. the fire re4t1l.• nt p:1IiIm~ bl'omo>dii:pl1enyl ether (penrn.B.lJ!iE") was ,f~dd:edto ~po~Y'~mthii!'!!e U~ i:ilc>(ilt C~!ifom~ats1';e!t~hfik:~] BlI]]e:tin 117~to

fire deeth :ru:les sim~~,'!r to th,H SCo()!1Li~ Califurni,1n (f). Otl1cr ~u. ses o~~f'rre d~lthr~u,ctr:klllS l1atiollwh:h~'ine]mlea 51(1% de{w~s.e In pe'r c(lph:aJ c~g<lireitt~
{)O~1~'I!.Impt:uoftil S:~l~.{\e 19&O: el'lfQl1tenlU'l~1l iiulproved b!ll[ild~ of ing.fi.I:,e. and eleetrleal code;

and :iucl)ea:seiCll se of smoke u detcct:O:fS fH1d sp!riJm:k~ern, Re~ CCilil:t [el:i.slaJti.m1, m~nldllti~l:g fi~s<1f:e ,oigm'ette-'Silm, 2 stm:es. 2 i.nchJ1d~ng C;fl~~tmm]<!..shodd hring f'tuiherredluttiol1:sin deaths cillue~ofWre,witlm;ftt ad-

din.; qWlestiormble;c:hemi(;lIlsrn

IDlet.emori. 61oil~y~ic;tll ,h~mbt Arl~n~ ,Blum, Usi~, all )i-ray' jhilO~"i(eill(E1a!iliIIt~m; rn~!1!w,r~!SS% ItI~OIf!l~!i~frOIll'l ~~~ fire fet~M'dliiJll1tj JilIli~,r C'(JIU~~ t'o~m. i

' Oil_

.. I'

:,.'.

~I

IlETIERS
2006i, 11;\5; ~~<!H@~I~ g~ ~\WI'ii~t:'~'D\I1~br<l rr!l~~Ifi!!i!lj}jllb!iL'~I!I'IIM'"P!!!'!'. ~. III. ~glf_._r.,JI, ~Wlg S,i. fJlr)1{t1l; f,~I'Il~ •• j;!~~isbw '~!l~ine1,1A'pilil2001 (f1M!1!): 1~.1!:a6n3k 9'. To~" f!,\(jD~~~;d, ,IMegnm'ed ~nWrfli!l, A~~ il'lW!<tge. ~, 343 f,mo,~" 10. E:!'ii!. fimlJ1ufe fti:;wileRekl(Wflq iRafni!ft'l,mr.p; AlIt~mci!J'jre,l;fiw htW'D~mity N,YI1IJ'e.rhMefoam tEFft! ?42"~i)S~o;!fl;. 5eptL'!J1ber,j!(!O~ll W..4-l ~I;) "1,.5.
foltl'iiMmern'aj

CO'MMEiNrr
a iHl!Ilmlarlil

OIN "IEililiNlng eit e o'f IN'ol'!!'B~C'IlII!o:rYiisii iii ii n Mi c,e~ gl~n;ll!:eiredto En EXpress Cone PhiotDpiglllenf"

P"Qjiie:. af Grermcal

J\1Ql!'ie"~et\irdQm

w:al~e~'Malr,;o!JIS
wawetenilllh-m1!sit~e rom! IphMOIl'5Ii!l!e!'tt. Crr.'eWf, .eitll!e~neufatptaslkity- nor <I :new dlilmenMoIi! ohel1~~ IHI o
ja(:o~ [I.al.'(fl!i!~rt5,. 23 Milrch :2007, Ill' i723} repilriloo. that IpbstiCilyli1ill~R.~ IlTIiIlIlIIiIaUi.1Il 'i'i!lU8Il~ tpe~mlJJtoo ~he Il!m.~rgM'u' ell "a. new ,o,imell'i~ijo:nor ~insory' ~J!i'EriEfI!J~" in, llIiIice g~l'Il~tir<li~V mg;i'nell!roo: 00 Il'$~~~ a 1iI!!Jfr:iaflliltlg·

Add ress in s Co.mlUlat'iv,e Seb!,ctioD

IIN H~S: UN fAVit)IRAIB!LERIE'VIIEW rGOD'l1S GfNlETI ( cngilfil1t'.C'f," oob !fit)ClL,!Hlli~~ p. W421)'of:i1ll'_Y B book, n~(t dt~O;f&f'llINlOJV (l), s!);~ c.'1!IT'o[~ E 'vri~es thSlt '!'~he'~ dlief,eil'irl,lris m:imi:mitzi.l'lS,
tlrn;e[lO'W~:' of natural
s;.e~ectn.olbruID act C!f1JIUlln,.

~ua~d"~" ~,PIai!llih~frr~L'ts.

e.'l:~~_rielt(@~lS

rulll~QJlrr.~tII'IWiI't,M]M(~mi!{J,Cfgfc:gil'rnn~QlIlf.l'flllli'J18I5a:.131':lt%!I:I

Engineefie~d

RESPOINSE:1ll! OIllMM EN! ON "IEm1e!lfgen £:1 If NloV',e,I! ICoio r Vils~o n i1m M ilce'
t101

Exp'lressi a

Hltlm:ilIlA

C:o,ne'.Ptulwpigment"

Getrllrid HI. ~i8i(i~b~;lIln.d]Ie,remy ri4lali:ams Maitlous sl.!g~es~ ~hait lhe novel (olor v;!sioo ,cocUlmtenled 'rn ~(ltlck-rn mite neither !reiqlJ~~ Yisu<li. '5vstem p4A11tUci'lym.lr lmp~.i~IbQ QIffI,lIlr'9,l'IJ[)l!"111~ diItlM!liUl ~r ~SD1Y .ril!ln(~'. WI! ,~I.illn tm)!'WIl !fI~nl!e'. 'tlf F1:J1litru.:t~l !i'iWJiYm~cl1m~g.m!J!'qirmntQIIlt.iflJllllnSfSa:481':lt~6{.
the l!1!Itllm"!Fi I cited

t:i'!,;'e]~.,·'~d ~mpHcs til!!:1 1 fail to di$C:t'~S;ll '~P'1ri~nflth~m~lle I:,esi.$~nce :il,1,I»!I~!aJ:i pl1l!f,n· ,qufll!es :il,~!hus Letter aboutl;lOW "[a] ddi ng :M.Ol'e! ImJ1j~lim1is, .. ,ca;n ]~u;[e~);)eitille I:e.vd ofl1effiS:l~ :):ltes.,. -a. ]l;otabl,e o.i:~si!Ol} gi'\f¢l,1,l8:ell:e:'S ,Rune" 1$ ~n1]'£TIed,i;ately fol.I!Owe.d~ ~l.is'boQkby in exte:l'Iscivf,:'disc'lss:ion of m~~a.rii3i1d1l"l~reiS,iSli~ amJc."'The ~11~inuatiQ!IlIi s thai ~.inelnded 0I1IJ1.y dle d:isdaimerl!hal [ '111'Q;wever.,~ llij.lI.Ialthere's a wba.tfit my :plIrposes" Yet ~.,ex:pUdtly dlisa:IltSll .h'Uooh Some of those ~tm .utallirnllls(iru.t nat the, fi~'!!t(1Ile)seel1.1. to inlc:rferr-ewi1:llil the normal ~.u1lihi:p,~e lll;mtUm.ls of ~'Wri:methlJ]liIliLiJle:' resistm ance: "ADthOl]~l~:tn!e first n.nHlItlO'liIl (<It posi« WOi.rlk: o:flhc:pmteiIl" (p" 7:5), Be~m ls de<lcly sockillili! to. (jom,le'){ themess;ll~e~iD<IIt there is tion 108 of'the protrnn, £IS it hiippe;ns:) ~mllts ~Mle res;ilstlincero tlledln~~.the;m,d,a1".~Z1. is still someimpediment tiO Danvinill:n ~N{):hlltirn~.via wlm::rnlb:le: 1iO ~~ar~I' doses. Addlin~ ]iJ.%Ol'e; multiple :il:l!re-mli,OOlim:es, botll iiJ11. tillis;s:pelC'~flic C~C' nmtll.tions (a,t :pm[t[oos51 •.59. ~nd~fe1;tf lothrumd m gencrn1!~l1Cle thephmsc ·'t1.S.llSl~")-. ef!:l) C'1mi:nc:rease~le ~(Wie]Off\emS:l!li~10e" [0),. HmVC'ii'cr, t11is is netthe cas e. ClItefu] ~'. 79]. h~ the ::l:a!!tie~ectiQn. ~.ab,{I dih'lc-U!ig t1~e ifi5pectio!l~fth.e datil in the t,efeilo.'TiclC 1 ei.tlSd de\,'clo[jm:eli1l'l ofir'l!iiectiJeicl!e fi'l!JliishitiOOillll mosP )iFev,e als tlill,t. in fact, certain Ml]tiition::;. q1i.l,i~g(;;8 by"ti~!,y. i~~(;f'~mc!1Hd8te:,pr-ilMi:r!Q (G.g." cy~:;9'--?'.A~1~) itlCffil!jC 8pe.cit1cpar.1!!ne:-':; acld IllY}'aJmi~o i\)j(lid-:lc~d.iflg from o]).e ters of th(: Cf,i!~y~~~e pcrl"onn,U1,CC. Strucl~!ral bi.o,:I.o'giclIllevc.l t() :li!1l~tbcr."F'l!ird'n,crliitiii{'1[e, studies s~gg.eiS~ thalf this :tTlu,ta,tion. fOU-'IIld a,t ~~,~ other sectlens, .~de;sc;rilbe ,<'!cum:l![!!tive ve~ Jnli.gh fn::q;~cm:;rill dirug-resi:st<l.]iii[ para~i~cl'i, in 1l!!:tur,e~iliitiii.:prm1es ,enzyme binding to nami'i:~iaJll reute '~Oa:b1lJti~ezepl1O~einiil~ and exte]1l!s~"",dy address. hemoga'ob~n CBUa:rlelll $ubslratcs in i'llI!': OOllit~t: of o!Mlerwi:se aJdhre:rse ml;li1~iti.om (3).P~rlhel"lllf)lJe. py,im~Ula1l1tl!i[lletDill'M.!lh"a!U;: the cr~dal diWe:rence between bcnef1d!l1 ilnennetli ~te.l;lt!l:tu ens !lind reslsta.11I!tdlibiydrofh!~~e reduetase em,ym.e5. de[e!eri!ollSuntermeGJ!I,te eaes, ~cmally halve ao!:iiviri!el) equal. to 10['bener dlla~l MI (HM1J. IB£~IE the, wild-type enzy.e (4). Belle 8] so neg-

!l.~

(2) elol:.'P~illci~,]jI de:m:onstmt,ed b:vQ' dliflj't11en~ p:1ithways ~o t.Ii'.ipl.eB:un.di

]l1J()~e;!;ses •
UilQ[

q~a:clru.p~e mu.Unllitsvia stepwise

.l3oelle does

,cite Hrui.s.'WOrlo;. <lnd he ohCu:s-

estes rthe (;~e<ll,'but ilThcoil1l,Yc.:1JIient lil:less:<JJgein

tive se-lelCti,Ioll th1U1. Lgave him credit l'Or; w~ywGlIM he,wr~~.l :sonmny O!w.ib:Jib~e ex-

this boo)' ()ill' data. rnf. 11.:> Behe now seemsto imp ~y ~n his Lener, he is. a grelliu::r preponent or cumsla-

blc ~ f prod!uci !:i:g wWg.a!t he elaims Danovhda:n ~"'Qhlil:io~~ ctinilo:t do. The im;titlim~Zi[tiO'nof e:~mt!W!!tiV!.l l-!~'lcetiQ;fJjil!HI '~hccjomple~~ dis-

a liiIlplles., eharaeteesze it as"~ra:re"? Uis bee iI.1[Se,euli!lfmlm;b,.,(_l !'ie]~et:i {In is fully c,lfiru-

re~[d 'of a 1f9!!.~~$h'e!i'lie:[~tiiJlX

8ill.~i()n!ld:i;]ii,g

pr~ tei'lil.i mt:er@cttonsa re c;rU(li~~ 1!t)B ch~'s c!miti.roly u!rf()uflIded com:JUf1IhO!l tlm~t"~omplC',i~[ntencdv(: :ll'Iach~ner~ "", ca:ll~t be ~m tt'!!lie~hergr~du,$U'y" (p. 81) ~U!!l,(I musttherefare be cliesig,ned, SEAN: B.OUtRiIlll!L
L~bora tor, Ol~ Moleci.flilF B],oloq:r. ~oward H~ghe5Medj,cal. In~mY~!!.Urnil.illr$it~H'fW!'~~~nsln, ad~~on.Wi 5,3'7(1.6. tiM. M
IF.Ii,e,fi!iIM!n{@§

O~p~rtm el1l ~d a:iw~lIgi'~I, S:~~nQ~~, leh~Q,h Uni!,!1~,~Hy, le ct:>~o note file fact Hl.Blt such trill!"lc<lnd BEithlleheiii\. PA.181J15, U:s:A. qlladln:up]emIJJt<ln~ fl'nlz.ymes ha.w belen tOlund
R;e1ie,~M!!' l .• M-l Boelie, ih~:ffl~ ~.f\raf1l.r.ii:I.rn:rhe5~tm:t.lf»' the ~imil~(rf!l~il1i.r.m' (~~ ~~~ N~Yllik; :;!OO1},

IR.eSfIlO:[iJ!eall'

IB~HE. mD' ItmElE:o resi:'itIJrlCC o;ripage~

D~SCUSS,P'¥lR~MUHAMINE IS arnd! 76 orbis book (1). My c:ritiiC]Sm ~s th~u B~w!~OIilnit~~d cleillf tl<; evidence 'for-the ,ett!T!!ulattive scl\)c,tion ofmuJ··

r.iplc dUtngcfl ]11 the: donil '1~IJ~et p,ro~(;~f! ~gl ~-uijrea~cltha:thi!;in'voked a~,~~MgcU\i(Z dilL fe:rellt aJlld t!!lsypiP'or~ed e:.>1,phlll;a!tiol'! ill ~!l fur two' 'orm()!rc; ~iIInult(lJl!tc(.l~" .lutaitiOJlr>fQ:r a:uem,t t\O b~!~~crhi8 !.nai~p!1l;:mi~c, In his ,chimg~:ii ~n~nctio!1. H~ sIP'Cc:~.da:H;S that Let~e1':~ Belle has llli,~rep['ese:l1llledthe thr(!s!: of' "t,Vl) further. :s]~n~I'~,fl!neQus:mult-atlOll!i tliCiem tl1.e~Ctl.la] h~xt ~f ~j5~Qk ~o be llIeces:sary'" fbr tw,1'l e'VIo~udon ail" [pydMill n::~pect to the hner. the p,m.sage ~le met1Thmu]ne l1(~s.ii>nBnce.,de:sp]tethe fa.ct tha.t

in iso13te$f~m .Ind.i.l,.Sol!l:thc~stA:siil,IE:l<lst~ 1110;<1"<IIud South Anle,r.i.c<I. ~;ncll1d~ng m:e.u w!:tewpyri1m:liu:rnm:l;inc use has !been liJ~il,~ i.fled. The [~l'litrcr5ll~leslS thil,t mlU:<liIU P1Ii11J'~ites, :may be <l:S fit a!l\\iild~'I;}'-pe pmi'ls~t~,. lnstead of e;lIlli,ghte-ning his I'eadc-fl'lwiith lIi1'lcx:p:llII'IM-iolfl ,ofhmv ~tlqm:~l1Iti,.lI]nl1!a:tllt~O[1 and (lllllmll~iltivoC 8,clcctiofi 1m,8JS 0iJlcrM,edil1 th~r;:c~~!npl~, Beh.e c'hia!lges; the d,~recti,o!l of , th~ dhiC1i.l::flSion back to 'the m~~!l.<llld ,~rro( m)ou~;)~r.gi.imc!1t,ofhis book-O\i;C llieoe~~t.y
,el,"!'1 A

11.. U ..]. lil!!'li~ ,. 'f~ l~ tJ/t~IJjrrtff.r: ~. 5mith,{or r~ tiJI]i!l:.Q/ Dt:IMii'mUJiCFteeI'fE~, Nit!~l({lr~ 2001), ;i!, W, Sir.~raii'~rm ,e~'11l.. l'rw:. Nwl. o\1,qd. Sd, i\J.iA. '~iI1I;.

!(n,~mm}.

3. ]l 'Ii!I;'.~i!i'a~~·fl d •• NQ.'- SMu(i. ~~. ::!;O,~5,](2;001). 4, C.I. S~Ii!de~u~~I,i!.t ~!eP.!, t::.'O~ W. Sl r;[v,iloilr<lliOrlt c. it Stblle,-, ~fO/. filirotml. PlJfluitrJt, 1I:S4, :H200n

[EVOLUlT~ ON

'~b!~I'l~~ite e';tQI,l.~tg:Qllarry biQlog~st :aT1li'i,t May!:. whQwtlS~'ililllit l.lirldbem06l! iiiIITI, omi1Ii1O:~o!'li.st" (1). May.r\ stud~l'! of bird. .:5jpfi:Cifi:5 fm:ned the bm;is,oor f:!'H![lY ef his idefl8 a:bout. ~pec];:q:ti,on
O\1Jlld mi\f!.dedtbcl]:)]J1Iitda,no,]'I1 p ITW h~~ hlJh!,';:;!mti~1 monogn1.phsor!~!!!i~~] spe>ehu-jo!n (2',3)..Sp(!.(..1tJr,jOt! t1~ Bilfl.~ $SO
~!f1S: themus::iforb:ll1e

]ogkml $eloc:t:i01r1 like.ly cml,1:r:iblJil'~(',ls~o most s;;pe:datlQir:IJ evel]ls;i~l. birds, l[o~lI1e:;ye:r~Price eautions t~.li~t:di.vergenceofmos!: (lo"ooc'llni~:g bird sjjpecie:.;sistoo ttblci.Clntto 1l1EJke:iJ1Jre:rel'lOe~s OI.oom the C,ll1J:;e;S, lf Spc'Ci:lti!Oll 3l.ldiltil,mt ~tn:u]i~e:s: C ofrecen1~y di",e~ed .~e(]i.es.stich !IS Dim.win's; I.m,!cisctllJi1S. LIJ;s~:ly~ifol1e Clliife8 aoout spec]I'I.flnc,~e!ii.lt~ghl.ilgh~the f[<I!i lity of ocollogical. lievor ,Piniccis" a ~mv.e 'Il~lt. '.ID,~w+li_nS'lI lion in nlOI)i! o:iverse, o~l~!liIna]gml.lP:~l,S:IlQ;OOI l:rL\pn~.I..I,otiV>e Ibenier:s. He ,col1c.ludc:stl\J!1it '·~:tis book on ::;pecl<1Ilruo'lrnl birds, .Prlce face,s m, iliievi.tiible com:pi'lnsuris wi.'lhl!l~~,'f~ .1i:S beetle:!! OffiL{)~,,-el'iillg pbtliilils, mll,e must 11Q:nd.er- I.lli!i:deibr if ecorogi.c..il CllIiliSel'i mx: :lii~ffici,eillit ,or

~a.i"!d!~bly tJ!g:rnto other S!cn.!files. P:rice'~conchuiO'r15 about species mud speIciiililil{}l~1!~ :m.o!St]yin ~iwcwid"! tli,u5e ofM~Yf. Oavrilet~" <'1m! CoyI!'8A'l aJnd On. like these
,(1I\Jth~Pli'icc ~dhem;::8,to M,~1;

c"'~:mi!imponl).ll!t

This
!:~](;

SQMcwl:HU;

in main)" :8p~~(ltii()rl e\"(;Ji1ts,," racga'tivc sssessmeat of the

tempered by

SIDer: UilIItii'lJlII fn IBd~d:s

by Tielv()f Ptic;e R(I:bE:!·rt~ al1 d C Qm P'!.In y, Griit! r1JWO o·d Villa ilc'. (;0. ron1_ 400 pp. Pap Eif, m'9_.gs.. ISf3N '818)09}.41m7185 ,

ing

shonly

{~j1ai"'le~I':"

bi(i!logicoll (l;-~d~ilJCJOrlct"pil itfifocUfi ,on the c,v~]~n:iQf!of . rcp:rodllc'u ve OOrril~"U(I'!Jve.ver, !Price is mOI!f.l \'I':m~WJg t1~!m.M~yr
tOI:,ee:og.n:uze :~ts 0 perafienal

aoo

S~n.lJ01Iti()~ m la,'Wrc,h~t~ ~'at raJpid ecoiogicall sped([tioll &a.y~(:JCwnt f@r S1h()1iiI r~m:::tl b
](l:l1!.g~h8 detected ~<\ldyin tlill,r;; ,evoll!!ti(n['l 'of m;MlY bird ,g.em:n. Prk~ is M(m~ oonfident a:boo~lhei.portanee !(:If spc:ual!:le:I!celion lill :\l1'eJc~a'lkm, eonelnd:iiilgtl1(!:t "diver'gcl1(lei~ RO(l~aUy,e:ledcd s t!:ah:!l is :;l!1lessential oom~lle1mJ~ or W~()stperhap:saU--s:pecia;l.l0n e\l\e:nl:s;" The main s~'~pj:l!{n1: th:~s cone h,ISIIO[l lS t;iru~iI: !)iOC;:~ally for selectw tmhs streh illS clti.i"er,eun.oe:5in SQllg ~nliJ(:11 p,lul,nag,e are usedin spec:ies, ~'eciQgnhion hy both birds ilJlild theirtaxenemists, Inn~:res.d~liy.secial se]f!ietD,on OiIppears to be more !ener<li~[Y ~mpQirt<!nt in speciationin bird;s lh<l1lil 'seJ!ual seleericn, d!esp~te the C:BfP.lilalsis 1:m11 the li~enttn[c on the 1,<Iltter: Pnce also <llr'gue-st.ba~leoo~.ogiiCal factolll'l are amajer eause of diive;l1ew:e i.!1fjod:~I~y selected tr,!1i~,.

of eoo]()gy~n :)lpoc~ti,ml.i~

afl'erC(lDpl!Ch~n-

si\l'~~nldcrntic~ II)"acclaimed treaJtments (]if specia!tU.oll (4) o\1!nd ~peci,8Hom t~l~OI'Y (5)" T]~,~em]eh!url aotste fol[ow, So liI,(M' does Specimimi in I1lr:dsaQITII)ruJ~ with these e<llf']~e:r volumes'? [JIII, my v[e.w, ~t l:lU'es,.vd~.. Price I(an evol~]liiomIlY I)i!o~{)gis.t at tiu,e Uniycrsi'ty of Cihi('lI.~) has an l1!Cillv,lnlil1/ie relative to ,M;ayri ll1I tiIDatmost b]r,(l siPe d es

d ifflicr~fttit::s W'lle~,cliI!Js:s:~fyun;g
,1Illil,opalricil!lxa. .:PI.~(ieuses a rom~F

and t~:lei:r!ileogr.lIpiWji!c 1m]ll!1;e:s have now been d!escr~bed. Also. fbr miillil)' bird s;pec!ics, Olin

enof:li!lm:O([!il qM.1I!mi:~ rofirufOl1nll.tilon ]1Icw,' ,exists aJbOll.iiltJl11S]r ~la,~tors. phyli:ig6og!"!1Ip'h)i, phy~o,_ an assertion tha:t,\v:biile !SlT'~Wig~yi1I;PPOlttcd!.. S geiletic rel,M:ionships, a,ge. CiioS<H1omp.wtibilsectl"iil:lgj~yi8 at odds 'I¥wlh hrns eilfhetpe::sity. ;tt!d ~st instances gfl1;yltii]d:il:lIJtton. 111i:5 individ~!t.1h:! ~!'icr'f;l~~C5,'dlC;prol:xlbi lilY of~pecisi:m~sti~ !i1l~,t5Cg8melill'tQf~h;eimport1!~ceQf ,11,t'ionG n 'I'}II;(; f!sis, ~f~Qmp~ff!!t.ivc ~ool.OI.giJ(:!l1 '"JOO!logy in 1>pOO~!il!On. b ~:f!8 a:nowcd P'~i()r.::o cO:f!Jduc:t a. '!;1!ikl.e array of t S:nt~h~]Ii),lh'iof sp;ccia;ti,onf!re fo.umalle to m!e~-lmn~I1''Ses~ w1hi,klhkad to q~I!Hllitath,l'e and da,ta, he I)cmc:ludes that se:lectkm press1!,[[cs !Suni.sl:iocaUy ~l!pp!i)rroCl cOl1c:lll5ions ;d)~'1!Q;t !lIP:;" impo1lied by '!.1:t1!!:iationin the b~otk (':nviroll'1:- have three ~m~()r!ant books on the to,ic clarion thetwete not po~ib]e in Mayr'S da_y. lne:rnt o:llIi:smani$~arlds a.1lC respensible {ilil"phe~ appear i.lmlthe pi'l!lt d~:reeyeflrs, part ~.c!Mtfl!rly Tlini:s exhaustive co:mpil~tiOlm. orre~eiva:llitdat!l notYmIl<c d:~ffie,re!lJce:sthai M~y'll attrilb!lI'~cd ~!J g!V,elllilal dll_I:I"II'lI.!!lfui.e: IJCV[O'I.]S 'CClltll.Ul",.ibooks fP o:r t~~i~ q1!lS!~Hy 01111 ~I:l{;c.ia;tij.on a!pp.;:;~!!"ed (IIlC';: !\lind d~ ~1!IIbseq]t!ent !l'flIalyses givo(~f'ri!ce's book m!ift[l~this o()Il(.:lusiml, Pu:i.ce ~s;s:t1I~portedby eivcry one or t:\VI) decades, S})(lc.i(l.t.tcm tu ",~:~ue: beyo:wd an(Y co:m:h~5iQl:'isab(liut speeia .. lhcorenc$~ lI]1,d e:x:pel!",~lUelltal st'llIDdie-s,whk1Th tion ~h~t8ln:::made. im:l:imte ~illnoflJl ~eJ~!el1lc' ddtl:.i:sleSis effi!cicn~. t:'I1J!!ill1 .Bir.d"~:<I]SO liemo~lstm'tes 'lheiflinrue'l'lli:<I1] eonSpecitlliml' b113ird3is hrge1y [OJuffi}le~,ueJ]~ se[eot1ioliTI,.11'1tlli1!flgener<litJi.oillll ofpopn]ation dU~ trnlm:ti;olls" :~I,Kleed spec:ual.m~c:,. tllulI.t studies of fer,(moes (,4~ 5), ·.Hov.r"C'ii'er. these d!lta. do 11,01 biuis oOlu:i:m!ml to maketo o'U!rm}(ler.st'a!I.u:I:i~g ~~ry to Jeul')1 eOYl1eaJl'ldAn'eJ~,O:IDl.~'!!: Spacialfm~ (4},mndi Bergey Gawi.lets's Fi!J'urs;'i Lmtd.ret1pes riJil:e Clut a, phlml.isti!c elf<p'I;<UI'la:tion fo!r[he~ e¥CF of specia:HOl.l, and lite Origin (}fSp'ed:e~(:.'fl. Bini's :ii1a,\!le been Il]tn.m,~, f rqmodnc<ti.ve o [s,QI,<lt~O'~il' i~nvol.v~ug R:ef,j!:reii(@!ii flI,Vm'iLte:~ su~jec"t:s af eCQhJogruc;ru[. beliiIWfi!Cif,<I1]. both :sc~le~ct:io'lilt1nd cltri:fi\ across liIigh fitm:~s 1.E:. rruy'., S,r.ll~,ffiI!fllC'S'o.rtld!ir<? OIi:¢~Df~~s [nllll!1iwi:l riidg:fs, 1(.5, 6), <Ilndb[o~eo,gmp]llc smdyro:r mDn: th<iJl <II cen~ IJnIIY.Ii'I'~!-s. fI.I~W')l'OF~,19~2). Ofperf:ll.lpl, gtetute1finwrest are .Pnoe,'s ,cOJm,~ry. il:ll:d S;~edati()n in Bir:d.:1f ak:~s its m.OIst m 2 •. 11. M:Ii~ii.111illi!: ElJI)iIlIi'i(lj;llll'l)t 5yn1hi!-r-B; ~..~ ~!I'I'" }. Di.mili)lI!d, f~5. (j,lo'lM:rG Unky. PttSt CiJII~ b.rid1!)il', I'II:J\. VlII~wile oontJibl!tion ~n these are~t\;•. B]m~<IDe dus.io:~ aib<ont:he :ralcN of,ecology !illd. :iiocl:rn t 19.a,O]I, les;sa~:uellaM.e togeJ1l,eit~c; study. ,U1 {lreil~:n decriOilil ~n ~eciati!oll; tbesere:w[[mn:4al:ilvely ]i,E;. (I,~~!l.Ar!!imrl~~~'r:!!'uH'~l.Jlljen ~!i!ir,\!iH!l! lIll!'!'. uncxp.bud subjects <liIVol!twh:idl bims ~m\re which $p'eci:atio}1 exccl~. Lik~w~se. des;Pite p«:~~ (;l!Dbrl!l~~, N!.J\~~I~3-). P'I'ice'g I(;ogem l~pla,ru]tiOf!fl of ~pedaHot! '~IDLe,. mucih ttl ofJer (6). ClO~(l~yr(;l~ued :ilpcd~:li Qf 4. J.l!!- !l;ii1ffi!!. !fl../LOri', Sftseirni~ (S;il'i;llili!r, Sl!ifidi!ii1~~iI" Mtt... 2'00.01:'; [l!iA!!iM!t!I by fl. K 8~i!!{l::m:ali"L Ifl" l1:i~!i@ItII!F~, Oi!}',,~re e'Omprel~rlsive disc~8iOl!l ~nd ,cv,ail- birds ofl!er! di.ffuri~ (;(;o.k)g:i¢f!~~i~~pona~'t Sml'K~ 10~1'6.1.2 (2004~. liltflOOl'lof madl.e:m,uk:a,1 mod~]sof ~p:."'Ciil:~'Ogl lr'lift~----,s~,oh ,f~ body ~;i~ltabttttprefere:l!loos) S" :s.6~,nl~(,1S.,ro1ll!~ ,tr:n.1.l'Ctlp;!!! (ffl(}!~ Otfgt;!) (J!~"'(j'(!j c1j~ bt; 'fO~fid ~Il Sp~c;ia~iQi'li!!H~ i~ Fit1ie8Y i'mci flClc<i:ing l!'j':ld~nign1!to!:y bchHVi,o!:'s--tl'ia't 'tPrillOOe'~rm Unil'. f'ff!1'!, PriOOlIIlfl" ~~, ~Q04~ 6.. 1:1. Fwt!.!!)'lliIa •. !PL"S ,8jcl. 3: (]r~ ,~,2 1[2-00~L ,areal:i;olikely to C(lj"lmln~:~to bQdl [il!!lemating 1.0. ~Iil ur!Jer,l D. ~ri(ll'.( R. Gralfrl, S{l'{';I1re Ol:;!7.1006 t ~dp()iI!!;!'n~'1I!ti~g r,eprod~!Cthie ~w[a'~,o~, These (lm!S), The<~e\I~e'!\Iei$at ~~~,O~P~f~ffilli!lt !:!r B~~1" U nhl~rsR~ ~ r obsel!\i'~riong. o!)ll1bil1ledi w~th d9:ssio sn!dilCs 1;L C!l'lt iI1~.r[l:I'fMfll, ('I'~!:i'M 5;~.!I.l76 (10013:1 ~r!til~1iI Col!l!iill'l biI'l, 3S 29 6 2:1!lj! l:Jilf~e;~il:y SOIJLeil~~~. of eco.~(lgh:'.aJmy dl:ive:n SPOO]!I.1i;on .il!lill11lrw·flrnl·S V~n.muv~r; IIlC V,lIT 11.2:4, C.1Jm~d:al" E.·,lIUil: 1Ir~~~~,bl!@ int.@FJ[h:ii:Jlg:~.,u'b(.GI1 fllII!oliws;; (7) arid cros5~iUs ,(B',),. ~m[l}iy ~:l'nalt co= e
10

billatio:n of I!l;.l:!iyk~genetk; and bi:ogeognpldc dal;t1lo asse:'>s ,lIld \f,fl~~d;[l:ie:- ayr"s c.la:im thatgeog;rn,ph~(; M sepanlitiOI1 (UUOIEhy) (l'onmbute;s te nearly all ~ec,i;S!riQin t::;VI}Jmt:sinl!]I.'ds. Whethc::r this (:()iIm" dllSimli. can he .ilp,Plied to otlmlerh::s:sWl!1]i]e: (IJ:ga:nisms rema:ill1Js, uncleac I.~lr:::onll·a sno his ~llppOljitibrthe biol,ogica] $pcc!icl'i COJlcJcpl: <lnuj aJlapalIiJc :Sffiltlc~t1iOfll the .. ,'ny• Priee finds Iittle ,e.videf!c~ !for M!.!,yr~ roi.:i!'idi6i:" effect !Speciiitio~ Wi!~iOdeJ. Ilwhieh ~ ,eo.IQfI!i~iUii()'r'iofHi:'i empty Ila:biuiit by aJte\,,'

S YIM POSI U M: PSYCH OiILOG,Y

A.J..vmUs

the; wodd, by OCn'lttolst" I\lugge::itthat the h~rt isthe seat of the emo:~iom,. l:a!lgtILaJgC, bQt:ll ml!!l~ne; ,iJi!ldpoc~:ic.
cliitiQnsilhlil"lililWU1i1:d
~!f!S: any m

IB:.rd ..•.. i.O~O'SYre~~Is: .....US.:t1iillilit .. .,!it.~ea t.t .is.. ,11 the .. . oomplex but lItIufeelmg I!II!ooe _ of iflm,aehi:ne:ry that sustaias iliIlld l%"n,I~ l;rutes tbe c~rcd,!lltion ofdle b~ood, ('lIiIlkn11I u~
p1ItITIp:.lIi

'r.he conscious m[mi, and the heart m:elntemepende.nt: P2l!rts of th~s ICOiliilllp~ex emotion sys· le1i1lil. Evidience prese.~l.ed! !lIt the symposiil.!.ml Stl.~esfs. thfu peo .. ,p~e;w~:ao are more Ol;l,V<iI!re olT Iheirbooily ~'"e8pal\S~s (mdlud'• illi,l;l; thelm- MI!f.mrtIDeat) 'ITI1I,Y ~pej· rienee emctians i!1lit{)lti: stOO:mi\g']y th1)l111 othcr:tl, Al:5lO di!!lc~ss~d: "''<loS, e"!'idence lot the ·"bro:blil. ~n" ~-y:lJidronl.e; hlVGhr,eMent

He,tli1fe~t mlllil:!i:mls E Pre sel1~ed bv il1 0 w~ C (nmEI II lDlld:lori. I--i! S~ ~tembef ~OOO'. www. well ,eoml:lC 011e ~ticnn.,orgl .Ji!S"Slcts,lw[;;:[J41 078 .I!II d I
Co,III!lClion,

A SVTIilllosiU1i'11i

O!rga~. and the ~s."iiQn chairs" 'it would have beea 3. worth= while e:.'l!.efCns:e.. It is c]e8ir fto~n lhc :!\)iil]:liPO~ :shmm: th8it the e.Mil!O'lIiol~1 systel'ill1. :~s lmii~l]Y complex, blla:tli:l~!e: coma lin'lIQiIliI:1jSeIJiH"'!l.tiall of~:1m;edisc~~lline!s stIIJ.~~l1g ~t!oj[lIg!ests~.mt we :fuI:illive ye'l t(l !l:eh~ei'\fe an

The 1iI1'f;!OlIlrt ,JBm'IJ ....Pe/~ Ed. Ya,Je Urli ve rs ily PreS!:, INffiI'\IHa~Qn, ICl and W[l'1I cum!:! Co Ib0cQJlJln, tone! (m, lOW.
272 p;p, $aS., £1i8.99.

intrafficaecidentsiacreases
1Mjit~rber,(:(lvetl'l!e;nt, ~Il[j

ove:l1l'ffCllingfiJllmrnc'Ivmt'1idt'h,in ",~h~ii!l cO'lal:d be understccd it as "'l!ld fi ed who le, 1'11Ie (lmi:w,ent rna thematiclau and
comp~u:erpioli'!lec1r ~().Iliiil:'l '!.iOIlJ N,c·1.Lmfl~i''!, m a! j)iF(;SoiCliWtI948 ~a!per 'f 1), d~stirlg!u:ishcd "s~ecia]

'~!(;nns d~fllt rn~n.l\:.~l!te hCmirtfilld

dlC

~heO!g,e·,

least rlll;; E!lglis~~ .f!idjc:ctiv,~ "hc~rtft~t" A hc~rtt1:U ~m()!l:iil)fl If' sincc:re. i.J);,I:5sioF!.oo. and deerpiy mCJled ~Illhe psyc:~~e of,one wino e:.q~mie1mcesil~']]~.e wold helll1fu]t !iJ!~s ;pOisHiv:e e:mil)INOIrn!~]Co!llinot'.a1fi.~:ms!, hil'e w
emOd01J1i18, not
~ear'l.k:ss' has 1fIIe~~~~'!.'e lle~. Q Isthere any ooHTh:ilil~.lell:ulg:.sla]il:d!ullg 3,SSOdat~o1!lJof' emotions, with the heart, or l!i :it: ~l1iH::['le1y d'n.e s,l:JlA"ff 51l1perntn:tiion IIInd myth"? of 'bHeall1reDtEmotio[ls~'" I!I SYlll1l1POSlUHl tlillllt

related ~obabili'ty of dy:il'!g incrca5cs 'ibrru ~r;;riC!d~fter UlI!;:

Ide:S!llh of~.5iip0I,ISe,

pltaJ~s"

fOO!m"~nem[

br-oU£iht to
:slJUJ1pm·i!i:.1:1;g

<I

TIre !leaN eXihillhltfmml <lIt the'

dos.eilp11)gr.mn o:f ,eve~l,'I"8,

WeUcome -Coillecti.on':s rectJilitly re!M~ bi.:S~:lcdbuik"ling im:lO[ldogl. ,expl,(med. this questinu, Tile sY~llpo~,m,u ~ld.udJed,
conttibutiom;fro:m cm:;']mr8,. heart

kleen[yulU';i'-esled ii~dimce. {SomepiU·· tidp<il!!Y!l'l comfibu~tld ro n~~ ~~{I y,ghHWiiC edjrod by Jawtes .Pew, whk:h iI!.C~~pO'!.'
1

ets, hi~t~riiitlg.p~yd~ologigt8,.

the: cx.i:JIi,biri(lu'1;, sc]e:ntis:t's.lP'oets. writ.·,

a!nd a

s.)ll~dloo:mes··of ,",CI13v[Qr, The I.SIBN '9700:3:00 1 i 51 D'B. belm:al'!,l'ior.w~!soc.i~!.,epidemiodini~diOlmi:i!i. eS:!lc'~li,a.~~Y. ~:me k)gie!ll~ hfstOl'iciSl~, l!udlHenlD"Y Ibm:v.reen pWl'; and wilol:Els. \©ill e.,"iperrise \ve~'e:.ifI]] :00 :e'!lidel~,oe: <It the ~ylnp& Noo .• mn!l1Js vimv !O\IiiiIS that the ~ndiv~d1!rn] a,m p o:f co:mp~eJ{ systems would be lunc'I1lab:h;: ·~o sh~m, Each oflhese seurees feedsinfonnation into the: conleulmmry stmy of'eJ,l,l.Qmon:.i,. "fl.lei staJl!iTanl. SCleJllltific methods of investigation 'cOl~lflue]iTIce;o;fsu©h diverse :stn::<IIlnsprmu,pts, hliIt tth:<IttheNncdonin~, ofldgEruly camp]c);;. wholes W<IS ~i:kdyto [e<il~~~r~ Iile:w insiglm and me:moas ... E\!O~JUtiOllfilry bio.lOlilJ ha!:lHlrme leilOim%OI]!il IJrogres;s llia.ecent :clle~ r C<liCfc-:s. and Il:vo]utrion!l1l"Y theery has be-,~JIIl t()wl~ke its preaenee fch in other life ,~I1(J:SOCiiil] sc~~ euees, Lf!e:I~d~ng:pi'lycho~ogy,It triiiy\ve]]beth1i:t: ,evQh~t~oJm~ty thtlofywiU .~~oo I?ro",~dl:;thc CQ:ro
ICOlilcc'l'ltsli:'l'~'l~ s;h.:!dy~f1hc CIJI,OtiolllOyste1l!l'li,rwrwil~ian tl'n,inkhil,g wiIS:m evldenee d~r.il:'lg,t'lThh;rI'It)st

~\k~llm:sc.i(lltl:ufic. ,c]illieal.

Irn!kdthic clthi.bhi:OIi'!lI.)n""'!)!t>al"ascinar,·· ing!n~G1:ili'!lg d'la:t inc:lllded f eadt!lg5 of poc'lmrns, and d~~cu:$siol~ 11 "",We 1:f1liiige ,0'· of Cillloticm~relaJtedlO;pic& Tae Cf~r.rellt: ~cienH!f~c: 000lJ!se:rIS:u,." d~c$ I!'!tot e;llJd~~e 1[l'n,e i:e~~ ill,S)t t'nl;e heal1 is dx: i>es!t ofthc' v emodO!b"lls .• Ho\!;'.evcl", VMe learsed, t:his· cl!o,es not imp~y thllltt:lllle. heart has ~o role in emotiiolillf1[ experience .. Acctumtdating ev:idem::e is bu:iM:i:nilJg<I.
complsx <IIlldiJitri,gui~
<IS

lelljayabk': sympo.i1i.lU1I"Jiil but: mero in the bacl<grotilldll!lum!ls alU.1I1Iify~

.ing~ll1!ewo:rk:. The Wd~co:me: Co]]ection 'is

pM'it oftlrue We~lcom!e.'I'n]st, one of whose fbW1ltdillg :princi.p~esis ~he idea th..!t: seienee t.'! pm!! of elJJ~h..In~ WJin!en the hroaderr cl'I11trure of <I
society :l1Im:tiI.Lres eierree, s

emotiees

e]c_ents of

p:idn~I;:'(lithe:' it! sOi,phru5"1:i.~

the; ~nllil.o~

~ cared a~iujJ] liii;ghiy wtlctive bchavleral ~ cantml sysllem ]~,nroillvili1l tfuLeheart. illllo:nlil: 5" ol:heir '()Qil;ttlS,.Md both central and <1l:utun(l1uic ~ ]ilervolls, sysrems.BroadlY sl,eakLu:g, the auto .. iill 1I1.0rnlC l[ICfV~I..I'~)~ysltc:m pPQvidies,inTh W<'IUelr
~ iCatlinCH\ wowd~~td phrase, "the wisdom of ~~]~re bodly," the ecntfa~ nervous ~ys'I<:mexer~ cises .11. d~g~~ (Jif ,eo~!Sc:k)lIScaot!!oi olver ~ bch~vi()if, !!lmd thJi;i 1)C!!Wlt owe~ tI~ iTi,ttSCta.hUip !i! slq~·lem~~temlbrfigllt 1I11il.dfJiight re;SpOJ1~$; ~ ~ -~ 'File re'liewer 1$ at th,~ In~til~~ OiH :5oct~t P~Y"'i~ 0,10 ~ n_ol1ii!ll~n Sf:hiIWll!f IEfi!lnoniii~~,H·~'1lI9h~Dn5trf!l'I, Loom fml "" WC:2l\, 2J!.IE, 1lJ1t::.E·rnOlil: l'i.J,.I;\I'@ll!!;@I:!i~,<lU~.

va!l:ive ~]il,il1lki,ng Q(I;Iwlwi.ch scienti:n.c POO!i!~'SS depclKi:sisfos,tel'l:d

d~~eipUml!ry mth~thO\1i!1

qu.esti!ons. alSD $l!Iigg;e~ed by the oQl;<1]uiz:atioll efthe :iiymp()iS~u]!JJ1,aboo:ttiliae [I<l!llN'C ofemelions and t1i1le b~lway!S to, :iiNdyttlitenl. 11.~ he~rt!3lil!irtg to ~.!C prru:::liti.Ol'I.CfS ef 00 n1I2l1fliy di.f·· f(;['llJ1ltdiflCipli[fUOO oomilmg I::o~;~h.e!' in t~"same riuditOfi1!.HriI, b.u't tbCl symjjosiu. ""as multi~f!t~roi8cipli!1!i;ry

beca,u.se~he 3.11t8md thiil ilc:ic~~~s femaiolcd

ie:."\;f!IffiJj)IIC, ne~T

g'[I,eartfeh Emotiolllls" was a nne el'lrlJI1:1;llle of the pri[H;~p~,e in P:l1lCli,(;le.Foll.()iwi.ng the mode] ()if Tf1:(f H,earl and ".l-h~'a!rtleh Emotions,." the WCmCOITlC Co]lccitie,i[g pll~rls fUJ~.1!~:re ~)(hilbihOO!!,8W~~1olateds~p().sia. o The eooll~t'e(iS~ cx<:cll(11tthat 'd~~~ C'!iIC!lits \Vm ~~~. Ulepulses meing<'ls~ds 0If!e d~d..
RJele:mElnce
1" )" \I~IIINe:~lnaJlIl1:, fill i~~e!mrJ']r~mf8~\rIr. lit 'rh~1:IfXf/,f,t S~_litm, L" ft!.~Hre;~. Eid, !Wille)'. N~~ '!\(!rk,l!.95U. ~> !=3l.

..

gr.

SMIndered The PQch; and Ule oArr.iiQiQgisr.s. fur tj:rn-m::d ~!c pi m fQ!1¥! , 1\Uhl)l~gh ,aJ c'I"Qss·di.~cip:~~~l~ry pallile] involv:ing a.Uthe
dls.dpi:i~.c~: rcpire5c;nted] rnnthe s.ympQi.<;]mn 1rIJ[~u: have taxed ,even tfue h~!'lhly skilkd

uremar

SU ST.A,~ [N,A"S,I trrv The: U,SI Geclli(!g~cgl S'li!f'II~ (IUSCiS) p:rop~(l<~ six strateillk ,d~redi~l1sfo:r !i'liigmiagil1\gecosy:s~ms a~lliflgwit~ mCl!demi~th:ii"i,of obseuv.;,tio:n

IMI. D. M¥,er(s,1i~ 1M!..A. A:'I!E!rs, *.!I. 5:., B a:~olll,;* P.Il, Bealuclill!!lIiIilll,~ GiIi~liiil.g"e~;~ 1M. B. G,olldh aber, 11,11'I. R., l1IuUlh~nsoo.lt Jl. W.IILaIB!a Ilgh,'" iii:. G. SapEi:.- ,S.IE. S~hlw:al'Zlilall!ih, 1I>;f IlL s, Stlhwelgl, t!J ,J. 1I!1O!.,odSigl'nd,* C. \"8111 R~p'lHi'11111[,· W,.W,illdlet!

a.r,

f1eM!O~,t<.s lOll~jijd..

IjI;!gtew,.aIiild

Ibi~I,~kaJl~e.sour~es:.

conduct1!indi di~ctior! of !r!!u,tiJlall scienoe. :paw~ d(;lil<;l!rly gO\l'l0rlllmrCrI~:~Sipon~ored SC]enciC" Wilh

the&.; cha.Uc~g,e:sinmi~d. the US. G~Cll'ogic~ ~rvcy (USGS) proP()~S si~~lteg;ro:~ed mli~t:uscak~stl1l,tcg;ic d~J'oo~ t:iClIlS, that will he], the United St~~esa.dd![cs8 (lil}lu,lel\; clwilO!llJ~
mel1mm ~rob]ClflS: 0) Wha~: sets th[s 'pila[l 1i,]la['iI. l1:um p~iom e:IQrts is <\I. vi.s,!a[l ()f' in~e,. grntn.oil1i,aC:l1l)ss alld:8Juo:ng ,eaoh Q:f t~lle S!C~e-liIce.clliooo;;;tkin$.fm: eaoh, wewillruh ;fI systerrus approllch to

he' Unutcd Sila1e::;9l'ad the world t~day

rncefonn~dab[e
dl;l,Hellges

that have

1l1!;'~:OI1~.Qonciiti:ot! •.1I!1'ld, :1!g~d1cmJ~IaIlI~riIlCi

,co'~wrvati,ot! require--

~dlge gJl;med to mtdCfS!;<JIgldling: ~oonti;d

flltme

meats of otg;1in]sms~l tenestri,ll~.ie:ii]@"~tri::lf~

m[ljur implic,U~,m~:iioorp~i{}ri'tie8'in dle

'eJ.~y~·'gnlllelllt~.We;pl~rl to

poocvtde la! v,~ric~ (ilf8!Zl!'itice:si~ahtding

rnar,s"

st"Ii!eS lInd PI,t1ocs1>es.El'I[Jl1Iiruled find modemi~{;.-dUSGS oiJ5Crvi:UlIg l!!ICtv.'GIk8 nHm,wat~r. O and lbio]o§ica!! :ros{l.t!~;e~wiU be cwciall oorjgC.1)[(lq:.a;r!~sm8. hydroklgic!ll

~1iIIl1,[Ir 11!pd:a!tC:1l 011 ~hcSUlltu(; ~l1drrc1l!l,&l O'f

.speci~8 i:!_l)dft.'S:ot~C8•.al1!dlDh!ilI8i~kfb~~ts

esaluare bmad

CilI;lllSif!:S

and

iCOamiSfl,.

qaences of the usc,m.dI n:lJ<lITil;a;ge~ ~,uen~foo,mndresoll[fiCe.S"H~d can o

p[-ocesses. This vis:uolJiwiU be tog.. tered by tbeintegrafion of the takln~ ,oftlThe USGS ","'O,tkfof)ce of bio]ogi!!ts. hydrd~ogiBtS. ,goo~

(lml]~, .~illi:l!~Js.e~ oflbtUI"C responses Oijibiok,giCionditilOr!8. o:!:lnd ccosystc:m 'condlthi.'ll'il&i t~ dim~u~ ch~l1ge:.'fhe: USGS wi:~:~i1liicre~Re h:s C!iffil::lbHhy te pmvklemJ.t]!yut fro:l1J!'ap[CI;He:tivc ~nd e:mp]~ie~1 mlitod~~s::liocl'llSlrlllge:r.\!i to test: adap'l:ivestm;~egies,.~oredlllCe risk,illiI1l.d1 to :ilmre~e1he'p(lte.]l,t~~ for hydlro.1.ogJ]c8i~ and eCQlog'ical.SY5leMSliO be seW~sHst.l']nilllg. res[Ue:lilt, 01: <Id<l,ptabl.c to climil.te c]illEIIllge 1Jl!i1:d Je1hlcd die>tLuiI3Jloe·s" Cmlpiedmodd" ililll!!: aud [ml'g~~ermmo:nit[)ringin tmt~; western Uniled! StJ]~ .ElI:reOOiy
show :swolJll!!ll)esponse-s of ecoiSy.s~ 1ems:, S.:i:rellD,OQ:1i\i' dy.mHililie:s" Ellfild ll1e.1i1 leve] bl c]m.1.nre c:b!llll!~ 1iJfilCI

:seogt~jhers. The six di~'CtiQ!)~ de~c!!.ibGid b~1G\v a~

~og.til:ts;,~Ild

'Iilri~:bi]it)t;re~li.tit~lhij.'~:Mw k~fi put 00, us>e fOr :settiilS dimilfi6~

dl~f1!g~ ~ml~cyifi :Calirom~il"A~t!1toughJ oom(;;fi!]diing~I\i]_::ve 'bee:il ~ppUed hll,the past, t~~1CC'Xpandoo

!~l!M!:!aUy r():b:!:F[.lr'Ci~lg <l:1itd ccosyst(;1l'l'-ba.<;;c(L Tl.1Cybui.ld~rxn1l\ ~jhCi

t[~~!l S'llU;PI~~arltj',exi~~:i~lgreas a

of

IJ:lThr~!;VjU ~tef)d ~I~i!ities,

experl!l!S:c 'within t1~e lISGS.

Uilll!~erst:amdlrng1i!(!~~~emi5

1'!lc U'l'Dlited Smtes in 1I'C.s'P'll~ ro ~lC aeed ofll1!i31llagCD.eJm!t age1lii!des. ,and

IEne,ng[¥ and l1IIIilIDefiill~t~'r .Am,eliica's flJhutl!. USGS will MO"i.!!e beYO:llidi d!oc;iEnentbllg the ad,gllm ..mildOOCIIi~ renee ofroWly's dOMll.ina:nt mi:l1lernJl.

predicting '!lfJB!l,ysleilllil dililllll,ge.

USGS will develop !ul!di(lOlwe:y a flllld1l1~lilellta!], unde[-Sl2ind:ililg of

eoosyslc:rnlI dislII'iibuttians!l1l1llll their eompoueers ;mel diynamk·s, 1~11I1 a~ diliOJJillto t1,,:r:Jijf~nng .11:sci'e:Jilltific basis G,)rmanagU:lg eoosystrellliS, the ]llIIh~
ralli:lIt[O:~I. lIlIU~e~l'5tndin,g.

methods

and .apiIlrO<lIclii!es. will seeve as Ii c:r'tk:td.llndJ~p:ili1nil1glib:t all. other

USGS seieree dirioclii:ruJis. To midee tll:!e~e i1l£[ISUremeJ11l1ts. we will ~,~ Pi'l~KlIall:dmo(h:rmh:e observing 'I1.ct'i,>'orb by (:jol,oc3!Ung bDolo.gie3!~ biophysical, :and 'bi~ geoch(;:liImjeaime1lBtlrem,eli!i:ts~USGS,'\:V:in ~ys· tc~tiCid~y~arnctt:!i".J; ~:qc diill1ri/li1utio:l\ iiwrelil!..5. Ge'(llogi~ili S!.llr'l'e.~,~5<iS Nl~tiiOlil~1lmier. C a~s~" VA. 2QiUz',. USII; ·Scill;!n~~!it"ateg)'TElIi:m IIl11iliio'r5in
l'DirffiilllI,

dostetn fueezillg, ruSiGiS h!~$ ~'gl)!u! m<'l!liIping'li'!!I~lm~~Ol.b>i:~ityw~,u.miWlg,.,crlllp) Ngmb~r{lfd~ ~er~i!r wlth 1ll1l'li11rn rumpe,rratl!!r'es betw~en 0"( and -3<>' tIl9~IO-]99'9~(3). (Bottom) N!limber of filew da,ys abo'ijiE!~neeriUlg ~Gjected~o occur <it d~nef,El1I~legree:~ of c warlD~rii~., Wiillil p~l:iiiII;)Riily-\i,J~11glilt~(:IIiHstnblit~(i1iJ d~~~ntfi!in~dlfflj.1fIl,i1! II!I~riiSi~1iii~~ bk! I!!sing! 113:projocJtiClm,ilii lIanCl'U!5 diml~,tl!l! :mooels: (4). K.n!lwl!~d"QI!! ~Ibolollthm ctim,ate iCl'lal1ge iIIIfBC1SS~i!i50nal~llm!Jpad:;5 1> u~ll1d:tofo~CI3J:'>'Ir!lltlife ch.lIlges ]ri1 timin.g ~!fId ~lm@l)u'!~ .(I~I~~r Uow !l!1i!d1Un~r ~;[(!'~9i(1!l Jl:'::spglflS~S ·tp.~~~9!~~Ifi(iirii ~ CIrid \1.!ikl~ife tlhi!!t roll;' alii Sfi,QwliOO' IlWIoistu,re and h~lbitilt.
By dlHJUllillernll!ffimg dille' rnllllllllber of ,days historrtGlUy

<lm!1hydmc.m:bo:l1ife:SO:u:roes

to

<I

g[ob~li~sc<l]eiJitemli.sci.p~I~Il<iLry r1C~ sellJ:c]u1 apP:lXI3.ch, We will. expa]]ld the ~c;Jrtfo!~oofoomilil,lodiiitiies ad-

dri~sedmflrl wi~.lassess t:l1e tlowof m<l:trecial~, bou:gh Oll:ir C<COI:IiOO1]y.lIS

Cl !S
..t
iill

'" IliJhial)Eitical order.

c,nt.l1JfiCOO ~ll!de:fStal1tdfu!lgand ~v.\'llu!(tk)n ef' lii 'of pott!il!ti,~ru S:Mft£l l!l Cli!itV~ro!1l1l~i~ntal com!.,· tions,~taho~dingsi:rnJexOO by gjJlItIJect, plaoc, 1101.11 tl~() OOlllll'l:i::X "Ulb qc:k:" of oocU!'ro:l!lce, ~ ,l1ImJ, time: will be: madlel1l\Clil~~albt~tlWool~gh gef!~·is. e~l!!1iiOt:~o]\, iI.!~c~almd'i;W~8~eiltnl~C!1!Jee:, ~,' •.. are in:nij~riC(~d by hu~d::lcapoe,h¥dri'i:~o'gy, ,e~i- ~ hueM~t rortWil. €II !UaIte:,~Q[;y~tems~a:l:l;d h1l!:fm'mhc:a]tfll. USGS .~ ..",iU fri!feg~!e .~scs~e~t~ ef c;r~!¥}jr(:;rourroes ~: Clh~I!!i!~:e ariglbil~t.y .g!i!dClh'!!!I!g:e" Th~ USGS v will:! build 0:1111 Us S'h:JCllgdlS iJrI. pal;(;QC~]~no;litoIQg}' such ugootll~nal. g~s hydl:a:~.~lldQil ~hare ,!Illd Pflst hll~e~:aJGt[Ol~S ,c~illlS!le: wi1h I,flllld!· !)f wil:h tl~e (lOllSeqjtteFil~e~of devel.oping a1J1i:d!~, sca:pesmmdl ecosystems and appJytlr\i.e lrn,owl ... using fQ:>:;i~, a~].da~tenillldve fne:I:i>. ]llChl(l:iliil,g tI
W'

weU,l;sthcirimp.@Icfs on the e]liLv~~ 'j' 1= [ailment TJm;e re~1!lI;t will be IIIl! ~:

I,

changes .ill BltallOspher.i1L1 carbon clloxide:le\f>e!s. land-ase d'mnge. aJl'ld c[~n~te change. USGS will Cfxpillm.d.ex:i:stIal;g research effo!lils on ~;1iLe ca'l1boll cycle' ,8Ja.lGI srben Sleqlll.e-:!>Il'ali!on geoc in IQgJic:1)] HiI~.dhio~,@gi.ml~,:eservo.6, l
iii rili'ltiQllliI~ ~Z'illr"ds ri:;k,ililrld Ir'esiti:i!nce a!lI~i!SiS~ 11li1!!nrt1~'~lIil1lm. The risk to society and envi~
HlililJmetil

off:lIiie combined

effec~:s (Jif,m!Ch lliiilt~

C<llll'l1,qmlkes" tloodl~" g;eQm,l:gne.t·i :st'OIltlS,laJlIidsi,ides" c t~~m.ru,lli:s.'1mlcMoo:-;,wildfire~,. mu,dl.Omlo,'Ii;c disc;at;C;8 ",i~~ assessed a~d oom~lU!!lk:ated, be U 80S 'lIlI.l;m also ,ri!ddr,esili,~hei!liii:l1ucnoc of elim~t~ vii_r!,1iJbililyend d~ng~ ~'!m, the :i:f(l~~~lC'Y ~Jlidif:!tc~:~H:lt of ilaJtUtra]-ha~rdevel'ns. Accurare forl}Cast£ and p!red;ic1h:ms oiflffi'fI17.::ard IOlilsell delPCatd 0111. atllmrorug~~ !.I[~.dersl!llmd~ng of dile Ijroc:e~se$: Clontoo:nilig ~~w~l:dO~Cijfrence. di:;;ttib'l.niol1r ril~~.i.ng, and s:e'lJlel1tY;i!lSwc~~ 8$ t~ile ·e;ff"ecis, of nl.eh~z;)ni OIlTh 'the ~a:r:ldSi~i!lrpe. 1~~liH elwiro:IWme'l1lit~aJm;d h.llI:llHI:I1i. ~:aFety,USGS w ill. expand Dts prese;l'I'ls~!l'\e:tmgth in hazm.'d I~nooe:s:s le.searc:ll W ,advillJice ~mllilmvemer:ils; [I} mrocasdn~pmbl:l:brn~ruties ofi:lilb1ll:d5. i1s\\m~] as to [lnp!roYe:mulemflllldiliThg of seeieta] vlLl.i~ m1e!;i!lbriliti.es to hazards, Red~.u::ti011: ofl'os:ses tl1)Jm~.w.mr.@i~ ~,lO]Zll!ids:requires the best ~Iltm~
m.AriO]il <Iihcmt ~1~7~r~ tbe:lil1lSe~ves, ;a!l:'!ive~.~. as

l!H'i1~ha:~f& asceastal erosiroll,

Mi@(IWi'j' seluili,.,lI)1' ~~~(mil1t!!J,l;)

~,2 ~.

:_liI·:f!

_!i,,~

4,

A.lilalthl9idle IiI'Ilerculry·,~m~irivit:y II1IlilIpi$ b~li.Flgde",eLop~~ ,at.USGS,I'o.~aqllllalii( em:'ly.ste!m'lim 'bhe mi'Vliigllll~ (I~:!l U ~tart~.$~Onr 'Ii~i~ lti1!rp, 9Ineal~~r ~"(U~S .~,~pr~~~!ilt m(lr~ ~mmv'J;: e(:0$:r51~m,$, 'Tilfl~rprillil1!arry r15IUJt~ (If ImelilyliiflerC!U!1Y l'.:wa5urre-for boih, peOIPle i3J1il~: fi5iN<1ling wiMtif~ ~[5m!1!F(Ur:y ill n5h"Th~'~ iIIlill1is d'ef1iV.edfroi1ll Immm~tM ill srs,OOOwate~;_'CJu',aLil)l al!lu!l25m) \vattEir1lh~dls, I[U&(j1'l1il1'~il\ru'D)'imIIGmi1i3illo:n :s.ltes, (;~l otheJ' m'g<1Inic \\mstC\;V1!.'lieuomltCllmi,lliB],1s;in olLlr StrreoHti, 'W1l<U ~~;11$ OO~I:I ]ac::kingis 1'1 s.ysrenlatiic, Ol'~nizfiction ,co:mnUlmoAt[Oli o[the,se d<llta a;wila:bdUty:,Wiiler quality. and aquati .e cco~ sy8leJ,U heal:dl (l1i1!llsed by c~lml~es: in land usc and .Iand CO'\lieL". ni:l!nur<l~and engi:mLeeredililii<l" s:lrna~].I:[e" 'W"d.te-r use, and dimllte ol.lOlinge. (elllcl~l!l!iirOl1I!i• I~niti,dsteP!! towa,ml i.m!.JlleJnellt· .
ii~,lg the iS~X StlOlte,~iic

ill a

mn

hnJlil1L1Llru, ellHliIDoont~t h

UOOSpro[pO!le-S

tn

an ulTilde~'Stafldin!:l: of r:isk and the coot e:Wcc'~jv,e~le!Js miitlg;ati,or! of

(I:e:velop an QI:I[~le data.ilitlas illpotenti'1Ii~envi,~ IiOmm:nl:ru] lineallth tme<i!1S and to deve[QiP a. peri ••

!ll!lJdre~,onse S'l:rat~~' 1l!t 'lhen!Jlion~

'Ollie repCJ:I'itB~ ofhmv Condl:hOlmS, aJrecl!it·ill1~ng I\1ndr,egi!ona~,levcl.

directi.ons can bebillli~de with e.""i.sti~g fl~nd:i1!lig:. bllIt 'theoollliz~,tio(flof

i~l.fQ.iSi,QI'i.of
J

gies. It ii:ig'o!"equiros eommltmcfU £iind i~l1;'10& '!ie:m't:n.tw·j rit !:-ommlUmiiiti,e USGS: w~;I] A wiUlil:f I(eoill~t!:s:or" tih!e IiJI¥iH:!d Stglt~:s:. The s, f USGS wi II d.e:iV~k)p N~~~m~~dW~t~feCfl~'I;l.::i, a ili!l!;;r'eliJ~e 'efrQ!'l~·to 'C()~lmll!f!~!:~te h~w cem111 ~~~:f!hie~~f!!1: at ri~k~'m ~a!t ural h<l.z"u~d~ forthe first: 'l:i]7lilc 25 years ·tomeel ~le need ~ ~bl)utwh~1!t MlIkc5; ,c()(mtnlJ!itlit:ics more refor a co:mprehc1l'IIs'~vc. sck:ntific ~cc!()Uin'l:i]"JJg of ~nk:rct to ~tremc: ("v:ems, and aI!Joult Qflg.o:ing, the stat1i!lS aod trC::nds in froeshw'altcF' qlmf!jnH~y changes, .i:1Th envimmnc:rlit Il'n,fllt rel~te tomHI.lt~ t~l(l alld qualityFOIr h1ll.mmlill 8!nd!,ec{)!Qgical liiIc:e't1'1lI.r~[ i~ISlZfll'd vn~llerabi.l.ily, 'o:f~henation,

.. ~
~ ~
~

i
~
IIo!

ei

The USGS w~t er Cel1i'illt:l! win fo c~~,on the :2 W\n~er-re:sou:ree~'egi~u~ oU.I!i!e lU1lJJi~cd States" .i:lThdlJdi.llg; ]][eii~:' waJle]'She(ls,!lnd .~sso· '[)]3,u~d a.qJl'Ii.fers (2'). as well as ofif:shore, m:ent~l ..aspects of hU:WIHUI. 11;eaUht..USGS sc:i~ extents .. EfI!c:hiregion hal> Toea] and regional entisss .<Iii€: :mJIHong tIrue '1!'O:i~d:s, 'experls on aspects 0 fwater supply <lind dea~lulind that wiM~a]lima.l. dis~~!Ienansmission to hUlfiIm 1II1S. Cfllll,i1Im:i, miU,st:p:royideilfillfor,m'lItionrow reselvmust be CO:I:I s;ider>ed ~n dete lID m:llilng where d:r,iamlki:ng wnter cmltam[na:l1ils. fIIk.,dllSt--£OU~ ~~lgome artlite most erinealuaturel resomae s the wOILI:e:rri:slocatcd. hOWliiIU~Cliarfu:sh water is :sed:iment~l~ock ,eonmmimn:vts:, p1lltho~en8 ~:n presea,lt,thc q~;fI~,i:tyofth<llt\mter. the i1J1iIIIKnmt cll,drenses.~cillig: d1.e Ji1!lIIr1Ol,ll ,mil,d the ",\Ior[d" \ reclie~.ti!oIlUI ,Wlter, oIlIIDdheuse o.f,,!,ild anit of wnrer used, ,1lIIld, if that s.upp~y of fresh .H!_iIT@nC@!i • a~sas sootineh:;ro:r humml ~.ealth. U SGSis "'!later is st<lJb]e,iliilC[le a8~il ~ ()]' decreasin g. g r, 'lISGS, "t~t1i'IQillon~~f(j{wi~ I!!Il.llH!!ili!lil!~: IeI'.S,.G~j)logL~:lJl S'llM.~ sC'i1l!1lIre In Ih@~C.o1!l1·~ 2007~():Ill' ((1jroJla'l tn,e p]',~~u.arygDlIo'eJiilnilm:e~lt;}lagellC:YI:r'%;IlI!.)iD1Is:i~ N e'\iiL'e"'!H~'<l![ich w~~~ better defi]ii;c the dl:t.l.flllC""· no~,Ui~()~ liteSIIIn" c~r>f:001J), Apri~ ~(jIl): ..~<ilII, VA. tensti,es of warenj,~,oo:s~nd.<lI(J!llifers, thiU; 'C()J!!i,' 101:0fotwildiifJ::re ...eO\l!i!charlld :I:!as, For ~am~ illIl~' dt hI.ilR:lJl!Ii!b~;L!~~~;~\~"~{/2QO?/B09l. pl(;. be,(lll ll,cfivily h'!v(liv,~d hi!!u1l!cking b~rd struin !low 1]11i.1iic:b arer ·ean be8tO.rod,n!1!~· w il.1.I!5GS, 7\ u.s. G~L~j,~ 5UMj'!lii:tiil5l.li!1d'ard, wd,~jjw ~hll ~d'e;ii~ifIC~~a!1lI h~t. Y'ii'its ~p,,!lie 11I~H~ :S~I,g~ ~I' deaths: from Wl.lStNil!o: vir~:. It h:il!s~edj,~ m~ued1 and 1ia~c:do·~ sodetalor ~rlv:iro]Wmclm:' f .alldllill!! (anMil!an ,ol!ltlyiiliJi a~5~ tCilll!Jllar 8:]:8-11, do~e ,co;~~bora!tkm 'W]t~ the US. De;Pilm..'!Cnt t~~purpgs~~. N~",'v dlrc~etio:i1l!s: wiHinch~de lISGS, ~~rnf~VA, .il<)9~.;:!riaI1ll'll.l~1I't.hMp::tl,e~b!uJl!%!'~ '~~tb11!a~C8 o:f'~jfiU(;'t ijg() andw~te:r :w~~h!lbi Uly~ of A:iI!J'iC:lIUm:t,; 'to .M~ N~¥ ~fld aS~c~ii!fhe Ijmi.ll'd,ridrf!H{l.J\i,~dltq!l: 8Jli!',,:urprul f'I'~te~l:i~! Avi,fln h~f1!:!c1lil,za intmd~Hcu~ t!!) ,S!~ li/vcH ,~s q~1!1mtufic1t~io~ ()!f the dy:l'!l:!lJmic for ~" It (, Bal(!!:':?,r,rli", 'IUlr~ fll!'!lt'llJf(,Rl!:I., 42, M:lIl:412 '[;2'006.1, 4. M" II>.ilel.liI'ljlH; (1Im-.Gi1ll'itg.f ",6. 149 (~06)" rn;s:IW,,~~erosm~ri;;eflood~ Qf.~ql!mti(,; (losy~· r e d~e United States 'by ~igralt(lI'1' birdl!!. USGS !kI.l!SG:5 ~~cu ry :SUld~' Tl!l<lnl. Mlle;li'i!d(lu,~k;e'r;e:!j!!im:w !:: c:ientis:ttsalsQ co:ndii,lc~ed tih,c f.irst na.ti.o~~:~. ~em:;;a.wdtheir 'bk~ta. l'he wateT QC:IiI!1i,Uiill ".,fill J!l~;r~~!j!l. :reconnlaJiSlHI]lJ.c:e of emerging oonta.mJlf'Hllm1'5 infonllll the pubHc ~lld dlec:isiOIl-maters, ,8ibmrt fm:e:cm.ls onLkely Olu,comes I'm.' \wtc:r :llllc.b as ~1i1:1m,"ma.ceuti(),a]:;;;" honnQne~" and The:mhl
of ellivilmllllrmellllf ,lind rwil~rl.lifein IhiUllifl.ln l'Ie .. ~II.. USGS sdemili.stl> ~uIJ"i'ealong~ :sta.1iIJd~ngmul.lidi.so~p],]I~EII'Yfocus OJ11. ,enyimn~
.. _ _. ,_

the fum] be~lcfi'l;j; to Lh~[!il!tiofi\""II.t·eqi!i:ioo ail! filew :reg01:lfC 6S. Til e' oo~lcfit~to the nat!Qn \vill b~su1b~~~n.iaLS~Ht~iil!1.l~lili'ly .. ~lO:t ot'lly ~nkeSlhat !;l(;h:!mli$~s dO~1J!IneE1llt tJ~(; c![)ndil!:ion ~Ild tr,el:lcils, )fEmThi's .r.t;':Souroe~!but ( al:so i.mp:Ucs dud 8d();l1itiists df:ecti:vdyi]ljjf'Orm Il(lll1scie:lilit!s,t,S on t~le d'rivers orf chillng,e Si() ~ha't society l1l!!.'y e'ffecli.vely H'I!lnage natl!u~l re~otl!',ce!!i and c~navoid ·cro~~llThg dwesh~]ds ~e'~dil~g~oiillaster,s. The 'IJS.QS ehoeses the d above seienee d ireet lens beeau se they are c:r.it:ical,.y ~1l1~~oT'I;1L'I~t 'W]~] t-eql11~re the, best ;ElIne! o:ft:le argaiza:ti:Oll In fllIDf'DU" Lnd because '\\\I'C a beliese theseare the: science dilrec.t[OJ~s Ul;<ut

201

',II

'I
:

E,VOUJTHJN

EVO~l!ItiOtFliliry(!~iillliI'ge in! ofg<l.l1Iisms, 1hat r':epr,odillce asexlJja~m!f IlII1ay be drrnenlilll part by the! diii!ierigelflt fuIII cl:ionJ of !J:~ne.~th:at'lI'IIl1,re fOITlllI!!\rly ,a~.~e~e~.

delloid :rotirei,'S (see ttliae. figJll:re), com.,

prisillig
sonie

380

d!es(;l~bedl

s;pec!i,es,

11lte COli1,lIDOIl a:quil.tic ifiViert~ibrnte~ .vi:dl hi\§bly 1iiImlwal: propertie::i!.mootrnlrnw~t,y tl!il{;l~,( put1!ltiW]ylltlCient 1l8!oi>.l!<il.lity O1Iind.~lbility ' to ~!'vi1j,'e d(;~iccmioo ;MalrlY IH:esttl:ge:.lfl1l.dy

h:o-m ogell]z:~tiollby ~jl;1iO~:e ~lI,<It t-eco]iliLbi.n ac ti.M precesses 8'~'C h <18 gelilie c(lifl!vm~on o'r

alleles S~ruIO(l~d. d:iveli'~. wi.th oli11ly ooc3siol1lfJ] UJ1Id,er such ccndi-

mi,toti,c crossing-ovea

tions, in whid:loo!,mer .i'lU~I~ 'Jre'i~]]o~N-edte evolve; mIilon: or less htdc!pC!ldl'lY1lly for Sil.!(ffiasCN.l!a!~. th(:1ir c'Vl:)lwkll~ry Si~lcoessmay 110ki c~.entlyl!OQg ~nn::r'!.m~$.alleles at: some leci ~~(;. :tl1:l8\\/(o'1' to\w_y r!c..~~ml h~ghC! ICiI,J~l<fJ!:'JO't~ ~lght b~i:iiJJ~J)jgiu~d to dj'!,f¢rg'ein fU!:l,ctiO!l. !1c,pfodIlJCC (i;C:xl!aUy arid why ,1'i!I&c''!i:ua] t:;~!~~y. Tl~ii!! is b'()\~f PQlychld~l~·-S~~tuche\i:aJ etal. ot:eR) :S!ri!d:ng: oOCS.8:i(llnally foom S1CX1!Jl~] iJm;es~ il1i~e"pret their fir:IJ~l~Il!gl'i, O are :S!~lnlO~Ha]waJl~ evornnHmla:rily shQII't~ In a screen for !el1es: I:tV'llolved IUn.desicca~ ~~\<'ed, 011 I~!li,e: 268 ,o¥this: ~s[;1JIe.flol,lc::Wdli'!l;a-. ~jiOn.I:'C$lS:l:fI!n"e~ p.tltlc~k~na-S·~;sJ~ltt:he,va (j.~al. Stant:chevaet dl. (.1),pl:e~:l1it evidenee of :ruli1i.CidelJ1iihfledl'i.1!I'o (;C(pies CJif~~ate. em'llr~g.enesi's rnoli1i8J[ dlli\lergencebetwee~ltwQ,corpi!es of <I <Ibu11IJcia]]l,i {J~a) gene, fro. ;f! Domp.lenu!:ntaN'Y g,~neexpressed il1 bd:e]]oids, dUiring d:esklrn~ .DNA (cDNA)I.illra.ry of the: lcdelliClidl.'ol1~fe'li dOli1iI.,.$1!1cb gene,s eTIlcod!e pl.'o~e:i:l1lls i~Ivo~'j,i'ed A'dj'nela ri.tciae. A~!thDI]ghd]:lferbllg ~n desiccation resistanee ~n p]imts,. inverte~ <It o:n~y l2, of 316 <I[lgilled ~U1Jfl.iIlO h]~t,e:il. i1Jlld ml cmO:Q~"lIlii!H.],1S.; ne aJutho~'S acid pos[riOl1's. ~&U:e ~"'i'o'O p:r-oteiilll!s <I.rg~tethat. snch ditverg~'I1oe cmlld prov]dle encode:dlb:y tile' geucs are,folmd, bod I.oid rotifer:swiUfh gre ..ter phenotypi.c when tested ~Il vi:tJiO.to uve p1[i~
variationand !1,po~entU:lIl ,,:~:ul2!l.lc]JJilJductio[l a. adv<1nfOJ,gc'IT"()IT1

sexual IP'OPUhiLtiloll? Or, i.fMdi~o]ds :rell11y !Ire the 1m' gelfile5 descendants of fWlllet ll:~]eleS! that ~~ii.1iVC escaped ~omog(ln~7..f!ti.ot!?' h weuld Pie evldCTlce f(l~: theliiiUe:ri.fthe div,ergUlt k~aWpiC5 ,\::\!();jf(; found Olm! separarc chromosemes
ii~,(;iellilit ii$e;r,;:lIii.l ,oqJ:}iimSmSi,ilIl:e

A]tI'!o~gh it oot!~d be ~rgu(.?dthan s~l~cdo~1

a~in~t homo;zygo:n($ fi.dc~liticOiJ!l allelesat a pil.'r~·iCI;I:~a.rIIOC"!u) CiOI;l]d. hf)v,e lIiIm.arunIW~lleJd hetero!Zygll~]tty C'l.'il\luin a S:eli:mI[ ~)Oip!.ll~ti~m1 is it sttikiliiJg dlJ~t'. (MJ1(:r d~'Sin~helJe,.t:book: c~~e of ,exce:::;s heterozygniliity !U t~,~.e human Ilhe(l]logliObillklC;:'M.~ [Ill popui<lt~.om,in malaJi]a.l .1:~g:UI;lIlTh!»" campellinllg evi<llenoe for other
I~

in

Men~td spec:i.esoltllii,er dl,f!jn

.'1 •.

"iCC{;rMt"

tive desiicc-<iI!hc:m"'p'mrectLIl,f,e.iJcti,vi ~ ties t1llitbt are di'st~nct AJ!illtliillysc's of

le'aI),l1)be imlic![cate thll!t the two Ie-a ~rles 11:00 likelybei.iled~. t\w diffu~·e!llt~hr'QmOsOimes. The .iiilidl()i."ffiili!it,erpr,et
,11

1110 most sturdy e!,f~dcjliLce or brlc-]]oi,d f lI:scxuality is tl!i!lIt des,pi:~e 'much ()IOSerV11ltion i]li!:d~ttidy in the field afidi~ L!lbora:t()!l1t e;uiIrowe :S~~lclebtle~loild:s \\ier,e. des(;ri.b~d bYViifl ~ I'-)~" V!:;:-lR~gl~rn<le I :f;1ruCll~~. fl~Y"I -~l(;~PI~ \JY~~s. . . I melesis (ihClleducdc.mal cell d~vi.sfi[)lll pmce~
Lc;oo,'I!li.~~~ookmQ!i1;l ~~13(1)
YOO;f81!gQ"mfil~,

bdelloiidmlclei.w[lh

]:~i~ mcfOO thatth~ tWQ Jm~!1!e8 .~ d~~e;rd(\d :t'roinii!:F~onCf <liIlelcstJ~~t

]lladl1io~ sC'~"l$~ed fbr a 'liery~Oil1i.g d:nnC'c-long !C~lOugh.!Q aO[:>l,.Iw:uo[at~

tl,:at gi\i'(l(i; rise to

mg o~ni:;;I11"')

g_!:!lll(<t~

in 8(;'Xual!~re~Jlr)du.c-

have 'Il(:vc:r been dOCl!]mcfltedi. In:sI:e.sJd, bd.eHoid ems are 'Pnld~1.CQdilu~iil prim~ry ('Iocy~es IIlzym~tog[s (the cell d:ivi R~()n proce:R$ ~y ~vh:tch most cells divide)._ Another S!ort ofevide:nce Cnrm,el>:.mdity&rua. ... been :sought ~n the fCl]'ill of.irui.gh djVle~.gellc:e, beltl.l'ee~l.gel1l,e copies tJrim were l:I~~elesc----:fha.t is" <Ii.te'n'J:l<IltiiV.e thnIDls oh ge::m,e tIID,M:occupy the
:ijJiJiij,1C posinon Oil a 'cllilr"Olllolooil1liLe-:t)ecf'IIJTe.
\Ii,IEIS

aOaJiloo!lll,ed;(2).

ses 1.1:1sex.1i.I!1I1. :s,pecl!es, lfII~ielQ\sits

~ep!ar.tlltr;:-s .a]]el.,es, £IIIU),not

aU ItIi~~c,lesin tle 00, thc,rte".J{l gCllfcr<l!tion, thus [i~.nitiIIDgtlhe divergeooe thl.lit i

p.ruliemJll;al gew;: P(lo[ are O"dIlSJ:I1]Ued

ean acc~llIlhul<l:te w~thi~ll n specLe's•.Butif:sex, 1l1l!d thoreful'e:me:iQric s,eg,~ati:OJl ,ofaUe:les,~

ailllfl~lc;onoo{so ~lQ Olfg1ltme:t1l ;l)e~),fufli1lil:~r
.M. M~~I!!isj]1il 5 fnlh!! il!!partl'lll@nt of M:!i.€Klwi.a'Janlil@l~ui.1Jr i ( BioliligY" j.!,a1'l'<lIrd Ulilili1lrsity., (~illllbridilje,. MA, ID21U, andl ],o!S>epll.i B~~ P.a:w~GeilllE'r lor Connp-iu~lliv.e: MilIle~u~~lr ne

~ljillA, d:iv'eFgen,cc at those s;,it.'e.l; thm dO' not change the ,(uninO' ~.cid scqI,lC:JJltcc:of the LEA pro:n~ill. By ctJ.1JlJlmst, abroad sum:vey oifi:l'WCrilebra!le species f'o1!llld an ,!I'¥:erage o:f o:n]y 2,.1% diveb'gen.u;e'be'twee:liIIJ i!ln~ les Sit sites HUrl: dJo noil:: chnge tme <Ilmi:n!o acid ~equ.ellce(3). A.rguaMy> tiile ~.5";kb WgiiOJ~1of hiQorn,o~ogy that tiiLe-authoss ideTItiJYills co:ntill:iil11iing the .lea copi:e..,'ii oOI.dd 1.\epiD"eSent 11 dJHp:~~C<ltiOilii!J aHlle 1M gem: miheili' thllfil aUeJJic segiTlents.ML.-:vert!l.lCil~,. the~ir ru.suilli M"C consistent with

E~!IIIlimnj MJJinl~ Il3i!lllllgicall2lb<tlir;amPi)'. 1II!'oodsHl)~~ •.lI.llPI. (125413,. USA, &1'Tii,iliU: IiIlsm@'I.'!jm.hi!lIv.ai'dl.,l!ldu

Bioloqya!'!c I[V~lut~ilI~ Man(:ie lli~9IY t~b~rat~i!l, ~d~ IHl'Ile, Ml\ O~543, USA, D. Mark '!!h!ll::hi~at ~heJ~s~ph["e Ela~1P"IJ~ (l:nl~rror Compar~tr;"'e Moflelll:!!ar 18i1l1ll9f ~_rnl d

ind~ctl!tiioll~ ,of d:iNe~l1t fmlc-1i:on 1bciIX¥oon gelle loo;pics oJiilJeill\liruclC,rim::ii.JI alh.l:l!le :oo:gmenl8 O:f61C Me:~loid IWi:lfJ(JJltlr 1"OJ.'Co.la{4,. 5) . A;i!~mmt!lg ~ho1l!'t'th>e two le,a gc ne~awe~O'c~ted i~ allelic s'Cg~e!1t8 of d:iI::Ten:~t c hro.os!Ome~,
Ol!s;~o!lclinkiflla-Stal1l[cheva d fl~, oom::~udei'could tjh~yre[p!I"Csellrr: an extre:milldy :llo]Y'lmil0rpMc:liOcUS ;~~!l l:I

PERSPECTIVES
exomp]e:s is i3Jhllll:os~ e:lmti~.·e.iy laeking (6~. If bdeUo[ds !lrei ,mi;e.x:t1ill~ such djve~en!,)e might be quite sttlble ~f the:llet~l<llil;y ot ~ommygos:i:s t1-o:m OOClISiOI'IIai itonlogc:l1tlzing events is oftset by tile benefit unm,ving twe gene ,~oiPieswitlm, dn:\IeI,'ge:lilitf~nc1i:ion, III tirullt
ge:neli arc~ncleod {)OMI fllleiic 5egmll'K~Jm,l's QIIT separate ,d:1MmoISOlil1l:es., ctH!.lldt;i],ore:fi:me be ~HOS! ]t:
R>g~@r'l!\iOO~j; I. M. N.ItIOLuhli:ll1O!-$t~nt~h'!!.~,l!'tillll:. Sri'i!i'iL{'.! ~,tJli".2'9, (2000), :1. I). B;,Maf~ jj!i\;!ldi, M. !l'i~~l!;(lfl, Sdl!'lIlf :ii,B!8J" JI2H i(2000~. ~, M. ~iOCh, MriI.r, Bir£ E~ .;!!3,4:S !)II2;006). 4,.1). B,,~'liLf~ welth eJ oJ., 1Wl~\~i~:OO7,oWl. .. 1:1. 8" M,ilf~'iI'l'eldi,.'iI'WW,m1oo,kJn<l'l!l.fI~liI!lt'l\'llll~slp.i!litllei'f 6. N. 'Go!imm!et ~, :51a:~e-,PI. a£;QJll:E1, ~12S ~2iOO6).

c'l~,het~!ooi,tf

nrajwn'pers:i~,eVCl1oc;ross 1m

species, and lmi~llerhL"O]11QmLl::~mllps. hll3lddi~

tionllOtlltrhm,g lip t:1meviG:elitw thtlitthel\w e

infom~live to S'l:mly tili'ne.ur JIOPWl1ltion ge~,letiGS,. l1]epe~~s1elloe orbmh g,ene eepies 0:111 sepamU':ebremesomes 'W'Ou[d,aoill.s;tin!te: ~1.1d1ej:lend,. lent evidenee fes bd,e~,~o:id, s:exJUHI,i:ty and, :<IS ~ Pm.tchkimJ·St.JiIlt'chew(!,tal. s:~£.~t, suchstable hete:rCIIZ,Y'gos:ity m1f:Y have cOllil1i~ibli.a:ted to Ihefit~,ss (jfbdeUo:id,ro!~re:trs.,

Biolmiimetic Solutiens to Stick,y Problems

.

ln a 'lim'<lrt i!1iI:iheS'ive'ilf1i§!p~r,ed b[ologiC81l by ,1I1:1!1es,n'!.l'es;liml!Jci:l!ues,~uih~lmf'fabe· stmctmes, odr<llmatk.a.llv increase <ld]a'e!'Shre$tirE'JiI!li~l1.

~lill;VC'i:l1l:spiT1.:ld materials seieace, FOif ea;;.anl;pl,e. Velclrowas cllev:el~ ol,Jedmm flin\ein~edIO!!;;Id~. ~.u.ec:lin~ .uiIIis.:mo,fihe s>eOOS: oflburdm:k that

M
.

anybiologi.cai. slurfac:es:
SQlllC

lffiW(l l\eml1![rkalbl:fl pmp~

erties,

of W'l1k::I11

the s1mi1!Oo~h iI,dlhesitve pa.d::;; of tre e f:iD,g~, a.~llml:e<l!~ sa]<Imanc;lers. ~nd inseets s:~~ch asants seerese afi'itid SlO thiilt they adlhere by wet adihes]oil1l( j. 4}. hlll:ee hogs atleast, the: m ..inforoe <Il1!lip€lorurs to be Icapi,Uarity. b!mJ1 [~ V ,r:oSiitYHlndi diredll1oleclll!.l:f. cOJ,n~c;tm~y also
'C01mitms~.

[1eadfuryattach to anee's clothes as o~lJew~lks t]urmgh iIJlime 'C01!mtry~ ~ide. SiTilti l:lIciy, sclf':'ckm.n1llg mate:r,imlb.have boon d;e~iC~()1P6db~ed Gmlthe: ;"L~u.!g cl'leel" (lile:\\ia!yi~ \VbJi.eh!i\i:i.i:t~t dlrop:s ron oif the sU!pcrhydrophglbich~fM~ ofiotU8 p~a1nSjta~.tQg dirt: p.f!rtick'S if!'lV~y "dth ~hl)m).

Of l~zanb

Olillld

riobots, Tile s:pi:lm!l]~iJ ..tip,ped ",dh~'s1'11e s<e~ae il1l ani

a ~otllltr:lll'IZDlrrl Vi!twli'~] (left) ~rli5p~iredlhof~stlJ'iUd:!JlI'ieO a.dhesive used by Oal~j)J1lo Itt aI. (n' in ~~ de",elop_liLt ~I: '~lmbiliLgl f'(Jb!)t$ ~11fIlQh.t).

'p[il:Y 11. rcle beeause efthe tlliinne,ss (Oh'l 35 nm) of H1C i,ntt:irvcnilrJ,g flMid m,l:ye;r (5). (The, hairy pads of ~l:sects !Illiio ca;~ ti:IliY atmOl!UlItS. ,offl1lQ:i d~ ~dJ!a.esiCLini s ~HIS alse ]~ikcly tn be! mrtinly by clll?i lirunty.) Sw;ch iil!lllJilidl!iilnisms hav'ei~spi~ mijt~ri,[il~ :5Ci16 r'i<t:lst!:l,i n :iii nU~1'ilb6r ef way::j '(6). For I"-'~Im-:'I' b-':Ic = ol>-:"';,-:. e..."'~. I 1 ~, ,Id! is·· ·!]Jto-·~ 1'7\ ~;\;~IL ,.p.};"" _ iI;)'!,!" n ,~Q •• Q _" 1 ~ '.:IlI.!] 'L,.Q
flIHJ coUlcag!i!ICS '(li)

l\t~vc;'M.5,ed microiilwc·,

The .fldhesive mecharns:m'S ofc~iMbi~~g (l11[-

lldihe:;l\i'c pad:s C;aJ1l ]ruaiveS el.I'-cJe~ll~ng plroiP'e:r~i.es and th US do

cff\[)r1Ics~. T1hi~aliiLi
U.a!~

ture dpolYI1!lil.e l:adl~1C 5;ive feet basoo on the hairy pad1iJ of g.ecko'S($lee thc~'irst fi.gu !'IC)in

mels have also guidedma.1enal.i.'ii>cie'lili~is;t:,t AI'I ~ excellent ex~mp'Je rnspl.',p'i,,,il(]ed by Majmnder !:l {!.t al. (1) ~'lI!I! pa:we 2:58 of ~hil!iss1li!!C:. h1spjred 2! by 'IiliiI!eCOIIllllJP~ex slllb&~rfucestinli~:[UI:,e, the Qif ~ o s>moQth;a:d~:lfSi.\'ep<ldSQflree fllOgs ;fllnd ~.l:sects
~

~
~

!
~
f2

g
!i
~ ~
!'!l

:z

is ;

8
Iii:
Q

~
;!:! (;j

~ '"

~otg,e:t f'O~l~ed.f~llal.ly,the ~d~~(!:g,iv:e pmlds of the deve~oplment ,ofi:obots tllfIJt Calil ~U(iCC;~S·· geekes ol.l'IIy sttC!k when requlred, f~dly ,elimll} ~ ve:rtie~~ g,]a:l!issl~eet Allodu:::r H!()w difJIere'l1J.'t these ,~iliti!es arc fllOm the part k ul ady ~.u.c:oess;lid biCl'lllinet ic structtlf\e.-re1!l:!!a~le tSiPC' that !I,d!h,e~:les equally properties Illfparc<e~ ta;pe~.Follmvin!'l DQ.ll1aCt aud In ildpressuse, ~,}Rmccl ta!lP'e l!i1!'iU3,dihere q~rite,\1!!'eU,. bMl rnt does :l;fLCh ...'1 gr.'L'ls.mOlj)p'eJ.:sand ants. ~]n,ey slimwlhat a:d]les~ver'aoce can be increased by lliP to a fae~Ol detaCh e.1Iisi.~:y!I,nd is seld:mn reusflhlc.lt:l'!!t.:lIUS::: i.ts,L,'l.dfY [lBmre t'QJi of3 0 iby sl.lbslclfrnce sLULCl!!l[\es511(;11 aJ~,,,", as oJlmwd~fil,!e:d pod:.ets:. mLe.HIJS th<i.t i;t ~s quid:dy :fouled by ['li:mb]l:lg 3.TUiimals:have; maIiliY<lb~~ities th:elil. ~d~n.~ring: IH<IItel:,.ua.l.Wl <11[00 has <Jill ~n:e envy of'nl[1~~riH'ls scienti~ts. First they ~~:le w;liIic<umy :knll,ck of sti.cki~,1.g to h<ilvelie~nm:k<.b[e: pClWeJr1'l ofadhe.s;ioO; EVOll a ~nyt~Ji;l1IJi;it cQmesinto centact IFroOmltill!!' pads, t'o,a~!!!i. H ~:li.lIgll'llllll tOiGi pad !!pil"'il!fialC!~'11s sUlrhrge: gecko can run aeress a oemlil,g; :<11 tree with. .nk~[lgthe w,ru:pp of rtll!ln,ried ~'lIllJJc!Js"r~~~~dda1Hln~ls .~~tine tre',e ~mg, H.tG.rlt1 (Ile:ft~'. wng frog jmnpmg 'flro:m bllilllCl1l~Q ihraJl1-ch does l~i\1t presents !J. larless plc1ISllrnlbl!e A :S]iMU<'il~ hli!''ta:g:oliL~~. tread pl"'U~frll !IS usedin ,~ (L;!'I'tiliLeIM.ll t,lIDi'lnitmqght to be. IfiIllli1t!!rtire (riighn,. Hill ~m'.!o(Qg as 11,s]l]gl!e tDC pad makesgCloo So ll!OW' do ,c~hnJlJins alil!imiJ.I~ coo~Cltvdlll tile: I::ir'ec; ru:UNcaJ1l c:anY$ll\loIiC ihan I OOlirnc.sthicir ~wn weight ~v'hUc \l,<.1!~king stick? In additiOi!1 to cl!Ww(l:, p!le8(;~nh'!man~ ''''~u in1,;1,I'Ct<'l~d dry ,eo~d~ti{ms-combi1l1es; ihe m~e]'o~'tru!Ch!t,e,of g'C,eko, p~d1~;w:ith a u~tS]d(Hj~\vt!!" Second, the a:dhes:i".-e m~el~:ll!spod!:';::: bl~~nGtlfee frogs,~\iio"()'raJthcr diffe~llt !1,iMile~; !li:snt!l :af,erev'C~~ble(gcekosean \~~k.3tm~ oI!dh¢~,ive su'w:;··mflc!:\ have cvolVled: h~~ry :lind 'thiol~ayi;:r ,ohjlfilthetic pillymer t1~:!1it $m~()!t~1 ad]nesive: pad~. Thet()e pads Qf the pr()t:ei~ glue of mus~ei.~ (9), AI SQ, carr ~ha:ll I. stefl> {ls~Q]1ldl}, ~~lddJetach~:ellltis I) gc~kQ~ ~J:!!d~thcr li;t~rds ~f'e co,vered with tirc:il, arc in pr'(!lduc:tilOr! w~th a. honcy,c~mb Di,lIlonsoftiny 'bra!llchi.ng Im,airfii" hich C~1l tr~a,d pa~t~ thoU closely rese.b~e~ ~al{:srur· w 'I'~ <Lmho~ is .at.th~'Centre ~~, C'!I!!l EoJn;Hril'lg...IIII~~irute ,oJ gletso Qiosc tnthe; s1!ltbs.lro:te:that ~nt!;:rmQl~oouf{lce s.t:mct!l~'\eonre~ fi:1Og toe ,,~ds I(see the ll~m~dn,c.3l 1ilnilll ml:!' Sd~l1if~~ Uli'1i'Iii~.r~J~,of GI,d~ t!ii'l, 1(jl!iLls[jilM!G12 8QQ, UK E~'mjL: j~b~m~@tlio,.g)~.i!(.ulk I;m: moree's p:rov]d.ee:x.ceUen~: ilI'dhes~ioo (2). In secoll1J;dfigul:e).

203

PERSPECTIVES
MajlU!l'D:ld,er {N {I 1.. started from tTI1Cdi500Vlery dUl!t m~c;l"C!!]lam~er]TIied

stmcmres: :resemhling:the tee pads

of tree iI"rogsand cr.icket',S canenhsnce i1.dlbesiOla: (see the tliiliirdng ..

rid'gle1i,. The adlll.l$iv~ ~lI!dO'iCl~ ()1 thlll :>lililClQUl! ,~dl~s:iw I~d 01'
i1i'liIlll: p'DW'e'r 10"

funwe SJ~Uld ad]he'Siv'Cs like thait repOil1e<Oi b~ Majmnclerct at.• dJe~tWiled 10 dopar~icul8ir tasks, 1IlIi"e: also li~eEym beinspired by~he cri~b:!'t :rt,!'tf~I!li':!.i~LCliUaillils ['e]]ihl~;\lmbleIlU!Cfu:mli:ml'Sd)~]oped by cI·i1i1l.~b-

me

i\I hC:~,\l,g(!O.1~.1il',~U~!'!II1of

1100),NCl'iIllal! adl~.e!li.veta:pe' det<lcooS whe:1li cracks Slpre,ldi into, ~1m,e !l.dhe~ si\1Coo~:tlil:e :po:il~,tQfped:i~,lg: When

!iI:mOl.!'e~I~top.) (12~. Chill illli e Lanic!'illl1lli i'n cised with

1iI r~~tc(i IPi!l~t~m{Ilil;i,ddmli!~.

:ing E1lli~11iflj]S everreillions ofYel'<I!l's.o.f evolurUoilllll.JIll. t:liillisare ... of m<'I!temia,ls sciellil:cc!, bi!o[ millilmettcs it'> eertai1lil1ly col.1:Irng: ef ,lIe,
~d!!i~-en(~$

all the: enecrgy i,s: cOilc,ellitr<Ited alt a ml1:;:e cflI-ik" ~el~li1g·ocw:ro nr~dily~
bl.d iIIlilcl'op'<'IiUenl]~lg caninerease

(J.<JJcks spr~o1d cilln~H~!'l'lily

Il!ILu1ng p,~e'lili'l;gl(bottom) th~lIli tlil'~'V\I'lQlul~d '0011! ~ iii liIi~p~tterfi!lldi Sl!:rI~~~ (lO).
:11"

A. ,M,,!lI'rId'e:r, JI,. Gho1i~~k;J\,SIn,,~IP.\ S(iem,~~:lJe,j1SIl

tihe fO'§cle i:eql!I]I:edt,o proUucII;,; fCl,rfl'1l\lihlcrl(:ver

i!li1

peel-

~g Illy ~p to a factQ!, ofllhliOO. '~Cks

there 11.01 gmov,c a

Depending; on several
t'aJc·tor$r-fi1!!(~h ,f!! s til C tl~i;ck~le;gS of the adhG~ shl'el~yer. t~J(;cha'fl!le'l

2. ~ !\!!tIIS!'!U el.a1" t!OOO) .. 4, S..

6,.

aooo).

fir"., J!f(lrl ./!rad. Sl;i; If/. :s;.~,9 9', ·I.:Z2~

3, W',}; IP,6~r!'le's.. C Oiimei, l

~Ie puwm;\vj]cVl~he ~!lI~~ is. ~:read bm\~(m. mal!ThY c:~~b-{l!lii is. tI\l,eC9iSe, in It mi.c:ropa;li'emed~~I)I;:.lUo.re :f(JI'.ce .i. S reql;liin:~dlnproduoe se,airati~n( 1 Ot .J J), The: ,aJlutJm.oOrst!li<eth:i:sl~lI'~l,~dple step flJl"~ a tiller; T~ley ~liilve~n\"lestigated Uile role of smbsurfaee SlnlCI:'MIes:~uch as (lj):•. ,rund oii~·f]]red nli.coochallll e.I:5., he ch annels h ave shorn~.fI.r T c:r~'oJk~ane'Stin!\l. IJJ"ope:rd.es as SOil1lilC of the panerued surfaces studied in OlJ', In,. but the ,e:fte(l~ is much 1~:J.are dmmatie,

di.ameter.the intell"C:han·
]mc]spm::ing;aH~d'\~u~jhe:r

7,

a..
9..

the ch~n11i1e:~ ~s~iI~c<dw.i~:b~ir (:II:" ~U.-iadhes:iCl!riJ SiH be 'I:IlJ.cre.'I!S!edby 1!rp to afactee C ' of3.00. Under difl:'eN;llt ooluilliHom;~ HiI!e adllf:'!liv-e can ,Rc,t as a quick-release c!Oat~llg sQthat the; tApe, while stickill'.!!l\'feU. 'can be peeled off
,eOlsily. The iI~bil::li~ve 1,'emJ1J<I~ns elastic and ean thus be used a.g"li~nw[th no redllctrlol1lin

120(0), :11:1\. A. 'Gh~l:iii;:~.at ~ Ac"'(;./Lrirx~ [,(I,mi. A4J61!1,27'25 ~200<l)" :ILl .. ]l'i!'..(l:IWrlgl. M. K~ (hiillltlll1iul)'.l. R: 5«. ImeJftirol'2" I~

~tS!'ni~~, J. (~p:. Pl!JSiC!!...11 1.9\2,llj!? QQ06}, w: I1:derted m" 1J'!~~t;'om:p. M~,oI. ~,~ UOO (2000), "", ~~~rlt d.m" J. ~, 5cK. lhre~/i:r.(d,.,~B9' ~;2!\i06l'.. C. !;r~w,m..:5.Gi!lib, Eili!~" m~ 8LIll 3,iU61 (200',1). K A. ILbllll!1iCet 171, ,MR'£ .B.I:I1I, ::l:2, 504 t;::oo",P). 0. ~SilnlJ)~ .eil1l\1" {!(<<eMift9S rJ/ tEff. (J'ileJ"fl!JJirNlfJi Con1i¥lI1fltUi O'nR>GobciK~; ,tiIlj;'i!·A1fl"IJH'1rio·f,\. Rom,~, It~l:i'. 110 II) 1~ I!:plil.2007, W', 126,:ihl U 7, HI. ~~ 11:.. 'p, 11.oe~.13\, M!l~M:f.l!ll!Iil~l. .mufe ·441. :33a F; N

tm

GlOOO~, ]2. S.fi,I. (jllrl), M.~~lliil!l'9fl, FI. M(:•.tl'lltiI..1l2~', lB.'!! P«K, 12(001),

<Idlia!esiYfl,effi:ciency.

ATMOSPHERE

Thdlary's c[im!lltl!! mcd!l\1s ca.~fiotad~~aMy Pfli,did:·th~mea~ ~iIItef!iS,ity il!iidi th~ 5<~as:!I)Piia~. \!,gri~ti'~!1!!i. ()If the-Asian Sy~jm:rl,ef !'!iH.i!'itSQC'fil,

a.hIlO!ln].naUty of t~~e g;l!oball climate S;)I'Ste. DtiJring 'dlC :mOIlSCIQiIli, ~hlr:; eq~t()r~alr~iOll :fu; Ookll'!:rl~lS1l1 tThte~u()ns tn 'i:l'ne ~lorlh.'II!11e'SlI:lf.L!..

. · T

he A~,i~nsw:run;er mOll$OOfl!, nf!:liilfes1:w ill w[ it'S glory ard f'W:Y OIV,C[ '[he:~~dlan Sll!JlboondnCIlt:, fs the hl!-:ge:s~ sc:asolla];

(l(mf'01't::I1!icc: Sh~)'Vi,l&thar 1111C \~thcrlJ1"Cd'[cUQllce;ntCr8 ill thev.''OiId! .~a:'\i'C.made 8tc~dl' pmg~S8 ~Ilimpmvrullg tlvt skiH ~r S·daylOrel1:~

casts" But: bldi,ai so:Me~mw Mi:>!!Cld the l:',eVlo]U~

tiJ()l)ili1l 'I'!lU1Il1!e:rh::.s![ e.a!~he:r pnXIlct:i{lli1l" Ac .. W cording ~:oA. K, BO~1ir~Bind S. C.Ka:r (.1'). Iller monsoon mimi thallJeSfI]t aile critical for t:lin!ere~HI:!3 been ]10 ~lnIH'ove:ment :i:ml the <lcc'l]rllc::r CJi~the,:5~dayf,orec<ls:!'s over lndia foil' food '~rod1Ll!ct:iO:ITh. 'W31eli snp~ly. andtheecol'lanlJ]C weU.lOOml!,'!; ofljhe Asi!lililwci!~. There I!!; um:lY:real'.:>. lih,11J1S re.'lt interest :iMl l'l.;IduC:l'ing the 'iMlxingall1d g p MOJll:S(HJIl fo:rec<lsting has <Ii [O:I1Ig history ~Il ,\l,milng,o:ftJine .t\sga.n ~,lmnsOQn [I~drna. lftet ~ile :slJ!bcOIiIItiIlC(nl liI'lId ,e;<\:JleorielK~d A W:I\i:ai[lu: the ~iWi5iPectsfor [predicbllg ~nQI'i" <I de'!lmtari:i~g dmllg]nil m:Iid farn~.1.eigm, 1ST)!. the 5O!DJilll :r.a~lfall over b:KI:i<ll:::U,ldthe s:uq;r.rOl][ldi~~g Bdtish Gove!l'lJUlilent askl:.{It~,lel'ecelilitly estab~ ~'l:'lIjion:~1\Vhy has tih.e ac:c;ll'rucy (GW "sk~I;~'~)1 lished bdia Metf:illlio[ogic1J1 Department .of 1l1OnSOOlJl.forec<lSts lJeel1li SiO~ow1'ViIh<l.t are the (LMD',. to ~orec1USt MoClIlsoon rsinfall, The earliprojec,'l:cd ]mjpf:lc'Il;of gk~:n'l[war.ming on the, CSRmethods of f()I1ec~ting fur.: ~1nililm.e;r .. enA:!!l:~l~ summ.er mo~soo]1l,! hil JlIly of this 1 :socm wt1fe ~ISOOo'lf!i!th£ ~l1o¥mUil1li tJJ~le~eoed~ year. a C~nfure!leefI.t the l!1!di.f1il institute Qf i]1.g 'IIl'it:lOOr ~11 tbc ~Iinulbyalilrogion (l}. In the SCiJ(;!100S,in Ihl!ngaioro:, addrcs~cd some ~f cady 20th ecnw]'~, Sir GUben: ·Vib.!Jker-:ll!1l :aJpp:licdma.th~nU1ihci~n ,n Uilii.venl~ty of illl.e~ qll~:8IiO~ 0). A rc.viIG"\vof t]fu!~'Cui"elmit :sunus of NhortCambridge who bl.i'Cj[ijjme d!ircetof·,gc!11er~:~ of i ran~e ,(~ to 10 da;rs), fu~~sting pJiCscnted ~t db~.'erV',,~ri!esi~ Indi:!'! in 19(M_.]d~lltfi;ed cm,irilca!re~~~i~.i'ihip~ bct\<\I'QC!Ii!I themon[j()ii)tI ral.nfaU f1l1:d global oircubti(iliii, fe~~h;!res .i:lil~ta T.IJ;e.<!I!i!liho~ m G~!!Hf~ .~ ~on Iljnlfver:sflf .and! me InsUtutoe f~ f1tYrn oiler BtHish C(l~oli[Jes arolJ!~ld theWOJ:kL ,Elf Glcibal Enlriircmllll~IliUllid SOG!1!~j (i!il~er!mIl" MO 2017m;,. H.e cb,r]soo !I. fOJ:eca~,,~ll~g. ~ne:thodorogy U~llg~1 USA E·l1ilail:: shuk!iII@ml~.i9!!~,ar·g

[!ne~r n;::gI:ICS~~Q]1IIl'I(ildc:I'\:',dth. as!: data U). p NOm:'l<'!Jlld shO'lived O'V,(:r .50yeam <l~() that thc:foirCC!I:!lt:o !IiiIiIifl!de byVllaI.ke:rha,dlllO sikin (4),. (Afumc8St .~!IS no skill if it [SIW' llielller t:hro1l :Forecast~llg e~h~ar'g :~ilI1Ihllto be the same as the ~~o:l1l.g.;iJerm a!,!le!ra~el'.aun·fall) Yet,the
1M ID coutinThteSW forecast! ~mOllSOO]'llmirlJfan

n~e

mrmilldia tl.s:irJJgt~.u: saD,e brudc :me~]nodDklgy 910 W!I.lk.el' dffid. Veri·f]jc.mJtffiolrl of forecasts for s:ea:so[lal IUeailm, l:f[i~];faU Qi\..rerl:l:ldli!~for the reeent 1.990 to 2'11)06petied <I~.SQshews that there is DO sid ~[ 0).. The l)l1)!biI!emis t~];rutthe :I MID USI.::'Soo many lJi(:m]~jl!rJ!~endellti pr~dic~ r ters, gav~~]g art~fidalskill. in ,ex:pl.t'lini:lil,yhe t pli.S1idat<1! ~ndpoo:[ S:kiII :rnactll<il ti:)]rec~S'ljS~6!h What determines the p:rodidabi] ]~y of mOil1l'~ooota~ntiiJI'! M.ore thlll.1 25 yellfSlIg;o" ChamioiY and I proiPo!l!~d (7) t!IDarts(tlill~omd mea~ lI~l{)n~O~.l!lminnmis ill:t1ucnced !b.f the

~I.ow:~y va~~y:iil1g bouwdaty

!;.l)JO\iiJ QO\i(;~:;

cO':l'!diti.iOli1,S

()if g~a

~urfaecro:mpef~tW"e(SST},

OOU\¥CU1(;~~~ Mdi

Mlfl!lY g~i)bal cli:JlIla,t!;:illlodd5< have !

~i:rlc~ b~e'!lJJ1!t~od~otcst ~:h;evalidity of th~s hyp.otbesis, b~i!tliiIOOO have l!been sHQoe~sfl":~ .il'nl
maJdng skU~1h] predicUom of Jlldi~n mQnS.OOll ra:ullfall. I.t renullus ~f1open qnesno!lllJ

PERSPECTIVES
wbetberfhe 1}J;"O~!elu is wIt'1lI the hypolhes~s w '[he, ~lm.ooels. At Jll:e:re:nL. t:ill!elJiggeS:II ;:lru;mbl i~ ,oi~llt .11111 simuladngthe siD:m::1:l:lre and ~~:fe'CYI!.1~e, faee of sach klll'ge lluoertal:l11tics?

bklC::k [11~edi.ctrullg mmllSl]on minfa.ll ~PJj)ear,5 to be: the def~ciency of':modd.s. ]n pa!rl:i.,aul.~I.'. the ~m,l,odel,s, te capnu:e the' detffi]ecl S;pati<l.] t~i~,
struemre

Oi:m3.te models can ]l;QW describe and. p:oo~ IOf intraseasceal vfldatkills, 11m :plJos:pec:ts of mnillirical Illoodillc,tion of ]l]nSC'.fIsonalwf.ia ..· diet eJNmlropi.cal cydallf!ls" butoot the~pi!cal cloud .syfi'tems. To s,i:m~dal:e ~iline~umlsoorn ifI'1l1d .~tsVilIJl,~iitb:m'ly atiJ.ltrBSeascmd,. iDlIlteJfallIllill,~tillil,d d.ecadal. trnmle:sc.l]e-s.,Ih.e~lextge[le~~,olll. of cI'lmtIJte mm.-Iells ilrnmst be able to ICfioh"C&.c d,cmdi sysreliiliLsw:~th elulloo~'dGd dee,p cOfl'!,lwlD.ml,rnll.d1 r iii:'! vl.U.'ifllbi~,i,tyin iible <I.mthe; ,r-oj'6ctklil!'l of Cl~iillll:g;esin mOJilli- 00, si.:Lt1Iale,1IiI!I.e;;tnninfullmlid soonia a c:hlll:'lgi]!l,g dimaoo? Wh~tif the: S~iOO aad tiM.e, the sUikes fife high.i!l!vdviW,g Asi.<I11 IN'lrQrl::liQcmmi~,fall. which has not food pmductioo ,Jjju;l\'o'fi!t~fil.V<liklbili~OOif~bi~tions ~ookp~:mnislin!g, because intn:ifI:se:as,amIl variations have u weU"dJefi:rled stnlCtm:e: sud teJmldito .I1I1op~galtel];nlil1l SiOlItilill to :1iI.ordl .. NeilJ:ly hal I' of the '",loll"lcl, 'S. poplI]ji,;!;ion Itg :lIftected by 1;be AsiilII mOilS003J.H.ow reli-

Thel.1ck of success ~:11 pred[cti[lg lndi<llll m;om;;ooilil roilJil£l~~ Wit~l d:~l.l<litemode]!lcM be ~litrib:J!llled ~otv.(iI.rmj,oiFCi~. firs!;, thei'flOdc]s ofbdifIfi ITI\l1Iil!fioon.mintltll is, I~s,lha_[! 10% orf'toomermmil1!!t'lilt y,et~hc erturs ~n s<imu:~Ol!I~:nglhc iWH:;!t_n m:int~1I ~. ~f!~r IthJ.'!!~l 't~8e
tiOin

Of~UQQU'KK)iDiIlruU:ur.l[~ see tftJ,e f~gt]lie,)., ~

'~!ll\iICI~trg~ettOrn in s:iwd!.tl:ing t~.le ~1l8m~~ Mean rnintidl The :yem-ro-yew stand,ud d:~~ 11-

O:oo~ro yoor",to-'Ye~ ch~n~.

Ifullllll~~,ell'ii"~11

his

~I~.ere~br,e so'1l1isillg thaI 11Wd!~ ~'ot els O!I'IM~Ol plI'edic:tt t".]n;edcpa:l!tJIfres,

t~t: ::l1er,e~evanl" 'i~r I!!ppl:ic~rioos: andpoiicy. SeC'oJl~ rlin.eoi.iinl3Jre moo.els calThlXJil t$~Ul:MI,mJte :mClm:;~l[JJr<!!i1l1fan Ya]']!I.r li~I'tli withi~1 seasens, and U1ierefore,

seeietal

perfm:m V'e1"y plo:If'1y i:n plJed:ict~ng tMOIilli"iltllQ[IS]~,1 d.lenman lflIi:nfilU. There is cOJ:l'siUleo:aibie de!OO:re]n

th.en::cse;i]Jlic::b 'CoJi1ullIIlInitywhether ;m;e<tn monsoon rnimlf~ln~S indeed

determined by the Sl.rn.'i,iy vaJ:}'lng SSTI-i. [f!'io-;1Iil~d ~f~\i'Chad ooner modlerus that e lI~t;lJl!e cruei lB. I c,oU!p~i~;g8 khve~lmJ oce!i~,i'it!iTIo~ ~p~~,el!e, <iindl~ndpliOeC::lses (8)'th,iilnl/\'e could make 8killf~d ~d:ktio!'is of ~O!l~{lo[:!.rai!!ilf;lll However, if th(:int.r~seasollaI

fiQ"E

WS"E

US"E

lL2!l"iE

~fI!!gOOI :u~,lm.a~~~r!:!!Ml1ty, Otrs~lV~ sum ~rfJun~ ¥ ~(I.S~PI)~bet) p~pm~Uc1ab~.e f~ell :oc:S:SQlllia'! ean .• m !'I 6 ~ 12 1.6 ~piti:lt~Oril ~11 Iliimfdaw frOfllI s~Ie!~~~(:l d<l:lll!lolr 2003 te 200:6.Whe iirJrg.ll 5Jl<1~ Sl!uiil1!iier pr'lC!dpitoltiiOii rainfall is 111]500 not pmdictabk{9}. trail vauia'OOlity of 1lil~~~M rninfaUiQ'ller lal1ld amiCIoeeen CcilllllOt.y.etlbe rE1l:Jl0" {liI'Iill;m~~s rpef d@~t A1: t!n,e Bal~ga/~ore: ,c~Jliflf:re~'n.ce, oil.!ced Iby !Ii!()I!J~s, ~!llcl:f()~e~~~ ~~c'ka'~u:riCY. :~i~wre ~~I(!~u:~tedMthlJfJ~ pre&eJl1'~tio.wil by s. GadlgJi~ $11d.S. !MOM (PC Morp:h'ing r~lhniqu,~, ~ein'!V\!l.(p(;.IIiICi~!p.Iii!Oa,a.9!2!lpr(l;du:c151 janowL!lkiclFIlIllrplLd'esmptiop,h.tml. Ni~m.( l\"'!_nlmedtblm:~lei\e~n'e: :sta.tist:icfI]]Y si.gll]fi.,ca:nt rel,At~01llli~ ]iD'r:tS: ofpeopfe. Ev,m.y,eH'o:rti s]mowcl be wmali,elo :sh11,CiiS between SST c:h:Bnges ove~.·~he ·Pacifi.c ,cha!nge:d by ~~~.arethanl 0% ililllIUlndmds. of yeaes, deereases <IbmpUy lIau:i!su:bs,ta:ntill]]Y p~oe ~i.ialbic: projedions of nml:lloons ,ffilI,di and tlmcelndiaa Ob:e:<m !I.lIJd ntensoeu mintl:U <live:rag;ed over Ind~a, rlndl that tl\ile 'cornb]~,led because of,~nc;[ease,d m:ililimU over warmer fe,jmllll,] poodiclio:rw ofrnanfa!t effeds of the SST aoola,ulillcs over IlII)tiiloftlle oceaas dl:~etQ g~,ol)iEI[w,<Inn~ug?T~il!e~eueSF q !lJe,feiliEfI(iI!$ oceilill basins m:~ .os.timpoi~:<Jjnt tor piUjdu,c~ tiens alffect the flUture of globed societies" 1. The C()f1lt:1l:!Ke! ~1e.b!lali.rJ,gttle MWlHlQlI ~il~ h~ld1 il" ( ~i.oJls o,fSruTlIlrterlTlonOOOJlll ['.iliJlJ{l'I~1 ,C!'i.i(!;r ~lm<l, find ydthe~-e ;tJ!l)enc ,f1doq'IJ~teclima.'I:e modi. 8~rt~!~r,~, ~!i!I~.litiIi<"j ~,~.~ ~a:Mr2QQ7; ~~e

v,~ri,uiQ:ml'

;aJ~elimd~ul]'l,e~lt\\1iU.)iUJmJ-

of] im]tc;d vrl~u(;·tomc farmers aJndwa!le:l ]'!mJ~!'!~efgi~ ~~lf (;!If thciwcllividiualnatc.'\l. [tis :~],le!'i(;for~impottillnt:o d1"'"'\i~lop! metilo,d:s of ~ firedkti"g.t]UctijiUio~lS ofroilllf~~~ within O~e

fall :mJve:rtlg,ooover ;,iru~, of ,lnd:]a,<IIrut~lOugh of gltrd.t vtlilucta thc~lill!limm,iiI[ policy~J].l<'1lrer8 .• is

Thcptediilct:Don ~f the seasonalmean rain-

,e~sto ;iill1vest]g:a~etJhelTtNone of the .c]~~n.aJte models assessed by [l:Ie-:lnre ligQve'rnwlilentl1I

J

JI!.Ip!~f!C<iil~, ii!:(l~fffil;tJlllii'l D'1k!(Kj~&)O"p~!?9'.'!Iii:i.nt"l~, ;

:1] ••

observed measoos r~[nfan ~R!d Jitl'ii!l1t(;rnn-,

siib!!(; tOS;i1i!!ll1l~ t:eth~ m~!l a

r,lIi11e~, Climate Ch!lIl,lge can l'liml!~m:e the on

rmala~d dcc!id~~ ~riflbiUt>" If ~t:is!lot po~

~]O~'!~Mlii!!'ai!lf~1I

i'mdil:s v~[illhiHty[i,or~o m~ke ski mil~ses~ se·~t'l.'Dlll(Werdilfercn~:!legiQrn Qf~ndi~. SCV'c:m] sona:~pr'edkti~!; with exist]~~gc:~:ilm:nach~mQd: p.~pC!1' !l,t d'lC cQ:nfu~!1Ot;: ~hofl,\I'Cd 1ICf!~ltl!~n.'SiS p 'e:~s'l Q~e·Ci!nfl(jlt 'C'i.[l~C~ th~ pv~jCl;:ti'O~1~ Q f i bill ulIld!ersl:fJlldung the .s!iriuct!:ll:e and! the :mcoh~ regi ona I. eli Iml:aJtlC !chang.estQ Ibr:: reli;aJb:~e.
·Qf'unt:JJ:n~e!lgol~f1~ VtaliatiQIls, Although Wlin<'ltad;Slptation ,Silld :m iUglati m~.su:aJte,gie s. ~ '~heCUll'elmt clima,te models I'Clnain q~uhe'de~l~ sliWlUtld nlOll1lS00U cOI!I.Im!t:deg aJdo pI: :hill khe
~ aJldsllllO

H.E, 8'all~'md.PW";1i.Srx. im41'in37, iiI (1~~). 3. 'G.T~Will~r.,i1.1~!l'!',MdiuM:k.Q{,~L .fl~J; 2~, 3~3,U',2~~. ~. C ~1H"1P.a00l, OJ t; R.MeJOl!1rOC 5!p~.1'~', 1!i~3U 95iU. s. :5, Ga~ll ~ lRai~~IO'iln!, ~il~iuootlalil.. Crill. Sci. fl8, lit na1}(OlOO$). 6. i..I!)e{SOIe.,. .~liukl.a, 1 cti!r!@./e 15. 3 645; ~~O!lJl. J 7. J.G. Clltam!v.J,S,lftlKbli, iJlo\'l,Omoon'J!J~mN'.~; ]1. U!jlllhilL fl Po IPt~~(ll,~, (Gilnbri~ Urn!'" F,ril'iS" (al'!lbrid~u 19ai;U, W.9!Fl10. 3. ELll'I'dffl!iit! at, (,e,op~, .i1e~. i1~;!. ~ zn ~2DO~. teu: n 9. p, ]1.Web!!i'll~ut!lli"l,.GIfl!'!p1!y~il?eJ.lO(J., 14<15][U99a~,

205

PERSPECTIVES
f[LA-[NT SCi[[ENCE

S'tandilngl lOinthe Sh'o[lulderls 0[1: G I GAN'T'EA,

t,wo!:dbl~ 'Ii. '~. "I. h~m",)!!nCrea8~lg

f~arns tiarl!liat:elrl'!l! seniSati 11m of Ingrnil: into th.@ re:Qu'~ilI;tjjOOIof: proteilll intefilctiQn~ ~Iil~t~il"@c:tly (ll:rttr"O[ their im~a1 molerular ~~Cdl m~[~dl1ism iili!1~ the timi!o~ f1~wEril1g.

ect)gtI~~jl!1g scascnal
~iliIT!!e

d,lil.1inge ilU,Q1iV,$
)"ellf

I~!ny,

~'~11,t"s~cilest{)o 'se!/~!;;t the,lTIQs,t

of the:

h1e0!-~E!!'!Oe:$Ol~ ~Beu'

~11.

.".1. .

110 :fl.O\\fCT.

repro··

mOQi~lY..C tThiIC8CIr,fl,rtIiI sin/orIS; ~ pi:(lt'lt: lfile,l~n;;s< '\.~.n,flili()ins.111l day l('lf!glh a_nd OO!llffi:iiS!!Xl$ them '\.\dth~it~ ci~~di.'1!n clock, ~n
d!llt'IlVC: 8[!OCCSIS, 1"0'

the prorei!l!il s-ta'b1ilityQfCYCi...:ING Of DOl?' fA:.cTOI. ~ ~CDIF.~ l.~tnu~:.lcr,iptknllJl oopres...'>C(!'oft.]O\-'1'(iraJ'Ig. IDlJd thcofidl!f!Jto:! ,C()~poliiI!I;':nI~:"nMm N 0 OF CAB ~.ffOC'l). re$pe~·,
IN.lml:D,g

~l:O\~~ril!1,g <'lind, cm;adi~n dl~~l.~, by centime

m!ll;:Wy (9 s :U1), .AcCQrdll:1gl.y. m~it;d'iQn~ in the FK.P.I 1)lfI:d ZlL genes dJe]ay tl~'\velf,~ugundlcr: f1.!vomblc c0li1diti.on5 (]Oiiilg days) mld <ilter

~J'tpre,s~io!lof genes c(mW:)ned by the eirca~lia!1Il dock

ililiterli1!ai~ liIiIllh;lC1!,!Llar os~~II:atordult ~X'J11M'o.l8, daH;r Ibiologilcal, :r1~yt~u~~s. sueh as·l~af nl.oVCDClmlS

~Ild,the o,pe!lliing"of:-;nDll'Wlm. ~res.in 'tlnepl9:mll

IcaMes {./}.Ho\VeMcr. the mo]e>cu~aJr' m.echa~

m1i.sli1l~!.i UIDliCille:l"]y.i.l1g, this roaOOlinat1!on mre :st:i]] largely miss;mg,. Now, Sawa (Jt al. Oil ~ge 261 Of~lis is,su.e (1} and 8i recellt: Sh.]dy by .,Kimef al. (3)ll:ll.il~gus ahi,g s,!:epc;!Qscrtoward cl:l<lira.deJr~ i:z~:ng Slt~lrl, mechanisms by Me!l]til)dug rwe li:~ht~e~~silmglnol!ecukr s,w~ocihe·s t1u:~t dil1oc'dy o(mtr1(i]~ieriirq!i and ,c[beko!iC~bIiOl1. Mo[ccub:r gellelti!c !lil:udw!l:c;s pe:rfulrlIledin tn,e plant ArahldQl)si£ l.fl,alia'llofl have. shewn nlli~tphoICJperiod~t1owerin,g lIi1i1.dre~L1loMioo of 'the ci"e~c1iO'lJi!l e~rn:k share OCMl1li!llIOn ek~I!I~:el'lt~" ilTIU:;]/ud:ijJljg mghtooceph)nO'lj'gdpr,atei'l1!s, (lom,risiiill,g the c~[,e.a:d:i!ziir'i ti~ekooper r(!). Th:elisht ro~proffli~c:~ud~lh~phyooc4:ggmos and cryp·
~Qcl~J'IO!Tllc;S; ihidl ,oontTO:~ 'bo~bdock v aJlld

'l.OperiOOicl:~o'\verililgl but whose PI!Celse b]ochc'm.ical aJcdvi.ty ~Ilthese PIlCH:::esS(:(;. has,f!eIn\\Thm;;-"d tmMO\vn ( 1I). Swmilil:l!riHes [I} UliclilTLctUOilli, aJiildi r~,Y~l_ic<ll.c-xpre$SiDon oflfKFru ~dOI prompted S~nwr:1.11. to ~:~llyzepossi( bl,e reigll~a.to:ryre ~J)itio<nshi.ps 'betw.een these 1""'0 pr-otd:nslJ¥ ]oaldng rorthek phy:sk<li~.[nreracti,on3in IJlii1lntl>. TOoclio SOl, they used A.mbidopsis- 1iT3n~!~enic pblil:ats th:alexp:r-e.sse.d eij)itape·'tagg:ed versiens oroOl llmld!fKF~ .. SUdl t<lJg~ ging t1]k.!\.ood tllliCl.uruuse ,epit,gpe·!!iiJiHl'" cificastibadiesto detect the ta.gge~ pr'Gt~il!i5 in p!<iint exttil.citt'i. The a~lhoJi1l fOund tlm,~t bo:th prote:it'il'i pre!!:,ipitiitoo t.og~dle;r,i:oo.ic"ting ~ll.'i,t:FKF1 ~nd .01

SinnHar ,r;:f1'ctts 9l"e Mused byl~cik of G~GANTiE.A ;iJj prl()tei!!m, tJl]~t (,l~l~~roilg clock oscUI~tionsa~d r"ho-

~Gn.

~8ettin,g

;7I~8Qdat~i~ a ,comple:1tiQ vi \to, The i:rllteresd!lglh~!'!gi:s d1~~' their i~tcmc-

i10wcringnnl rCSlXililSelQ d:iRbl!Cllt '!.¥ave,. leng;th$ ef l.iight' (41. Memlben; oiff' U~.C ZfLFKF'I-LKP2 protdn ffl!m:i~y [clOnsl:u'illg - olr '" -ZEITLUPE (ZTlJ. FILAV1N-B,rnNnING,. KELCH REPEAT; F-BOX l (FK~].)i and l..OVKELOI PRO'fE.n~ (LKf2)] .~ .a!~S!i) 2: I~oopomd tooot as.reaeptm:s that mediate light iJillput te the dock (,5:....7)" The ZTL.FKf'I-LKP2 prnteins ,CQ'J]i!l:ilil, ,~ light, o\lltygelli,. or vo.ltag.e~ {lOY) dOl11<lD:n ,. which lihiy fuuctioilUs: 1IS a, Mae lIight ~l3:Is.ins i1Ullot[f'. and <lill F~bo." domsia (8).. F~bOll:.-ClOn~ tai.nillm,1?j i,~rote:t1l1l15 are tlfimllly part ()if't:;OJ~mp~c'II1.I:HS ~lmmaUm::l:lil!biquirin Mo]e:OiJI~ to pmreiwi tar!C~ 'to pRm'loret~:lcill" ~truc~i.on in a: strtLctw;e

tiQ~locc;t:trred d~ff'C:ml,t'i;:i~~ylh~ghr),l,l!t

U~e d!~, pca'kingili!l the flner]"jO(iJl~ during. both 'I(lng, find sl~,on day$~ aliiid dim~ll:ish:~~l,g ni,ght. Moreover, they ,9~' twnd that U'eFKFI-G~ !~n,t(':rS!c:t:km \~.tsi~duoed by Ib<luebw: :~ot ~~,dI~~gliiit~ aJndlll.liH&e LOV domai:l1J~llfKF] was res,onsib]eror blue U~nllbiSol'l)tion •. drnlim!ansill;a'~:i:Mig ~haJt.FKf 1 fUl1cltiallSI1IS <I bhl.e~ UghllJecepl!or.: In <IClco:mm.loe: with li.ghtl1eqltiJ~~ m.e~lt;.f.KF .1, association was dis~m. :rl..Ipted full,du;: dark mid '\-lI<IS very rapfxUy ~

induced IUpOlJl.l!iig1iuJte:~P()sur-e. The 11'I1rer &1' tion 0;[ ~1irue :~pression of CO~VSTA e /'IS m Wli!lellllm fl'olftlell? (Upper ~,met) Willi! plant c;irHldi;m clod ,(CoO), Ol b'C:mIe: '~~mdJ",-sapositi.ve re!lll~~ ::;;, ~, (OMro~s: IMh:f~ljU1l1li1: ex:p:re~sjo,iiI{If diU~6[[ pmoteil1, w:t:mseliiflterEiL~ ter of tlo1;;~~."', whose tra!li1Sc,rim:~onis ~ I" ~ tpOfil ""th, Zili$stalbm~ed [bybllll~· [li~llt -(5:[1 irlt~r·g!(tioll! impair,cd by thcf!lb'lI.lQ;ring. repressor III Z1i,~ (o:nlrdl!> .aulilm!lltat~Qil oflJ;j,~ d.ock (o:mp:OllleIll1'100, thtiS AnfKF1-GI·jCOFl eo.p:~~:I<. ~ an.!l!Willl91rol:iust en r(i3Id1ii3i~ ~'scii1[,at,iOlili5 lliil gl~me e~,p~e-sS~CliI'I.
re8pll1Se coincided with q,~lokifld'l.lc~ ~

c ...Ued titte wroteasom.e. Thep.llese.iiLce !(lfLOV ai!"!d.F-bcx domains: &J~geslSrQ1'es For H~i~pro~

~(lmfamily

imitrun~l!cing,I~!illn ~nw ~mnu:::cl~il1lar si~~18 th.roughth~ de~radi~H~[lof key

pro:IIC~~lS.

~li1!t:loCed\FKFI l1:1'!d ZTl

reg_llhiUe

con.
~

'II. RuiJ,io,bin ~he' Oepa 11mil:lijt or P,L~nt,flWl.ef:u~~r me~iG. G ('MUO lM<lCiOflal 8ij)u!(iilclo9!3'C:~ h\lIcrid 2 S!049, d,~

~l,Qw1i!:t [pair'ieU E!hj,~

Iliglll

(i~SIi)iil'lid!!liC'cS;

t(lrma

ti;(JfI

Hd,l;'~n. (1 11]0.65:20. USA. E,-Iilli!iH: ~rlil:lli.I)@E'nIUli!im.)~s; .xWi9w03n:~.d@ng@¥~I~.'l!lIiIu .

S:~lif!. x. W. Q!eng is. ilm !!he [!1il~lf~~m OII,~'olerul~,~. (ieiiwlar and] lLiIe~el~p'm~!1I~l Bioi~!!IJ''l'-:al~U'~"'eF!lilY, N:1l~

c~

Gil prot!!in (OI11ipfillX" llihkh ·Iil tLlmltll"@e~5 {]) fl. 131 tr.i1IIFlscrip. ~jjCllllill reWlre:~~Of'of l1low,eriflg,rClr d@gradalnol'a. Cll!nl prntelll.~ ~i!!: !meleas~~ t~,03I1iS;(Jl'i.~~OIiI:!3 ~.I~pr~:sSi(l1i!1cd the CO g.(!',iII~,whd a U.mm CO promifl e-~Hl:5'5J 001 ilIl'ld lal1l~day-d~pel1i(hmtCl([Jll'" IlIlII.I'lati:cm'to plrooll.ote u,OIi'iIfl1lng •

~r~U! iF~n-

dcr~red ~b~p!Om~[cgiOJ1ii,

·of ~:

the CO g.c!Im.e. l!Ivhuch ~ugge~l:S&at t~li;: ~: ·f.l8,SQCJaHo!1Ci1f FKF 1 ~~:ildl ~l!8eS ~, m oCDFl t(l,!X:I~S!L;: its :m;;p~ss[Ql!Jlof c.'0 ~,
eNpr,eo;5.ilOll~ t1:ms proliil'!.oti~ng ~O\ver.ung. ~ ,[hese ~:e:>i!.llts unveil ~l.e Im!ml~cl:da~' ba:S~i> if

PERSPECTIVES
ofhO"!~plfn:Q~opCl'iod:ic :rnm¥e'lllllg ]$ (:oulrol~ed by the cainei deuce of light w~rJ,l. clrcadiRiIl !:i~ll,lillJ!i!)[the S'Q .. called extemal clOi.ncid!ence .ode!. U)]I. .By a:milyz:i]i1~~:~e phi:'.11I0:ly]pe· ofp~"lInts with m:nlll.ti'QJ1S :uu F.K.F1 ~mld ai~ SrnMI. <at at. detelF~ m:ined ~}~at GlmililJctioll rnlp.110Inpm.odicfiol!" .... erin.!il: dJoJZ:cs not ,eoliil:l,p]etd\lt cl:epend {In FKIf! . Th.lI:s. Glm<IY :regllI!o1Iile ~Jm:e ii~li.'ility af othe~" Z·TL-FKPl~t:KP2 f~mily I"1"!embets or tlmt af
.and ZTL cooper2llt~ve~y stabilized bot~l pro· ~eilm!s. thel'ebyEtlilm:easing. tililCir OlI{'l(,[l1mu]iIl1liml. This ]nurem.e ca[lSel!JuenUy~ml[lllif:i.ed<lnd ~[:I'1)e:ned the rhymmic expressieu p:rof'ik of the cleek protein TOC I.• ~:tHl. pmv:id:i:n1Jgthe: elock osc]]I;<)!tOl' ,~'iUthtl:ie,IiOO'!1llmrn.e!l8.necessary 1:0 lii;l;1i!i~]m]n p~OJjJer c;i[ic!Jd~an tilythlllS,; Bot~,l. Sawaf!1! at.. aud Kum et til. IJrolY'[de mechll.lliIi.stic v~c""~lS()11l~O'wdii.y·:ilili,ght cycles ~ll!iiiipecirc~ldiO'l~. dock 'Qi5lf,;rn~],ttii()m;;Hilld :~iOW :

ph~:res?l'hc;se InsightswUI help us to beaer 1111lndernunlli.whypl.:J!lns see d.lilng~s in seasens by SIJllllding en the s,litoul(klS OifGlGANfEA
R!e{!!!l'en(~~

1. lIl.l 'l'0i~!J'sky,5, ¥I.

I(.'i~

Nli/.

jj',!O\t

.M:tL Ceil WQ!_4, 2~~5

W)OO), ~:. Nt 53M~\ iJ;,1\ N!U!ilflDl'Il. :$,.,il

tar, it 11~,~i~w!l'l,il $d:emc.<? lIS:, 2,61'[2DO:Y};p~hli~llI!!d.rmlirnl!]j :Se.Jllamb.!~201}:1' U.O.ln&sclim (~,1146,9'94). 3.• W..lII" ({ijnn!'.r ill., litatW'e,. U:tliO.~j~rn~t(jfeO:!i,13.2
t2.'011In.

~dditi'Ol.l<d.p:rotem11i,CO'ntro]~i]1l,gci[t;adia!n dod; fltl1Lct:iOl1S. The wt!o(:l!';tmit~olli Of8Udl ~ pcssibility comes from at compltemcnt(JfY study by
bCfi'\."~!lI

l:iJ~hti~ :iJiill:CgJ;"IlW.i:ili!totbeleck.to pJ:'ec~se]y c

(CO~,hm iCOJiil,· t nels flO\.o"rJJrill.g Tile studies raise !ml!1yque~. tiic:m~!Wh,u f~~lOrs o!l)lltm:1 ZTL. f'KF 1. :a!nd 'Glgt'llb]~i~!\Vhatde{~) do o~hcrl~ghln:;(;Cp·
feg:]IIJat(;; '(;':"iI)rel'l~iQrl or;aJgenc: tQrf'(pllY~oc~lll)me~ ;\'J!!~ cr~lrornf'Qlnc:(;) pl~y

Ci~n1piex fQmla'Ii!l}1l iSI as.iliil the C$C' 0'· FKf' I •. ~igsc~d ~ 'b~ue Hght ~l:'Itel'l3:cti:onbetwe\cn.o1.

01 al1!dZTLI:G!t!el (fl. 8110\\1 truu i(Jl bru~~cts with ZTL i~ll p~fSa1md~l:$t ZTL·{lil

K1m ,~~(It. (3) dcsc:ribing

the rdationshfp

ill oomttoiHllg IjgJml s'ignSiruillg ~:o'tI~ clodk? Are; Ihe:re mor,e ml.geL'> ior ~I)eGi-Mnlajhdng OO]'D~,·

<l. rt E.. SCffl!l!lt'!lllrnl .. s"!!1~M!l2i!a. ]l'Hl~Hl~9). i '11:" I).(. r,I@'l!;om.~r m·.• ("~lt ~.o:h, 331 (2\000). 6.. I), E. S~l!IIerli'J~" (:fll 1:01. ~19 ,(2000).. t i. lIF..Sfll'l!Jltz ~ull.,Pi(lM(,d~ 2~9 ~2I11Dl). 1iJ. S .. T. ~11l1i1:i~Wlilli e! (1'1.,NI1,rure 411!S,.3012:,[~OO~~, 9 .. T. ~IDilil:~!l!i er aI., 5(i\l'1U'ol: :1;(10}, 293 G!OJOS), MI.. P.W~ .e!·lTj" iIItlru~ ·4~~,. !l6i '(21003,). lit. 1:1. Ill.!larkfj'(il~ x·im,.e 2el!!i.,.l'~/·9'n.~·~9l.

IM.ATE'RI.AlS SCI!iEINlC'E Wi ries bend thirolllgill aseri es ,of .~1lYi3J1!'alilD1 ch es

as deil'edl> anewe thm1lillgifl th:lllTllate.rriiaL

dip. a:l'lciplllU 01111::; ortlilc ,el1;!~S·sud~va~:s. IfYO_l] pull..!~ll,tlyund .lie]G'.a~e. ~t:'1\<.111,e]!lSiI]C~i rebo:u ~ild te Uy it'S ,,,ri,g1m,\ 18~~ZliP li~e 11 Spti:f!S;. If YOM. JlU] l c

··<like a pllper 'I

'CJlJlS

h~fder.ilt: defQtfil'J.~pi6rma~cj:u:~yi~'ro aJn~w ShiiJpe, aprecess ciilillOOlyieldiftig. On pii¥!;C 2.51 of tl!is· £Z;;~'~I(;. Cl'Iimr {;t~/. (I) provide CQ~.lvb:!ch\gth('''1OJX'dcal,e'!tidc~c~l~;tj :f~t:h,erthaT! a :Slll(l;othpjjoce&s'.l'~eldling isli:I\Je (l p,lhcSlsc ttl'al'!s:irio!1) d:li!t c.onsistsof.f! serlcse f ::;.fI:1 ~ !Il\!'!.II~mlC:he:;.Theseav.f1lanch:es I'IO~ o]iily pm~ vide U1JC :m.!uroiSoOI)]C undJerpi'lliimn:g:s \IVC need B tn bll~~d thi;:!I}rI'cS of hfbw~rd~n~rY··oS~Z'ed ~ obj,ec'b, Ibend hut Cilik.or et (1i. furt!1lerargJLle ~ tlrmt~:~e!lV'a!anche~beD(}me el'llo~alp:robl.,em!l ~ rem c'(mh'oU~llg be~ldJi.~g Ol~.mi.crmlueter and II;uulDme:lc.r scales (SlOO thefi.grnre). ~_. .Ph2l.se~lriil.MS,i1ii,olls.m e:ia:i1e'f <Ibl!llpl 01; con"

f3.S~i0l1.NC[lf cQ:nhmu:oos ,hage trnll.'lit~O:lJis there 1lre, dr,1Iinlatiicfllllcrual:im.l:S~ the material deesn't ~knowwh]chphue to cheese, so it "\1'aTKI!~1:S lnspsce <1!OO.ti:nne ilJl1oogi~ options, In tlilc iP'ii~t fe;;,vd~;'id!6~, plWy~d~ts,roluiid thilt the dlill,faC:l'eri.!3ti!e f\:'il!ih:lrecs olf'COli!itirl!tlOr~s tht.lHr!QdY1.1<wm~c,[romp~;:r.~Ul~d!fiyC1!I)' phase ·lr.l1!!:i!ihf()lil~ ~!1C a:1.oo :IOu~dm ~Q-caJlod. d:ep,j~·
n~.ng (f~,;rice-dri'ii'ell) ttflliil!s:idolfilsr-cQ!llIriul.IJ)'li]f;,
tf'aJ~lshi'()!l8

The dlafilctea.'1j,sti,c power·;I~w d:istributJIolfilof ::-arttlqllflkes. w~th ~.uan.y SI1I1IlI,]I oaes ..ad t'e:lv ] lIIg;C oues, has !I]l,a]ogs. in .1111 f t!11!e-$c otll,er o

depill]!(!ing sY:ifrenlS.

be:twecil a swck {"pilin~ned'!) :fl!ud moving pha::;e u an.' extemal runce!s: ineressed .. De[pi:llill]ug has bClen!!~ooi,ed in .tna:l1)1 !'ys •. tems p, 3): chaJ!lge-decnls ity w!lve:si~n, eleetrie f~e:lds"n1!lids IIIWdJ]l1g 'pawlls nmdlia, (mill< bei!l'lg pO:M:red ~nto b:realms! Icereal)!,teruing ofp<'l!per,. Sllpet~ llii t'il,UXOUS..For 'ex<limpl.e"Uu~ me,ltillS tr.ms;iti,o:n conductoa;s:"vitillliuge cl]il,l'enlis, ~ (soliidlito liquid) a!lld~~~le l)o~jri~lg tar3:l15i.iimal flD:l!J~ mui dlmuain w.id]s in ~~illl'1~.Cts. t::l H!:m; the~'J1QJct~l<l:tiom;;near the ~ uid to I<lS) m.e usu1IlIy ,libr1Npt; water IS water ~ until nit we it tl]m!'l flo [Ceo .ilr.irtle materials trau:s[tiofl~,k:e' mefO:mIl: ef'avaI,m'ache'-.Iilke nlo,tlons.[le.suhiing; ~re8pllJd to ex.telmd !!tJies~m a ~~mil<l[[Y!lbr~pt ~ ths]uri!OJ1; a:p:tece of gl~s.w~U Ibelldelasti!caJly in CDckliIli!i! noise {4J. A. good ~ lmtil :ilibrupUy it breaks h'l !t\w .. In oontl:l'I~t, ex3!!tl!ple isprQv~d,ed by the re~llollU8(l of tl1eE<I.wlli N ICI!IJ;st to ~1'U1..1Si@cts gradua1!ly roow::cthcirma:gn!G1:i.auion ~ as they fu~ehCf!'t~d, \l,~i~h ·OO;:ma,gm)ti;.;;atiQ!1 tbe mOili,ofl ('If ·the 'tec~ro!lk ~not.lthl)' S:olili t~ 1,J;,iW at the eriti,~,1t~nnp~i'I- p~.;'itcs-(,j:ar~hql!a:ke8 Oli!rel'!ivtl~ Mlln~atu re ,<!IlIata,n d'l.~. Cs~k·Qlr ,oJ. p'~~d:irl:that. benlll~li'Igl a (U.-.~Iiili~ eI' l.a!1~hes di!'iv,clm, by ~hc fo·roe8 rure. :S1!,ijJic'roondli.C'tor~,. l"tilperfh.l:id'l, Im,d. ~WllC '~~ldI~ ,i\j il!llll'i~ um !fflr~ rmU b~ ~Iii, ]~~~glli.!l.i! l;~rky IPjotCSJs, (iom]V1aJtfl<l r, .S!~;lIOsilita~tt~~~:U~5, YQU s~ 1;:00 If '" ~i~lluud ~ry:~lrl'salso< ci~~ ~ P:~fI&eS in a OOlf~if!u~ iii; , by iI le'w Ila fliIie alisilcl(.at]CIIiII avalaluhe s~that .~pillflth'l1! widlth orllh e

ta,ll.il:!c;l~tt:ice si!!"w~'tiJI!feJ,Bm r~t~lcrlha]il coocenl~1i11g ·00l. dC'rormanlon of nl&ter.ia1s, ~:.i'lysi.cisl~ ~i!1!'\{,e for:::llsedon :Ildarivcl.y cib~-ureC8!S!fi':S

WIil<Eiitiil1b>Olilt ,a,pe:r dilp~'? 1~6yieli d~!'ig·of crystalls Ctilil be Vi~ii~ the:deiPmilii'lg oftangl~~of di:-l~oc~~~()lIII (li1~w:;] ~n U~.~cry~lines

i
i!lI ~ ""

lvpthe sd;:,mic re90rd~~)~ ,of

3:

'l"ilIeaultI1!lf ~$ ill! th~ La~ol)oory of Moolricaf'ld Sc'li!!l State (;j Phy.~ijer;,~rl'ielllJni'il@~it:r, IIll!i~L;I. NY U853, U~,tL E( ~ Tn.aiL::~t,Hl[liIa®~M1P~mrn~lw~dul,

,ea.rthqiUa~r.:,esrTo:m I. )'lear
occnpy

W~iI'e. nU! d~Memrnim,[(jg.es

... ow th~ plro9Ire.~~iofi: 1:I~li'Idil'ii9l.Tile b of

'~(I

S~l:lgliC i>c;.colm:d!.they sound like crack~~1g noise ,[jl

C(lkior sca'lel ShO!N5 th~ ~ClI(a t amOi!JlI1t ~f d~f(mil'latiClJ~!1I (bll[l~~~ ~Cf~, ~G!di is high). INola thiltthlr! Ired r'(l~;lIi(l)n~~lril~liltrodliited O~lily 'DI1(l!ll1ll!!ll' O '
'oI'iciu!a[avi!llanclile.sl. .

20?

PERSPECTIVES
~i1!::e lmmRigliteUc VQrtex :~r.~OI1i in $LIiPe~DQIKl:M!C~ tors and sHd]~lg Oifd~8Jlge~e'l]sity wa.\fe'S. my ~s tfuiis? Surely the defD!l'ilu;rutkl!1l of nm1!etal:s weuld I.'amk jw;;~ below e'm.lIiup.mkc!l in ~!Ile]isr of impNIDnt depi.llnii:ng. p:mLdems to sludy:. ·FiTst. defm,1.l~tioiDill OI('cry.stlti.s SiCemed eemplilOtlitoo. Yl:eld~lS in sO,lidisis m[cr-o~opi,c!lJI,y ~,mJlle-,c:oilililp]]cared tho in these oihe,rs;yst:ems; !'rt1lJ.d:Y~l1SavaJMc,hes ,of dis~oCiJ.tiOi'i lines (each with a Bu~e~ vcctQ1!indic;Hitiil1s~~e direction and n111S11~tMide ,Qf'the cli.sJoc",tim1:, 11:ii,lip pi.1ufle" and It II()ng~l:"""d"il,gei~'te~Hic:ti!(}n with ,ilU ohhre o!he~)1 is df!I1.1l11li.ng, iboth anO'l.lyth:;aUy arid l~umcrk:a:Uy. SOOOlilJd,dcfQrmanOIl secmeddif: ler~n tIrom (I~:herihf.!8¢Ir;i'il_f!S]tior~. The yield r ~tr'~$~(the furoe par ~f1[t a:re<1!at \Vh[c~ the Iill::mtcr~a.lbcgbl':JJ8~'O d!e:lbrm) de,clld$ I (lll!:i:te (ieformationi1iislb'O:ry. R:01Ll.gldy speaking. ]t

the:irfig,lJJI"C 2);. indeed. their awla:[Ic'JiiLes: ,1lI1'e fmc~l verSUOIJilS,of the '!IIilcake.M"e[![.e~milT s]i, m.odeds I.oog used Oy·lititerB.lI]s cng;i]1J.eers.. AIt'WO ..dillensi!oll~!l slilP\pedregimm of thickne-ss 5 e:xte]l,(iiing ellitilil,:ly 3JC~'OSS, n slIJ.llj]llc.of Ilcmgth L C,Ul 0011tYlle]~eve, the,sltll.Dn in <lJi1DC'" tio:natL ,O:ftlmiC :st!i:rIlIple.TheiFt~reti:1JI e.~p.]I.I,a nm:i.on for the- cntoff(inlvolvi.ng l;rork: hOir-d):]~i~ i:ns and the lim~tll.tio:n~, of t~.le~rwge<l.!'iLlring device} give:Slll t:hid;;ne.s::; 3t~mtvmC:5bcv.veen one illlid a thoY:S'].]i,d <11it,omic !:ip;H:c~lng~, Th~ I~Sl<iv<A!.m~ches ill"!" 'C:~Tlt~meler-Sc<l]e;el\per'· imc~I,!d s;tmpl~ ~~O~at,omic sp~ci~gs,)will thus 1irI!)'I.1(::llhiIlS Qtf 1l)'parMi tDil;\l! miUion,---ooSi-' ilyigooi!1:ld.i~ tCJ!i;.toooi<:N.

Siluil.sdy,. d:is~))(;aJtio[l avalenches ~n!lse erky

befld:~I;lg:l1:nCJ!'l.li,rut[CH1:S

tile sCEl~e of rul~omobilefend,C[s. 1I:mlbeer 'C:ilI!f1S. Bmi:JJs·1.Ve !bend metels 011 tile ~ni(lI'·om:ere:rmJI.d Ila:I}[lllilliLeicr sca]e-s (smch ,I:S ~]Ilewires attacil:iIuifg tn ,cC!\oputer c:h~.p1ii )"the i~laJr. jOJ:ky IllIeclTO!'Ico(l'ic defoFll:n<1:tiollwili becoD1ll,ea SCljOllS (!l:I"~dmte~:e,stilnlg) pr-O,b]eml'.
1F,te,fi!;rreoO!!O IF,IF.(liklll. C. tJlOIl. Il W{'jgilmd, M,Zll!1!i@~. .lil,[ip!!'Fli, S Sr.fmce 318:, 2:5:1.(2007"1. . U, IK~FdliF. bp. 301. M !l'99&l. 1'11y~ I). s fi~l~tf. flie.p. 3~Cl, B (:1998). I ]l P. !le!llil'l.1\. 11(, A,l)alllMffl, C It ,M!I'et~, IIW.f~,4:1:(I.lJ:~2 N t!OOO); ~; (. !4!~ l R S~!h!f!il, hHp;n~ msci~l1Ce,!lW!

thm cilln be ]~ol1ed on

;1,

2. .l, 4., 5.

p.

On geo'!ogic:allcngth and Nme scales,

~'W~

(.t.ac_~ill. G9an

grows

~l.l'

eqll3l

~~'e 1~~V'i()lIS

pc~:lk s,we~s.

beeause tlle yieldi:ng,~e!lclls toligh.1:oJ:' dUs~oca-. tralli tang]e,s.re~s.i:stimnif:);lhr~}er defonl:l,<)Jnoll1l ,~~

tinelliill:f1.~driflis snl.ooth~ the~et that Ihe Irlm.on OifS~u'~i:I A:merica!l\~;:I,y :li:QIUAlii.ca. I.S Inedialt~d by le3dlliql.lakes m:a~no~.be crucial f'Or t~mm'.es o:f'lpia,t,e tectonics, evelTh i1~!(Jflig.llilitt: is imp()r~a.l1Iil :i:o those livi.ng :D1I;e'U f<lildl ]~nes,.

is, P:!l~ C,T~n" t\. wi)l~~I

,.

i!!~ t~U,59,,3$1.

7. U .. c. M~~,~I.A ~!"{Ilgm<lJm, .ZliIil.Pl!!rI.; ]. Wf!'i~~],oR" S, Q;i!!~~ lIfal~ 4j;~. til" (2oon

phe[l]Qm.eno:l1lcaUed\WOrk h;arden~l:lg}. ~f1 DOllI:rnsi., tbe mee·llil.lg PQi:l1litFol:' ""mter d{)em"ll~,s:e as the \!;\a1:cr heil:tll, 'We- sillou]clI have Ulitd!:,rst"ooo wmi:. htllltleni~J.~as an e;{;)ililmp]e: of seDf"Ol,pn= ~ed ,cdtic8Ility (6)~tlh.c d:is]oCHl:ions moved as far as libey could rnmde]'f1e:p:revi:ons sness, !i() &,ey start nIDvil~,gagJ:ilJl(the oow yidid stress) a.t rlle ~li:stmic .. 1 stress lIililOlximmiilll.Andfm'lI]iy. p'hysi,c]st~ were ~p.O"r.~nt f the-~l!IIicru.ahrfills. o TexdJooks trefl:t the yileld.:irng of scl id;!;;<1s ,11. ~O~hpf,OOO~~Q~]~.,g,,!:'aot er.iiickUIi..g. R."ooei:d expcrim.e]!JJ;5 iniee mdrCC6iH s;imu· l@timq,s,int\l,,;(,) diw~e!~8km8, n slmmv 'Cl~f!!" ~"vi... ( <Bence'tI'mf.!:\I':<l'l~!lch~ ,~~d '~.clkl.i:ng[loi~e duwil~g yh:ilding-C(,lIml~~ere~y!.ma]og~1;.I:(:;o t1il!11it t
rtiingsy5'~m.;;;. ~nd[11(;(lll'lnp~cte,COrlilra:>t tex~~ to book d~"Cll'ssi!0I1S. ButwJn:y don't we hear

MATE R IAILS SelIE IN! CIE

~iilkjiet p.riiilti!'l:9 're,dilIiii O~O!:lIY i!H~f.5 a way 'lei Icooatt!th~~di studyilil gi cell ~"~eradkIniS <1ndlaftiThici .. IIl~a:n:5.,

me !iiS:iOiiilarl .bio~o~ic:al" sU'!l!(ti;!~~foii"

seen in lemhquakcs! 1'!1:a~,~1~1nd o~:h"crdcipJnO

c:r~clding: noise e,v,ery U1lil~!e e bend a:P~lpe]" w c[ip7 Is )'le:l.rullg in tr]rum::e:dilnensi.o1JW5, dliffemllt 1ID.11Ii1J~~3!l ;1[1], twa?' Are ul!f!lH.ls,duff"erent in SDJ,l,m CI'rlci;lI~wdyt.!nJD,UCie-? (Imi.eedl,irellOll,s, [I d~:fleJr.. cut crysta.l srnJcru.rc 31Id dllifel'enl sIllo\;vcd disrob<litlm,lS iha.nlllOsl stl1lltmraJ] liIiI.e:talIs.) CsikD'r <etn~l. <JiddiI"CSS pl.·eci.sely ii:l~iI!SIe ~ast qt]e-st:ions, IJ:SUI~ga ]'l1~e"SCi:lme: Hllulle:r,icill si:mUe ~<ildml oflbe' d~slocmti:m,l mo,tion. designed to

. ·r!jtcri~]s~cic.nttl"t!'i~!1(lbi~ooclu~;Q~g~ m:-~pi!e:we]octric, A 1'!1!nll!b~of res~i'lrche,rn, "." '•. ,g~st~ 1lre ~f.!gr;;r~o buIld! '(h!n;lc,. irn;:,h.:!d:ifIg my o~]]e~g\!!csa1ld. me, h~\re sJmp~ ,. .. '.' . d~l1leIlSiol:il:ai~ stI:li,U~tUr-e5 of "e~!lshdd :flCb~h CQll$Ume:rpr!mCfS 1:0~pl~ce ~le ~Slpcr~ oog.c6.cr ~n a tlSSjl.fiJl~ ma;trix<~']i!Ill such struc- fcoo 5;YSIC.l;virh 111r:;(H)illp~itcr..driivcn piatl!oflmii!. mres, re!.Camhe.rs ooukl! study how cells 'if1ite.r~ '1.0 lJitIii.t)vc 11\1c:sampr.:: under the: IlO'zzic (n. As :m..igh.t:~. ex_rect:ed. bactcrJaalldi ye..sJst act ~Ild perhps fi1Jbl.~e$te impl:!lJul',SJhle D:r'g;amiL l~ltjet:pl"illtim"g~Si;)llt!S!my the s:wmlC tec.l!iIfl~I- '~Il bCIle$dily p:ri]'ru~cd,w~~ereai;; ~Il]m~ cd~s V"'Jry in t1~e!ur ~bu:~it'yll) S'!1rv'uve thc~: :moaeS:5.rnn ~ Qg;f 1!.I.~d:l:TtIi dei~top j:l1r.ltlllern-:i:s ~ pro_sing ~uetfllOd1bil'(l~81U!ileIt ~s silIlp.le a.lld\ile.iSalile and :!Idc:lHion tosel!ec:ting U1lel:iightt cell. tYlle' one ,CIIn use a, cOJlccntnl!wd. bntl"etr so]u:ticm to amid!> COlltliiCt:w.idl~~.e !lUbshle.A uw.nber of gWf~'S h3.VCl:recelltly devela:ped. Inkjet p:I~unt- s.hirink Uli!fl De~lls a.'I1d !;O n:dlm::e mlilfl :lKissib~l:i:ly .or dalU<I,ge i:~IUu::oo\z.d,~. Often a more co.m~ mgolTvario[JS cell types, so ti:lis is a good tme to 'COiluidl.ier wlill<lt CJ:JJII be' diolle aliiliCI W,iullllt p]e-l'I:.gr"O\\lth Irttiledi.lI.IIllIllThiIY be lfIlec.e-~I,Y~O poo~ n~rnains to 'be r-e$lOIwd., ~ec.t the: cells dll1:ri.l)rnl.ltil11,g" i.n wh~cEru Ic ~se .. v;isoos;i!ymay !be i.l.lim]ti~ ta.ct"Olf. Stcdiity h; There are twomailll tYIJes ofilillkjetp.l;1~l.ltJcr; -M"
a IJulse ofe'JIit~ boils liq~ ,ofcrn.u~ 11180 an:mjor COll1mE'ilm1 iJ,lceU vialJiI ilty: slid~ce 'o1'a .~Hn<ilU hc~te't, :rundtbe 'COOS1!nnCiIi" cilnriidg;es p.ll()ba~ly Ca~lllL()l be ,rn1ooc.llnivcd I.lJiId nl.1!IIM be de~ned mrn.dwashcd expilluding btlbib1i:;dJr,~,1C!ilI. dlliDlJ of ink through I IIDdditioo, tlmiCl pr.mting eqlJi:p~ tlm.cl1o:z:z:lc. ,Ifip~'~m;d,cclri C pnnte:rn. an .1IiP~ witlm!1llcohoL .111

de-scribe Y:Lel,drull,g i.n al:umilliliUln" l:s alum]l],1l.IITI di.lCre:lilitiomice'? No. they find !MI e:xCiel:lent power-law distribution of :aval;lIl1ches: ,1I:~U~' nlinm:u ,cra:cl,des just like i.ce. A:rothcfJ!1; enOIfi'U10l!S c:mc:hl~s.l;\'hilCh 8111cxddbe vi:-.iibl(l hlJ !Jny
~pcrime!li~? No~th(ly~·t!ld ~. ,CUtlOt- hiilth!3~ir avalll~ah\l ~~7..e i~mlb<lHioli\ iiI;ndprovidb ~ '~~~ d oretica& explalllat~o~for ililteir<::t!totf. Why are fhem !mel I,ar'l~~ di~I('1ca:~io!1tlVlII@nche~1.1l1~by Q!Ih.$Cwirtion QfC~~ crl, is fha;~~hc a.'I,.'f!:~anc~es 11011: t'~irce,.di:lil.~ell~ ~re S~OlrnlSl~o:OJe~ts;. They 1'1:n.dt~]~lt avalmlc:hes the ~:mvea fmct~l dhmrlel~:STmll f l:olJgMy 'Il:VO {:see o
!~

w"d at tbe

blllhel'millpl1~nl:ern.

j;liliGd ,,'OI:tll.g.:; pulse: Cili1ilSC8 a .~a!Jss tube ,ora b;(;~l(Hli!gp~a.'l:CIO C!jcct: ~h(; dr'QP:~~t ·f!o·lJilm. 'the ~!()'14k;, .ll'!lj1ct: ~(rilr!litcrll;for 'thelo\'v~ciost COin~ gumer llW~H'kc;t,can U!i~ ,t;:it!h"ertype: of m-i\le, \'V!he:reas 1111O!~t bigh-e:nd (:'CHnmerc:ial prill~r$
]1iI~<lwlitiorr$fn !ihleDlIpaf1rn~rrt ~ lili~1:erf<lls.al!ildT~H~ Un~~~r.~fIlr 'f!~'M.md'f~ U~l!ttG IDaNIiIH)~'lh, N~r~i'I D:ar.... rn1~utl;J• .MA.~2141Il1Sj!L E."liDillil:f!I:"'1M1I!lt@ulil1om'lt,~w

:f!1.C;Olli1u.listbe 8tllri]]~':d ,Hi~KW used ~na tllmi:~wr

fl'Olivllood·!:O avoid a:imome oo!~i!3:mj.m.~!tkl@!l. Rcc!iwtly. fO·;j e.;!til~p~.,(;l.Cbil'iJ;;~~ha~8t-er IWaJ!'y ,{CHO) teel!:! and mo:t~r rili;;UrO!l oens have beef! priut~dfr,om 3>:: !(;orl1!cC:l1itr,~ted phosp;h,~~ei;lnHcf with <lth~rm~l pril:llt:cr(2). .Fo:u:a:.c eHO cel.I::'L.1I,oot~t20% ll;.'eTe d<.lima,g.cd dm'~ng "~Ilk" prCiJ!);;J!I:at'ionmrn.d 11 few pterCC:ITh[ dm.:ing t~e prinl~llg step. [n O[Jmf work with

PERSPECTIVES
:fullI:ll1!B:I1JJ :stewl ce~]s" 'we tbl1md that: viabiUty dloopped. I:.apiidlly whe~,. the btuffer eenoenaa~iOininereflsedt1roD. Ix to Jx. .~ [Ol!;VeN(,!f. Ule cells wm.'e viable j\)M,dll)f,~nt:<l!b]ein a :mecl!inm tlwAt ~ududed g~,l!.I!Gose;.gi.utamLi:ne(, aud :pyimll.~ V<I'tiI::'. HmnaJnfiltu-o'M,<I,sts IP:fi]rulted wi,ti1 ,11 lpilez;oe~ectrr,~c~~ty dri,ven g]3,$:!i tIll!l}e p;r,illilftl:iead showed 9:5,to 98% vi,ahi l.iJty;w,iiIIi.ciw!i\iCll[ even Iflay well be that the fu[trunllllite IUlse of du:: tool d:iffiCIlrnlJti<lt~on,S~01m ,col~plbd ~)<ltlerIlis of cce]]s eou](l. be d:K':basis fm new type!> ef'eell-based cheJ.i.cI!J Se~];1SQifS. 11]epo~rer ofinl<jel: ptinting lies inthe 1I.bi~~ :~l¥ print p<ll:I:erns. to piTrO~de w[](micmrneter 10 d.ep.tlll'e,sohi.ll,lion
t~()lIiI of

rea~lynot be foocseen at the dcvel.O¢JMem s'lage.. .AH:hmlgb thc[eElire othe!i w.ays. of deposiringpatl!enlS ofceHs (8, 9).i.]1Ikjell:lfi]'Dt .. ing: oi'e:rs 3, '[;OlilrVe.1iIIi!enl aoueentaet method .. ll,at is, ene rC:)!C~;:' of :pliilllt~lg needset rod~~ 8ol.ve or redisperse dl!l.~mMeri,a~troli1lr1.Pl.\~,'!,fi.O'll'l cydes. Similar S'lmcruri3S ,COI:I'I be built by
(;aJ1

,oombiliil:ed:with 'Iaternl resolu-

,mvigher1~t!olivet di'ive YQtt<lges. C-ells dlid tend

'w IiggJOil1l!!l,~OO

de,ptlsitingc:eU S,iHld~.llllitri.N: t:br'l1l1~jl.finel1ioz;,.

MdpM'~ lesswellas the '~irik" ,des. bl]t it c~1100 vel)' d~ffk:iUhto maiJ!iitill[1 ~gecl over 20' min (3" 4)" Tl:ue bOUO~l, li]The" the Imlcces;::;;ary precise height cOlllti!oi 'of til e 1L .",,",··L J •. ".. h~O~!~,.s tl~m;,,;u~!Ii~e~" r ~mlng pl::Ji~tll'lg,!S not ,01 nOird~~.!bo\''e the: ~~§f<'lcclm.lt i5iil-lo PO&· (

t:eni!: of li1Ifili}e~)oJnetelTl'i, and to deli"!;"Cr rimed sequences ofac:~t:i\'e s:r~b!>tmlce:s: to a dC\i'C~opiI1igstru.ctllre.lfwe '~,vijs.'ise the irlkjel printlite<ltdi MQVi:l1,g 'llV-er a 11ly.er t!f oeUs.\ve sbould be ~bieto blliild co:mplcN: three~imen:'!i,Ol~o\'I~, t~l';~1el!l

by

pl0~l.li[lg

f!~~d>Cft~y.mC$ in scqu..::.nce, 'Ihe ]"~ght i!)ii.lrccs(lf ~h(l S preOl.!!t1~orlJrot~i~.sr c()lnp~rio b]~ $ulbsHt!,:!rt~~. e ean build w lua1JiiJ)! p~s!$ive sh~l!JtctilJIe!> :stlc;11i

the lJ'.ightpmcl.tOO;rn

mve~,

as bon.e,l.i.galucnil'.

c5!uil,!Igc,.

a'!md~om~. ~ 8
:s; ilO

s ...
1=
:J:

To dllli.s is ~,ow' j\)(i'dled the .. ity IoililCO:ipOrnre cells. A bil S.81:~] eell pop1,.l1a!tion cnuld ulld)erta.ke the .re,1i.ll1.ii]dingaf~~:Ic

structaraljissue ale:r impian~ tllli'iOJ1l. To bllii]d, a fm.lct[oni]iJ~ ~ OlYiIl. one can e~M:sage print~ o ing t1!lj~(Jme!~ric1lUy correct u, Dan.in. wi ill a fCiW rc:eUSHl1l1 \vi.U " e (eUs a,1i!dI!!!Ii!~!ild. (I~Jilft) Three-dli!'!i!,~if!S;hlli!!1lwlbe S1In!I~;turll: !i!l'adlll'born Ilio~!ii"te.d ~ll:~lj. 'This ~tu:J1:I!@'$it~im'ag:~s,haws, Ii! ]Ii!!l~r ~ ~ayer ar illl!l'mall! IJmbil.i:ral. elildl(l11~eiialice Us (9Ireelil~ ,8n.d alii ol!ll~r l,iI)!Ier of 11IIJIma aoni( smmn~h muscle eells (redl~.(Rirghitt) gr1Cl\\f~o c;OJnplecte the stna:c~re i:!1 I'1riiiited ,anld ru llu~~ 1J~a~t p~t~rli!lS ,;h~r 3 t!~y:5o~c!i,iI~ijlrE!', 'Tile p,;t;!.erliJ:S\\i~~J;! tprllli:tedl all 75" 1S0,. a iiit:!3:00 d ~'(IjliSper ~!!llclOO.cI, or c.orr-ectiy dis.trilliJutoo pepula~ fro,1'liItop! te coiro,lID. 'ti.()ins of ceUs t~.lmj'twill then li!i cr~ii:te tl~,~ir Ma!tfb;.•'f~ do own :!l! ~i:thelf of the:lie ;,vi]] reqilliiv6: ~ ]!L1!;oiJeetili]ed d M!ljO:if isiSl~e. ,!lnd, cell prir'itml'ig eculd be>OOii!ne sibl:e itO print p.i!ttc,ms of li!IMiferi1ims thillilllmow prut~renti:at c~]] bi:!l!d~,g~dtl~n "U:Qtv C~Uil lIlmd~~~~Jl.di!lfii,g Qnh~ c(iffi!m~n~cf!~~g!l! b~tI;W:;~!1! ~ :~uti~eas ,~qM~pm~~~is. itd~pt~d~~nd t~cb_~!q~u~s,~~, Hnp:rov!)d b~, th~ .f!.g:.ure . 1 in 8t~(;pc~j:;;i(li!1!to ~1.i.£[<'lt'e ,onio '~hej;~ ])f!!nCfn;;l, cd~s: and rof ~]U~re~p@~l se of QeJI8~() ~.fue:~r OJ). bl]tlh:isis :~css YCU'5a;li:~c,The rCClreqrues- Illarldx {l2~II). ~In Nal!1l.ycase:;;"eell$lIrepli.i!lil!cd as a stre~n it of,C!rop~ i:niW fit(; '1l1lell~f Oil; t~S8'l!CCUllllrcp~ale. d~~l for (:len prlnti~gi8[h~ "'¥~l!;1!tca:l1l!be done Iteilemflc:es thatC1!ThIlOl" title d!OIlC ~ nl(: cd~s :\4U d~~ beil!1lr.a i'1D~d!c of ~~~d:iThu~l with inkje:1:primlm.lg 1". IIBol:iimili tot "t IMait S!l',t ,~Il~,C ~:iI'. :lin t200'l'). ~]re~dll'?" 'flirtel'e ~U(:tli.W oliw~uo1!l~diroct'iol'ls;: ~ a!llcl so will :SU]"\f,IV~ u~l1l.fl~r'l:her meehumis <1" r. XIli\. ],JiJ1., 'C. fjreg~lI'\':J.J- ffidimai\ T. 6iOb tli!II, ::; O\1:dded (.3'). ]Ili pl'jJJlrtl~lg ('1110 ceUs Xu (J.t !ay. .ri} ~hefu,bri,caH(lIfI ef :1itlll~tl!.l:reiii; to e'.,xp]on: BiD~~~illl: .26, ~j: (~OO~~ rCc;li.tO-iceU ,commU!t1l:lcatIJoll and (~~)bl!1i.ld~ng ~ '!lI.s~d gel siubst!:alte with ~dded . . !IiI~edj:lilJn ~ !liquid. ]'. it S~~fil!l\m, l G!ilU!] I~ I:!. IrI!!rby,'11i'I NtJOO!tart AMJ'&J\~~ w, 5d..m~ inB.W1~.arod MIl'dId'nil', Mi\75:Prnc~iJ'.!; ~ to keep 'dle: Sl~rfru::e wc l{2) U·this li;qtl]d, hlY'eI" ol'g.a:ll5for :~In"lm'~t !JOI - ..._. V€1.tIli'J'l~ &Ii c i. ~alJl~l!lujn. E.Jj., OOI:dIWl!)" EiJ~, [;.l is roo thi,ck, the cells will Hcmt :aJud pr.i~iti:ng For c,e]]i~uer<Lct~OJlll studies. ene !limp]e, '[Materials Reo~!l'ard'! ()Cie:t)'.lj\Igml~lE',Pftt, ~)O!l5,~" I'!P. 5 experimental approach is reo build shup] e ~ :resoll~tiOll1l wiUtIe lost. At In'esent. v.here isne ~"R. S~~iid~r~, :. (le..rcr. J. ~~9h. r;.I. R'ea~,lnl,Ar'd\ile~jj,r~ B I,ayered structures .. [~m.kjeit",pl.il'ltcdpo]y;m:ers tl.oo App!if:(jtf.M rJf :6f,amaJ~wB:tlJl!iI' Hi.wlMTlnuli'lt ~~:b:~~e:I:::~~dS:l~:~1: C3.1i1 be used tc form c©helrelmrt films illlboilJd rWd~tltl'~ M~' &l!!lfr'd\!'J.~I;jJl}JiM.lY v&kIm~rxs.,i.,). ii, ~ w:1I'iICadcllre1lS€:d, flUs: ql'les:tiou ofiPrimil.lg pat,. HIO ]iJiID in tillli,ckness. USlUfili.lyHU':se iIlVill WO:iII!I!9m., I:.d~.[tila~.{1riil'I!lItt~~r~h Socfel)', tems o!' sin!il]e~m~s .. eildl.~QJltai;nij:lgoJ.l.e.o~ pareus, bntpo[1e~~free~<l.yel1)sbou]d:be possi"" Wime:I!!!!;J!~. M" ,200(4). !'P,. 95c-'91. 5. M. ~~r!!1!11ilrei~I:." I'Mue fr:!g: It un uooo}. l,;i~"O"ce~b t5). With t1m11 nmthod, t1ill:ey,YeI'C' ,able S Me. Layers ,of cc~~sOl.mJjd bi.opolyrnilllt oouM be 6. iiI, ~~,m W.al o!!' i!'!t tn,OigffUl fmu~.rioo l~ [5iOOe'ly ~ townte lin~ !lib out 50l,lrn wide by p;rillilting printed into nllllti~,)}',er Si~ndwic]u.estCl study :Nif' limagill!l :S{Jerll/e .ailliill~(.htliiilag)', :5l'J1ilr!!llie'I~, VA, ~ cadis :suspended in sooi:mnii!lginate onto ,11 t.hln the"cftec:t OfiPI~]rllity ofclJi ifc[icnt ,cell types. :!OMJr, pp.B'l42, i. H. 1(, ila(ol.e'L mi,. Stii11U~ .3.1:3:, .~37 ~il!OO6l.. ~ tl~rn of co1Ilcimn ddori.d'c. wluk:h !cl!;\i tlrne~lgi~ onris:sll.e a:evelloprn.eJ'JlI,Qr on the develop,· Q, J.IBolill1deud,.,AIi\i!,,~'!'~~r; P1"'~J~ 165,51 i2(!107). ~ ~ll:tC: (6).lwcentwork hll!!lll,]~o sfclow~ UWf!rt m~lfIft .of dI8ef~~(l~ 9'. 8. R Ri~!le;r~e"',CM!. O~~~!, ]. J!, IB~!JO!'h I). 'fOUI!gI, Ill:.:~, r ~ )'icastceU8,mooity 0\1! gwrr~,M.!~.dingorga:n~c~ Nc.~t, but ~~~.olledUllcult,\.lJOUldbe t:03ee~'5;fl"r~,. !'l.fmedl.r:tQ.l' •.j,. 11\, 930(~iI)()61 ~i'll;org"nlic hybrirdll1."lt~x (7), ml,lyillg that 'Vi:: mrt~l:y po&i:n~ c~~~s rm~'tt!1'!lls'wit~Clom:ooHed in ~Jlj. rl. tot $nlIIII.!!'/dii."u.t'!ut ~, :10, is 66 '(200~~. (k;~~~ks.T~i5\'ii'Ol11dlert ~~fij;d)' n~~e:ll"Cct' of' Ji'JJ. E...A. RIIIJI!ll.mt~ i9.Mr:tlaf1!l'i!rlIs: 2S, .nn7 (2004). Mli5t aI\ii'ai)'S o~!lg]der chdQ~s in .Mr~ ~L~~ tt v:. ,Mirrllltli!o', G. f'ftS'l'Mth, (j" F~rgdc~,J, MrJr~C:he.m;rJPj

I
I

i
IE

'.

..

..

!
i
i

~a~~:~~:!'=:t

~,~"

I
~

"" t~!\": 8U!,,~~1).md~l!I,g emb¢dded

~ ~nd ils fllm@~ app'!!t;;a:t(iom;;are 11011: yet c.iear• A~ ~ with the: exaD.:p~'e of thc po~ymcra.scGh>S!fn ~ re~c!ion for co;pyll1:Hl: ,m~.d a]1j;lp]]IYi:~lg .lJNA, :it

cell~, Cd~ iPrint4mi ~s !I~MI~tin indCVrriio])!:n.c:"~.

deve~()p!:ruelm!lov~r di~t!nqc~,1j· ompi!:rab~~ c ~Q l)ri.nted !:i.me wi.dths of Jun. Pau'{;':r:ns: Q f

.spacing, :b~~'\I1.:~l ifli~nt oeU type~ on t~!iisl;!e d stem ce]~Si,co1!;tld a:l:50 be 1U:5cdlto ~l'i.p:~orethe

17, ,aIl54 (l'OIJl't E.

rC. .111. Ni!i~~~. M. r\\.\I',il!1i!l)uij!l.I.l

um

!mmalll, 0., J\. f.lieldlet

hU 1E(i~e<I~.S(re.ncelH, •.29~

(ZOfil6t

ret'fC'Cffi of,ce.I~, i:sIlI'Ebru([o1l1l onmatrb::~modia:~ed d

New WO'.rlds Ion this IHorizon: Earth-,Sized pl.lanets C:lose to Dibler SialIrs
IEric Giali,dos,.l!.,ZlIIINad@r IH~gm.i!!1Impl~llJm.2:,~. Eric A!ilolii:~ D:a!wd lLatilram;.5
S'l!ill1l IiUI~lII1en[f,.2:"t;

''f!~~ ",,1,1Ir1Mw!~l abo be g~ dose orbits, !w;my win be much houer iWb!lndl~E:Btd~. and, :!>Glt:le may [ha'ltic vemy di~croJfil oompos~.I!i.ofls.. .1\11'\vill Iro'llPUi\ll!lf~d\1~'1and! howp.~en.~ [01'I1I1Ilimc!lhliie p.rope11'li~:r .~r 1iliI:.l!I.p~~

m YLe:ld P~i!LI'I~~'llike; Earth.

le,cililie!i fOO' Elillr(Iil!!'i. MC!!CI1!!)l o~bJt!so~I,y 0.38 AUOOf:ll lIllie Sl!IuJ, but :Eru1INltlMS p;latnc!S: Ci01.!lldexlst em 'e\!I0.1f1 di}.!;cr o:mi:u> ~lIatd od~e,SIa·~. The II1rloory {If ~tl~ sl!~II. fnmlali!ru"i begh.t~ 'w:v~h,2i disk ofg!t'! nn.c:lk,fIl:l-~iz~d ~U~ (p!all1l~rSSiiirrl<lJl;:)~ lh~bm~r .wc~t~

Janll1l Ri.!fne~·

1!he ~~rdl '(I(lf habi~l:ile pla!ileb ~lke! Earth ,:;u1OImd ,o,the!"~a~s f!ll:~'fillsan afld~li!it impenwtic'lOleto I~Jilder:~ta!ild C)'l;lri(Jri!:lrn!il!O ,!:!!1d p,1gc!~in ~~ll! C()151J1H~!l.Wh!l'il d~~{h;:! ~SSl~~ ;past 't~~ di:;~o'ller:Y' '~f I~undr~ds of plaJilets. bwt !f!,~rlY;QJU i!i~!:JIQS 9ig~u like Jt!lpit~~ and Sa1ilu!'!ii. R~I~t :aJd\tai~(!e$il'l IIi'!shu'mentairiol!ii'!lI!d' l1e"iI!I· iS!S,tDnlsal~ '~rnd'iii!!g' s~n:l!ires;m !pli'!!'I~S: the siz~ OIf Elirth bYII: 'COOS~f m ro tliie1rliia5'l: ttilIlrs..l1h:e:N! ill1e! !i!Wel'tlll pO!i~ble ways £uc!1 p!larieB w:uld form. ~nd fuWl~ IOhse~'IItrttiiOll~!i'.!iin~oa:nJ 1ie:5'[ thn!iEltl1!ilmi:~. Miliny Oi~~he!je plil.lileB w,~ dm~w.!'I!!r llinay bEl!qlLlite IL!lm~i~e 5ad llilltlllli'f .5urifiN~e' tBmperawlril'i1lri1,d C'Ol1rilfUliJiimOI'l,blll~ ~11I,e'ill'Dd~ will nOlilettne~El8~ inforllnl llIill glb(l'l!Jt: th~ p,I'(I<t:e55; of pk!.i1etFormati)OIil ·!'J.ml dl tih.e f~q!JI~IiI(,V (If Halrth~L~~~ I~tanetsarill!lliild Oit!1.errstol~.s:.

l~iIlI~iJi difl1lle~ers. .aJ1ilG il1lCa~AfCfIS~ti..,.'S·mm bL':c.d~ c:t~~3ted.froml !~!he !lll1la'll (-1%) fi<lctiom {!Jh~8:r~ UgM liIiI,at ]SOO~I!jJled as W{ln 3~q~f~crwted.~of ~lheir~~P.li· d:tan~tef5. ThelOe pl.mOO> t~ out to I~;i!lv'.l~ diC'n,~·ilie.s sli!ni~aflo d1~ Gif (!:vega", gl .. !1its !~ OWlf SQ'I~f sy~ell'n ,mdi .i!Ji'e 1~!1Ill~wned.(O be nmde nlos(~Y orhydmgl:4~.•md. tllelJmn gas.
as~iroI:t.Om.crs, IIbI:U. OM f.in.d.Eruih':~ikJ} ~~8ialelJ> Wllh SiI:llklir!Jr~ faC$ a:JfIdic{mdatLOflL<f S"u.iUlb~t'lrt.,f U f~oonlliml'OO... On~ oof!di!igw! is d1e 'pre..~~ Qf~i~'II~~idl; '!!.~lerj ([U£$!
I~l)

could rUl"liO c!ose~!n 1}I.mct.~ bl!l( obsew<!IIi.C!ifil!loro:r:bits on wh:tcl~ <I. [ll<mel"s S'Uvifaoe ~~11:pery<llIllJl,Stru'S ~'hQWIOO nn~si'l!e dis'ksi III be lrela!' 8JtUI'e I.H!ifrm.1il:u>iable liqitliidll wa~l't d:C-sOObe II. cir-s l~'!,IIe~y l1J1100nmrtllOlfl >(7)•. NmtIC,.[cal sil'lill!l~alio:tllii ar Ci[Jf~lsoo~'lar "h:lb[nab~e .7..ooe" dk,:l£OIioll pll.'1nct [or1ll1l!110W if~ mel!. disks pmdu:OC\d. sevo:F8i. ploom. like Earth ~.n Illile I:u,\mita'bte :ro:nm of any lOif d~mtl--jdm ~1]3neIS;OIf dlL'l ooh.w ~1l11~,.---. ,L'l'!,iIoo. 11ih~ liI~l gtalli·.~ikll:·£t.afSis 3f:1 l::1l0:li']nlOfl!lJl ~.rat clo~~ys'8c~.p,l3fmilS (8)1, ar·L') i'l:ori,d.l<o Ute o~ andfOuppgl1llife. The: ~~I~ ~ A,I~~la:lil,l~ly, Bu1IH'~ Prl;l!!l~lll fO~l fWtlrer ctl;l;~le':lg~ I~u.~il~. DQPpler fii~!!~,Ill!~ oUlly i~ for ~lalbilable \!"'O:rJdL5 now 1JX!~~'\lloU1,C: ather 0,3% of.iJ!Ju-pioo",«~s.~.pl1l!1Ct" it caa OOOlilU (mly O!Jt in Ure ·dJi8kil'!'lcli spir.l.l inwamlowam li~e ~ sl<!!'S,1IJiOim wl~[Ch !ll!iJre then 20(11 ploL~ IWAve n.(H % of the stat. and its d!i~<!f1t O:IDit !nea,~s as 'UI~eye>!dh~mgc a!'l'glular !:r!onle!~~I!!!n with" n::~ been diSoQ\l\ererl. Ul1~il Ii'OO('lOtly, a;Ucllr.soO\ll0nes sidlu[~ disk: .(1 fgas lund pl::mclm:inmlils. o.rn~t91. d~cIIkcHimod of:illr.atls~~ is less than 1 if~ 2![)0'. \l,i~fC ofpl~ClfJ>fM InofC' massive drlanEartl.~, dlat mligra:DiOfl is O.1ilC tl)(p.]91t«~i.o:nfor thG OriE~lll .1' 0 .B'Ul dlC disciO'ilicry ofp.~aIums lW~ too l!Iulike Ilillle:: is. .1&'1': lilP~lCr or Saturn, T11Es is beeanss fVlO$~.of E:ilrn'II1~. fll!l:Y net be far oi': [ro'pp~i.';r vel.ocim.ctry J . elose-ia or "hot" gi3J1Jll planets, IlfldlE."If:1h·su::md prallet~lm""~ b1Jcn p~di~dI Ito, Ii~igr:ateilli\\l1li1lJj wrn:]]. 11'!(l11e:'ill'l~~i(;hu~lrlllml):lt~8 ~la.~ ! ~(lel1lily dis1~IIii~lrtl\1il(:;re cli8Co~"edby n~~pl't'l' \felOC:Lm~, <!l:eo1~l1;_iqll!e OWit ilif:l~!!Lres lfihe mQI~(Il111,of tine $l;;ar oov~rOO ~"Jobje:cil'; IMII!!O'lll less ~'ml,.~:;;i.re lI'1:<ln :im! thes~~eofaoo~t.~ u1illion1.~rs: C9). MU.1Plion . Ol!)o1l!ndi1re sysl.l;:!!:)'srt:eUlII~r of m:ol..<lS)! delect:it,s. b .C1!)!,~ be l~l~dI~l I!he dlilii:k'sirm.er edge (J,O)' or S<!!!U.ID and as S!mlU OlSll'i.l'ernllOes hq~.I"IIl!<1f! w:lu~re dllcr·e is a c'htL~ge in (~le dis~;"s .(lb!lhy ~o Ea!lilBl.(1-4); one of ~~ese ~i!!S :now been oh~Il!e <I~t'Cnll:tu:~,g OfJp,lcr ~lift of smrligllntowar:dl D ~od! orMtle: wa.'i!e~Cf1l£;dlill ,(Ag.I), 1lIe: shilll. is served to Itm..m.i~ ins star {51, .Likc: nUIl~y of dae d:U.~sipa~e ~lleal by :radletkkn 01).. Several .p~8Wr l;iI'roPuu:tiomli 10 a 'planet's m3Sii,alfldl thlllsmo:R). g;imH ~~.8ir.!C:1Sdeh~cted by dli,~lll~:~lmdl I~~~ey ~:~ nl~.gnlil.ifl:g II.ogt1[h~rcaabecuma Ilrnppoditlil. im~~\i\e p~~ .fl!l'e ,MS!ill:r ~o deloct. 11ItHl o:l'bil~ ~e mueh closer to ~mllldr l'iQ.sl i$lllr.s 1~lllrrlrnl ..iE."iirth '··mMn.a11!l(l{klrnl'·~~afilnes. at. whiull. d\eir orhilnl (ilfOl! t~v ,stitch pla:UlelnllIl~· OOS\.>fVe>dJ oop-{ln, .ilIficl is 1.0 d:l~ SII.![1 ~'lifronQ"l!icOl!ll~mit (ill' AU); 'l!iJd p~~ ~i!!regcr l!".rtt:o~ 02,..rJ) .."rhe SysleJlll (l l~iI!e planelS ~~riooi~lypass in fi'on1 oor (l!:<!!~t) wiU ~p e'l,lol~g wI!.C!]W!.V\!ll!rd .• 7.Cled. to~l!£:!'l 00 the [hliPpler :st'liJI: they hldl!ce is ia:!"g:eJ and l~iI!etl"host star {fig... ~.'. li"h.C!masses of ~i.1!:!1'(,l]s more dete.ciab~~. NiClW h~l!oom;, em Ihe g.f(IIU!W aob£ onlhe OO!(l)f planDe!S l'l<JiI<!.!!loodlS (mlw1I.Uid.) (1Iln.$l.I.Chmb~l!l ..are klIDiMll 1lI.Il:rul~biguOllSly.rul.d alim in SflaOe, 'W:tU dl5OOlVOC sllU smrulicrpltil1C1S .. di ree led. l<Dr:qIfJe!> Orl.L[le tmtcfilUOlll plailllcts wondered willlSj ~lli'm :tlgh.t!l w;andecio,g ~f:lg lillie lb:cQl SU\rS;\?IlC1:'C.!" Ailcr iI'OC Copel'llJ.call revotuliaaa,.l:mmMity askccll \:vhctllL:lf

h:l'!o~1(lO MooJ~.· 1100 MaG,.s~d prolo;p!an~l" ]!II arout ] n~iU;t(l!l yem; ~e:se ill ~!lImoomtic 0lf:'idI eoalesee to nmn :l"lane!S~rn. (0100 million U) years: (6). Pla1l1emsare: t1rt1l~lIrety IIltioriillil V!lll)' c~~ 00· I~mmir host. SLaIi'Si:!oecalL'>Ca.oClreJi:l(m wil[ooeur over 3. liI'!l!I!m)W 1IiSj\&~ of aful.t<l !lali[] Nn ~alCtMd~ li~lI~ n~=:Jmri:i!t Disks [1'I<1loo!lllaim ~Iil~ela !!T:IOm m~'l: U~fl (Ile Q"elh~1 ~T.]~ Uae 8Qkw SYSI1e:~1

;.he ..

.@!1CiC.UlS

IOO.J:.OO .~.~I:. he....nighl. S.k.:Y at!._ldI.! (

:atlid

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a4~

$nch

O~CCI:l> faroiirllmiC

p¥\!(I~~en S~~ 11\520, ~m~rf~:e, 02DS, 1M U.s:A. ':_Merr ~or ~!i'~~rU ~itd SPIOl~ A!:tronll'i!t~, IUln;· v!l!rSit:1mf CmLoradb, eClliiller. '00 91C(~OO-()le9, !!SA.
'Olio t~hlll1ll rorresptJllId!!IlIQ!'
!laUdo~@ha~aii~l!oo

Ha'iljaj'j al Jj,!i~Il!I, lHon.[)'Junu, HI 961:122, 1Ui5t.~ NI!is:A AStrootllkW IllI:!illl:Itl1,Am~~R~rd!i G~~llI!r;loo~Ii!!11 ~~Id, CA. 9'4l!I3!5~~!JGo.. U'Wt111lllilitutE! I!lIr Mlr'OIiiOFli1~,Uni",~~ @i HolI,'la~; at MiIooa, Hom/lulu, !HI 961[122:, usA. ~AstJQmoo,~ IllIepau'E11Il:.Bto:35:llSSo.. UOOrtersfl!i! of W~gn~. :5eomilrt., WA 961'!.lS,. UM. ~HlliiWrdl·$!lJIilJiJ~l!Hfli"nl CElIftII~r ror l!Stre-

~D~JPann'l~~~·G!l~lsgy .and Qo,p¥1tt

liJi'I[\'e~·rt 01

:~hol!llJ!l ~!lIre5s~d •. E·mail: b~'

F;; g. 1ll•. A. sc'heillnatk viim' m.llIstr:alibngl [l!Jow'<lIn IEalrlilil··,!j.izedllplil,ne~ ,orooli.n91 dO!i:!l1ro i~ hn!1.t .!itaf Cilril b~ dij!5(!()\I'el'ea1g!liId st~d~~, TlIil!'!:1~'li1Iiili~t (lrbl~ ill1~id'~'th~' Q~b~t i!l!f aJ 9i~li:it plaJile:t. Nl)ltingis '!tQJ :$~Ie. and both p~i3ifleualre .showlil at m.il!ltiplE! 'O'SJtfiOns~ilil the1r o:ri,ru. 'il"liiepll!~f1Cl! ·efttll.! I.lrilS~E!rill Iplallilet:i cam be~A1flmrE!dl frllilllil the! pe,ril[Dd'k IDopplJef ~h~ft of starlig:1irt (riElplml'l8iemted [~, thE! bXL!leandiliedi ,~'a!~hed d!r(llei)a'S 'm~st!:u liiIiIl)'i;I~'.s wi:l~dand!ilwa!lI'fr,o!iil the @b'S.e~r on dijl~~r~i'u parts. of'its o~ita~(lund ~ the :S.ystlll1ll'5 ~erne:r of mlliSS;. ll,e IEial1h~!i!re:d p~nettr"llfI~its th e '~t.aJrillllfld[ oo::u1ts aJ smlCllli fraction of tlire' lig:M, allloMriI~the ~~iJnfft'!i mal1rilElrnr to' ~El ~r~tillMted.. At~liJe opposim !ph<llS'e,~he plillllilElt M~I.be ,ecln:li'i$:ed!by 'the: stal~,. {lInd its ililfrar;ed ~tU;!{ allil, be measured lrIy OJiIilil:p,illring m,e wtal~fhu:: ,@uts.ide of <ai!i;1ldU[mliigl edilPSe. '1Ii1lle ilililier !pldlilet I~,erw~bls ~ne omer g~ant IiPI,alii,~t Ol'i iits: Orlblt (.~ia,~hedlii1es)l. '~llIllllnJ'g timEls of Wiall'lsii~of ~~e IldJtit£!:rw d~iaJt@WHlml !iimpI~ pe'riodki~ 1Bra. meaur;abl~ amOILlIiI.t.

210

REV~EW
a E~~-{\1L~ fa"!leUl ~~~~t @!.5Q foot! [tQ!!l p~"!f!~ l~nTi<li!ly foof!di ~tPf!cl! "5~ wt~~ !~tiv~ly hi,gh etesim ..~shel'h~edh~QrIO an i!1.w.<lJ!'d!yrn~g~ ~u!K!l!m;:e ·Qf 111ell~ el!:!~;e!1!I,sijmtJfl.~ke:up :Sll.lch.p!ilIiI(}~s;.i~.is ;['I]mea-dyl!ato''Mildnal Sl.IIchl slilJ;S g;mtiag g~8nt pl.met CFig. .2). 'rh~ gial1l.t plElllcl: fIIl:'C mQXC~~.oikdy :iD()StgiQlbl:plamls.Ue l mipoo l:i'~lJrbs an: iill~mQfp:roll:llflaIlClinto an. eJlipni.aIIl o:rIt!i~cil'!';:I!JllHiriZ81i,(m of tI~'\tm:birt by gas.~ mlm u»G£I. also pOOdtOL~ lfIrla;~lnl.l.~liplcpla.'Ule~;swill Ibc gmvil.aliOUial ~U(\rLi1g of !S!iJ~il~l~it p~m~t.~iIMl~ foonclil1i a ~cl~ Qr]rn~1t~~I~i~Do:rnbits, ii:ll~llito.~gI'i ~cai.'~ 'iheill@r'i:¢tor! ;'i ~li.gllJii)l 8i'!!!a!~~~ orbtt, an'id iso:!<U:ed f~ari~Lii.CQ!.ill\d iL'i~if~lig;F.itlg!~ halls, Ui~ ~ I~Wie~s i!ieJ~~ as Die gi(i;l1l pliMl6~!:ilOve:s furgas gii!lrW8l1~hercl'~g !f!looliil p~¢lS lI~t Earth· I!ffiie!l'hlW<!rd <.15)..P~am~ts grow ~;ptdly h~ tile ",ized! planets ..vl:n 00 RUI!!tdIne..tr ~e i!l'fM~r:U!llea.n· d~'iIi1SieaInJullln~ ofshcphCil!ded.~l.altdC5_iIlUIIs int;c. noo·liQIfI re5Ol1QJ10e!> Qifcki.~]n .&cas gLillnrt:!l(fig . .2). ri-or lolhe :gUilUt':S: omit (1'6-.19) ...~Illillml'~rical :Eim~ 0 .. lite (dhcrl~8Jn.d, Ihe disk dis:pe&l mooe~ ~ro" dj~1S th:M.p.lanelS w'l.lloow{:;U ron10"1!\OO fn:m1 sl,l,ch Il!.IlaJ~iO:Ii1~. .Iilalf of 1illI.~ growiili1g p!a.mCl~:!>were ;aOOul ~c.'t(I~d(JI~11;l e](!!~or.(ullIl;~ ~,:f~c:lQsc;; ~.t'CQlQltl~
~U!al!c~f{):!i'

Ncv~~e'~~8,oonMe~cg

l~ .!3~Ql~ p~di~ti9~5 mast oo~e~!p!llood. by ij~c facli;;:llm:t!1~me Qlfd.]c:

mOOdls lilllCluJdf:s tire physics of cO:llHkms bcty,..e~ plamlc.~ulmls: (whtclamay :rcsui~1 ill disrl'UJliol1l ratlmr lihm accffi1iioll) llii'Id: ~mm~:m.lroofUQmp:nhng Q pt:M1!l>i';F ¢ilI'i sill~i;i~iilJ1j l!:i~rl,Y.'~:liilil~(if anllYil. !Ei)a.~r !1Ju.uIilIb~f Qf pla;il~~~ima~ (:!1oii'mm Ithanil~) .f:J!' -,.".1 wi·lh·j~1V'.·'J '(IOu~'F' Ith~IiIIicIt- caseOOLp<Wb'y .. !lI.'l_ .. __ ~._~ ~ ____ .~- . e,

ia~ p~.n~d!!
~IiIlSC

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ru;u:!l~er orbil<!!1 evollJ;!~Q!I

oiftldes lr.1ijsOOQ:lfl.bo'd~. IOO!C hl.OSl stm" rul<i,

"""mil! d~c;g:~U 'ilhu~et, d~elli!Ci~'lg

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pllailCt 011 Iilrl'c~i'8.v.~urt~(m!l1i n;fiIlJm~i:l~om' two or Inure gia~t ~,I8Jncu>. ULt~tnll!1lteiy~ rud:lprnd:icliiOiiiS In~l be ~~ by ·dbs~fr\I'(t~.h;lrtr,il. lIl'o,'plf!ir IDettdll!llil of IEillrtl:i!;

disk pr:GCC$S(\:vo,bblC):JrlaJ :D'iilOO'I1ml.l froq~y of 1!1tii~ ~Iam~~ 8Y~1:!~'JJjj. EY~ntus:~ dis.~\Ie~) .of 1Iw: ~~ eaases lJ~eil!l~~la!I'd "s\!.reepi![~" of Ihe~ reso1~:ajHOOS, S!i!Ml!!li!llh~s. !tilac :I!lfOWlh ·of pl1!;r!e!:s (2V), However, d~i:s1IlCCi1i1a1ilis;I:fI ceases to be: ettToothr{:

O:1ienl!<1._~ f o 1!W!e .gi<ln~:pla!lel and lis rule .ofifini~_tlcm (Fig. PIOU,lei~Cl>lnID~S .. <!!Is;,,} shcpltc1'ded iR4:er]Of lID .Ci!:!'I 'be 1~lI'Ie 100000DOnS of '''secular'' re5(III10:lnces, wl.tCl:'C~ or~ "",its] in Ilh£grav~mtionallicICl ora I:ilrinlloroJ~a.l ga.."
Q~~

:n

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-7.5

E.at!it'Il..alla...'18e8 1)1aJ!~C!~: orbtlins S11atIr C:lJ 876,. whl:cll allirohOiSfIS1wo n~ore~lRI11gi~:n~i'lall'!lts:. [n dlle.~r u'IOdel. ~I~el.voo .g,ss.gliaUl'l ee •.in1~gi'Mediu!wa]'d lD dl.cirjjmll'L~ ()rb~lJl, :slmplu.txIingplrulC!leSillrDais: 1flMl" !l1e:a:m·!'!l~~.Orl .~"GT~"U!OCSalO'.Jilg th.~"\\S!l' h~ tJl~fi) .~ disk di~p;~d. ~cyl1!li' re.sonOlJ!l~!wo""cd dle:nl!!tcri!.!i fu!1!berlw!~~Ia!!'d,ca\!.S:il!~g ·<1!,P~ilf:!et !D .gro-w:. AiIlO:tIIer cxm1ple .i/s Idle Gliese SSI5¥slem,
\Mhh:ihtoontains Idltuc.elOs~l~ ~:hlinenswilh, :In~ OOLW.(,'Cfill and. ] 5tilmS IhM of .~ S; (4) bllt as
yel 1110di~oowmd:

elese ru,lIre star, wherc·gel1.crnl relaruivIsttc eITeclS

domilnal£ omiml.pli'CCC&iiiOlil.

CO:lilfron~hll th,eo:Jlet1c!ll1 ,e:x:lXlc~atfQ!liswHh obserVa.tL'OI'lS,.~ov",c'I,fCr, wiI~requl~re cx.lmllmi 1l9r'/ fe;::ns of ob..!>ClV3tion. For Doppler d.t'U'Jeliml, ,9 vc~oci~y prti'ei:sio:m~l.W:r Utm ~mls, It.'Ssi!l~illii ~'i'iGinlg~ i:hGl w<i!~H!~ ~oo ·of!1J ~I,!jQ!~., frow be~caili~",,~ ~ by .oonlp.mfl~ ihe pooilio~ ·of t[~o.u..ands !;Dr f~"~ wllCSin d1.C ~EH~.c!!tJ!llof a slnr Wi.Ol a fiduclal spoI'lcl;ruml or an 2ihsorb:i!llg gas cell, lallllp, or
Iss!()i.: SoosiuviLy is 11m%" ~i:m[~L-d~.,y d~c Ilojs~ or '~~Ilmf' prodRmd. by 1~l.ubll.tel1CC, ~,ruu:l. aoomlilc

E:ooh ofll:OOSGlI~du~I£.~'iliI(!l. althm.l[ll~ flot noo~!y uniq1!.!e, predk:iiol'lS. 'tl!~ .~"~im fornla~Qn mooe~ ~rodk!S tl1@l cio......e""in ~1fl!!S:.<Ji!'e lIl.Qt iso!a(edJ; if th~ is :!>ufficre'f~I! m~OO form OIrtC, dim severnl. sll(.mi~d f:orm.D!C)i wi U be [J'.re.f~

fb"uooif!

sill! ntOnl ~.Vl':lfY Il~ive

,g,ian~s. 'TI.ms('l pl!atl~ 'l.'iil]lt~J tiL<:!k or !l1~·

.gr.uodlinVlItUid. ~. 1ll1e!r .~ lPOSi!ionr. 1l!e!>C sin~;J!!~<lbol!!s hvghligh! Ole fQsslbilil), dJfltEardl"Sl!zGd [jlmnalll. exist dO&1: t{) It'l3uyslllil> ..

oSd~.l!at'LOflS;il~.smliar 2nnosp:h@:~,B(\rllM SCnsltvvily m~y ~~I~ly be ®lilie:~d! ~y ~~til!J.4. i~,g the prec:iJse cI~O!!e:rk<>l[rcs (If SI!!Gh Wloi...e or .a''C!<I!_gj!1!g. ov« 1ll<I!Hy orbiU;, Mea!~w~lile, merer-:. per~nd OCClJ1illcy is; OO{ ;SllfficiJl:llt: 'DO flild a
"lwil~" to ~hl.i: Eawth~IIJI[ ~m!,
1.0, ·~lOOI .WJJaC\vllillt

bYl ~tis Clilou~tl

:1110:1\': mf1!lSrl.,(~G: fl13lilltsCMI.

~J.1I!U!I~l'ii oould, ~ .~ (M dwwf,l .stirs, wh~}~ rnoli{Dn.\'I.~U.Ire :QlQ:MC ..tr.m:lOO b)! all! ~. '

roc~ooOlWW!!1dffhe~[)W~~'iS I

doser o~iL~.Eal'ib-m<'k~

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SOl'H oo..Jnp3rrocm. M dwd .<UlC OOlJf!eOOm. ani plamel'l ~m\IC SiIr:eadlyi.1a:ll~ frnm.<i arnmd.fiI~.c IViIOi'lt Ill$l5S~.Wft.llL~Iifl)8ltiw5 of tlilisl.ype.. Howewr, d~~ oolalivepropelwtyof I~iil.~~r\l~M. chlo'1I'f slatS !() hl)~1 P:~l~ (i[)I!r;;u~y ly~), i~ ~O'! }'tt k!1own. Ifd1\::ma£~ ·of the pl.<U!ct·fof!'!1~"g dit;jk scales w:~Dll~latI of!hc; ,suut; fewer ~kmets :Wld!f,or slna1b 1)lruKl~nll£ht beiiunlw . 11~c @iii]lO~he:rus of M dwarf stars do na~ .~ppear ·~ob~ es~ci3!~ly '~ilit:~ry';oo:mp-ared 10 'l'lno.,!6; ofhlgh~f n'I!as8 SlatS {l1], :f'1lY\li~'Vlfr,M G~wirrf:sa!ro. .

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il!lli

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m!~e<!r-h]hred. (110 .~ ~:m) wIJ!\!el~ng~~ls.<lnd Ule COQh~'l!tml.eS ai!.'e very d~JfLCI.!!n: targcl'l for visibl~ w.@'i'lclenglh specu:ogra.phs on. ClIIltl:llIl ~ll;:.sC()pcs. o.lm :saluDiQll is 10 !bu:~ld[l mlK:hlmge:rlidlcsoope
1Il,13J1l Idm
CUiliil'CtIi[

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lilesco;p.es

IFig. 2 .• Nl1IillliUl!ric;a~!iimul<!tiool01 the 'fur1inlB.lim 'oW dose-im. Icen:l!l!N.izer:i p'~alilet;s. ~lal~liIwo1rd~eplll!~r,diing of I~a~ri:gl by aJ !iI~gr.rtif!g ~t p(;g!Ji!et: (Ia,rge btal~k (imc~). theful!lr pallil~ls i1!r~ SfI.:lp:5.I1o:ts ill time oi ttr~ orbital @(~emnrlty (lI:I!eviatioo! f!1om dn:ulliilr!llt']{) v@rS!l!!s miimajcr i.(i~(orbit $iz:e:~ ,ef ~,o1il s;um,ving OOCIiy ~ duiliillllgitille·migratiolll of .. Ju~rter·1iIl1li~ prallile1: ·rfDIm ~.:2 00 (!l1.• 25 AU imllO~ ye.<lrs!~18,19), lhemeoh!,m~ Ib~d!i 'i:; p:ii(lportil(llil':dlnth.~ rulffi root of it, 'nIiI~S; bm iiS. 11iIat! t~ Sicale :w~~I!:1,~ glaliltpl,gJ;l~1 Qir th~)JI g,rls.'1II1~ UllOIJI of eam ioodycGrre~pondlsw [t;s, walEr ~gm~ !liS,Sh 0Wt1fl olflme: w~(lr~aw.llhe di'l,~k lnner ll!i!1imlli of earn bod'y shml"-i Ui:J<l ii1ppro:K!malIe ~~, of tlile' p'~lIn:elitisimllil Gom [fur d:e1HUS,. :see lRa!l1illlond eJ .al. (~,].'llh~

!l:~1 .:I,m,

gf1ld~;~ !1II!~f)~gtiOg1 1~~{i~a~(I~. vritJ1il

~esailfian~~s: r,esponsiliebithe: IbiJIlk,tlf~ill!irMa:lfd5Iilep[hel'diit9. ~~ze~ I~ met. nJB'fllrthat f~.ll1)m;amce .•

m~gia~t

p\gjf1~~a~~ lal~I~ll:d.fh!i:~:'lI~e~n'!!i1otiQ~ t

an:dSiimlli:t!aiIllDiiiS,oI1tEIiiIIPtlJdlliceaa IEa~·

:K£.."I,Ar:I ·~an.omica;l a~J.e[" !Wli¥e i!! ~ ·~oo~ hvg!~rec~Q!1 ~~cl~JY <It 1!le.il.r:·hl~~W<lVe1.e!1!gdl$.t)QI'P!er ye1oo~t:y p~i.sioH .ts p:l'Qporii.o:rml ~o IUlC !n!.mlloor o:f fern.mres iml [I !l~.l!ru: spcoom scil, IlliIc~lIaro Il\1IOfi o:f d:le In.lIJmboc ofdlctOOJloo. p:hotiQlls. AldlOiU:gh. U.t¢ fOmle:r isldgh.er .:3:~.v1$ible w!l.velengl:lll~.ror ~~ 1~~ !itlM':h'.e Ifl:l:ilt.l OO~~~lO% ofa~e S!1]iI'hi~ is o!!!I.'\:\;~e!ghed by lite h~s!~er~Uifnbef det~lab<k: ·of pb010flS in (hernea;' infrnteti. :F1!!Irtlim'llor:e, ~ !lpG'l OOIi.1:IiastiD the near iIlFrnwd. IS md'u!Cedl by a faOllm ·01'two oompllred. witl~ '\i'isii.I:i~C''t. rul.<iilS II1ICll OOl~lrib'LIlli·ni1lto DOiPP]cr il0:is('i Ilna!yool~ Oi1Ie
CUll Maltl'l;;l.

REVIEW
f()mn]i~t'pro'blillfn Qf!il~r"'i~~f:r.:l!~ 5P§~!I~~qp)' is (lo!'l1:Ol:rnin!:!tlQI'!by rm.!I'l'I!~W; le~!ri<l~ii1!Mm~ ' sp~I,~ic 3bs:«p~:ion lil~es cmlllpa:fCd ''I!''i~n, ~m.e op~ 1~:iG3l.ll1(Jdcpd~1 and ccutua:l w9wkmgnh, of~h~ ~i~e!; w:rie.'li wiih du:: \'vam!r ''Ii'.or oon:lclltllllnrl bigh.:il1fLtii.i,d~ Wiil'{] ~p:;t!lrl,'lmof ~i~~ a!lii'l~pbL\"~. hrowe!v~rj slIMIi)J!,;llioli<)suggesll d'iiil ~Jliii~pmMelil c~ bliiwd~lccd 'b:y fll<i\'lki!fi1g, out Idie de~est
such ~iill!'es, lillieaving s slllfficie!l~\""a,v:el,e!i!gJh covcr~etCi adll,ievelhe Ill'lq,l:lirn<i. Doppllcrprocistou. 8e\"crnlprojoo~ to ,dlwc:~OiI'!' ~j:t~isio:n, meru:~ i~fi'~dl :::;pettrogmpl:iS are lUilder way. TI~eM: imehwl); lnh~ p,roe.i.s~otlradi OIl ve1octl:y ~'eltOg,~h (PRVS) b"OIle ,of u~ tWQ G~l1Ilh~i 8~:nl'Ieie-. scopes, II Qolla1J.xmuionbelwOO!~ ~Ii!e As:!tO;J[!OJ~v'y lbdl)liIJQlIo,gy Centre~m d1:CUn:L~eClKi!1(gdonl, Ihe

g~nec~ed as

~:I~

tro~ it tml,e ~t5k Qf!bel~~

~i.1f;!F'l;,me~5 oaeleser !Q!:bi~s .<We' :sA;atistic a~~ more ti:Ike'~li" to Iransit '11~(1 will lTIIJI1Silmore frcqumll~y. A gialltpianct Hlcc JI1u.p:iter oooU:lll,> _]IJ/~ of: ~llile d~* a. SUln,wiliil!:!csillill:. allIelTClCiI of th.a:tealn 'b,~ dL'iI!~>ct~d by gmIu~d-b:ll$~d iflKtnimWiill~ •.~~ is oolkl!fiQ\vn 'i,\':hich S!:m'5 ha'V~ p'la!~el:s w~th I\vo:r.iliI~(l~litail gooi!netri~ a:nd a ~.ill'ge!n.ml e:r nUlls'l be n~o'nito~'ed. InU b ~m'Che:s for giru.1!l ip1m~c~ tl"alll!>iin!;IIroll:ieginnin~ 10 p.a;y off (22). HOWc:\·,\H. :aIi1 E£ir.th·si2!cd plalilc~oooull.'l oni), OJ]I] % of Ihc star:light, ,<1Jlld (bi~~e1ffl1 of~i~ei!;'liM ~'l I'j(![ lXlI~i1bl~ will'!

d~rt(!IFe QE Urn~ws f~-Q(!n its: ~'!1JX!~c~~ oro:ut :L.i~ewlse. an o~h.en"'iseilllVis,iMcp:lan.el am be dctootcd byilli gmvit!l'~iOli'l8J1clliXil.oll the omt of 3, ,sOO{Judplanct ~fl~['f~.IMnSil5dtcln.o.i>~. (<llf: These S p!;;'ft.li'O:i'lg\~'ill c..tiiJ~ d~~ Imn~,il ttn.l~ EOdLrll'i. al~ fi;(ut~S~'iI\flll;:;p~w~~il:Y" WilliGi'i U,ie (\-;';;0pl;1iit-

W~'500~lyi'~oo~

Q~!'V~~g~

Qrd:~~

U,ruivrn"Si.ty of H.ertfo!r$htre. tile IJni vcmty .of Hawaii"andi P!:MmSiy~'J,lalili.lI. SJlate UU:LV(!).i'Sily; a PRVSpad)(iiulcfur atPtillfD. S!!:alC'; and ir-cipl,cSpoc'Ex;I)~many .1!).~8per.:::~ ~~t~fftrolliJ;~.er for 1Il1e

leliescQ~s ol!filhe gr01!'~C1 b~ySe of 8(:;~mli U,1l!· liO:I~ 'by I!ffile O1i~'l'!iospltere Irlwi.!'!Jl;:1i !!~.'').ARoiller :~;!l,ro!lch :is to seareh for ~rnnsits o,f 'Iille sun:llll~lMdw9mfor which !lim! :E9rd.~.si2m :p;l!llDt:n W011.1~.ooc,ult9, detclom::lblcfractioml I~[)J.
'10 1~]I,ofth(l:
me!;:: C'Jd,!I'c!'I]e!:;

SI£IIa:l" disk.

Ho\V,('l'!,!i.'lI:;,such stilrs

Palo~laI!l'S'rl~ ~el~pc. aooU..ixn:ation ~l\i'i.rec~ Cornell UH~'IIIe.i1>[ly .md !he Un:~ve!'S~lyfCai~lf~ o ni~. [h::rkcliey. Po. PR.VS·!.ikc' instml1nICil1 on Gmnill:i could wrvey 300. McI\vm,s ,ovrn- the:
COlLlrscOI~'SycaIS forcioS(l.iu Earnth~slzoopJancl8, a S'tI.ffi.ci()ll~.~ylarg~ $;llTtt~ae to 1~£S:1 l!lliIoo(ri!~ of 1!ItiI~Uroright IDe'ttc,ij!lg IE!llI1:hs :Mth 1Ira)nsit~

'fainl:,!lIOO (J1'il1ytl!.~ !'I~,I II":; s!IJil~bie I!)a,¥~l~. T1~e~ be wic:Wcly ,d:~Mrib· utoo QV~ the: sky, !lInd !N.(u~i~QriH~ them wid~ dThcawroiPri9~C eadeaee w H!l lreq~ire robotic

wm

of one such. iOOse'WIlI· IOry.,l?amlQfl!'I1fI1ic Survey "[:(llcseop(l Ilnd Rapkl ~poWle Sy:g~;c,m ,(Pa.I!l,~STA:RR.S),. ~as i1.1rca,d:y

lC,liesCOPC~.. Apln'l:otype

In I]a!e :lIm.an fmc:tifill. of :sy,stcl1:Ul> w'hrucc orbi~s ~l:ap;PClil to appear IJdlge.o:n.pfuLl1~ts; c;u~ he

D!Dpp,lar

VfSilbl.8

~~~ "firsl~ighr' TJ~e Jill00( di!iecta:~J.proa(:llil~o ('":rna mmsiting kulia hI "~wi!i' i. AnaUe.l"Ha!tiv:e m.elhod for .~udin;g s!1ila.llcr E!:!rI'h,~~izeCl p:~an~ls:is U) 'ob~ervef1D!l)i!n ~pa(lC: CoRoT (OOll'l,i\CC(~.o:n•. !RmmiQl~, snd P.lsllctmy plaIlets, ,exisl:sin .systcn:lS will~ 9.Cmrulilnnggiru11 ajoint mis.'>:iOll O'f d.le: C(!nlm Nati.mm~. plncl. J:hce:xislCllCC8Jlldpo:si~iOll of NCpliUIUIf:: Tl1mns:iIfS),. d"BudGS SpMia!iesardilm ~S;p~A@ooey {ESA}, '~va.'illwll1c!1oo lau ~-O~.lOOr 1i!iildl 11<lUi[ld 5 be ~ab!e (Ilf~ndil~g lronsitillflg pl,;1JI~~ illll· ,sR:lall asa few Ea.rthn.mses eaclese omits 1!...D~::n:rnd! ~ny of ....]2)0,000 sial'S (216D, NASA's K.l.'pleJIrnission. sclioo,UIIlCd. fOlI :l:&lJiilOh.~IilMrl!y:2.OI)'-), w.in I!:msh d~c: limit Ito I;)laali~L'>lite: size o.hlm Earl.h. :U!il1!lrnil@iOO-uU 1001000 :stars. (27], (Fig. .3)... Bo.IiIll. CcfRti:[ rux! ~~~h~rwi~1~~rm !f!]~·rfflC~ Irollsit tL~l~t:lg, of g~.u}!t ~hmel:s <Iud !J:ll!!5:r!mkc !'h'Of!Nl~t5ilh'¢ searehes QfEar~I~-1ikie ~~im.elson !reSmla!!lt ·arolls IlHlfit'luf S~fiiI'S Lnl~lml1ls,idng plannts.oa dilen. give w omits, n:'mses, and n'lem~.dl:l11lSllies. HilliliIta mllty

Eanh~. pll'iJllcli!;infm~ :sy.sl~:n :(,15)..!J!)nc un'" p~easa;ll~. [mssibHityis II:!amdlo"Sepl8lDlCIili IneMil':Sl to mC:ar.l~lkm lI'CS(lnaflces •. :!I!rDc:I. d~Gire'r-Qmd.te mest c:f.c.wNalo~('l.wili :a:lm .ha.\rcdu~ 1il.tQS.t I!lInSlnb'le frQn~ the 8!,nn~nul (If H<i!.~1)· ~~

elS: ,a;ro~1i c:t.!i'JMi!i!f a !i~~!~Jf!)C!<riM~gj1!;"cc, I!heir mutual SJ<l;VitaliQ!i<llpe!1l:lm<ltions <Ire alliiP~:ulicd. mnd th.~ deviations are' lru:gcr. The '\{analiCi:i'l ·afdm lim:m ofl~t ~s proportional ro dtc ratio of d.\c pl:llnDttl'~1aJlses., aBel D amI '~ .•IlJuls!!p18lIi.etaf':' r~DD:uns: ~ ~'lSil!i,~ ~upilt;.f.~~ p!ant;ltdll'l ~i;gna[ ~. be ~ ~~ ss a fe\1i.!!i~:~m;!'I~(l·VC!,!,!. period ora fe·\\V'nlo!!!ths!o ~eru:'il~ n~e U:ami'!s:of~!wpl~nels caJ!1 'be tUined to a 1)!Ii;.'Ci skm .of a :few !:em ofgec,~ o:m:ls :wj'dl!!IIXnuld,.based tel'cs'!!O~-s, 2fid ~~ IJDi1!lSS: {)I" sil.... har lP'J9I:1CtS are: d:Clect9h~ (13,24). l 111~ sheufhcm!LA:g '[i~ooryQfmnUl:im~ l~rOOiclSnibj~cl''ln~ :~Ii<'!!1t (btbil:<; illterior to ¢l~E:!I}-!i!lI~ira:nt pl~n~ (Fj~ 2)1, end InbC If~Ul,\~it w!l1i~~~ tCc'tiU~L:que I~ !.l.lrea~ boo!~11.I.~edto mle: out (he e....iSlC!lOC !:)if

widl:VIl. Iliilcse" sys~C'lns. Rru.1Jia~ 'i,lietoclty ~1~-r

CaRaT
WlIl'lid

.1

N&a,lr InfraAld, Doppl:ar

rQrJ~~--!!!!

OJH

0';1

11

Seroiimajo:raxis fAU)

IF'ig.J. P~te!'1r1tial~or din~nIt~d'lniq,IJes... lIl!W1;IrIlIl1!!i!li'S .:i!liId l~iiSS:;1(I1:tSdded ~fith~ed iplglilet5 i(I(I • '00 d,OO~~rI orbl!lJs;aroun:~ stars ofdil,~nt masSli!5. liI1!i!! 'inlfl@~ solGr SY:SliINl'! ilndaU repol1oo €XilJfGisciLar IPlaini!ls wi1Il, irD.llllilil'illllflTl ma5st!s:leSi) thilllli lStim!5llliilt. of lie Et! rth aTe' shmllitls I~li!~k drr[J]e'5.liIiIe,dlametrer O'f I1llam d~i~ pi'\Qp(Dri!I1on~ll 'Wth~'cQ!be: ro~t of 1h~ (!;niniiUl'lum~ Tin~g!'1~nl rome is th~ ha..bit_a'bl~ fle'in m~, ~ wi~kh tiqlLlidiwater is ·staltd.e Ion aJlli Eialfllh·tike planet til. l1he uj:fer..m,ght ~oondflryro'r iDo~pler vaodty detoctiol1l cOlnl~pond!> tn ~1tI!! orbits Il'ifiml 'carl!~·~s, p~a:r:Jru, p-rodutOOil mIDlirnL!lm DOjIlpler oft o,f ~liIat. lmJ$,and IJIPper ldt-h!'ln:d bOllllildary ooHespon:dstD orbits \!d,th ,aJ :1.ed:a.y peri'CidI, (QR'Qll iiHildKepler 'can deite(,too ~ tlfioSie piiiliiii'!!i15i1Hiiatibialrn,it 1iIileir lfiost star. AIse, the aJmw.all b~liil'u'!l~rie.s are. IAlO,tas alS!tinail<5 l~ref2l11tred lher,!!, and th~ilpp~ica~itiy tOf ea:th meth:odllrmaY]11I fa.ct ,e:ide'l1Id beyond UIE! .2011 es: rd~~irned.

fo. findlt!Ig ~b·si;wdpJ'lJJe!S (Hieir hOSi ~'S <1!Ld 'ev~n ICOiJnhng SO!l~ iI~ii1gabout: Inla.ellflSe>ctlli ~l'cm:liSli,Ilg. :Bll1. wHi rulY at' ffi!lob,plru:LctS 1l8J¥C surf Me cO:iJldirDion.~ Inlmt coUld :>IliPPOI1~. IU~ as we unclet&lBn.dil" Cl\i!sC-:~i1I. plam~~~ <1rOlLlfildh.l\y..JummQS;i~y .M dMfi:sCillli Q(rbit 'wid~h~d~l~b~!~le w!!e {I"'ig. J~ HQweve~, chi!~dI pr;u;tlcles I~ ~i!resfOO,ndle"!lcW:Y host star oll!inlpa~ il~ ~lIle high v:e:lQClJt~es Inh,~ o:mci:1s :may il<..:'1T1:1IOVC ·plau.cls,· 8li111,:()spliml'C~5, :5'lm:la, rmldm::iJllg Illildr:!>I!ll"~acc. inh.o~it3hlc (28;' COIil).. .. pc!ISilrlfill allld.n:ta$s ru:c alfK,)~mpo:rtan\l, and tl.(ll all pliillLlill!.l 3~ ~\lIIJOO I~ual. :in ihl~.ls~gnlid (19) For e);;<Ul!ple, VC:!1!!lS was origil!'i<l!Uy ill l'he ~l<l!bitab.k: zone of,il f.t1n1et early SWII], 'DUll:l\'e do oo( know wh.eOw:ril !;"'VeJi'hacliwawt:: Om, Ole: olhet' ha:nd. Mars is uow jm::t iiU1gid~ tlte ~aabinlb]~.Z-OI1Je of dIe SlIm,. ~rutUI.laeb3.suhstai,rni.:.'i~ ~~orMCi IlU1mOQUf

~'~pecl'5
10

close

or

212

REV~EW
~p'll!ere b~lJ!~ i] !-5»0<I ~!I·~ ~~<W;@ IPreve!it§~ i~ ~jJI'!O;'lpi~~N:fIDnleSC<l:p~!~(Yr ~Q !l'l<liI~~'1ihl the vOil~ruc: acli.vity toretl?~el1lishit lltco:l}'proviCk:s oornc.&uid~n1ae for Oui ex~OClIiliolil s: Pl!armts 11m!.fOml:cd. dose to lItdr hlQSt
~tiinl. :am ].Ih~ H~ly 'lnhili1J1l;Wat~i'
~,;'jf~IL'i

ilA;~uusphere aJ!!clijhe prese!i.OeQrallJis~ce ofd.m,K_Is, Mm::h :~no:reoouldl be d~SOO¥crod: al'M.)u~l!'ilalu.11s:~n or ililrorirnl' (O,i1'1!e l:i_ah:ula:bIc' zone of M dWru'rs~ In bil1ll 8i~glJlari:I'IDI:litCl1I.umof any W!lilm-.,:l'id~pliill1~ 1~l::Simij11s :[ioJt1J fUrI.ill.lf GUll JiIi'I iI1ltc ~tcillii. \voi:lld: !>l!Ietl, eas~, 'n1~~day~i3hlle.~l1pi:.'f8lW'C:dl~flfcroil0tl (Ill Ihtlipil:ut-et cw~ be ~:!~-dl. ~!J~i~~i!\.s;]I~ I 1r.m'~LllIlIhLmlr"om ~hUl'S: l~iI1~p;l;ln.e1 (31), ~~lce (If .ab~(ll!~ce O!fOiirQ aiJI.loophere 00, i!'OOi~. ~W~!'8C,I.Y. plm~ til~1 fo,m~i;;'d :~r!th<l.oll!i,C;r, wl:!~Cf..,mcll regions or." disk, and m~srn;!edinward lributehe.a~" ru'ldit ma_y Ire possib~e to e)!1JiM:t a aile nKl!"e ~~elym'lmve; ,<l~lII!ld.!:ln(:waler V.3, J 9), low"resG~l!iliQI!l Sj:re<:ln!ma:ncil sea.rcb. foraibSIDq)" 1]0111. by gru.~:SlJJ.db.fIS carixm dicrxjde"oter vapor; lin a, SJiSwnl w~.lilIIa, o'IlIcJ",}jruJiloomposil.lcm liikc dlot @f 00, solali ~()jn. ,lamh ·planCfficOliidi be <tJ1~dil1I}elil~lIli1~in,allY sueh atlit~h£m. C()Wlpcl1l:00. of.:!IS mllluh, a'! 20 ro .5OP..4 Ice. TIm.,>!'; NASA's proposoo. Spare~ntcrf£«uil1el~, Mis· sion (smM), d~i~I1~~ mgdl!e:~(;el the m:uwl(lt~ """o~kl 00 "~SillI 'Woflcl\:' v.!lOi .... l1JO..k1;J:1.-d~p eeeaas oV~f~in~. U~ick;ef ~~~ali!Uesof hi~h~ !ll~lions (If :SIOArSon the 'r~<!nc of (11esky, mi~M · aim be pressc:di'~I~Q sc!'\dce (0 seol;rclll!ror Earth· 'i~u:re p'ha...~ oh7i!'a!.l'f iee (,32,. 3.1),. Howcvcr, if 1Il1!L': plall(}!',ssmfane oom~1Ure ~s above the sized p:ia n,el 5 (39) W1£.:n. 1m file ]"I1Qre (!Us.ttm,1 c:rittcalpoillt ofw-ater (374°C). lfilncre wm. be i;"IO fiUJI!Iro. ill'lL': 8flllbiu01lI:S T~n:cs.n;j,aIPI,ooet f~r.ld:er (NA$A)m.d ThI~\!'~n(ISA) :sp8oo o'ins(M\I\mGrles Hq,uid,plli2lSGl;. l~lIllisSlIiiI!I(l~IUll!1iI~lbcml :5ltlgg~tOO, fnr tim N'ep:~nn'C~ss planet OH~ 436b, {5)~ ·w(lIlddsprililially scpanl!!£ Hgh~ .fnlm. 1P~!Ine'lSfrom Plm'l1;1t .. rQ~f[!i!i\gd!~'lb .umMndo1ill~ ~s :may dUlt 'of ~~irho.'I'I ~~,~nOWilig, 'm~d ~~OOil· also have dil"l'emu (:I~snries. ~pa\li,,,:d,,g; ~ a copy afEanh·sizecl ~!k:!!ill;;!S. Becal,k~ aflthe~~ loclmic;;t~ ~;!\i.d n~1 dh<!lIenges W IiI'l,H ap,pr.'W.ch, di1;'e!1>ityofP:i;1!1Gis Ill.anis !Il'iPrescl~ted in O"lJf !!()l!iM' SystOOll. Fore.xmnple., lire fuitifli rn.tio o:fcarooll ~:o Ei[nmamhf(!S need. 10 hC:OOI15Ldm'ed Some 11.lVCS· Cill(.y~I~ eIIl .~ bLW,VOC'II1l plamt:1.t'oowni.ng diisb affild: ~.gal:Ors arl'g1lC thaI d.l!.': ~:mpornI I~OOh'l][iql1J~ SI!I(X!C~~ fully lISOO Wo ~solatc: i:gl~alrmiml IITrafliS~(in:!!l s w~~~ 1illI!(l: 3lliilOMl of w81:G:liKlI3( ,ean.ooil1oolpOit IrtltOO. inEt) pl;tIfI~~8(34). III 'Dh~ILrXI[!1;fI:If; ~ of a ga~Warn.t"" s!](il)J!m' ~ pl!ll1lu.Qd ltir S;l]"il:a:ller pl.fm~~. c<'I'li'OO:ii1·ricIDi di::.l;,. ware .. is,oo;n1[ptetely ~~11!~,~1~ wrDh usc of gfO!:!lfId4J<l.">edi C~lli)p!ligl~s to ffiiud smC<ltefl3i~e.!'a'ls are replaeed by sil icon ca_rb:ldes lEiwiJl!"SIzecll)ianeb: in ~~le hiil!biWJ~e zene of M dWa!i'rSll~ld new obseN,atork~s. be;gimlil~g widl such as '(i;il,roo!1!!.ndl:ml. Sli!.d~ <I dLor&\;\,'ol!l_lli ~f(ld!l!ce d ''cru:'bicl:C wor1d.~" Qovt'rod w:iil"h,oounsudl. alJUlfr, §WST, to oJb,SCi:'\I1eItlamn (401. 81:11. o Ear!I~.,slzOO :plan.cts e::oiJisl ,elose to lOW~Ill"S, stars, arid aru ~p:lmUi!:S ofhyd'i'ocarfixms audm'Omciooely ~.Ill.~ bl('l II,he satGm~ Titan. th-aI'llEarth. ..OlillllLl:r phtlll.<i'lts alily of~llilenl Eail'fih.·l.iik{l 311d. possibly halb;Ltable? rm~-y :h<'l"ve ~~adilleir.f('I!Ckynl~I!Ulc:s :11~Jf!'II()Y~1 hy A~[(IWl0!11ers: are: b~g!!'1lliing to ~ook.<li!'!d!answel$ Ul!ty S!IlOr:! lbe ()rlld~ehori_ro!]. Wligil·speed ro!Hs:kms duriug dl!l:ir fi::lnuru:[u!] .1.!ld, like Me!lC!U!ry.'be COnlllOOOO m.o!ii~:Y of lm!a\ llit~,tiel'l!"'(@.!!';and Not!i!<j, By ,ooJ]1~in!rn.g spacebru;.ed 1~m:l1sll· Clocdon. d L II,. f _KA!iting. [jl.,. P. WliitmtiN!',. m-.. t m!!!)iooLiI!, tllantS 101. wid~ grn'lllm:l.k'iCd :Doppk:rvelocimcUiy ~.o~~i" ]!])8 tll9~J}. c:t~.t~ meam. dOlil;,'iiliies, 11 shoul:d 100 pos:>ible m 2. IE. J. 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SPECII'ALSECTION

New Horizons at Jupiter

fRAVEll1 NG, OUII[ 10 HI c fAR1IlIIEST IR&I\C:~Ii:S OIF Hilli: SOIIJ!JR. :5YSlIEIVI,.10 'IPUJlWO .ANIID' the Kuip,er belt \!i,rhel:'ei~ will. m.~rive ~n :21015. du: Nei.vllo:ri.zou:s probe hills to Il:-Jlilidllil'll: <I ~OIi1,g lIilIHlIrnols~]y 1II11e'V'ellt&l. j',om:l1ey. Bin] luckily ther-e J.W ~;o:mc spechl.C:l]~:il.r !iiisilts :1I1]OJ!1i,g the way. Dlm' 28 Fe;i:ullnJary 2007, Ne1wH·onzoliil:s 1~.ew past lupirtl!ct.wBiLere it used ~lle~ g]<1nl S grn.\'~tyto !ll~~ugshot ]! to e'VCll g[iea:ter speeds <I][I;dIIISl) test ~tsinstrl![[Ilje-illilts i~i1flight. New Horizoillls.' IT.1ltlS~U()Qk :~to ullvisited t areas af U~epb!!'letS ~:p1'ICeSiC<I(lJe. Th~- :pllpers.in this spcc~ilii ssue rc~oru how HliC probewi~:nilessod ]]glim~!lg <lind aUi'llnU~ in JU!p]ref~ a!mooplm.eN~.vo~caJn]c:IC:fl!!PnOlils emilthe l!!iJiI!oon~o,ii1nd tbe pU~5in!:'lofJup!it:ers ITIagnet!Jispnere, a c(ll;;oo:nof cl!Ii!rg~ p~ti(;lt<:l.\l t},;iJ :fj\!,<a.tih!l;;[l: the: Il';gltire ~ys:t:em. tl:~~~~c~~e i;;q:u:ato:l":and ~e trf,)p~~, N~t::oo 'oil JI,IJliter, U!1;hmil\g~l~"'hed ncar ill bo'lh poles as '!/1i.'C11 el~\vh~'1e, snggesting l~,t ·c(lI)1!"r¢c~iv·c ~c~ric~~ :5tOr!!l]." tbl~bas e b~e up eve:ry!,lll'hclX; ~~l Jup!i,t.er1>atil'll.osp:hereIbecaJi!.lse of global. hCo;l!ti.mb",I,(1!lloes. Nighttiflooe ~u"n"Ol'algIQw~ on the other hand.wete m,ot !!Is.l;\f~dJf:$p~:e",daJS;Cl(I}OO~OO. S;kirU~,g 1]11(: giallitpl.(I.m;:t Nle'WI:!IQri:ZOIlS ~!l8Q :tl~'V by .J~pitees:r:iliilrgs and auem:larnil' moous, bi~ ,rnnd s:IThMdt S1!,~rprisil1gly. m.o U10(lIli~e'l;S smaller than a kilometer iu size were seellill[ Jw;pHel!"'sfainlr:il]gs,. !IlPlll7.:Zk iftheyare built from d~Je debris ohi1ll~rtilf!!red ~ll0ons .. 1.~JlIlb!bi!e bo ch.urupsw,g:eth.er [nl.ociI.ti.o[ls:f<l.\r\Omd by a gnlvity re~(l]llan:l()e-swith :~a:flg;erlm!lJoon:!l. An emlJi!:UOlrnl of~he TVr<lsihihllli' "'O~flruno tllD!es.llt:eUHe m.o ·Wl1IS.,oa:~lghl: inthe aer, on ..ll.ClM~.g lhe,mech'[llii!cs ef'the slIlrurcil.lJs lplume i.ljrndthelaJV<lt~lImJlpe[~.1:l.~re to, 00 measured, Poll1!tti,ontlltm,llo's velcanoes has eve:mlreacbed t:liIi.e hores Of'.ElJilr'Ol?lII. s an i.cy MOOlltill;art may h11J1]hOt ccesns be4'1emlh its!m;JiiZren surface, In's velean ie 1i!-.i.~siOJ.l:S feedextTII s;u:U'lu:<lindo;x..ygell i:oll:si~rn.to avast particle dQudUmt circles the; entire Jupiter :ii.yste;m:, hl!,ldin phllce· by thepl,Bl.efs ~trol!ilg maglJlct'icf"ieIJd. nehindl the pl<Ulle~~ it is P1Jdled :~I.lto<I miiilline~;ic s;ii1l1d""",bii,moil1ll:6ofkil.omemr:s ~(]![Jg, stre~m]l'Ig ,aWElyl:1iro·D1IlI. SlJ.lJillas the so.lar wind dJeUccu areund Jiupjmr. the Act~ng likie a gl.~lpipe:. th~$m!'lg;!1!JM:k- drains hidf a metric!1O!l of Cl!!fKg€id t'l~~ 1]~njc:llC~i ,ofth(;:jQvi!'l~~yst;~m ';;:1chS.ecolrl~. NcwHQrii~['!~~!'Outl:i took it out do·"'l1lh~ M1'lg_1[!!.oto:mil.,.regions. 1.l!n~p:~orod by earlier Gm]]]oo ()f Voyil§e,r~ti;8to slons (see thch'~pClCti,"'C on p. 2l6)1. Pu:~se~o~'le!1~rg~'tic pSJrUclesno\l,f~~on~ t~!e tail in ~~m~hronywi~ J1i.tpil"C'I"~sH)-h~u:rr()!tfl,t'i01mrr~~eflll.d al~~ (:'i,!c;ry few dl!1!~sas
j

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INew IHlo;izo.ns Malpplnp ,all&! roplil and GtllllIry;mede 11M. M. (if!!ifldy lM. ~L

23'

I~()'sAt!li!ojOptlliiil'f:r;; R:!l!~I?~SieW IEdl!e~

II!JV,AIIJJ~ora!!Obsel!ll'atio
IilS

p~aslm~~ blobs are fed down ~hc l'Ulbe. . . WithPll,iI!O stmiliil U:!l si.g1~t:!l.Ne'\lVl~IGI"i2l()ll:!ii' :ili!~psh()t$l ~11().wd:'laitJ1([p'iter i.III~~b~tsflliiiaCtl.ive

2·~(I

~a.w&cape:, Ie.:o;::perienoa'i:ng Sh;l!lJ'IIn:!l.~he [p1;l111(l?ing o~'the, Ttr:lagfIJeto~phe:llC. ilI:ua.d¥oiCflIl]C: allh[al~s. A ])]ty' d.n::I1d~1It ~tis tliDel~SllilUe we will v:isut -]!UIPlH:r I.IIlti~ ~heh1!lll) m~ssiron ;iliii,20Hi. So s.it bllok. cnjoy these views, and tlliIink (lifNewl~lor]Z'OI1S as itrnol':S along the so.~a:r SYSIOJU'S bad: Iloods to lIDO even :>t!l1l.]'lgc:rde:1HhnaJt~o[l.
.- ]OAN NE. BAHIIER

K: D.. R'lI.'h~rJ.,mell.at I~oVo~cgi!l~!5mS~~Ii!.by N~w HOrnl!(Il1is::A ~jQr E!liIlpt~CI!rI,aith!!: TllOls;ntar 'Vdc~l'!o J: .It SPerl e,er e:t ail.

Science

,·!o'I.I"INW.scienc:emag.org

SCn:NC!E

VOL.:na

12 OCTQ;SIEIR :2007

New Horizons at Iupiter

PER:SPECTIVE

iQ~.cl~d]m,g 51.~ dL"oo!1ti:m;!li~~ and v.. n<llli:olf!.'" I;1i!f

roIDft.tL'OU(iI~'ilte jo"'l.al~ sysWnn" WI1iIkib, ~s:"vis;1ble" l.mOOllla!~-iollCilfpwtidl1i: p~£ill[lj:" AIiI.oi.h~r~y ~1!I1t1~ Ill~~id~f!6A:ca~Q:li'I(,1!f laq,,~ ~l!l;ph .. g.id~ fiU¢d!l.vi~~Q ~l!IdSCOli'l frQ!]!Iih~ ~ '

New' Surprises in fhe targe:st IM;a'gneto:sp,h,e're of IOlulr Slo,lallr S:y:s,leml

,Enl rou:i;(:' w, ~b l~dJtimali~ f!il!i!d~oos with Il?llJIrW, 'i!illl; 1r:4~w It:!ri~l)n.s, sp,i!(~crgft: pgs~d through th~ mal!;jrte-.tJlc all1ldilplilRij, 'envirorJlililtl1lt of Jupiter hi iiebr,oony 2007. Onboi'lr,l:!llil1stmfl1n~msQo~~med highl~iIlSO~!IIijl;lnI~imiil~e:s;, ~iJed!r!!Jscopic data). ilnd ilil~!Jrtmii1!iimiJli'lIOOUlt ch.-n!J,~dlIPDimd~~., The re5J!II~' hDiW I~ewilled 1IIlIII.lSUal L!H1ure and \!,Cirii!aloonl ~:1iI]upitelsplasm'Bl allld] I8irg:e piasIiOOxa5 th\1t triJll!lll down the ~ IliIili;;ilgnietotam~. !Jilt! en Jltlpitel!i's a1,nora. proVide' d'etiaib cf theill'l;e~.;u;tio!ill!\fi1:h tiI:Ie solar ~nd .• alnda. !I'!~j(l~ v~bnk il!!rnp,tiOt:!I fro~, tihe moo!:! 11(1 as. Qbs~~dl d!!!!1i~gl!!be e!ilCl:IllInfier, w voleauoL:S prodllOe: aoo~u~~ :1lnl(;:Dri.e'lo;(le!fSOo;l. ~r ~O!Kl " "fhi\> m.~j,:, 3JtltU,Un {]If rtil41.~ri1ili~ :partiy .. _oo!Minoou~]Y'l~v~n& i1iI~ S!:ufljlibrnli:n!l: a ~i!1!!l,~ol'li~d: Md p<Wllly~ing 'lm:t~~~OO i~oo cav!lylhat pKlfec18 d~e plm~~ @.~i!l:.'';'! Itl!i!l:I'Wgl~ U1C;n;gmero...~bere of ~lIlp~le., As: !I. ~Sllll'~ o!~ ul!l,gnetic f:iu:l'd,l'illCS .. reloaded, w:iith, hea\'J LOllS (8 CiI'IIViro:l~l:nleul'b:1 c1>:)cll!Idin~rutlele: rnd~a ti'orn, Thus p 8frId0) 9nd are ,evcm, flJ1l'lljilcr ~ehedl, :fO:llrnil'lg ~ (lultcl'ltDOSI: regi,QI1I :where: d~c il1Jtmlilil Itlllgnel:Lc 1:1~l.d iIli~9. 1P~.mneld,rnttilna1eS ~s callecll lhc:mag:~ ~lled~lasm3,dl~ ..1k. &rol1lilcll JlJi,pjt~r'51 cqUiato:riH!~ p19JtC'.11hls ~'flililealre"~S ii~ll"ld 'w.id,~charg~ I[H:IO~ht;lre. Be~dcs: .1E3rtl~and Mc:rollry. eaeh ~.f ih~tbl!i!' &'I~ Si~!:~ (J1;Ii.p'it(;ll'~ Sa!I;~r.l~ Ur('!n~, parti,d~and"'i(Jb'b1l.e.s {ih,mn:g ~eh. ool.:l!lionpfl1lm <lHdl\i~pl!'m~) ~,;lve ~)U!,~~@sfher~~,lI'1I1:O!1ly 'phul~t. k> 1.lliIl'l :!1:!a<;Sloam!':i!l, !lud Ute ~!rolcllif1~ (If f ~lOO!il km'!QW~ ~Q' I~ve il!!! Oi\~. n~:a~!l,!)ltosl1'!Qcreu~ U1CiWld Hrn;s read'! .aJ ~imj!, Ihe pl!a..~~is reb900 ilJJtodlenlllgitetolfli I ira,lhe fml1 oil' .jfj m."lgille~ie Ci!m,y;nnooc,one of d~c feur :S<!!' cal.led. (ialUCliu b~,]lhh~eeH!~lil pliBsiil'aoid ThC1In9SS released in a n100I~S olli'JlIllilm:. .A.1~l~ghdlCUlulgl1.et~h.cre of plasmoidls L a ]9I];C: pWiili ofl!hc mass oflllilc ,OOlnire s it pl.anm isOOlf1(pm~oo!(m !d~~side f=:mi,n!lllhe run, i~.i:s t;llwll1urrlll,sly .SImIrll'l:OO. Oil IlhL'lo;ppos.LI.e .SilclL3: sys~nl.t\JI9I~s: oFllro da.la. fnrom. 1ll1L'lpart~dss fLcld .ilj;,<;irlume!il>:;·(ln~d Ute sp.ao~raHl~n (Fi!} l), rijml~Wlg~ ~,gi~!] ca~.~OO~l~!:J'!1i,gnarot::liit ~~m ~ JUf~ror'g; ~~!1g;!Ol'>pl~t\m:i.s the ~t in O'ufs.olar 00 .~~ .!'l;S a lOOl OOooscFve pl;l~ld ~CI!IIre." S)!StClTl (\~I!ll a dUrun~'f "';201]' tkucs Ula!. ,or if! ~w-8f!eln~~he!'CS, J u,]ler l~ci~\ 8ml, u.ts mnaglJ£w1rui is a~; least New Momon,s; with lis tl11li'<iI,lI1etm;j~cinocy ~0,000 jOV'ililliD, radii RJI(] R~ ... 71,400 tll:l)., d'imlIDgffil the joviDl~ m-"I~UI.GIOUli1. yieldOO 1\1 :SCrillS of RtlrprlsG.~.,. MoComJaS m at.. (1) rupon. lOil;v", 11.~ilsin'ffil(}nt>c mll}gl,l.C~ltcric ~ltml has 'Llil'I~y ~ll~lfn~filMMt.s ar d:ist3filfiCS between IriOWgivtlll.l!lp oo:ln.~:oJits sccrol;S" The provkruly
Pb~el.: \VlIld "til •.I~UlgnL](.ie .:~£~rl fl.'IPaJilld,~ ."!t.]J~II.' .~'dl.. ()fIO]fu.z.ed .00. IS.; tbe ... [;l)~:lt.
.1. ~

severn'!. &ys ..'[1be S'LJrpriseis Ul@l, even 111: i~h~ dis~FtJlCCS, tillep:iaslMQ ~~asil1lpritn~tldldw mp['d,

m. ~IO~h.o~r

moom ~o olmdfh . <IDt;!!F!e+ foom iWleJQ!v~iil!)i~

~.slhald~.e p~asllflQids Sct'lll1l tQ IrCOOCl!II: every 310 :4 du'YSJ' C\I<L'H a~'Idmse disrou)(!QS. Tlsis ohoorvruicmoonfi:rms ihe earlier Ga~i!,~ ·o'bSLlltVatt.c!lj_~ at. -lOO RJ !.\ltd CIii:'ihelp Ito ad~l1L';~ 'nln.el(>:ma:~mi[i,~c;tij~'tt{jr'iof :nn~-kiooi['ig ",Ues .. d !'I1I~~re.]~~1;; d",\v!l (h~ 'lail. m The resullS (lif McN'ult eta!. ~2) also adklr:ess It'leplesmokl o'bi'l!Ct"i'.adons in rernn.s ·01' ve~ooi~ di~ersions, dirocti(Dl:Jal 8it~!lO'OOptes,. am:l~oilF OOjtll.~i~iotl ViJirlatkillis~ r:1 ~elit'ls pl.amiblc: Intnal I!~JI'l ·(ii~~F\l1;ld~O!UtoG'e'liO-j[l(rV'Ml~ (eliini...o~~b!;,.. t .
splilew. The sl.lrp;ri~h,ere c:.:tliiIJl1.ded.. fl:Jil(~ S>lIIrvivedi d'o~?{,ndlemi Irn~dl ~~ o'bsel:Ved 'by the: New HonOOHsiifilstrumelllli11ion. Evirn:cnoe for tb8i~ slC(llliu~ois: the S:Ora~io., '~~iell Is on~y comparable ill.~[c!(;· dIe iWC1!i[l.!S: dte ~m G(l:~i~'~1 W and illstt!~lh(l ~~,~toids in the N0w~om~!IlS d~la. fi!~l.d iim1~ U,!a;~.~ f()laow~ b)' a pl~sn1:Oid !rell~a-,~e)een !i!~Galilwoo. s ail ~OOIR.J
t"lji~'n!ll'I8':irM~l':

~1~eKplomd! d~p
\l',~d!

spaoocrnlfl; in, lfelY,ruru;y 20ll'7 (11.1 Pluto. iB~fom 'linal el1(1O'l.Il1ter:~upiter Iwrl been, J visited by 5t>'Io'l.m Qdu~r spacooaJafl, ~lldud:iIIfIg the fi~.jO'll'i.0!UI o.mllCr missK'ln, G\illiloo, and. Siix~~yby :!ll;MiiOl]~ (Pkll.tv~riO and ~.I..VcJ,y:ag(l[! and 2,

~rOt lire

nli'l:g;nelot.1ii1 of lhjlpU~Ct\\1M 1lI'n~

~!¥I ili!'lleby I~le

:,;![m and 25{D:[}RJ.TIiI~

pQln~ ()I,lt!hat nti); O~f.

2) 'il!l also 3, t:J.sCifl!lll~OO~ ,~o"see" ~he d,yfila'Ullics I!~e ilw~sib~e I.n8!JjctClspheil'C; and to l!Il:li:la~:d IiiIc i!lllHu.•mce oflhe solar wind at JlllPlter. Glati. st:Ol!lL'l~' .(Ii. (3] &<zewss 11HZ jQvim.:rl!uoorra rll~~ Ilt(ll'!!$in i:heu.~",i(lil~t W'.~l!v~l~gtll~,~ dI)Jri!t,£l, !lite Ne-.'i'HOIriz<ln .. :lly~. Th~y ilsQ foood $l!.r~ <; prises in Il~e.li da'Ua inllp~,yillg III mtljor d'1illlil,l.i; :~, Itle Iliglli'n".glo,w omissions Siil.1CC'fh,~VOY'~1i ern, as wen. as :1m UIl1l:itLilll1(i1C',tll·tlilile de,pelldetlCl! of p.recip.L1:ating .•c,Icctron HI[i{CS: dlat i1~ (\llIilJli:SID:l1l1 widl a ~'\ible srrl!l~ regi:(lI1!I ira.the dusk: s[d~ n.f lIlile !m<'lwtell)~l~erre:. 11~(),s;e l'eS1Jllt!\l be; ~d to ~~n
gain a~l.t~r Il!.!.nd~nili!Jlil of

11~c hl!vesll~a1iof'l of Olu_roml

Cl!~i!ilSiQI!~

{FiS.

or

NLWo'f,'JGri.zons ins way toward

V<l1]g~18 sbow 11lfC!!:leUOOUllli !l1l1(l!u...n:1 o:fSW.ociJJ.lIlC,

'ih~ldy~cc of

uty~$. ;u~d(,'a..stSil~u). ~iootQric.s air eaci'l ~r TIte I~IDlepre'l,'tou.~ WllsS!O:P!SOOIlo'Cred only reW.Qm5 (Ifll~ l!llOlgnelOSllliere ~e:ar ibe [)imlCl; Oil" iUJlC ispaoocn:ft
d:epflilil)oodtc Inaglrl~!OSfl'Rmro!l~Mg
~l111ks,
l~iIl('l

IBltI'b$, oll~ill<~
-lio.

.....

E!L:e~~dId;{itMi! mag:ne'lGta~1

(]IfI,\iVlrI,

dusk,

or ~oo:n,

11:tl:......uprL'Vicrll6

imMSUl'C>-

:~ne[ll~e,~a1~y

iln,

il:OO:I~UlILllk1ltili~.,

pefl~teJ

(!!.nlyO'Lboul lSO~"
l!),.1t\rro~nOl!n oihh~ pm>.LmJ).S ~niSl"lio!1.'Sh'W1; shlJ'~I~. 11131J'lIl!pi!ll.-,;"s :liHi)Q,rnlois, ~IDle m1J5t h!;l~ 1?{)t:1:an1 layer jllihceQ;fl~lgum~ion p IiInd, dYIUlIllics (iI·fdlC: jovian. ImI,gln.cl.li).5Ph.c.ro..lo,~s ille most V(iI~1" caill~.C8i~lyamivc; body iI~. m OO~,ai sysl~i'Dl, and ilS o Fig'. L Sdhemm diil!!iranil alf Iluplt~':5 plana enil.l'iroiJl1li11m1: and the't'I'a,iedCllliY ,oW the New liorirron!i :sp!l,OO(rafl;, Tih~ oola~ M!ildh~ts '1J1iI~ ma~fI~lh::fi~ld of JUJpg~r (~d d'al) 't~, ~lltl'i!a IblJW :s!1iI~(_kand f~ . .around ·the!: pallett ll!lill ID1Iagl'le1D.~heamalll:iill n eJ:lrended m:ayrnemtiriL 'PlaSliillll'! 'k:em ttl:l~I1n:OOIl110 '~rbit m£l))o(PI~md:.-Il'lttiUJ:~iJrS;om.l'JlI!!i'S~I!fl'IE~r.~fhun9\ J!,\;I:t'4l.ilIl!A;shaw." ,[II!> [purple .81mrows) ,[Ind mrom oThe,~f>m1r~el ~s, e]ed:ea down the mi3igl1le1i0t3nL 1fhe magneh:: SIi\illll>~ 2. :3 7191 Ki!lllenilur'9,Lilfld.31J., (j@I'I'flilfllV'
'"Yo WIiiDtil
(o1Ti!~IOOIii~Iii[i!'

ShDl!Ild bil' ilicldre:~~ed. [.m:ail~

.bool'ldall'!{

bupp@liIiIj}5.mpogJrili!

1ti~~!iI 'iI!l! I~lalile:t'$ f:tIIi1I9~Irtk:ndd,~n:d ·th~solar wind '~~. all~l~d 't:l:le liIla!!irt~pl1i!Js~, rAda~d bey K. Sutlliff frtMl1Iili NlASA imilg;e]

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
~lI,d :s1:RI!Ci~l.!!r~. ~U1!l)O:'-1,~. e!l1:~~iQ~'5
associated. Wii;ih tIlle lnie.ro,cil:cm lbe" I~reen. JlliPjtcrand its saieni.t~ 1'0' seen

itle~~t

undI'C 'New' Horizons dfl(a w'mln.e1p dlm~ lighl em d~~ 1ln.1gI1~~.~rof lilI.lO(!:!l~ool!!p1j. $j'~IR_ N'iI;l1>!! HgrjZQ:rn!: :h;1~ ~I!i©g.b" ~r-ved a !~1j~!r v!JI~J'!;Q ~!lI!p'l:iOf.! dru;i~g dle flyby. SpCHC'flrel at: (4) ~p:nt del['lliUls ill Vl.:.V}i' large '!jIQ~. of canicphuw(: (120 to 300 ktn ~f'I ~~igl~~) Above: l~lliI('lgi!jI'Fac~\".~~i'iL";Iffil~
Ito

·OllP!d fun~Ck~!~ Qf~~n: plOWletlfJ! sJ'SleJ~l, A"l mild l1ilos! Il,1ass:L'Ve p:laHill,. J'upit~r played a, critica~,R;il:eilni d'limi PI:'OCeSS. 1iIle&t.ta, foom New .floriwns wi:t~aI~ heilp to foouslJUum:: mli\!·tl~mls to IliIn.~ jovi~m. :lryS:i£:~ll,. si.\weml O!,fw~~idl
Origill

1irQ

~;H~~g disCii)l~cl!

IimQlilgnh~

.i.l~t~.ttat~gua~

IPlg. 2. Hl:Jlbbl.e Space iielesoope ffi_g:eaf ]:~ittl'1S"lIQrn~kelil

a,t 1111,1raw[et wilI1;'e!eng!hl> il'llli4Gwlllil'berr 1998 ..TillIe 1~ll:tEI1i:Iry mag" 1ii!~l:k ffieldfunm diI~~d ~ffid€Sonb;l WI'i,iWTIooplii~,~;. l~ijSjr:g IE IliliioiECUles to gkM. IBeiirles ·itIiJe· IIiliIClIl al.lr'Cifill owl adrnm'lilal, gbvm.g! IineiWiItln ill. bri£trtsP"Jt 00 om' Ie!ldl ~resl:1JtftJr(lli!1thE!' magI!ildkflw: wh$ th~: (~~fI.~ J~1!f w'iljh .it. 1IIiJOiC!lfl5: I!i» G!!1i!~~ ;anD Europa'. I[Pharo ~iWit NIASA/,ESJVliJIIil!vE!r.sIity e~ M'i1i:hiigaPl1 cilieclllO:m' on. lillie i»i,gil!ness (Iflnlle V.LlIlm:!S trelliOl'k5 ofjoviam,m:mm. liIey lnay ~, :~rovidc e:virncm.oe :foi'd.ymUliTitli.c Chil'l.!:J;eshll ~hc'alilrorn~emis~~ooo
l'ii(m~ wlIlh.~· sol!:,l:'cyct~.]n

rnllt!~al

()O:iiicl~I~'ii$8~Jb

11Uii.')~l"iJrnl~ f

1~1t~
!ro'lJroe..

Oi,,;ll

b~L~gejected ~]

wm providecnJlci,lldloiUl
jO'll'irna.
~,yslCl:I1 is

By mU.lljr]jng ~hisllli1teriEli~ and t:i!KH!el~l;lgdt~ Cru,p:~iOO1. !llill~er qll£SiliOOlCOOlc!l be tao:lded: How'vi!lIi"i!'lbleislhf; mass lliDVidoo, b:l~ [0. and 1110.\\1' dO!1$l!iii~: ~. th~ 1itIi!!l'lSloodi~~ (!if ~~~ !l~~IWI~~~ospll~ Ii <III :~~ ",,,,it ht~"Uca:I:ic»'g{?UIC New'!H:On~l!)~~~~~;et~ns
The invcs;nigatiOOlmld] fnrresol¥~n.gdtQt lI'Du~le .. kiDlow!oolll,e of 1~!lle

ai~

~i~ (\9m~.F!~!1i~ CQf ih~Il!~~t ·,;r~<lde,f\dditi!;m..!~y,~fwe !I.!!1!d~la!1!d''(l~·J~her oo~, ~ win be able tollln1ker lIIrnie.r:s!amd d~eex.tmrol:ar "!nol JIIlIp:iku' ofolffilm- s1.'Iml. 1hol>e msssi,ve gR. s giffllllS wLfiln,ll[}s of Ju;pifcr masses i1OO&( p:robaMy ht"l!Vo!'l iJl~rm1giIMf.H'"iua1 i11!.\'J..!iJnG;~ic n~~& wid] hli~ al~d1ii;i)\,'litiriii!l~,'[t!ii8,iJii~r~ph~~ OiiJl'~fid~~l'dil'iS g,f dj;ej~"'ia.'i il'iag;ii~5p~1~m: wiU ~15(lh.e~pi.!!s 00' @11l~1:lI'tiu,"l;ld. ,au r own '11CJ:1i\\Smalmag~lct& s~~ dll.!>shicLd ,prollOClS: lIIS aud, ell '~lria~ L1f:e 3,g<lll'll:!lt 'dl.e b:lLrshlinlli'rplwteta:ry CUvhXiilHl£nt ~feue!ll«S
i,

2 .. It L. MCr!iuU Jr- e:l at, .SdeJ!twt :3:lliQ. 2:201 (:~DlJt}" l. 'ti:" It (j'I1i~1.Ornlil!!lll/~ !dl!r]lf£ ),lit ~t2'!i (000). 'l, J.I;;' :5:~IJj'J@r~~.i!I'l., 5dJ!!Il~'Us:. 2'1iO (~OO!1J!.

I!l-l "JtC¢I~~,e~at, SrJ't~~ 9:~,. l~? [2omt

~rmirut,

I~U:l(!:(ltMM

'ill~I}Ql1ilnt fur l:1!ndil:rsl:a!lld:ung the

IREPORT

i(!:~ ,;)!m l'os"l

ff(D'~l d]~

~'!11

dow!~ ~IDIe:n~;'IJ~n~

mt!l!ul. (7).
J'1IlIp:i~e;Ii"slnaguctos~here' mad near I~ail\li'IMC, prt.'Viotli!'l~Y explored hy scv~tlSJXIccerSill:.in:c~jud,. i!ilg CXll1l1sfi!l!co.tsn:llJt::ms fmliil. GillnOO,.W~lkl~ was iml.o:rbittlI~ro Em. [995· ,~o21li}3 (B,9]1. Hmv,(!wr. ·(lI1~J~r lfihan ill~bJU();fVi.fy;l!g~r 2i!~T\t<ll5;:;l'l v~l'y

DivlEn~se Plasma 1POlpIUlaltli,o'ns ,Blnd Structure:! iin Jup,iltelr"s Ma.g:net'otail

10. ]~ M,:C(lfrn)s,:!L,z", IF. AUi@lglriil'!~,:1,2 F:. IBagE!:mi!'~~ f .e Crillil"l IHI. iElliott? A. Slem.j~' P. Valti.!kl,~ R~ W'. El!ID@If!I.;:i!,Z

g~t

di<;~:;;u~.

00 p:reviO!lJ.'J spacocnfi Ilad n~&

] uplwr's lII1!1liglfl,~a~~is the' rntllQ,e;st w1h,e;s'1'11ll! .s.~rlU!ctl! llll' the soi~Qjr$V.s,wm (lnd lifIilIrkS the I~oss:of w:s.t n: tlilul111Ibers;of '~e;a!'I!)Ii!Onli hom the ~11iIIp:lll'l]rsysilllmr •. l1h~ Nel4l'IHorli'J(ms SPil(Kr.al1t:lr:llver~5iOOl~e tlllila£lneJ!o~ail.to di:fomnce,s ,e.)l)(~edii1g2S.no jovian radii tRill <lInd Jl['V{'<Illed[l rem1lri~~ble diverSity ,of 1~la~ma populatioflsillildl strl!m:~tme5 'thlmlllghDIlI~ ~ ~engthl, ~Ions ,el1o~ve'hom <I hot !iJlarllililil di~k diitribOOofl alt -ltl]IO !l~t(isl.()w~r, p:~.sistl!!M 'flows dowfi ~~l!!tail ~ha!t bl'i(gm;~ ~!'i~ea:S~iri9ly \i'.Qiriabl.1'i .'Iiii fl"!l! , ... ,.:I Iii'i"~'i' '" Iil!!.rim_ 1i'" ~ .P~"""- 'i-' ·IY_!;I,~I.oJ ~,""jj"""'r,"'d e~lliiiwi""'ln "h~fi'i b-,~.. ~ •• ,,_ ... 0r'_0._ I. __ .._. . y _._ '" .. -, - ~.~" Be -i'~,_''''i'Ii!i, _" i.'i"''- -1;1 _,"'."'_" '''' .... ~'" ., ... __UL .. IiI!i1 ,, __O!_ .... _. ~ .. ~~ ~m ~ I·<:i1ii i!alufatioms, iii Ii'Ad app,areli'it p.~asmoid'~aiiIlJ C:llmailfis iem; ~lromlll:iclli ~c ilHiI~J ni PJ~(5.ioiii ciSpii ~re with ilflti!liilfil!l l:ilnirtS 'of I~f!"ilitlildiJl'!f'b". (jhilisl·pe,riodlk d..an.fj,!!'SwE!fle seen ii:l! Ill)! aIt -.;150 ~ntd -15181(1 ,oil']! with <II m'~hm pe ri,ol:l. Oth er v<llriartions: ~clilflow ~peedl alt: -6tC!10ro l00!l) /l'll with <I 3:- to 4,.;day pe,!iod m<l!)f lfuie iiI.tlrihutablre 'ro ~ll!Is(ma~:ill.!> .mJovii'liIgtd.CllI'I!nJf:ie ·tall.

alliscrvMioHs ul{!Ire thim ...,200 !?jl!ml'll lIl1!pi!cr. 11](.'1l, on 28 .Feibmary 2007dlC Nc,w MO:M:nns (N"Ef) spac.ecl1ll'l (lew past ,~Iupl~erell rollH~ I[Q itspril1l'll~ In ~s:~i\).1~ p~u:~o,:lh1!o~v~lilgcm-~y III u

anideal

hjootouy form @!gne~rotaUebscrva-

tiQ:rns" The ~M~[\I,Uiorns ~pomll~(Ilter,1.': \\:lI!ltt:lpl¢ th~ ~{lw-e~~e~yp~a:smil!i:Olrn_sOlndiheirp<fOpe .... ties;f_Imnn.200 in ~SOO'.RJ deep htl1!e m~ga:le!OtaU (Fig. ~,). NH's SolaifiWil~d ArorulKi Pllllt·o (8\VAf)
imSI::l"lJ~nCIlI nUlkcs coincidclmGlIlea.oru:roIWGllt,., lOllS; \~rill~ I1ill.¢JgY '~r- d~~ (Etq)Ir:'~glngr~$ll

o.F

'"r:hO or hUetmchon
. . 'iPlfilml.

jovian",-,o"il
the

'i. ' ..... d '"-' d,e

SUIIJ;CfSOI]~C

Jupiter's

l1Iaglil~ic

11'i!(I)Id nd ~~as~ ~

oo1arw:tn.a:

:rn8.i,~'this ..

strucliUre s1:oorehcs :aItrI03Si SOU mn~LOII, km8!ntistlUl.ward Dram .mu,pui:cr, 3S (l.v~dml!e&dby se",em~ '!~i~.IU enC01,mt~~SOOl) (0 00001\',1 be1

~ iud !.be ~llam~t WIIA;lI]VoY.~~~2, wa... appwaCM~'l,g

:~iI~liIm (J'). 1SiJutlir~ i!e.ie~rch tm~1w:. 62~20·'u[{br~bd, SiiUl.AiTtIlnlol TX78238." USA. ,lDep.ament of P,h~cs aoo AstiliOOiilly,. Uni~~~s!1}I'o~ie~s, ~1i'I c,o,ntomio, 1>:: 8249. WA • .s'Liioo~a!(1)' 1 7 ~iar .~~rf:l ~ndl ~paQ~!)h:i'il~, ~nr.ri!r1ityQ~~'~o:r<ld!l,

(~fiCiplw~.BM 392, ~ldllr; ctlS0300, USA.~:'lO~JlIO!' Mls!lilllrn I:Jirrou:J:e, NM.A, Hil'iI;lil~u'<l'fl@rs, 'wa!J'li~glo.rn. DC..205A6, I!J~A.
(o11i!~IOOI!i~IiI[i!' ShDl!Ild

'"Yo wlilotil

bil' ilicldre:~~ed. [.m:ail~

dFlilCGOlilililiI'J~loSwrij.ll'd'Ui

v:i~ (I"OV)I O~!i~.rodl onNH!'s Lllp·g..in O1.I!nem~ J ~iltr"s, nlOO!~10 S~'5 ,out YOIOl!hlC ~; fOU_ShlylOOOkg s-n ofwMcb ~!1ilQ.sdy Sand 0) p.oil1'ulug direotim]. OIl1~cr dlOlitl a few aala. ga:ps, 'II.--~ ,. :-~,:j d· ',....,A..~' ·1 " SWI\P o!b5etvcd the mlllgne.rolEilii ool:lIli l~fllOUS:~Y IlAMJI:IU1:: 1Q;lilU."i;U an •. are' mtpl"""'" In ~i~e p I1IIJ(}I S :strong:magne:tic :Me!cfi, fon.t'Dilllg liI'I('llo t<Jms (2). back to. >.i '00 '~J. from ~[ILmro hack ~o >:2500Rj .Rmlighly I:t_itl~:r r thl': ~DfiIS fum:; am lost 'II~.adhrurg~ wlmn, o'bs~8!Iiro.~. ""~oo lelllnilla_ru:d, Nfllrepblllo edly c~ lllaC'kand rQrthbet\N~en d:IL;:~p l~dIl<tll1~ dle: alher h.:.lf.~ lran."pcut@.d. radtaUy Q\!1I~fd1 and. ,;dIJ!~e!y I;i5Cilpe d.,w!~ &elail (J') .. !n~l1ellJt4il_l'l@ud the mloou:nclit~g :~~gtlel~lStil~h. Nc~ c:1{1.s~sl<L.pp1.·mldl!:" we OOOi:lr\led. !WJ'!Jow ha OlddJtioH, J(!:l~ller~:tQngspll~ provi'desil.fm.lgh· I)' c.{u:tlp.lllllltlle I1I1~l1I1beror Ii.gI:n iOlIS, I!1JriJ1n'flrlly :1{" Clil.~rgy d~smirililions ·of lO~?i'...etl~" ions {lells of r..VIq~ 'f1lesC ;ions ,amsl~n.lasi:: QOl1iiaillllly afllCVCIil aMi Hi+' Ito tho ltliagllc!ospl,leoo(4...,(5). Thi:> lov,.'Cr..ell.e:ugy~lillllli:Cm (few eV) thoiwatli stIlbnti:ii:U"oo (I fiQ.1JlS,aloog w~th Jupi:IOO''s fast rol;al!ioll rat'L'l (-~. (I Illooffl)~ cmal£;!,l a. d~.l!OO;rolattllg [pla.Qm:till. m::rllielll~ly .acccl\::ratooin~.(I' SWAP by spacocrnj~\ ch;;l:!J}l",g, ~~ L-;: OOHt!:!ili!ni,jtS~S~I\<OO iJ!~ ~e ~p. ~Hgk ihi!!t domi!~"I!~lhe~~!1I;'r W!~<lSIil~m",spll~r-e (7}, A 'key i,~sl~efQr ijqe jQvkm nl!l!g!~e~Q,splt~~ re.<;(ri".1 n~1lgHe~()I~l'here [e.g" {.WnlnSik'!e or' is tww ~·ihrulSOO kgs:J of IwaY)' ions oom, ~1.3Q.R..!. SWAP Q~l"\r~d lbe IQW~nergy tti.~ of' l!~iIil~o1.p'laslm,d!~k.~.onpoplldatiO:Il (9.',Ill. 'llIese kJ, and 3, OOI!llp:m.mhl!cIilllimoor .of li~1ill ~.mlJ)!lp.heric

35 r,Wq [07,S bVJq

WiO:li.!l

a276Q x II]P f!~ldOif

New Horizons at Iupiter

fl!lJ)'i~5

pGdkeclJ r1~r

disp\la}~~(1I)el'io<!icit~es:lSsooime<i, wilh, hpit",s f plamlfl disk roinuom.

ood~~

<'I~jJ'!!Q;u;hwcl

,t{" we i!ll!~lil'ni;lt.en~ly.ib~~ed boih ilw

'eillergy
~l:li~'~

Bl';:gia:.I!!l!~I!l,OlJl,diay ·of )II~'

(lDOY) 62 ~M-7S
i1JW~

of Ole: :h,otp:~a:sl'wa,

I;KIPIlI!lfl!iQI1

l.lInd

euergy d~5lrib~tt'l;1l!h'SiJiIa~. ~g.w ~nYX~5 wia!in SWAP's: e~cl'gy Ii:mge (.;:1.5 ~eV/q)" A!l"\ruI'KI. the I~idrlle of DOY' 64a~; -~125 ,Rj, the higl;l.eir~

100

101i( ~007' I[uTII

m2

1~

100

mB .~ ,~

IF'~g. 1. IPL:!:smadbs~olFl~&om! just aliter INIH~sinboo!lld (HJiSsiilflg of JlI!pTt~':s, 111Jh1grmThJpa!!I:lie iatEHm OOY:56, tru-i!llllghr c~~,appmarn {CA)at-~2 ill",allldl back dowilil 'the lliliiagilleWtail 'to ::.:2500 Jill, 1he :sdlemail(:dl~g~aflilofa.lil.teridhJ!illal~ (lilt ~1irooghluper's ,umg.lfim:tail ~mp) sh(iij\i$ the I~.m dis~; meaw Jupiter ,alfldl Illllo1Iii:;:malma:r!le Illollmlfiim fuolored) IImlOflJiil'lg l~ow,lIItfue tal;~, llIa:rt NE11llhre ive Ell}
1

SpW rog rams ,OUR lIJg of (oh"ddelfice:~oolirit Ir~ per O.5,s5oa!lrl.!ie!oove!r tR'~ intewals, llilumberedl in the !lidtermuc. 11m' gemeral~liIiIe td bec:(I1I!Jes, more di5l:IIIiUiled 'wijlil ~~(r.~ng variahilBIty hn [on .Ilw: ,alil!1nlilW speedl wifI !!IiI'e';J~rrdiimn~ doWlil , ttltelitJ:l. F.UiriilllV,SlitJrtiiJfiQI001 DOY 13:2, NH !orrm~ ~ad:.aiiu11 £oril betwe~·the magmetomlil. and ,d:e~!, ma£Pt~hBa1ih (jnten!!lel wihite,iI1tervais in i001Ll:'ii!fIiI pilrr:rilli•

21,S

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
1~.uL",'~.!"!d~ ,a:n~ tlu.>re.rrter we ~:nl:y ~bserved the liow«~nelgypa,P[llat[\1fl!S. ~n~esedli~S'"
¢!~rgy 1~1Ii~uH!QI]s oocarneUmlCn;,flSulllgty varnlllbl,eilil lxI'[J~, ililtellsityr;mdl f5j(1 withcliustm~,{;e d~?'f[UI, t!be trul (~illdsiml1lt(l!la0Qmtya'lwy foom. it" CJ~Irn! axi~}" We ftl~ll.dihatd!l~~ailis 'i,I~fiJ hl;gMy ~!l~~W'~j w i~~ ~lbglllilgQI,t;!!~ v~da!ij'o:lils;i~ tlt¢v~I11,,·(l!I'H~ ~m'!~y!\I.]<U'p ~QUif!,.ri~ (di5QQ1ll!i.rn:!iti,~) be1~:rweelJl plasna, r.c:8i~nes. Pln'illllie" we ooscrvecil, both elner:gy~isperoo(l ,i!:Ilild Il(dlClispersed. plill~

:~ml ibol1Ft1diaries.,

TWu;:SWAP ~b£ervaiion$. di~~l"y ",¢vCF.lI~f!I~~lestln,g pe!Ir'.iooi&JHcs.lhel Obl~rn.qrwlan rom~ioH j perioo, is Q~ea1i'lypr:esentin 'da,e,CO{mtrnius seen on DOY 71 2Llld 7S at -450 R~, ffl.!li tlliUVram: of tll'c pilasma. disk, 11IiI~ob%,.WtLQI:b." ~i.!gg~~. pma cess wh~ p~!lml1 ill: liih~dp~r~~!1ti~ny ~n~ far ~ri~ntatiQ!~ 'Qird~~d~~~.~~'!iMywl~n dt~ ~9mtin_goo!WI~Ii¥eQ1l!tflo,w to;; dJu~C!~ t<l!!!wru:d :(.I 2).Aldumg:'Ild:lel o.hOllif pt.'!Ii:ioo:id!1:y '~\ftl5 Ihen albmnl: for mcst of!lhe ~t of'nl~el~il pa&'>!lge. iJ~ appearod. I~O ool'llii'ilflag~in on. DOYI23 Ino 1:28, a1l:

-I. SOO tli) I 000

(first

R~,j~sttn~tdle

elL~QllIl~l~fet:lOOl

Ole: !~~net:Op.;MI-5e DO'Y t)2). A 1~l>Sib:Leex~

for' lhe fCUEIiIl of !!lillspcr:toojcityisnl~-,lt iIDlisregiOllmay be Oil o:pefaJt1ield Innes i:ft'iidcd:Llll m;agn~l:op~~ I!h(t~CO:~Ul.b"C1 to reIalive::lylow ~al.,. i~l!!.!d~,d~IO 1tti1~ p~l}~!llil. back at Ju;p(i~r, di~,
plflnatron A%!. ~~. ~'1QN ~rp~~~i~g - ~Q 4-d~-w q!l~;J ~ooj(l~ty,~ooi<!!!y ootic!)~le Qve~ di.j!Ia:!'!~

room "'-&10: l(]J,1 ruJO! Rh is semin tire meen cilergy,

wldch vwttes, :nrom -0.11 to .3 kcV!q. (lllliileo o'~ serva:~iOOl!> :Imd, imadiiMled II .2- !~ 3-day ~1iiooLcil!y iil'l b:!i!~l~ oifradial. ('ii1>b'1:'g.~icpal1if~~ flM~ (.13) al~d l~lliIe mle&~e CJlrpl!a.51tr!~. ffoim 'U){l; ooge liIf 'he: plla~f:I'iI<l d~~k"~~,~,Ia.!ly il~ p,~~iIYIIiI s~e!lOr tbe

(J4, 15), Here, doc: vaciatimns in d1.e u'l'l;C!lr~n'CIID' c ilfld,ica~e 'I'!IriiltLQlllS ~ljd~cp.l:as!'lUI, speed \\~lh :tilis cinc!ID' nu'tgeo~lldii:tJgt.o-]4D~o 760ikili1 s-! fo,mr-. -£0 IIi MiD :k1li1. s -lro:,H~ +. and 35 to rn Q 9
km
!ii-I

tbrO+

01'

S~. Ald'l;oU!~l!\'\f;ld~

11011hta\l~a

Dey!!'"e'6~2llflllUJ) l

NI

OO~I'IU~~ ~I(PW~liQII, l~i1I~():li)l;iij(il""~IUiQ!m~ ooui~d re:presC!WtijI.epa.~~ge ·of3! series ofpl~~.tiilds or discrele nnagJlJlc~:ica:llcllll'l!lasnmS:lmetl!Jr:es.For,eaoln. e1(pandingp'l:asatl~ld, Idle: nUllCriml m.w Ore ]ru:IJll wooldlll'lCllvc fsslel' (smm aflile ~CIW sud C'~:paltt!iiij)1iI
spilOOs)1 .mla!1.lliEmm!lI~a:l n~
l

1lliI(l 1Dac;1l: (dirrl\lll~n!oll

·:'100

S[p:aoecf1aln:Sp,iin A.ngille l[,dle!911

-so

-.~D 01 .20

60

100

140

180

lFig. 2. (AI) (olmildlHlce «Iunt spec;trlog;ramfoli lOO¥ 816. (I) Spal!ecrart..5pim dam frolJill! 1000 tg 1400 1L11i. !~gru~~r!dI~Qi!tl!i spa(:€!(i!'aft' r1)!taOOf! pha~l@fuf A

S;WAP"os

~~!!l ~)~ITI~

phase :$pect~og!~amfO/i the ~f oo@ sid!i- (l,f

:SljlilrlmJeotJilIilptutUlIJTe.

of IIlID'~ s~).; flQ!,.:l! .~.dJuffL;l~~e~ of' (lrl~y ISO krn !Cl 3 da;ysoorrespo!lds 'ID-4:11U)' .bn ("-500 Rj), Afu.'CDOY 8~., N~ was !Ppi ImilJ~ Jl( 5 RPM wid:lil:Sh~gh,~.'!IiilJl I.WI:muw. pOill~h~g lboc:k.IOward. Earth «1.00 frOllll imllwaml Under Itile.~C 0'011diliPJrls. SWAP~roV S21impl~ ~7% of .oi}n; sri ~lCl])!.dllJlg 1Jlllook 1&C~liC):~ ~;w~pt <,!. 42"h.alf~ ~Hll!ll~ l'lole .aitong Ole >!!!tu,'1I!J!lW<'!ifd c$PJI!i!{[irodion. l'he spaoocmlll spin pnxill:lCC~S, a beat .p[liUem.be.. tween the OOMlioll ml:c and d~£, ()b~I'VllIli{l:lJl c:ti,.
dcIlCC: r'lh.curirn~OO!rIe'" p:lU.m~m; f~S. 2A}IOIIiIii.l'lli::S wh~lru dlflP.ls&ll:lIl .Ims 9. SlUlb&uunlial IffiOlllDil Will'd 11m\': \VI.u~I'IlhlNfl1il~em L ...ntpr:esooi~~ dl('; p~a:,.;TI'1;] i..sv.~ilYl.b!)J1welalnv~ ~I) tli!~oolk flow ~11i~rgy<'liIl1d1(lr th~ nO\\I,S are neady t;Jilw,<l!rd a!l:cl!f~~1 WiUl'Uri SWAPt :FOV s,phl al~es" d~.slrib!!Q,~ tlmns of .l§!q as.a ['lIl'l(ld~l~ (If ~jnl'lll.g,1e QUI])OY 86, (Fi~,.2B) arc: bcallm.,IIke" re'lng reJati.wly IilmGW : ilil bo1!h'l . .1I1f1glc '(....31]1')::and . .IYq (-5Wi(l). Tlniskm. ~Ilrn il;,h'i ·11s~bsuu:l,tial croo$i'ruJ~ (~-\'\f;l1i"l) <illd, ~Hl<a1i l!i!ooh·~u~ ¥lOWOOl~~J!l~WIIK MII:rly ~Ulllr i]ll_ri!~t'erv~!s oOserve.d aRcr NiH wa",s~)lm,l!'l.g

ror an

no

jgadncate ~ o,111illwrowermldl ~mader disnri bulkms.

Allhmugh, I'I'n.OSI:ofdromU ~rvations imilicmw prilnarUy tai~.W'l!Inrd fl.CM.V, C(OOS'I3U and lilorth..ooU111. i1o~ an, not iUflC(lUnlli1IOl'Il, :Imnj)~ ~Jljmmagnewlai.1
15 ".~Ie:

<3ml $lA!CW~

~n ,a~1dl~dJ~m~!1~Ii)IiI$.

d~ ... h~~.o lhe ma:g~rn::.m<I"i I" 'f I~ oooerved, !W!Ore :rmeqrl.!:~~~t ~lOl'e' imetlSC1 km and I:I1.1fSIS. 'fhe l'I1IOSi:hncUlse,. ~] oj :~ I~, that 01l'1.01l-

Ao;; NH~lO'il'e:d

nov U oal-rn3JOO
IFig. :3. (A) I(.o:llilci:f.en:ce'(io!.mt :5~~~l1iml 'klf 060QiiID 2:4{!10 IlJIT 01111 116. (8) IflaIiI:lioor serolldt.lfYW [JOY l~rilililary IlOII:lIllts" 01'11 lllldh::8Jmr oj[ ioo (oOmpnwClIIII. S,m!8U ra:tiiOs,. slidlil .[IS; dlu/in!)1 ~liIe illl~ni\'e bl!n~t, ~lIIdi:allte lli!~d~in~l'I't~ Ug~t:lOI'ls:.Fwi'li!l ~ 1,00'~ 15.'00UT. th~~o' ,s~para:td: fl'q dJi~Vbool)~5:i!ldk~ 'two ~poo1:esw1tIiJ iWQ w~ueS: off~3,. wihich WI! meill!llfy iHI H~'" tlir'id WfrOOil ,]ulplJWr'S iOr'iJOsp!hm.

UQlm

.!OO distllil)l1tioos ~fn:UID.!~~lea:i~,.OOC1!Im.-dCnlI, t

R)(Fig. 31\)\ TiIlI~QructQjrtl'lls
~ru;

b~fll~ :J,s:w~JI:;I!S @1I}~dNll~g~il~fiI"x:;wl@

~jil,,'tro'

t!~r'Owgh.Q~t t!~iN i!r[~rv;,i~

<!Ill"!OQ:!'1i!inIJl101!~ be-

twe~) ;;j~;;we!ili S..~~!~ d@~:m: ~~lP!~: ~~nill!!' disooflti Imities .tlW IWlOlle ~Yi.d varl"tiO:11S .iIN i1lbs~ed.n1m)!lI.~1imUl Idltll)R[~1 If~gc. Th£ ,ratio

2119'

New Horizons at Iupiter

gfCQWl~~wot~, IU SWAP':'! seoo~~allldl 'p!:i~ :~lrnyde~cim's ,rig. 3,B) provi,de$ <.mElJ?!Plv.'Ilill:narte IUlle."ISUm ,afiol1l mass, ufmJn,d, caln.hrnt1on r.eSl.lllms fllr 1'1hca,vyiou (I, :k£V Ni'poooduceda Imti:o, of

-:r'j\);!l1~~ lkeVWhad!

ii,ratioo!"

-D-

nl~

I~$I;~ if.iI~~tl!11 il'l'~~d,iID'I1~Jr~n~ lOIiLIil (h'Ilu1dreds'9!f IiV), \1i,~ p_fi!l~ari,1y ~Shw i9~'\lbgfQI\~ d!¢tl'l,g ~d ~lhe in]~:se b~!'St. bti!~U~e h~W~~~Mrgy kJo'lll'-'l ,<l!!ilIIIT' l~iIIle ~!JJi'SII; \!i'e:re in~in~ly domi;mJ~ed by I~e.lrvy ion,s,. Thcsel"ics.lII,~;m. and similar n.l!lios, seen, '~lI1m;l'I!Igbm.ll~ihe 1Ri11" 1~rn:l;' U1M I~.hemil pl.a/;imllis s !!,!':iMi-mI~ :n~~xruutl'l(If 1:i:Ll:3,vya1l'lcW~igl,r~,iQj\il,,ac~a~$o
~I

Illixllligcrf:l1],'lgnelm1ileath ,mcillml'l p~llSnlM" Ovemll,. out j,}bserlfaiD,cl.1ilsshow a ~fn\:ndcrus :a1ilK!liIlniOr~ml.lrc,fi:om ~~, dis!OOn.thn~iI:ie:;lIIP Iomulti&y qU~il~odi-t;:",aria~iQ.1rls" One k{;'Yrs~~t i<: dl~:klgn[]fk:atlQlfiof .~~~ p!~](Ild'l'.90n. !\l!i~~s: !!!~~I~~~hgri¢p.~It'D'" from~ood'l rQ~~d dw.jQ'vii@~ iQ!ro~pI~', i!1atnlQVe down ~h.e!~g-· nelot.o'lii.Our observations are ,gcn.crnU.y oonSisY!nl w:rnl~i Ute II i.eOJi'ctlciill pich11i'C;s Oir 'VasylilllJ:l.'lS V 7) ill~: .Kiv'dsou and Scmd~,wood, {J ~l,whCl;'l! f:hll;s,
'U!L~ ,eru'l}l'iiii~ 11f!1~.~a ~~l n'tU«.inail ,*,ruld! as
s~L~'i

di~l,ive; gf ~.k~sl ~. paf11al~y'OJJ~noo~!w,.wy ~J~d

[ds. ![(<irJ:lbll~lif tllfltv. ~~f!S!:. ~

7. F. flil!J!!fi:i.}. illrnru •. 'JrJ!.

-rdr.

'1'00:. ~~M), I~~ le~21~~. fllljiJ. 119. B37 (2007)

ai,

,am!!! ridi!lrelwl:! tl1!!l~~ijm, N. Kr~p,ll >tlQ'l,,, i!lA~jJ~ 1M Jral'!i't Sar\ttifj~ ,i!l_1'ld M~~.re. f. ~~~ T. 1l(loV[i;lg,IW. M.~i~!'I ...I!l!!S.

(o,mbtilg!!! lIrtrfv_ p,~~, N~"'Y:orl(, ~oo.ll, pp, 64'F~8,

9'" It t::. K11~rala ,i!'!l' m,.i" jrJ{i~.1': The p~ .'iSrJil,;olllJts {I'.!ul ,\M~b~~. f. ~6iaL T. [)O!!JII1g.ij\I.,Md<if~rl!!in\ 11ii!~,. (c:a;lllbmme l1ii1iv. P.~ffiS. Ne-I'i''r!(or~" 2~'~, pp, S~~&l.6, ,a.iMI ~re~e-.5 ~IHlrell1" UI\. Ill. J. MU:I!\!1'IiI~ el aI~ t. '~01i"Il'yl". J!i1>ilS. 98, 1l~4iS3 S;.M. !()Ml1li[lis,. IE. C, R~O!, in PlrfSiu ,al rlre I~~ ,M~II1e~~, ·I\.l !)~~'Ie!'.~. OC~nl:Jri!!ge t!!Ii1.i. ~~. New' yjj;j~ 1003), iPJl'- 1~1lS6, :li2" T. ~, Hilt A. ll. D:e~~lJ!r, (_ It. Guiem, 1m Pll,i'!ir~ oJ'lIr~ J:ov.itfJl ~~tP.i,!I.Ill~l7e. A. J. D!!,!-St1!f,~d', (Camll:H:id'!ll! Uiilly. li'if'l!ll~ INI!".I!Y~~k, 1983), pjlI.. 353i-.3~!4. n,. N. tlr'~.el' !lI1"6erJp/lf:s. iI.e.f. ,~e'r1. ;2:$, :U49' (i9~~. :li.q." [A, t:ronbe~'!1 el (iii,. J. GerJPhyz'.~e;s. :112, AillS,20~, t.2IO!n}~!;! r,el1'erel'!!J~~tber·L'!i1l. ~:l!, te::, fiilk~~ah'l!!, tOgi~ It. W.atkeor, 1- ~% ~g, !Ill.. jII,l!.02D7WIOg) ~'i1mi f'-!Ie~~il!; ~li8\i!lfi, :Hi, R.,l McN!II1 Jr. ;pI at" •. SdtJ];:t :U8 .•. 1201(~DO'n" n, 17" 'V.M.I.!';lci.~IMl:lt~. ~n!twrirJ

,~,oo~l!'rl!fBii!ll!~ 1:11I!1e'if]c

tl'll9r~.

~~ooa!1 hugli~r~TI~~i}\,! (16). Ang~~!'lwr ,(l,.~'tt Qf dte ~~t (Fig. 3) i~ Ihal I~'WOsepamt.c ,lMq poptllarliol1silil'e :p~n from
~~200 00, ]500 IlT. These reimiwily l1Ian:ow dl~~ l~iI'iooli(}J'I!liml"emre~ycr!~ted by ~o ~,us: IJlOV~ illlgal :3JOOJl:lIu,mn b,ui~k Jl[~OO ~h1iCh 1~lIal 'd~J:l .f:Il[ ~peeln1!Jn ""-1 m~ ~ e large: (I, ) 1Il'l~ prn\'1u~qa "I'I'II{! ,~~nOlll
n~ l\'fI\O~l!Im.ui.(!i!l-<: ~.

th.e;y

ml~¢ ii'llo

Il-..e di)L~kl'lidg,

dQv" ..~ I]i~

!t1iib~~toti~,:md evOOlwtly pi!tel'!off ardbr.,'!!jtmiii

'ejecDiOO.llleiOl:l'>proclio:r:nlnam~,yfrom 10 and §liIpil!!J<' (low :lru:g:.elYiiIUfiSlllIlWaro tIIlifO'llghO~l~,the Iml M~~lemt :any ooviolllS widenoo for 3J planet:.
'\I"m(lilCit!tlIU

tlow.

boith ~~~l

ioflB" ~ shown abov.e" and (he mlq ~~Iion of -3 :i,demHies 'dl,cnl as H"'" ,1li~dI lit: A~illl:n.l.~l~ f Ill'" could! come ['1101'111 coidli:f Inh.c< solrnr'\!Vill.d .or IIliC iOfIO!>,phcfC, ~argc:~TItJ.'i.:es GifH/ c:lc:adyulildi:call,!) ~ IIlrlll!!afil), javi.anof.igiml f'OJitol.'b'l i'll. this il1~E[V'llt
~I] ~dill(FVlI~
S~~Ji! rijf

dliL;lCl!!ia.~]O-~'O'l!lr '~'[Jodic::i'G}'
n~~Jilcl_~:;l;IiJ"ge

da-y~~id~ of ,~~~ fir~

cr~!~. O!i5 1.IJildal'l'e!rcross1(~s.-~ (F:~.I, bOUQfn 1fiI1rutleOdisplay n c~e8ir:OO!lll1dil1t)l' la;ycr. The bOl]t:ldary layrn-oolltnilllS!rn:¥cr ~lllXes oflW.9.!J!Ulet:osIl£aI'h, icms SOOlElil:lii.es. Il1IJhmd! \l.ci,d~ l:wJ3gl'lCl.C!OO!1.i'OllS., in-

1. IE.C. Si~t!.eF. It I?, ~pi!flg, 6. fI, rJ,Iia~~, 5, .M.~im~~, f. G~~. ~!!: ~ili3. U?s:narnd ~,erefHl~! ther~ln. 2_ "" fii!iirn~~ ~, 83!)eOOt,t W. Hi!!I, l K '!iiirl!lmn.. inJti.j!!ilr.r. lI!'l.e .~; SrIruJlires,Il:tM ~lotI!~ffl1!., f" Ela~rn.al. '1'. llilmliltl), 'IN., M\JKi~i1tlffi., Er.!~.~C.!irrUi~ Ufli;,r,. P1re~. ~~~ ¥~nt. ,W(4), I!IPo S6,1~i9,<!., (liul ref,eille,I"f~ ~lere'i~, ,~. ,. Ii!. ~lilmtl1e, F. ,Ba~~lliiIt '. ,~~ J R~i(ia:.. 1276 U{)OO), ~. ;5. M, Ili:ti!l1i9ii! J.cr/ ... l. 'lle~fiR~ e :66, 1l!Z;!, u'~'\ln,. s. !'Ie .F. N~1. At, R. B~r:a~t. I~"111" Si.hruliiik.!. ·Ge,dPhfl·Re~ 91, :3$1 nWlIl}_ ,6. ~ jJ" 'r(@il~. ~. Mll!!r'.11I Mill![; 'I'M pt~ So'JM~s i!!IItr1.MlflJl~~,. ,F,.19<!~i!ft0il, 1. ~Ir.g', w,. i!.lI:~tll!illll.

II!~eren~es ",mod Gt~s N

':1~

rl/.rl!e J~JI
UnJir.

A,i.

DIlli'll~r" Edl. 'fC~m'Lvi~

19$31, W. 3!9~HIH, Go lio!h'eba!l!, I)" J,.S:I)!!o!J!~~}: GeQPhyt. ~~ 1~'. A~:l109 fWIJ5'li. :li9'" We! tfualfik tlite, e,Mlr!! Hew Hmri~~1'I!: mm~5llon leal'll alidlcur ai:He~~IJil!~ t:1I IIII!! IN~ IHQf1~(ift! ~tlMallt!'aflll" tl~ij,i

~:11, N'Ilw York,

M!Wter~tYe,

~a\. til.

IiilFimils i~tunOOd IJrt U4~1\..t\ihu~~ '~lMnci\!i1 ~~lJt1Orll~~ !Il'atE~lJIlL)' i!1lk1lO'W1eih.lf.

~ .lllllr 2oQil, .a;M!\p!~d jJ Ai9i!.l: ,200' 1'0, 1126Jsdf!IUJ!.H4 7.3;9:}

[REPORT

lion, (PEIPSS:O i.l~lcl! SO~<M" Wind (S WAf) {7, 8]UlSlruIJuoots.

[11. 2)007' I£I?SS~ q;n~dI lIilrough dlosrnl aJppro0.ch(C,A)

AroumillP1lm;n,

IElnerlgetic Partieles inl the -I "'M 8Ignet_D't81"-I JDVI18ln ...•.. '

[It [L,. MJQN~tt: ]l~~.hD•. K •. HII,~g~d,y:.~' 1:.• [lill,,1, :$•.. M .• [Krimigi:5"l..2 S. Uvi:,3 ,(I;. 'C. flo,,:! M~ [It GIiI~nee, I B. fI'. Mali!!:? .D. G.Mij!l:hell.:I! IE•. C.. [R!o;e~0t"~ [D.. ]1. MC;Cnlliils,." P., I,agleim:iI~,.4 ["[.A..~U~QU. 3 l ~, Bi!'~~.:, it. M" Ku~!'I~~.:I! ]1, \.I'a!'ld:egriff"l ~. A, Stl,lirlil."5 H[.A.. W'~~~f, 'il. ]1.I, S pe!1!C1'l:f, oil, j.. M. MMI1e?

frolU 6 Jru1!lJrn}'
10 Jupil:cr(32.3RJ)

IlintU '09:4~.: 1 ~,Univeml Ti.me Coordt[la!~ooUTe) ( O~ :2~. ~i!UW[day o:f Y¢3r (OOle) ~12;] ilt 2S6j:RJ {1."11 AUJ M~!p:Ii~~J;k_~ (MP) O(!j&~in&l am

s:.

idulfldficdOy laaC~il:oore1s (-I 8:00 lJle O:IfI~])(V'f 56,. 67,<\1..Rj im.l 1I1.ap:ile-r)and dL't~nne (beg,ln~lllg nOy ~3,2 all655 R~ O.190.AH) ofdle ene~~c
~Iootml~ {F1!!l.I), as W'IllIl as heavy o:XYS.eID, ('0) ald. 5'1,II~f:~I'(S} i4lU8fm:l1. ~l!ipil~[';s n~OOllo. H~gh. 11:~~oo ial i111(; ~rgl:ot:l ,and ¢1.i;~finlll dl!t1I'i1Il~I$ ~Ilb<:;:t'~

When the SI!lffiarWimdlli11,1!li j[upiteri!j; mdgl1letktilek!.~tt 'Qre','!,te!;. i'lilong l1rIagmeto:tillil tr.tlimn.g behind the pl ..~et ~hat ,~halllm.ebl'IIlatJeriiial Olll.t of 1ih e ~.iter ~ystem. Th:e New [Horijl)(m.l>spaoE!uaFI: tJ'ilwr5ed the ~ertgUI of fhe jmriarl l1I'IagmetQ;t3iil1lo >,2:50[1 joWii<lfl .radii. '~J~;Ra =n.4JOOkil~ometers). ]!, Ob1il!!Mmga IliIi!Jlh·temi~Brr<ljbJ:r1!1., ItrIil!!lmli~~d~ ~:~lU~tionl of' elil~rg~tk p.alt1~\1el.od'ty d]s,~~si(lfls;. g:ni~~rr(lpi~ and (omp05itiiJ)liIal v:aln~!l ~ll!fI ~th~ d~elFmil (~50(O1 R~)w,ltha .. 3"d1ay ~riodiclt'Y gr,ll: siili1;:~aJi wva~ati(lfls. ~~d~~r to .JUiil~OOf~ir!Ga[Hk!~ dm '1ih~ S:ig!l!m:liifflssliig)!Jrn pliJJS!'fftais1:'reamrill!!j ~ifi/ m:.m t~@, p1:€!n:~gnd 11.~w(lnl ~ffite;~I!Ithe W1t'illr-tJU reglion[",2OCHo 400 ,R 1Ihatcoutd be rel<atoo 11:0 IfI<'lQ,liletk rl~Uililfl.ertiO:Iil f!{ent:5. Tine kll[ :5'I:mudulreremillnll5:l~ohe'~e;1iIt ilt I~t umll1tiit relllrnesile Irinilgnem.5iileath a'lt 1.6551].

c~ng
·u-r:c·OUl

~e~gtl~p'lU.~

!_~m;lotailts prmi~d bylllC '!!lJ:C!<lC" tL~lillora~ maw~,~t~ed P~fl1~~ wid~lilne sUl~ WIIl,d (1)!. M!r~ O~r.~tLOru;: $lIggeswd, ~1h8i~Jupil0,might ha;'vc. Oin:~8iS :k!lli,g as -4.16 a~iFQJ:lo-1itjii~l UJdl"l (AU) AU = LOi!},), R~I)(1), WY1!:s.iN.~ e~,'Cm!.!f!t~Ngj tit(:: jgvi1!~ n~~gl~e~~~ 1~~Uh~19~O-l981 at ~:SlOOQ '9000 RJ (~2.4 to to 4·.3 AU) dQ'Wl~tre~1Il fOOl'll~~~elanet (J-:5] •.mld: p Cas.'l:il1lli l.mcoolllre~'iI it as;fl!W as ..))O[) R (6). Key

J)

c~ng(s)' cvm~ffi as S(\\(.11p-rnvJ:0IJ1...';ly 11-oorJupiter (!.i. Hi),. AIDljs~~ inlhe c1.ecmn ..~ lIDlI!l1~lowl*it (-2$ Ito 190k~V)d'iaUlI~l (.F!g" :2.) ClI~-d'!l.-'lliI~. t!ile S~lal:l w!,!-~SptUQ!~~I1I~.~ wu~i~~l wiili

DOY .:56).t'l~ ~ii1ted '~~Ih d~~a of ~ile jmriflill ioow shook. or 1Ip-slrea1i1Jl

(bl.,'l:i!l~!lil1!g -0.5:00

>QJ.~t~~L!;o!'!s~:
IUN

:si~ioll ofll:lCi ta:i~,ptasrna,an.d

~mpolii.{lIU wr:~ffilijl~ ·~~~.iaiJ OI.l!~lnbll~L;l'oo. Q plll~~Fllrn~ I!ku,dder, (() 8()'3iOO-O'];92, ILJS1L ~N.!\SA IHe.aI;!l~W!,~)uS! Wil~I'iln~ifIJ IL( :?,OO<l6-0'()[lt, USA,. !I<~l!JIt~!1i ~~,mh ~I;;'J;!IIC~ .~fQ85i thei~:il" {'" TI!i!§ N~w H~~'lIl'-'J InruM!!, Eloold8t, co :8(mn~USA. 71!l\1'1&1. .AIm!!!~ ~~gHh

,evQilve with disml~ce'1! WI~m :is d~e C~OJ:l'llPO" Pillm"~51iIilljQIJ. ll06:1~ ,A~rel!l!,Gffl!~!i1. jSlJllrrh~~i! !!le· pfIIlti(ln.es? To, '!'lihm: 5eillf1ch I ni5<tih,d~, Sirn illtoniQ. IX 1',1:l22ie. USA, '~Il<IbJ,r<ltllll'! Qlr .llitiii'JOI!ilher[c ~ndl'5pa ee PJiJ~s1tt. !!JIQi~rs~' ot C!)~~3I!1o.. iex~(ml doos (I(l1wiillg plasa:umatld, 8i hot ~l.a.sm:ll

HOw

<i,~, 'DlCi !l1i11g!lctlDtii1iil ~t.J!c·

],App~j,~ IPhysil[SIl,;rbm tmy, Jolim~ H~kij~ UniN·@rsil)l; .. hun!'t lilIl) ~mnl, UlA. zAr.;r:m@1iIlY of tlilii@ns, ,28

flybyo:f J!.I!pi~~!I'pf-o>t~ded .ii!! !.m:lql.!e ()pport!J~hy lQ !llddINSS~h.ese q~esttoH\i'!'.hh Wle :Pllll,ooB'I'!et~ gelic .Prurtid.e-s :S~rnmlC'~eu SCi,CIIJDe Investiga"

(J~rul1!r. li\af~@~lH~ld, 'CA 9403.5. USA,

"T,!;!

whOOI

carre5pDOOE';flI(e

~lirooldl

be a!lldrBl<ied (-mail;

.r.alph,nil!.m l1Li@i~u1ipl.,ediIl.

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
¢lecOO»I.s·~nai!!g ...~Ma..y f[fQnl .J!J$liOOf P400 RJ Blnb~ p:1 .ul!l:), !llieSUlJ,lal)!y alQ11lQ, n 1,1~~Jleu'Cr.eld, . distended a\\~}f iiliIep:i<1netifi~ ~hedlismnt ~,\ag~ ml~atalt '-:-nlIerolUlitl (Olilcar i~Dlq!:y rud dOOi\IDScin inmn.~ly ~n(m 1:2. 1\.4aY~11Icll Wall Ot;]lIIDI~£ffidl..,3

,a!I.hi.s!~ (-SOOkeV/illl!d~~:l)

eD!e!g~

(2).·~J~

e~'!;~~,~OQI:;jllfil.~i~ inial,S :!le."UIT.;~atil ~ion. ~Kli!"!ig,

paI~ic!~ 1[1.~~ ~'liAs00wt~ rtthe i<)U-(Pig., 3D).

m~l

flu .... s ef IJfOOOtJSoce <I~'~nt., c ·,Ille :speclrngr<l1~l (f:~g, 1) ooDlt<li ns Silgllla~rcs ofsiN ewliltsb~fored~'c: ME' 'cooss~ngll:LQluIHJllk:a1C di'>P~1'iiairl~ iOl~swid:iJ ~iig.l~B1iGUt;-rgiiLli> filil.dli.g!'l~r
Im<~ S§€:I~ ~:ifI~tt

f..

days b.~~. ~O:rn5j~tt\rqt ..v~li1~ihe

~rsl~~!ie ~N

Ql!~rn~IQPau~

at ~~~S'p(loo~1l (.Fig,JC~ U'

~y i~~§.S\VAP ht<:~~j(

(8),

~~~:11@ ~a,I:

\Ye ~!!@1-Y'{~Ql w~rl!l!r,;w-t:J.xY~!l rnliQ (~ !!Wi

tnc1~ IparlijOJ~ ~~dd~

by

.~.n-'g~.

I~kelyoollireeis Ilili@~C~C feCOOIm:tioll~ part ol'n1ne elilergy going h1ll:l pulicle Siir:e8Jwilng aifild:piM1i.ilnio 1IiI~ f!re8Si!l1ll:li11arl.1Mi[litlilh~ ~.~ ~1 ~L1![i1I'Kt ~Q!I~" i!~mp(lml S1~\l.'~tku~9f Iilli~~ ~~lSj ::t.'\l w,~]la!ld~",~hx:ity ~~iQ:~, [p.i!(l\li~ ~vid~n~~

n~

also FiS, 3BJwid1 dislnwc <iowllliile tail, rum,lQl!I!Ild;

:!1~ic ff~d:

anavemg,:: value of S!O -'()'.Si,consisltmt 'W:llh, d~lmatin~ioos ·clos~rn Jupiter (11) rut oomewlmt I ~ngt~~i' tham Il~1'ivi!lltl~Qbi!a{[!~ []y\byr1@l'!t:2 {-~Al) gin~~limt~h.~!t~irI. ' DJstall100 1r(lmJupit~r {A)' .;too 800 -1200

il~~ witl!! @J~ J~pi~r...s'!J!!~Ut:!ie, th@!'! ~!~ iniKm:eCli~ecuon :!iiles· crable]) oo~Il(llo .... 00 2 to 500 Rj from lI~iklrd!mlllg ltih,elin'i3peliooilli'om, S ApriA (DOY 9:2~dm:I'IJ.~b9 May I(OOY l29J.Ttllm

dle GameD ]~Il.e~tic! PmicleD!~ecror (EPD) (13) at doser dis:la1llocs {~80 to U5 RjI)'in dte prI.:."dawn :1I'l.'giol1 ullnhc I.U~mosp:ll)CiI'C' every ..,2,)6 is 'thatpa1:i,cl¢ acoL'i~r2I.uon da~ (14,. 15) (Fi,g ...1A} 'With '!:h~tO'iiI:1I~te algoriLl'Jj~l (16-.1{1),. '\'.'e' !'.Q1!Ig!~1. pi1i'iodlcill¢S~I}jhe v~i!tg ffiPSSI pmitle fh:~e$.for "leOOY IIJ: 1600 m '127 (1220 10 :~540 Rj) 1!I11m'1I1.\'lire found a pmOO~ly oif 1:0 i: 0.5 {m.tan ± SD) m,)rs.w:rlJ~, 0, seron.d pL'tio(IjieIly 2iI.2..3 :I: 0.5 da:J's" rolm.. iiIiI:w~dl m Gaml}O ·M,s(\\i"i\'IIlkm51 (.11~ 21),bKl~dclldYI 1~liIe iPEPSS!.htU~vt'ioo·I:O~lllfIrulno ~1{hiljn.~(l!146 I).'IO-&:y pr;mbKi A!~i~pli;si \vit}~iJl Ie sUi ~~IlIL~ d allec<rus~~t 'wiiCI1 ~!lg ~vlwar-d (~1ti·~I.i~f) flow ,Olllcil.rnre OO:nllinal.roj, by h~,'\,'1 iens (.11,22 ..,]3). Fiowmlisotl'Opt~wcre anS/Q seen aI: grea~r'

d!1.u: ~~

.~ the

$~

~1~~!!mn§!1" Q~!'Vlildi

by

dig~:2ijl!;.~ -] 10 .RJin dte 'prodf!\!II:il lllagttflet~ ail' sp'llm~ by VClYS!g~[t~.B1:1id:2 (24)6 :r:f!pssm (l1b~~~.d .: Iill~~~~i1l"l ~Irithe plli):!t)id[i;~[u ~gLOI\ ~I.h.~[

evc!1il'5 gtls~~dw'h(m ~lC spaoocm:nw~ fitJrih~r !1O!,.hOWlcl: I.l:)"'li'ard du..~ ·of Illle ·~~!wed lai~
skeol d'm.n during ~he G:iliU~ooabscl"Vll,~

CUIl'CII~

lions.. Gi.\1\en dle siJruiilnr peciooicities OMrn"!I!cd by Gl'lIliloo and Nm.l,' Homans, ItilJS phencmXlm:m
aWfil310il

Ill, OOCIlUf .~S$

L1ili! ~ri!jf(;

mag,W(OMI·n.

IFig_ I. InI"SS~ e:~ergy-ti:nile :spertriog!rr.almfmm DOY 410 thralll,~h ]1'39., :~h,owijlilgl 11I01I!IJLy il.ver<lig:ed (oullit fi,t~s o,f Ipro1wns" heavy ions: (prim'alnLy 0 >aJ!td,S),.(lfld IMdrlDiliS (lOOp w' lRiotJIDm,. 1[li!spectThwl,y)
~!lJllllilfliled ,1IU :slix.i1I'I1gu:I01Irs1i1l!ll:filnellillli. TrnHl 'I/,erne-all. !lCillres~how energy d'8posit:ed. l1~elnp' S{aJe radial~ di$I\!II!ilCe off ~ai:!!!Cfaft i!il R~;CA Iim,rks do.sMt: ,~'pm~lcll!!. Data ga1p$' (21007'/101711 16:4$, 'w 20(1'710:8.2 2)(]1:3Salld 21007~11l6 rIl6::40to 2GI(l!I7'jl1222:05) f~!l!lt: from sP-a!(!~fa~ <ldill'ities. l[l\ilfk vertici3illillles in dkatetlirmecs till e inshlllirnellilt Wii5 1~®wfHed loll; ti me) wlll.l!!'.nl:he II?8PSS.l1 I~riglil VCiI~'t~g;~wa~, lowered ,al~e ,dlar!!':lf'l ileiolil.~liIdl i I"itgliU;)r,en:ergIY ,etedmn (11\]II:IIlI~S. P (ri(!$~ing:~ M alrl~ i:li!dl~Ci!tr!!:dltill N~d,Wihtl:!!: fll!l!mbem'S liIibElthli!' :sl:c" dIi~peli:S:](I111 ~l!Its 'inl lFi~. 3C ,alild tabll~ 1.
{lVi!f

ald:u]~:gh 1lli!~ll1itfatigl~ ~OO$!llaY be fa!il:\ii,.>f~ f Ihe []~1mel mid~qg~1t (~'!ii!!l <lfl~. TiiJ eslmlilleUlc dYIIa!'I1:ica[ C~[CO! of d~~

oom

j~dkat~

"Ie!

IP~g. 1. J~fI~~~(Jin~ r-or 1lhf' sa m~' De nod 01i1'i in fig!, 1.. Alerr .oQy 82, ~'11,~.Sp.i!iCe"r.Q!ftsp~!iI g~

100

:5

re:ledr,OI1i5: IHtweenl '9IP gl!'!d U!,6,gt<l thll: Jl:!lplte<r difeclliom~iS the th]rd (010111 trace a~ ,ea:~hen:er· !:IY. Viewil1:!J d~r,ectiOiIi!$ IlliIeiIWef:lllltlfie ·two other

!pm. ThIe~vmmiQ

25- i 51(1,",.~M i:.1 19~ 7(JO It.~V :: 7O[).1flOO kaV'

ll]ectmIilSilil.!l~pgl.er

distrib~i.OIIS, '~'!Cm PEPSS[·alma 'DO ~ :rI:oodl a1d pIl.."'>:!llrecan'be: d[:llel]1J:tililoo. (S~rt111g m~~l1c:ururkrll), 'fhe: ~taI'v.ari:illim~s l of d~ll~il)'a:Iild! '~~ilre 3I'i1l!J.od:illic'iie;U. fi~.lyli':a[p01fveflilW .ir1 mdial Gl~ r fi;Q:m J1Y~;~,. ~Iing (fi~" S! 001 34) as "-f.g~i1iJld "".,;M;, !1e~ivelly.n~~ filS do !JQt aCC(IIl.!IITlI: llle: huik of tinopartiatc: density, for wllIcbresidM at cno:gie:;oolmv dtcPUSSj elOOrgy d~r:cslllQlI:!.(6"),;Il(M.vtl\i'l}u,lJ~isma~i'cpo,ptd@iliC!l'il. lmiallydl'm~imlllMldle:O~U pn'SS"Uru: (24. 25). lli1l'l
fl:'Ol:tl wi~id~ &H1ty

~ch;:

v~s b~\~$l~ -5 00 <illd, c~~-!l.~:vid~ Oll~<WCt.'Igeof-40 'eV em -:ll~~llf». !.['Q!!!B: and -Da:r!0! S fO!1l>wii1 i.!OC:rea..~dli'!J ,~"(:u,m~). At .Ju,'P1(a;'s 10cu!lJioll, d:lis is gr:eau lillIalil. typ:i:Ga], lifil"" deri\lItld plt(I!l.OllI.p~~I,l~
2; 'eV
I:cql~ffiIl~~atry m'tlgndi,;i1J.}kI~l.u;es.

5~n~om Ibolre~ight5 and ~'I1I~ {~l!iit~ ~r ]llliJpi~

ltillri:ed Ibet:w:eu UQ diAd 3::B,o Blfldl 2.]0 and 47~, Irlll:$p~ai\l'~~);, dillnng @lam .~pllil(WipI:WO ('OU ~r<lICies,lr~.!ipectiwly, <lIt eadil i'lliil~Y)'. Illils!~nrCE.S:~ MP 1t![os5inlg;ilIl'la. C:A <llrEl SltIOOr.lil.

TI~e ~~.G1.rnl'J 'mI~rgiflg :from lI~Ci .f15:~S~ ruld, SWAP cl~ltn~sdlaJ[the jovian ilWignetotall ~h~bhs <I.dlyn~1!Ulic p~~ici!;y ·a.",~~ed w~iL11.ejectL~!~ pIOl!~~1!,

rolem. d:e\fh~h~g lD~e Co:J~~gll.!mti(lHaad e,,,,tenskm of ~hc jov:ial1lUaglKlknai I,\?,ilniae sh'W.l1Illaileow'~y clnmw(.\Ull!ll Sl~Wrl.lr l.'lIld. oxygcnlh:rJIl:l moil1itodle outer heUll.'~J:ilh:cre and. OOy{llld.
1<10
RI!'1'@r!;!IiII[f!~<MII!. IN9l@~ 1. N. F', N!!!~§, filW. ~11y:r. :l. 9 i 1[1%9}, 2.5:" r!1. Kflmlg1,~ ~. 1 S~fiil:!.. i. P. Al\11'i~tf!lli'l1J.~,~~o/~
1.fNI:,~.

ne hol~~~a"'m .. CQl'l'lpglle~t

Gr

[)~a)'~ m01!jor <.!

kt!._ 516Hm~~), fl, p, ltW~FI1j. e! 'r1t~J ~oph}'liO irl1l!l.91i" il&O:i. (i'iiS~),

221

New Horizons at Iupiter

.~. ..-~

-,

-200' IFig. 3. (A) .Ani!iotJl®pi~ oif 'Blilergeti:[OO1-~IIli!l!lsuredby the '(ia1il.eo EPD 5tmwi'III~1 1!a.illwalrrl blll'S,3. at,.;3-day iililoorvah tl6"l ~jl PEP5$1 mmli!inlNlll1imfN'I''''~glirl:illildl
F

IJUatk.time' si'tGWstille b~ 'lit (I)) lIrajecliOlilll' of N:M Hmizom.b1 )lDplitet~~'EMpE:torilll p~a'nesnowililg.[I mor:le~(lIfo tile nglilemta~~I; bloo'k.m~1(s .shm l1l~ooyimml.5

~ft~ d~~Oiil !i!t~S:lail:HI!1;~ ,oiff!(lfl1Sm:te!1lwat@ditnc~hoot the IfIa!g!il@W ~lPbere It;e07lO5618:00w 20011i1:~2:,01M); tilie·eoltor ~le ~ndici3itesI~owmany IlPa!1ides e~e ~dl w ril:l91 9~ TOF and e!iler'gy; ~C.~I 1l1~E\m~alila~!I!S:i5:Q·f iOi'l.~peed$ durilliQl m!lit 5 of1i'ablel; eadi p~m~Hi :sl!ligle dlll!,t~Cltd l~artide;llIiie

S1anftg ifirom 001' 60 :~:ax Q a!1!dl :ilc; red heavY ba~,o!'! t~lfaj@~f!1!dkate> s oi~5ie;rwdevem,t duriltio:n~,;ass{j(iated lho:m.ontal reH~ ~]IIIlc!> imm(Q{ki' the !)1iiP~~a1!:e ~ng,tiIiI of pad:! '!J"l}'Io!ElE!dllb:fd'le IPI!I!1id.esin th~ six di~~ eveol?~ iliS'Si!!mttg al~nwanl jlIOpa~atJion. lIrritsllFi (I\) and' '~O]'ar,~R' ... 'tamest, r,ei.ateri Iby 1r1._ {It ~ :to}/d.l1:e difil'-eJeIIll!lCfl d ~. dNi'I ,g~vesthe 19J'gest IP~~Ibk: SUlUi!'o!gfd ~:llbt'lme,CIted '~r:s are ,dl.!~W thlli ,d@~Q,ti~!liS il!1! th~ Lf"4 dispersilln .sign<lilllme womp:a~elD IPig.SQ,
lR:atJi,~~. diistanlll!!af New Horiz:oIn!!i 'from

T:alb'le· 1. l[li~pershre eveillTtfiit IPflrlllliTlet~rs. line HlOillliTlOrl ll1m1ation tim,e' OF 1!lhe ~aJl'IIlll(le aJ(i~f!:ler<liliOllil ·i5~O. d 15 t.!ne derived d~~1!am:e imoml ~e
S'~"ll:~r'QJf1t:

t: Ihese P<lriHlill~tersal'le

rnl f.r1om

the' :5leit of pi!llmole ve~ociitii:e'S v obsemw

<:ilt

dista:lllce of N·ew Hlorimm 5 tfmliTl~e

b~~'kw thi!:'(;~'ffi!mO!ll

g.(!CIliI:il;rgti'O!li ~Oi]rn.

mnmr

o~ ]lup~r at ·thE! I) bselViltio~ time

and d~MI is th~ I~dii!.!!l

distan

TIlup:i·te-:rr
2!OOilO'9a 2!OO::rHl02 2!OOilill(l4, 2Q07!nl3
20071i1l29' 4"

,d'~H (R,I)

MQ~t s1:!rnw·,u.d (ill p~!!i!!ii b~e: d·~ d~ I~RI)

47()'~ 30

Ol::1lU.i± lll'O' (II};2'Cl'.~ 2\0' .23:'10..::1:: ~H)I .2J:.IJa.± 3ia. ;2I(J071i1l25 OO~20 ± 3:(JI

4:1101

;it;

.~(I

88Z.'!l"

7901.~ ,~(I 7100.::1:: ,Z(I

97:2.20
:m038.6\2

05:30' ±40'

1110 ± 90' 1270 ± 4'0' 1090 ± SO

H. h. K~UWl ]1" WI!Kb,.)!!.. ~!:l~; 8. Wil~_<e", s, A.li'4 .~¢1r~ ReS. {,('i1!'~ ~S" l~i:I'\l n.9'l18), liS. IE. A. ~iliercg,.e1 d., t ~,Fies. !1!1~, "'~~O:3, (2iOO"n H. 11\\. HI, Pi)!~. s, e.I~[(Mj.At!i!{~i~. J 1311,.2:7] ~1:~~?:t U. II, 1)1,. S(argl@, Ali!ro,Mjd J;M'l M~!)(lo:lS:t), 19. II. H. ~Qfljj.~, 5. It. ~L!lJ[oos, ~~.1; 11~~75' (i99tj. U:.9. G. )1,M:il(.om~~li!. ~ ,~pl\J,V& ;2], 44'~ 119&9'), ~O. M, Eo Hil~ Ill. c. H,U1~ltlll'l, :S,~\. Kri!11i!lli~}. ·Ci~h}'li' Res. l(!6. 9315 (20~n).
:n_II. Wl){b, N_l(fi;lpp, J\, tafjg, 6- Wi!~.eIl,~,J\_ LM, ~,~F.t

:1[352.54 1490.37
1513:5.1$2

1.130 iii :lliD 340 210 240.± 9![) 22.n.± ·4tl ~·9i[] ± 51[)

r. l $tilrn, W. S. KW1:I!, [).!I.. Gw~eti.;, !t S. 1B!ii.~. .~. D.~i!1liWHl,lV~~~ ;!;9i~,585 (1'.l!U). S,. R,. P. 1~l!liil!ll. It f. 8;jjfla~~. ,M. a .D\!!S~, I!..w. I<~e;iri, G~J\jy~ ~!!.. leJt '9', ::l~S~U::!ll 6. tAl. tr:rlipJI ~~' Ifl.• J- ~o,M~. 1M, 109., 1'100'5,10 {2:004}, ~'. rrl. j, t~CJ::QiIliil<1,etail.., .S'p;:l'(~ S{.r.~~. in 1iI'~"'~; IpI~lHill1: ,:y~,ilalJlie at Im!!l!'Nam'l'mll"~b~Ojli},9.4Si05 ..(2007.1. i. I)'•. 1. f~C:~.crnili~,gf' .ul~ Sae.iIlti~ 319. 21i' ("2007l. 9,. $. M, Krimi9i Hf .ril., Na.ruve 4l!!5, '~94 (2'002l.
1(iI. [l.

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:lOO"t PI;L 611-l.3,ll

2~7,.WI!' lldil:1W1~~ rnul1f 1t!ill1~1.,rf1!\W!islo~Wi~1(I1II.§!J~~!!.. ill !,aF~nI~r ,e, P. 'PoiIl<l1Ika1< Tli!!!~E~~ Ilf~ilt r.s p;iit d .llti@ Mew Hlllliz~ili mi.!dlffi II'Iolm~ .~t Applitd 'P1Il'fiirl file I.1ilxiril1i~~ u~ fiiI'Ii-'! CQI~~~IIN..o!!iS5r~n'l'1.

H:aggerlr.

T. R t!rm~u(!lrng. j. ~~~_~~ •.

moll,. ~6~9

Sup'iJiD,rtiflg) On'he

Malterial.

(1!.9w). n. A. ilat!l~ll!~III <'It., t- .Gt,~~ .~~ l.l:t Arh~22:1lGIlD7]" 12:. ill. C~ Hilm@IIIIn,G .. GIDeI(:~ne;r. :5, ,M. ~tilllitog:i~, L ).l!.iD~f!!li~l. ft .~Ii.'~ fI,~. !M, ro 01 !l'9;{11l. 13. [). I, Williarm. aw ..M~~l'Iti~~, E. IP. K.t.aIDI, ~s.... jashlld:, BI Wil~rn. Sp/J(e.'fd R.ev. ,iiI)" :a9!1 U:99'2.~. .

~~ r.e-lt,'l5',. 1253: (1?9at :1:1. N" ~~pp eel tl~ J ~ ••

:B •. ]I.~, (~OO), ifIt 1ilI1iJ1I11I,
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1.06.•.~60H ,[2-ilfill 1'7i!S. .86, 6:22:rU93l]!, :iM, .24 (200-4).

U;!I!I, &op.1l~ .lIe!!. ft. l?, 118 B U

\,lmr,illiei{llll:nl<lgl,~~y1t9iitt:ilfi~~lIlJ1-uW3 ],61-S1!4·E!r22!:MDCl $O~ ·T:~.Irt ~i:,,_S:1 lI!!5:4

lHief~f~[iICeS

2~. 5. M. IKiillfI[gfl!£! at .~. '~~jj~ 25. lB. H. M8~~ t?l al~}, t1wW-:r.

19 ]lJ IV 2:00,; aO:l!JII~dl :li9 ~5i!1~t1!fllb!rr .2C0CIj!

1'0,ii:l~deB(f!.ii.4:e:025

~!f.

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
IREPORT

Ju p i,te'r Cloud COlmpos,itioln,Slrallific,atii,on, 'Co'nv,e!ctliio,n, BOld W!8ve MOlion: A,View f'rolD1 New Horizons
10. C Reutelli',.:J,., A. .A,.Sffirnan-Miill:e,r,:I.A., I!.I!JlfIsfi[lrld~j[ It ,iii. B'iI~ne~,! F,. (lilE:!ng,M A.. ( •. B. OlltiiYfll.~ ]1. R. Spelllcier •.~5,., A. S1!erl1l.,~' .H., :A. WieilViIlIi;.] L. AI.• YOIllJIfIg~

!i~t~ 1~1~~iot~ is ;lOOlllt 4~k!~ \iltidli~aoout a f~~OO' of3'Ill£hi;J hnHSl' .~IuIi.!JI1I!lIm is COOl"~Ie !DO G3liloo's: 'lW!.)llruDIJ, 11ne ·SCiI·lS provkloo. II,p:I.~Uf'Ole> ~mnl[mll:!r'-to~1~11ibMl:. lrupli:cr. of m. d~ ~tnlny wnow M'VIDC ndl~(lchaliUmlja..
\~U&~ P9~~.p;l!(: il~'ilrtg.~!lf ih~ ti!:f:llIil~n(lmr ~
g!o:lri i!)~l~

Qa~ .5~~.ly

b~f"

OO~9!"~~.. ~d~" ,

ID.E.1I21nniin;QI!i, ll.

600 i:t1b:lt Thi,.iS.

~'!r!:JN1~d~~~le~M;1:'i~!r<I:l!1i$ ~ QVW ImllchOr~]e regioowilhil1l Ililou~. CI<fd!le cquat« So (fig, ]), TIle M.VIe lml'.ld:WlC d'l_ldlis: s:eiilliilth'C ID tight :ftorn atlill:l:OO['!wil.b ~lU;\S ~O'\VUi I1mu!!l.OOilI:
'dt~I'ItiI~~~MlVi:;..~~POI'(!

S~~r,aJ~ ICilOO~,~Iii'IS: df JI;I~~~ gtlf:illo~hf)rE!! IIiiii~de' .b'll'ifkS,bumMbol'l the' N~ HorilMn$ ~ClfIgft h~E! hnlPlkatio,~sfi)j'~e $,t;!hili:tyili1ii!dl d1l'iiiiail!ll~(s jlu~r':s w~lth~ t.;-¥~.~SlOO~a~E!wav~,. :"r:st~e!iil by ~f '!jJ,nyage1r, hoe OO@lDlJ!bsemedl ata spallltal reSl:)~nDIII' of 1] ta,4!i 'l!iilomews; These, \MaNie~ lliJavea :3:IOO"~lome1!~Mwtl,veTe;liIgtiliJftlildl phil~seve~m::mes gf~rter thillil! '!hE! lm;a~ ~ln'alftI:Gii\i by 100 rrooters Iper' ~!E!(iOIlid, rmdIiJ ilIigher than pedimro1 by moollIs.Admm!niil~ttr 'itflfJ;,ned ~erntll me~~e;linlln~ over me ~ilIc~ive TIllIfiter mtanoru at sill'l:mai. resiOlmtliOlils of 2![:lO m140 kiiJrotliliiete~s [haYe' mawn th~ de!'ij'elblPlintmt a,f tlJigrui~nt: ,1!IiiiiI'!lli)l1ia iOE! doud~ (ffitieti,~ lelf 4:0 I:IlII,!I~. or I~) in reg1brus. of ~(hn!lt albil'l~pherk UpN~~j;il1g.. ,i3:0'1!i! ICiIf ·th~ pI1li~~omefil~ ~~ as· Pl'<lbes .~~ gtbi!;'lospher"irC d~af!IIics bf.!bw .ij~!!! cloud

and {L'I!SAlI
~!~ll

T
-he,

Ily, 1.'I]C8.llIl:I Of .• ·lnI~~uihfi~. Vmibll;l IbilllIgtJIlIgOifnern (MVIC) 1!I~~t~[Bal(lliIJlnmgtng~~1 AlmY

~tm1iJ~ C(¥f!~!WtI!ns of

:pimCii's 9Ii:fIDSPh.',; e~.'

me-

ttJ,~

ki,lIneil~~al1i(il~ of libe tYoIid ~(31 d.l!lplh iii a b.aifid ~"\'.ii~<!w,.e (000 !:i~Wir. Jillti'm; ~ .1!dditolJml c:loum wi1illlindlisaililudcr.u'l3e IhI! are m:il: Incd.rl;~ by gm.Vil,)! 1.!!'<'iVC!l, 'rhe W&\f\CS 'E1i~petI' c~eli'e ~I fo:, :!lfDlill1ii, rnocl:y re~OO'lS. wl.l!.TI:\1i ~ dr~ vi~sl.rot1lml is redllCOO!, aJ'Idli~d~.erugiCiil~ 11'rl:3" 1!'1~ liimh, \'!II~n;; '~f'!,!,;ln.tt ~doo~ I1lt;lIPI:!~

New

Hnri7:.OI1s

spoooomft obs~.

w,av~~~s:and ~. ~I!~ ~. :~1O~e~~,dM.. Boo~ of dl~e:!1foct'S roih.oe OO!l!t!'a..<.t[( is ~ble, 1i1e1l,. u~ '!Ilfrc~is eue OOUlllIlll00s wave pilll!le:tll

,~1I1.~

dj;e~~ph

;!'Im!~ingim~

(/, 21 <lnd I!l~e~~ncl!!iO!m,ti:c Long .. O!n~1I;: R

.IleOC!umj~nre 1:I~.c[' (,LOR.1tI)(.l-5], 1~ 00.= ~rVI!lthn5 IMe c~and.>d (lU It'SU.1!t!> ~IDim:d fmn j:UI.:.'1.ii.oWill siJ~llI, ,[llIpi~r c:qilormimll (~4Il.• riona!r. V;rny~,~ '(lalrntWt. ru:d.Cassilli). 3S\W;~ as Hliltblic:

$p-aoo Tti~~

(HSl).mcl

grt)M!.1Jd.~

00-

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over lile 1..111ire'OCJ;l!Ia1.o.r: \\i!J1C!1a<ijusl:OO, for d~ !lO~lI' i~hrlll1:linatio:l'l.angl;, Ittllc ronllt'<lst fIl:iiLlo of Illle ~il1C:S()'~6).aliKII ito S'tRdyl~cwol~wiml of scaC(:\'va~s Iraill'l~; fIDrn ]% ItO a1~I(Yl'A, TIm: aJim'i'ifCHtil!lelou:t.~ over ~, ~i,'C Ji!lp:r~r I~~~ C\~~~ ,,~~ jij..<1(1 {)b.il()f\.~i~ lilt': .~mh.1)I' :rotaUo:Ji<t~~~ l~teaiil~DJl\l of d~lmes~'lIJ~ ~vily ~.~ru'!d! iiae' ql",~ll~ ~n%l!1i1!. cio..m lie bel~!!be ~~cloodlla~~, ~IIU~Se!ll~S'enlll!lns IN~ ~ind SiJIiIU' iFli'glrtCerl'i:er, (ode i'll3, GrJ;\e'~elt filii) prov:ide a \!IiiJf1lDIV 'in.to lJ~e ~ttrne .. 'Id. d}'1WL1lics 2101771. U)A. ~~t P(ol'QlSicn L.abiWa~.O!i)'. ~Iili.. CA. ?:lill)9~ USA. Jjldh!!'I:i. Hb~in5 .Applledl P.1~~iCl'lL.abllfa~, i.al!!ret Mra dill n'Jgi01il oflhc III]]ilospl'm:re lIlllilis ~O] dimcdy 2,Oin~, USA. !i~ $dm(erl.Ji~~1Qi'1! li:Ii~~(toratE!, INJ!I.5A i?Ca~e to. OOll:lOtl &mSing ob;cr!.lIl'ioru!), H1i!'fid:UIlkIIit~,r:~" WaEhingt.ol'l, I){ ~54~ Us:.tl11]r::!pa1tI;n~nt {'II A smiru; oil'.SC2IlS m1Jg .Ilfl MVlC cob dt9l)· Sp;am S~l1Idl@~ 'Solitlihme.l.tR4!Sl!\3M IlniSlltlltt, .lm5tOWilimll. ,d!ll ,'r/i~ Clkul fUOln .a ~.~ di.~~(lf:;t3 :rIlill. 9~rl!@~ 5ulb'! 301:1,~di!r. co S~302'. U~ lion '~o,\\~ a 45~ni] p~oo IbI;,gi.!u]!UIEl o1!!.O'5:58 "''II,c'~hl!m "!Fre~p;Dr!d!NI[e :!!ifIooldl be adlllf\~~ [·rmail, .dM~i~.t.reu~ef@,,~q~ ur 'm!. 28 Fcbfl!O!ry 2007" At Ihs: dis!~:mceMVIC's n-.e..<osatIe inVOy~r
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~nl~

Ell

:1. (A~! iermim:llt:Oll"m·~imlb MVIlC meth!1lne' chi1ll1l.n~l ~il!l1l1!!!Jea,f the ~egioll Wi~~ifl::l:S(> (If 'tfiti! 'E!:q1uator. IIiffUllil~m@~ ,are' OO!;idM by the setalI' ~tfg.~Dla,til!J!ff1oo norrini'lltl~' the ((Jim,flst (B~ MOi5i!ic Q·ff fOl.llr l!CJRRiI f'r~mes U!sOO to I!:iffilerllITirne !i'lN!iv,elel1l,gr1ih;'th~ longl di memSQ,DI1I [D,ve,rs: <:iloout ]O~1m a,f~fiI,e [m~g dhe;!iI$10n 1111, (A). 'iIlh~ !~atli~~di~'nal ~re!i1t I:s;t:zg, Ti,~dfd~4;'~ f~abJf~ are g:mfa(f:; proolil(~d b:v mulltipLe, r!!::flemo",~ilil thf! WRI~lJ :Ieilils aI5se:mbly. (() l~eri,Clrl()gramo{ l'ORRli mt.l shDwinlg ,a!stlromgr~y peaked w.aiVreleml!'jlth dl~triblllilHl' flre~ar 30'®! High
QlI~~ld,gflS. i:i!J'~ sh!iwn

Fig.

'if] lied: !!!l!,dv~~j~gi!\l,· I~Qil!Ilf! Ib,l1!ck~!1.d pl,!iIIl~l~,

n.

25(1

312

a;7<ll,

wa\i'€:I~eng~1h (kt!r!)

New Horizons at Iupiter

~I!e slate of 1(1a.e~!M,oo~le!le" 'oo~, bod~ nm.ern also p.rcdic~,dw iWlepl~ase speed! (If the waves: wooldl be mleM d~e mrm~ ¥l1mdlspeed!. CliJlilimry to Tnt15LeaaII'lll~k' "''aves stICh aillllleseliL8N'e ~n oo,s{;rvOO,pl't;VLoo£,,, iIfll Vbyag::r (6)Mld: of 300 km, OI~Q~ w01l1~.d C1>ipoo:t 11.0SOO still,l[liOlflS our fnIJmlgl)..'l1hlc ..w~.dsp;:x:dJ> iUl:~'VrM by Ne>v 0011 co±: 122:r.l 1.t1i,}g, wlOOre ~~ i~sn H.om~il§~e o~:d~ il~~M1fl1!l(lf ,~il~L\F dlro~. Gil1:Uoo (.1) ima~sjakhoullhnh.e[r l.flt1i8~lJ!jclJlililiin ~:il- u~diil1lg ilt~ flt~ id~[llifioo $;I1J1!jul)11I of 204· to ::;r16 ~ all!l~hi!. ~8~.e Iffiual m¢ or ~h Iwcd~~mtg.ht !r~1 ,~p~l1$d 'If!~ limil~ ,cl:Urit.ligil~ p~~~ '~1I!!~~ lI]i.~!iir,~ !, b~~ = i~i~i!'!'i~~t tQ OO~~'~ ;I. ~"\!,I~(lf;t:fiI.wOOp1l!~~c p.arnrrM.)ref¥" ~flW~~~ TIi§ ~~~b:~<lI ~ioo ~r'Jyp.ili~\M:~ 'W<I.vc,s seree .015 probes of nalc 'om ~1.ISe die wave fl7Olru1iS ~lilve idlct1ifLable n]~riJrre.lheme-~lI3 l~n~~,,!1yr~ gr,~b1l!~ ~ri!g d!.e iJ\~v H~!~ I.Gw~rnllllospheri.c levcls{:Rbouit ,2 to lObar]1 not Snn:l(1lmll,dl!3 oiber sotUli.{ltlS do nat Cl~W to eI:l.WlIIJ1.I.er ,~81and, dilis nlaY kl,\'C I~ i1~e' ,W\,I\e5 di~lly ~b;serv.le by pasSiVCM1K\ltC seflls;ll'lg alfrelltilion iIiI\1I'Ximla,and l:'Ile9::illilluln iSIIill~iqn\'!:.l1lis nlOOC visible limn tlleY were 1f"C~ll!l~Y~ tBlCregion, IlIJetihodJ> Ibccal'lsc or llIle Gp.aqnl!(~ cloud. <fuclks" 'was \'Crified ~lmilll.1.91ly Im.ckingdl.~~\'l3JVC fi:unt '!,1M ItiID'l!.<mlsh bllL~ 1m room v!i5:ibile cbOOS dlliiiliillJ; VllY~., ,i!lindi ~, fi~~ wr~~opaq)lil":whiwoIOi)i~\;; i&I~Diij.oo bJi Ihe HJi1~ tn.Fii~" .2A 'lo~l~ilb!l~ (ilI~ A. di:!f"iliI 1'iR;b~ of dte:~lm:iJri~~ of J~plUli''s v.a1Qcir~y ii1tl~,~cli(:ml o:r tlb~ ~j.LoI'i!tI'BIY8L<:. loi.\iL,.V:' ~~Q .is p.ifOiVidbdi by jJ11~~iDiiI~l!..~ Qr duringC:il'l~~eo,A1t~'I:il'iti:vd;Y. Ith~a'lli6~OO olfdoodl<: A~I(lwi!1g for pot~lfitian :r$JTilii!pp~ng,i.I!.IiCr~~~~'ly. ~~bi!tioo '~l~ ili.diC;M)i);tI~ 1],1~~GI)l:iMOri;1~~~lUii,~5 I~ Ule $it[ 1[~'ipOt;,i~ C\II)I~.WQ"Qr~~U1 d'iC phm;e ~dl of ~e :Il~e WI.l.WS !It 1eM'! idel1titi!!l}le alun'KInull cloud:> (:slAGs). JupitiJt is 00'''''" Is: 1!l.IIrbl.l~cn~: than in Ihe ~revi~Js cpXl~ :1liI'IdI, Ilhis u1n,y w.ilild spood. cr:OO.inr clollldlS, !lliid. Intlcntloohcn~L'ml Imddli> (10) [~im'\\'e Illowed, ~iln&a:' ~rovity wa'lle 'nm~lIS:D dl~NC~F ~:OOtlillfs fasliJif rttImn Idl.e cql.IMmai 7.G!1.1fi~ a l (lip. ,An, IIlwy,sis.of'Ol.c MVR: IfI:'t.!lhru1C d1.mil.cil,in;l~ ·.IiI~is oom~llm ulripU.cmions:fOrIiIlIGl SOW'C(i ~inllae imuply 'd:illi.tbc IIP~XiOSl! doodl b}~r (ued!l600 iW~ar) age i:1:tdica;~ed 8i If18imW distriblillth"il Qfm~,-a;l!e n~l(') 'W8\"C1l;aoo OO:l:'l~ll~m'ic. !!Ia.bn~y. f]3W musr be {\{)I:I'I~.prin~iYily' of mltt"l1l:l1~iilliO~.Ofil:iM Wll\'~ 1mi,1~\va\l'(l:ljm~IIib." \0111i1a p~ m~Ji(1O k:mIl, ~ Gt~ (6) oov~b~d: a dJ~)ii(':lfnm.eI.()f reC,'b'OI~~ 1fI0\ViIl~r:;.W$ :mm]~~l1 !Ci'.l.d\')If'l::~LW~ i1~ 1~i;Want ;ponion ('Jln~rD~'S alJt~'ti1~ iuwhiell ~liy by ~!Ir~ S,~ (JIIil.s~uv~iiJ!}'01i<~~iio~~ A ~~U' !:IiI~l1:rre QiF lva~ii.~\&illi! ~1'iI ~. 00'i1"' """'W~- 'Ila-r,- ac: __ m:i a -J' ClIVlo/ 1.... :11, - s'''' To;:'-s-i""h.-'~. ~!--OSru- .... 1Ml!~ ri!XI~n aruU)I'SIs of a :mosaic of fOl!f tORRI .::m. ill !ll~e2.7~lo3$l!11 ~l~iom «11)1, n~isin1,~~~ _'Ie ''''''_ .O!ll '.

M:VICCQ1,(!f1;,l1~fl!!l!,gLj
~,!bct]~

!l~

d1¢ OOrm~",<1itOf.to d!ie

:nllowedbcfOl:e satma(~on 0C\l~d!"

s1I!Ut~!lp'!l.'!1icll!l .. r,. ,i!!~~~J;: ase Qfllw 4~ -nwh~I:as, if c dle w~ve frrmlris were Rot ~dcg:lllfiab.le-"~h,elll,gjven ,flbOOkgL'OtJilldvclocily of 1,00 :n* and a \Wiwlela;gill

a~~

_c~~_

MI Q(Ytul. ,etai(ml :i,terJ::lralin,g 01, Ii'e'l\o:lil1lnt~vity ~mages 1llke!1a1: m:mt)llhC:S.1I1f1e t~lac' as dle MVIC Wl.ltVC idlal cxe~t(5 BJdler grravilYMV!ein rtllIC\i';~I,I'II'C .hmgcs (Fl~.IB;). Th:: 1O:RR;I ~n,l~.11ilIy:ea l~ftrliO:l!lof ~I 1~.Iml" tllel !i:.'L1iI1C as dil'. ]~~ghcst guid:e-likc .~OIl.dlayer. 'w]~ilre [u i~mpped. [pro. dUc[~ 111~'~S~~llii~e 'W:3'Jl!~, BrnsaJr.Md IUlllSoIw~ oofi3!ifI.edi. by \try~Figuru ~.B1X!o~ ~l~~U (9}1 ;pooil~ iI. lllOO~ in wltidlil, ~lltillIOO ~~~I 0% (!f~: ~{I~ilJ.lLii~1 rang~ (lIfFig.1 A" At!. fI'hr)\.\!'rl m apcriMo~1Jl !.l!ml~sisof m.e LORRI 'P~es iO!il'CMrriq~ QJ:l a.rtH. 'K~Iv~n-Reb'l1k1ilz ~.

.u.o1

ala~(h.c:book!lrolllfil.d :a1~u'l'J{)niliiiec~ is in S<lIl1fne EI)!' W alrured. aoo. thal it doc5 mOl displlay l!h!l~~pce~0:! .spcelml. ehamoteri.'iltte!>. .RIiiincs l'!j,al. (1.1) IIlISOO. Gamoo Nem.JnDTa.'Il3d M(lp,~~ng SpecDrDrn.ctl:li'
(NWS)

dala(fl:s. iO.~~h ,~~I

~c;J:IgI[hs 300 mm
ki1illV;~tIlJ

~<e!,(I;Il;)~

fer wa.~

~t:rdnn

99%

pm.= anm

~mly 'pooduoodl dw.: W<)V~~ TIle!!:

ability IffiImt!~c W'avelml,gth. is b~e:.n 200md, 130 k1ml Thisis simi 1m" to Ihew'l:wc!l.cll!1Clb of
3(10 :!I: 00 km. d'e.ruf:l:l1Dlneci farill.OVoy~~
1

w.a\l!~ ~1I!'!I~ 1Ul0'!. been id~ntifiooirl HS'f o~!1;'alio~ of Jlllpik..preswna1My oocaJ!iJselWili~ill;g. o'\l1erils sp:llli8i~reso!tnion H.1il~t{>l50 :~n)f€dnc'Cs the 31~pH~l.I.C!£ of Itlac :sigHsl 11t{; M\i1Cdam. 'WefC .@iloolIISOO to dctcmal~l:11.': a p'l1a.~ \l¢lodly fill' dte: '\,va-,..-e.~,.n~ ~11IS \\!'~~ I!ttladeavcr~ 4~.·l'I1ilfl j)I;,'1'ioo~ and ideritiliooJel()Galileo
W<l!\ll;: !llnL'O!:~~ prni~dI o~ 'JUlt '1a~lte oo8ile.. 10uI~.yone SCiWI ,exICnded :fr:omwnllinato.U' ~o ~il!;m. P.lailenar.yn31,1gm:uio;l1 of lilliescans \1ifaS done ~Ii~oo

nle..~~ca~wa"'~ ((~, 7). M~~e

da.e shear 1>I)~rdlic;1kI:m;;. 1!Dl':llS!IIred. by lhe Galil£o probe, whictm. Citt(Zdll~l!:lW 7~ ~aljreu.d:. B~!bmoo.· !e.L<l \,vcre :suco.::ssfut~ ~r.lli'l'p:~ii1J!l. Idnc ob>€rvicd 3Wkml;,\i':l~L'\I~n.ethwid:il ~ntil.M~ ~l!imptkll.ll

~nooe~ i!!cl~d'w

S,1AQ:

w~.rere~~ni~y~Ulrt-liw-d (O".I.'h~ ttd~ or

~1lr;;!.11il;l~

to d~l1{l

I:h<'ii ~~~.

tbys)!amillooyerocl! le.._~ ~h!l"]% (!If '!Ire plil.1ilCl 11m Iml:ercooetusiM ~ ~u~ed by 1~ !Jim)sp~lml ~n,:ssmCl'aleln IIlli1lrne' by ~he Coo1pOsite Infr.llmcl Spo!}cnIDmcteiiinstrum!!IDt Oil 1000000h:JIi 3). V SIA~ wc.m filtmd iIirll'l'lgl(ilL~ ~. a~~Qrn:n~~.
h<JWiS OJ·

EI:

'1.;5 1.0

41·m!in separation
t,

~tif)in~ mn ~~e ~'lhill :~IDlfulnffinah ~D!ll~, wi]l~ UiOClet1alnlyof] pil'lGt (Dr~. ai~ the
b:y 4']'''!I~ili'l$~am.lbn ~clkld lilfia l"Vnci C~I'i.l-Y i{iirHj~9!~l!1divi.:dultwa\re

-1.0

~IC'",---=="""~
2:

inSOIfle of !be Wil\'efrolllBj afld :t~;is ~~ ~:o d~m1!rlilil!l: t'Il!l~' dl!iillttCl."11Klint (@nd Ilim\> I~t~ ~ spoorlDI by ~~~d oorreJall£IUru1a~'li (mn'ic Si). As :5~mM1Ilii~i .f'lg, .~B, Id~,mt.I~liilg a~llM£i ~~
w~

1de.lAi!iOO~regiJoc:

~t~

v~bcii~ WI· c~ 'C!!iI'!. 00 1!l!~cl!~1l~<f~

Figl, 2". (A) Se,mon!> ,of thre:~ MVlI( ~~fiS t.ak@'!lJ1 mf ~n@ 4:1 "min pe~ nod used to: dletl!'unlinelilil,e Wd.W
plila:se'l!'lclocity.A 1!l3mndadyidBn·

n~'wm:bd~;\.'il
WllOllC S)\JI!Ce 11\~

veOOt.y isbe1l-~I'l~ 2,014 aud 276 n~~, {~gJ. ~OW' ~,~!d ~ WI~ ~,OO.mh,.
is
il)~'lie

~lmt.'> or~ ClcfU::!,~iure>...A vclIooft:y of ruoo ~lfs .~ rum'itoot W'irlh ~~li!~, WIl!1CSRir d~ 'eq1&t(i1il~, wrn~~t(!l;;it:'y ~l1r ~'IlFGy ~;!NW~~Wl HST i~..,. @~, :~~&~~ ~~ 00. d~ 1;)000000~;Q:Vl ~:ft~ \VI]C!H~.e~e:!~nln!!!!!:lW'1iV~ ¥e!tJ<;:ii~es, .~ !11U\lt b e ~~e:n to 'e~UUI:Cd'lat ~$Jcoohl1im~ ~s !miql1.ll,e .. ,iil!I.ld:
docs it~l m~mild to alii. illl~~el:M,\fr.lcng!lInl

dO!l!& ~rn(lvl!r!.g .n ~l:: ZIJ!~l~ 'l'leloo~. ,as CQnflli1l:U,',ol by mlwawl i:tlea~

glF'""~~~-"""":I_ :2

tlN!b'~~ ~w~~wre'~di ~om.~ ba~kgrQlImdl dOl.l:ds .are<mrked by whi'e limes:.. ifhe lli11i31g,11!:'S (@1JEr:t::;!"

of LmWde ;and :13~ wl()ng~'Wd!e

nearr ~ile ()ilmer of Fi!!i.1A, an:dClre ~cntr~$t·emlt~i'l:oodl (8) De wg~ ~p€oo Idet~IfIIf!'iI~!'!i!:d frlJrn 'tll~ (ae~
l.t!IiOilil

aln\8ly.~ is 240 iib12

where :tile

qllloted dlillr~1 d@i.i1i.tiOiU!,

el'iror 'is

mi~.

l~talll·

2:24

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
WI~~llll)O!~~<1!

ga... Ill!pwelled

f[Q!l1,

doopoer iml, ll'!le

~illIDSphe;re: ru;lIl, oondcn.'led

in dlC UPiPCi C~i()nd:

Ireg[lJllS., 'I1nm, S:~ACs aJ"e fl\lSl1ily cond.el1iSCd, 31);l~ ~llomi8J clouasfl'lldi serve ru;;,~mccl'Sfur loo"ilized:
d~l.tf:lli~ny activ(l !3V~1iI15cOne !),ti~tad, rea.WI~ fDi' 1!1~~I~ofS,IAC~o~r !IiL~t (ilrllJl~ !il!~ i<.; d:iJ3t ~OOI~a{ii~<lIf!)!]1GI~~ <;:;l\;;lQdsro,~) U!l_ i~l~ ~p~ ;;i!;U'l'!Q5~\~,~:h©y~
!lli;Ig]~f:ioo

fro~n 3,.4mmkn~ ~ 2.3, H!iU:L{mbn:. :F'WJ....'·\ball\~,OO!~~ icc '~'1!1'lJS del~d iNi se~rnllbc!li~izOO regk'lllS in dn,{&; S(l1l1S viiil dle I ,.\J9'ji.W;1 ~bsOli'pii.QI~,bend, .l.F.ISA'l; ~~ 1~I!]doois ,~ffici.orof -.J bct~r
dl.\mdmt o<flilllL\l (':taUl!lO N1M~ IfDr\l,i"avctl'f1r&d,~near 2,,'-11\ \.'!,Ihl~hin1pm~ ~~$p!$t;l~I~IW!ivi~y, ru.;1:1 d~

01llilooo.'P~~!kn~,~.dle

~~<l

\1,09~~~ ~,,;h

by;;l, ©Ql1!iH1l!iil!!.riil!i!~ <1Jrn~niiil! .~ ~ fQ'~~nd t'Q ~ti¥e ~0ITl1'J (lIif 1~llxm 1il;l<Llieria:I.~n. an. I1Ippei amlosp'Il,eIDi:c ('I[ IJpe~iflgregi:Om;:; (F'jg. 3A), and.d1'Y lend. to occur i1i1 m:ctt5 o:lfh:igh ClOlids, .{F'I;g. 3B']!, ba2i~ B,lildll<JseI~lheir~!tlilll cll!8fll,cK:r {14~. Mop..~of a. Ngimll ccl~~crocll t -350 ~alijtlllld'eam:!. a New HIlR2MI> mJ~e ,~vcml oli:seNttiOli15 of lit1plJt:l':tw1th il~ :tIJSJ\, irnf~ ~tm1, hnag~r, S~ l<wligiru.c1§.on tliiw ~w J~~~r&ys, ,slartiu~ inelooing :iiC-ai!L<i: iI1!fdt¢ ,ffull~ i:r~liUiDif~,~-diS~ afld d Q:I 26 F~ .2rOOf·Rl. ~9~35 l~~ trr. ~. I~g.. ~nalh~f~ ohlie ~ ~~me G~ Rgd]:S]Xit Il,:!~~ ,orlmh,eaJti~~li1i! ¢liooo {foil} JC), A~fig

5~md 110 IrOilowil'!e~.lO~Vu;ut of 01, ~fk .~p(It alOJilg dle boul\ldaty oifdle Mr:eg].on.\Vh.eUta' ih.e ~. spot .:was ~iaJiOO w'ililg,dleSOliree oil' tine fl\'lSb aJlllwonmcloodi ,00 .sil~~y ~cbl w1idlll :1lolf1g iMlB oval ~Ildru~ G ~~.c!ii1aIi. l1Wl~ ~. 1.'[;t;)Ii\,'i,~'i'~, OIlI(T~t'iu]nL;i f~~ Illla~di~'F~by ~t ~~I~ hldi~!i'!lg,dW~~~liQ!l! ,o:r;;ll~~ ~.p.Ii,~[I!ng, 5Q;I,!~e.
.~j.

SIi\Cs

These obsei:Villliiollss]aO'i'!/ dmllilile oomrw afn~.e Galli beq;tilelrnlmcmt,in, Irilis ease ~~mril1g 1.0, .~. l~dl.'ln ~ hoom. A~hcricmm ...

ne

lil~n'IC'li!!!>

(20!]O~o U!O
F'tmitlru')'

with hiSh.e$l ~llal r.e£Olulion, were oanied! OUI .rIm)} ,2610 28 .2007 :FiS (he d:L~nre w jlllpilcr dl.1creascd
lklll1)

as a loo!llized

50WitC

en dllY I, it intensified. end

hmadCliicd em day 2, bccrulmc'I'IliOre·dJifftlSC;·Q:U1d9.Ys .J mid. 4, aed di~.~-d 011 d~ ::i 'lhe difftliSiOu

rlil~mwd by~i~.'l>Llt~~ipilll:~h[l. ofl~ p;li'6elM (It · d~tl!Ji~la~~i:IIt;:mil (14) or OO~~jrapklWy ~[tifl\iIilRiOO d.~ ~l!nl!~ s~i;l1lt!m ·of dl~~liJf!olliiiioe ~c~. ltlisll€S'lilll:su:litHldl> li'C oOl,ch:l!Sion (12) ~li!lld1e!1e o,~L~:lly thic.k. c~~ :m.re j\UII.lg .(ms. l!han <l. few day.s 01(1)1 IInillqpre&'llllt!1i"elLS, of lIlJJlllLWally s.tlttmg ~m! ~1\'iuilnties, sooh a'> Inml~I!Ic!':"'d by oon.. Vttllolll, a..~~lyPCellJti'iLedim. 1I:it;:u~ 11~
~Io'i(ld\l tiI~~~ ~~ .~ ~~ ·of Inlre t"f~~~i(s

a!)dsn~-~

at p~ (If!~ IL'lliIrCvIl,' bm .: ""'ew Hwofls ceb I.ce~divcry few 2Jl11WOIUa clClLIti> ~cW~ ilIl'Id. W'C.~ orb: Gt::caI: Red Spc:t. w'lilClIl:1Il.'.:Ia~t c~
I~ pI!C'I!'~~:lI'

d)l!i!~»CSof §i!!~ioor's ~Jloore

OOMi~m wish

~~~woo
m~ung

{IJ},Sudl a.Brd~llil·i!;:

(!~l\fallbJ~

Ull!l ,~6~COOi~~r!. is !'!;(I !l()1!IIl' ~~"lil.ir! ~~il:; ~k»t "inl~i~ "~r!S~~f~h OOOO~ fi!i'! ,~:h:!ll!dICO\!illf of: o[lnlY reg[{)l1Is.inrlk~les ~li:it ~ aacllinlC oUae 't\\ew iHOOzolilS Clil.oom.till'~em 'WB&:lIlmnporay d~m.ge

~d ia:dkxti1S1

in jhc

SlIte·

of

JU,pitl'iS

~csp1Dere Ii'C'lftiv~ 1:0 tthaJ:

1[liM}

o'Rl~f'i,'Iild 'dlIDlJghJ)~. 1I!.(l: t99~ and duril'lg C~p"i fIi_yby in 20(!1!J (7, 8', H,/I6!),

Rere%elll,res ,~Uld lfitlDte5 :L Iil. e, R~lItiff ei'1I'1. S'pace sa. Rev. ~f'i pF~,1-S ~IILtp:fkm:." L'!r(lI'all:5!OOO'll',42!IHl <l. ~. "'i!:!!l~ e.r qf~ fWc~ SfWi ~9'O6.. 43::1 (:~OOSl. 3, ~_, 1'. 0Je;1!9 er III" s'~ce ,Sci. liter. if! !)rel~ 1[lrtlllo:!l',v.l1!I!'. ot, ,c~ PI<!1(,SPt! 5!~1l6, ~O,'l O@C!1>J, S. ~e S~fi'P!JrUfl~ mat~.n1ll ~][II ,Si;m:r,re OJ~ ilH!'. 6., f,. m.. ftmlr., 11'•. j.G!i!:r:asm,. J A!m~ S!:( 43,. ,us::! (19..2<6). 7.. M. ]l S. 13!i!I~DR .:l/~ 5(i!ftl~l:14, ~ 3:n (19IM,t a, t!::. iii, Siili 1iI!!~ er al~ Scft'lqo.re 3;:1:.8.,.;!26 t2)OO7:l 9,. 'T'. B~5ak. A. fl. IngtlMI~ Iw.r:oo; 158., 4!H (2JOO2:1. lo. S;,~, Wefdef1:5!;l'lilli!!:~, J. 5, Leli<i5, IG'tl~~ ;w.4165, ~l9'HL :n, 't'!, IBroo~, It iF.,I!:;na4~" fllo 6nGena:!.. F\ Iilrf5.'I<Ift. e. ~lrI~P. wu~ nil.. :Il~ k Il~~~,
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IF1g. (A) Fii!lS~'O)lOl'i~~ ~f th~ f@!ii~Qill!1IfOUilld th@: Gt~t !R~d Spot I(J~I! 1.:99 IJjm~ Igre~!\ :m.. 94 I-I_m~ ItILI!I:e-, ;2.04 pJliD). :Sl~(so .~ppealrr iI:S. ibrig:M b'hJf'. ~B) Fabe,oolDlr in.ge: OIflh~ 5ll11ll.ereg~on shO'lWlin (A),.lbu:lt Withl w(l,'lI',fillmgths, ooosernm meilflllre {mood helightbed" 1,160 !Jm;greem, 1.8'9' Je'm; lJ~ue.. 2JM jJm:~I. [I[lIf glnd 1iIIhiit~I~egffic:n$ affl: b.tgh doo:d$, (0 ,Matp It:!f: $1i!!!iC$. 1000fi~ ~IIJ~ii\l',e wtatiO:fl~ ,oif llil~~ hi! '1!!iI~ I~~gh~n IUiIe,ar -3:£1°' I~atil:ude! iii 11d!;80 l~oiig~.tJLld'e' alUtti'limd in realilii 00.

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New Horizons at Iupiter

IREPORT

P'o,ll!alrLi~'glhllnlling Blind D'IBcadall-,Scalle ICI;loudVa Irii,a IbiIlity' enJupiter

II(!elrilii Iii. Bi!il~'U~:s,;I, AliIllf A.,~llt1li1olil~Mffi~~e!'..,zG~ernn S.O,rtOIil,1 :~,Uil)L'd A. :W'e~¥~,,~ U . . '~I -h ,". ,"Ii '" ."". moma'fY. lli j@l__!II ",p~i~l~ef,"!1!I.I~:W . 1""1:."'!I!leng, ;! F., IDe!1!rns C. Retner,Z [io:fQlall1l IE. }~'ITh~fl9S:.~ G. Ft. G~Q!dlsl:)@!'!e. s ]1e'1,1llY' Mo@!re.6 5.AI~il!n. Stem. ILe:sl!~e:A. YO!l!lng.4 ltIeiDiry '1I'hiroo,p,.'" IP'admil "Ir:aIfl~mi\llrfle'r:.\lI·IFlilile!r.:l I~,ftli~illll ,M. f'isbell.:l!. ]Io.sepfi H:om.~ M~th~efE. IR!e!id!i!~

are ~r ~~Iln ihe O.21s llllte previOlJiS~y o'b.scrved. d:mi'ng <)I)"lI SCfl.llUlllUg e:1>ip!.'F SlJ!l'CS by (laHloo ,,6, ,;. p.'oljarnigh:nl~.imlg fI:ru;;ll£il in~(ljgr.Iroo.:~il'iIi otnl".5-1'1
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Qrb~':QF!y_'!; 'T'!!!b@ !!l tilll~ !1!I;:Inh p9~(: re,gi~m. (f'lg. 'I) (!j).L~gl1m:h)g n~h~ ~!,!OO!,!J;! spat~.dly ov~' IHi.my pi1>OcIsin mllf i1ll1aije:!> (OOIW'" senta~V'e Hghllnin:g flflShcs are 500ui~ du~ lOMf OOW Ofil'lltlb~il~ Fig. fJi, IC8C~ IPJXc:1Sllb1C!i11Gs ab(Jut 281l::m. art. th.e~ili.b!ij)GCCru"3:n ~tnt o'i'! Ju,pioor (~~llimL[ig 1056 krn'i laJlIlJ;rdi1lany iit ,60toN
lal!~l[!de gil d!i6 cc!iJlf<l1~i~!ir:Ha!.]). This ~1t'll!l'it

t~hl:li!i!:l!ih~$ beeDl~e~nl OIi!I Q'lI1e'f ptan:~II1}:,!:~du:din'!J ]l!I,Pi;tl;!r, poki' liglhl!ning :hal' l!been 1~n:j)1fiIl iI)!l[YQ~ ~rIh. Opti~l ~bi:~do:lil~h(!l!i!il th~ N~ :~I(!!I"iro~s: ,!!p'a~~{fan, hi!!~ idii!lfified tigh1:!lifli!J ~: high b1!fii~!!!d~~~~ .JtI~~ IYPW ~~lg~1 g~d 74,g$, Ugh~h!J ~'W, !1!!:1dOlptiC'i!!~ ~~S w~ ihmU!1!fi!!~ ~ eadh plJlle. airld tlie m~i1 o[ptitall flm i~ wmp,tjrn'i:te t.lJ~liiat ail: n.oliipDlatr 1li.'Iitiii;des,. wh~rn is tOJ]is:ismllil[ Mthth~ li.ooollilhati!nteM'lIIallhetllti~th!! 1iiij)~iDl 'mer ,of mllllV!oon" d 'BrnfJ lin~.ar·iililfral[~ .and grl'llUmd~ba~~ 5-mkrorIlJetedliie[llirnil.l.imllgery re\J\E!\1lllhitlll:doo:d I]OVll[ has llillllne"C< SuJm-illiitiflilUy :sililml: fbe :2~~)(U)i Calsslnl 'Ilvby, p<llmmlarl.y im IIElmrbul.em~ w.<illoileuf' 'Ih~ Glreat Red S,pm and~lIIithe .sollthNl1 miillff om fie ~1!lMc!rial,egioMi,dMn!'l1il~'b'a,tiliig ~bt llerti~~ dvn~lmic;;il PM~es~~ .are tmE!·val~g!!OJiI $~at~liIa~ ~ClI~~. at:mid'"a!lld ~(!IW19ljj~l)Id~~ Ji.lpit~. 'On
A't~ooght

i~ullcmes tha~IiSJlilml~g eilnL~iolJs p:rollO,gated. lJ~r:oullb O\l'Cr,l,yinl1. 8CB.l~~ril1g aeroso.lS ortha~llm!, tijjl!,ctlashes eXl'Cilided O:!fCf 3 ~.m-ge~~ {l}.opica!, iy >](i;QI)O km~),d1.:uring 'I.!m 'C:XPO:f>ll!"C.
Thea .... ~~L'l opt~il. !;u.erg[~ PLl['~lfkl ind:t¢ !1grtl~ ::iJw.! oov;nh pIl~af qiiO!18 \"'~1'iI> I~r!y id~l'iI-

~.~.I~OO,.-.g1 (l!1...Il~(l .._.•. ~1i3J~ns lIupt!~~ t'!C.<I.!I. i..... J.n.U.'i.n:g }. mn1J~OO ~i~.' ga~ -,,1 ~.'., amid __ _ :_S~ at :mi.d([t{: lPd tOMi'! hui~l!.!~ (}-13),. i~ Wle\i'erbooll o~!'!.'oo in I~hc 'lXIi'lj~ro~~o~ ba~ Here W'C' re'P'OrI: ~!Iil]iI(gesofjOivi:m ~.igEuHing inbo:da ~'rn11isipl;1Cres IJOlc\vardI of G(], blillldcO'btajltoo. wid~ the Ib'rooolbmd. (O.3:5,-to O.aS~J11nbafldpa.~s) N t:lW HOriZ(UI,i> LORR[ (Lollg .R:.H~g.e R.eoofllll:3i~Ssano~I~'AA~")~I~ra fl4).. Ou"!3 Ma!~I,l 21)07,
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vim!,' ~CGIi rt&Im. 35:1' of 10000g:l~iI)J~. H~IiL'l)oJil'" jiJ;liS1I~ ~",(;ntili! a j·sex:~-~~

or

tical. 2;:90:..: ~.O'.rom.c1 2,8.7 )( ]01" J :lQr ~e Ina. mnd !lOllJ:d~fJoI;)~ar lIie~iOIlS" re..,~'r'!,'ely (TtJb\lc n (US), dCSP:~DC 1~lbc la;gc (f'OcIO:Jio~' S) var.iabi lily of Hshl!lilin~ Slrorl.g.~~'1.ll:ucsc va1u~ ~m,'C weB will'll 1i1L:lllll~n Qpmi.cru. mmrgy ()!fsmil!;~ fllUll.d in. nonpo/lar ¥~on'ffi!_ll~ 2.5;t,·~.'9' XI 0') J (3)" 111l!l l~t
I(

'was ro1t(lwooiu~~t1edia~ly by ,!i!~I~t d,ooe ~p~- bolts ·g1ilsm~~,dw~ 9.)·:;,: lOll'] ~I'! U~ north ~ !illl b,;s'ej~~mdl ,L}'i.iiOOlf! hI InI~C !1;llXl j·s ~!11il~1''''0l!~ '15.1 'I fJ~ ~i!~ l!i!es;Dd, whicl~ is lIL"(lI'l!1;i!~~~ mien! with Inta,eliltrgcsl Ul1Ishes o:ooeJi''iI\ed ;~m. (F~g.l. top row) ThjSoon:e...900~dsto, 8n: ilVCmge t1~ra:te oHl.A!!s (or great($) over 1(1l'!,.8iIlCl .6I!> IlQI~.O\lar s.\onm by CdlHeo (6). n.cse ~argesl O

l fj. (!i~rva1ion~ were made ofthc; [D'I.mef'8night~ the ~mTdl IlndS01;!ln~ 'polar regions, !(1omsi:s!ing of 40 s Qif~:otllil ~)i;POiSl.lC'li: lim:~ for each pola, T~:irtl]cn.lighrnn.illg :stllikc:: eVC11~1I \l,I'G~ Obstil'r'\;'Bdpo~Gwru:d of 60~ (plaJ,lCl1:OWaphic) .~atmii!ldE: .siN.in. tll£ n'Orth ~l.3r ru~lm amId ~VGI~ 1m I~hc :!'lOllltl:l poIwr ~e:g:torn fI1Ib~e I], TIle mosi ~jH'\le'\QlfdstcikleS \litere ~ 8f1gN and 74'1l8; ~u;ee

side, e.igll! e;'!chof

sepa.rat-c' fl<!!!1hes o:bserved were \:vitl!!ln 0.5'0 Qf :1;loP'N. f'i'\!I1i: o.t]!(!l:i" ~:tg.hmillrt S'lrik.e.~\1iffirc scma. ~Mr' 51"Nin ],5 1I of tOlal. 1.'lX~ ti~E dm:'imgilllf: l~m.~lli !!ltnvt'~~<'Ilnt:'I!,i'<l!!id (I~rv~l:iaJU. \\\'JliudtOO' ...ered ~ati!4!clcsS(lut1~w',,U;d00- 4s ltEol1!"lt>er spawC!<lifrl U -7) :haclfo1l!nCi lihlll the n~..'O'sIOl.Cdv~ ligh~!d!~g n;gt'O!] 'wasallil.llltru.deslWar.sO~. Mu.~~ I~ipk:: :iitrlb:s WtlfC SOOIn: drnilng 11:~ O"\S~rioo widilin II l{;H~,!lrzed: ~gkH~CO\<ering ~.MSd,l8l~ 0:]'0 of
g

~J~tPr.apuLsioo Laoorat!)ry" C~L'if.aI1lif.:l: II1I!lIoHule' F,~~'~nfiL·· ,fi~ o~.4800 Oak 'Gr0\l\~ Ori:.o@..ri';)Qd@n~ CA '1l'i,'lQ9, Ui.So.A. ;zHM;M"J9~\ard ~p.iI;m IFlliglml(I!nrt@F, (ocr!! ,~9:3. Gfl!1!rlbd~ Mlfll 21l11H. I!JS.A ~h~' J@hIiiSHllPkilil~ lL!Jil~!lif~ily,AIlP~ed .. flil~i~ IiacoHIWIiji.illC loliln~, IHlQ!P~~IiI~, ROilld. 1l.alureL MO' :20:123. I!JSII. 4~UiI'i~sl: Researdii I!l!Slitulte, l!:QiSOWaliiilt,
S~I1I!I;!t.S;uill;! 300". B\!ulde.r:. CO 8030'2,. USJl. ~iJ~hrwe!!l 1l£!~<!ri;1'! !n~~itw~i!' • .6220 (lillebr,~!W~d, :~~1rIAlrIIQn~<O, rx ·ii!l.238~ USIl. '~I\I·.I'!is;A,'l\Jm.e~ IRe~~ndl (.I!nter, M$ 24:5·3, Moffl!tt Fii@ld" U!. 'iI¢(B5-:i@OO, U').j\, lllilASA, Sd@nCl! Mri~~imnl mrK1)lm,~, WlSA HeO!idqli'<I:rt~~~, 'Wasl1~n.'9too..DC :!:{~54,61 I!J'SI\.8'I'I~m rd~,SmithiWllialil (enter ror rulro· physics" J60Gard'elii ~IJI!l!i, (,II:nbridgll, 1M!. I}213S, ~tl.

iii!

~!lI. L Ri!1~~@!:JU!ltivl! Ug~Ming 'f~~he.smagoo by tORR! (1:4). fli'o,~ flOW') M!:i'~tkJl~1'!s1il~,aJ11\! ~b~f'IiI:ld n > W11iI~erutive S.:s 6po~rl~' liIea:rr .2°NI. IMibJi'de (plalflel:oy,raJplitic).. (Mi:dl!lle)i Two Inorlih polalr ~1i6 S looomed :'l~rifIIllIl~1aIllOOUs1:y<Ii ~n:lilgire5-", e:xpOOILIre (BI:Itt0m lilDjw)llfl ...SliJec~ .000h: t'ne north and ~I[IU,tliIpolar im .. in '!N'I'Iis81ollllirom

r~O:Iil$ show ~:b5ta!ilti!1!1 sp,artiial'e';.ttelil~iouq,W;hi(h 'i$in~fC~l'ti\li~ III'Ie,ar the: .5,·b.1r Witter mmd~.b1DIIi,I~Ei\ieL

Qf' diffl!flSiw !iI:wSlilIl ~tb;:rtI',Q

of u~~BI'I~

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
I:;Hilil",Lg.c~l~d tn~ GO'':! htdhude 'bQ'lil~ ~em;~ sp'lleures,were fourto Uve~im.es: i!~efitlli\jlHl ~e .fWa: ::.1.8 times the .sU1IIU.e-sl; sirikc ~1~tgies obscl'"l{Cidiin,

.i,~

Ul,i;; lig1ltr:!!t"1£ iB~ ow: ,ob~a(iou,""~lIr.l:~~IbI'l1i1~y :fil!oo,wiihiill ~:ru.ee~, w~M"'I:k:h""1lIonsof JIJi.!p:iJtei-;, d

,P,I\..'ViOUli d:lSflrY1lltiQI1lS f(N.IIlld~igh!tnimlg iPw" (klltuimmtlYll!il:ar' :14°N .an,dl SQ~N (1P;lmc(o. ~lIlerespcc.nvc polar oogk"ru;. '[110 ha~f-\vldd~ill!i!l'~';Il'iaJii~lir.tI:lIill (tn.vmlM) of ~~. graphic) ru:lld. ~.&$$ C1fu:mai 3).:JNa,'Ilcli 6()ON..1Il~~ lighmningfl!a,sh {ih~diisfii.WI(l~(l'li'~!" ,jJhid~ liIeli,g'ht~p¢.,'t!" ilo< m:trk a'le ~J;linJn~n~ ~C8 of '~~ward~i'1flra<li 1tI1~ fll!t~ h~.lfQf i!IC~~~ "'~~~) i~~ !1'!QIV1Ilg~t<l (~, 4. 6)1tn4 ~§ "~gkun~wi~'1!Wt~!~ ro ~ ~~~!,1!~ Q fH~~d~d~ Qf~e fI"'5l~, Uile T N~w HQ!'i~ ~dQ!1!i,c ~!!.e~ Silimnbily, d]e UWl;~ lisl!trli!~1ll mmva!tJ.'C;S (a l'I1Le31i11 of 92 k:m) ru:CHXlll'il;pmab~e t!:o snrikes we sa'l'l" Elil,~e highest la1itudes~W>l) to j.1 oN, pl~'Ile~o@'8p1~ic) ooil1cidcd.~<iran,~~e so'lJjh· t~lIloseseen in I?feviollLS invcstigali,OlilS (6" ,8, .17) in. whkh~as'h.dcpd!lS Wt;100 ~eat· tUm S~lo ;B·bnrIt..'Vcl ,~ooge: {I!:'iJne'mosl norillcrty Wcslwl:urd jet uear C!,fwa1{!f ool~doo~(iorn, {.1t~ lltU(II, d~ ~~ of 7.1OWd~'l(:ov~rOO.by Ca.~iin:i O~9).

1'~~'ge~~Mil;i)l:],.~ared!b"'l<l.Cl£ri:~ by Y,~rQ!)I~ qpper~cvel. COIr!,fed~ve C:1.<mds and potelLtilal~y large JJ:1S~fllbiIlides (6, 2.(), 2'/)" lighlIruing gClle.mt~y appear.; nc.mdlt': S· to O,lbillii ~e'\fCl. (d, 8, 17),. W11~Cliu; I:Ww~mf~g 3mr can O()Jildei"')lll~l'iggering :s~g W t gon\i~cti~n w~d thUIiI~t~lS .(2,. ), 6),\ilG1ii(:tl~ ~11c~n,:!M:Y ~ ~i@dI~ydt~~inl~~siQ~lIl [)I~ §i<!fy W~i 5li!c!~~: h~v~ ~~n OO~'fVGd!~wd.~~ eclJuator (22', 23},alilcli by oo~ll.i.djllg air masses .\'IS~Il. ~wblll~ent n'::gion 1.0 lil.orlhw~~ af~aeG:f!eIlI;

ligh.W!!,\g 'no Mgll I.1!titti1,!loo~,is Ilrobab~y ·ac OO!l~

qu~!1oe(If d~(lI!'cl~li\~ sIreHg!~I~f i!l!~e!1lil eat ~ o b OOl1ljpared to so~ar lrenting '~J'!fcrIlll:ittocle~ • .5).:, As Mil: p,tllOCleodis po~cwru:tiIl, selar ~;u~atiJ!I,g dlC al~ of I1tQSphCililJ:dC!rre;ases,lli~IQwil1ig ttle inb.m191 iii eat of Jtq:lJ.l£r to ~prn,wr stroll~ \I\~C3I. d)'imml'i.cs m'lC'.l1f 1il165~rn.r ,e()lld(lBiWl.t~[]nlevoe~of WarN (15" 2'6)"
Be'f~~ tnine~\7i,i M(Ici~on!ii ooservaJ:i(lI1l:S:,
IIitL(I1tC:

mg New

:Rcd S(pO'LBtHi~.moohailisJn(ll ha;vc ilcen, (lMei'VOO. 00, p:D'l'IdUL"$ i1ip'ld f(j[i'iJ~:lJ~iOi:lOf {lp~iea.l1y ~~ick ~1i~1:I'i:{]I'i!iti .ool~~5.Millll~ dil1li&:; (LJ) omdin d,t¢ l:ltOOr~~, lighlmli!i.ga,l,ttepd'i. (.U), [11 the $Ol.IItlwmlpolilil~ re,&toll!, only hanf of d~e :I:iglMI[ling strnilre$; O():(llJiWrodiin tI~e'cj-'CIO;Ilic shear or m~in11:11:i'1 w~amJ"'nilQ";l'i:n~ je1. oo!;irut~.lirip!l.r .. ticuWar;. le stRiil.Je.~ M ..2~ and 66"8 Wt.'lriCaudre d at ~lIntieyc:1Qiilii!; ~jde(l;of tdl.e h'iiO ~~ oodil~JflJy ~~"!,!;'imjet"i: Q~Il!~d by C1t~~ni i 9).. UtI) mO!n ( po:)a!' glrike!:; nw SOttNI <lnd 74~.s were IDcillted :~!1 regions of weak winds (<]O m!s) andl ditlllS <Ilso m.m.y [lot be !.1on~.~~(enm d1C wcs;twam wind. 'W'~dl p9fllldi.g.lit'i. "he rtilnulinlng S:lrikcs:8!I 68..A,oS, 6~t9'1$j and 71.~2,"'Sa!U<l C!l1iSistl:mt with ill. ~ '1~l',) di~lrilrl!.lti(ln:!ln!.!lp(lW~f o:f jO'l,'i~1t li~1iit,. nil!1ag ,,~ dlffure!'!t ffOlUJ ti'lO~(J.!'!E$rtI'! (5., ,6:), R<llhc:r i1!,m be[n~ 'OO!l.OCmrl:!l~ wiUlin 00",<;:Qr d~rees of the 'el!IlIi1tor; on. J~p.iit('!ji li~1irlning is mfoslopJj,ca:liy~tive tnear SOON as observedl by e:l\fcryinvcslii.gallng ~acoorn:n (1-7), iJ.mvindud".
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IREPORT

JIIUlpiller's NiUlhls'ide ,Aiiiriglow and ,Aurlora

I(i

RamiaU Glad!!if,one,l., S. ,AL1In Stem,,;!: 1[)\8I..na c. SLater? MaJallftreli!l er'it!e;e,~,!l .MidhaeLW .. D.aivi"i, it V Ku rt D. Retlilerfmldl" IL·e!iLi:El .A.,V(lUJil!;ll, ~ And rew .J. S:tElff,~,,~19 ef1l!iY l1hr'oQP,~' )CH1il Wm. Pi[lir~r, ~ 5 Har:okl A.W~~r~ >1!AlildI~ F. i(liIemlgl,,2; G~nl'l $, Ort~iIiI., jrCIhllil . Cm!llrk~,,6 JOIil1'!tha!1 III N'k[liu:ll~Ei T
1

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eilhe;rsidIJ: of 'niil!:i :I1l1lgn~ic eqmtor.d13tis, InI~ei bL!lll~(';fwigln Ire!>Olvc into flropic:a'l .ares if .Setll aI:

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229'

New Horizons at Iupiter

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.alresliJOWI1I,(m:5Iilea [Il~~.llie' right llin@mnnmswa 1.o!:aliiQI1II separatedl1lom tJ;r~ cen<ter·c,u 10 bll'3:642 klfli!; PJO'!'i~i~ ,Iot,lti'llI1lia! !IM: !rn.l~la.a!!fWaa.a!i!d 10 ,~'I$. ~Ilat h., ME! 1~1ldii!lll"l.eter~mw<l~ri-Jl!lpn~; thE! ~~fILline to ill, bxMioo ·the ~mE! sep:afa1iID:JiI rll'omJ me' cel1ter of 10 aw:ru;r 'ffl!:im ._p.Y<l! •. '" 11M' !J-- _~__ ~'J -:0 i·'l!:ill.il?!fnl~I··~h ",,'!L ......... '"~. -P'- ~. IaiIji,W,.d;.... an.'" I"" -- ·11~·'a~ :!h.!p'lIM'Iding) O!1!'~ineM!!I~ril1l, )t..-.1,........'" _v -r.lti~ui., I.I!I _up, nll"'fI~lra-!liii,,: _" __ '""' __ y """g - ...... -~ '" _ . __ ..-w,.,,...,, __i!" _.• I 1~ ~adrlg; the 18W IiIlmtllafi is lidgl1Ugmedarrtd~e limb of Julpheris~lldlkawrn 'llflQ~da~etI Imel. l1IiIe 'W~,~HNI(.!!~ql,1l~g\l(.,i!'tllrnlU1!1~lV3l~I"8l1.am.9mCl In!>et.iliKlurns, <lI :~le' baI that stJolN.'I.1IImat th~iHIflmiM:DrnS exttlrlldilrertiiiullly OII'Elir lO~Q aOOv,e~tle ~lJrl1lba.i tito\ile, S·I!. J'l!lpIt~;ji.The'~JiI~ is ~mooihed 'CNl'lf :'I. :x 3 ~I.s;: tIl~ brightli:~ parts of 'i1~ 'r(lotpii$ltha~ iii ~glilid.,tx!FflO~!'l 1!D ]lJ IV 2:00,; aO:l!JII~dl .li9 :5i!1~t1!fllb!rr.2C0CIj! IFf 110. ii:l~deB(f!.ii.lj 1613 l~iliiD (S.NR) of ~3:.9, vdi!~i1IS ~liie,e;liitn!feawre i5 (j~t~ctooiit .til SNR. 'Gf -:33,.

iI!ldi~.-C Giir.~r·dI'ar

U!rooIM~ ~ lid! O.

GrDdelit. for'

New Horizons at Iupiter

IREPORT

ICI,Ulmp, IDetections Bind tillmiils on IMI,o,ons in JluIPite!r's RiingSystem

M[I~k It S!IruOl'oV<'Illt)e~; Alildrew .F. IClflemgl,~'~' Halml!.dIA. WealWlr, ~ :S•..All.:Im Ster:n,~ ]alilll'li IlL S,IHl:riI,ce~,'" ;li,-t IHelilry IB" fIiIlrnO!p,:~Eimm:a M. Birajth~.4 Debi IR!OI""!l,~Jeifil'irey .M. ,MO~'fe6

pa(tem wai> :rnl.'Si;~rnagOO.by ilile (J) but wi:lIn. 10000'Crsignal,.(\)"Iro~ra,:Dio (S:~). this !pa4kIU Cbocri'l:ti.'S In!iI!l: bear liQn~ of p.1!ut ll«Ii~o;;, Iffile rnng l~h mdi~Hy di~~"11It at hi~jpha,~ ru.1J,lil~ (~t!in-rillJ~-o~~r "I'I~I,~) (fi1;l, I, U i!3ud C).w~n!ch ~mp~a.~i~d.~~ ti!il-Y d!JI!!tp<!rtides :i!1td1<f:~grn..~ere,~~e lfhl~r
stmcllUlle di~",pears.imdl lillie nl<lIinring. e-~1i;."iIilds illlwrurl. -6000 km (6, i),in.ru!C8.tung d~,a/ldle dust .. .I' ....A..~. ~~;I ~ d" grauls rull' !;Il i"""".~mlanuy :mw<'lJru.I~mmi IIII~Clr

mllle·iri:P~.e,~kOO Gali~ws;p~rnrll

riUllg &n~iYj W)tan.c~ ~-gilu!.'J ,a1'e uo( en-!p~ nis

lh~ N~w li'lQrboflS :lipgc~:raft hes ~d(lfm~d gl((lmlpr~:n'lms,We search f'Of kil~om~,~~.$i~dl !l!iI@()!U!S !!!tI1thin~~'~ sy;s<~m" V!!h!ch mig:ht h~ r)~~ii!I~d th.!I! 1~1.!rgll!f m~mb~rs. ~hi$. popuilM:i(ln. N 0, Iif!!~ o:f I~COIiiS were fculild~ lilo~r.il1idl~a~Ulgla sharp (li1'Wff~nilille: p~p~latiorl of jovialUl oodie:s sma[~,er ~han a~kiIDmerer·raJdh,!l5Adr'ai$\]!al. IHowe:v!!I~, the S!eillrch [,ev.~aledtwo,f~milie:~Illf (I lII'lfIIp:s, mlil the min
l~n'III'g"one elese panr ,illil'd olne dl!liBrer ,offI:fueem fi've •. ,An lorbllt with~jlil <II b~glnoor lning:~et .~ltli5;t llmtelmiior tOIAdr,Mrn<ll. 1frheirpm,pBl'I]e; ,iliff' W'Y ditferel1llt fmlll1lthQSie o·f ~he few other dUlmpy rili1~!> IknowlII:; the o:rigliln snd l1IolII.rallildlonil. di5trilIDtim"ll ortlte.!ile ]iflarures UliI!lil<l.1ln,l!hllleXp~CI~Ilm.. .blllit Ir,~50mllnt
Ib·Q!!F!f1!1:e'!n:~~by MiltiS [~'!l);i:!y' p~aJ1Qj

The du sty jCMliarnl ring5ljSrtenil

must be ri~~.'e\n·i~hed loonltiilllu,ol!l5lV 'Firom Jemliledded. lIoma'

bodie5 •.

poilrD.ofo:i'"JWlt.
To ~ea~1iI
~~l:I~!fiti'j

dCl]sc!>!I'stcms (e)leltll)Ii~.edl by IlliC . lfDmil~ring.<;:of SitlJDil) lind .railill, .cl!'w;ty rings (9tlciI~H5 JlIpiK-r's). n@:~lIcct~.of P!ailliUI, CilcOfiroIn]~.tln~tL{! pe~!o~aliid ~I:!IWrm:iliI:;ttL(lllli p~ S'!J~ l~rJlit t'En~·iif~lin~¢S: {u"]~i"~ d~ ~Ltt~ ·(if
~,(}ries;: Ml

P
I

rele,

I.,"""Y "~

001 iom .""

!l",.,,1 """'

'pmY<l~~ntd!iSt A~I:~

We used jhe .~ H'0l.irlrns: sf.OOI;,'CfiIfl: to mtrela,fu:ti' SlmiU 1:1)00115 in the 1'IIlaiinrill:!:! dmring its JlIIpitcr ~p.mao1f1,lD ~llCr I1II~dmlru~ '!Iiiere~ .. ~oii1stajpbmwcml l!tepamll{ :Mp'IJj~i1:m 91:u:l. am (I~al~ ll'<ldul[Sr
=

If:iil~ ~lfi!li: fJTQm ~h! fm_l~e. :~J! W'llich 1)O~ar coomim.!Hes in tile riuJgplJane we:re repmjeelOOl 11]1;0,arecuu1!tltllil!ar grkl. Slrips WC!l'~ gCl:l.. ,'uill!ly 4000 lim, w:ide mrlJiailly and ~re I!ne;. fllI.tOO. al .eI'IIIf}ula;~pitng 2001lJ!.Jk1:i'a. Sli.>'f1s, .P~xdnmillplIigwa<:: OJ ~ IrOo011) :11.It'l'ti&l~lMd'e ~liMzo[lml11) ,nd ·~OO 200 1$1 rlJdiMIy {"..~rt:im!Q1~SfJiips fll)WI Iro 1!1eS<l!'J.I[~fOOirur<!f~lle of e~.mO\l:ierf;afl~ ·were itlCll. Sl~irl \'(\rtieally inlO a !cil~lc ~ila'l<1~'. At d~G stql. 'iN'€: OOlatOOi ~ongiludc:> ro a ,rolml~a~ 'C;pooh,

Qr

fl)f il¢\,V

mi)(nfi,Sj

'>!.Ie;

I~ii>i.tn.el§d a

rmm. I.l. ~l!ad(m (l-3J lIl1pilCr~

J!J!piklr's ril!fl~'!m.!t<rt.00 repl.cf~IH~cl:

o:r cnnbedrloo

iOO!!tt~Wlly

~liJS

'''prurC'l1if' bOOies .Adntsleaa:mil! Mctisor.bit

128:,9~H~n 1I1ld M~~is = k (r 22 km, (1 = ]1'7.9@Okm) are: dl~~llal~ known iliIIlclI"lOOOOs. htu ilae Wn.!!i"Rallge ~e£lOlnmm.llre
{J'=

~ni!mljgf <l!X1s
[fl~

Ii:lll,

(UJRRJ)lw2l!l

~fIIb.1c' of dCfoollrlg bOO~

wl.tftlil~. dm: Ilmllin. ringa.r:.rnl 11m probaMy lillajQf' !)OillJlC.l.lS ·of dust. Hmll'c;::ver,. sp9et'Cf:iliIll. ru.bC!. artln!"' E ba.tClOO i~~~ h;r~ r.e¥oo.l~d:;l! b;'li!'ld (If rL1<U~fai

...WtO krn 'Wide bdwm]dl!;l ~.~ Qf[~!C h,,'O 1'l'OOl-"l (3-';); !.his is Hkely the p.ri!ll<l_fY ,'K)W!'(;cpoP11!~<J!knt
ISeardii ror [;J:trate<!'IIIMtri.il l.ntEil~genIO!l' {SETII} IrmV~ute, MOil!n~il~ Vii'~i' C'A 9'4ll~3; USA, i!NASA Hoe'O!dq~ar'ter.s; W~,~n.lngtoo.. DC .21D5.t{i., U~" ~'.AplPlle;i!lIi'.hi~~i!i:~l~b(Dril:·

jm1 .0•.5 b:n in rndiill& A (O;ml~htm~~re ~h 'was a.crom!Pl~~oo 'lie l\W im:ago scqOOl1.ceSrI" '~~,"il] wLlich lOJUU ~s[!;\dOlJe Imlp (If ffi~ mg ;lind S~~ an i!t~e ev'C'lY 810 W !ltfmlfOr.lI fUll OIDim~ periOO (7.:2 ~oon;:), The: Ilwo 111(!"'\1'~"
CIJt'W~

49imag.c;s

(dC!ligl1.![1(]c:d ~23 3

to

~Ilf",joi1ll1s

Itood, Laun!t Mil) ~(l:723, US41.4 ~Ullin~H R~W,aldii In~·tilut~,. 1.050 W.ainul.S~t, 5uih'!' 3100, Bioulder, CO :8@~O~, 11lifiA. ~ywt~D, UOO S~1AiIir i!jl~Jb!l!oo'oorti~ Su~riiQr, R (0 a'iJ@27, U;SA, '~NA'5J\ /!.ml\!S R1;:~!ltch: C~l;]i)ef; M-ofiletl

IHla.pkim lUi nfOj\~I!.HYJ' U

!l.oo

J0111115. H o!pkim~

Field.(A 9~~'35.USA, "'1(1;w~om mFl'es~l!!de~~e' ~s.hGl!.Ild Mi!lFe~~ed. [-If!~il, b~'

mslliMtillili~rl@$e'n,cr1l

.34629n3.) :I.ll:'d 63 illl!lgCS (347'42.16310 347-79653). ~OC!tWc'I~ mid 'MefC' s::~ b:y .1.3 dt~s. EN." 'POlO-urnl~'! ~1l!2 .3 s; poIiI!lung lilli>l1lMffiryoounml l!IliOO tiJ r~l;li'prx~!!l of 5l]il~f OOll1OSD iIl1lOl:ges. A Cl'XIdled ~1~11'!ge ~flg.1 A) dearly '51ocJWS (h~ [OOO;j.;_n1i'·\li.~deri_af!.g i:Je.tlh'Ccm!be C!t:ii'J ot!he l'lNO Il»OOS.. ~Wsin.mghllu.'l5S, l'd:'C: u')iibtc: interior to .Adra:nel.'l @l1id I.l!tllmio-.r to Metis. A .. Ird cl1hi1noo= h men.! a~ jl.l8t o'I!IlSide .. e Oi'blt of .MrasIU. h

ll1,e

~l;)(r!ll~dtl!it'l~~\!~,

~.~

·bca1.mirnIifil<lJ

~n

IClump ar Ibody l~almll~ d: o~l o~3 ~ I~.~m'il::riJ3

Il.Qillgj~l!Ideilt 'il'iPDch~ f) 1.;2:4.004 =Ii=. 0.03'5, 120340 ~ ,n.on

MNln, millon, (Olda.y) :n.!:210.54"1 .::e O,O!il!7 ::nl210.!ii'ii .~ 0.,0139 1Il.21.O.532.~ 0,012:0. :1ll210.63:1 ~ .0,0'3 12~73:i.7' ~ 1.2 12373:6.0 ~. 2.8 1.23738.8 ~. 1.4 12813.1.8 ~4.:S

IEqlWvaJlelll~ mlffriust ~km) 0.136 0.7'9

Odlit IAaJdlius {1 O{~O~}

US •.s SO ~ '0,066

]210.471:1:: 1),0;32
]210.148 .:1:: 0.22'4 :m,210.4i'a,::i:; 0,032 '.Il!,2;0'7'J.lOl.::I=; IHJ01. ::IIl22·1I..252 0.,001. .~

III

AJdrasl.ea;: M,e~~*
·'Il~h
tlli~fl

P2

305~,'937' :t: !O~219 303.957 ::1::: o.o::m 1,3,5.0 2~OJIL

2'4~4i:U,S

128743.0 :;!;:. 2•.2 128765.9:t 15,.9'

12874Ui :Ii: 2.3 1.2898'1);,5 ::1::. .0.:11 127'979.8 ~. '0.1 0.9:5 :Et2 :21.7

Figl •. 1. the r.adial sfmJc~me ,[if 'thE!,iovi<lr1i Ir[ngl ~1iI 00l(~(!mfed tighlt W ood f~!W~rd"1taOO~d tiglflt (B aJrld {)I. 1llliTIages,al'e' alligrn ed velrnc;aUy

IlBilnt! ,on f.'.iIrllii'~~tliOOO'elilliill(lr. J

of .Mrill~I~..

'i~Mram,e~l!iemeril;d'iI,te

:$Larn~t~

j,J:$, Februill'j' 'OOO'~•.looiJlit~: iI fj~ rueil!5iI f!l'od '~r,QI!l ~t i!~~I1;r8lI'l;jJ IMl!::!e '01~hfllrlng ~ 'rDtlllll!ld:n Ule radl[w; 01 ~ ~oIHd bOO~'El!ll~.al il1l Criigr;,:Ir.1I~I),:m~lIInillQlp[1QperlL~,~glillll_u ~o ~rDmti1ls ~\!Ht.;· me'arnl rMllioo.. 11" ndi ·ilre f~Qm'illilJrLitr dlilil, U4L

SOlgfphas.'e i:!ln~,~~ ~1l!21(> (Al,. 12,0:0 '(~~',lIlli1d:14(f' (0. lih~ d!J.!)tinte:ri 0111'1:0 the Ilfrm1rn ~'ing be~mTftflS IPlYoglrre-ssiv€Ly bili'ightJer g~ 'th~ ~has:e aI'l91~il'!cn;:ases. 'sQme scatMllld tiglut ilrppe,amsiin 'iI e !TIi dldle' of (B).

a~dl !iInIO!l'j'~ <lit the' th~ ~Qf~(I!lJmla::ds,

sam.e:

:'lcal~e,iiI-"l,in:dic;ailredl

.bY'

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON

<:d2?

5'7
strip in e:ach j)aliliel 15 ani .aVll!lifaig,ejjf the :strip~ i.Doilie, whichl is i.isedw ."lhnw !fu,1! dumps mflril! dealrLy,.iwo of fhefiive Ct f~,i!I!tm!!$" nl!l1~lbE!red 2 ,ali'ld 5, ar,!!! v~~y I~,argiflgll. d~di()iI1s Ibm S!~:iIfi! 100 !l!~"l ,~I'! 'in~mgl plI!riodirny wii'lklthis family. , f.d"iliI~d. B'2., rn'e two R'Io tl'urec times !l1l bri~'hll as lln,c ~,oo3lrillig:,. wilhi n.tcfjli.UC,dJ,h1!lItmsiti;es: -I % itut of A<!msle.a. ]f lh~)" areoo.mposed of Itm/" rutW:J. ·~)i,t1thslmD]3j':lJ.ll!Je.OO (5%)t liIlIoo. ('3.c'bh~ a. C~ ~il)l"i iI~ali.o;;!).~nvall~ 00, ;J.l'Il!QO:ill"'!. kIll In.
0: I

ft~. 2. t!Ugili~,dimg:e: stri~ .~hcwli'i!is!l!t of ,a'iJi!!m,p5 l'IJi!!illtifihel!!l: fI:5, 0: (I\) all1llOl~. (8). ~dl(~ ~1llJ;i~, lli:lS, ,r <ld~!ilJl lilliT'lm: froml 1"27,,5,(101 to 129,.,00 krrnl. ,~o!,!,g~~~d,es roWt~d 'to' g rommO!1 !~pooclit.,"S!;I.!~~If!;g I~~~!'I mo,tiClfl glfll! 'th~ of ~ bo£Jy M a ~ ]L2:9.,OOO ~1fIII. Time :S,1I~sil"u:~iil5!1! lupwal1~. nit! IbOibIDiJll

!OOul.k~.Ba~

Cl!l ~le

~11Glird J~ ~d! !L~dl, in (!U.!!!OOl.!!d i1il~ IDaiI'Ien,.[1 f~' days larur.,wil.h ~1'l.1ISCIll~ks 13{f IRlI6{!lP'. 'De clumps alli:llBildl'rucmbik: m~ilcsc i.m:19,gPS,al sel1Sltu!'rl~y,levw ..... ]0% liligl ,ohh,c num, rim'lg.!E!~~ th,eelluU:l1s .1m Sl!bl_llaIly fQ~~!ool!S Q:la.ll d'l:~~lail] ~I~, I"my ~u~·~ pril'll~1y OO!,!~lrolkn!'!.,;<; ·of lru:g~~~ WlOildu.~.
lllB

crbil~ 'd~ cl1!.!!~p ~n.ili~

.~flM

F1g. 4•.Ar! ilhistratiOlii o'f'ljlil~ ldi~ of :ern~i:jf'Ior!lla power~b :simdisbl'wilioo. lr{rtf~Uy. oodl:es cbi!ya diiff,e;rel'llioll sii!e' distrimIDron IX r~(lsol.id tin!!)l. After l~ioJil red~~ .aIJ~ r~(m Iby 5,I~!i!il,~~ 1lll!~!!I~atfo~~'~ ' :smilll&.r lbiJ[Jies (das~&llll@,) is; SJ.!J~l'ItilQli~u:ooi
cv~rtil~il.y ~. I~ ~tt(il 'wla!~i.11!;l kllfl.~UI~.d~'· ~n oojaOOl!:il snrips ~!!'d O,ll] bedis'~1l,uiShcdoom ~y.dlO!'!l but rn_l'Kio!lIly iocatcdoo.ckSfo.md S~f.'l. PI. :seloli'ulfm:,'q'JGCted,Ib.1.uI'es appe<md (Fig, 2): t'!rW m.nmiUe.o:; of crul:UWS:\v1lhin, fhc I'IlIa!illl drag, .F:amLlY"{l·' comp.riscs ~hffi\!; dis~illl::t fl.m~l.II'CSpblls 'l\YO Ili'Io.re margil'tal OJlts.; fmni~y"~," oompdses. (",yg, f~~ .~~.paf'oAmdiby 1,;0iJ ill llo!1iSil!.!od~,!BiJ;Iid~ f~ni~~~ 5\:i:JW\l)Ul!1decl: by .. ,g~!:LmI_llmglt~~!:~i"£ wtil~W! cwrnlde!!Ws 01 ~gngi~ude"U!e I;.\tll.!ml~S s con be dl~:~llgl!l~shedlfro:i~,l 11iD0illi('i beca'!llseihey hnw:!Olilglnlldliilull ,exlCnis - 0'. III IW O'.l°'(f'ig. 3). w~~icil,is ~argcr ttl an c.aln beacao1:lntcCl fOr' 'by inma~ ~I~~ ,~. ~~lUinc}!1~:i!1:.~;t&
T~~~ t1ri,g~~!~~~~n~iP!l:'~ !!~ c ~t~rlyiri! bt;ld.~

"':0' o[h.er !~lOOm1: or clflilillpswcre ,del~CIOO. fnl"'.>l ring .mQ'vilew$!ongirudil'l.al~y (10li1:~ 1)I.el.Cbc4\¥CCI~ rndial UmiISBl4;OO 0 to 1S5:JJOO km and. \;\I'35s(]1sl.ti~ ro n'lOOI't~ .1 Itmin rndJ~1.6 arndlatgtt. l~ ~oodl mD::I\i;~hlld mmm..v~rr~milil;
of :I'OOjOOl)00154,000 ~II:I ,M(]'I.'i."<h<i s~~tivt;l 001, I'l1t:J(Jns;vrid~ r > '~15 I(J11. Olll": .~IS re~ ~.

1ll1aJi'~ed lJt1~ion otd1e 5clze dasm.[n::tion 0[' IfK'IiOf~$iill dleiIlIlflClli'p:vilml: S)!'Sllllln 1::00' OOltl]illililisrn.l,
l'lImiI 20J]<5,d~.esmrn.ll."lst m\nlil ~l!ar~M[[~e b o[ SOOi!ln~wffiC.fl~)p.$ii] t,' == IJlcIlt The Ca.tini. a

ml~i(1Jl

i'k'L~I'l(IW ~~~~l)a.PllI~~'i

m I" =!6 ro gk!~.l

{~~, Po1ytie!.!toos. htlwe; ~d MeO~Ol:n~ .<l!~.r = cacl~ 3, to 4fkJ.n (f~1 olne!.A~l(he: (:S!2.007 So 4) at r ~
I kn" (HJ~'.CI,earJ.y, titepoptilatL'Ol]
moons Shows. uoalbrupl ·mJltofrn:

of s~It!Ul111ialll

IFig. 3. (I~l!!p!i of leat!!lf! Oil ht!m mag!!'S 34~n2:Slila (A) and :347"7421S3 'lBlllhe l<l.trer :lhQM ~~ai; appe~w 00 ,ill p()li!'!djbl!o~jea!i!ea:~iffii!!!tip of ·tiiJe 'ling. akllilQi m;mooillioo 'hJlJllilP~ '11l2 t~ 0:5. H.o1NeVN" .~OO!. '~:llIg1huk ~mle i~I.eii'> Immpre&sed as {JI:l gppi"OO'i:h~ tile: '~ (l1},1 and 'it '~i1i~ai'$M gin
lE!')ltend~ o1l1rC - (llQ' ~0flI!il1"

TIm l!argega;p ~lwe,cll 8"~m. Adt.asrOll rule!. O!i.l[ 0'$- lQl-km.rad.il,!:.'J; lil:ruit .u.s dl~~Ib[(l une1Jl:~1~\h ~l c:eruU.!1i.tJ\~L'O'1ilt~'l GlIIlF ~~ri~.!fIce thu 4!s!luophyslcal. L;)"~!.~!1iile.'i ~:]QlII,ld follow povI1eN(I;W size ,d:tsldbl.!th:ms, wl~l~ l,!l.(i!'ea:~!,g m.m~lbeiS at mlllilin~1i sizes, Two in.~Ctp:il\l(iali.of~s cam. be proposed. First, som:c .D]:JOde~s ~iruggcst Injull SI:l'ilaller b'i)l:nie.~ in p:laJI'ICiary sys,fums m3yl~;ve bnG~[lif~~inil~1 illiI~. l!tlf~~Q!b~ &;g:l!i~i ~O:~lis,jQ:~1I1dis;rnp'~iQ~. (U), ~[d}Qggh thi.~ ~5Sl;In~. <iI.
5teep size d!j'itrib~ttm~ Qftheirnc>Qlping i~f!I.P"Qi;Qr5.

~sh18d.l~ !Th~!~ !ihQt~ f-oo ... 00d_:y Q!bi~~,g 1!t the ri!1igI.rlQ~Sj p.rorvt,g!ng1!!thwe bik~lin~ 5wffkdenl ce!1ltm:l !l'ildiM ef oeaC!q !ltti;p.Dus, <nyoojeci; ro a lQ ,dl;:ttnn~l1e i!Ileif Orob~Swith ~MOlllab!!e ]KeC~· c,1reudau, ~!WLtori8n om~D, SiillJlt1d !lIppea" !I'~g~ool !!iron ,rrB!b~.c I), TIne b.i,r,gI~,test f"M~u.res.dl:Jsi.gna~1'i1

Allem<lIi.Rly,i f n1i-cmllll1:iegrotd eroskm plays ·ilI!'!, iJil:\porl1il1l11lmlc[1I 'Ih,(; j)O~ rimg (2). th(?;lfl rt11.;S

New Horizons at Iupiter

~B!.(i1.,:-;I;':;\l: d,i~lrib~tt.;n!l, ~!~ e~¥e p.roeesses, ,drldiis ii, oorn,Slnn~ lilld:epelll~ d~'11l of r. Hence. :iill (he seme t'il1lle tlim, Metis :d1il'ifnkli> fmrr~, I" "" ,27 to :21 kllD,all S:·:km, 1bOO~es;iln. I~'~SY,ili~w{]Lild V"aj~isl~ ,(f~g. )., nis~p~ruN14
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~~lit

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is~~!"I~ wd~pi~dti; J'!llpt~~~S~l~ !iaWiii. Eruii§ri!~~~ [fg~~VQY~~f ~' G1!i~w s!fIDW~,l\ollgiluduuIIMY'lmletlii~ om aseale 11lI1IICh, ~~eJi' Illilam,lbe liny~mnpsIUUI~d: by New HOrii,~ WillS (6, 7. n,). The =mseuce, SUJ!)11118;ligetbru.1lIID>in I~h~ ~OOOi t!ilIn8J js~t[l,g; pOOii~ ~iila~ (if owdWf min~~~ vanaiic)n!\ pla;Yilfi)I~~ ca~t'il~ imas~,rbl!l!1dOII~¢ gfsn_ler~~il; d~!~p;i!1A ~lii!'!l :i!~ Inhejmo:iauring (11), An, ru;c,~' 8'" 'ln Ib,gtillippei.iimd lifle.Br ItIle OUI.c, ,edge of' Ihe li'ij~in ~roe kiw'rilm_~ il,11a~l. ~£adiIl'lg Adt-~:lI at I~(lllmc !by _~o. lllle cfX'i'Oh, wall -0:00 un: o:ml:1 Dooclwoor ,:rooo,. We can~!{Im:l~~31!l o!lil'c1ui'ltjli1'1Oliofi!!; IMICh'll'am [~

!~~tcb Ihg: g'~~ ~l,,-,,~W~~Ci'lg,ll, Ne~'\'!3nJle'~e.._'lS, Illliu,: ch.Il.. 1ps in Ncp:~une's Adruns rillS,~nsodo not slwllr~'the p;redicl~(lpeiriodicii~ies, slilooesting that (lUi!: 'luu:icr.>tm1idjng olf msoll<.m1 oofnillilil!L!il1'1ellt rema:lI1SilD;oocrwpkile.
n~ jov~ai1ril~g~ 1:l!i'g.~~I~ Hyn:U.'[I!elri~ haV$I1OW V'Mlsllitw, b"lUt ditr~n;:,r:'i.\I'nIU~l 5irnl:3!II~b' ISnm¢fl!i~I;av¢ b.oolil H,..>v~~d."rniUi:fuIlQ\\i,S ~ ,obscrv.u:lJOnslJ1!al dle I:adJ~l !lUUCl1Mre (!i,f S!J!lUlill~ 'eqlllany rami]) rin!'lilas .cl;Ul'ifl,~d} li<i.dIicanyil~ the .PaSI 25 yeaJ:S;. SCillle fealUJCS I~@j'l!'cfaded and. spread, 'wh£1'C8S o'ilheuilltgi.o:I\s g~OW ~ntm::ly nCAl!' :!Snrw.::n~ {In. :Sinlilil:lll!t. 1iIiI~ uranian hag U· V"Q6 V~r'lli.. ..)'!;:IY",,_ • ~'t".·c ,..11'1.,;1. ~il-i'th"' 1")2). 'f"",OOl.!t.'!_e,~.a •... 1o:: _1Ci ."' o _~/"'g~., gemcml dl!ass or- dlW~Y rings: 11:1il)' be m.'l.IchmQI'e d~Dlm~li:crumID limn~-v,ari:il~c'lillmn. 'WaS ~re",d,OI.IIStl)! :S1J.l~1, ~n. matl'oI:lS Olil ] O~ to 2!~esr. ti,1i'Ile scal~ :rII.01ihe eN.c~pri{:U:llfu!lHdn.e lrolT.l1b
IR!l~!i:n:m!l!f~' i!!nd N~tt:.l;, I. II.iI. IB~r~,~, II. S~~Mr;. ]1.~. (W~i'. J, lB. Pi!l!l<itf',; it'{l,i/:! ,~~, 39~' U91!!11}~ :1:. II•.Ii. I~wr~., 1M,it S!iowal~f,. ~ M~rllli. lj]1 flIilJ'j~oty 1I?i"9'!l, R" G'~~1I:Ii.!rg\, Dc Br.a'llic. Ed!:. '[llinfil'. tUllUli'l1i f'F!~;;' iooljji'll ,li9184), pp, 200-272.

'C:i!lr.!I~D~.2004J. Il'P~ 2.i!l1-:26:l:, 4. M. 1I.~I~w~l:ter. 1 A. B'UI',I'IS; II. IH' IP-aler,!ii, P. ti1~r~"t~~, M. ~~al'lyi, !liurl.: ,4rno, ..I!1i~ifM, ~" :;15, n 1L00: ~:.21003t s. II.~ Pat!!r ~l <1!'.• /.Ct:lr'!(S :H:8.H4 (19'99L 6, M. RS.lii!ItIf,filll!~. J. A. 81U1li!, J. 1M. (1ll!!2i.1~' 8. P~llad:, /lfdr-m (;~'.4SIl: 119s:n" 7.. M. C~~rt~B~~ til. ,aI.., /(1lMi'li 138i, 1918 {i'i!99}, Ltc.. (, Por'((io, (1t;5i,m lmiigling! Te,iIm,. Ihr. A51~", t\ltiOl'l

J. f\!. Spitir,Ie.1 IR. A, ].w;lb~~.1l.. C. (, ~r'.Q.I]" W, !!t ~m. ~1J;M J 132, 09'2 I~0061 HI.C, 11:1 ~r~. ,,,,,~,1l'i l'rnla!ljlingl Team, fM. ~~". ~J't;ItJ, (ire ,mas"7 (2,CDG!), :n,. fiL ,111_,canup, L W. E~~liO.. IWWi l!IL~v- Bl (:IL9~SJ_
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l!'h~i'~~f\.t¢ui!1S2M1fS ,da~~I~O ~~nl1jj!l~ OQl bhl!re8 (J: ~d ~ f~D132 ~ ;J:: JW ,Iud 226 72<1alwad oil' .A.dwnea. (J4), Unless: 'liIlkn(Dwn o:mimal. IK"1'!IlIIr~ liJaliOlilS.~a~ wo:tf.:, '(J~~~fuJnillies con bo~~1hc m~c.d, OU,~. lite f~l!lrc~i1lil1gOO byCaiSS~li~appru"Clll~W, as: dml. fw:nu~oo,bn.g!;r el(i~CIlC~~i~ ~ffIa~· ham ~'i,i~ 1!L'!lf.{d~r~O,!ll;'Iud SN'R, 1t'i)\.~Vll', ~ '\!iJC: CMI1{lJt ~~c o~t {Il Md P a.:: loog-tiv'!';d feOOli!ll\')SUut "''ere too STIl!i!llb ,CL~nl 00 (fu!Gct The, pl!eSc::~ce: of these {)llmw~1i dillll:.~ teuges (lIiUr ~lIiIc{lretieQ~ llIi1ildcliSuntdi:ng. ByKJe;p,lersllilear. al.e b:r,~.iMdncllllmp:1Ll: ,a.·s ,00000000lt Sprcadl,S.I':>in, ,viill. ~.~ Id'li~dilstan.c~ is r:ar'!~IIWlIJ]~ ffficl,l ItDnil'b'l (!IFOl!d'cgru~ of iil'!dltrv;du~ dUi!ll~~. 11~~ ~~~ 1\\'00 ~IVV§''': ~dl\'f IU~C:Ch:li"lP f.li~ie:s .y<)~ (;If ~ I~lliley ~ re acl~,vd.y wl~flllcd.1il'rulSifn~ :~I::::rntnres .. Q01l.l~d be cxplruiu.cd byil:t'Dpocc> ffro:Iu ulI:rooroidS or by oOlliisiiO:M: ,3:lillOl!1g Illite rillilg Il:'Iaml1ilcIS.. ]1' 1111.':
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:li2.S" rJ&. BF!lftlt~, L W, ~!ijlO~,~ M,. ItS<IIiilWIII~.!lr,. ~ Throop. til. teaM 1'1'lli. 35 (2004). U" H. S., 'Throop ef n/". [,GItC:l :HZ. :S'112:004J:, :lI.,tC, [, PtJr,~' et ,,1'1 SOO'lC'e 29~. :l'~4j,. (2)003). liS, M. !t§.'II!!V!'oiIl;ter.Sdel'lce:i!:62;. 1(),9\l t!.W:8k 116, M. !t)!tIM~~~r.(aruij: 171 ,;!.S,r;; ~iOQll,~. / :H, J" h. I!arl\a~;!, L. W'. £~p6!it~, lt6to!o\~Ui(l, l~lL (:U:IO:2J" iLe., S;,. (h~r,r1iM ~, .r1J .. .5'Mt>!'! .:l:UI, 1300 t~!lIQ,~., ]9',. c.. C•.Pa~((h, 131.111': Am. ,~!i.lIM. Sot. Z2. riJI:roo ![ll9'!!Qt 2:0., FI,. Uil mmrnri. C" (:" IPOf~O" N.QIH[(!;~,71' 4$ (2:0 an ~.:tM. M, Ife-d!t\ii n et ~,. lro',~ 19a, 119 ~2;OO/l. .22. II.,~, ~.ne:r;lit f!. '''''''~~ ~, 'R. S~~l~r; Ill, J\1;'~nllMm., 5(i!1l'J~!l4!l.l,SOO(~1}, 2.1 ~ UalK Ute ~iitiFl!! 1r4~ !iiI~1itl: m.i~.iI ~riilarii!i gwr
1

mlre<I!I!1Il!~llilitlili! Nell' Hli'f'i.!~rti:l!.deltli!i!l'ei9m,ll\li!'W IiImmJ~ 'I! .riimdetl il:ij NI!.$A M1c~ fillaiiltlaU.!l!ijlpai'l m! a~ii.aw1~c

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an

NlewHor'illOlns 1MalPlpinlg!0" Europl,1I BRld IGalny,mede

'W. M. Gi'~ln~J,!.::J!.",,B•. J. Bijii'iitt~.zA. IF. C:h~ng.3i J a. P. IE!iI'i~!Yt~A. llmns:'1bll'd,/' W. B.Md~;i~oo~~6 M()f1II'@I,l .5. IF. INew'IlIiIaIl,2 B. (I~kil\lI C Re'u!l\I!~·.!i P'. M •. 5mel'lk;~ ,l,. 111:, 5pe,l1i[ef',fl D. .5.,0\. 5tl!fn,.:1I:ltil.. 'B, llli1rlD,op;t!i H•. A. We~\I'er;~ lalllld UI@ N I!W HomoJI'!i 'tEl'am .

cr:ab!el).lht:~~dins ,c!U!TIP @P~[,O be 1l1(J",~",S. sl~lIly ffl\.%er; suggesl1l1lg dilal Id~.ey m~,ght 11.!ia'i{()

~miCt:ged :froml
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sil1gicpoillll-

9rldays MfctC'lIl1e

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f1yb},.Efuwc¥er" Id~e'lII£8f~, IliLOtroU.'l are~oo, ulflocr~ I rule OUl=:!.]1)nu::h illillmcrlifelil1li1(;. Ofoolm>C, ~ 1~'(lL)lflI t~1paC1 ~Iwld! ~1fII(;lfm() subsiauNia& dlLiSl, 8ldl.~ .is 'Wid,,:'ly ~m fa:) SillU!wl's f' ri!i11t(15,-Jli'J,

TlAe New HomQIII!!i SP.1WE!Uo],f;t oooewed Ju,~iter'is:ky !iuell.ites Ehiro,a i'in:dl'G;anYlilfn~de di.iring Wi flyhy 11:11 lFebrll!la"'Y ,[lJiHII .lMl1IiI'i::1:Ii 2~01 art Vil~ibLeand infrarm wal'l!ll1!l.ern!l~M. Irnfra,ried sped:r,a~ im!ai!Oe5: millll!!'
IjJ]jl'O ice'ahSlOr'p,tijoliil ·allild hyd'rratE!d ,~nlt:amilila~l5. oolis,terin:g th e iCa5ie fCi.rr a'ili exo~emiolJS; .o;l:mrne of ~1lI1~Qpa·.~liilii::li"IJ·i~" sudQl(~ ij'I._ria~ ~i"idfiWliil!J! ~fge gi;!p~ ~1i1 Ci)mllPi)i!Sffiti(ii'~'I. iifIla!jJS (l!ff IG~I"'Ylii'lrerle's " ~l!pi1ie;r.fat:ing! hemlsph@r,~ .• ViS;lHli. wa\!~~@ll!gtliliJli'!age:; o'W IEl!OOlpa e:Xlmoo knGiliilti!,t!gle ·cf is ghJIlI.al pitterrl ofarc:1l1ilitii!:trolu9'1il~ all'ld ~iIil'oii'li'th1l!til:S su rfic@~~.ll.tti!~ ti!.9 lilt more! mrtrCltpicaJUy than Q,ilil,e;r'

but Jy~ltcr's. dU!]llJS :;u:emn cmty. Also, an jm~ ~,acl\~olJld be cxp'~I:ed to proo,ll~c om~ 'broa!C!! 3,rcmlnherlhan 'dUl' mil..lltip~Q. SGLl'Jfllindy lInifof'lll1ily spaooo. ,eh.lmps Sl(l:CI~in tlil~ a :fawuHy, .AllCm.8ilive1.y, the ] .,:8'" [WJeriQdic:~1y 0 fdllIinlPS

k.y samlti~ .

im ~~!.l.;p' ~ i... 8'U.~~i'!llL;i af:(l r~IJ~nt OO~f~U~fiU~"t n~b@!Ji~,lj pefh~p.s (iomparOlibt~ '!o ASA'S VOy~!;f 0lI.:td. G!l!li~eo8J~ace.pmbes Irev~led the i.e), Gameai!~ Silt~t1fu:CS to Ibe G.!I!'l~e<t's efr-ecLI! on !lia,e Ad.1!H~S ri'!lg on'>leJ~hm'C . dlslinci;, complex. lwrJ,QSwilln, s!lilr,fooes (19,. 2{)), Me:liis" mml.8rnccs p.ii\1I:oo~.ly do:n,l~na~C';. gGologically lind cllell;l~ca:~l.ysm.dpltoo ..by di'i{lCf.SC a!.i.I~oogh it orbi:~s l'Iu~e 1~1'IiIa'>as: far m,'o'a), fi\omlilJte iLll1!K:!:Og.cnica'lldic)(ogenicprocc:s$eS {/, 2j. Many ~lll!in1.p$.;]6 Adm.'>I:ca, Metis is -::l:Q Ul1iUGS more ~ttla~i~ NO'~~blyj Mj~b~' l ];;i~!,(}¢Q~~:.rtUQ]~ {lJ;ii~~;;tl'ldl[!Ilg q!i!l}~~9~~~~:Bil] ~iu.~ Inh~oonir. i~dh1@tiQ!1! .~!iHWQ~ f~U~ ~Q ~4:~7~6,9!H~, j"",<;t ]'i9Su!i9u'l. ,,~d~k!lo.gi~ 'W~~lij~l !iif ~!,!irQp;:I.'!! i:n.~. O,~ ~mrKml~:le ~lt gf @le g ~.rn.~)', .AJ'lQ, itts riOO' OOe..lH andldNrn@.b!!ru gf~~5 icy crl.W!, ~!e ~~j~ent! 14:] I S ~'IU1J1~ ildls ott 1.28""t:3.u kinl. 'existellce ]X)-ssl'Me o~,ms: w:iJth.in Oilirl.yrlll%ie Mild: Ctililislo, and Ilim OO:liI:1pL]siL~.oil (!if t''iifligmmi~ic '~",hi(lhis 0..6 btl from the oribl! of ~e~1 f:!'m1i'ly.

or

~'!~Qn-i~@,j ~l1!le.rii'l!] ()niEur-Qp<t .md ('l!l1lly!l]~e rd~at H!O tee absmlltiO!l ~l!in.dS (j'...,j),. .D!a rill!g,ilS: :2·00-7 flyby of JllIphw, New .If.Iorir ~QfIS 1(6;1 ~.Ellmpa,G:tlI:l)'mt'de, aid C81~j:.tQ (Ulh~c :8l) v..r:iillla, imsinf!i'al£dl ([ ,25 toO 2.5, j;.I.llIn'J UllLi\OC ~O:~ ]nmagmrngSpootml Army (.LE:lSA) (f) ru1d i~l!![lgrli!c!!I~,*i~ {jl~' 00· O,~5iJm)LCh~-R<l!"ge R@m~~~~!W!~~~ ,(l;O.R~) c!'!;l~oop!r;:d

dlston.sdlek

d-eyr'Cl:CrnIlern (8). LE.[S,A oooerviliii,Qnsus.ed spa.occmillllui<m ~i) s.1.c;w tI~clic1.d.Qf'l!'iew ~

234

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON

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1100

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4000

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210

Wt:lS!; rQflg1tyg~ (da.g;re@s';)!

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90

~tl,~!d: up spcctm~ima.~clllbcs. :r.ORRilo.b.:rervations C\QI1iS~S'l: (JIif Sillcgh:it:M,ges m f~tir.l of' images w~b lJrnc.1r(l~ing GNffi1!OOUrel1i!lt]~ mI:lad(;lil~ :apoll,tb.,:md41:l~ fu.ning n~.ode,Dul'iimg d~gSf;;,~l-&:y d~~ :~~I~ ph~ 'G~llJyn~
I~ru.e t~~;ro and lc:altis~,Q' re:~lli!~od! n the[M side of J~pt1er o fl:O~lIl New Hiorizorls:,li 111il:iDlg ~~e spatia lresa~IiIHo.. a~bievab:~e hut atIO\'itUug slllldy of Ihcrit

J l1piter.,:rooia~gb~ll'lisplrems,inch.JidjJ,greg;i.O:lDs of G!ii~Y~~ pooo.r~y ~fnili:,ppGdi. byG:a:liIM'!!,Near'" Jlil1~ Majipil1g Sp~lmttr!ela' (NJMS)" Eu:ropa'~ :~l~mJ~jd (u'b(!...'l~ i1hot1.on Cl1liHbloo OOii'ipo6ittoll~ at mtillpl"iJl;gof m'OSt ·of :Itll S\IIfMC. Europa's dislfit'kiCl H1;O\!'ibmtimm~ mool!p" l~iQn hsnd s:impe.s are allrillil!ltedi 00, WTIle, of ~y~ dra~iQn. but the criili1lposhi(m!lil'ld Origil11 ofd1&: ~y~nlalt;;riill~ ~ UJirlrtlSil!!VGd!. A~~liiB.li(m wi~i~l~n~. d'lfl.(ls~gi.{lIfIS, alit! ~q;jbllil! ,~ruplLGl'lllU O~f!rl!'a~O~; 1<100 W~~t lib [5 HilL lo1oad, li:1,llgsta{fl, AZ 86001. USA. . Del :PfqlUI>IOI'I iii bor~llDl)'. 4aeo Oil~;

00

0 West ~on:gliWde (de.grges)

2M

GrOlfe Dn'!'E:. 1?~~~deFl~.CA 'Jl1l1.09, W5A.~:joliric5 HO,pURl Uni~lr$i!y App:Ued' PhYtrcs Ll!llOO ]ohiils Hopl!:fn5 'Rm'c, l<!ll:Ife,~MO 2lQi7~$ETI Iln5titu.!et ~J\Sl!\ I!rn!l!~ R!~41~i'!l1ii (eMer:, SlIS Nl1IrUi Whi~!lf!!i!l! Iftoa!ll.. m~n:ta1rl Viiew, CA. 94~43, IlliSJ\ ~"ASA Go!!il~I~d S~a:' nng!lliI O!R~er, (OO~ 6'9'3, Gr!:!~I1I1!!!~.t.I\M) 20'1[. UiSA.

';D~:parlrnJ!'1iIt {I~ E.ilrth illlld IPI.ilnE:ti!lryS(ij@I1(~, WilshingM'!ffi IJi fli\I;~Bit:y, (ampi.l~.I3ID;UMJi, 1 Bn:H)'kiIilll5 DIi'o'@,.SI:. !.oUl5" MO 6.3130'. usA 'NI!W! fIm!a~ I!iE':!l~;m;h(eliit~r. fINS2<1!5<~, Mollh,1;C Hel4il. CA 94C!'l5, U)A.bD~f1CIrtlilil~nt!1l S'iJiI(e S:IWli e~.,Soi.flh.\ije~, RE'$~M liilslitl.!lte, lil5® WaLiiiiJt5'lre,Et Sulile' 300.B'!iwld1et", 00 8031[12. UlSA.. 'lIJnar andl P,LOl!f'le!3~y !!\Islii~l!jte.. 3600 ~~' ruee ~~~!j',alfd. I~CWS~'!1'i1I, .Ttl< n()i~$" 1JlSJ!b !llllJ':M,i\ S:O,~mEMi§Ii(ll!l [)j'refllll:i!tg~ iNA&A 1'i!i!';Jd· qI1ilJ~~rs."Wash.1nglOO,.DL 20541'i, US.A. 'OTowlilotil (OI're'ipoliide-.ru~'~hol!lliil b~' ,ildd[i~i~ed·. :["ffiliIlil~ ~'.gruffidy@too~~tfdlJ

1.4

'U5

'~I.g

.2,(1

.2:2

,2,4

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00

(I

:31,(1

WawleFlg~h(~.1'11)

wes,t OOil'lg'ilud~(d~.grel8o$)

Fiig •. 2:" LIEISA C1ompos.iticmlllli1ilaiJ'pJI!l'9 of Gall!lvm8~e. (A) lR~iolll:S: of Galilymede! 1Iil(l!tmappet! by NIIMS bed hatches]1 and mappe,,d by 'lIEISA (ye~~GII\I outline). (8) Examp~e ~i~ecIril'rop to bottn:riIlI: Li:ISA :~~~OO'g.tpf IB;glf!l!gM ~!~~Q (1O~', 2<;15)!l!i1d Qf lh\'i' b:miglnt. !'aJ~ (f·aI)ll:f C~ti '(M~. ~2(>S) ((Impaired withfl\l~MS.~pedID'lIm of all ica-rieh regiom (2,7]!. The :5l1!1em,ilIlir,e llilonfllalizetill ail: 1.8 J;JliI1an;dc,ns~ by ' ... 0..6, ... O.:z, II1111dl ~OI.2~ IrrespediveLy.• ([) Mal~' Q·f 'i lilregriloodl illmllirlpt!OIlll by the ]1,5. iU~0' :~·!Jm iiil.21() ke biii~clls, li!!eg!i~I'I$ ar~I!Hiid ('i~ti !!b'~!;II(kdliiClt)i!'!liiidl ri:l,~mal'\dillit~~,C!!;vlhite d]i(l!~)i ~ofti.bu!kdlto the L~ISA {
fI'!I~r;[!gle !l,ec:tTII
~r11

(B).

New Horizons at Iupiter

1~:~O!,!8raise

~~tila!l'Cilme foo~n El!IwJm''S~llt~rkl;i oceillill(J-3l

d:le rm6sibHitylh;M

ihe hy&-.1:le~. m'il~

'snroug,fhO ~g,)e<'l~p~o:n. complexes, ~I ~ 1.,3 ~fI!IiId:2: ,,01£11;1 d111Ji dOlJ~ilIJalelheS,i'XXl~ (Fig. I.A) ..

~n~~. (4.

We :rin~.~dl die dJs.mblQt!on Oifdlistorttidl :H~O bands by wilJ,£fI: :s;i1Il'rp~ ~uixi!llg !Il:ooe:~\~hh.~.wo compOIil~liIt~ dJBriVTh~ by averagilll.g several dist~d s~¢1:I'a ~br oo~ ~n:d-mJ1?-n1k~ and ~lt~ 1.0 (orrrom ,~dQ.g~ui~ ~I~~\~ sb:rW(il~~ ~i>'ro! c'l~'~~9~~ik~ ~~t!'El fbrijl~ Qd:i;~ nl~ !lW1!ing !in0l_P(Pig, 18) W!$~S pr'l}'l!iw5robe !!!<l!p:t4!ly!fl~~rwg] Q!~ :Eyro~':s ~~ by SIiJ~(S: (4., .11) and ,ex.en/CiS oOV'!.'Ug_t1.sUbstu11iiJI~ly. cl~ed, p<J1ic:1~from dJ.ejO'll'h.l1 111!iItlJil.ctos;pl:tero, S~o\lj'illg UNIt ~Ile baed . (iJiston:ingmareria'l is ~eadl~~gto mrn.cii.olylic suililiti oj,de Gill~ollsmd" ye.arti~'Kl seflIc:sbetWOOili. t,iJJeJ1lCI1m], sl.Ilfiu,. s~~f'lU' ,djSW;ilbllJ!(ld sYli~lillli!illficany about lillie ape:l>l.of tlIm dijo..!(k1(1,al{! ;!'Ij!dfurie atid[. wl~ki1 i~a~o a. ~ Irnililtg ~~nllsp.~le~ (21(PW,. o~, lhils p~Iiti~1 "",,,,","";~ ....,,,',,'c ,~, ',,',""" ..,. c ,,-."',}.' I.~.', ....... '.01 ....1""" ~~"~.'>'~' "_l",t)", (~1' ,_,,,j' is OO",siRl~iiit wille'! i.n'i;P1.rnrualiian.of' sui fi,iI'!OOnllQ "iI."""'_'""" ,,,,,"1,J.!1 Jew N(\\-'V Hocil!i;:llj,S !!Mde tt:Bq~ I.EISA o~ra~ ,ilt!cl·!I)f OO1'ibrurdlile!i'l byn~~~tosp!'1~c d~ t~iOl:lS of Europa: wi:d~ s!ilbspaceali'Lftp~el S!l:<Iiles parti.cle:!! (1.5). Our"'~CiJ]"ioe" map else mawilCS _aw 2:501.'0180 i:l:l1, ~poutdin:gll:l ~.20 to 2)0 d3l!'dislrlbllltion of <I~ tI~lm.V'iai~t aboorl:ict. l~rb~.y 5udJur, li1.1iifipe(ltfrom \byager ,rnDlll (l6J, '11l2 11:111]11 I;l!l:tels: OJ1 d,~ disk of .Europa. Tine obscMtiollS ~Hclmjoo. dl-e oai:~ing IlIGilil:Lo;p:lilGoo wbCii'C:II1.'0 ",mIDi" G£vwton from, Id~i. SY:~~l:I1liiL:~~ lboth, m.ill s in au L~' !~MI\~ Itlto,,\'n ~o ~.!nt;lm 3bllJliId~nt ~.of'cl~n~r iOl\l MI,DI!~Orlnl~~ ltaili!l'Ig ~ ~(13). TlliI~ ,~p:,'"{;1ral l~kHiO:I~ [!E]SA OJt'!iJ." ~ cllitoo \~ ~iG'Cla Fmn~ Iml~ 1O!;!i1'l~. ~~W1t.Ql~-d "-''''r__ [I·n ... l2" ~ 1"", ''1 ".O~b,_ TiHnP Ii:'; -I~240} is 1JlKI~i;,'Olijrul)'Itigl~ '~lou.sJl ID ,d)!.<;tinSll!!isb ".""" 'IIV"j/ ~_f _onr_ ~_, ... ._ .. <11 •• wy .. c:Jec: .. aJl1:ta~I~S less "1~_onF'.icc" is Qo:ru;iSlefltwilth um. exo" oolillendiin.g h,clI.<IICCII Sillllm ,md acid: ~[cs (/4]1 bu~ cru.ilbr.niO:!l. pr:o;::edur:es for L.ElSA d~m are sli U. gcnL'C solllroe for tl~at:rtlil{miial H'oWU\'Cf,. itlsllU:rccs beLrlg ro~l~ed, so we will ,OOlleCintnUc ,on Idli:l two of Iooa~ :goog-ra"hiC9l, Qoolrol of du:: ·lIltl1i).-ire" ~ala;.
'I

Cmnpos5i:iofna.li Imt>el:p.r:claHon,s, fi:l¥Ociinlg IlYmahxl~ nl~:miml:l am:l/o:r mlilflli ru1fme or ~:;:Ii.d:r't&olis o lit:i;~1It 1Il~ OOI~1.iml. ~n ChOOlisuy mldpctilElil~ l~ia!11[0 ho~t lifl'l (9, .M)" ..Hpw'§".~~ ~;.;o~f1!t:(: ~lfW'

Jj) in~p~y .. :1~'5! ~~~~eII:li:; w.,. n~nce (in ;1.Is fooruiDO'n Q:rr ~1I:Ser\l\'flIimll. .[t~~l1IOVi'ng ~pp<ropri~lel'taci:iQas of (Hs-inl1.ed.~

band. ;mai~~1l1iom eaeh P:~lIiiC~ Ilc~ residual I::l~' ~1r3.nm &~.d~l!I!. a~lfI?iil)1il b.'llldc~ meeIffilem.Mli" ~ti(!al ~.I~ug.h 11JmI~~d1l1{ilh~l! A !)I;l:~Q) d~p.~~ (Pig_ I C) ~~~ U~~ !~ !'e,gi~¥ill1~tfu~ impliy1n,g 1!'cl!;M;;~1y 'OOrlc.. ~~~t ioelexJt~m\)ssllle !.urf~e ofEllmp:!. P.rooo~ g~'Ct'Illl1ig icc ~.~ eVLrlelady~~k Ole sIrollg hf.1illi~:Ilmc 3~'lilU1ilffl'y of dre f!~es .~ ~

HPi~

sill4t.l ftli'" 1IIiI~ dL~bulil)i~

N:¢w H~llll.a~.

oPmn-t)~" frila!~~al
(l~I'iii6d~'!!

8ill~ovi1trl

(ii'

('F~g, 2.1\). l!lCtudlt"gbriglU:, raja!! cra~.l'fS Cis~i (64~, .32°S),.Tm.s (27<llW,.IION). and Sh1.!l(3'0E., 43/~N}, .a<> well as, .dI'mr Nlclwlml. Regio (SWW Ino 4OoE. 10"S to SioP'S),. :Srumarid, Regio (20"'W' to W~E, [1)'l'S I~'O H)P.N). -::l!ltd Pt:..mI'l¢R~ip f/O~W 10 W\~.~'OON [(II SOON), I~nisph.~~
'[J'I(; .~.(~1:!m fi40 :rCt; b.~ .

d~I~~e.

·oflo¥.v-

IFig.'.
W~~rg~M

1Ila:~ge·$'Cale' alr00 ~lIlrop!:!,

I(A) AJriWWs ,n'Nirii!;:the' 3110O:>W t~eiillrgh ~e£ll1lilelllt iCli!lte(md ii'll GaillelJ~m" jj;g~. Giilli~eoOllLy o(~· ~enr/E!dthe regiolll 'to the'

It~fittoff lhri! whim (tiM illt S!lIit<lh~~ill!L!lmimrtiCJlliI genetry m reveal 'UteSE f~,es, I~~ !OO1@OO'
~liie

oo!~pe!<l!!!.!!reeryslal~ine icc. U1).. is ·wen~lve.d by U~IS.A. (!'1~ 28:). Sonie fegLoI'IS ·of G<Lnty.lllCde~s ooillin~ ~Cll1.l<:re were :~ ~o ~hibI~ 20 H haI.1lI ru;ylJl:m~ui~ .~ike~ EuIlOp[l~~ ''1flon~oe'' (5). l\.Jlytt-nrtraellCic '~ifdg aru .:l1!~' ~p!In:\itltin. :l0'S.A ~Im, !!lS~ci~lIy of da:ili~r ~~ ~bil~dW,p;l ~li~ (IfiryWa'tcs ~~ ~1J!ld 'lA, Lf, :1.B1:1d :1.8 .~Hil {ILl'!,. but ttl~alr im,'all!itia1iOJ~ <lwaiil!l in~ provoocalii!mnial1l ..{:;cmlpM9Jrn. of mn. HelO .~~ lu~mIllilp (Fig.2~) with. &l: 'OOllt(1."{( rI~ (Fig . .2A) shoiM gr:e.atnr H~O icc a'biooqlnionassod!llCd. wid] briglrr~ ~~ioo~::liUidi wilbliOO~~u impaclS ~U~ 'dlcir ~~!;:i!, T~ bt:igl~fi,I~~ly ~!'M~. I.ca~g~nt~h~~oo Ml!.!IUl 2·(fS .'-'t!'!~we..st of
of4WlN SIllows :pNIicl1itai~y :snro:lilg H~O n~ ti:oll. nliil.~ C01ifilillmiOll is wlDtenl: \\\fllh oooli.ll_wlIl_alion at ihe slI:"fare ofa @lobally dii>o:iJln~,bI. dfllik lnatnl ,(;:X-.ccp:wllf:ru mlalfivdy recarrt ill:l1lWlIl Ibt!'I1L'; ~'C'itwtood~M6iice mlil iOO!Jo:w d~e ,~imf:t(le_ i

I~BJ A IDllg!hly strWIIi!~ New' IHtlrii2Dl1IIl lORRI hag.e· 'O;T Hle !!i<I me! r'egiCl:1II I.ughly lllijPW 't~ 30"!e, l(iI~:S t04,S," N, wYt11it tlll,oclilil upJ irrev.eals 'Itr.e (OOltliil!U·atiO~ ~f ~h~tr'~IJ!!Qh ~Ii!iw ,a~\ IF itg. 4 .~.O UII ,d,ii.,>!k ilil.m,grd~ ~phatomlrtlYof .EutrOpd. New HOtriron~ oll!J·
~e~n5 l'iJ ~IW (fti]led d~o1.'eJ; •. wiI!Iil oors)a~~ !i)OIlS:ist·

oem IOf 'th~ tmlll!l:h U9~1.

pr1edidoo

mllltJIrnil1-

ent ·wD.\f:oyager meillsurey(q) .~. c+ by; "*"a/'[sm~ dii!t'aI with b! "'" ~ijlOl
{} ~ 2~.2.xlO-!i. trillle,1II1li(opoo diamolild5J. A s!\:'C(:]l~dbQ:~d'~f P~~Yfl(l~~'a~ cl!l,r~~1 1!I.pp.milijm\a~tes thlE!

LORnl p.wcllltlfflaJlricUIll1!,ges ('1rtl~~~.oooI~:iJt~ with sp<!li1.l1 res(;ll,Ylio~ of ~S;W 30 k_nl,fpi:.;:e~ revcflll no d1l'i11l.gCS since: GillUloouUla,ges --5 ye.m> urur~tcr:Pro-oessesdlal IrlooJfy stnrf.aoes all: Jarge spat~a~. scales. st1lch:as lmupaons Oiflcilo:mletCUi~ bodlies, iamhjghly li!mHk~ly dlilJrllilg thm~l1Il.erval. [<I{I-S ~rl)'babi~:~18)]. ( W1l:1FU ~~~~i ~cyed ~aJ's :~ "feW_ie: uou.gl'l'!. ""hid'! are !~~tIIe fur ihcil!" ~e 11K! Ih:i:ir syllilIl:Klury: 11Iq :f'OO~l t'W'O set of o:lI1IJ{'nrri.c sIMI c:mllS~wlli100JltCmat rurd~fill=OiI:rI1S3{il£FW; I(]P'N' .a~ t2!(t\V.] OOS Fm:m Galilm hrtl.~g 8l:W .. immge~~d! dig1ln~. tCD. l~~ d~ ill'{; iUp l!) .... kl1~ wide O1f.\'d[iQlll ~ralhuu:d~ 50 I~~~ tI
!:~

Il'~m Ol!Il:i~Qlnetl;f cl~p (19), ',.1tiJcydo not

a!,1d

d~lm 'OJ! d~<l\:e o:d!Cr,~l~~!'ig il~~·ililoodo aoolwtonc f;ca.iJarcs a-1'I:!.aro nd.i obviooSlyroli!il~. to,OI1~(;][i.oo~~, p;lIt(UlS ~.d~iilloo. WI Euro-p;l (](J}. n!l() Nkw Hori20:nt>lrnjecru~ p;ovidt'd knv Srllll.
0-:.:0.. :-· __ 0
"Q

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, 00 90

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<I.

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f;l..~

'(i;l:mWGQ!{\TIIge.OOR~

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IPIiI~e

angll9! 9 (c1€1:Qlr,ees)

pW~~ed. 1!1!.ni.!irill,fWexMlSioo (,/9), of k ~g!~ s~ttl{':nt Ii'Caii l4{PW l(lngi~iOCCc (fig. 31 oollfllulling

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
I~h.. ~Iw~t~ . an:: ~ tfW_y ,gioOOl pl~~oo"!eool!l. ':NO ~~!l was ~elR n~r ~OIaslrude 27G~W;l:dnlillili I:eF
W0I1, IS ~, .. QglQII~y ,0QIl:11"......,.,wilil 11'1.1l-na:oos ellS', "~ '=1'11. .• 'I:,......,·..:,!r.. .,

CIiOS,'.LIlg dat:l:illeatlllctlts.De IlO:I1h~ ofi'SeI:of I~m an.li~~l CCltre:~ fif ~.mu~:li)llry" liI:lHmlaiu!c'(i.in 'illli'l N~1i! H:ori~:t<l itt4~. hirnll,'l at Ui1;l(i ~'M;,l8'~~r ~W Ewg~'~ t~~I~~l '~'.!~J'), !FWQ~~h. d~ dru" ~~. :~g!e g fur~· J!!!~ ~m'S~1lI1 is ;S:12°.~imili~ E<u!1I~'O.if1T1leaslill:'C" nl:li!I, of runloiooal 9!lalklriil'lg by Jov.ia:U1 sadli~ CI.:ily ~~ ron oo~i~;gI~ plaSC m~ LITRRI. ~.IM·Ga.lil.i!3i1i ~i~1iI. a.t.liilJ5l!: of -lia~ --''I1ii/-.iiI~l1:S, tllihl~ SJ'II, 6Ui:n.· - - :" ill Eilimrnm'8 '''''''w IP ~'- hg,!;VHP' '-' - --I~-[ilia~ C\i:!V~ ~~''1I~'O l2?' aid W3-<)! <mclll);t~!~ H~~rud 1.43P.be 1;)'liII.l:()n'lllil'icdna, ·~Ibi"' l !OI,gi[t;tdiml 'll'il!RIIious aoo 11OO11i11im:!,lo \by.' dam {24),. are sI'kCIWniil F'tg. 4.E~1mpa.lsbriB1U:tllllS at g -=70° .t!;: molt': dlWl, 4004, ,of lIs fllliy i.~ru~t~m.ooJ
I'lingIWfl~~. ~liId~rnng tltew.:liq)!li:l l,l1:X.h:iru,of it>; sWEfillC~ pfOducoo ~ ;le!il/()lT~tu'u\Cil:l~ "fI~ cafl~le!'!liJfI~ IbfE,,~'sMoo!il is O!l~ ~ Our obscrVfilkms: imnprove m,easan:cnlCn~ of EruifOllllll 1> ~~asci~lC;grnl q', which, ,d~(}s-c;ri!hcsIlliC

'b!.!!l k .. el" 'Ulim 1i!I<l:~oOf TI)itm~ (1.14 ;J. O.iO~) (,26) .. w lJsiqg ,a: geornctrf-calbe<io 0.67 ± IU>,3,fm wm~:I: a,v-cl~fligllll$ {,S,2t/~\w f~nd111 ~~cw,Bom:! w :fi1lbOOO of Q.:6S ± 0,0$, OOU'l~-,j wid] Q,pNllII'ioos ",a1!,lli ,of 0.,6 ± ,~U {24},. l:rwa:ring illJat. EII!lIDilJiB! ;D~'ll .~~ g~n~gh!'lnall p~i01!l~Y dill)li,gBt, t

or

]6 •. A.s. MtrlMlin" J.- '~i!'1iij~ 1l,1!!l..91, ~I:k?;! U 996), ]7. IN. J~.GI!J~; III S'!'iIlNL!. J.. ~ ltt.!J. ::w~,2r1e:tri!n9~ •. :~a.,Ii',M,~lgoo~ C. ~, C:ll!ilplOOl1.i t::" Z<iHlI~I~"II, !\t MQOF~" 'i!llupjfel': lite' fi,Mf.t :5'~i1l';.s:..!f!ll!:1 ~'§ml~Jie,
F. B[i;~~. T. IE. !i)(JVlI:fJJgI, 6.!\~t'J!!I\i;I!1I. W. Edil.

IRl!-,flli!renC~!l

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1. 'I'. V,_ jOOii"iOIll. C. M,Y~Jl!t5, 1ft 't11<II19, ~Lf' Sci, RilI!,!!i.O" ~:(19~2), ~. IF: B.a~na'l. 1. E,. Ormtl fiI9. '~.B, Ih:~hl'llill}n. Ed!i",
Ji'Jpi,Mr: :rlM P&l,.~ SMclliil!!O mt.rJ Mag~iItl~f't:l! (uiIlIDliil1!le Ulm-Ii'. rfU~. ell' ¥Drk'. 2(1;04). N ,~. '1'. 81, Millml er mI" ,~ael",e 26'0\ 10'.42 ~:1:99~. ~. 'Ii. 8,. t!N[(~mli!'f Dl •• }. GeophJlS.- .fill!>' 1.0~,1.UII,D' ~199'1\!. ~. '1'. BI, .MtCarnl., G. lB. HiI'I'~n. c:.. ,A. HllibIWi" ..'fi{'~fla! 2t,;!,

(o.I!lMd!~ ljIliI~. ~~I!~" 1t4~ ),!'~nt, :l!Ql)4!), lIP- ~"_45 6:li 9, ii'., ,lItSt:lfnill~" h/llW" Mati'lL frt,- Cotif- 36, 'Wl!lL (l[)D~L 2:!1 !;:. Grl!Oilll:Y o!!t' crt... If! Jr¢J.rao: 'rhe i"&me( 5rl~II1'f!j, lind ll--J@ffli1D.!!j\IJ.Nl!'~, IF. B~~i'IlI'l, 1.. E. ()oy,;~n,g. IN, e, MEIili ml1lllfl.. &Is.. !Cilll!'Iln1dge ILlni".. p,1le':!i1!,
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C:h:p(liii.s,SOOi;l~l1Sl.y by Gcliilioo' (J2 •. .17). ""1iHirm.gcd.Ifi~e TwsJ1ifarpimne OJ) 39' oo.::nsi::m5 owr 1,8d~ ru.phR: iI~,bet\weI11°am ~.w
~lI!d [_ORm~lU:'lOllll 1D!.,1.""~ ]2 ~. 38:km ~ [Incl. 11~ ·plull~ h.>r;;,hl \~ !~.y !!)~tt ~og bd\1\,lOO!l~l1y J2lQ ard. 300 .!g.n, 1!!Wru~ ~dd:] WIlS Il00Uill ~O[)km, OOI1Siiifelll wllhl iIil(l: dililml:" ~k:r Itkw~1m.I.i'C d~i~ {f"lg. lIre plUJnci hoo.a ~~l topi.laiD Im~ (Fig. 3, C, n,mP lO J)I,. \;'l:Ij" sil1milw:tc! ~ i~;ofll~('J ~.~ pltl"I'IE.:

ldS

~l!!1~

or

nis nll!jnpklbgy ii! 1001. rol'b~_ilI~t \vi~h ~!~ OO!,. li~l~ 1~111 (Dfplu~ p;mii;;~ f1jf@1~,a'i foo hle n~ (1.'8), btl~ ~oo~~Ie!ilJ: \vili~h~lIiImdy!~lii;: .~hi: wiill~elilhuwlp<l,tici€Sd'a:l'l] hrillllde a g<_"'l'isiroCk. lUll

rn~ ~. Hwle ,eVJ.cbJooe :fOO' a cmtralurgolllg ooli.lltln or~MlfIicl\m (:e.g. fig. 3C), ~c:>1Iing InIl. '~Ire ~d p'1tlic~ lt~ OOl&~~ oW (It ilil~ p1ult1e "",I'lel!'d~ dl~~)' ~ec~OOTl thev~ ·!1~e ~h.m:"!e(loni_ruU'lS fm'!Olf·k.. WC d!l~ruiabl~ 1

ill d~ top oflllle jp]mwe (19), MOO!JTvasliWai p1U:nle

oons:

1'U8ilJn::IlIliUi'y ml~1CS s1IfiUiJIflt' 00, 'dilOS: gljm(lrodi iIlfl • stugle h~cihllion \fOyagI'lt ~.itwagc oil"Idire Pele: pl.llm~ 11:115 SIl'llJ:)~lfgre 3!.1o~7I!SImoing Ofui't10IiOiI . .."ii.l!lllln ihe ptri!lll'ilC:in a S£ql~l1IC~ofM;",1'(; iI~~ of'filili:: !.l!!--~ [larlofdli;; plYin,~,~ail'!.~ ..al•.2.-Qoil~W~als or! 1 M1Id~~:\g. l P 10 J. ;a!ldi !IIKlrie :s I~ ~ ,~ .j.L.~ . "~I ...I•. i'I.iI li'I"'I.~·-1 P~"'''''"'''''''OJfI ~"'·I:..'Ii!I!C'UI'bI~e ~y 0fe' ...."1' llJ' 'YI.INi.l S IFilg. 2 •. ma.-g;g of 10 'in Jupiter' ,!!idI;~ (A), liORR! im.~ G:ikeIilErl:.. 'l1 IFemrmr;y 11l41'37UTWilth .~ erfum !~,~ ti~ !~F16 $, lIJgrk 11~ andl SlJ'i~ig1;tt Illes oafli!~~.'11M k'ig~ ~. (P:. ~~~; I~G, ~. Gi!'n,i1~ {fig.. ,J:E~ OOI'll\pflru4j!eioex~lC<!, balnst1.c ~}:cEiOll, ~ for a,JSO'*1fl14~ighp~UI1I:1Ic.(-I .Oklu 8-1), !lU'd. areth~_l emi~liJI'rrom, aClifue 'll'O!tdlOO~HililtillnOfe ,clIiffiR Iwmcnis I'rolflillilile phme.s;.a;ool atlil!iostileli@'(tit

!ioiMiligl IrJrum,!!5, ~liIine s~ ·tble Si1!, i1:dk.alteQjI l~ I~ ,~dsl ~OSnl!Jl!arooo .s.Jlidltm~ mli! .:ianli€!' g~ ~!ld (1111 S!llllil!it UJR_R!I IDrl"'~ lfi~ lJIi]\ ~D) (01Iliibined :sunlil: '~n)t arid ed~pse 'l!red)~IiIlI~:e-, ~wIl:g '1ha1! all~ntli"'eSO!llltes: fif el!nrti5iotfJ,~IiIIhe.': edpe image: oolrelipOOdm kM -a !OOdomLcank(enlta's. '(E) A. -':i3"jJm ~.i5A BdliipoJ:e im.:ge at 2.1 Febuliilry il!5~1Uf" ~~ng &elili1g1~mi~1l nom voiXi;'iIilOO$. m~ga:tjQl'l o~·t:he; Ihot ~. ~~~ a~ (F)I ~li!gI ~jj~ il~beoo ~rW'ilIlildlllliEISA.lhel"_l elirliSS'ionl {r1oo)iooge. !iIlcMilJ9 the: SOOK5 Il'ff the'll\~f1kelflffi.mi1. llatitu~oo.g'iru:de

'~l8l'Same image will

tJftdw~~

accelefffDc as ~~W]lC fUtlimll

:rrull!P'l-liardllnb~ ~CG. $~r~OO

~F¢~

a!1l~~(:1 ~li4~dq\'oW! illiI~~p;p~

(!IF

,.e:

i!~~plt,n~ rn.i!:t~iilil1!!ilhl'!Ci~!1: b!il!~U~i~!nlj~~ gri,gij!1"~ID"lg i?t ~·~n~~ W'illlil b)~ Iheblrigluesl ~~. spot ~·.cnby NH {Fig,. 4). far

'13.eocmtce ofdle T~I!mr

1:)lwr~is moodailX!

SIPECI.ALSECTI'ON
IFig. J.•The~t:f pt!J!!i'OO'. Di!£DmY Dl~~ [by IiI5l 1111 m.dilii.ca~rerl 1~1i1t;: 'Ihe iln
I~~'

.A, HST",02/14

Iii HIST, O~1

F255WfilbNi (l;~twd ~ 1~lmJiIth·~2:60 nm). irhe red

diamoodl indicae;: the 1~E! ~(luF(~. (B)' HST Cim~ge 'of

~fh:! purne <I.gprllil~JI.I;ter!: 2m m'1II (HUe) lIil'WS; 3::;tO I~m (g;~rul litiS, 410 IIIfIil (retl) ooIorwfl1l~ lte. o:th~ images are' 'il vi>j., Ibk! Uglirt hOOiI NIH WRiIUilih~ ~~le bar i5.200' kmlorig, ([nd:
26010 ~

111wlw ~m~sioo~~ ~~~ s an !V!W!t~~~ .~ .ms by LOm, :[.:mSA,llurl bci' MVI:C at ~ l.al,gilllts: fmu 2;5 lto!:eikJw 0.1 ""ifill. 11~I~t ~ IOOl'I!1iOOl,62.5°N, ~22,~, Coil~:id(l'Swl& the firo fOOIUaiUll ~ at T'\II~ by Ga~:looillJ 'N:QViilii. 1999.T~ ~~~ ~~ b~ fIt \vi;t1~ :!iJ. ~gI~ ~~l~ b~~ ~ ~48'f K fltl!"n l25' irQ2,fWl".m~ pro-yijdhl£..§lj, lOwer linlit j);;I dw IT4~ ~1'!pm!ru_re, CCli'I1Jh~~ to GilllileQ e!111anales (1.Z,,, ~Jln["fl a ~ of 1200 Kb' lite Tv8.'\ll:Hl' h~ .0JiI. 31el'1J of 49~tl,fl is drni",'oo frolw. • mghrnl1Ss~,.

:lomu ii'~'Ia,~.
111,1,<;:l~~~t i

O)i!I~le

00 1I:1i3..,2S1m}~i1rea of -

~1ij:~I,i:.!J .~~. Illy'

"TO-. -I-J'~-N" 'I'NloI'I r~_~_~~'_7= l."_"",'. .. '" \I"'/, "m'Ii, ~I""

Gam«lat
;.- - ;j-l.........-~-~ ",'lOll ,g-~!:~

~1iIe yelJ)O'i'!I' rt.rimKales the I~ro~d:'oo ki~Oil g~ tIi!e hot

'If'!..,- .Jil.,~"" ;.,. ~va,_'aJj!W,!:...,

~iPCI:iM: thE! ~mJi!!SOI.IIte. 'iIih!

lli'ha5!1: gflgh! ~,~ '10~~ .sIi1~ illg the 1lilillilllelitlilllY SIr~. 11~!ag~al~~ 'ihaJ1pt'JilM ~ 1!lI!'iSh,:i~p' I~g: the m~t ~'il:e ;at the ed9! ,of the disk. is an ,a:rFiIifact oflhe~Mrpeflilllg. 'fD] m'!~ ,~ 14,Sg, p~e .lInd.e ,lilt ,22~A km pM' pK8~ 5i1li:wing th.e,mne Ifari a bil~ I)f th~ det!lb gf I~e sodium illlildiIDle: perSihm lfu!~SM ~, i(F' tn j~Seqllim~ Qfffg~, at 2bntllili~iMi!1!:

da!lli1eli lOOei>lMIe mrn'a.trlr. 'lO IH'aure5dltJtj~vl~' of tmluU pfulilil!!'" i!t.1 ~1iI of 12:,4· lam! peiI' pllrel <lnd

blad'ilOOy ,etlli§L!QIl ~1a:1 e~ 'Im n~:nl<!li: b::lll~is a1SOCOl.'IS~lI: wUth sn 'eilil~aiicenl~ t'k:Jn slil.'lh as ll.ffirubl1ll'lulin, r.l!lll:i" dM1U. :!Or instance, ~.dii,1g m~. i!OO:~llg~_aviiRrnvs, fl,o,. 2/) ..Tt.1f1m,p!lI"atml'~:S ~~ell~u~It~\'~r~i~ _~I~e lava ~(n'l'lpoB;.ti(Tj~~~o:~eh~~ OOIU!~ral~!'!lii!1Jll~. lll1rt!t!fOO fro:m WIlle Galileo ~!¥llio!~ (22),. ·are· !'L{Jl ~~Ui~ cilffilcrm 1\lWiIlI1!l'o:r'oiherliiol SJ--,ou; seen b:;! KI){
R.~ft~m,OO!li ,illUld INotif!S
:1. E!. P.. VtJ,H~g ~~., l'ra;l!i: ~J69, ~ ~2'004!. 2" it I)'. i!:etl!!e:ITcrd el ,al .• SaIlil!\l'.e' 31:G, ,:1:37 (~O ozt 3. ~,.5, !'\t!i~~I11~ t, Sl>!!!w~lIlm, Il;@.~ 55, In ~ ll.9'6Ji'" ~, "'~ ~~~r, !!). ~~~~ i!i 1~.~~(jaJ~ R ,~te, ~~ ' J. it. $Ji'l'lIl!liI', lEd!, i(Rr.r~. OId'!eito!!.; IlJK,~11 W-1&l~~ 5, "PiJ1eo.~· pljj'~,~~fl!! tJlmugllt '~tiI F!!ruli: 'fFi!litl cll~~d 'i!d~doo Ill' ~~ fi'mrn I! I(OilllFllc "Olt, v.lIt@F!!ai!ill! l

me'

~mwing ~ami!:S

i"I the' up-

I"e~ pa~ oflBl' plume (thE! ~~is .gll! 'fair slOe @'f r,o). tG®IO~ diiimCftdJi tIiIdk

'~maLl~r"l?r~~tlneL!l'lype· p1um~,llIiJ)1' ~!l!iwLt '~f'(iFil r.elill!lb~l!MtiQn 01 MWal!! W!tl~lle1 Il)i' Ia'~ ~UIw.J. 6\, ~. 1:. 'G";~,letrer 6/" I. ,~¢lyol<. ~.o6, 26U~' 12(101L 7. U15. 6e~ogK<l1.5IJ!'\ie~ Asll~ ~~rc!oJ, !!'r~ram, J(i:!Pl&i51r~~JJ;!;%M:liI'~ietl5lJ!!f!ilI!Pat\I!IJI~_l1Jtnt

""5.

me

fi Tim€, IMliinIUlt€:,s

:2

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ai"

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ilL72.. lU

(ZOOO),

~~oo~ flf~~ctOO ,~
~c:::

lllldlillitdl1lal m'eatures

nOTle

'Iih~~~

of ~,sky •. i;!.~~Sb~. ~Uii~Ii~

400

.~300 E :200 100

Tvaslrntar Blacklbcdy flit: t2.S11K

9, It ,M. (. I!tJpe~~~" R:ide~~gli\ U ..IIli!iiil~i'.~_ W>i!try, F. iMlI rdll~, fn frJ~im ,G.mIl~D. R.. ~. C ~oP!!'.I..I! R Sp!!Wf, Em. ~PriDiI~ ,(jhidM!!lt~r, IJlK,,2I)rrm, Ipp.~~'..,ll3. lO,. It ft. HlI1l'ie~ e!' mi., ,. Gi?~JilI. J'I~ .. 106,. .33.1;!9' ~(lOll, U .. 11. MilOOIIH. e! a/~ /{l'I/UJ '160<, :1 ~ {:!OOlli. 12. M. r. mlii@~el ,~r.,I{~ , 1l.79, 235 I2QO,SlI. U. 1". ~oo!lil. e!'.aJ~Ic@m '1.7,6" 916 '[Wost M,C, ~t,. t cfe !'~ter,. 1'. M~dri!,~I.~m ~W!. ~"
as, ~~,. 6~~ (201,\6.1 F.atlflblln..! ~llit S\I'!l!rnilii!Fi• pa~F !H!!~n,1.I!tilat ~II!! 3~illJ '~irwcllJal.Am~Glii A~rlllllfilt:ln. s:rntii!ti/. OMIIIli'i rill IfIlam@ta ~@n!!!! I!IIt~Jj~Odalll!lQ, ry It. 9' O~labl!1 2011~. 16\. J. it SPofIlCB, K l. Je5.'!up, u,. A. J~(ur<ll1:I~,6 .. ~. Biillle;~.tf.

J. l!i.

o
3 IB~ackbody 'i1: 1:335 iK:
IEas~ 'G~m1,_,
ru iii. In

P,ele Bl1aokbody fit 1130a, K

I'L Yelle. Sicj~J'lCe2:8l 1208 t'!:OOOlI. H. A.:iii ~~1!Ve11! eI' ,~r ~'r~,l; 13:;' ~iBl! U 99;00'. ~ 11:;),t G" S'tQ!l!i, N. 1~.:5i(9w~iger,~~~~i1)go ~iJ!!~~!, I I!)_ ,Mcrrisrnn, Ed. (lJlIIiII,. al M~rnlE IPI'!!5~ fl!lt~I!UIJ, 1982.1, w' '~98:- 631. :n9'. J. ztli'll!l!i ~II 01.. IMM 112:, 419 (20.04). 2!1 J. 1I.5-ttlilsbi!riI'V. ,~. It Spt;iM:I!r. R; a 1{00000Li, 0. !i2lkil., <Ie.opJzyr,•. ftt!;. lett ,:'.4" ~4:;§, {199'7Ji. ~:iI... tL !!J\. DliI\1ie!~~tIII., J. ~~. , )i1eJ;. 106., 33079' ~(lOlJ. flj,:ii, Mil;irwell! eI ,~r S.r~e ~Je;l, S? ~:l.9llBt ~ ,:3, ~ ~1W!k;1M ~11~ ~ !!1~Si!!11 ~!r:l" ~liI;t~I'Hl)' !l F,:~ .. rod l~_ Bil'alrn., aOODI!I' rdl£l3gJes D~ ·ifIe ~Jil ~M!:E Ileal", M'I, ~ 'Iho!! aooUailf ~~ipiiQn!! ile!t!n'bellIE~'lIf1!! liim!lEd t, N~ n~ linamria~ ~Ff!OOI ~ gra:~,jwil)o·~tI:r'H!it\l'e.'_

liz..

,'2.

Sup'iJiD,rtiflg) On'he Malterial.

1.. 4

1.6

.2 W,8Vielength l(mioroarn,s)1

.2.2

2.4

\,i'M'r.illiei{lllJ::nl<lgl.~~y1t9iitt:ilfi~~lIlJ1'l11W3 F~~:t

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Tab~1!!5'1 MoI!ieS·1!. 1!D ]lJ IV 2:00,; n(J!JII~dl :li9 :5i!1~t1!fllb!rr ,2C0CIj! 1'0. ii:l~deB(f!.ii..!j 1621

[f'ig•. 4., ~1~iSAsp~rtra of' \l'olca!ilk thentl'al ~iI1!iilSliioUiiWOOIin'm¥~I~ht1!r~ PeLIii.:. ' and ~st: Giifl'!JII, Yihh b~!t-:ffiit 1~ladiiimdy WiliVe,5~Ulp'er,osed. Verti(;tlil tixis, UlrliltS,illITe GW rterilldiitln~l j.I.m-:I.

~,~~eb~~

EX.c:itation 'of Lunar E,c:,cenllr'i:cily by

P~lan,e:tallry Re!sonaIFlices,
dissip!lliOIl d!i:petlds O~ d~G foredng f~1!I!e;ncy 'h~ Moon is Id~O'U®~uri IlaF\!'C li:iR~lcdi in a I ro~'l~ton bct\w~n E:DIil ru:d ru.ntll~r pro{i.~~,.It1ng~.b. f day). U Id~!l:Y WGre wGa""~ii"d:um o _ 'lqp~ilMl (lJ, ;J~r '\li:hk:h a ·eiltmTtt~Ti~S!Ii!'i<al b.i!ll!'I<m I~~r~ dt~ciUlg IIh~irniJti<i:l ~pim (I~aUii 1;:Kp3lldebl1\'l disk:qi!!k:.1I;1y acc(!~r!l)!latoo !!l'!:Q, a ~~re~l~oo :s~n, ~ly jIDnloudial e. \""O:Ii!~d1I~~v.e been ~r~U~' (1). 'Subseqr~e~tlidru lHtc.mcli;OllS (3) e,,~]arnilecl !IJ."dlllGOO during t'h~ 'cmcia~ i.'floo'!, 'cor:lm:tdic~m~ Goldreric:h's l'I)!'polltesis; {S} l~iIlIeIfm~<Drb~~ :nronru1 ~o 6G :Earth !mdii (R[;:). Tire lf 11tH ~riJ,11Jor.di:ilJ~, wh~ does; Illli'u:: pR::SCnte ~:[J]'eds of Ii, des om h]Ii'Ia!i' ccooll:triatly (e}laJre cmup~CiX:\v1I~lides mjsed. O:li'l .M~II. liJl~ruca're comc[romr? Klflil!lll1l ~nd YOO()lj (7) lI'Iotl1lcli. liIlIal sn &liIL\'l\"'~Sklnliilll.or period.i.epcrr_lili.onkJww.n as e; snlidl bcrly lidt1~Wiil!liUn al£ .MQ{I~dlaJlnl'l i.t (4) GQ1dreuch (4)1 <d~r:i~d !lI~:ytical ~I!!~ (J!r jovia:!fl ~'!,i~Cl~on(~vel'ni!ldl ~ ~e .~ooc~I'ric 1~ID!e 1!\ll~livc~~1p(l'!1l!!~oe of'nheI;~ ~~ihtnEaI!llb :~~le oolweenU1e lumu 'pcri~'Cmd l!'Ile :pos~~iOf! ofJU!l,ilCr)' lbecm:ne.l!!'esomt!llt ·<!)~d]eE<Ji~J~;·-MOO'! <1nd01.e Moon Olnd,fcmnd lihal the wnar ,e' ~CI1.!Jd, bi:incwJIlg. Became ~:rlly Imila'·frec: cacem~ djsuu~!iJe ofatixml S.3R'i!. and C1llClJl3i[ed ~lliml [he i'iC:'iOnailCe ca,pturre ~\'rrd]clI,i'b rnrc .(JI[!Ctll:l'lL'iI ifl1!':~ .:;: l~iI'ier[y,.er""I:I' is OJ}53 (Mamri@l.1!!i~mj Mclhods]l, 0.001·6 \?il~mnt]iIlrurillig 'd,Ul:rosananoo, 1~II'm mwo c:iToor,g bad to 'be- dose dlllrnngmll!lcm., of
1

wehaveigI1lQNd!~~e vdiQ!~or Il'H~aro:m.ila!. pfIl."tlessiGm,\!o'1ll1ich,lillirm:r:!lllie pbnet. j~dUoodl (llicina~kms in Earth's ,oooeili1lridty. To

3'Void diroo~lyilltcg;ratlng:ilJ1I
~ill

eight p.l~lfml!;l ~

K~rl~~.an.II]I!i.~.wlll ~ow;ly v~i!tg ~'QO."tilrioil1:il'idlon~itN.!dc (if ~[)cic~"U.~r fO]~GiW~n.g 11 secul<l!r dlCory (Male:!'iab; .~F.!d
.8![.l

di~EimiliI'~oiibit

MeOl~)'

TliltlS, nmdi~ed :si~l!.!Iar!im'iS (~g. Sl

and Fi,g. ~.) ;show tha~,Ilrn~e'presclH orbL'~:lIi1eire.; of ~1e MOOi~ can be ~'i1lI00, by the ~OJ;'lMlre passagGif,g.= ~ (lOOS bcfo'i'iC 'd~.~j:(},'l(i;l'Imttxt

W~~000 oo:n.o;:i~

ad~

plau~l:'Iry ~"ln1'l~!10~

Ul<lit~he Moon. ~~n!"'~ ... e!w(J!Ii!!~~~ lm ~ {lin]), (dller i~~~t reoo!'l@nce 1l@IWCiJ"lSa~ 46,IJNtm: and :~nY(lhres\leJ!u1S ('Inlb)e~H). 'WuLl~ use of 1lI.1.lfiwciClll sil!:llJliartions. W~ r£ruMr dl.9t the p.~ IW)cll ,efrn.,<;!ll 46.6R'E! l:bad.to b,ei~(' 1IIiIa;~8ibp.1LIt RUm if!:he Mooiil. \'\!'!k'l ItoCI~erjovi.3n IICSMmru

ne

0.00,5 (fig. 3.3],. be ~.tklalty I~m~ I'Cm!DU of <!.priflilCl«li<lJ] e or ~'!loodtl,Ct orOte :III!IIHlir cml'lclysm (9]1 Inlnrolllgh ba.'1ill.foo:rruilll~, ;~lil~ poclS {l'cl()9.'!: eu.roU'II:E '\l;'.iIhIl'I~ve (~mOObu) obJacts. l:I~~itln~r case, our rc£ult s support the lunar 'udC;g w~rocl!mn~J1>llI:l!~ over!" mer;. To teg~d.~isbypotlulS'ls, W~ OOmSIfi1£Ulda. lin- VtL'lW llih:!li~ I~IDI(\l:SYSI@:I1I:1~£! hiJsll:lUY if d~Ii:,'Y '?roro In !prnVlliUlt. ~5kia1 on('..l'lduring Ute fi~l few I{IO n~ull~on y~ !nc;ri~l h:ill~gm!:or y ~i!ilg a ~Y!'Ilp'l~i~~lgo~ e~l~e &~npIl,g Qf groWdl (2, 4). ·,r.. v ~I,_ .. ,.... ~ ' m1., 1[· .. ".' ·~Iscparn""lg""",p""'r!,t;ID .'_ !]ID0J.\l1!1! I'vo.o~]l (M;y) of ~e "')Isle!!]''!'> I~islory{4 •. 5), which~¥{llllrdl ~-itJ!lCli' y LIm1U1.as@·~gt'lg {5} amfimloo IIIe reo~!!l s~H!li 1,~~llIrbaliO:M:(8)].,. lire lrlul3r m~lt WM ~UI! r(Ji.md~~e 'in.crea_o;:e~e to be s~gnif1C<!!lUy~qe!" i IM.Ire ~~~l~e IlI!mr !Olm.l!l (HJ)oo1{OWJCI :20R:m:miller Uin~,il!ely. AltllOl1I!gl~ om amtly.siE cam.tot 'exCtmil~ it1t!(';~~dI dlirool~y. wll~ dte orbilS olf Earth ~~l8inl.d'lC: tboory fredicts. 111C rliUCJ.St piaJltslbre oo]ar re.rol1illlCU,s (lllimlucil~:g $1 ~'dgb.e c1ol>()jj to e::tf~.81~al[(mfor drtis .iis ~h3l d.lfl oceaJli Hd(1S.,\vIDlncb and: JUIp.i101" were OOillS:ldered I!lnpCi1!I!lCOOd~Earth Mrth.~IIlI:l!D<lCt~,mus; widl a clicllli"l1tGl~al .ring am· kmlctivllloprovid.CJ ,Qv,cm95% of dlC: Ead.'s I~idnl 1i.dL'lS ~lII'Cru·in.cll1rloo. dil'OCibly by ll~il!g!il QlIadJu.lOO dis.~i~lfullli, carrlll(li be nlM1!d'eloo .~. Slflllpt¢ ~i&l~ p<l1~''blill;g~'~ lead!l]g 1I1e Moon by .oa! CDlil!illl11ll:au- (17) ~i'I!;~lymade ~r~y!~tlar (lro~d ~1(J11!lI;O:r1 g.le,. \li,d,te~ Ih.e s:aOOUi~(;; (i'lie.5 weliC igROffl\rl lasl: for ~!lI1!:~,eooo~I'ridly e;{cimtion (U). l'U,1m~s. \,ihicl1! I~.dI ;di1C Moon ;I~ !Ot'!gi.~lI!de. ne i_r!~grnJjO!l with <!.crn'iS~I'Ii!~EaJdlIS Bo1!II!lhe sj,r~oonrul;a~!;l and ocea!l!Hide ~rnooe~s Rtlre,r,jlmj~!>.aflfid Nore!i orbit {fig. SI) lfI12!fOChed jhe il[!i!llyH:C1l1 rew]lll: (:7), (6} slIgg)i!S.'l tlml E<lirt11.'stides [lilr¥C iOO:oonlemore 1. w. ~. HaRmanl!, D .. r1:. I~!M.. ,l(oIi\!'''''~ 211, ~ U!f.I'~. 00r i~lpGrlliint o'IIUr rlJ1il~" proooblyOOCllllL..c d.'c ooo~m Howevcf."it is nnt a. good ~l1C!dc:l l!'he resonanee
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« G~elics,. (I;e-

rn

bd'w~iii: 'tihe a:x(il"l~i!"!~ anti filagelJ1:!r Imi@mSIliI De~ the b~iI.I~l!Ip·sh:ilped chlor!opl'I5/r,. "~liIlral n:l!I· d@l!!~ i!ndl other O~IIi!' e:~Ies.Ani eiqll1li1dOOOWSIi ~~onl ,of' tflIe Raget;r ill'iio'nema. ~:~ IrEl!d'f1:!lY11I from (48), ~h~s,theni1ie 'oli'le~ ,d~blm 3iiidlh'E! ~m1ra~ pair {'9+2) Irnn;oro· tlll:mles,;ax(liriliE!rl'i.El su'b·
s1ru:d!um!$ ,Ollie (~(Ii'mded .lIn[i ~b.!!l@(!jl ~ l!loot).

rQomd ilii Ilasiill tb()dle$~ wlith !!1!tralligeLtar trails"" port 'OfT) pamdle arrays

ing the tlnteriiOrilagenal

~The~e ~,~Ulor;ll~Q<f'!!IFi!1!i.!~W eq(.J~·~tftQ thi~·~giit ~FLill a,u~lri;or Ili!~j,$ i~dl!ldr!i!I ~t ti'i~ ~lId,ot tifl:~ .rnalllltlcripl_

~'ml l3orr'I!lp0D!1l!1il1U!! :~htlQlld b~' iI.dlIress~d\. f~it dsrn:chi~r@11]1:!IQll l!).5,El.I,~rlfulJFg@st<lnJorllloolJl !AJI,l1)

*,,11'0'

RESEARCH ARTICLE
'Qf~. ~ ~3,k.b (.14; ¥3).~'y ~!ilY5ic.;l]~lm;er IQiC~~ 'em ~~!~ 'W~!IllgmleIJic roOOl'liJ:b~na~iQJl isWiiCes, we estunmted, d ~OO klb'PGr.cmllinKIQ~mn,CMi) on a~~" (
Q(ll'llp~

i"& h~'fllm;Irk~d@~ty

S~Q),:F~ d~l~l!M~_g; ~u!~~~l

~Q~

bin~i!!i:J1Qn5i~e

Inu~lWr~m;m~ f'o' .. ",." '~'P '", an.d '.~1il1lm' In, P"_g, ~'. rnJ.l!JI, f1' ~ "., •...!I :vgs. C!"I ... oj, ,D), ~. to C'!1'o~
IPrlEj'n ((utrOYIgen~;iilnDl W1:I~i.lre, AJb,illri~o ru!ldI :hnnl)[lbgy,lbaoodgeilD p:edktku, i_.~ \'JithES:f ~'\i'L.ln~l\.va~ i(i_~ 1:0crnaIl:l. 3J tror~ii!lI~CiIi ~. of ~. 5;l4.J

hm~~nis w~delt;l~ootnU~e

c~~es

&5iri~~]

b'Pl~ (If

n~8t

The

,cilkm,IJ'lfOJ.l.I,OJUlj/

,~I~omc has ~ooxi~

rn.liM~~y I;mif'lilnbll

dt:l.i!l"<itt~ of~l;~,
trn'D1s:jXI~~[~

sii.t'ipl~ ~
,~d.¢[jiielfllN.

qi,ll.e'llce: r~p'~L~j"'liid

aWilo1;.l,GJ:I ~rmili~y JI~ Qf~l~ ~'1'1 col!tt'lpl~~.(m 11Il00 Wlinl~ootoopi~ Q We !d(;,'ij~liA~d]59 ~~~ RN As (tRNAs) 0) (~le S! 1(i~ cla..<:s(l;Sf8fU11p~e O trepeals, -um fl!lllln~esof'lmnsposablede!nernls ( l).,8iil,rnl M l'RN A~re~ll~ed s!bo:ml .illtcr:spm'l>oo, 1!.IltltlJflllaiba,

A1Jj:-ricliliSlaad..1;; '~;!'!clde wit!lii ge!iie·attldl Ig'lS~b1ie ekn1i~I~poor regi~m; (fi,gs. S2 i~O S~ 8) ..Asin 1fI1CiSt eW:ruya~es.dtC1 ribaso.llwl RNA (diN AJ' ~~.are: 8i'faiI!.~ed ~[IlBiWeIUarra~. 11ntry are lOOllrucli ojlHn~,(';grollps '\i'll. IInd.X'V;.
S6V~.
~!

,(tables 84, S5,;;md ::3',6) M~ O~amI. 3(IQ.,OOOESTs '\',.~ gene!<dw mn di~ ~~vi!mll~~tilwn. ru~io:l'IS; S63'~1 g~ :ullJdcls {56%) are SU;liPOitiCdby InRNA or ESJ evictitt"e (14)', ami JS%liialw beu'l
ro~lOO.fQ'~l1l~ ,SIi'1l.(11il!I'tl gld/C!i' aiUn'tlTtOO by :ma1'W'lJ~ ~mijon. .:IiS of §Ul'll~ 2001. P~i'~ ~~ lilaV'¢" m <%'~rage,8.3 ~.om ~f Sli)le I<li!'!~ .~ir~l· : ricb rolotive OO,o(her IIl!Hii:em:1II1ru:'eukruyOles lard iMeI ptianrB, (tIS) ,(fig" S21~.O!!l~t8ll~ llaok~lll'Oll8 (Table: I) V)" TIIC1 a'!;Ie~tI: ,Cillm1wdwlMJIWli j!lJllrOlTh Ls kDltg€:l" ,(373 "P)lhanlhaJI of.llllUili)1CUIbD)'OIe5 {l~, lltt:l. t!~ awr<tgEl 1111J:'Ol' ulJl:wmr and! siil£ are IlrlOlI@slt:nilar to

p~;IKOO["g SL'l'l~ ~clii;lIiC<; Vl

(fig, S,~ lA~ f:1I!n1;~~ID1~.. )001, !lr~be iIDliroll lIcl~ is dl.lc 10 repeat ~;I!HlIlCl'!S (n which. Sl~45 &wt CiJl(m,!)ifl~'mmj(~'i llWlS ate rulbjOOllo meatint'l ,QjjiUI'llm.mOil by Iml~'bfe clmilClilI:s. Genie filmili~.,cV\kicl'oci~fild 1:226 g~Dill f=u11ii~:~ 1m! i.b,~~~",&miGritf.~~oodiri-shVO « iit]I:)'JfL;: p!Ot6~ O

(.I)~gfdj;ese; 26 flmiil!ies ~~~.w:1 or 0

(bb~ S7). .F1'1CsOC 3! 7 of i],~ 79S,tw(F~!1ie flll'l"iiiri~ I!.IC aml~oo 'in, lna!ldel1\ '!M1lIiid~ s~~~ C)lIt(1flBi\'if; 'IanOOlt1 g~e dttjfHrnlOCm,q. r.me f8l'WiLil'S

ne:

!,iiQore

!~~lOO!s

oool8in :!iini£:Mt ~iom;

p~n~Pl (If CIJ/tJII!Jf,(!n.mtmQfr.. hl:ll'l~, ir!d )bt'liJ'" d()jJ.~is. A~: m ArobidOp!J~~!. d(1}l'l';/dfJIJMJ!~'(J.J a I~

.oF the

~Iil~. ~e

CQIin-o

·flml~iesofkL~i;8OUld cy~mll"!c P45O's; .b.uI:

C'l£m,clr~~ (SII'.ms) (labIas 52 ruld. S3)" whrch is lIttlCJlOOrgan~'1m. '\Ve: [lJ~'ltD,icl:cn'ltiM~rn! fRl\llL~ ~h,Jl~1m!O <'l I1W!!.1bet' ~f !~eiJU 'IRNA O)I'K! U~~ ()if nilllll!~(:in~ O~isll'L'; Illilan !kt~ ·of , .~ If! 'sln (i' J "T\ ..nn;)' >:;IM. O!!~ d~lka1ion~ Ui~.S !.'9).,<1.'5 ",,'Cill.!J.'i1 (l~U'Jtc!!'l'H;jr'~ene8 ,pu. __ ,,_,,~ .~., , __p ,~.~ .. ~, ....741 ~_f 'If-~ .i~,__ " _ 'a!ru s.I~mt «:Ultll bp1 .md \'1;,'C ,did, not ~'!i'e' (he 1L"l_'lOCi<JiledwilJ~ specific blo~oJiclll fll!ndk"ns (f'li,g.

OIlC :iis U~ ojm;sW]I l!I!J~yl 111.daOOllY~'J~ g c}ll~l.t'le tanniiy.. W~_& 5~lltICi1IlOOn>,d:IC a'~IJJifdmj.. W.1l1:f! ~.ti:!f ·isblg.(l"lalW~ dlQt .iI~1 3J\Iy OOiier~~:L"lu (lg). Akt'lool11 ~~(l: c~bt..'lCSam. mto,ttcrJ!ltt!.in,~3ms~ 1!,1 .dQIs: I!I~~ C<'lla~ tmlL~ a ~.~ih~ or cGMP <i!'\dI I;;AI¥1P{.M'1.w!udhs~~.~ reoond n~~~ .~ vom'CQ!l si~il!l b':aU1Edfu!c~on, ~aJ.hways. C),tiH:c!ruC'~ tides oce'(;ri~~iil~lbr :~naiiilflg~,a.~ we~1 ;[is I'IsgcllarturilCliol~ iilllJ li'CgutallOll iJlil. atlt111JJd(1lI'('JItl~'i (J9-2 fl 3Jlll1ilaiY bo '\"il2il f<rr .3l)eiimallioll lD,ehmgI~ ImLimMl m;lditm~ (22t 23), Chklll1Jrk~.il~Jna<; al.;o,~ diV(:rser~li~i~>Clr~~eiMCr1tLCl'!1 f{Df rblurk:rU .at:ql.dsL1iOJi! (23, 24).

d~ lali~t

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P~hl'b~=marimr~
M!JIh~~~,~cql~lI'$

(priM)

(ma;c),

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l==.~.----I!::::::=====
.------,

Th'41a:ss/OlSfro .P'oSG!laons"J!l (t~)

nil !l!J~p~lh~r-s.The If!I~~ ~Q1!l1fite~li!int:in1. CliJam)rd(JiJwIIU~j' ~~mllb:al: II Ilia<> reliljnoo~11e di\~l?!iily :pITSCiIrn ~1I theOOllilftlOn. pllillnt--anuHlill. 3IOC:~Slor:, ClIJa~.'lh.rJ.w)'tcj is pmlicM 1['O<Il.%vc 486 1l1@nnb:rtafI~ llt.allJiputtcrn fffi.gs. 822 3:1d S23) 0) tt1ii1l1 Ihlliml(llile bvood: cla"l~Qf 6!bll .~il~n&, l 24

I"hlMiOaadylwn' lrkomillr.rm~, Ph~i!i~.ramowm

~PlltO

O"'V"

prin!~ {octh.~)~e!~sine tri~j!oop!!al:c {A1"P)dqle!!d'enl mlSpiJfI_e11i! mtd 193;~1.dMy trmll; palters;, .e~:tiI are lJJ~dtilSsimm 'lIID69'1:1u.~1likr ATP;., biliding ca'>5CIJle (ABC) mm. 26~w'"clnberP1.{yr.c
ailimosil1c mp1rollfJ1Jlm:~il\.~ (A1P~), rlilnli~~'l am asin ArolitilafJd~. mnd o"k'ndL .filmool1l!\l)l],e!Root of UID._"'PO!lI!etNill C1rkfrl1)rr:t()mOno.~re.sen1bb d~<1:~ofoob!l,OsI~C'I~ ~p. ;<!!1dilili~ p:l~Jl~ C~:s. 822), Fw,1iLcnwore. a HUJlmOC' of plant lI<mlSlKlrt~rs;
hltgl.'l"

daluoru1'i @Lllo:lJlle(fig, s;n al1d l:aML'l :S8~, '~a:lootb:liIlnlCl ooptes(!f gmu~ encoonllg

IrotOOt!IJl'irn, iimanmwls ,fl.mtlll,ooded,

ali1

d~ ,Cl,lfm,lrJ'-

iIo!oi~iiii!i!i!~~----,
AlJlIl1.ocl!o\lO!li .,..liiiIiiiliiiiOliiiiiiii

C(yail'liOi'Osl1'll¥ZM
-, '" DielyQs~~m

mf!'lOOte ~cm8}

dnCQJd~um J' ~00ij

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.. -----,

Ct!6~b~'Y~

91(lgsr;$

fooD

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Ncm:lO S4lpti:msl[tim}

n'!~eira~p!B
,~ II1'lC!l!,e,

allllI'll3J14~O(:naled 1~1m.~1' ¢Iu~inc~ud~ng W~le wfl.!l~ 'L(ill'il'i~.es ~l~ledl 00 f1<1igellail" f~m"c~m~ (e,g,., d1e 'VOJJta~gat~~ ion c:1~nn,el.s!.!lper.rnm.ny) (1.5) (f1g" S22 H!I~~UlM~ SS)" A.m]~l~r o:fliliesc: lmnsponoos rocUst~.b'ut~ilil.~li'RCc!llulfili CaM :illl respOOSi.'l to oovirom:n;efl~ail $~:taISlSU.ct!. as :~igl:iI: . '-I. . ..' r« l+ ~ ~. I. .~ ,. :I,~- II' •. -." ." C_~~.r:t;g '1.,.<"11 ~.y~lS .may mvulJii&tW :m, aCl.IVi~y QfU1.i;&~eUOl,. "'vI~ic't .a.re 5t!'UCl!.t~f<m~~d :~!1! md!'l1l1i!s~ui 11Q~ in v~I..!IJar: p!~~ ,{see be~(I'\'V).. 11a~;Clllw.rrfdtHltm.~(f:8 g«lQlne slso CllI!;lOOes I),
diversity of S!!Kl:mme~U1o
j.n:1IXHml~OOr

aoolkMiitoo of

ir..msJ]i(!~erstiIlIm
Il1iIC Otg."lIItiSilm, to,

l.W

'fiIffi:

0'

IOO!'Nnolila

Ilmidtla.tiffi'ijg, (J!:nl1t.~I,r~fll.po!Oii':,

COl~ditilil,~ of so~

IF'~g.2. EwLmoclllIinyrelaWlIiIsil,i,ps of 20 spoolJeSwitlfI sequenced g!l1ome~ (54, 5.:5lusettllf'GIf the comparative <Iln\illl~e;s ~III thi5. ~ltlJdYilldllJl{le qrJ!InllbaL1€Iii\31 ,[I[)1j1 "on,~O'W:~f1tJic ew,u:teria, Artlll<le.:IJ ,iilD1diiIlIll1~llllyOte~ 'FiFOOlIdle OOUlil'lI(et;~, di\a.OOmi5,. rhodOp;n~s., pi:ant:" a lI'1Oeilae and opttlmkoot:s. Euu:lbsym~io:~$ (llfa qiilililo(baotef1ItllTII by al eld<a~(: poust ~w rise to tI1~ green (gl'et!1iI IWtandiIes:)ililiId red {[,ed bl'o!iii:difJe;s) Ifam l~n~a£!e5,l. ~Pf!ctive~,)!'.,. fm~:!iern:eof motile or' n:DI'I'!ililotiefilagelllais imdic:Merlat the rigM.onlilE:! daciog:llm!. The'

~1~virQ:iilllmel~J4}, Oflh@: ~tgJ!lI, u1f~ Imlfi'P)iteJll, { s 'I'[ ,-, -' :1irI. is!e' n f;;;'V4l·!!l!.!!:~~!_Jl '~I.',~a!ll,'C"":",,,~c fn 'I '....:d'· " CIi ' __~ _I;!!~' ~ __ u-,.." .... ~- ""...... i.-Ji'

p!m ii!l'l~el, t'til!'eeareiin ~~e' Na~fSG.Il- fiJIllilly (na.~lu~ in plan~ hlt p~]tun.~i~l(}k<lnls), am:! me :Ill'! il b.ru::lci"ial.l\IDiC;~~ S04~lmilSPOrtilt' (~ialoo wilth. rt:I~Gplastid. ei~w~o,~), ~ 12-

RESEARCH ART~CLE
KUP ~~ym c!~~nel fl!mi!ies .g 4a_~~ll'n!!I@!~in (lIid~,er ~lJ]ire~Jjlil~ wkarry.otes, and Inheform.er a:i I!.Illrl~a.1i~. a 1i1ll2..~~fic c:o:pmsion. CMt1~,~ dal11o,.u;u~ :hasl] AMI aliltllMl!llril.lll'n. Iill".l.~rs, wht01~ ~"lO[l[y wtpiL.'t"wby dlL'l iiiiliitiOOr 19rDoL\. P;!I:y:~ogem@miii!Jjandl t!he~gim~ 1M iOlam~ Ofl(lisg~f!~, Tg ,expl'oo:' (be e\~t~!li~ hL'itm)r Cf~J:am,!dm.J1()ff:(JJ,'.we i!~~:(ia~ly wml~<i_red th'13 Clll(1il~)I.d(m~'lINtlSp!'OOOCilJlleo II, rep:rmeulBttivc 8iIl~i" t

:rI:~e~mm~~h~rnm",~~r

~W ,(i..~w

or

:rlUII(hiJJ~:I3II,)alld. allgb),,~nl:'l vm{jI}.~'5;s)

pro-

duplLiCal;:{]iI1&~ all.dpam~ogilUJ, Ofdt~

!Q~irn;tl hQ.mQlggs.~ [pre..~t1!~ ~~. ~ d\~r!~geU1!f!!!'ld ba..~!;iQdy ~leQlf!es {F~g, A <!mloo!Qw~Thls is 4 oonSiislclJJLi with the. m~[Ulm1ilU;Kle: (lIif nagdl~ aud oo.~ bodies·as dl~a :uDd.oonlrkjles,.feS'POOli'V(I)ly. ill Ultlilmis (S); and 1I~!QS6 ~Il angi{il~nt'ns. A Il1Il.WI!I:rui '!OOsI.hitililnalysill (]f ChklRljtcl'alJim1l1S pml~i!i1S agiilinllt pilJ!t~l!!t~;1'00111 ~li~nt<; ii~ o 111~~ !me !!)flite (1) i~lil]oo ,6~ pro'!e}~ r..::m~t~es ·of olit!ioliogli, ~riJwl~(in IUfIe.~ Ori~llt g~e
ClIft111,r)'d()jJ~

i~~. ,CMm.~'da{jW1NQ,5 Mgj jll".(lMrro1-jf!~s (1 ,md 2396 IJroi~'ls, :!lI;,..~ttvelr), ib\!:t!owk. Illm~l<WI
i~~

IID1l1lOi1~, ChklJl'~J!(')1n(]tl.osp;olcil1~ witllil hOllao~ ogyro p]mJ:il,bUl~.n(ll13l1iIlill!!1,.prol0illi\i \!,!Coodllw,~)

pil:.c">CtJ~.in.d}c

VOl1iIU1iIOI1jj!flI~t4'liliim~

8jlCG5I.00' 81.-.1.

nllaJlledil~ CMalJ.~Ir(lamml(~":lI~d ai~L¢!1~jlS, 1081: Of divq®d ;1:1 iii!.U!¥fi<iL'( i),li.Orizo:r;'Ilally ~

·but
11iaJi(l~ Inlie

r~!T:OOif:!ft;l C-Jd(;UI~dom(}na.~~ (iii) ~. Of ill p!amiI; li!t~e afWr diva'ge!f!!:ie .ofi!!!lln:].ds {b!!!t ~
l!,lc <!livcl'&ellm o:f O:rlaiNJ,'t/om,Mlill), TIds
!1i~

is

Ire(jj~~ {.JJ'.\\'eIl!·oued dl'C l:icstm!ilr:lrns, eaJCilLl~atOO: (!ill 11I~.1:bruii~of Bu\STP (Ba",c toea! Aligm:r~rbt Sm~ Toolot~lwn8: proh;ln o~loct~!l,O~ f (!i·f ~ CI!llmo'ClOJJ10JWS p!1(!lleinto ~e Ar1J.b~ (l.'O'psics <iI!'d 11IlIl1:l<li11 p._mtellJfl1fS (F~ 4A). .Mi.?st CilrirJlI,i}H'io.mmm IProI.e~fitS Cl(i'a,;blt sli&,'liM:t)l' "'lOre S~Il)' ilarity ~ Al'{IMd()t1fl.p!fd'aJ~ to 1t1j11i'lill~pE't1c.im. :Ivll2a:iy Ch}{mJ(l."t/m'JlrJflltsp1i'Ol.@lrns wiitih. grt<'ttiltt' Hil.'!idl:ni~y IFii!!l.3.~]imka:!Je group lidepitted
,atS 3.

{Jii(lspi'l.:ltciIlS, 2489 \Wi'(]: ~o:~n()'ogQ,'iJSIm.o pmIDI!l fmln bcrtlh A.i'lthirM{'JfiS .amdJ ~Irntla1l1S (Fig:. 4B}
CJi'/QJi~<{Jmitol,rn;

Md

~t1il'1lai'll9

:sharnrl W6 p:m~n

t!lJ!lilies (1'74 ~d S06 p~i!!r..'"

'~tively),

~U:~

UleSe w,~ i!OCl1slwrOOl ~U~ Arabftlop!J~. llK5.e genes: ~l!l ci!.h.er lru'~, or dMVCfgcdl beymldi rooog· n~iO:Iil in :greet} :p19tln5 Oa'b~l:l89),81l1d am (':nriclH.'iI f[]j ~llIelOOes cltcooimlg C!ma aI,m: renu:iolc: protci1ils (8. .26Jlb COI.wLlf:Scl~. ] 879 pmruin~'an,:[c~!lam f:bmd
Liinika.
C .•.

CIUtcbed, frn:p:rotcillJ, tIi'ml fiJl00liomilil cbllcl~laslS (13h1e 59 ruld bC'rmv), lihe pla:5tiid: ,llIlildi pLam 6nreagEl$, UI~ p:~aslli,t" ·of g!!Sen pla:!'!lS;O'!I~d:!li.iI.al~.~are pJfim~PJa.<ti&; lee' dirool ~en~1ls&roll1iUle p~~~t)'lJ!Kllb.Jclerial cndOSYU1birnll (17), Di<Il(m~S, bm!J"lI algoo',I!IM. chloll:npliyU ~ and. c--oonJairn:Lifilg 9~~
aroalro ~h{i(Osyl1lhlilu.c:,.bm tb1lir ~hcms)!'ll.I.hcuc

O:~lmllll:S: \wm 8cqllill!c'ti. via 3. ~l!dal)'mum-

U!!ltal rodi,. mil g!~I..m;iI~1y ppedl scaNokis :si!iCWIiJ m as lop!NI weffilngle:5 bel.m (!he ~arfioW 1!llllmbewis Il!Ind~rr eQ:(h scarrDIEI.alill:larr~ ~lIildicat!1!ttine ori~
fflt.ajOO

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:scaHbldl 1I!h~ it ~ kOO'lM1;~lhef

~~aJfollds'l'reie piacmin1i1eir lEst lilke~ Il.riernlaoolll onl &e bas'~ ,o~ge~ !iI'la;pcl$$Il~es,'l'he scale ,~f ead'i _pis ifJl!tennea bJA'ii1QIe:::l!liIr ll'i!iA_S of ~liIe IIIIiI'iiP~ds(:.tIffulm. Short.alild! mg rea ool!JitlGlE!

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~f1~'(~'l' R1Igkms !!cs!!h1d

S31

CI1IlaIllfj.:hiuIl~[IjJ II I II il I I In II I!d ~I I I lin III I We aslIlllm@~1 50 I~b I~{!PS ~1iJ I CiIli;lCial il Iii'!! II i i iii i il i I i i I ~('aJfolld5 GefIi~( distal1lOl!s '~BJjJ •. rm:ukm (ternC.. [ III HI I II I Ii II:-U lUll II II ~Itll [II I I III C!ili!1n'J'~t !! III II II fimou'!pn~l. whel'fl!lileyi1l~e ~liIow.IiI,3r,e .5hOlm by Gf'~. i I III I I I~IIII I II II I~I I I I I I~ IIII ~RN_t\I I ~III ~~ I II II I two-illeadiediallfJl(I!i\\S· aoow the scafidl(!, with the 1iO:I~ II'Ii I genesymlOC!! aoo .."y s~ 1fnll!lIiuEltllIheses slilClwn at U1e tnp,. GenQlil'lk .~egio!ilS~lrieIa~(e(llildow ~E;! ~ffbI&;;5$,~DNA. !iIlIW CII!iI~!Ilof !'Ii~hOf'ldrial IJNA)\ (bJ'~oo~~ g~~withl hOO'l~cg; ili!1~er (jI~~@~~(";CClits;" as d~oo hl~~ tE.:(!; aoolFig. 5)la~ shoWi'iastrad~ of 'WfIlica~ hilS: [~:I1t: ~j' ,genesmail'OO ibm\loo~m{amjt'lmJm~ ,1300liili)mafl5;. b:ut: 111100 ,ottmm!l~'n Mndl8:tErl OIgllliliml~ dark ~ed,9~ i'I :(j(Ii1ICurt; lig'liIt:9r,em,,~~ Ihlr&i b~1'I GltJJ1:r1~mY.oomtlnd.Aira.!M'ap.m:, Ibllll:'1iIDt.in nooJilotmynIlileti: 1!)rg:.g(li~S:i dark gil'OO!iI,. \JI1!JiI~ in IGf'~fI(.~~Ma., pi"ocI~ tRNAs,itdlUdil'lflt!liloSl'l1ha:t lii!p~~.t SlIN:~~~~('~ ,dgfkbw~ :sma1~ Jiluc~~r IRN~ (mdRNIAs),

drawfi!

~P!~Ilf.

.Qj'!

5!carful~ :e~ O..~. Mba!i!~ UIMb..

.an

I~

·ilIIl.

1;!

-1

TilIIIILe 1. Cmlillpiillriso,n

(!if Ch&l~¥domQiIla"l'

gercoliTll~ :li.1!artimc5 tolho~~

of sele,ctLe!d's.lf:q,lI1emedl

gelilomes,

nidi" INot de.u~lmlilililn:~d1. [Sm!lrr[E fO:liEitl.

1I11!11::

Chl~m¥;do~lla .. (lJ]
OrtIil?£l.C'OC€iWi

ki'lJn

ASSI.!mbly l@!1glli! 1(l!ItIl~

('O'I!'era!ll:@! IChrmno!iOm~.§, 115,+( (%) 15,+( (%) cmUli'I!l s~CJI!i'ei'l:oo !G'~lIile'Illi!!r!fliler IGeliJi!!S '1!'lii~1iI EST :S!!!fI:~:u~r~: ,'%) IGrenll:!' d:li!l1Is';iLy "~er Ikb~ All'erageDp !perr gene A;1J~ra:ge Dpi !pe~ Maniscri!jJt 1!t1J~rag~ .liIlilmbl1!l" olf .aminu) i31dd~ per pI)Lyp~p'thif! A;llE!r,a:g@ rntN1!i' oif 'i1'XeI'lS per [I~'IiI@ l'llil .A1I!!i:f!lge 'e:JI:Jl!'l !elf!!ith Itltlij.l:!sw11!1i!inilr'on!5 ~%J' Mea!fl lelll!l'l!1iI @f ]lIItrc~ ICioolil1lgs!l!QJ!!Iem:e (.%} INlllIlillJIH ,of rONA i!lrniilS (2:i8:SIil.8Sl5,.!!S' + SS~ INllIlIil'OO tRN~ Ii' $.~r~ifI~CY$teQ!il~ ~S€d' tRNAs

12l

13x
1!7 M 63

12'.6 6•.1)< 20

][6.S,

140.1

llx
20 5'5 '57
5,33::Jl

wl(l
5

sa

2,:851 .. !l\X 23,

1:$..143
63 111:25
·43,12

6,U6,
36, 0.6413:
lilId

59'

36 44
2:fi,3U ,60'

,n

52' -23,,0'00
Illml -'C)iJ)(H:l!EI

8'6 113:2:1

0.190
2,23:2: Ind

1553
15'52

1'580

1257
387

444 !B.H 190 9:2:

3/3 'l1l6.'i' l:+ .3 25,Si§ ill

518
:1..J()05

413
5..2

.27,000 [(uiil 49'1Il

1,157

750 ~9'

iS40 24:6 4,4.9

l~z
Sll!..6

O.~

251
79 U4·
:U,IO' 12: + 7010 589
1~iD.11!

8.S
"El2~

:13i5t
3.•~:6:$, -iI.

4+4
,nd
l!ill!

3"", 31* 30
llid

5. +. rnd
49'7' i
~mI\UIlIIi 28:5·11'15;·

'·'H.!Illalillll~ C~lIti@tror' B1:o:t(l.cl:lmmOOQV InllHirlllil~m (NIHJ t>i'CBI .~6 Irom IEn!"@rnb~ bIIild S.l9S ilIl!r4I1&~};dll.j,!lW!~. ~65 tli:rfJAllhl!t: '~~~Ii'ldudi!d ~,n :~IN[ .!!!ti!ifII!ol!i iM!Fi! I

:3:8.
f,!!fOOl\il>d

tl$o lIla (S6']!f~h,~1'@

~~DlTlthl!' ·tl\N.A,·9rai'li~[

F~!:II.Q~ ,~ont1im :~S' rDl!.lA. ,~dll!jI\'eIy,l'Ind Iliirft· IprornidJiDI;l~.

247

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Qr51~ ~~UYj ~!lLdW!H:niQ~cl! plM!!id~QtI;~i~ed 'proteins derived' rtliIe· CY~Il000cmwal e11idOSJI'Il'b~omltare elmely ~li1lfldllo ,ead), oilw:raud I[{) C;)~I.noha(ltc:rJal PUtL>jJ~S. We 008!roh0dJ I;]Hl 696S[arllniHcl'!lilaJi, ooiutai:nl CNJ'l1Jr}j(lemml'(I,~ prom~m;; for ~D,lOSi3U~al also C'O!'iI.ai!iOO p~~n~ W~ a~'l~'CI.t<~. AJ'abf.fbp,~i~ ~w.d !noss, IbW I~a( dL'd net ,oo.~prok:i!ts [fool t~rn~pI~s~jlu;tk: rn:g~isf:l1!s,111e ~!'chicle!iLt~~ed 349 fml~li~. '\"rltich we' I1&HlOO, (;1:'0011,(;'111 (~~ d~e 51'1..,mbh::: SI 0 and laNe SA); eseh o.FlIlCSe 'fwniHes ~~ a s:i!il!1;liL': Clllrril.l:j!:d{JJtN:m{f;.~ ~. Clil 1!l1e basis (if~r:hMi.!al fi.ml.Iio:naf('~tCul ~iJ:\!il~fkito\V,ii1 fl!ux.600 (1)1 (tibiC So ~,l)\1,,'C ~tinl<JtOO! ~5 00 SOlOfuh~ \ ~!h,~ ~,-l4% r~!1e;gati\f~ (1) ByCO!'n~>' in~Groen(\!l,proAl;i]l1S In .~~, ,of the I~ !lip qfmkJlo._~klrt(.Nl ,f}lf!roiae, whiCh divmgedllxlftll'c 'be iSp~roof ~n a1g11e frolftiJIJmd! pfallS fig. 2), 'Wic Lcle.lttiffi:OO I]~ oobset ofprot:~rilllp't!S!lI~t ~ 'dll'l ~~ruioo~ (28, 29~a~<l,~e

_I'll.

m --ialmli,C pmoo~ 0: (labl"e ... __ aM,iab_,_i!'i' __ A\, '- ..-'- _."!e ... ,, , __ 1.., ,",' -~} ~ 1U1O UiSH-'6"',Law\I~t.g -.Jut " .1' .1T '1;-' lA,', ~rn ,'., I '~j",1:'- "1 -"'''''It C _Q!QtP-J:Y k"!',il!!_li!!l!g '.'. ~L __

sn

lein.. an:: pi)QrlYfr..~-senkd Ojl Vlleiclftl~iffi:e(l spe. s 1JI:I>\:v>eI1 asa photo~dm~.fte l!iill."m-, lilm:lViOO iilSlalc IrnfilSV~O:~, l\~i'l~il'(ii,t<: ~1f!C1j: f1jJn~t!S ,iltl'l~~~ (I"~i:dJoo'!l~,ltidawl~ paih\-,~ O~id:. an'i[~ .--'(1', , ~~, s-: .., 1IIi,."l~,,~!AI~ 1II'iJ.dipigI__ biii]--' lIiliiacI, ,_!)!'-'!,O;lO_~, _,>I.!! m _-0liiY'-_e.';1S '-) 'Of i!~ u~iqueltlp~l<> (if' bighly "\le,,~n1 fl\ml a!I:li~1lI!tliIC01!.lIIi~. AldiiOlII!'lh, lRN,A ~1jf~1l~ ame iJrnlSOMdl ~\V>a111 'km,~o:Iil:1S, ~, 1.JU1 tbo
cim;~ized chlo:rophyll..biilrlil'lgproreins,
II;,

'G~iru ii'C~r~,~nat~'>O[th~m .1, Ml o:~'! '~~d bOlliI,pll:;~i$andu~ittlllh~!i!dria r! ~ p:la!]l~ (31) Gnle"O;!l :f.l'-Oli!:ll!c<i O~t do 001: mnttio!'! if! lJ!!e p~!lS~ids 'to be Sf<ec!il~i!leagc-spedlic tend

I~"

hoooe Ulore troo:Ox l'Cgtllill."I.tOI1S Idna_ll. W mitoolmn~ Will, I1niol\'ldoocins are critical ~~m.tc' ~~ifllOO'SI'mH!:wc idOlillificdl il.Ow.1 ~~:iorodl»:ill!lind.1C: G~i1Cliit ,(.aM~ 811)1" 11i~1,'j[!O\l!~! IOtiOI'iL>'tIoxins l~v~IIiQ!!c.1:i'iO'tiieal~liv~5ioos .01" ,~I'u..~ ~o dol~~S of h]fur:md fij;"!l!C~O!l!(e.g" .~, vi!a!~linK,"" bindi!'ig, dOIl'l1lin) li1lpJas6d ~ld<!OOnS!ll C~g. $1). lI1}~fil\d~I'lgSreve2Jlillt~potentrs;ilbr' idcnti:l1ing iJ![llqUil:r:OOm:: sLgI.1illii1~ ~R'I'h~s; wid~ seltet~\.1~y and. Inkll,~~i1I, polmntia~M[;oo~ \:VillI ~fic
Ulia~.Q~in.~db~
s~'Iil1>OUS (1)\

~U~ QI~g~!~ ~d§.s, n~f~j~gy'~~k~n Qr ~l~ looleo~t~Is ]rIlPQrt~ll A:aoo!dh~gly, p!~~.

Chl"mJ.w!)~'IO'J,I!a"1<'!

!ltru:i!ure c<ll~ t9~

~~iII1I!kill,~ow!l;

(F!~.5A. !<tII(.\ SI0 and lIbt: SJ\~ C:.re~~Cd )rdEi!~ ~

fu!~~Hes: ~l, 0ll'lJ hlC~Wed~re9l)gWes d Dia.l!MlI~Cut (Fig. ,SA

W~ Ira1l!~

0].1,<.: ~bret d'l~ Ptui!tOl[lt

fmIll 'he

di!llDll'll> 'fl",aJi,t_~1osir.a {)ffJ(iudorJ'(JJw (;10) or .PJlIJ,endact)'1lJn.1 IricoottJ,WtDl.i (31) \vcoo,phared.mill(:

,am Koble 810 aD:! mille SA.J Gi~~ ItOO P~lYb~iOOnc ~~I~H of dOlQll'lll :nd,ld~cir

"""I, ~_n"""l~~J;::

~OO!,~

~!ocI~'llj:)iQll~:-dlrived pMidS,
,- ,-

"",'Ik

.. " !I!",

,,!'lID I "I] !an~i':~- -'mil ,CL___ ,__ ~ !lre._°llL_ ~- "'-'II. 'It .1!'1 ~".'m, _J:l

v.re' l1;Ya

G~nOI)f aro~~b~
~ ~d

orl~igJ1'!ly di,'IleifiOO ff01H :.Jini~:nalrounlelliil'w. fm ,ex~Jfnple,. tile, alltlll,!}'tiOm'OllUcS GooooCru IProtc:in liQM20 (.1I, an m~tl.lrillimooll1011ldJ:i8~, il'Dcmlbrarnm ~ptoril\vol,wd In,~~inimpM:, ,evPl·~MeQ). ~f~~Uy :fro:m a dilT~re~t.a;rrl~ :~OOI~hiL 'r,.lalilli illl UiIOlf! '1 flll~ ~nd af~~!l~b (33). 1 Of~le 214~w :in~ I[I~ QcCl~C\!t WmlOOJ .kroown ,flI!adi~~, ~,mhs.ve Inornotif:s or ~iagj~ mill Vilil'tkhllim.Cl1oo easbe ~ilfui'red,3ill. v,iC. cal :!'I'Cdlca OJilIy a @CIllUl<I!lrtlllooOl~IbU' '~le nOta'S (tililG fill) G:~l'Ci~ l~h31:8;SQAIoOif (liIekn01>""~ :pD)I~Il~in, lIlm

P:l1otolOO1lic oosPO!lses.. n~eeyes]"tn is Q)'l1l1~ of SI!:.rcrnl la,l.'!r.J: oW piig:nlCn.~. gl:arrulIll1'>, Shliiiil.rni ~Q pll3istog1o:btli~cs [~ pbl11S; and 1I1:ylakoid men}. brane, which are !d.ilrod,y a~d lnd~GeMo:rop!l;as:t ~Iwel~ ;:l:nda :re~i(!!li Q:f the pli;,a.~lllil[ m:e![l1!brnlIHl ~ irtgflnldoll~un·fa:!i!1i Iy ~how·
recep!OlS, ThCp:i~I'r!e!1J:gr;lII!J~~ or pla~~gh:i'llllle!>

e,ye81f:XJ,! {Fj~.1 )wllilich C<Ji~, sense lu£!Bn <lnti tcl~r

ro c~:d!lu.~1!l~IdbleS13),

PI,miCut ~nd Diw:nnCill ~IDufd.OOlf!bin only ~!IIJ_!re GfllemCulll!'O~illiS L<:social:ld! W:i~l IPI~dfl!ildioo, nil;~ isreieirrod (08511111: PlaslidOltHfig. .sA),
1heGroenCLIII,coolaii1i!l p~ afd.K;p~OI:O~ntnle~ aw;m1li~ul~~ltdl~lg d:to~i';ii1iVQlJl;'"Gd! ill l'Il1Llilid~~d! Inb)~ill::oidl:1Itt~n~lItteh~~~s. p~(Jfosynttin~~ccl...eCl_mn Ifil<l1!1~!1" Ca:ID<J!l fi){.OltiJll •• u'l!i~ o!!dd1lut. ge;oor.m.i01l" ,Mill a r.mg.~ o:f ,cjJ!~ IpriJllll!j'

i!h1!t !Jli: ~':!I' (]If U!f!knmvm.~o:mtl!i!!s ~, 'f(lw1,OOI~OO r.ro'clJis IU~<J;flllnotkm .l!r!, d~kmpla,,~ n'ICla.boH.~wl iI:ld ~lIaOOIt UlOlocthlcs ,a:ro gmmm~oo. in, dlloroplaslJ> v~a I]l~ at;li'!.l'ilyof~]ot~~S!~1itii 1 all1clpll(i!I.t1'ij1'S;II~ II, ~~li.vely_ TIle :I'I,ow~r d~lr:ollt'\; 111i11fO~~'I tJie pholQSysle~ns causes d.m'Oll.gc ~ooCUll!lii:lroo!l£ti~,· lIle!lU> as a OOOl_Ee<j1ucnoe ~e accU!l1luihltkm of of

n~l1i1OStrudndiliil,

OreC!nCut (SOUl4 OI'K!. SOULS) Imie Iron~~.o.lJ> in. IIDleA,10jff£/Q.{1!iis ~roglolOO.de prolOOme (34,35),
aml at ~~I: om~ !(SOut3)
c:l~t

m$S

OOl:uaitThlmtn~ p:mtdru\%~i1l l!Ill~~fimd!iotl • lnamy ofwbidh, ~'p~ilt ~Il. le ·G~tlQII:,.and,2lrul ~ l:ik~y cr.i!1iical ~'plu[d nllCtailol~ il'l!i'Seiin.elrI!I~ S(JU1.,m:t1Jaira,. AKC (soo 1OO1ll\f,(), ,amid! ,rrup (pl~!idl. and liaJij~(l.·~~!(Ici;UGdI p'Ot~!U) punful ,~
(34-36), ::SOUL dOlT!!Ol!tll pooreh"", of Ure

and! oxic1Jizul'Ig b:tollogk:ai~

is ~dI

wiilll, 'film

Tlrn SOIL do:l~l!IDi~. ong~mJiy id~l~fioonl~, p~~i'" ,~cOOOObytif.sJ:I~J I}X~re.~ g~~e.~ Inlle il n::!~1l and :pinoolglall1d1 (1IU bind lil~lle (.n. 38), 11~ dQ!ll<!in ~lo:!iy be ii~npo!1ll!i!! asa ~~e!!1~ ~.er m~,dfo:r in !1Il1ljH~_~g ~~nlC' in .1!!~:na!'d, 1!!100l:-

IFig.4. (A)~r ~bt of II!!i s~ IBIlII£rP hit .!lear'!! 1Of' e Ch&1:mf~,moN$ Il'~mi)u'to Awbid4!s[s protm~; versus 1m. IB,llA51rP hit nor!! of est Chkl,~~ P"'O~!ilS to 1~l!l!rl1il1l1 prnte;; ifl5. flillilcOOl1IilIl, or g~nomk 'gUlO~in;g5i ,are (Oki\~ ~e ~~d key 'in 00]; Cli{aniy:doffl',anGs flilIgel~tu I~~a[eam,e ,(42) hiigh- (0,111·' :rid~!i1~~ (~lhl(!ln'iI,yFIPhdl; SE!t

A,
Li!i

iii'

O"!~!H'''l~R d!lLamvF'f1it:

'. '.
o :,~ ,:;
,,!:::
1

Ci.nCM

• :;:tOml!P,!i' '" it1~Iro!!!PIP'

'.' GfjjI~I'IDIlI

'~I»1!1l'~-,

y.
ill

Iii'

',/

,/

1~lamdmte~tmiarn!lPii»; ; Am~~si:; thylak&:d ~d

lCiLt:l;Cu": ,AtW~'Ws

WOIfIfI

,,c:

,'r!Oteomi! (~hytillkegdlP'P); lI1y~m1i: l~eAJIiI1e; 'G~OOl'IUili1; ~li!iIaflili.~f~iil$ ,aJjE: glaY, I(B~!CN~F~ORO$ Igiwteil1

I '~"
e ,,,.

,_g'

.t

,"

'~g!illllt~;tog~E!"i!WIh!

,ara.logfS "Niue '!Jl'tmped in,to' their

1..,5 :Zii11

~iI

I~I

llil~iIM[tiJ;Q$ h,OO!l human afi~ Af(J:birJ~!is: The' ruteu ci'd.e 1~~P:re5~illtsth~ pMttli!'llS, ~il1

2,S

3.0

cnw:",oo~s,

7476

1~,w!Sfami~~AlI1gth~r 79~7' pr~~~g;1il!i!(II: 00 Pla!:~~, l!ilfa_~iJOO~, wUlilti ,~ 'WallifllLies((an:ilthe ~lIIlfJ't1m of p:1ft)ti!~ns ftolilll ead'is.pedes il, lihed mlh pmeit'S, rmm ,(ltomjyOOmoom and hnJlfI1,m,ooty', Q1ioJlll1m~s ,[[!lid' Arobidopsis' om~,

IIlf:15,'1,43 MaiD" thatmU into'

(om

Wog1!J'bull1lil

soonel 10 Ambi(Jopsis: thaffana

!1!t~ ,Chl~ydOO':!Q~ i1indl the ~p ~ii1

gOOht!~!l! gnd,AfabidQpsis~ arlll ~~!i!!fI!, ~hte f!~e~dn;,le5;

the' 'Will H&iI.r hl!lllrr.m; AII1I,. AmiJi'dopsk

miter ,ciit:1es. respemve~, ere. rnfa~lOO1Jm~

RESEARCH ART~CLE
a~i~~ \0~~n-'f er 'rlmyl1IDc~~~!1I sig!w~g cmcll>!l!ll.c~es. 1J;'lemitso i~nliffied! pIMt.alitl: .AJ:::Cs {AOC ~ :lkillaSeil~ 'nine IdIiI~amploot, AKC.I 1:04 iin (he Gn.%ll~OJI), one of whch, (~lJa!edlE'YiE~) is Il> q!,!ii~ fO:fl~~! a..~'i1I.tll~{1~ .,,~~ AK01,~ dij~i~1 bllt!!: !'i1itocl)OOoo~ AOCI 1(11'!a'iC; d~l. 1::_ 11i."~iIhi- .q!JI_!1C_.e !",,,,,,,,~!Kii_ ..\ . "I. l!r!iU _J;:L v,K& i·IiJ-·"~· -'-1~/4f.!1l"""'I·-·ll..JI ~~ lL

Ipl~9!org.xic foont!~!~it

fh~ :~iOC!iiI dw ~l!l !)!1Idp'~~Id'll!lJes rimy It!iU'lnOli' !>igillll~lJJ,g i:IlI:i~~IOO. the AKCs.. by '[he PIAfs (PUP'] ~ 4,ilfll. d~ Gum:vC'l.i_l), aliSO ca~l1JdlplMI~loou~IDtS, .at'!.\: aim ~ooa~clI W'ilil~. 'he:
~. (!if

pla~~lool;lJ~. h~ ,~ins T

\~n:orig:-

iliJaI.1yidlet~mfWd ~ ~lcir.w~oo

U'! carot;i~l~-

rtd]lllirilsa!~dcl1ronlopl~ pla._~ogllolx!lesatd l~l~ be ~c(t!:ioll (If' o:~n:i1';3liou31. ocmlpone!1Js of I~hjs plmmicll sttiOOOlinprutlmettL. {Hiner 'Gnx:ltCiul pr;o.. Irctl'lS :!!ssoeiaIOO. 'W.L~,llplru:to,l11mll~cs (J4, 31G)ilni" c1l11rn.e .shm-chaim. d~h~ttro~la.~, 91~ :ll.ldl}4::B~O

S\!'lM:U3tes, ~m~ Olm.i:U~~", .ndI. a ~!'O'!ici!1\?i ..ilh a ~l!oIJ~C!1l"'.ck:~n!L1C nID'Cif En smu,. ~~e C!_i(espot or j?!astoiJio'htdc:s 'OO1Mit~ ~lD1!ciilS; llJat Hkclylill1ctionunlhe synthesis, OO,g~ I~ion, ,nr:nf['ckiil'l.g. and in~oo oil' pi~lmt. .. and H.~hrmcMrllrtl:}:rrsifU.O d.i:lm~b!:M:llnc .Im.arhiim-. !:.'Iy (fi~~'i1'1eOl)H ~!!dl !~ !~bly,in~o d.t'e p1~!osymllil~ic 1I~!!!s. wll~I~Y;~:~li~ighdelmu:d. "nIe IR!!1leIDUS, p.m._eins h~[he OlleenDlJ: ~ooa..!~ wi!i]a. 1iIOO~1fpI3StQg!@hul~ Imy rej]JC!JI, IIi!': w.veQ .l1.Olrco:froniDp01!lld s , sudlI. as qulllQllli&, Itoooplmrol.l>,carolm~olck. .-1 Ir~:yr:rol!(l'S (f~ :S[.3)1 ~qtli~ by p1~ol(J$yl:ltlii~~lerpUiSlill\i'c O 11te 90 protetns inlhePl~r:rCYI (!fig; SA) .<l!~ ]i_ke~yto f!1Lo:nimt L!1 OOsi'c ~l!!SDid~<;e8oo~

ioo!'I1(.~.""ari_~
~ecified

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Gertfi:'lin~.~lD\@~rUioofLl ~f Bifi:iO:ID';tJI!41tlltl!~IIPlii~l a~ocIMlmf.i!1)'JJI~ Bimt(!ln·~1O!W. Um\\fl!ii~:r Ill' llllirl~~r" nMf:I M~fIl-t~r, Ger!'l!~IV' 2!1~R5 U~~R:a~UI:6. 1)~,p,;I"lll1ell!t ,de Bi~IOQ~t',IEc~W: lMorm,,!!;: SUpifii;U f'e', 75230 r'<1ris" I1r<l!!Q;:\ U~!allt (i~IUBi~!O!I), RI!~~~(h (e!li: ie,. Tile 'S~hOt:!l(;i~~tam~, ~ fiJi! Llinii/B'~t!i' iii! M~lJOC)lIIiiii!. P-Jf,~~ lie', .~Moo!llrM, Ii'~( !l:I.O, 3 Ailstralia. ~~rl5!.itl!lt,,il-!! 8QO'l!illChillla~ de~ piamIeJ u 111M!!: 86:1.8. (N!1:~~1iirl!r~lt~ P.af[~''iiLlm\. OfQ~, Ft~fW!j!. n~!!!il'aF~1'itm.~' Bjoclil@milll'l', ~]51L Bt<rd!l@ C@m~~I'" Un,t~rsi1:y o! ~~brilSIl:;r. lfJl(!Qlr\\ IME! 6S~ee-i)664,. U!lA, 321B§'lillit lr~r All~rneille BillIa.[!iio:. ]~t\a~ne~ G!.ir~ElribeftjUIJiwrsllii'l; ~lO~ M.ailll'. 6l:rtl!ll~IlY. }~~~I'1!!l'!:!!l ~!'C!:II, e[~IO!l"I ,~~ :Sk.lg!lS IIl':i~t!!l~ I fOr (fu.~!l'!i(~UBl~~. 5~~~ ~~~f'~~ !mjj~i!:r;it~, .J~~, i(!\ W 9211:1:7, USI'L ~~I'(MeaMf\1;liM Sl!ltl!ciflit~ril91 CemH!i, Oiflim ~t@ ijJn!/ll!f'~i!.)\. CmllJlrl'!bi.i~OJ! i.l,~~:m, 00" IS,M!l~~ijb!l1 G!!ftl.!t~ ~i!!!I C!!II Bimlow. 1IIi11lmll)!"~ CIa1'r!,J!lu. (1IIkai!Jl}. Il filJ6~~. tlSoIl..l'9lfmrtlrt ~iir 1\1I~.rJ;'je'iri~ B!II~;mll: III'Id . Nl!:im!~mp1I~BI~t!, Fi!iooriflh·s:t:I!m~il-Uiii\l~i'SIt~t )1lIM, Q!Il'7<l~ )ern~, rJtnniUI',i'. nllilt1'l~rtrniml (hf Mo~(ulilf ,lila eetlluJ:a, Bi~I~)', UiIlMJ:5,1ty of Aliizll:m.a,TWlI:SOm. ](1 1, USA. J'\lrepa rtlnent 1;11~'~'1 a 5dieJlt~,. 1Ai~ljgj!lll~ S!il~e' U~i'I..gl}it'l'. EI<IW'II R:o!l!~. lA 7000JIU!SA. ~~~J;I!!!i!!Ile:fII~ '~I

M:.m Sliiik~ki,.;il
~I!~part~nt
ah!orma

OruU~r/ Alll,;,a!KIe:r~i)I~ko-",2 ~nlni IPm~er/1 GIi~I"Iw.emi<i'.;r. KJemln .Zlw~

!If _il~!1l~i~ry~!I_'!;'.i~I~r:ni~try.Uru~~~ ~r UJ!M~~~s, lM M[j!!~I!!l;, CA '},009s." lI,I!5l'\ •. LJS. li:I!!pa,rti!fi!i.!il.t~I' IE'f1eF9l!, faoii'lt. 6eili!lii'lUl In!!1:illll~ 1Il'2lmul Creek, 0. ~~o;99. US-Al(r\lffi, UW'lR, H4i, (mItWI~h.ill\rg(t~ ,P:!rl'1.!; 6, Iln~~llIt 'I1Il' BiIliIO!l1'~I?ll)'si~!N;;lmlllllflll ~,:rrlOOO, PaM~, FritIUf, qDeparlment or ~~. Dulte Ii.!'BMlfml)', DlIffi1Im. Norilh

~~gifl(!rn~ 1I.I'.~~r~i~~,~S,3~O !!!)lC!)1,iiHmliv TIU~, n!lns~t!>lte ~f Mi~rob'i~toow" 'C:~d! .~likN!l)' 'DfSCil:iliWle~, (lIlttIl Re<pi.!l!li~. ~l{l~p~!/I!!~t ~j p;j,mt f'~~~l~, 1f!S!!;!!!t)'Q~ S(iM~!;!!1. r:i~r'~ unriv~r~v; :][22~<l, fI.lIWJI! 2, Oed'll Repld~[. ~~8ii!!ii'1'l)rm~~~ f'Ii~l<!m" Sl Eifwar~, iJlnk"'!!lsit~, lliI!.tin" IX 7,B7!lM, US"" ~5i)~parlJ'mflta! ~!lliiJ.w, iJlmlil1!~~lji!llll~t. SOlllntl, 'T,IlINidl'i~'. WA. 9;3.1\0;, USA 5~IM5t!Jti!!o! uM.'T.):'IfI~.ri,liLIJ'~~}~i@t'I!'!~, H)j)K!:<iiOO Ihi"'~r>iI,!,; OO~3:19. Ja~ll, ~1De,p;l!~l1'IiID!:...t 8il!~y" TSi~ ~!Wili 1i.!·l\i\Iler,iil!l'.BelUi~ 'Cllil!<l lr!MOOO4 .. ~iil!l!!tilU!!ie' l!lid~~ d (!!eI'!If5,U)'.Ij'i\~ii1gt(!!1 S~I!!:UI~~\\e!~l)I.
PI;!~i11<!1i!" Ii\IA~l~4, 1!1l!2Uii!, ~(

1lI9\, ~~d1ii1i1

Sl<!iie U!llM~r~'"

urlllil"!~ 2 170i8, U5A.. ~1J)ejla!mllel!!it IIJ IGI!lI.l!ii:ll!!I!!!I". l!In~~"l1i~tl!' !If M~51i<l~!'I~~"!S Mie'(l'itii'[ !it~, Wr;)J(~~~r" Mft!, '0 ~65S. IJ:SA, ~!)e~!'!~nt. !iI' M~I)I'!:irraPd 'C!:U8i!)~, 'l.!I!ii;~~ty .(;i~ OtifDFlilnaalIBE1l1\e~~. Eli!r~~!e:I'.U9~,7:l:Q. IUSA ~!ill!I.~tUl d!! lii'.iirl1i1li1J'i~IiIDI.!!~i1Il:!lr>e' d!!s 'PlarrllJ~:I., (NIt~, 6 71M~ ~I~s~u~g ~d@'.(, ~rBIlfZ!. 1000ililftil1i@lltQ! lIlir~ld'l!!mh'ii'!/:!Inil 9iiJ~~, I1nliili!FSIbf ,,~ c:![jfum~a at. Sanr ltr'dndSl:it Sail fi'an·tl~i. Ql,
941<13, :U~.981~ttdllli!i1~)' Iilt!!l!!l!r~h G~I1I1i!l<r., ZhQIlIij!ill<!ffi lJn~versiij', G!J<lll!l]lttOIl 5:Ml2 is., (~illltt.I'ID~pill1mernt 01

lI~l1/. Laiilf.!!N:Ji)' ~r 8l!lil1:igt.:l:l ffii!iI'iiSlry, !i.%5~ ~lhlll'lilJ@ ~r"A!!tq. Fl!ilfl(!l. '~2Cd)1gliliili~ lliioo~o)'; StilI~~ ZOilIilI!l1r:a..Ii 8i012,1l U~p~.5;. ~,jj!f, ~JGriidl:!3Hl Pmgrarn im ~bpl~'s, 'OIT[O ~U!l U~ty. 'C!J.lum"lM, 00 43210. USf\.. S!!Iil'pIM1:ing SOil~i~m
~lgIi" .5:1liI:l5,~!5 T'!bli!! Sl ,t.~'Sl4i iIIg~~r~IliC~~, <100 HAl1.i1'.~

2:!16D$, U:5.A. ~!l\!!lfI3rrum~M: ,m~I!&lk:g:;. h\3~lJe' t.n~I'IaIJt!!l? WI, S3n3, LISA ~!ilJ'r.,.l!;8!ii!'~~RS.

On'heMi!lferial.

.~IWI',Sr!:ie'lJ!lel'!l<!~I,OflJ\I(®O~I!e~,,!!tllV3,],e;I-s~·a~4'5~I}Cl M~i!ti.~l!;:.and JI!etl1Qd~

~hl!:ular

Sriffilce:; and! ~1lIie~

,~r~U~IIllUIl

~~ ~Ilromiu .and

IEiIi<i r!ri~rlffitiil;5, 1J1ty:.er~it:l' ,rlr TEiIllII~~~e. MetI!~IQi~, lir4 3 !3163, W. uOl:!)<JUlte<M'pf J'~mt !)WI~. I.lIni~~t'1 !!If Mif!I'ItAA",

as"

9' A!Nil 200fIl; a~plUI

S ~~!.emt!er 2,00,

li(),n:!l6!5ti!:IlC~.11,~,~OO

I'

I'

'

Di:s;I'Dcalio'D AVlall,8Inclhe:s'I Slr,,:i n Bursts, and theProbll,m 0" P'118Slii,c: IF',olrming all IhieMiicrO,metB'r Sea 111,8'
IFeii'Ei'ill( IF. Cs~g!,/I, 2

1y resembles ~mm~ jl1ocroscopio pl,a."tro ~il1>la.!Of bi Ii~ies~ $1lli'6$f!-$trnlJl 61!lfVeS am· ChtM'30D®mM by ~~_wd!ielcl:~llg !ll!udll't ;~p~iI~~!rt !iAlnlllO'l.u:td y d ...'t'>!l!n~ a ,sl.ahca•. sh~ <>e !i!U'!dler condJrlrn1!S (Jf' ~ conLml'Tt".Il1I.lKlmi~ :wnenllillency is, associ" .ned.\?o'idl Sfjj[~ifl'l '~OCfli~izat[OI~ blolifiU5e eacll stl<iJn burst OO~dsl:O lhe fiQrm.a~iOll o~' 3,fDaJn)\'V

(h¥htl,an Ml>iz,:3 In~!'!;~l 'W~a!'id/'

M'h::lllae>l zg,is~r~ StdaillD ZaI pt;lt£!rii ...·!ih, Z

s~ip,Liral!:or s~jilP'bruldl (9.~, ·Ot~auI mlttOscopie

scal,¢" :s:J?tlItiotcm;p:lmt!~~izatr'QfIi
I~j<l!;~n
w;e~! ~I!!Qwn
~Q

Ulllld!e'fstrESS., mailllY l~nystal~IBm!e maternalls e:xhibl;t irreverr;ihle p~8iS1J1ir dffi'orllfl'CIrnmlli C'i111!1~dhy the llfI!OOom of 1at1i!Le dii5lCllCmiOO!5. li'lll pJasl1caUy de:f(umoo minocryst.l~,ime;mll ,dfaloc;a1h:m ilI1KIlandt~ teadro jJilllilfl:5 lllllhe:stre5&"$1rallil UJii'IJ~~ l[5trailil OOrsts)., whe~eas: 111 l'Iili1llJrosQopk sarnp1e$ plasitidty appea~, iil5a noom IPfl:lceSS. EllI 'cOOlb~I!!i!rJ~lthf,~(;frlm;lIDsfl:)!'Ia1 :si~!i!LatilO<~$ ~h!\:dYfil!~oo Qfi~factfur!g O~ dis;bcatkilniS Withl S!il!i!rtl~!lIl i1!n~l~i$ Iiilf thill 'oorrespo:lfldilllQ ltiefOliIfna1bn behavior. we: ,tie1:mlflilid tile dfis,tri~!1I ~fstrailil

@s~i>litiKI 'livid~ p~~~c q~~abili~~ Lo;

~l<!l¥I~ ;jil,

o:f pla..')t~(:dL:\r~ferrQC!O~ fqrnl""

d~n'!e!~mi!i

ab~'lity, A. clncsSlic C'x,m11plels ~~ileslrn~n buuts diS1;lO¥'C.1'!edby ,PlQl'1eyilfl ~nd. lie t1mDeltet' ",P1oC
dlkct),. whial~.arisefi:otn liIlIG:intCi:actiCm~~'Y.\'Ce11

,durlilllg '~lsru~OI1 ~lftdil!ndfles antI est~bl_ediiL'l depe;nd'elllt.e 'on 1I1I1:0IQ~1Ym1 Otir r,e-sulls :S~R. ~!Ugge5t lliaI:ro:rr SClImpl.1!:l dlimmsl:llflson the: III'IhJiGme1!BT ;::lInd~liIlbmic~net:er ~ille. III r'ge: m:-ahm fIIuctu.8iooru lrin<l)i rnall(e,jt di6l;lJiltta, I(oo,~[ollfiile resu['ting ,sh:aipeilll al p'ld~roming p:r-O(ess..
dlif1ll~S

·.n. reocld ·.ru:s.' ~~ ....~~IIl.e.~.' I.~ms .aJool!lmlliatiUilll:b,a~in(jLcales t.·.~.1 CN,i.d.eJfl •.OC.. ~IUi.t1P~~t1e Illiow i.s----a:I: .k~[iill Oi~1 thL'l at:ilio:r'Oin(;l~l'i[ scal(\}--

re.. .

smlli ..,nm:::(i.e.

by lllllel,rnittent strnun blL'lrs~s widl ~e d:isllitii1hu;niom(t ~8), The pliH~:nQ.m,C'Ji'jo].o,gyaflil~~' slroii~bUfSI!>O!O@thOIDlliOicrizeCl

pt:fi~V@i.!8rW)

di$~oe:.-mmh~ l,utddJifITlli>ing :ooilhll'Lli8VO)". TII.1l .pte ~rrlG(::i limit~ill.¢ llPJ:!i,licability .of many 3~U:llli!lliUll <lno)"", iil'l sh~1 :It'u~~l-fo"~i~gpIDiI;;e,<;'S¢!'iI. bU(Ollly mS1e:!; WIder ~,ec.ifLCdbrOIiWi~I.ion ,o11di liO:lfIs.1I1t'lls, the ~ns~<libili,ty,can i!be. o[ro~U1il"" ~~lOO ~ aWi'Oj:'.miilitcl.ycllO(i!!in~ liteproocss path,aJv:oidii~(h()i1e UlfitlffiKlratllii1ll'lllfiid ;\'llAin~~
J

REPORTS
~g~~~es ~!lJ whtth iih~
Q!'~~~Ii'i;l:~

~!!!d ~'!Q~~

'ii'l@tQCitiesere of dle
Here. we

fu1L!IleGrd~r or deIJl.milS4r.l;1e ~llilS:!; rtlill:l

m~g'liwdl:.
blJlrstli~e .~

runl1loll.on of IliIliCiliOrn}!':!>nl1l~ :rep;I'CSmlts II nlIUldh. ~loro t[Imrn.U.rIDjllailulNUlbility of 1Ji!~a>Iic, flow dun ooiiiM Ol~ jlifiltin'iiie ;prWl.ean<:irn. 1!iJ1t:lp:]asticfonrn-

ing ·ofnlUC!Fillt1¢oor~ c~til,.. ~m oo~<;i~ ~nknl!Cryskils .uioe b~ldie oo:U~tive\ a'!;'''lkll~dtemoo: ITIXJ:L'OfI f dislOCOlU'O!l!S. The crnrlSlrnhilii!tI 'Iitci!' o rncrlnn ~mpoosoo, by lillie CU)'~, llltic.e !!tI'1lm~ ~ive dislorntlJ}iii!ldIe ohllM:y to mllJJmUy I~' eaCh, lIIdlct I!lillD jrunmoo. ooilfuguracniOit'l!>. 'rhe liimg.;r:rulge
nl~il!
k!~r..t(t[.o!~

1QCl!~~m, ~wcs, TIl,\: ~Rooel,~OOd!~"diiltW~ in (J;lJ), oollsi:&1'1l au assellin'bly ofdlsloo:ll1iolil. ll.s in [I blCl!clc Il1Il;-n: Of3roo~ll~eroClc~io mellllJ~ {we @ Im~ls pam:!l1l.ctcI:'s .of AI), Mo-st of all' siiltil,iliiliO~OOll!¥l.r lditl:llii(gal ~I:b."iol'il<:;(ioll~ioI1

~t~~~~! ~-si!!.gidQ~>@~h~~\i.~t\l!~<,!~ ,clJ~"ICreilc dis·

ples,

mlfiltiplesim;ulntim1i!> wit!lll dilT~-:cI]I, ·but sl3li.~iatUYeq:livalJm],iru~a:J. COIIf~1iOlil~ Avar IfIj~ in, bendilrag dcl":oonooon .mroarla~lrl ~1i:I1il1ll
~)fro:lIl arnaHo,goiJiil:
IlrfI.'mOOr

~1'>~.ri,,~nf:i!~ n~~ren~I!i~ l!~ me~"!Yhijp1!ll ~~ we d:eieml:lJ!le <l!vafundl'e ~trniH d.lj;!ribll!!WM

h}l'~id~t:iIi1Jl:

1iliI~ i,':i.IIO:~I!lL{iIl'iIll!'

orc~bHl~ ~iIi1¢llS.[lc!r(nll~l~l~ i~dn\;m ie!ih~rby 'oo!i.!!tI<Ui!ig~'l(3 a.1:~al ~'$Ial;~~~U .of ~~ d I", face ofd'e clilie (displaceli~~ w!iJtIDl) or'by S:1ow~,yiltmasiillg InI~CI:om~~e aclill1g 1Ili~1 lliIe tofl f,'ooe {Iood co:lilrtil} 0(20• .21) .h~ a.d'di.tton, .~ .siiWi'

1ll1~pb.5~~ ~mdiltg, 8rmiii.lin ,~W~r~'. 1I'!eaval<lll:he ~lrIl,di ..Jri}!J!tkHls ~:.lv:e Ui,C g~~ ft!i!l)~

.l ~l'1O!locry~Uil'iie ~ ((l,_~t mtio :u!n U'!a!I.il: COJ!l1i~C\'i3rOO1!1a cube .me!~b~a!1l <!oodefm:llooll7)' i cU~lloodepcn&on[y on ~mosl basIc fil."IIIJ.:!reS i~~!lg<lctj,"'7II1nw.a:t'd disp!ocemcnl: O~ :ilS .ff.ee ,~d ]11! hc: ~ {lomp.ressiOOlsiiml'l:~6ons> \V,C lro;;oro. d);: oil' diiii.oauion [p!last[ci~y,d1is!omIMm amta:iJlcllls .an:: a Imfl[[l.'CIS3I. ~l!lre dlil 00es Itt'( dOJlG~iid. Oil! spLl'C~,fL{l :p:lasti:c~iIll ..£r .~ 'wcll1 2$ ti~ea ..c::rage.slIMS!> {~bn;e :umllm'ia1s :propcltiLlS 81nd caI\lIll1.00 a~dil:ll by .ad,.. ~r mull: .~.9e1iJilg em lnoo lOp ffiIfaOO oH~(l Wod::)

~1~1t

~1~iCI!'b~

ltt'lahll¥li

d~.c60!~ ·of such j.ull~~ c{l!lrvSU!':;M~g a 'OOJ~ooli'\le, a\f,;Jjl!at~dh~Uke p:roresK Bec;lX!.'\'C; dww·OI>-

~~.slak·ofv.~~ .si"~ ag: ~]I .~,~~mt-di!l.s: ·of

u~

d~ m.'il'Ip~(I\

of biCDj'SlaiE, and i1~iIlIlti·

w:hwe C is:liIMnt,ooitzaucm Oom!rull;, ,,,is a., scalil.1g ~)(POOL';i!'llj 9" :~~1illI~ d~el~5~i¢slt:liill and (If lijl~

<1w1alwlm To 1M dlC Iroi:wl!'!C:St'; ofEq.1 h~".ario~ p:b)'Stcal s~lliIlItkms, ~.'fC ·O!.M'nparedistribulioml. ()iF m."liIillldt~ suailtlS ['Qt ooln~mn, simrllliooiOil:tSpcr5!I:i~,andi'~ mulUple ~Iip oom1itiQllI& n~1iV<lI~dfllil
l.I1e fmrtrmdi ]J~ .10i00 {'o.1fI1m1 :ru.'d di.S;p!J900iil1GlltOOl'llro~. w.ilhl.iIli'ldJ wiiJiinrrlLl ellvatioll of C:~ SiHp,un. S]I~~ s

jllL'~illlg ilie ~fOOl'l<l~.(lI~ pM]I.a'l ill.

ih~ PLC

lJ~cl

Sinlijar ~ O~~~c!l!;t'lk!it~noise

pilJ.l!mlMelIl!

Ui)

iJ~fVlOd mdllivc!~sySl)~n~ iioch m Ute i~nkl1~lI!seH noisc ,e;unittcdl iIlollg 1~lIleh,ystcresli!; :J.oopifi1,fu~ I ~18(gltelS: (12) or fUli'ro,e~lrk::s (H),. IililC 900~ic Cil1liiRsioo dninlll r[19C1.l1l1C (/4, .15]1 'or ihc ~EsI.1iDlc

ln d~~'i¢o.rb{:I~'b!l1} W~ :~o!'d. dt~l~in~i!.u'!l '~lding s~ and sll!rf~ sumn, fITllll\",IDlich 'we deduce .Eli'i~lic'" oondt~ O!) by s~I;1_l<!;cdn¥l d~ .slufnoo SIrnJIl of 11 purely d~mb OO:lJU I1lIlltbr
diICsaJ;n~Mld~r.lgl'l'H)llmlJlI:'

aeuvlly during ~~.

diJll0C8lilll~ava1sncb~

!!j'aho~,r.'!is~ 8twmiimttrigulllg, q;1l!~IIO:~ '\,~~.~ lnhe mi'liil1lum '~Ulg~~rUs" required to pAA.Woo diSi1.OCi!ld.at~ a.Voitlal!.clle:>., 11K! ~ Ole av.dilld:te prop~ie,s mtiy mtvellilllr? Wrdl.cre 'Us fH'D' IUtrillstc Ih.mi'l: !EDIhe IMgllillliifa of disloo3~.{DI~ avalatnchffi, '!,IllY'do wril ~IOI:;OO 1iIlIt\11I1 lilil.a:c:rtmnliltOll ru:l"'!.ffiS, of n.lflU'(nSOOptc sailq)l~ Oil',nr In.liere l'lam iltfirin~rc ~imit whyd'Q lIIore; ~1c;M! ~'e' $lI!1i;!Th @ HQ~~i~ AE, n~8'!.1!1e!!!l:)~ 'I!~ !nacrn.'I'OOIlJ:C

are. cl~.c~~ ~ !T!!ar~·i!~~rI!~tpoWt'f\" ~il'W s~ d:is!ribuU{I!i!£.A1d'l'Ou:gU dile e.,'ci._~ .of inre!l]liUl'rm ~!~ic ~Il ib~ has l~n :~arowu for 1l'WllY yml'!> (UJ-.I&j,:iIi ~ic&l cl.lilU're~l}uiz."I~ lnioll was pcr.fonwed only rorelltly 'by oco1!Srlc CIll'mrssioo. {AE]I~perlfll€lllS :nm singlic: SiHpdefmnila .. l~iOJil()f iIiJ1;j{;).i§Qlliiil t~ (3) ·or b~l{1\gQI!I1iI d~ faQiIled !~bL<il (t~j <5'W1ell as ~}ldiwoct o'~fvatioll {ilfsll{'!~ OO~ Wirirl!g defOOl~fioo ,or~li~iI~ (2'~, AI, exl~mc!l1iS,iB ~_Ii;l!lar, ~IJ1'C aooll>lie fflergyrolrnsOO, during Bi b:l!lIst .M'ldiiiU:ld [ilffivcr.la.w di..uribuOOI!lS(II:rAE.~~QNes I:lamdo lrot C:'X!tdblt:My 'f\I'lpaml1~.CllMIT (3-6) 11~ oh,'U~

~oo
~\W!

.AI~ 1~X3mpl~of a t!lrllical g~netlJi1l~ Mil. 10lld!-coIitm(lJ)Llt! COG1Lll)iL"Wi.(lI~ mnis

,'I Fig, l, ~~e :s~.

o1~~roflnh~:ro-

.By di:H"~rt':ntia.gllig dli!: plastic smdinl V~ tWIlil: sip"'~. we obtain ~e; :snra~n m.1£ sllO'I'm. ~Jl~l{;i:mro~ of Fig. ~ Tillis is ~.~yplM~ .. ~'l!D~11IG: l)if:Bi cmeklln11l
I!I(IlSL;ls~.

\'lWY ~mili;l!' to 1I~1of dre~pmn"!e!lt!!~ oh_~lOU.io!M> in ~l'I!icimnelc r- s~CI ''>iilj:n:I''~.es (3)..

s,~~.is

s~i~. ~oomelry <lind to lihe p~e..<rCilllce !lfa!bs€'ncc efeross slip (FIg. 3ruadi~,g..,>, SI and SZ), In. ciO~cr case, du~ dislr.1lnuio:ns c'm Inc dcsmi~d byE,,!!:, ~. w.iLh, t.'" i.s. 1l1L': sarmlis ILNC fC!rb~ bGlliiiillg s±l'lru~iQl\S. A v«'tsil.liit~:lir '~ponmlJl. '~iJa'> al.;o~lfIooi!!!. ~'!~ ~",pmm~. 0(2). l~ adt!i:Uion, ltlc !lle~·!field Viil~lJie 312 wa';; ~redj(rocl1 to l\OI:d "Ii fur sDngl~slip vo.m:miCJ!s 'i~ Q~ernl ~ I:heOreO!)' ofnl~' diislocaliO:Il. y.h;)!dimg llI<!rui~o:n (22:, 23),. Ow.
COl

slrnim dL'!tri'oo~om; are ~~'ii~ia;]ly hk~n~~iv~ Ito

(:On~~ng

oJil1t~tit~~ilU bi!!tI'L'i< twill] <!'Ii'Ol.1:u~b~

Mde!yAII:K1!mltiIDlg~I1'iplil!l!d~ (1.1). 'D~5¢ lbl;!.IIsM;

m~ fID!n ll~elJ.'Op!i!pj:JJlof,cll~CIClIlion

siimil.iLati'ol'i5~IMI~ ~al dIll; lililn~]ilt;Y of IiilC Clolp::!l1l.el1lextr:ltds also to ll1:u1t6pH\" coru:llttOlli~ ilnd to d~~rm!MiDt:I 'Ii~~ 8I)Ieh a<l ~dil~~j, wl~id'l iHD~ ~in gmdi~lt'ii OIl! ~~. ~t!;p~e
SQtk,

11lel~ Il~lclil!:g is :P'<lfl~~~~Y' iJ~reresling

"""Urin lheS<!ill1pie. D!1s1JooMiotl w:tt'i.i'aty during an arwla:ncl'1e is I1\i.tI:!aUy dmn~l:Iated by 8: s11l\l'lk'fllnp :SYSllllil •• GVeI1 iF defOOl1JfiJiilOO'lplOCOOrns" ou avuregc, ilil ~'nmlro1cal mullip!('; ~~~, Cnmstlqu.eluiy, am ~V..wb~dI'les I;;(llilibit ;;I. ,o1i!i;l!wacooristic k!!~lli;lr 51~ :as sh,O\lI'iJI! In Fig. ,2, To <l!ml)"".lC! the crncida!'1@; IlQ~ ~~la~;,,,,o;e firs~ d'II'CSlro1d [tlo cllilninate cffi.-ctsool'l!ingfirnn 1~1U" mcriad Illoii.'>\':,. liln£'Ilid\.'n~fy \wC.-dJJFilnm ~Il>es., tlIl:lIi TIt£: .aIDa. 8 UI~.do(fr~h p:d.~is equhl'a1oot to !]a~ p;lirili¢ su:ain~lI.cKlm~1!t ~im)(lm;:ed, Iry 11.djst~!ou Oli'l",1a1l!C'tiu:: tfnhe; ·Ol""ll1!;m;il~e !~). .!Jr!. <t:Il.'ll~wid~ ~

beeaase i[ delnO!!.Sll;<tleS tlmttre <lCCluntil!arrtc.Jl of' "goo:I1I1cDrit'<'li~ly a~",ar'.t e:x;CiliS dis.locattQlliS Itl~OC is Ch!ffl'3.eDrnislie of fi1l:]IOlillfJganoouli ddoonmiow p~ d~ 00\tC!11angc I!lrles!a~iSliClil~a\la~~r:

aV<li~ldt~ 1"0 elJuddaWOlt ~ystCld OIigtl!lof ltElewl-oft': we co:tlslderdlCpooposhkm (22; .2J~19mt dluri!1£, tllcprogross Oran[lcVf!lISi~h.Ci,.luw(ilpl'U(i~S fIl.'d:ncc tIiIe !e:iEc;lnw ~tt'I.:..'"lS ooning, lI,'jmillIlhe dnsJornti'cns: (i) ]3!lCal~ orifillril~hardmlni& wiih str:aUIl h:8mm'tlID'll ooe;!I'tcitMll €I. a htgher driving ~ itS Ililll£llild. to ,~b;!~ ~hea('!.l'alO'traC~',n!~d 60 in ~ Qf
dL')11OC!lOOI1l!

i~tC$C)f

tlilimpl~
:t~yesl;,gtl'~iethe
SyslelllS
1!lI1]~

To

iiC~S'O~,ve (ilCSC

issm'~::;j'we

dyuruw iclX::lm'!l'iO:Jt (Ircill~s~.'ilcaU(ln

dLl'il: variGlm krndiil1lg Qond.i~i(Ht."",'.ro this ~nd.\VC S~m:~JiltG the defom~l'im:Ji of :m():ll()cty$l<:IUin,'I':
iOeil)<i~lfiento!
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QIJ;lI._~!i!I!Y~M~
01

Piig'.J.. .A ty'illc.al sTIrlfM:st~.afJn. (l,!lM:dbti!i1~rJ'~!'Il :simll!lIltioo of the~reedim~:silionall lall~t(lam()llil ~oaJi!i1lcs mod~ ti ;g. bQd.
loontr;dlLEdlmS!n

Ma.teriab P~j~, E&t\I5:$ Uniwr~iLJ, POSIi: 32, "'.15:1$ e~~pei!., Hi!!f!~i)'. ~Ce!1lle~ '~'Qf

jjjJip

[otlilcli:tjjiOl1ls.

Il!IlIi~ (lns!l!.t)

Maleifl!!l!; SdiM~e'~nd Eng1h;~liIn,g. Ufttll'e~tl" ~i~ Edll'1l009, K'iJlI9'~:lWi'llIil:JgS; SaI'l~r!iOO 1?il!JildirMJ, EliliIIIi:lI!lfgh EH9311. UK.
~;LlI -otersi:tiit. t(ar8;I'I:J1li~j In~itut m

1I~ *g~nf'i~gte sign!1!ldis'g~ of'i1!~~W of widely

distribul[e,t.i.
100M

~ur!lIi~!!lM!iilii~9ki~1

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l~laJys tIIl@' ,ch,ml:Cliel11iS,tj(S typical lot crndl!m!!J lliloise: .ampl!1ib!!de~

M~Gli\!edby mOIre qUlles-

~ut@l@9 uno S!i'!tI!m(!l, lQi~u!ilr.m'@ 1!:2, 76131I(arlSrlltl!~" G~nnafl~. ~C'oJ1lstg1io ~Ilil'!m1ltl! IM~I! 1[~(J!l'CluMstiJJm ~il:zi(fl~ II ali!' pt!f Iii Fi!JiciI IMIiI flIiI11!fi'a, St.3Ihlk<llI. ~1!iDITli3nn(S ,ilOO (ompile.ml}!, IDrf.<lJ1ilifl~nto ~ Ifi~ka, :s.apiem;r'lIIni... l1it~ ~i d e 1l0ffI:i;j, :P;l~ A. Moro 2. (!I~las. R:ij;m~, 11!ii1ly"~11i~llil~ ler So~lil'ic IJilteM!iiJil~ fOUli!wlilm, Viale 5. Se\!efo 65. 1(1::1.33 Ti!!!if'!o, liMl)o,

P~Od'iS+

'''io t~hl'!11Il rorrespollld!!IlIQ!'

:~hol!llJ!l b~' ~!lIre5sl!d •.

E-mail:

~M!ilnG\z:.3 p,po!!'ri@mIliT:lO!iL~n~-n.:i11.

REPORTS
d~1@;§n"!en:t-oo!!.®l~oo de!Q!TIJ;~.!:r9nj !ID!e~viJrl,g st~: dtX:re<h."1esoo~ to KIID!~ti:Orl of thee~~[\: Silmi!ll.TIne, rota! dJ-ecliv~.Ires.<; dropC;:WlSed by au a,Vl't~ Gili':srminl:S is: (0+ r)s. \v,lKloo l" is lnlm ,mffi"cd1VCsllilT~ of dle ~rei11DJi!""lilnchlll'f:
~£~tml (for a:cii,ibk: 'OOll~~iO'.n ~~!l

T'O Vlm~y vi8lJtrlJiiy of dlis m1EflgOOlairn, ~ die pmfmtK'd s:iJm:~al1icms or ditfcrent sYS~UIlnl :tizcsiil

&~OOf::lil~liI ,C(]t1Inru~\\~d~. Ilrigicli OOR~ill,t .M ~ '11f'~ J,. ~v':."Ila!~lie firg di._~ibu'_i(i!i-'5 oblamfltd ~l ~f!.5 o§.di:fl'mt s~:!iill 00 ~p of·ea.ch od~ew Ol!fier resc.a6!iJg, 80 .-+ S - t£(r + is)lb'l! l~~d.l inV~p'r\1fKnltl'On 'W~~~(0 +T), A ~ero~lclI. ca~!~,g, r s IE aoo El' cbOOood. fu'W, tlile sllfltdalm .s~ 5n~m oorve.5i (fig. 8:3]1. l'beiSafll(l is ttue .rti:utho 1P.i1yCiIDUO, '00 nnu.'Wltm as f,o.:Uow.>:: .~' dig. .~inli1wll!am:ltt':tll ~lmd, al.oog it larn~larregilm &'!iliribILuilm \:w oonaim1l::] I!lliiduii 1000 OOii~IroI.\\ihmu ~~<;: ,(1jUl.~~ , s~iaw~ ~ss ~clion" 'ml~_ r= O. 3il!l \:>,:I~ l~e hy iWlig d.\13 h:'li'd@l~i~g 00· akine. lk:.l!Va.l~be~ dilri~oo.8 ~!t p:uoo~~ by ,s~ch a ·~ ... m~!l!~~·' ~ a'l;,.,;a.. lli[~i~-He

will~

r ~,~1aI5lnhe,~I(i_~ic:~h,!!-;;; £J, n~ ~$lre._"lS ~ 1~~!i<i1~ Ole ~~ ~ral!mdle8 IlIJid, lIXordlt.igly,\¥e e;ll;~t (he o1l."i)ilfb f>C;llein,

rilidool1!Qcla~

~de ~~(lf:m!lb 'dle <WfslOC1!liooBla~ \lector loodtillm han:! iJMrn.ely frq>Olitk!'MI.oolhe dl!l.'aiill.tUlrisHc spi!CiJ~)t1Inl !lizc: L. u:nnbiIl31li!J. I!li~e lroloclallS, 'w;effimdlll:hal [sec am 09, .24)] • 2. IPl'l:!§lreoof iii liifge Cd:tiCi'1'I . a,'ltalandle i;n [C!lO] SYIDnilftrica~. 'imjj'~'ti= Iple slip Iowa ~pet:~IiI!!I!1iI J(Jf SiW ~ 0 ..5 1-11111,. n,1:! !Jrap:~ :shows an oVf'rii.!Y of ~11iI~p~hotsffom ,ervery 10th glob,1Il s~mu~ail:iiorn tiliili!es~~ during.!'! SVaifil 1~liIm. le'Ii'!!I1lt. Red, gre~r

d.nai1iXl flDmoormicwoo!:ding

s!n~iUl<llkl!!s foll·

scaced ,e,,,,,pW:R!1it.')l di!laa;!~cli s~nlUla:~iO!1l resulls aIlll dcseribOO: ilIr a, sin\\11c, l'Ij~iv!iirs'fiI~.s<:a,ljng r-i:tI1(J~i('irl, If..S) g ~.'¥!. C-il:P[4~{ij~. ~n:addiiDian,.l!1iJe p~ll 1i~ca:ye2inquantfuilivcly eC<ijphln higl\~~lIiIiOOi. !!i1ral11!lJe$u~'!f!~Il]. Uic!,tt :!lJ,;,"C0I'd~ ~iin b'~t!:: dliUm,S: ~ss-oonl!tOiIed to!\':iom .of Wh!laf!ln~'

Jt !!l; in,~cihrr; ~'<lppbt d\e ~in£. I(Z) ro .~i!ti} c1'l~!l!Cnt.~m .c!;:I.taof (2) (ooIW_>c~h~;f;tgj :r~ ,:l~rn 1Jl~ ~rimooG, d~ dis.lribulioo. Oil' e1lJU~liO:IJl j~Is.1I: ee. sL\l;IaS dclmml1cCI. Juri. def:ormal!ion in load. ool~ooL Resmling lhe ~pmmMlal ·daUt poit'lb by $~l!hjg S =xfj}!bE ,:IiI'I{!I oo!I'iig:!ihard.@'ii!~g men:iei~t =:lYIOOO a~&d~~ &om !Ale s~i!'i CU!'\l~ in (2), \wn~~d 'U~at '!lie'

low lilhesatlfl~liIl1ivet~~. &:.lIing clIlN'eifw:eidlmlilY [ wuh lllle~Ctt1~1 ef ll:Ie OOOO:uag l}Cann: ilmdlullc d'l,'qt ltl~t'l'i:(l S:Ll1UtllID]io:lfIS ~'d:isp1ao:JllJIDilll 0(:!ii'I1m1.

soopic smIilp..1es fz~!JJ, orienood ~jOOsal siip (16). o U~ng llliee.'!lp.erlrm.lIiLtllpru:;m1~rs of (M~I 'we eslil:tlJa£e ,g1!l.~ 2: :.:1.0-7, inagJli,}e;II'l~ill wiith d~ !>~ of'!1~£, ~aq;;,>esl slnlin jump repon~i:n (Ill). Our SilltlllmioHS d@rnlOl~£lmru dnatirnrll[ffir.mtJ~G'lll disloc"lirm~~al~ch~ ~ au il'il~I'!£lic~u[(i (I.F
c~ ~~1I1ti(liji,y~li.~1J1!J'IO!lC~ies!l!<lt do w.o:t. depend an Ii~e slip FOIfI~llY, ~r(!l~f11!djm~ nlC:!ill!,OI" delaiis of liliIe dYI]m1]ic;ai~ prop(J'il\jes of d!~!1i~OCiIiDiom. The

llmlu~ ,alildl cya!1 ~me

It~ 00

_fut!~ [i1l!1)

db·

~~. of 11.!~llPlalnes:;lJI'll~ Irow mepr,esf!liIts imll'll()bj~e ,I!.oot~ lo&(~_ WOOJlh dkal(l(aoon lre.a~ Se1;lElr· all g;oom.emllty Sieptllmlee

avoomilcll1':Sare stat'isliMt\y cI~lmd ilI:y aml~ V4.MlIl]rmh:Di~jmy dlisuiilnulotl \lIhoSil d\."Im.elmsllc pan:mlL)ter $0 IS dl1!~mllJOO.d by 'lh~ ,spocimm. s~,. Ule ~ruld.crnQg ca~ily (!If ~lePl.liiOOml. aid dte ro·, iipoo.!1!SC of d1.C~fof!l11lIkm"nl<lchilt!e"" 00 au 1:!Vl}bloch!!. Bu~ wlll!!l llrelhebllpU.ciJIams (If ~lese r:iJ!ilrung,~fu.U' dc§oonsJiCMI1. es ~ o:n. Ih~l:ruaro.. lne~(';[ 9":3~? To ,cl'!ocidatc tlliS ~ .. 'Ii'i\': l;)C~omled
5ltOO~e ,i!.lmi!l~1tim!LO:: afllm; oondling, of a long 1i11111 8~!;j~OOC!J lOa ~ooiug ~fi:)Jrn~rflhat~8 rod. OOl'l.'\taDU 1I1100g iil).~ lengtl~. ll'Le~ie ktea,C)'f ~~~ sil'lllJl':'I:olLionlS {J'9} isll'!Ol.t a kl!~, lIDlil'l !:tid omre OOl~d\;:rod [IS. a cllm. of sc;@luerm;: Ilh.iliD,are sfuni~oc . 1.0, d.lOscwc: have SiR mimed by disct:\'tt:dJi,.,loomiocl. dYllmllJios, and. dml. be]la'Ileil~ a. gJ)atisDirully iilitdn.~Iat

di$lQ~,tiQ!':!<S·
I~irln!!d

~OCQm_e' IJ~=

oolri'lI1!!Ji the ~am,E!

e:vi~IiIt,~hlrn dem'(lnsitra~ l1il!impoRa:nce of: ~oog=

~i!lng@ elas.ticrlflter.amOIil:!i 'iii! ~ituililil lbllminitiatioll.

Ihe-avl1llali!(h~hll$ ~ Sl:mliigly 1i!!1]sotJlli~icshaPE! wlth m(lr~iIiIi!,af! 60% of the defQrmOOOOI cOCl.!~ringrJn gn~o1T the' fallr equi'll'(lfulm~~mof s~i:p p~ane5. Atthoogh (II ~1I1fitof~liIe dewrrmmonbi tll~ngl pmcIEllCmt5J;de <II :s.~ilil!!ile :sa1> plaine, the stati5ticai .uli!ll.ysis Q,rlhe <li\ila!l!cJmihe disill1ilbdon .su99~5t5l!fuaJt the fr.acta~. dim~Ifi:slcfl f 'Ih~i'lfala!ii(h~ 1$ dost'! wMiO,iiitikating aliii IdootUw mafllii!~ralr sliiape-, Q IF1g. 3.Scatmgl~pse
<l1~1anche

i~!'Io~iledu!ui]Ule will OO.!lclitDlg;,3Jlsl~ C?W~oo.~ ;n, 2 \vli!erl drerod siwU!~d assU!'m~OlU·<].!lIl1wl<!fSiDp¢. k>
OO:~.U~lCe: otlhe S!(I;ljha'iiIlC
0!!'1(1

rntnnl1Ui;

llm:a[I'Jplioooolyjing

fl'il!l111rnll.~s

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intmni.!!!aIl

l1:atl!lre {lfuiLC

dc:lOnnzcm ])f:(]i('£.ss.Ox: de£Ql~a1;1iliOlil

~ndividli.lff.1I s0gn'nl:.l~is,caH, Il(!IWi(l"ill(,\'(,

behall'~O:i"Qrtrilm

IOIii1l~ii1 d\alj:a po.il'!'b; d.ab1!1 !!)!~ ~,m@(ifroiiiil .!lmlli~i3i1!iOOls; of

Iilf diffurelilt ~~E5. 1111l!!)g~alild dispJ.g('~Ii'Iii~l1It
~ys!enilli

.m diiilrlltlTI.IJiI!iOlil~

Qf

(()(li1trot SCfiiing ters:: b= :2.8

I[.A!~~I; :=, f, Ie .::;;.E1:10 ~. r. l(di~pLiiiceilfllle II1t=(oiitmoiled ~, !.;;;1.SIJllIl.l;Ien!;ll~ .~ l:dl5!J!l11.!!lad'C(lllitr~ tensionJco.l!lilpr~"'iotlillll'ld g l;,,(L5(J1f1l. :>'Ilrillin ~11Iti'Q~ Ib~g); r "" 'e .""lO .0. e ''II\' !'-O~p.51!lr~iIli IXl!ltrQ~ 1(~ilJlad"IJDflbOll@ld t@IiISiOilil/ ,~ ~[·tsro,~)(~>2 (1l'1liI p:rres;sionJ), FlJllim l~iilt1l II1i'()frUl~ '~:lIpffiiilii~llilml d~ of Dimi,iJui~ ,et al. (2); ~&,l1'~ingparallilletei~: b :25 x 1O:"jJ.o m r:= 10.1 ie ~ :£11000 UOilldl~ ICootrolled (;omprie~ioo), Fulllirne:sclllirn!:jfllneli:i:J'il P(S,~Ia: S-.m expH51,o.6]!il).

io~

p,ilfi'lmelnil .-

no long& ~·p-OOiCioo 1ma OO~nl1injsrlc SU:l!S£. A'i !he linWlmnIIU3'ii'al::mdm s!l7a!im. IJI'IOruases wil!l~d:e· C~~"I,g ~5I1;:U~ ~~.e.,lIl.¢ 5~",lc h~gcu-eity Qf dctllm~OO~'!leS ~,,1(I!'iC 'l!~d n1!O!l;:: ~D!lJIIl!:teW. "fhl:;], Iwdi; ~() ~,u]aa: 5htqjCdlswrd\H~. as ~SliWJ\i\,1I1 iuFig. 4" [Ild:'c Umlt of Vle~ dun moo (:LUnllll"flle\l, by i1]3 bQ:llOll:'I:lgh~shape ~[l .FHg, 4),i111il ~1a>iOC: t hel)~~~' d.oL::SmlQl: ~efuW~~ .Iin ~ sm"ill s.~~q, ilK) :I~I~1l hu~:s d~ I:'lK.'CI!I' bef'Qre~. sL!ld!li~~nl is; ~lilnm1!l~re~"",bl bclo-w i!lC ~t~nrJc Olt-QlfsaQ.fi~1e p!O~~!ly ~!!'H~dQH. 10000rrill.d~,gs d.aMOI~e lImil: ~~, Illl.'l:y I1e ,dif'" l:"1C-u!4 on thc·l:tlfolu]1Ck.1i and ~nltCli'lJlllll.~W :st;ltlle,
1.0. ooilliroll d~

~fi,m,

- ''''''' .. 'j_ls; are~", ..j'O;YS .<!l~. \Vie ~,., - ""Uy!!;;J.!. .. .1lIve "'I A~__,j tI~inn'uencre !Jfgra!n IboI,g,wes m~ I!~ IfffiiP~ ita;} of d'i.~ltaaIffioll 3W'~$ 'by' sJ~nllill.1iIi1l£ bi~ c~a,mlt(l mid Itl1!.dt'icry.'*,il~in.c;~l~ (i9). Tlii!); OO$illlm ~t 11I~I.il~ 1~~yeryiSt3ls, gmtb1. OOillli1cl'a..t."~~. pl!i!S_C

Noon,. h(l\~,\-'(l'. illmiltl:icm~~I('l l)1'!Ch a.."lOorndngw~ IiliBt .~ ~~.

fj hlii··.00 .. J1Jg

ruru~ls, O;fp].\L.,ne-f-()Iii:ttiIli,gpmoL.~.

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REPORTS
~tt'"
IOhDII

li2.. 'G,. flliMi'i1 ),. ~pt;'fI. Til 'iM 5t:ti!i'JG~ ~'~G, 8!!ndlll.. I, ,M~~i:jJIIT(fl: S1s. ~&itli~11lk: ~f~ ~ 'JI'lllk. 2.o0SJ\ IJ.. 181:
,iIlloo il~oiiil~ <It hLlp~:OO)!'.c~ib.1~_II.l1.i~Stt

IFtg. 4.Shap~ I:lWrods (a'Sp~ ra'li~, ::1ll~50)gfte;r s~i!lJnl.iro~ b~!i'!d1.iflg~ ITHili thriC:~f!~ t fJI(I!i!i'! tCl!P tm t~ ll!m:tmm rig!ht t,~ 100 Jl:rI!I, t ~ !Q JlUirl. t ~, l~, ~ ~o.l, ,IJIIIiU; ,b .~. 2.8 X 1.0~llam~ .E) ~ fJlOO[tlIi~liIe wIor Icode illlakate.sihe local. bending <lirngle over ill .'llegmf'nt o~ length, t In 1Ihe hut md, fhe lma!:omnim ai,"alal1!Ch~ $iZ'~ (I(1~urrilllgiJll thl1!slm.1!IImo.Uii$.falli.ool@w th~ iliitrilil$iC~l[It\.~U dbtribW(lIi!',

H, ~;,V.. Ci'Jl!.ii. t [1::. 'Cmol M, S, w.ei~'1!Jl~il!" Phy!.. .Rl!~ 'ell. ~. !m6Ql (.2:002:.), :l!.I!. J\. I'le-Iri, G. P;3~ ~. \l\espt9IrW1i". A. ~!r~~ .fit cmra!iIHru.. ,Rw_ WI. 73, .j\1J;2} (:r~ lMJ, li5, t r. ~lrltlln~Fi, A. L l'~l\\afli!!nl' Mi, '~, ,A iaofoll,. Ph~ Rlli! ...Mtt 8:9, Hl5503 Q:o.a~:~. ' 161. R., f, Vioo(f, J. P. Trlil. Ado .Maarl, 2:1,975, fl(;m:). n. H. H. PlItlhll:H. My.;. SIIi:i!l.Sci.. ~ 77. 2:ii.:SU!.~a,n, :la., !iI. GiJd'oll, tI..tn. [rd:ti'!D!'~ H. ~el.tl~~r, ~ .wI.fi{e 3,73[1~~4)' :~9'" .s;e~.$ii!lt!Or~irl~ IIl1atlluial ailail~b11!! oIl(fI S6~e IMiitfle. 2[]l_ I!)_ ''''~iM!I.,. II.. lil. F'fi'i!!lman, E. 'IIafl dl?lf Gi~!:5!!Ii'. flI.. Ne!!!ill:aIMII,. Afotido!i'. SimIil AMl<'f. Sli {!ng_l,o. 4~:)i (2002). 2il.. [).Weygilml\, p, GUll'!b!>dll, Ill,,!', Sci: Eng, .t 400..ojJ~1, 1'58 ~2'OOSt :22, M. ZOi~r; f. ~~!,~1t~ Srti!il.M«J't WOB004 <[~I!I5). t 2;1, M. ~~r, A4V •. fi~ ISIS, ;!a;S (~~6). l<!. M. ~iie'r" ~, N!i):j'ti!~, J,. 5i'tlr. ~{h. 1'04$1 s '[2(01). ~'S. !F1~[II~i~:l ~",p(lll!~f 1M ~l!Jrlflp'~ n (i!J!I1PIi~i1)~ !11~~Jl ~

fl.

[)*'~ a

'()~m~

FlGt'~iOl~;lill'~ngram!i!ll!! $rnell!!p8n koollf~(Jt,r;1lIfT1HT· 20113;· 5ID<lM<lJ ~na ~ll!! N!e~ afilil IEIAe~gim9 "i(iefl~l'!aM. r'Mlmoklgll!!! P!tItiUriJdl@il pti'llg1~lI~~1iill~liIn9

rntes mmffilrnl'r ~val:!OOlmpr0p.8g~~on (lig,. S4),. :ll'f(!, [~hm d~e'.Slze ofEmlm 1bltliSDfl IsiUdtlOiW! by armor (ir.~lL)2,\"'hcro ~G l!1.ngra1n Silm [.sre (19)10:, 2~l~ oonalloo di¥cllL."¥im1J, Aooorni!vy, fooMabilr!y ~nay be ,~t'J.Ired!,even on ill) :sl!lbnlilJi!'a~ .'>Cl!cif 11 (;()m,~pmOClfrl,gl)l' S!~1 grain si.rec.-m be ~M!m~ mailli:d. iI~J"OUgliIOO.t; tUli&': p:uoo~uag. Om" rcs~~500~l1IOIlSfmW: ihe liIl.ivocr.Wly of a\'lll-.~aool~bdl~.or~n. :~i:![y
~~'~.;:el!l 1(0 S<llll;ple
mlellll1ll~:U

1. M,. [I, tlt:1!i"

.",Itd

am. ci'IlI.ci&ili::
~l

M, (HI'Ili~IJ~,. J. N. fl'ln~lflli1)D.,W.~. rt.ilx., ~rtmJ~ 30!i.~:e:& Q(U)4). l. I). M, Dirnilillt .• i(, WW[hY3I'P. R..[1A::S~r. Ill ..[0, 'iJctii.c, Scfen~ 31~. (200Qt 3. b, C. ~'~!l!!il, A. W~!W9~i!'i, s. Z<I~ri, l. \Jl.eq~. ]1.ft, GI'3~~l Ml'J'Ul~ ~.10,~67 (~IOO1}. 4_ II. w:e!t, J. ,it Gr~!.q, 1- .Pti~ (lfttm, 11 :l.M, ,iliILO (l:~ll !I. 11,.WI!i~, F. l.a~ii'!Ii!!'.I. R, Gra~S!), J, ,(';~~, R~ 1.0$. 4d,~ (~DOlI). -

1i!@:h!rerucf'S and Notj!'j

e.

w~!il ~~~ ~rf~m1I!ld

IliiiMI:iI.111il~~ Mtl~!IlIbl!;BlId: G!l(l~l1!fiil!~ ~(ontr~(t Ir4E5T· 111 <100$.I?Al!H1·C'!O,tI\..!04~31861.ilii'well <IS If;;' liM: ,EfI!!!ir~~rifl!!!l ~'I!d~ysjiC<lI :5(!,~11II',eRe:;earcll ~Dlmil, f,gJallt E!PfE02?8l5t is I!Ir.<ltl!:!Iu!Ii!OlC!¢!(!IM'!:dg,et!I.,fi!rt ~I !hiS
~1'10 Hle P( d~S,,gf ,iI\:g Oe[:!.;IIIim~!iii ,(I'rl\i!IIMi(lI~ PlL)!'liCs ~t EmMii~ UnQ'\!~rm$' ~flItI:iI ijll! 1fIig11P!!F.'~l'inarl~~ C!Jmplrtil'lg u'I~IlJIaU~iI ftliLili~1l! (If tM Ridl!!ilil!~iltfl!ilili Untt'i'~Ell.y ,tii;ri!:lIrl!;f,iillf!, iiilihiili tloo HPQOO,O p!(Iitd:, eM, "CkIUMl@dg~ thelifl~ncl~~ '5ll!PJlorl o!'tht AiIl:!1lri.an FDI!Id~ zur F\51'lhlfIOOQId~r \~iiie1il~II\a!tLi~lle!ll'!:Ir.Cm~119 (F~l,IF)!~I~!;I~I! Il'~ie(t ]:2646-~IU'. [0.'1\1, ,,,~~_rnl!!,~l~d~~~ ~~PI;f.;!1 ~~~rt I!lr lliJ;~ tile E:~"~!TIl\IiIoi~i1 ~o~el~MPH:r~:21006-00i6 (r;HloNlDI'I.'JESOl

mE~n

,~r

usa

1P1alticl1kr!l!;,v.
~i.oll

dl£e~

Tl~1 ~dl~:llllllja~s

de;:rea_~:in

i~

~ce:.~p~iru<; why :~ is ·dif.lUl1l ID ~!\fC S'ilmlnooJ:Sll> in UhlmJl:!lOOplC samples. In A_E, !l1LCLl" :s'UDlllmJts, iby amlliaSt, [fillCooollSttc clU.'1rgy is nl:lC!li'OOdl 11I£00(l,'J:;ue C1:IDIIW m~ OOlinglll ds~rnm ;}Ji.'alal1dl('l~nfI!yreaffitl.UDa:I [to 'boil' .~~ l!i(l1alooHl'¢ dl~ijl»1lW.~~ ,e.... vI:l!~ ~ r:ei..oo [to Inhe5lG.ili!.8 by e ~os~wl~ a ii> Ole sress.md ViS [~hc 'l'loIl!me. Hk:!IOC; d1C Cll!1!J'W 'dle ,AE e!~y

,~. )I. $~i'oo~dtl~J elll!l." J Sillii. M«h. L04001 ,[:lIO@')'), 1!!D.l Pc" t::~~il1,c.. fre!~n~, Go. :I!f1~[ltI~bi~nlll~ ~!"!I O!do,wNO.!U m SolM. f, Et. ", NaJbarro,M..). DIIJe~~evr. eI~ (Nlifllt+l:o.1~iid\~"[!ef~m.~OOn \'ilL II p. l!IJ1L U. 1[. f. ~~tlliU, It A.i~hIII@II, C.R. f.ttl!l'!!, .Mtffifl'!! ·!I,U), 21'1.2
(2D(jjJ,

,~. II.iWd~, O •. M;Jr!<i n. 5.rii!rJli'~a99., 8,9. (200~). 7. '1'. f!:klIl@~ J. V.'el~ f. Illocillet Nat A1~~ 4..-'l~ !{2fOO1Sl. 8. 'Ii. fi:rdli~ClI'(, P. IDClbroll. F. (~llIilln:..~. 1jI/~~, F. L.oIljj!It~~ MYler. Sci. ,f:lIg .. A424,l90 1[2006t

no

Sup'pilIlmflgJ On'~iIi!! M"Iti!rii'll. f w'M!.S!!i!;iI!lemj!gl,Qr~lqrifl:om!ela!Ifu!JV3:teijj®:l.E!r<:S]/'O(l SOl'.!l 'r,~;!;'1 !'i~. S;1 ~,,5.¢

R~f.~ fl!!:!:~. I'~ 10! IIprlI200r; Ilmpll'l!l1l7 Aug~t 2.007

i!O,.H::!iiJsdf!B~.@;ii.'i.3:n,9

di~ih!llkmJs iUX~ ~IJ mcrea:sc~lI'idl SM111e sse as,ec 0: L~;,111:Lo; ~ptruns; ",",lay aootl5~ic Ci1mi'>S~on, 3;vah:m.el.tM am" ObS~Ii'i!(td.in. IlJlaCl'Ollmpi.c: sin.gliLl:

Qr

crysl3Jls, wlmK'M ;$iraili1l.a'it8J~atm1~~ ::1mnot lh!)l ffill~dj~ eI~W~C1OritlJl.l WW' ;«I.lab~b,,! indlCOllie:'lti:li!l. ,~~ IilOlllgb -Ule Ilhe!L{II1~e~gy ~~II5Ik: dclOrnillallO!l cli!ilIlFS ma_~~'l;UY~\'!"lJl.r1l~ hags."IIllJj~e ~ dlC f1l'llrd<!l),1C11l"li ,,:I1~t~~, IlIDCCSS;S liIo BI!!!'!Il Pallri(..U I(hull tI~ ~l![ng,l'YII1Il!!!i'!!!J M~ (!I I1«l'"' Anitg[]l. IH,il~L"SlIe\l{!!i! ]~ iP'as.3! arn·tlllil s.'1Iooil1 ~~ic ~ miCl7O'l~xlllr-sc.oiIle SiI:e;PlIr!INll 1. Ml!!idi!e,.~ El~illb dh Villn WaQIINl:r,2 B'!l:!i'l1tIY[II. Firi@eilililailil~2 D~d~. -'COOb'(I!;,!4 spockniliru. :D'lstOC'<:ltl.of~ .i¥!i'ala1l1c1ic.(l O~. 3i~1scales W:~th'ma I~oll~ei~film., free-1iorulnlill!!e~em~lIiIlll.w{h as pn'5 snd CmnJIlle:l!5, ~k,a!~I.yhiil\fe!iI wide filng;e of arisc~lruJ'I1llmm :Il:lOm.ba~ic f~'i~ures Qrd!L81~cn~ :tto :r!lQ~io!] end Clln be d~ribedl by ,<li goe!1~jc stl,~ slZ25 and 't~ol'ilgiE!S.. ]hris: broad range ,of ~r'E!!e-vclllUl1le·e~elili!eint !!ii~ 'ODmpm.liliilJ!le$a IPo~el5abliily I~,'. T II ,",~',"",,~Q!!b .. __ S4I!i,~i; C!)'~L$,. ...I' "\'--.~ fn • :1",11> .... 'alii. _\'Ill _~( '. " ! Pf!rIi@i1lili! moLe!l:lllar 5i~araIliQIii$. WI:! dem~:Mtratedl iri!1~~m~ 5b'ur:bill~es 'il delii$~ \iI~:us P1J!~Y'liIiIers ~1S!_i;:;;h di~ioo av:i1ilmCllesexiD.eIili:I aCfClSSi1!i1l ,entbN Ihat '~~abl!llo!!lil;sl:.andi!'l~ !ifIJ(!le'cu~rl'mdl iook twgfllSp~!t ·ii iiid s(1paratiol!ilPt'lrfI:lWl!'l\la[Ul~~liIlat :::!;!IriP~~ the limits o,f wliI,ventJional p;oLYHii@rs;.TIl@ IIrliLtiIJ!~l mlC['OS'lruClJiUI'li! ~uatltesl!! IIiIIMmais, CiaUl b@'~lffiIitii;ca.ull' CI'O$5 sactioo Gill''die ;[;pooiml.m: TIlcarexl.cliL,'iiofll is ta~~Cilti@dIby tlnemlilililU.y ,~ri~!n ~egl1l1iemt Ir!e1IU:tlTIgelililent Frei!-vlJi~lIme topoOlog~eSii:alli IiIi!M1~orel1i by ~if.wlcd. o:illy 'by dID SIlI~~i1l sh:.c, aIfld, One !lI:oc:h21stfc 1l11Ch..I's.iol"l lof w.8!1~ oflfil!lC1ir~~n~ Iit'BY i~~it ~mnp(l\~ihre loontl!dlililQi the de~ree of rl~n6]ilg!lm.ent..f[e~:~mty Oof thie®~gi~t ma.l'Iil,illildl .~:udkIOlj~ :SIlI\i!U Mn.p!aiIiiIllQI Imo~lerui~es•.lifrris ratiolfla~tI~lmfiilll!l1 ofllree·wllll[I]I!~ ,e,~erne.lliltil ~J{!1iliffi'ffilre' p:rO'!jijll!H; i mlJ;~ d ItC'l~1IR)Iilt¢ dli3~~ ~!&Dins,fitoli!lacl~:r{llml~.o", , rOili pr'~a:Jiin!li1 higlh"perfo:mJil1ir1li1liel!I@lyme~ for mQleOl!darl~~IIe!S!~!3Jratimi~. [l~,.h'l ~l~sl<!Ls. by 'CQ!i~ di!;!oaIl:lO~

()ir

Po,lym'B',r,swilhl 'Cavitli'B'S Tuned tor fa,:st ISelecti:ve Transpart of SmaIIM,o,leclule:s land 1,01n8

a\~leS

<:!II'e ~:rnlimed [)y FlloolIJooari(l.'8. Uis ~ll~ybad. ~ an ..,;preoil'lhle Sll101.]O~UI1g of dernr~

rlUiJ!im~ m~difli\ll!iD'i.oTldn.~M1lro1lfib.iHly

of d!r;.,

fonut1oo ~rocC>!>cs.,

ri'mn",~nol:ecrue ~ndtof~

,dJitrllllkklil

[~JI1r:cmgh
;SUOO311O-

O:,l1mWS{ioplcpheilCfHiieI'Mm,

.~~.iln~~ ~ro(}.~()~UI~el¥l£i,~um~)inIm: {Lc., ~

OIgmle
1~~3runals' IS

an. ~ii'ihcrei'lrly

pliealions: fTIii tIinill~.lhml'fi S~flii'atCOi~1 pi:lOoi}t:i;!lSe.'l~IIi, ehmt~icals :~rO(hlCliaii'l .!it..~ wG:II.as tl:lliei'gy co'i'Iwr ..

:~t ~ h

illi'lllPOil8ililt

1n}.

REPORTS
.~di ~!Q~ge .~p:tic~~QQ, '[e.g". p.~.~c@t!!.~ (l),. n;Je~ Oldls (~l).arvj, ,sa:> s:eparm!'tol1ll (4)]1. Tl:.uwpmt of
~~Q~

~iC<l~ S'eJ~!i:o:M: 0), o~!~kooueries

SIJil.'1·~~ as g

th!~ rigid~

5hli!.l;lY~

'iV!illii b~sh."'~~Q~;;l1 'e:~~f:-

mrili.'JolJ~m;dm:m:gh,

fO.~YlliliGfS OOCl~

ID' b<W:rienl lQroW_lWr!l belw~n two rh'lp (12), 'J'.he Slm"; rigicl! ollilg Wlnls in S'td~ Hal. '!:apologies rad: cn'icirnllily, .lm.ving very sll:IEI11pcnCltrnm:.
aclCMifiiml:l~eflree.!\.IOMIHl1C'dCllliu.mts,n~:is 'l.lgh1 paC1l::i'1g, i~ ilI1[;0 p~it'lli'i!lOO by ii~lnl'iS~iSi'l~~Iil.lla1 in-

bl!!ITIwg (Qlr ~n~tiQ.!l.)'Qr ~e l!!!1d~-,,'ilJgQg pt.}i)i'Il"!er sllImol~re, a p!'OC~ d~t lliiil£ oo~'!'!.~~. in olh,cr cases I~(l, ,efl~~:lIIlCe g,ms s!!pll:mticm, poopcnni,(')S of polynJieilis,

by diffil!lSioo ~~~OO1!Igh IImllS~('lltl flllm.votuIWf: elernl~!IIt[:l~F .ltavili~ f\l:nl'iilccll bJ'~nl,. IihMt'if~ny ~ttl'llui~iilOOi1IlO~OI~ofllliH'; fJ~ib~ organicchail4.~ U!llike p(1j!'tlS'~ 'l!~dsih;;!pes hi rigid ~'iic!tJ.-

1~~lignil, s~ch as d.\(ij~.~li ... er eo''ll£ih~1>§s r ~ h:V~!~ ~erw<lJm~ .. cQnlai!~i"glooe e~OOOO!l IPl1!ir:s

paro~g:iHo£;g~1flic IfIl<!.teciolJs: S!1!ch as :zeol~!es{5) and c:arllol:m Iill(jk:cll~ar sieve tlumwls (6), eavi~y size.!! and s1~a,pesaJre net "l:I~iJruwnin 8llmiPrphous ~:~YI'i'fiOOi .. TiIII13 ea.vily D1itlS (of) (if I!lm 11t1lOSt seee'!:i\,i)p(llya:n~ ~1,I~h as :~Iyijmi~l p(lI:rwI:r(:lIt~. !l!ndpolY~l1Ial~, as ~'I!!,~l!W(jI by poisilOOl1Ia!fl~ Wiihila!lio_U!Hf'l'fi!'!'!e spec~OFJ:Y (PALS)" is: 0,3 r:!!l1 (]itr less with a,broad dmribu~'[o!l (]i~ Cilv~~y slaes, aud g,as fCnneabi lit, is 1~'Cf' lGiIN (i'D,

,(e,g." 0, 'S artd Nl' (B).

lIlll(l

applicaliori.as .~. s~p~i{mnl2n~bmm1es was f~'!fr.ll~by[li(;lir look of(10Wo]~~ly oontmiJl1 m

W~'Vev,!It<>,

U'1,l:IeriSils was dl"C d\mlimnd fQl" tni:gJ1lily IlihennaU,y 3iI~di .el~eit'lically stablCl pnIY'lIm~D'!>..ffuMi\1Cr, d~e:~r

genesis ·ofdiese

mn['I!il~ed properly" ~b.cse changes :~II, iiiid I.'OPO~Q.u Ci'!.'iat~ w~U~~"ec~dI, ~~Mi.' 8~ dislribl!ili(ll~ r~6-Vl~~~!~ -1-i~D:":j.·. - v;tL--~~,;;:i-'r 'liiru:- . _ _ _ _00_~ e _e!f!_~ __ ts ",I"'\', ca.. __c.~ --PP-;c;IfI- IS furIM-I,--~ Lillar .separn~iom;" For e,"t'it!1ltllle.PALS OiI_flIl~Ysis of a l~iroC!!u:sorpolym!Cr [,rora;. ~.,:ynDhes~:z:e,d. s
[f

C~iiin

'eOi1i1lroi1iii~i!Lt:tC"'lli

'wl'!id~ ~rr:ec~il;'~ly pueve!rns

111~1

Conversely,.

d~c InnostpL~neaMc

!;IDlYlllCr,

'ooh~£ prepared! as 'U~tll~len-:llmu1es: by OOiVCft~ CiiSli!,g,~lich is die mo~I·\"'~cile~.y!lrooliced lllell}" : ooror 111~Dlillbrmle ~~;rumtioln',
We cirolJ!ualven~oo. ~bis; fllhrieaU,o'l1I dmJlenJ},c by lLIlli,rng po&f3bri.c..'1lk!41 1P<l!ynllGf;..mooi~ylng rs~Ii{l!i." (.14, JJ). Ctl[f:lpl~teIJy ,~J'lW:uc.iJiL'WI!lIhle, i~riil!-"i·~lepol)'l!ncp.>e.uloo· 'prepared &on"i!i~~ ~l.ull!e ~f;OOlU!'rorsby irreversible;moloouilarre· 8JlI'IlIl,g.emcm at aOOm35[], 00 4.5OPC fm' nrolual:ic polyhnirlesOOItnail~jng o;[iitll(I'ipos1~io:rcd. ~un{:tiQn· algroup.~ (c.:g.".{)H and .SR) (fig.~JTwo types of cila:ng€;s imI. dmi~ mm1Cihi.m ~wtdturnIJ'g, Om ~nge!1!lE:lU l!iI'!IU Ol'lte!;· o1iWi,~pacld!l;g; W, !!'l.Uldem ehaiu QOOlromla1io:!ls ~uim!'l~ fr'l')lnlh~ fo:r~ u'!!lti(D~ot !W.~~ and j'Wn·liriked dWlls (fig. I.. ); A ElIilG(ii)rellative'ly fic%ibk:, lw1sti.ng pafu:s of.slli'aQlil: flam pillRC;S {a Md 11) (Ilm c(mvcn to gi:ilg~C lon:g illIlpl!ru.1CS ()I')' (fig~1 B) Oot .arre I1Illoch !I'I:IO:t'C ~d Ih~f1 1I~ of IIHii~~~Il~ litIo~~ies, f¢.~,. Ille ~u:scarml ili1li,gije(q)i) of oollCl)o."'~le-phl";!1-'YI~illL~lri~f!: i:;; elese t{1 00 at ~k: e!~erg)I'·!~i~j!1l~ioodi SUlle 00' eause Ole COl1tanill: loo!]lbnt~IlHQIl is;€acvorodl due 10 1i'eS00lMOO stmi1wjlizalno:~]. Thcuse {lIlf stiff,. Ir:~d ciI:1:ain e!L'lmooll!S (e,g., brnlmxftiZQI,e.;p1~enyltil"~ ri:ng or b~mzill~ia:m~!e-plw"y]ell.e:ri.Il;g) ~1:iff'\N.lil!lt.'l
I!'!~~

oo!~

4.4!{1Iei(a.t1u.oroi~~~~j.dell:L'i)..dipl~lI]aHc a~.h,yd:ri.dc {6rDA)aUldl 2.2!-b~!lU,-ari1id~{iJ'-41l)'~)I'lpllLlli'lY~) ~i~X;'l!llI.!(I~p~pa!:le (biMPAIF) vlia thc:rnl,:!!imidi~lija~~ up to .30Q"'C] ~1U!dJ il5 correspo:!ldtlfl.S: Ilb.ef'Hl<1!lly re,ia!rr<lrnge~ s!l!l!lples (Le.,TR-1 ~JSO, TR~I ... !HlO, and TR-I·450, ~ spt.'lOtlvcny) shows 16l.m: liliIepolyme, U1ndc~
fOOril

[iI!):~Y(1.irnlllilCtll~y~~ly1-1 .•p:ropy.fiI.e) (PT.M-S.P),8:!d~ib-il~ <11] a!lpu;o;t~~I)~Vy b~modal ca'\l!~y 8~L'; di..<u;I'iliJuti:O!:l ce!!~. <It !lfOlJtt!d1 1'''''03 mIl and""" OdJ. I!O 10.7 Imn (8). Tlbe hl~1l o1Jncenm.fat~an orl.:ol~

I11IjiQrosIU'l!ICLU[O~. ,elmll~{:cl:cpc:l:tdjl:tgon Il~e!C~la~ll ·of rea:Jiil'3filg.mnmn {Ui).TImmlal. d~gradalnDIl'I of ~flC p;glji'liil~~h",il~ Ui not ,oo~lilnrOO wid'li" ihlll h~t-lrea!Uroowlt OOn1~~lwe r~~.b$ed (in ~_..

ca'l,{i~ies;Dud drehi,a ool1l!tlectiViiy flcllnng C9\,1ties ~,Il~I!~ iin! '!{(ll}'liI!~~ pC'ii'lil1leabilily for :1IJ po~,y.Il:mr, btu its a:hiHty 1m sJcp8JmtGl small molecules (lk:ilmtic diaLn~il~r<O.t15 nm) is lOOIl(lI);.V to be 1~~erli!Jl, ~~~ kqeru'i,l'it~ !'1m::! ()gll~ Ql;'~rI!inw dllle ;!o pjJ}'Nlc<I!i <agi!i!g (8)1. TI!I!!JS, ~r!o!'l:gk!'!ow!'l ~a\lymc!'S, free·iwh,[JJne elel'l1oot slim a.[Id dist!'!i~ IlIrutl<m P:~8)Y:ll key role il~ d.elemlinifng pe1U1Dab:ulity and ~par.MiOil dwoctcri.gl~C!!" However,
1~!IlGl Ihm:ad. ~ ~c of ffre.e.V()ilm~lC ,c:[Oll'll!GriIJl,in
~Ud'll11llll:erif~~~ :~~ol!l!I~~ IIlC p~:!ill'IIliOlll

ofpol:y.-

Inttle~ havlllilg '001;]1 hi~lII ~emrnei!lbu~ilY Oli!id bugh

sel:octivilar· \Vc de!!llO!lStrmel'I!1I[ pollJ,m'!eUl'iwiltlrnl h]~r~ iunooa;Me (\a:V~ty sfrzc, ,:lI narwrow ml'vity size distri.~ b'luioll, and a s:ba:pc reJlllmisccn:1 of 1oootr1flooeck. .. C!OJllffictung adjacent d~ajlmlbc:l'S, Sli!IdI'I. !I.'l dlOi,'>t' A:aWilcl: e1eplllyi,~ I~ in 'ihe fOJ!Jflof iO'.ile:harn~ 1~,e:1!s '(9) ;~d Olq~~.!i!~S Uff); yield. Ixnh MS'h ~Hl~ll'eil.bil!tynd, bVgh seioc(i'!;'ky; GcnlmllOQlIIf a tll)iUOOOO ~orpl.'Cparillig,du;se l~nml¥Xi,iale"s!zOO ca'l!~trcs :iJ;.ooll~ncldl :fnM.,)~v(iJ~mm~elmnlmu tim:~ lnlfl~kJ;n tllmlll.gh s;palirillrellJ'l'allil!l~llrUHI{ o~· th.'Il: rn':Ugidi ~~ymer {'IlIadll S('lgI'l'lQI~tsilli'l. lhe glassy [1I:ha.o;;C'. It is k!ww.~ til~"t @~rra.!lJen.n;';!Qt" ~lIId~ !:IB, inll~:rJiCl\1ec~i<!fCycliz'lt['OI~. h~ gJ~y f!'Ob'l.n~ CO!!l!ldI ~.e<l'd. 10 ,dmlngesiu pO~ym,~slnl1;:tW'e frn: gas 'h".~~: (I,n.For I[h;i:s ~U1I'1}OOe,llron1k'ttIc lii!;Q>lYIl:l~rs:in.w:roOf.Uileci.odl w:i.d1h.el~lic m11flg5 (c;g" bCIili~oxaz.Q~e, ~I~:tii.dli!aZ{l!h~,anu1 h~~ b ~mid~(lt(l') ilm' (If illJ£ru."l'I. b~llOO p~lenylcne~i~~t\l ring tI!~iiS: i!1, ~lI;h ro~riab :ir!ave <l
tscm1l4.o~ Cheml(al tnt~il1~1!nil'lg, ,HI~I1.Y<lDgl UlliferSiLj', ~1)ul 13:3·79j,. t(Q,r'eil. ~Q!nlp,r 'f« 1~D1!rwi!i1!!I IErr..nroormental IR@~owrO~Jiilncl!lIi!p,ntm~DII'C I ma];l~miGal,~rDi!@ri1lig.. 'rh~' IIJIITIl\N~,r.illV TJf-X<!.5, ti.u!t!n. IX 78158, us;I\. 1bil (0111'Il1:'00' 01 I!jEilith Sllienllilk ~J1id ~lIdltlsUiiiil I!:JE'.sea1lli1ii O~gililiil.a5!liiil «~tRO) IMareriills5ri ff]{e ilDdi IEojiD1leriDQI PrWiltf' Bag n s; Cla~oo, 'VIC JlS9. f.u5lJilli",. 'IAIJS~ra[iiiln S.~rthrot~n 11~ ~41~rth iPi'Q!jlfaffi. B,uildifg 43:~ 91i1JOMtb (a~ !l~e" A!rgO!1oo\ ~~ 6(1~9. USA, 'ilio t~hlll1ll rorresptJllId!!IlIQ!' :~ho!!l1J!l ~ilIre5Sl'd •. E-mail: b~' ¥mll!@@haIilViln@,ac.~r

sllllll'! trOln d~c!fl108f<livim.etric "ulollysis !l)ou_'~.cdI wid:lmilSSSI?CCIm~IP¥ (fig" S1A) and clmne.nud. sllml~s {Hlblc S2). 8,'pedm&eopcicaJIlalysis (Le,., F01IIricrlrnrnsfOJiiiill-iiulfta!l'iL'ld) liuovid'{s 'col~vill.drlg m,l~dcnce thal 1iI1(l: Q[lV'eI'SIOIiIifoo1m imide mo C be!~Q'x~o~ !$acl~~c,\,~ (fig,. 81 B). Figure 2 sho\!Ij,'NUrnil (~:m ~vl!ty radius o:f PI.OfG··~.polyn~~r (wb.k:h is; amreredil:l!t a'OOl!llt 0.18 flll'l1@1ndis very broll}d,)i increases to ='OAl nm, ami tim dn.slri.iml~i!Oil of C3V~.ty SlzGS beemllil,cs narrow !lJ! the: ~lum@!lreaIT13ngmm:llllll t~nllpern;~llIre ill~""''ile.'i kl 4:5O~C PALS 11111<'11),sisr:evC<!ls ilil]ill'lc~""\'e irl~i~itroniU!lu (o..h) life lime 1Ml. re<!!!!TI!:!lgemc!U te~lpcrOl.tl.Lueilll.

c~scs ii':m~ 30(DPliO 4.S!1Ic. In g.eDl!c.I'<li, Im~gl;\r. e-Ps Jifct'ime :tUl.d'iC1ltcsliiI~lar c8i'!I'ily sizes (i7JI. 'Ihe ,a.flsintClls1.ly (%) lnoffiflJscs by ·71(10% as
tI:refii:l1<:ll l'&'U]'8j~g~[llle.mpcra.lllIil'l ~.sim::roa.w!

aOO~ dlii5 ~I1ipe~ure. Notiibiy. de.~ioo lnc~'eas~g,,-!Ps, Iilbt~TI;e,Olt: ~:O:I'l; increases, ate efl1dency (]if cavity fQJ'~l1.ld,o:!l ~mld, in~li.M~ rapId oollapse Oitdu: orea~oo rOO.l:Kltocm (]i,f ~Ps :tme:~shyin the &l!l1ple ~tcd
ialti'MhaiJil. lnd!~lfninanl'
((I~uQJil<'!1 f1(llta-

00' 400PC.bl!i~ d~~es

cavrti~. TILC'S\luUltwla:lsilire luh.erJllfill.y s;tabk\ 111: 45~ indlcmcs tha1 all bWltlMC h.l Ulean. flIIiId !!IlIe SUiiI!IO'Ilu<IIre.arr@!ngc~'l'ilfJI.]Ds oocuIT.iug dm~ MVity si2.e .is aOOOIl:lpilllnioo. 'by a dOOre3SIC tlilllm ing dlis process do IlO'lQj}~llcli I~:O I?flrti@!1 Irm:wmr ·cavities, Sl~tiltlg OOO~mlOO {fir

or

Fiig'. L1Wi1 majnl!i'rR~r~ ,oom:riOOtiliil!J1 ro $~mral

1~lllillrn dill!l1ng g~1

A.

tIllelfilil!lid lolilainl rlei'lr~IIiI~l!!liFtentof po~yilililirl~.$ ,coliltai l1Iiln:g ,orthQ·po!ilticl1~d 1ii1l!11,C'

tiotlllal 9 ro:Upll (Xis () 101:1' $). (A) 'Change of d1a.lii1

1

'~Mirn rornmlllgl,af! lmet!l.,andtoc pain'l"~nbdlchaiiil !OOI1Ir~1S 'can be (f@'; ~d VIi:1l. Je,alHllIlIIg,emellit

(II)

00 !ilfQlr'm,,'(!I~glym~f

Sparoo~ rt'lb(MiOfil' dllle

fill (hiilllll rea:rriillllQletlleiUlt

in !oonfinemenil;,~kh mi!ly le<aamli1e gBllIem[loofil of ~iree-!olOll!III1fl elellnents, [a p!am~, IphrIhillli[ ~lInioo Iring; ~ ~ne •.. XE1l~OOf1l1!aJililillg plile!llvielile rmg; ypkme, n~y created: plilelilyllel'lie·.liid6~dIic Img ,ijf X is '0. belil~olle"lJllheifL~rl.e rillfi~ if X is 5,. be.mthi~o1.'~plile'~Lenli!' rn:rlg~; P'!. Mitiqiz. diltedral anyl~; e, t1~tiIt9 < alilgleafte~I:I',8jn.r;ffOmatioo]-. . _.. .

REPORTS
~!i!!lef~t~~ 'jQ form .~ Q!!~~, RQi!,!rg~~ s!~ C@,'{~~i!~!hii!Vl!,,~; !~rrow n~k ~gt~m~
S'Cptnu!Ilg

ml1lChl~r

a4iaOOil1I;dilllldlel':S,~re

(lo:m;iisll1lt1 \1ilifh liiIis, SOL'lllIrn1o.. tl bllJw Imroc~mlt T ~pillIli(m propJ1llije;, II~ ~n nook regions mIllist ~Ji.jt I:bl'i IHl'" .~arg~ reI alive to d:t~ siZ{l of ill>e;

d ,t 5i \~;g"-- ~';P"'~ d'H _qpg!~.. t - . <WL._l: 4· I:F - -.-_- TR _~~.'i!~ - .. _. po!yw~!'8ind~d'e ~c !~~ge!i~ ~n~ (C=N·) QU d~.c: liIet~alicril~.g,S (e'.g .., benz~am~e ri:liIg).. A.literdopin;g, llIle OI)!! ~rmeabiHty dlXr:ea.ses; Iwu~
am

eo -)

VQ~YD1le [pO~Y!~

C!H4• S~~U~!Q th!ll! Q~~i%!. !!] 'J!l~i~1li f~ Ute PTM;Sr (24)1

altlre.s Cloop ~,S2S!;>Ll Thc!yob$~ed. '!h<Jl Uie &o"iSpi:....,,~iii"af po;~iI1:I1[Cel'WC'l,'ibrrumlml1'~€d, 1I~l.'l:pt'm]catrol~ ofOH4 Ito iIDlCilCllS('; ~nre Iffimn. d~m bC'ltlw dl.i.'l lihlem.lal dooora1\posiJtrionl:efirlper:lllr~ (<A5CiP·q, ,dldl,nOl di.!lIl;ge loooc(Mlbly, OOII'\va<o !>.l[ghl:of ·O~. '~~ieh. dooilt'3S~ Sllliooli\.iim~ {21~,G~ Iy .~. du~ I~L;) po~J111~ oolilSifi~&oo, Alll1ilL'; d)}:po1.yml~!N~di a~pol·0111.i.dl'S<IDd c~h.jj!~a-C~lml~ ,~~Uil~~!l!.d~.'inMl.iaidoom9t;$i!flOO2..IC~. !SC~ec- ~1pOsition tr.'1l1!~J;I~ ~e~[(~d m~b'm,~ e:;:hibitoo .El!.!5!'!!!.1I!i!lc~e i!1l ~ pe!'fl]eam1i~y. bvil), ~llll~ed!-gas C\;lX'fll~li!!TMS.pru:ticu]arlll'al M.sh A ~ible rea..>mn My lJ~ese~pQl.>,!wmlm.\'c; 00:!~cil:y: li~crn1JmsI, T.1l ~)'1IleI"11emll:rn!leS d.o IlOt cxhibit sll'bsl3i~.~iaJIlylreduood moctivilt)l'; Uin~qlileCS;V;Lty .s:izes ooC!l: shapcs:mJgbt 00 mlalCd, !(:wn,mhjgh! CO:;l oolDol'mlnln(m f..sO A.'iO.~%)at~d 00 I~ffile role pla)iloo. by GOJI:wo!OOhII,(lI;~$I!,rl!~ng I'rollll !.IlL':Cli~fn31.p<llym~, nmmi:.:, Th£refnllC, ll,'e high CO:! f.l:lFiry (-l5 ailrtrl) (fig, 3D), TIte slmlaH. llOOooli\il!~ ~IL';oCtr"'~ly w~~hill~<ri111,.g CO:!: ro- dc~\i8,1i~dl ~[!l.~t;:liCtd in 01; glWr-oo'~l!01.imW}g ~ly1.11lridefilm .m.dpcrt'O:~c:W Iilile 8!lnro them:l1d ~!'" ~d~¥ t.o;; COJiu...ed! by ,~slroin.~er d~'ile in C~ luenL :Hiere, ~liIe dec!l_rix:l~y!al:ion <1.1.'<0 OOOlll"8 ina 1'C!'!11e<J!bm~y .~OO~M~)~>d I!.o, C~ ~!'!Me~b:iHI~. wi~idh, is lwj.ClllfOrg~a..~po!yuw I1lIm~br.lllcs sij,I'Wil:irr 1~l:.'\I:t1!pemil1lre mn~c (7" 4000 Ito SOWC). sud is due totlre cffCGt'{lifI}Olil:tpCliriwsorpIDOJ~ in :Howe'lller, no otllStru.1dillig ellm.~:il:l ~'\Spennc"" Ill~XIlI:Ii\::s(22, 23), ThB CO~ .l'L'lldi CR4penW03hl~. abiH~y was 3p,1i!~11 relative 10 Itlaal .of l:1a~palil...:lll ilnes.gUlPillltly ,d:Erroas(l wiJtlllln~ing eO! fug.oopoiyimiriL;:, ..FiiOiIll onrmodsl sl!~dy.llilm ,(iVOlltlln.QIII. ily in arl COiCM~ nnh::ll!.!res (6g;. iS4), ~d IU~~reis of,OO!l i..~~cJl.;l doc.i..il;'\'l [~r in d~ fUf!lwi<m of m nQ 'e'ii'ioom:e (If pllol..~ixalio!!" T1lli"" is, '!!R. ipDl}'Wl~f sa.""aoo~bh~rwee ¥oltlmcoJr C<!!v~tfug SS~ '(lig, U1e'!H'b~~Ie:s !'i!1<n~7i,1 exQt~lem ~!'i.IaHoe r!0 p!Mtici· The pol}'lJiUern 'll ,~deri~ves~ig<l,]i~le."'!l~<il p5Ctloo.mioropcnlnlJ!!> d'a!l!I'&Crorisl.ics (hat elm be ZIltlcm at Co.~parliai ~rCS$t1:Ji'CSs ~hi~bas 208!tilt. a Gru: IliHllil11321bililies oFlR polYl1ru':fSl.'lm Ollti(;fl probed by ~Daioo.gen adlsorp.tL'OI~l.km,. :II. rocln~ Illq,U'8: lISW'IHy <vppUeti. [i!::J.iI~or:gallL[cmtc~1.IS 1~1Il':a1lli1i£lt~. 1~.rnnpcr.MIJI[R'>. !\VQ. C!!mcl'l> of l1Ilagll'iinlcl:e 1ll~.IPJ~crd.l8lil. Illil~ of I'I'lt1t~::l!1S 1D'.rliht';'l' 1lI~:iIIl.p;t:lyn~, OJn~uliofiai oon,,'«: To ~joue II~~s~~n'l!ll~iOll"mp~;e.~ of ~lne.~e Ih¢ oriWI]l1~. PIOFG pOlymt:l6.UN IJl!It 1l!~ ~.m.IOW~f 11]~I'iI ij~g:re (Jif P1'.M9P, (he mtlSt pcn~il)le pol,ypo~yDtt~f\'! 1I!1'e ''IIrIOf:Ip'O'.IiQ~'' 'im 1W1<l.1 f'roe"'!.iI(I:~U!lDe ~lyn~Ote~ITh!;ll,' r:e'~rred!O 1.!S "fA. pQlynm~) mer. Ho\l\fC\re:':, ~.J.ocfi ...i!les fa;'llllpt::tftin~ gMS1ZJ). cle:Iit~!Us d~ ~(l.l !'ip!lll t]~e !ID!:J~le, S<IJI B!ii1il!!L:!!uer:. we iprep4Lfedd'et!l1re n~liIbfn~ f!blQk!~.e$s ~O to E~!W!lleU~Teller(BET1 ruud.ysis is mreily IliISed ~o iM'i!tio'!lS (c~.~, OiN1:! ~nd CO.'1lCHt) <llliC .nUllch 30 !limn) tru Inrerundi ~wi.'!.ccll·gIlS I~cm-.eahili~' exchamcl£<Me tIlrnn (27), Nioogeil. OOs.'ill'p:lim,l was hjgh~r InI~afli;in PTMSP {24) but ,exDlwpamh!e to p.mIWU'l5.. :FigtE 3 ~CJWS 111.6 .!JiIS S~aauOCl:ilru~ u,'iCdI tn study t\¥O PTOfGpolyan.ers: [pm:FG"~, {If s1I.~~ht~y lower Ih{l.I~ rn.eru:bc)I1J rnotoot11ar sh~\I~ funm1iDL'l of ~,_1il1~~ ofpo:~ymai'S cUlwoorod; and P~OF{1,-2 (sJ{ll'tlm"qizerni rmm oFDA and 2.s~ forCOiC~ separ~imffi at JSCC.f.iud.l ::.epMUim1.~ lne:mbmUletll (25). Far m.pol,}'IDI1It\I'S." lfih.eaooer of (DABT)]jaq:d dneir ~nll¢at~lumy i~Co.::! ;>. HJ ::> He ';> 0.2 > Nl > dia~ru!'l(l!-·],,4-~!~D~edilffilioi ~. vibl !'lMliu".1 ~ ~~ ..iJ~. 1@1(.UlD gM ~\~l)Il, and elllllOlllccd oil IIOOOViery [J 8), 'JR. PCiYlller.l, denoo,~j.c ,e.we:l!l'-I1( Otrn~ C ~paro~OOl. per,ftmnmwe, sllIrpassiltg,dlC C01m~ InlfBll'i!slty L!iI'etime IFWHM A. B •• ~pamilml. ~i1iuitaIiLOIn, (LIIJ"d:u:: "t1pper oom:lC!." linK': I~il[,%,]1 'f~Jm, !"IS (c) •.f. in .f'~g,lA) O~} of ~yp1c:al pr!l~ynler mmnhr,ames ~~ ~O~, '@.4:1 ;, {fR PQ!yrnnGrs8!IS(I,(fx(;~OOI'lm s~paral:j{m ltmh (b) .(1.1:;2.,3: 0..'1,4 (Il,f ~Iher 1~Q(~bitcas pairs ~ch $;. o.:!tN·l~",d g (i:=}114.33..2 0.112 HYN2.~Cou~QtwaIlU!Ui.\,c;ly, dle CO,:! [iie!'!lleabllily (d) EIJO 3.S, IIU' ..-i€!) and CCYCH'l scleclJwly He' OOdlhigh. in W!I~t Ito IUne bdlm'lli:or OfCO:lil~I]~iITnJl. ~'1~l.y sizc~icviu,g 1]KI:~~:'1ll1,(1" 1iI~lnhmll!1$, w'Ilc:ro higb, '('O~IiC:Rl~ scll'CIniv:r~iI!['I!'ariaIb1:1I' leads; ro!O\l{ CO~ p~bilily(.2~b On rt!t(l :pef.ll~a'bj ~!Iry -,S~l~Il.v]ly .I~I 1Il<!'l: ~ra;mI~ion perfbm~!1WQf ~!r fl'lJ!ly!ner: m~ :~i!i!ItmnedJ~: m~~llID!e pMOO~~ ,,,,f 'c(o~BlO!~ ~(,IYlwel'S ana, ciliOOn InOtQ!;!Ji~OIIisi~ :1!11elllb~lw. As re~led, by PALSmu:l SA:XS,diIe 1II111.!stla:l ~ll:'i~ J Cln:~tru.cll:lro of '(Ft. p:!llr1il1l~ Q.i0.., :tru&Grnvit{(lS) 2.,';,2:.6 2,8, 3,nS.:23.4 3,.6 3.6 ,4.0 0.12, 0,.1 0.5 f!mVl~an~plru~ai.kllil :bdl$nr- hi~~ .!lS: p2n'lOOl€I (A~~) 'Oaillity ~di~s til abilnli~,amd!ihe (l"':tlI~.cliofi ~bmli~ by c..'Wi:1y coal~:o~oe :[;sp;esWfllaIJ;.ty ~~!lb!e 'dick ri~'.Z. '(A~i(rnllt.Q1!! or [aWty fiI!(fj:Il!~ (A) dris,mb:utiOlli. measured WJy PAlLS. ,of 6RDA ,'t, bliSAP:M poLylmlrl'e frecise cl;l9:;rinli~.lartic:m <IlllOl,~g gas looiccul.es :5lIIdI~ (PliOifG·,:l!1 ,[IS8i fUiru1k1m ,o1l1:tm.l'm .. l~1ir1t?'-atI'l'l'llllIt1Iemper.1IWIllre. '~B~'S:AXS p:[olii~es of Il'~OFil'H f,cirr all fO'l!If as. Co.1<!incli CHl.. rn. additw'n,. g.1S scpill'atum~ pro~ess1D'1g :ttempefa'ture.s;a,nal 'rit: iOif the GllI'in~e-t !~n:eE Q~ 1iR-1-415Q polymif!r (bladi( clpi!l!edl ~i'I~). PiIClIItG-l; (a) ImsuJI~(Fig, . .3 A)lre\lMlltl~al (he ca.vify sire tin. TR (b) liiR.-1.·3:;'O\ (iJ;:) 'TR-l,-400~ (~, TR--l...tl50 (AAlHM,. fiJ[u'Wi1dth art hatf liii1Iillxll1iI!i;IITii iMam tliil!' ,,,,.:p,!; 'iifEtimlii! 't3 ~.(J!lyntl~filcaJil '00 Itillilt."d by adding iWtJla.1! :a.c~iill[e diSIDnlbuitioin)l.

r~lO~lii~es biiC.iilSS~~ ~~ biJe~~mgs e!i.<ible !'e!;;i,iI'~veiy1!a!~~!!~thie f1Q\'V!i'iedl!iUli~s ! (e.g.. :1{,m.!d9J!1! fl'ow)' (7)., :~hJ""'Cver,, J;;i_~e C'l!'~J!:!es a.dlj0\i1l1ing I:1ilc ,OClC'ks: will oo~bulc '~o ~~ig.!&1 res; of m IrlKil\rorIi!W' lnj~. '1b~~e cavity :s~ .of '!I\C 1T1iI11~t(,hln'\ltu~d lli'i'lple !(1R-14S0) is ,SiMUe:. Itl~an S Ui~l,ofP~P ('OJ:i75In) ~!Jl ~h~6~illy Ia~ I~an. i!I1<'!1 ,of oon'il'l'lal glassy poil'n1G~{e,g., 018,6 Ii'imlbrpolfSU!:lbnc; O"2139'R:ln for PJl~!'!a~) (17), Silni:toc lxi'!<!IvlO!" is o1Dsel'!red, irlother f'lOKl !J;Ili.wp,l.cs ,~ '~ .% oollubiU):,Lliofl, of olher IUllOlOO:lfll'U'S·Iba.'lCd. (in ~hc l>2lmcU)\2l1t0001ogy. Sy." u'l1 mtm:n. £rn311.illllg~£ x·ra,' :sc..'iI~I@:r1img (SAXS) m~~,!Jl1Nil~CIiL'\] lItoo. hl'~I~ ~eIJ.lm] c!'!aI~e$ OVl'lr 111:) ~~c 0, '~Io 0.5 A:-' (q= 4n:s~~en.., wl~ere ]",is: ~hc X·rnij1 wll,veh;:,n!ll~ aII.m 20 Is dl~ sc:Lnering llll1R11e~, ~~ficaUy. apeak is 3p,plilll'U'llh~ d:~~ SAX'S IProfllC(>mr sa'Wpl~ pr:oCilll:.'>CcI .It ..::IOl)O and 45011(;, bn ~ot.ilii.dro&c proce,~m.IO'I.l{~ 1.m'lil,~nlll!Il'i.:..-';; (fig, lJFrnlllmnolll',. O~~~ 1I~ 450e.c s:M:QpI!e ~ ~ IJI1t)lOO!~& and 'oo:!l~!OOat a WMf ,q iHmn.il1ii!.~ lIle 4WC (DF Si!n'J,p~c'. !fwea!lnliute 1.lL<; !m 'ro sca!lerirlg [wrn ca.vnt~es, ~1fI~oolD. Stl~. ~~lm:Cltv.iliesi iu)cre3Sf: illl size ~~c•• 'tlm '~s1dfis to Sl'mlll ,q) at bigher

Hm\iie'!llm:, a!l1~, d~~:op:iml~ lI:Ii~ ~m'ietbiHly ,and. ~!Wiviwym~l.if:ti 10 ~m~ir origjlw v;il!.Q~.i,idj,~irn~ lniaal ihe:cavil)' ~ize iind shape ·~.bc tltlGn.\il !I!'! (iOli'CH.. s~R!rnl, CO::i lW~C3nyads as aJ ,laslicimr, SWiCmn~ IlwjlOlymer ~'ruJ:mx,cal.lSin~

,OO~H..s se~ccti.vilyil1cre.as~,

Tlte oo.~dl~~Sp«lOffi1IiiIIlOO roruilts: from .• ly IlIliql.le M'lfity-iGR'Wil!IlitOOcmLScd. by mlldOl)l d.1&m. QOO:fo:~i(illSdunimg Id~mnalur.;[lIOCY1arDmll~ IE.t:mt A ftw ¢Oi'[i~hliB sfudi~~ ,a:~!bi1ind in. 19~
li~~i!<it~.B~I'!'iI.i ·efc .ed, {2,6),sU:idi~ OOU'l\I~iaJ po[yhiia~cle !~Yibta!W.ii:lte<l:led<Jil. dJil'~!t~I)~il1JXlr-

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REPORTS
1~!l!e~~~!l;i~~'IiS~ ..n .. l~ at 4·.~QOC{TR-~~ 4:5Q' o:!nd TR!-l.4.50) (ftg, 4). 'fihe '10'0 pQ!y~ rm~U!>,e;,"o;h~'bitm a~ti.OIllldesorptitlfl isotlaem:l ~rev~.o1lS!y Obs1.YvOOilll gJas.'zy poly.mel':!ll2?]. 'Whe r.itrogcIliJOOsrn:plfima!dL'OOrptii:m is'anliCnm.q o:fTR~
~. 450
iilltd 'r1l-1-4$Oam oflffil~i~"'~i'Si~l¢

oo~!lId

'lU.m.y Qf,i!,~!UPAC

~t~ ,<)N cl,_~, gbl!eMdi~1 'pg]Y!iI)l;!li • '. . '. " {'''l~ "~_'..!I __ I .' . :mLCoo,porosilty· \._ YJr- ,L¥\IlaiIiCtLw.:. :!Ilmvn'l(g
d~,m11iS~ l~~~y
~Ifb~

in ~hg:rQ.'!'!!rl9fb(l!!Qw fi~!S i'5O!l~!'!¥~~ (28~oo~ 00 ~p~ 1 of irllrn18k: CQ!~!i!IIJ!QU8!y~~e>d ~(I heili~ ~i!~-i!!t
Silnllll.M lSO'
" .~ ,

~l~

~1~

:~~

'lm<im!:ood, to ,~,''ifilmat

illild~c."Ivi(y,. lYiPC mic:roparos:ity c.1imrac~miqtic .of

(3~ n~ r~!l~ri,:li~.(lr suphlhl!PALS ~ourg1a.~'l- l,illim"t[Lji ~dl!!eliOlii 1(1l~rnctL~. Soootd.UE is;muoo 'n:r:~'- dlv -.~ • ~1I:pOO c.l!vi~es. _.01im§-J' ~!I' ea.~~"!'Id siB,p~er to coot 'i!rese JKiti.Ym.l.~ whll~o,ut <!!1iy deroc!!; ()r ~ks ·(J111_onlcropcm:n.!s; cem!illc I 450), Ollildll4Ul m2g-U (i:R-24S()), W!11iCili!i.dial!!es "I1'!elb are h?t,I(ll,<KiIVOlJ1t.~ i~ot[~e~l<!leri<!ls del~hJ:lp:~n,re ef ~Intial Qj'lliOlJUl'l affrcc- VO~IJf.i:le. scrilbed. in ihis\1!.f(D!'k,. fin'Ai, the orig~Iiil:l~. !1J.yimiC!l.e!! p Sl1~pu1 ~';2Il1b:li'Mle!l dum 10 COal .zoo~j!te. siHrull IIInd caroow.n:lISl:I'ttlbranj]:lj cm.Wi wcl'l SliIPiPO- Rilln~ h~1I.:m...'" lOOf1Sf(if Id~ TIt f'OIymtUS do uet are: sollLlblic: iifilooiWinOil. SiOIIWilfS.; liIiIalis, tI~Cim 'C(\'\1Jl~~ \'!m OGiVed. d:ut lillie Sb1l'8ra!DiOil ~lfb:mj.. a.~c~ o:rl]ui!l~I~~r ,ooal~ co~.sill; n~l)Itililt!l',;II1~ ~" ~nparnblei t~, 1l'i1<1!1 ·of O'lidl, &!~ !1!l('lnb-m~
1)'pel

Mlivac!oo

!bnl"! \.vlililii. I~~~

lllli~BD .5!.dil~ iim.t.~;t~ '>:' . ~..:i, ,or p... I'll' . . .~,~ l~l:! ,-I "".!R!- ~~ ,y... ern.. .l_ 0 _ .. g v· - . -

'iXI!t1 lh~ I~~~t~s:

or

Ih~TR polymerspmduccmlllgil. w:ctito,robllst Ii~nl$: .:adler tban. Mine:, fmgile ~lmc~s. sUJOh 8S :1ioo!i4Il or c.arh(H1H1~:l'nln:alm.,> ~~ah1e S3). ll~isli"oo,. WR'l iI'I.~:Eik~~l)'~I,'iliiUI-C~ llfi.(!;r poOOm.tial 'il,ItLlily :i"l1.l;! i

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..~d IU~ese me!~~bril~

do

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l'i~leabi~Uuy

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.. )?D-fb;·'D"-(t""iCIl(l-.

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TR-11~4S0 P(OO!!)..1 610

1

B.t!irre.1'

decay wid~ 'Hlne dllC Ik) ~!~sical aging (11£. :5:5)1 <t> do l~igh--froe---voIIllUI:(l: 1as.'>Ypol.ym';iilrl.tll'!llllbrancg. ~ 'i[hfSC 'polyrn~r:s '\vilb In:3!~I~dllpcr.rol>ilY ean .\l!~ ~ . gpplioo as:rtl2l rnU :I'l~n1bmn~,When dn~: wl'1h. ac[d~~~les, il:~ 1~~'y!IiI~ e.~)hib1~:higk p:~

oo!~oo!!!du:::livil)~ f~e,~an~p!e, O~e~rorou ~~(i" ttV!tjI' of a H1PQ;<'fop;:;d T~·~ 450 n~'Iil!Lnme

mOChes OJ 5 S
·CII11

hmmid:itlj (<300/Q), Th.is v.a1u.c: ~s h.leJdlllldM(

at

BCfC

mrn:!.IQ!iv :ruiaJth'C'
Oit'

1i(11l!,1......o. """-' ·10,·~1 10(1'

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10!

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110"

'10~1

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iiiiII

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po~~.m1ll1a"llZoie (lSI) (<!lIJ S Ci1I1C~a~ 2O!:K) (J/)j' IhL:: lit'I.{)ft Jil!~lffiCI!ive: :~Il):Il-COlldilctlib'Dg poly!l!@t

for liIh~iI'lpIl~!t!e~

..cl!lo;. C~lly

.\l;~

10

00S!Pe~l!!b~llty
IPig. 3.

[BaJl1r,erm

~'>tlqu~!i17\~r", lOOlU'KII acidl\. and &00: acid fllOloo!l!~~fn ~~e Cili'll'hy SLfUOam-tdlis plill':n<DI~ll.'!flOl' fu; I~~pmwblefur Inlre

betie'Y'c d'lCS~po!}"l'!w"l'S

'tI' Reiatioo, be~rl ICO\! permeabii~ty illild OOlf(H .. se~e:diNiIw orTlR j)Gi[ylltlel"S ~!ii!) rl, ~iaFS]; 2', m~l-S.!iO; 3, lliR~.1400;4.'IiiR.~1-4.50; HCl-deped fR-·]l-4!s~;; 6, d~p~ 5, TI1I:-1-450; 7,. H10-.r1ooeped TR-l,.450; EI.H3F04,~~ped 1R"-:ll~45!1]'. 9 to' 1.9•.'C~~f 11 piJlym,ers PJ,~a!ieCI ,~t4S0~ from l~omo.pol)liIlll!~e5a!i!d mpolymid'e:l!ootaii~iliIQIIIilil@jrlliDally [J!JIl'iiIllrtll'le :Sl~mE!r1tIIlIHID; (;E6)]I. il"1iIl'lIe 1il1ii31MN! obta.~I1EN:1hOtiJ!l pure gas. !expel11menlll at 35"'(. IGas Sep.:lm(HIL perifbrnm:-e d<IIti of potyimidl2'S ~'piI) lmepll'itred in tile 1Ji:1rer-atlllli'!E! (PJ 1~2); 0Ih~ 1Xl~~ (*)(8. 29', 32) [P11IT~ pol~,myl~~(i! ~p.'I;rIh>alal:~i PSf. iPolVS!~U''OO!r; CA.~~'l\.d~(!~ ~I~etate; pc, PlJl~lfOOrilM~; IPS, JIiIoly~r'~Iil~; IPPO,. poly{p;IilI!IfI~lglile O'.ilii~@)I;RltII\ pdyltt@f \!mh rlfltm:si( Irilll~uopc:r(ls5ty; PlIr.'M5IP', pnMHriirne1:h~illll,·l,'"P.ropyli1e;),~ eMS, crUilool mole!l;ul<,iIr' gjeve mt'rilllbu<lInf'S ,~,oJ 1[6., 33~]I~if!clud!~fo! (~:!I!1ParffiS(l!\ 1ih1il ~~~ !i)~nd i;rrnrn (J-~~.ii~dtblil' ®tt,oo tiloo ·ifs ~~ded to gu'fde the, ,eye. {B) Efied of COl pa.mllpre~!UI'e Olil IiIlixed·gas OO~H.1 ,sete:\i1iJi\Wty~1iI TR=14$t ,at 3:5"C.
Mixedl-gas: (Oz!{)&4fued 1i000poSitriom I~nt me'l% ma:m~~ GH<!!) were '10:90 ",.);, SO~(li (Q,ilrnd SO:20 1[<:» .• ~OO-lIas dati f(tf a -I1!oo~~~OO1ai!:!~~ IpdWtm~oo(32j' and!' ce:~~mlJSe~ ~ (22) !:!r,~1!'K1~.t;I f()~ mm~riSl:lml. The C02pefme-.iibl:61li:Ei1S ·ofi I'IlIOme-WtliIia~nill9 pc!lymioo, CJl!llubse ,a~~.aml 'TR-1.-4!50illlt 35°( .and prl~rie =10 atmareillultllded ~{lI" I!olf"lllariilion. The d'Otted lirne!><lmt;!provided to IgllJid'ethe eve.

mre.

high o:mdllltthlD1Y. M!i6t of alii,

dlC

greatest OOirIefil

of IlIms('l JlIOl~mQ'S is dlGi m:iIDty ,~ fl!um: dle: c.~\liity Ri7.~ and di!\tr:iloo~ion Itbr ~peci:fi(; p ~Tl~i~lionF; by!L<;iIil.gVoll.rioo~ I!emplati!'!g m;)rec!,!!jb~!ldl heal bIe<!!ln,l~!~~:S, 'W:r~bom: ~_f~Qg !l!@l~ri.1!l.
:1. Ii )lOIll!l. ,,(, lot 8a~, D •. s. Il~'t, s.. !Jl1. tt111lJ, liJJ!J:J11! 3:S:8!, 9iW (1~7J1, 2" ~. lightfoot M. A. ~hM. p, G. ilr!M, :I~~ ~~;il:,a:a3 tl'993). 3. M.'" !iWlktler. Ill" G~~~rn~ y_ :5. Kim, IB. R. Ein~;
RllflMIlliltlOO5 ,i3J.lfld INure!>

~!il.(2DM). 6•. lit B. I?oark. '1(. M" 1.@@,hJ'v •. mare-.r, 17., '[200S). ?" 't', ''fulllpo!~kit I. PirllllillJ, B, E)~ Ffe~mam. A1tT,t/JN1lo S"(ieonreoIMli'ni'lli'a'M~ [WI OOJ; and V:l\IPOr itpm-m'iolll S ('I'!1tl~~wrWJl. i!(il06). al. tt N\l9l~. T. i'!!:O!S!!~i' N"II;<g.lM, !l. O. Fii\!!~~al!!, T, II_Piirnl~~, ~1Rgty.m • .sCi•. 2~,. 711 (~OQ1:)_ 9. o. A. I!:io)'l~ eJ <tJt ~ Sdmc.e' Z!lQ, It9 (I9'9,81

l E~.M!IG~tll! CIl~. {/;a;. ~, I't [1m,~_1J~1'I WJ~n~.t It ft P. GLip.1.:!I,Sdenc~ 3;U, 5, .:1:. !.All~t of., 5ritnt'l!1!IMI.

JD4,4!!OII1 (20041 I)_ lFi'e!!ma~1 IllS". rlii~. 6~9 (2D06).

~?"

1l!1 [), lfu!ilM"

.M, Y<I!llli, IL S•. t::1'ilQ,

P. ~I~. J

]L1l'!li, :1395 (2:0012:1. n" I, K. ,M!l!ier. M. l<IHgfi3r'll. H. (, ~IQIl, J, ,~11'br. Sci. 9-11. Ill'S, fl!994li. l2. 1/, Il \I~"i!Il,~I, ~!,i!i;~. ~mITe;l2'i1;, i[ 6:a1 £l~~, H. W.], w,e1~1~ I!;nall!!"!~K. ]1•. IE.Miliri!:,.~~I1Wf~~~ !), . ~~.
!J4~' ~n(jl!l,

rn!J.. .Ih\'.!',~,

:lUt Ie 'teeK.liirtlii~ll~ f,I, Pi',r~t!lIII~, W$CJkmriol ~6~ 1~.9'. A.. 373 m6/l, itS,.G. t 1iill!iJO:I,.. ~I,. iii.. ~FS. :i),. J, J@s~~, L ,I. M:lthl~~,
lfl~(l~lllliewlf'~ 32:. ~.lWS (l9'99).

68
,Cavity Wld~h

(A)

~11mi

IFig_ ,4,. (AI N~l7Cl!gen...:bOlj~nldesorpjfofl ismoorms,at-l9S."(ror l[a~PiQ~G':1J ~b) IPlotGr.:;!~ «(') ~1-450 •. ~dl)'!'1R~~"4S.{)1,p(/Ja .~!S.!l'li!e I~gti!)llgf gills p~'~S~iIi!l (p) 'oos:iMlYJ.atlll!)!il,!lJ'~!lY~ (pl).l. with PO'" 746 tOi!lili. I 'II~App:.fE!ii,t CM:iy siZE! Id~:tiIiiliWioo:s of (al' 11R,-1·4.50., measliitrW by IBETr ,alildl (tI)1 PiI'.M.9P ,{iliidiJiaetifur

~f!d

'Lom'ilIlilonL

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:l6.. M~tmal~ ,ilfI!illneti1OOli i!f~' iI~ilil!lib:le,~~:;uppootill:Q l!1lil!;eti<t1 im S(imte i!llliliRe. n" ilk R. WiLI<;$.~ m.,}. ,Pi),(rIIl;. .Sd: fwlB: f'o:~rI, PflYf;. 4t ;::W~ t2000.l. :~iii,iii. ~iim~~. V~II W~gltl!!lf,It" ~!iO!rj1~', lB. !")_ Ftr~m.ln. 1\ R~lft<Im'" Mv. M-l~l: 18, 39 (:!DC\S). li9', [. tit. ~>!Ib!!~mi'l.> MM'l~" SCi, ,~2. l!la tl:!l~!l, J 2!1 8., [)., lfr\@Ii!mam, A1~,D'"Ml0:l'~~s32, 3'5 ([~9').

REPORTS
21L. A.. (!~~, I,. s, ti,t, Ptlill'l., M. Wi!!:dln;, It. Stf~lflllrn1!iil'ii'\. ): oMllRl,bi". SrI; :t~,$. 61 (l'99''n. ' 12:" T'.Vi!~r •. N, ~~~~O. ~,YI't~~in!J, t M~mbf, Sci. lIO.lI.o.l6fj,mel!1!5Ci, WOO ,(!IV04S: (;2(107). n, '!N, R. Viieil,l). ]1, ~" ~~1~ .1. lei, .tt>i!:J!, J,.m~w. SQ, 1., tn' U')16}. bk ~_~inrn31J, L Ii. lIil~, 1- M!!Wt_ .S-d lI:l6, .19'9 1[l11'!M,). .. 2'5,. Hi,. S, P!F~,. j, i(.~I!i\ if. M. liJee, (~ • .M:rttJ'. jJJ~, .~OO.li Q:002'j. U. L N. SiiJ:!tmil: d oJ•.}:, oitll!miJt. ~li. 2313,9.3: {roe 4}, ,i!:Y'" 0, til. 11~~iLcI'leI Qr~ M!O"opar. M1lSII!'JOl' Ilol'~t311. 97 (1l99O). ,2110. !!:, S. \11, Sil!l}, It 11, Wil!1iillll\s, .M'sa.rpt so. femll(),f. R nj: Q@04l. l?- ~',n, !l1IIIlI, ~. lB. MCKi!!WIIiI, D', Fritd, J. 4'1!rIU: ,r.1ie~
I

~O•. !i. J. Gi"t-OO, tL S.. 1M. Sill!]\. AmlJ.rp,~!I,. 5Uf{.tUIl NM aiul PM:t5ily t~:l1!!mri'c Ii'Nm .• Il~I~, HOOt' u, Ii- A. A~e,lIs'iD. P. 'GiIrn~..:II:QiI!I1!rt\1 F;u~'(d,~ s, ~,36 ("OOS). 32. s, A,steml! II-!. IK~-~~OImi..A, 1(, I;!ci!!!le, 'G, .ZI1!!!U, U.:S. ~nI;~.:!?l,'50 u,wn N ~~_ Iiiti '.'fllfik w~~lI.i!'iI(]Fte!ll;j ~11i!! aloon H)~D".ritll!ItMiI!::J.~ilm C aMIS:aqiJ!i!!~iMIQ~, 'L.ef!.li!f. ,QfII!! 0.'1 t~ 2HtCi!nlili)' flooti~'r R:r.O I?~O!l~ilt'I~ liJi\'H:I!liIb~ Ih~ IlHllittry ~I' ~~(,1i!1!1()1! ,m.d 'T,er;lm~l~ j'll :K~Iill<l. Pc!!it~OI\l ~pU!IIli~tB'fIl!ll!l' ~rlcinned rn,tl~1I '111>11' '[riiifllMO'Ik of the.A~ (l'f1~ef5 ~r !h~.eU~IKie' p.Hl'!1raf'!l t~ro~~, tile A~Hr;alj'lll iRe5e~rtl'l, Q:I~r~l ~lRO c:~W ~r IEI~1!:IJ'!I1<!~~;!$ X~n~~.
($rR(t~ Wa~f ~i!)r ,~ ~11<!'[hr >C~!!mtliY F!<!g!illIP aIl~i '!he [IINiI'i:ilmmr, ri.~I:ern1l1.5 Sd~,OCE! andl Itfl9iFl!!~iiif119 im (SliM

:u- ~. Ill. :s~~t~_

f>!l:r 'UtH!i~.I/jljtI<[i.ft.m~tlilil ~ili~fiji31 r lIl:i1IlIbfia~ re!iBllJ(1I ~rrilfl'l alldl !~iIi 1n'lil:Fli1'.a,ti~nal. 'Qoll!iib~r,a~11!.flJl~.P. ,~flI!! Bdll.F·. '~'~l'I~~d9:~ 5!lppool tile ,!)r ~~ U,5.~ar!mellt ,~! !er[l'/ f01HOON):2e:Rl'~3!!i2) & ~III!!~IF..'UI.:5, N'OlIj"gnal Sti;j~!~' Fi)~!»1! «:r:S.QS;l54.2$~,

~l~i!' i~k.~i!~iI <

ll~!lIrtl~

Or~'1l:1

•. ;)$~ (~Oil)3)_

SUP'iJD,rtiflg) On'Ulne .Malt>£irial

.WliWt, 5lO~Mllrni!gl,~rg'R:molD~lnlJl.ulll!'3]'(}I!iIl4·a(l.S4liD'1 M<i!eri.al5 .anc !f!et!lO!:I~ Fi~,S;l ~5'6 Tab~~ ~J. te, $3 Iilirf,~F~fIIili!~ :l.\i! ]IJ ~ :;!:OO7; ~~,-ed
"l Septeil1ger' ~oO"] 11a,1l26ft.:de~~1.!,11467~~

][5. 1 ')n (~DO:S,).

IMiclr"D,f:llui die A,dlhle:s,i'on I nduced !b'y Suhsarfaee Mii,crosllru ctures

.~,,1Jtumiilli.dhesi:!.!'e~ mnthe fee;t of dfUf'e1eI"llt ilrthmpods, andl w:lI'ttebuaJ1:e5 ~mmv ~r"Ong ,adh~si()1iI ss weU as i ex.o9!lJ:enl ~eu!KIbilil;y •.Whereas, libe :hiermhici3JI SilTI~'I!IctuI13:5 th.e:slul'iare <Ire kmlMlilII to h i!lVI!!' iiI.filllbstt.antia~ en
l~ff"ed:onadhe$'i('Jll"th~ Iml.eof ~I!."r;mfa:re .5I:nldI:.IlIi~esSl!I,dlitas ~liIe 1iI.el:wollilk.of mil(!mD(halill"l~ IliIa:5 ililOt liD~m s'tUdile:dLIl'Ispiroo ~ th~~ lIiiQ,gd'h€$~ ~, g~IiI~~aMdI ~lasttuil'l~lCir;:: 9,Y~~Mm ~lIiIbood~,d air- ,or oil1

I.ile CO:i!!bO! line betwee.!~lhefllm ~nd Ute ~)~a~e r o ltle mel( does Inottpropa,gare ,s!l)OO:d~ly> 001:!:alll£f W.idl il~~en:t'liilU,n~tart:'CSlSmaCi il~i!Uifli~iQns ~ d.1e a :I.ooatnrUi.ef 'dleeiaatu.1£ils (figs.. 81 and 82). Ihll,S,
lirlc ch::ml1lelsaot.a.'l a ib-amL::ft forcr,ack:p:ropag,al.km OUl Ute ~rlf~ ·of d:ltl iliJlm. o:!B~c[i~ .also ~ll!!rutilli!~ ~lIl!eprot·of ill¢ poo~ingl~'rqu(l M = P" (JI~spi!!~n d~h'!.(N~~Ili!n( .IJJ.. of l1~e .~e;.'!lble p'llate (f'~. :~ wh.cre .~ 'i.<; the dlis~ncc: ~:f the ornck :8),. from the polin of applicati"cm ofdnc'lood ..F. 11m plot s.'I'IO'WS d:m 'Ln::isIJJncc: ors;(Th'~ra;lp~, IiliIcfirst mUll cll~I1.d:ing 1:0~~e ['OfI'iiilal'ian, ofd!!] ~ ~lmpl3d! m!ck:!'U! Ih~oo@e{lftlwfibml (N), 11) ouldl lI~e slllb~ue.m ones "ppl:lar!ng becm.lscof Ule alTe!ltu~g effect ·of IililebIiH:lccl!c'll<!nalel~ WiM~en

n~

mood fI'Il(rochglf1!i1~Is, The~lil gd~filmS sh~d r~ITt!inkglJ!~ ~'Dilhanoornoffil:of gldlil'~llfll '[",30 ti!il1:~j' whh:h ~eSlllI~l5 fmlOm the aa(k~lnestlrilg Ipro1pemesi of the mrlor(u:h'HlIrue!s,~mgetherwi.il tlflesumiice stresses cllu5ed by lie cap:malny~orl!e. Ihei1lfnp()rtI nG.:eJfthetlhid!IiIe51ii of theadh:esive ruaryerr~,~~allilliueLialilileter. ( d inlErdnl!llllne'l. spadng.ilIlliIdl verticat l~o~1ioo withilillhe adhesive lIiIi!I~ been: gxilm1li1edl fur ide¥eln,pilill[i im
op'IDiililillll design

:separati.ol1l.\r'1,~e'im}l)Qdl.1d1.m~croohiUtlJl:e~,> ordiflllr~ !LlffiIl ·diian'ncew:rs:IiI~. varioOO$ 'I!\(\D"liea:1. and s;pal'ial ~Iion$ withil1l. Qm$~-]illked ela9"lm.meriin ad!liae",ilo'e~iil!..J~ loorad:ed! lQ ~. :rigld :sulbslnl~e 0-'1 A i:ts~il'l~y. Vl~la'3lic ruJh~vcs are .!loo M!S'f1ex.lbfe m1iC';I'Qswpe cQ¥ers~i:p \lI'al>II1iC!l b!'Ough~ ceptl~~e 10 fouling bypa..rticu~ale oo!I~ll1iina.tfoin. into oO!l1Ipilele 'oont.1ct w~lh Ihisadhcslve and 'fIKlexlrnoOOliuruy "b'J,l~ly of muL-W!mllyooc •.n:~ lilted: V!;\I'tk:3! Iy flIDl1.1. Its hl~n:gil;.g cci~ <JII: ;IlliCOll" r.Lflg arlill~ve::; O!f8l1i1lmfiiS and ~,I:u,o;eclS,illpmrUc;l!l,. :i>DMll nlIl13, a~ showl~~n F]i!} lA.. Th,~ncxilbl~jty of kv."is ill p."Irt. ro:lia.rudJ ,~oItlI~£oompl~\1( ru:'ld.llie~hat Un.eadh.eri:lIg o~li;p, was chosen. su<:h thaJI. im sIfilCltl.u:al.l'llO~lOl.ogl~ o:hh~tv<\U.II)aclmootpa.d.1;: I.Uu:!~rwcIMsr:naiU ~~l!1tng durlirrlgp~elit:lig. Sm.ilU (2-8). ww!!c!~·Uc~· n~ch"!1~~ gf ~!nJ}S'IQn Qdl'Cr be!1di!~g..UQ~~S <l p~~'d~e ,~'tmi'Ji~iQ'.vI gf ~e fQr I~~m~ vi!*Qeb(tdy (~u~h ~ r"ric:! lon, jju'cumlli,.iit!d h:vi:e!,',~fil ~h.esion si;fiM!g~ di~J,ly from ~!e :~u)llecl!llill' hrli.emcti.olilSy. SC'lllern'l, sUudi,es o:n Inoo~~ foooeve.rsills di~~a~l1I~lillneaSlilremelllis, A. IlII.OR: gemu'aJlfoo:liIf Qf~hc ~peirimcnt. woliliM.oo lDlXld 1~:~dW'ed! lil.mfOOe5l (9-U) bar'i!e shown inalSlJlf,mce S RFI adil$'>,lYC: fihn bont:!ed to a. i!lexilMe baoll::ing oft' fflt~~irligCliU1l. c:ml:uancedl~v;L': $'troilg,d~rulnark.~ a ~bty;.l1ds l-: OOcmIS(;l iI1l~ oruck prupagat1t:m~!l M" of 1'tI1{1!ill«fliGXili:ilc p!.fl:rl':,.for smaU ~d!~liiIg of t&i(.'l p1a.m$, the ~~l'~ [i\]rlllil.is~I.~I. ~()I1i~try ~lITl ~tI fad ~ql!!hjalcnt m.he ex:pe.ri!Y!!i~!1itil sewp C1ll!" [)epa iiffiillntol Cli!emi:c<l1E~~in~er{1iI9 :Dep;i,rlifnMi, ~. ~ml p]Qy-ed lliere ~y :ilRPropiriOlJ!dydefi!lling Ii'lerig~dil)' S~il'!Cl~ al:ldVecll!i!~I~iI' U!il1iilln ~c!iliden(!!'. Im:diaai! oftiilepedl~CI iPlale. ~IlisMtute '01 leclhl!l;i,1£l9)". Ka:lilpt:i~ 2C181ID:16. Ind~1 Dc ~t c::xpoon1CI1I.1S (Fig. I.A) em 1m @las~i(:') 'Olio t~hf)11Il rorrespollld!!IlIQ!' :~ho!!l1J!lb~' ~!lIre5sl'd •. E-mail.: m~fii{.J6), with a&r-fillildlmi,coochanlfl~lg g]~O'!Il,ISi d~a:~ "lgJ;tillL3~@iiiiU:""dn

(1'-6),. "fIJ.eSC biolO£ic1!1 Oii:lh(;!St'!,o\es ld. o"ly ,show ~li,gh<!d,h.~ive [iJ1.rem,gili. ~ h~'tlljb.cyc8iUl. also be de~:aehccl! rnp:iidlyamdl reflscd Olver flIb1Icli over, 'I1my are :>i.lU~I(wlifilg aIiId~ mot do ~ea;lo'-e !II~YI1l!l."Irb or roo1:pri.nll'l.flft£r'lI~t::ly w1'IIk .over ~ -1i~~C~ MotIf!'-!]l!I~ p~~!.l,re·~t ..iliveild!hl7 sh~~ ~aci dl¢lile .tnmi."~ ql!41Uit:tes .hcir Iil~. adheslv,e s~gtWJ .ts derivecli&o~n lheJ:wviJ~ .gb. daslicily,. Aldun.llgla v.looolJJs,d:~lp.a.tt'ou 'il)c~es l~iIlIc\?il'()rkQf(;1t1.1rgy of adhcsl,Q:IJl. 'I~l~ ItaJIi'C: OOCllllffi fai at I[lm b"u1lk ot'dile adh,csi.w miller thall, at 1.h.'Il: imlterillace, wbio'h. ~:~'i,!I~lJll.'> a ,o!e.an .s~amtio:n, of ~W!e .dhJ~~ve rWQu~. !;B!'e 8Ur-tOl.Ce <Bud01!l'X)'pievel1~8

~iropCttjes and !'Ol~Sh: Ii!~ ..

", · T
_._.

ofl:llill miclmafl!L!lidlk <ld.lilecs,Ne. I'l.~d. whcn it fll1l.QOOIUm'Sa rur~'ac~ dJsem.t1i1l1Uily aJlld l.lilSlO 00 rch~tli[roo :!1mrea:ll£f. Cmdl:.il~r~iaIi Oil! ~l!.!iresMI:.!Cl~ ltriglner -!!l'.-e&'i: 1'h1l~ ~~@g<l~ml·ofjhccmck 0[1~ SI'!i!(Xjrn 5Wf~oe(lO • .I Jl Wb~ Uie'~!lC'IIiO:Il.!s s:l.IItdies iha'!lefuctL~d!{)H adhesiQl) <IS al~ tUloonarian, ptmll;o:m~IIJlIJl.i!liilci. ~'alil\l~ dlllilS c:mrl.pll1,ycd sMrfaec.I'liloo'iflcd and! ~1:ex1.t1liL""ld adlmsivfl .[i."I~,WC £1tlmvdffiat aW8!Uldl visoQ!I!IS

l!fl foot .of diillircm ru1h~ and 'i,i\~e1btal~ ~mw jJl!CllWiki3J~I~ abilit}\1 to attiCb
10 <)J:1!"tltm: Ollly

!iutf'aoe

\'\IT~h v!,l;i'Jl!!:g.mrr~oe

oo~ •

d~Q~l;;li!l~ or''paU~m~I' 'bt,.lIied \viillin, Jth~'~!I!bSllu:-C",re oJrblllik phase cam ~'m'i/leoqul)Uy i!J,IWo!UJr~ sn..rongdisstpalhre effects O!~ d~e work ofadhesiOfl
OUild.. m I~jlileS<lflle 1~i111C. ;offer a c:leanr:r..'VIcrsibie

<II whd ~Ii!e'cmdt: !'!.ude~nc,. io Mile foortl {If ~ ... ~Iy atjhe ,ojle.!' side 'of dle cl~a_nj~el. !ll1.djhie torque increases slltb.]Lnlearly d.lei1'C<littl:£:Fimllly. Ii~el:orqu:c docreases i>j~:aIply ,ailer 8. Qmnpl!cte 0iPClaallg of I!lil~ cmok aIiId! it, . ca~lI'ophic pmpa. gati.on•.l1le HI\i'Ilii3ge nwr.:h11ill!.mm. t;Ql'clIl!.m, M,Ilrn!" at

jIDlcre3iSC~ intJ., Ilil'a~ cr.aol!::ap'proo.clil£S 3ninl~n~~ diaW: chmm.d and! rcm.9~llSi ruresl:ed in its V{O:l!ly, wlmreas F OO"~ltl'Dl1a 1:0 rise, Th@ lO:uqU{; mlQW i!!le~ litlimrly tmlillil reaehas al c.ritical !;'all1"C

i!~t~iatl' i~fr1ot~ooil~Fig, IC. .;;m.i!~c~e in Iilile fi~l Ihktncss,jlil",rw:yarreS,f1O!lHl'OHotmilcally, e.",h~ i~tng ycry IiU:~eInnLrouiQc ofll:tc" chuRllel (orbo:th a lliIick. alld, il.d'lt~. ft~jn .. hl MSCnCQ, \7i'iben O:w;l1bin diliokl1ffi1l ,a,W:rooo'l'les'limchal1lllti~ dfulll'!lctcf.dl~ ]I'D.i'lIrlJb'1lC(l; :L'liiLnn~'lar 101l,'l(.'lt ar3,dI~on em 11 nM~oor o.rpalrerfledl sUf.r:.we, Wll£~~ tor 'IlerydlL:okfiL~:li!l'.

wht.;:!] the ,~l<;

w:Wchsh(lwsU1aJ.\i'irill~

CQ!!!~! (If OKih.esives '!."",tl~suri'01,Ce tibrllls 7-19), '"fQ OOI,m~ef' eiff~;i: ·Qf this ~~t!il1!':l!],g, e~,cess: CIiIC"rgy :is :~ll:ecll too i,Hu~il~e CII'a,cli;;, ~ilich, tlte e~n.tmilly .~ts dissipatoo, .~IkT·iis proPagH~iOOl. 'WI1(; ,effect ofem.ck. hl'Hmtun!llis w.ea.lmr blhill. Ill.~ !:Jut ~nes lOOn:: ilwpor,Run wiil!l~.MI~i~C~lN,) il~ i!I~~ filll!b '~~Id:iI1~!l:, ooq~irnl'lg ~~r crack;..in ilitati{lR tg!il:[ue. Hence, U~e !~al~i~lwn c!:a.l:lk.!mit'iatLori louqUC! M'11Wl h~inlftiany with w.hl1l thtcli;l),es·s Ii, :L1S sh,O~7;,'1Ii1.ifil F:ig. H:::. BGyo.ndl a 'lIlfi'CS~o.~d d~iclk.lmss (-Hill J.uw,i~ Fig. 1q, O~~ VQ~l!Ii~U:fta.cti{li~ of I:llIGChi8Lililel:stn. dIe

adhesiQP!. is similar 1(1@,S!l~H)l!l 811!f.fuc:e" I!mUlc ,mum liI~h:~ner liIil,mnhc m~e w:tih, b: IlliM:innm.l ~'(If'q!1le(-HID ~Hl'I in f'ig,IC).lO;1e dhllInm,)ls crr~cliW!y ]l8l"UtiOIiiJdl~mll1i1~to Slwnl11oc:,r pon~.ol]$, ,,,,lUcia, mlih3f'1.Ces dlB[fOOlillipl&rulce ru:'Id. oon.ll~q-tlLlllnera.ck bll!![lu.ng, !)$. i~ <i~ ;S~Il. lirld11li~

em

REPORTS
f);!mu~ ~oo SlII)1iJU.~ cause .\'W!y!!l::f:!'001:~"¥~V~tiQ!f!~ : i~g Q:r Ihefi!n~, ·Cg!l~Ul."!~!!Y. less mO!qY~ is :rm"! ~cquired 1.0 il~liIiflil:e~Ihlecrndkrro:m the vic~milyof I~~lechmilnc:l.fi1fl8l11y, tl~eelfecl oJ lffiIeclrianllcl boorua~~a!~mD;\itlncme;\;:jsl.ll:nt 9. Verydlic.kliturl. for nis: giW;iitl:(lillil! ml~""a!ilsi~li'iJ!~ of Ihlt V'~i!C3~ f~t~()I1il of LI~ chalj$lJ~IiI~ ~m~e (fi.g:, :S]~ l'ihi~ 'he:!f!.QrizG~spaci!lg soot~~~e!iJ tile c'ha!n~ ~eIs a:ffec4ts ~e M"If~. r-~~glJloo shows ~ia! fQt m iIi1Ulrollil8:ulltc! .s,pacing s ... 3Ir11'n!, thc M V'!.N"SUS .!i f,lo1. is cluu;:'l'Cteri2ru:!. !OJ)' :d~£: irit(!lnnL~h::mt jfCaks cQjljj~mdlng to Id~~'~~Iin~ ,elT'CN of the cl.liUl1flL'llil, bl!Jtfar s = O's'tllJnJ ~!~~ dl.m1Jrl:i!!i1s .~~ ctow l~lClUg!~ limit ~le efifOC:t ofe.ach in.divr~ua~ Ch<lrn~~liis riO !cmger fe1t HO'wevcf,Olr'!e sOC'S a omlS!rn~llor.que [11<1/1:~s!!:litl F>l!Ib~!MliaUy higher .

Q:r~~ .il!dh~ri!~g p~tej

.3.l4 mm,iI1'1~fo.re,. dtc C'fiect ofundiivi<h.llal ,h!IM}' nels is not fcit. ~f1rnl .$. ~ [rl.. We IlGW S1i1.ow dl'tllt dae adIlil()siOl~Ls oOIl$d.c.ably ~1'lila9ced~~ill.til Ih,G;cl!a"lt~l~ ~ !iU~\Vidj liq~.id5ohPflIl'Op;~ ~!.il!ffiOL;llrMS~!'i ~d visoosi"y. CiIii(l)l'!!telsaif d~an'icOOr d = .SO to! 000' !IJ!'!l, ,elnooclded. I!] elaslic iJ!lfHS of/J ~ 90, to W5iOCl ~nl,L
W!!1"e

o;ru~e film),. and ~~i!l~!bres!lQJd dis!ancc

..nil p.i.,th~

~ll~i¥!~~(I(,hi!!]~5

,,-I ~

pW.me5 ,8, t~~eSg:vf~~ Qrd.l~ fi~Qb~i~~~ by "

o;ptk:~ny S'C!l!H]i!~gUl~~r ~!'face
(leIFudJcl!llru
q!l

a ·gJi~il~m

to Iilie orien.mtimn, ·of ifih.eCh'UilliHl!ls. [For thilu:tef· films (fure;~alllple.d,10se w~.ll1lIl~ 9[) .., ~ltJn OIndlJ ee .5 (I jlIlliIlI), ~ililc d:C:fO:iiltHllliOil b:M~&),':S a~ra;:: ~:P'j~~with ifI::tliID"O\v p~.k"\i Ot"lt.do ItO[ alDotl.! 1]1(') :p1alX:ill'l come il~ oolilpl~te Co.l'ihl~( ;with

the fih]]. How,e¥er;. as ~ i!lt;:re·a.~s, the de(\1i!'m.>Ol.ttUfIl!il!llens olllt,resu~~!~g !n 01" 'OOtllpiellll CQI1i tD(l~ wjml~ th.Cl oonta(l~or. :For!iall~11 ddon'W&tii'ms: (Le., ISkI« :~).!!he ,e.l!asricenergy ofdlesurfare

fJi~:~ec]W'Udii, s:iHoonc .Qii.lli> af\l'i~s;iily

lCliiSifiUl
EO

111 S to.

blLtI.~ scales M -(~i.I'2.)(&!tl}l(Jj- dfl}IAwbrne l~ th~ I!em$th (!!ff InhL'; chal~ltLliLT!lisillCW~~ is ~!ac'St~c;el1!~rgy i~~pp1iOO! b;V a rrat;lion ~f the , redt!ctio~l i!~ tlhe in~erfac:t.d en!C!i'ID' ~h'~ '¥.I)1t ,dL .o:f Ule ca.l~HI!lwy.Eql:.l:at~f1g (he tW(]i< en.e~ies yiGlkls II:he foUowimlg :scaiiimlg relali.·o:JfI CUIi U.w hci~ll of 'fiIH~ bulge,. 18·::;:: d ~l1.'lf,'f/; 'P(}I- d,p.) " / Whc rn. w'L'lplo~. tI~c;l ~N::periI1ilJL'lIlJ(al. daraef 8 Ob~:a~'lied'~r(!!m va~~Q1!I~ ~x'pr;rU~'~llim8 ~ajn:l:l df(J~- dj2)~. ..II of lJ~e ,cllill:!. f3U 00 .. :siln~~le strnl~1I Hl!I!e (Pi· 2C}, wilh (he ~.ult:;& = 1. 5 ~ I0-3.llj (lJ ~dl2}. ( ) \'l'h~n8i nc::d:bl(lpill1l~ is pcc!ed.olT of IIJm-SC: :sIreSS field 8fQ.'i!llld tI~eohi!lliillctc'1, r,esulti1lllg from 3S~n .. f'~,g.. IA. W~ o'bHI1Il1i dle Wi dlc:I[<feml uQ! vcrtLc..'lJ1~I:r!llilcu:ies, ,elIccliv~.~;1y d~j.(!1krmiIl:luni1i, .~Cngdl SM~c; dl:Illl:.siignincsfil~e dilsuu1lCL'lfmmilro v~Ifi.'iiApl(JlS ('Fig. 3A)e.ollJSistumg ,ofintl3nnUtiOOl .I~d~ lOL a, s:iW:3itton £i:u~l~lar Il) ~[~a:I. ofi'all@iastLCc"l Clotllact. lim~ with]:ll \'ilI~~.ch Itfilitl !ilnJib.~(:Si:nt. tha film t:til~l (i'!J~po:ng]~!) ~ki~it~mn. .. ouldl !J!1l'd~f 11.OOlTlpre.~~",e a)!i~!tO<:lll This lead') LO ~ ~main ca~of.inlnr.l![I,'d"For tl~e:;",pcri~lmn! ![i(l~ 'oo:c~n !!g.!!nd mdg~g OI!lJ!! afUre eIMlic\?;':al.l of~!f~ rure~~ !i1iITliI1lf :10 illil,e obseJv,UiQ.iI! sll!OWf) l~l FiS. sponding to f~g.I.D\. D= ilUrl ]\2"1'!1,. u= l.O Mpa, :18 Wlil]] the u..<;eofotir"mled ,cll,a:!!!n.e>ls. However, dl.mn.el. Figru:e .2B~ph:;~ Ihe defQmm!ion and h - ] 20 !-In1 (vihere lac ~ex w:al. riilldli~ Iwoo ~I£ bUJ:l:gilJ,!!um:i:lJoodi (lOJill'pl:'CSS~W i5U:'eIlS at dImilJ.tcrfOC£ pl~.!,!3ii!l~r.1pOirutntt ro~c ~n (1111181lclng Ail: 'Wmle.ffilli.~ p~dillgcawS!! i[(~j't~ileSU:'MS !II dIe cmckrtQ:liIl (10). tile ICoOl]!JlP~l~ .sl"~ ill 111.;: ca_pililary ,dJi~ninis~~es it C{)Ili,_~qll!enUy. a~ ~o:m.~clI wiiU! afiTol "~.a_lool dh<!!llw[s, t1~e pl<lft': ~l()w J;~.1;, 1]i!S.ll:I be hilled.lllore in omer 10 atmin tillle I~OC" ~l ~I)' criti'C8~.:stn:lss ~(D, driw dll.~crock ..A~lItouW~ (NillllJ) imis. ltarum] 10 th[~kthar V~.SOO1ISdissipollioll Insido d~il'lehal].ndshlYn.lM a)liOOOIl~lrib'UIIl W 1~1De3d'da.~ Emi.l'ilic lrilflil tlOl1aJi loor'CilLY~ needed L~O ini!liaJte: dlecrack, ~l'i:pOO~ooDl!S:wiU]Diils: show !]m~ J\1'klll),:; does !rot' { aller ~.~mC<l:m~.y (taMe S l) when the ~OO'1tng mte is vadod over two oooef1l(lflll~gl]uu.!ldc (310 WOO ~IWllIs~).fIiIrlherm.ore,\i'o'ibcn. d:..e. Hqlliid vUsmsimy ~s varied! ~yst.elmticaUy,oo[ln. Ml!lli:>l <tIiI.d OID:!ldh.~,_ 11 srllOJ1l {~i1I~ugy~llamas~ !lill'll an OptUfnllillll isoos:r~y ¥ ~ (l00 ~~.:1000cP) i~re: .. cll~. beyond vihldh OIey .11~. ~I. det:fease. The ~ldheStm~sLn;:ng~~ Gis ooliliilncci. by~n~ (N~!I1Ilm.) l~.gI:atil.gU~Ci area lIImler ~~e FVCI'S!IJS .. oi!lclIrve Ei (fig.3B). A. dooHIiiK':n GfmhUgll' .• l.soosily oi~s i Y m,ay ~11l(' ~use dile OO!arxfltuOIl IiIlll(l ofdlC , ., " 1[1 IL-""'---"'-_---'"-_...I.... ....... --l__.o.......,jfl , " .1higll--11OOlooulM wei.gmrl oils c,,'\ItI '1Dc ~l:Ibstall!liaUy 0.0 0.4 O.S 1.~ 1.5 6(1 [~oru 8m .1,40 300 kmgerth<!!1I! the!!!1~ ~!e i!]\.,*k:h dt~ QfilC~ .6., (!;":lln~ 11.€p.m)' C!'05SCS @Ie dtili1l~!!iLe~ l!eacl:ll,g ~Q lQ''''''iCrviSCQ~ dissi,ation. AI00\. ~ig1~'-Iltd!ecu1.nr~.,~JShtGi~s IFig. 1. (A) S,dn'~rnatic of the I1!Xpe,l'il'nlenltal.'l!e'bu,I'l' 'whElrl1 <II 'flexii~le Iplateis liiff:ttedmirOml~15: end off o,f aJ!'!1 el,~c ildl:i:esi\l1e; l~'r withl ~1fI1~~ddedric:ro~~i1Il'I!i!~!$. (En.~ ~ F •.. !'li is: IploiMd gf)l!i!i!i$Jt a o·~ t'h~ wotlldl s!ilow el@stic,. :md'lordlllilnviscoos.~onS() :at s'ho:li1i.~ime S!C9]es (n!i'cmckpropag;ati.OfI!.. Ttllese: IffiI@1iIM@p~aU!C-Ii!ni'@~l.to,3 {ofrlEl'Spcmd t~, 1:1"" 8{l1, 1:50!,"" dl200 ~m~ r'esp€(~Lv; .IJl. ~l.O MF'al a IiId o'ibserv'lltiOll.q f.l~gg~ I[hat I$)@ ,~hllllC~iII1l!lnt ,of D ::: '0.0:2. N'IIIiI. HerE1. t!;J:e fir:s.t plltlll( rLepr~e~~!iIitiiiltiQn .i1!,. tme Sh'i!lP ledge oftiliefillm. and the mrq-l,1{l;is m~ia!ioo IIO'!. so ll'il1!leh byOte: vi~~iJny ~ilJlb~~u~il'I~: p~ks; UlI~l!llwe m~ ~n~tt I(lf ~(Iii !iIlD(l~odhal'llil~~ (l1iI: pe~l11ii:g~~()I V~rn~gti~:~ lh~i.'mH (If of the liquid a!l: brihe p.~Sl!!~ in5idb jhe cap.ma!!}' wi1!h . .h. l1u! 'Qreen lrlorimnt1ll:~ line-indicates th,e tlJ.que appt]e(jl OIlJ!·ii, ptilitErllif peEling of:!' ,of I!Ismoo:th m~dItiI~edefiOnll.:lbilily ('If'd16 fi~lill. ]3'g~. of iiJllese jijl~ml .md the di!l~h:~dlllIin~ is .jJj 91l:1id~tOI~Ie eye'. trriilln:gle!> Irepre.S'I1f1t ~he mi!lxil'l!ll!llm tQrc~lIIe ,at whlm 'by syslenmlic;;l~'~y iI,e '~ra:d: inli~te$.and elimr hairs repres.:ent Sill. (D.)'IIhe 'ef~'ect: orf' s beNreMthe: chan'IiII~. ,on aspoctswe:rei~ves1iga~ed wryil~lIl d~t;:tJ and d!'I!.~~il~ tin.li,gdlCi:lii. Mdl 9. mili.x~ilifium .M. ('lir~~ 1 .and' 2: (a:rlre·~polfld to, pe:e~illg afl.ex~lbll! plate ,(If .D::: 0.02 Nml 011 (jffilm:~ VillCCfIllll Ii{!tuidi. :FigiJ:i'C 3C :;llI:1itilrilarl::1!~a. tYP1:ea~ llilaving mul~1:ip~e~hLi1uml1!'l5 !!lm(:edl at J = O.S,.Uld 3, mm <llpald.

22 ~U.J)'IW.:l:. the mrr~ af :poIJlid!~. !11e:lhyl~~Qxam(;; {f'.I)MS),. id~e¥ do !no't difITtiS.e; hilm U1Cl:!1~lM,rork·of PDMS il!1 U~f;; I~in~ ~kl of (h~ lexperimCl]ls (::':l U) min) .. However, being. a wetling liqlllid.lh.e oil~!.!ilS im <I. nc:pive carilla!)' 1~IILm~ roqptl'ired 10 dl'ii.~e tHle OIi'3Ck OVCi,aJ SI'OOolh. ~sl!lre 1S of :~1ilIgnilllde .~ ... 4h'~- y••)I(l ~.11IS[:de film. 11IiIi.s·:;.cslliilisillacoool~\lftel! wi)~.h,oos(.'(w,. dlC'el~,@:illli1cil91~d.:also 110.lIIiIe vieil]:LtyonrtJ; c;laslie I 1~10fli.') {fiIll :!lUlrl'Me-~l\nmmed.l!idlrosrlvGSW'lmre a :wa];l;a.rway fli\Dlll1lUm wan. the [l~ilil.I1I~~ilfil.m. (-22 Q!n~l)!lInd C(lIilo;;~t!O¥qu~ is a~o .o'bs~oo. (l0. 11) \''''hf;'~ I@fIl~nfi; .~tnlo.sphcriic. Here, 'l~ Y~I (~I nd/mJ)1 <l!'C .he surt1we ~11~ O!~ 1~Iti!'e spalh!! dime""'5ign:s !l:f Um :p,!Jmerus are PDMS eJ!.!S!tI:i~~I)Jt;;uK! Ilffin::i!'!:terfacial ,eller;gy Qf~le dJe!l~ed bcl:ow ach<!f01Cleristif;; ~8S..aeca:r t. ,elJastO:~1t\1" and siiliQrulC oil" r:espeCIiNC~.y. ll:\is ~C!~gil:l; I =: ~ .• (.20).nlela~cr is a. ~rmneci<lj Jr ~

501000 ~p atnd!mr.facc Atfil~.o~~b. ItbMeoU~wct

air

D.""

I.
I

.,

_.

.~

REPORTS
series in ~"ffiIic'h d~'il 'k.ep.4:00!l~1!!~ w:!l!lle h ~~ v<!!clccl, G' i!1'cfe<!-~ <IS ~hesk;U!r! thicll;!~e._'18 11- d $'~ is d~d1,.e~ foxvcliY smallvalues or t f{}f whi.ch G d.~es .. ni~ im!pl~.cstlmt i1ililli!:if'mlllJltI cnl~a1flceullCtil of,G .~ achieved at :1lliRterlwooi.!'tJl!c l!lIiI!ekl1~ of thL§ fjj~ii' di(i~l',ldl by t~:iL'i: li~,ijid ~i~~ iti;,;;l<!e ¢l~.~il~et A!liliti~~ 8~! (It e!{~ I~hg feri~erU~ \""m >cl~ml~els01'( diffe!ie!n di.~~tm
shG'!I,~r'5 ~1iIa!1,

A.

I]: ~~l_1

_
1tL !lIB

Ie
I

o~~~~~;-~~
s

di:Me il':MlgC!> of dWlInel cliiiillnc~!:lr(100 'Ill 800 Jl.UlJ and Hquid.viS!:losily (100 t.Q; .I(]tOOc'P). !r-~oo 3D
illl!l~ralrulllloolll,tl!Mison ,OfOl'Ci I.1ip~:im81 li'Ilici"Ofhlidie MI~vC$ 'w~[h!oo~!,li'~QCl!.!~~ adh~v(lj !l!ud with ,(I. $1!If~e·l~iUrod ;1;dJ!'i.'$iv~ .0 :i!le~8~ . Iby ORe ordew of !'!'l~~ik!de to -750 nlJl!n.fwhe!l 1!lIi!efi hn 'is enlibeddled widililii~filled. ,c'hm~!le~ Slot tJ; .. '7 JIOjiun.11th, is, SKi.I:wi Irn"to the pcrrorrnan.ce of a slltmre.t:c:X.~1LImd.a.'!!hcs:ivc:~IIlSC: ~nU~l!;; cruse, dilllli~ar~}I' Ihe .!Sa!rn](l ash. Giil'le~llS[i:t;tImr I~O l ,000 !.uJ/Ifli w1i~1i! th~ ol!lil:JIlll!.e~s nUoowh1~ .~
1

.a i:sC)p'~~liiany e~I'!J;;!J'!iCed<llinte"~

vis()a~il,Y. Tlli'>:ronwbbl'e e,liI~ii!i!~CilmiJ;e!n .(; by ablJu,IIA a footQr of25; OOIll~ in l;1!~dI'IQolIJ,cm!ise Si,litlilar but siwoolllil.adhesi.vcs.
<lH

gi~.gfi!1!tc"~:;l,~e

1
filII- Z. SIJ.!!ttliCe' ddormatiiollil

...
iI'

U)
Xj (mm!il)

is acl1ievcdi w~d:I'OUJIil1ooUjpOt9Ualg ilny viseoelasI[ltcity ii11l the :ad1~e!l~\\'!3 by skr~,p~;Ylnlu:~~pll:l:aliimg bm I~IDI~pr~re h"lllld£: tilL': mllDl>lIrfaC\!:challilLlLliIs. W~!ltn'l!' 8!.lQW tllat lilll~ ~<l!1.I!!C ~lil~l~icl~)t~ cm~ I~ Y..'I(ld! txill~ as .<Ii !ib:'o!~ll! <!dIi!esivc .,ndm ,~ rel~ ~O<ilill~g,n [his CO!~!(;.Wt lU1er:!O!l;n:KmoOO!]OC; [ d~~dk:ncc of (] OI~,r,as in .Fig. 3C. Ill.olivatoo. l!lS 1~.OClllbed I['WO 18Jmi"S oil"dIilanln£!wi(hlln. the adiEI!3S:u",~ two di:~I!3rettllvtmC1l~ .. loc.ittOll!S,. 'V1Dl'lI~ ZJ]. l~h~~hannt1;11;; d;,lme~rd= 50l!!i!Iitlo:f d]L;lI~' l~y.er ,~f (!'Ill = ~20 1J1lI11:mdJ2'~3Ioo ~nO ~·ned\"'fU!b Gi~ while ti'K)gC .<11 lllc OOUlJDll~ili)'\e.!" ro!ltl:Ju.~!:Ii!' OIl atlliiOSl~eric; [,J~. the dcriJmltlliO!!S alth-e :surface of IIle HIm (stimi~arto II ""90 111:11. ~'tg. in. 2])) do not' 3;11o~\I' I?~al.eto oorm~ illl oooirot wi[J~. llle l~iIOO .Il~m.. 'Ih'G iay~r Iililt'fl lOO&nves liJie a. !UiC:lea'>t'

t)r,kall adliie~wti! ~I~m (h. ,: ]2:0 J!Ull1"d :: S,O~liIn) witliil ,e;rrdJtIHide;1l1 Chilllllnl1!15 ~<lrti;aJlyftn~edwi~~ $lli(!on~ Ol~.of ill .", .~lID clP. I~BJ'I~iquid pr,~~s:ur~'jlil~id:e the ch~lnrn,~~dl;!,r:ol1'lil$ 1:IiI,~fi~iiIi!!lliId clmeatE'!$ ml:i:ms.t0iiilk ridg@s Q,f lfil@~Qht Sat ile sl:Irt,ace. Thel'iigur'@ s!liinw5 'the d~l1l:1!liI!iiQ:lilLm tIIeJglitt &/i'J' a'klng the dire~lii{llill oW~ rop,ag:artiCl'JiI of the' [oOn.1li3Jct tiiIlHl., ~C) Sis pmO'bldl ilgilililslllH,e! !1(;ared diOlmlf!,ter of th~ 'dh<:!~Ii!~ls ~. ~her'e d}~ =.dnui. ID'1~(!!r arsrepffl.~lirt. .sID iii! ,8. b

,of the film due to l[q'lldd Il!lf'i!:S:lOUrensilfe- 'ohalillilet (A) Top\l'i'~ l

w ill

c;=

:!~~ G\ u;:~

.lO
~Nmlirl1l}

0.6 -' G

:1.5

tJ,ml'.!~ 0

]0

O.O~~~~~~IInr 5

MilO HJOll' !'1mHI'

fI:· (")' !~ IfuIIm)

,~

oOOll~g •. How·c\'li:rt

ct",heul

dlcCha!ilneh .. at

M''!,!CrnlJls .d.plm widl dlmm-ct.er!stk: ~~ 3t rdl~I(J(3IiiOl~, ofdtc dl.!!Ull'leiS, 00 ~~ovmin Fig,lEo ilIiIJS re:rnl~l sll)'\,l,!',s Ihat ttim :mn:(l: flhn. earn, be used as ,8! ~Rmg OOIrl~Wa:l'ldl a re1~oootiJt'lg wiilhol!d ll~ooriQg U~e glilrin•.,L\l :mwlo,gtc<ll. {lf5l!!ffaoe ~fOl~)~ies of the DIm.. :~u co:nL~ ~olJtekinown :nleclll.'l.nisnl:> of en~flII~c;~ng~fLdh,eskm by S1Nifuc.e ~~ller'Uling,h ..JI)' siii'iu(lt:~ru, aln.d.ch~mical. mooiiilcart:i>Qns ~fLII~sttcky :mol!ilclil1es, -w;o haveprosool.OO. 3i m.OO:'lIl:'l~l f.Qr g~at1)' en.1I01!lIcirn!!l lir~hlda.lliililgadhesiol:'l b,j' and. ~'liI'~,d~d ..wbm!fuQe !iq]~idLf!ned.ml~~h~!'qn~1s i~m <l~le'SIV>e l<'!ycr.A spa1i~~~~t(\)!l ~ o:rlhe elMi.c IlI1.d vlseous dkmntinsilil ~ows.ftKlii1l ~Ieanand: lucUi.mbJ:e scpa:rnt[on of Id~Cl lastie ffilr,f:it{lC', malikc e I~IDIc Cl}nlv>oolinn~1 vi'IDf!CiJru;lk adhesi~,'J]~e OOI~i" fimled.~iq)Lli.d.il~ 111IiCl'OO~CilHigm:d1;lmlChto:l,ll.yl~4.~ I~CI ~IJ~ viseous .d!~~p.atiol.l whl.)u !I. ¢nId:: '~~. (!!'\'\f,!( it
rllilC

l~l;M'lWla,)ll~ fitted with oil :;u;e. 'iii = 380 c!P wh1:lie l~kJseO!! I:l!!e ~Ol)orJ:!)1mh~ .. lr.. dIe p€fit exl~vuem

or

dl~

OO(~

as
a

yieldS

1-1
Q rO.'~1(JI!IIf:!;~)1

p_
IH} 0.6

(J1~1D:l), ...

(I'fi (lJ.~ (J,lfJ' .............. II.Ii..~......l!..!....i!

l!' (l -~

.~ ,.-g

......... !!I!! ~

'~!l'

U)

b.'(~JI

,t.\" ~r!ljjjl'

1f1if(J'. 3. !Peetililgl alnleias:!t!kliil~m wl~~embd(led m~mJC!l1arlA1els flUedi sill(o!lilli! oil of wryhg vifioor,ity. ~A) M '~!er~lS iJ.. CUNei mmlril3p1llilds tal II =3o®i rnm alildl d .511 mrn mr chilililllnelsfill.edl wilff:l i!I~i. tlm~~ ~aW!d'3 m~,~~poo~OO ~ = ~OO~P, h= 57!) .aJnd.,SO .liIffi• .and d ,,,,·5,~101il,!!!d ! m~r~~~~ly. {g~

0'"

b!.!li:,!'!m:re l~Uipo:gl~"e.",e!tii ()g!llpres._<civlll~:1resS (m 1lI,1ef1:exible w.oIU,~\liihkh ca!IJSes {he fmrnatlm~ oif ~fminpso;l!1 ~he film swrfl:toe., 'n~e:s:e' c.m eid:lef dii1miil1sh (lIr md1:afl;Ci.l 'IIte SJres.~ COI'IOct'llr.lIinkiU ,~;

Bar (hili rt depicting G wen the milinni!1s 0'1diilimetiM d~ S.olllllilll,!!~\:Jooml1ii~ml~f1li](J~1i~5 ,h·~ .3:00 ~1iII ,1I'r~fiille,d with .air.[ll!Ddlliqutd"l (It dififerelll1 '!li~cMitie~.~t~l.h i~ Vl'!.ried ~m'<l:tici'lllYMile' lkeepililgd 5~O~!'1iI lJ~ttE!r,edl, 1rhi'l ,d~,a;1iI JilI'l!~ .a;rre' \Mith .;;11 ~lq,lJi~ of 1~."" 3810 (lP. Bliror b(!!rs ~~;P'~'~~~IiIt. (D) Wh~~e (II!!, ~ :S'liT!Io01lhI:iiI~1tIi fUr the ~dlilesnll!rn ~N!rlgth 1:5 llimmrted as G ~ 6'O! RilIJ/m2 r:!iiml~:~flrM,~liIaJt obtained hy j1ohinonet at. (21)]; Oli!.,1I1l~illld!>i,ol'1!,p!afteme(lJillilil !(:n alnid 0111[1 rilm_ of tillid<iIH~jjll 11= 150 .~!'1iI ~bOOd'ed with ,air~IiUoo cmnlil~t5 o:f di1'!Ii'!il.n~rr ~ 710 jJ.m Gi~I, Gis 750 mJl1Iif'iOl, G 11(;ffl1'!S~ ·to·... 18{10 Rllfm2 d when the'5e cha!umels arE filled liUq ui'll (;;1). (E) S'U1ilr!:l1!Ia;tk O'f afllilldhesi\l1e filJflil leliflbEdcletJlM1i~ 'oltl1llrillilelsa;mllllg;oo in: 'mo ,diifli'llnmt ta,y,erslNntlh$~l:1II thlld::IiliE!;.5:!le.s tl. i!lllila: t2;. Irje5Jl'Ilcti'll,e~.Whil1l11l 'lhil1: pee,1

no ~

m~,~

sn.

wim

3dl~~ive

GilC~

d~rn.ili

se,~trn~.

the tUilil' C:tim.a.il1 ."~r a'bililespllie~~ ~r1!s:stlr,~,~he ,fit: Ow ~~ocll!l!~ inlitilltii(m:s allth!! IoG8Itnoll! ofthe challll'liE!ls.

'~P!lri!1!1~J!Us dl;)n~ {irtl ~is··adh!i:ih,l',~ with, ii!!l: dili'!lflrtl~!~S,gfth~ bmtim h~~rfiUJ~l!\Iith

j\\t

versus ,~p~eil:S, r,e mflil'illcren,mc: ofi:ra(k a

~~I,l!!!hil~thOS!~;;it
o1irreS<5 and

REPORTS
W!hm'! ~ygg§B~S ~~~g~ f()f ih~ ~ig!'l ~m(liefll, clwm~r, Sl\!i!l;l~~I»!~¥e ~Kl se.~siit~\leadh.esives.
R~ff!J~I~l,it'e$andl N'ob!s
:lL ,rd5itIJe~,5c ~l. ~~. giotagJ'rro' Mi'u;)o aooI~ M_lrlhalll9f liiiar.W1?·.!: Sdf!tt~ (~pFlf9l'(,. H~lcll~bl!f1g,. 'GI!liiMn~. 2iOOU, 2:, ft, Spolemik, S, N" Gll1ri)~IiI. Gill}, E, ArU, floc; ,It S'oc ,~,~on set. II 4ii~. !l:OS,~~I!lO~~, 3" 5. ~, 6:irb, 1(. IW, ~, JI, :Sc~r9~. ,Camp. .Ii!~jar, ,~ 1S6, 4, 5. ~, 6i!ri;J, er ,ul~ Nfll~!f~ ,~4]140'1 120061. S,. C,. cn;:tu~"S, N.G!)~II. ~s ~~rL ~jl~ ~.C!~ (::loon !1i..: ~, III. S'll'ijt~\. l- ~', ~fliH!!5,~. R, ~mE!, i& I(). ,iluxrom, J (~f'- f'II'ystl'lJ. 11 l'!i'l, 1l!.~ ~2006l. ~'. K,. ,1'Iu:11i mn !lr ,ttJ~ ,"ITM~ 405, ~:i. ~:l:OOO~, 11:. ii'I1. :It liial'l!l!n, K. ,~t~lI1n\ ~f; lIImli AaHl, 50. 1i.!i.A. :Ji0'2" .3:So5(200S). gfm9!'re

~~

'9. Ii. ;K~Gu,"'1l!'r 111,., ,1M'" Md'W: 2, <1~1 ,[~.om). ie, A. ~iII~k. L t~iil~.ilI!e;lalil.. ~, Clnlll., M,. K. (halHlll!..llY, V. ~h~Ul)1. t«. R. :S-a«, LM,dc\r.I Ser" A, 4ilO" 11.2!i P

(;roo,n,

U. II,'If, OlYiI!I. Il!. IK.'Ci~ud~!!M.j.

(W(lM.

:Ro.

5«, m~tfore 2. 55,

12:. T. ~1Mft'kii!, 16.. ~!Cr:msav.1- AlIhe! .. ~,2:, 3][1 (200M. ~. i!. ). Loo40y, n, H'a~iW!1"I, A. ~!Ji'ltliri. UrJlgNlUil!"::l:i, ll1LBI1:t2J)O~l M. It tee, S, p. ~~. P. B. M@sSllrsmitll, lIi:llt-u1l' .qtj,8, ~.~8

~O\ A. Gh.iil.olt, L. "liih:tdf~,an, M. f. (h~lill!hury. l~lIgn~ii!ir 2:1,. 117' .(2005). ~:L f{, I., ~~llD5(ln, t::. Kendall. J\. 1!iI. Rollerl5.. hoc. R. SI)«, Ltimi'rNI 5"e,; A 3M, 31M (l9 Tilt ,':;::,)\(j, .<ld<;~~s \I~' r'~!lltll PIim"iOr1' ~F<!lfJt 'LI1!e tJ !I1tHamr I~~I~ ,00' feth!1lOlflW, Kl!Il1ip~ ~[!TlOU'lml,'ll.ll4;!;1)n I~IOO tllil!· rl!!.B<llfl:tlgrant Ilf !hi! O~!fI'Ie!ilt D~ 5!li~fI{l! .al'lil T:~hfllllo!~. r..~II!IIB~.TtmiID2oooo2!jro I~~ Illrl~ OOfit. ( ~Up:pelrti!l!J1 O~IUi M8It~rial ~ W\ml_!l'~fi(@rurm,~[!l#@cmil!nlJ!tlW31!!1$8iI.::lJ25sm(1.
Milh:lI'1<ll~ !lrlill !l!!!ttlOd~, $OIMl 'T:~.;:t figli •.501 l:mS"

lrott7),

sn U@001l,

H. M,. t(,

l!.J)i~n~o91,

s. 1!!l!nl'li!;Ii.. ~l.i!iL!I!1I!e!'. A.. !li!"!i!'I.illI:. lli~mr

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16. ~Ie'ri"g~, <t,~dlmel'luK!~ ,O!reg~i~ll\I!!l

!11IO!!)girial ~I .S(ie.A« O~~rn::. V. !'l J9ia, S\~, B~m$itI,Ml. tamll.l1irJt.~2~ 11~ (201m}. lit N.~, Gll!I~!liilam!r• .1\. ,11!9Ma.C 11\. Hnrl, J. Kim! J" (Ii. :5M_ rn~tJlfa i, 2~ (210001. 19•. ]1. Gla~!lI'Il~~r.A. Jilgl[ili}, C. 'if. j,jI!Jt iklll Blaloo.tso. 1, • ::i67ta0tl5~.

f;~b~1:5.1. !te"fer·ellK:i1~; 3,0 M<I'/2001;'~cc~~~ 2i1i~ I.I!t 2001 ::IrO, ll.il&ls(ieflc.~,114'~39

,t

IFK!Fr1 Rind GiIG'ANTEA Comlplax F,o'rmal,io,n Is R.eq1uiredi for' IDay-Lslnglth IMI,e,6suremlelol in Arabidopsis
(CO)!geme ,expme~5iO\nil; Il~'$ilryro:rr day-~nglh di!5(rimnat~ool :Ihr flhQto~riMi~fbw:ffi!llg,.1IiIel1l1!V:iINi·81INllliINIGIr 1(1~(JfllR~f:Ji:A;T, F-IBflX t O'lKB11), ,[Ij!i'uill GIGml~ (G~) l~ro~i"rIS .r,e:gl~U' C0i1il!iliSqip1j"O(f!inAfabtdo~is.W~ d~m~stm~ttha~ FJ<rl and Gil,Ipmtei:V!sro:mma '0011P1.~, inl ,CIJ 'bbJ~'~ight-d'rependilnt milllll!flrer. Th~ timing o:f this;~m~raal(JoI!l regulalle-s. me tiflflling Qfdaytilme (re eltPr'~lliOfl •. fiKIFl fUIt~Dr'li~depellldmt Qllil 61" whi:dhiIl!Wfllt;ts with aJ CO r'~,r·~r .• (YelliNG OOF '~Ofr!: 1 r{'CD,pl), ..,md coolrols oon llta.1:JiI]!j:y.,Gil. ~~m" (oFl, p~ore;in!5 [Iilal al~ocii\:i!t:ewili~ co ,~tIrematinr, Thllls .•the IMt:m·G~loomplex fa:mlilil5 om '!hIe l promotelrr inll~re.IlJiiemoomlD regl.l~.re CO re.xpr~fii01il, Iprellidiil!lga .i!lile!;ln,uli!Sruiil: view oif .how the cIl1nddence IJiff ligihtwiiidli. cl'rciliCfi'alnltim]lIgllm~ll!Ilates Iphatop~dk HClW1eriIilQ' .~re(ij~l11m~n;~ o"'caN'S~

n~i~ il'il)e:Ji'i{1~Li!)!l!,Fii!!rtlle;r: aalotly,~l~ ~'Ii'~I~d

pres (f~g. lIE I. ~n:d.ie:;u1i1i1g ~llil:ilt blucllgh~indlilQOO

thal

MY l:l~am:1S Il1IOO'IilO:l' ~f1,:d cllifLlli,!1e:ililii d;TY !em~.l.l~ ~ .re!fUlffh.'l~J)!. ~enng, ·llm.6 f:ors;lIIocc-~fii.ll repliOd!l!Cl,'io!1! (J). ]n .lJrobidrOJ)~is, regylation of d<!iylil'l1l_e CO e~~r·ess~.gm~s ~lIleprlnlJil'Y ~s oftimClneMl!JreWlem ilfl Inhc IIlI~OI.~"'riOOf~nm;"'~rinJ!l pratil1w2IY {J, J], .FKF~. and G] ~m~£-inspofiilive:.ty regulate 00 1~!liar~rJp~io:l'l.{"ii, J), FKF.I <l!l~. G1 ge:nm e"llnr~ slon. ha~ 5in~il;;wdJt~f!~lp<lU~fI~ (S, 6),~.!h;dl~ illllllies dlwl: ~he~p:~'Ot~h~!'imi!.yint(l!.!)ct to",cglJ!~ l hlO;: CO. We ~es.tedlllLeir direct Inl~!..tc!1:ioOll iUyeil:!it

lanl'id at '~'l!I~ I~il:l'!l.c 'paiml~nood.lto!llg-ciay (~6 hOillnl, ]i~iil Mm. 8 hOtilf"S ,dark) fIIIu:l. llj!tort-dJay (8 hm!!'31u:ght and 1,6 ~OO_f8d:afk) COJl!d:t~~ons(Fig. I, Bomd C~ HA·!FKfl j:Df01!eln was ·oobUIUIlIJ!O;"pre· ~~p"it;;II:cd, whh TAJ? 'rw~eiWl(f~g. I. Bm~rcllC), d.m:nonSU:'8lil1;gdlfll ·G[·TAfi' Mid, HA-ffO::J!'~pro.

the fKF~mdGI h~~<JiC~:uO!~ is f1!1!e!'lCe !!'atedepe,~den~ (flg, ~. F), Because we have shown 01101.( ~hefKI?'] [D'V dml'nailll ean: absorb btue ~iglill ,(5)•.w~po.!!~!!I~alcd. Ii~Si( d:i('l LOVoom!2l1m 11I18iYfmlcu<Hru asa bluelight,-:ller:lSllng do.TIlNuiuI. rl)~tlilisinlcra.cli(J'1L We finn ~!"oo ·w~l~'e!'FKP ~~!'!dI en pt'Q11einB !jb.y t~l@1l~ selves ~e !!l!!!fficie!1lt 10 ~OO!'!.st~lll[C: tlli!eljgll~l·' depemJentiNItcrnclio!a lin. vt!.ro (7). EKFI":HA protein was COrPw1 l1ed with tIlegMruhvoflc S~ Im:Ins:fu~rl.:llSOci OJ N wfI'mtnm (GST~G[~:r.,r) protG!irl IUlealhaw:Jd I!Il:u:l£r~igll!1 q.. '\IV!:; daml. amal:yz.oo. Ill£: !mpo:~anoo of Ii~~ HCF~.tOV do1l1:(l:U[fl for l:igJ,l~.i~d!!!C\ld int~c!klll will! O~ by us~~g t'KF l l.OV ViI.riru~(S 'COH1)filIDli!lli:l.UJ...ooe di:f~ fe!1OOl phQil'OCl'leuruk:al]y Il'lUin-d !lllllllal:iom: I[C9l A. R92D, 8indl ()rl6J,l. (8-lin.AIB tllme bUnd, mula=dons iiltlol1:1u8Ied lt1m Hgh~;-d~"dcll~. iillte:lia.Clnolil. (fig. 83).. n~ .lll':.I!tdlS$uggest dliatFKfl COrn'l." Imls Iffil.~ :il!l~mclion.w.ill~ om by lIibsomirn;!!"l blu.l!l

"f~~. ]

light O~OOIll~. d~ LOV dXl!ll<!ill!.

00111011 OOC:Ua:S~R

or-

aud.fu]JlJd thalI:KF~.ulJltemc~, withGI (Fig" ]A). Om lR'£ll;rns, .a4nfliLncd. Wlillg illrulitocailooflKF'] pr:o1~l.1dm, fflllg_g,e:lld~flt~ffili~ ~nt~LiO:!loocrI!Ua througb 1~i1(l.F.KF [LOV r(Lig.llI~ 01'lygem" or\!bl'nag.i;1) do:rrnmn {~'ili!l. ~A). !~ l <!ddilkl~, ihea.~ N' termil!l~ was wllMc imt lQ intmc~ w~ib :PKr- ~.(liig.SI),
~le~~~1 tI11is~lIttrn~ti,olillooclm;in, a:Rd wh.cilK:r 11:~is I:1tOOii.!Lmilld by tpihmo-period or H.gI.t~ooll.dirim~,we gelfle:~Inli~sgcll{>C rl.an!.~ cll)jilg~iltr~ively GX:,~illg bol.hha~ma!ggliJ!ju[lil~ (1IA)'-t3i!S~. f'KPl (fffiA. •.fKP]) and trul~l1l,1;f'i!' jvo,

To ~:

len@Ih,)r ,arflhc!$ Uiis h~~o~io!'.!, :8h.ll:!I!l.!!' ,iU'I'IGUnl'J f:'l:Ility P1!!ri~catto!~ (TAP~-ti.~d G~ em-TAP) or [fKFI arid! Gi iIIllClmc('ed in bhl,e"liglitfll"oo:dns ,[j5.S,~,~,H.',I!-FKF'1 .US: :G!~J'tJP 'Iim:-s{7)]' for!!:,o:rll]l]llill1G:prec.~patatim~ ex:perilm::nJti;;, II] the il'mdimcdi slUilples (r-~S. liS) c{lmp..1red widl 35$:,J1.A-FKFl 3.5.s.~,:GPrl1'P #18 / Jliflliml, a w~~iln';.liglt~ .~rolWn !larlnpl(:'sl bmt UU1cLl'allH'ac· gimi~ilf a.mQm~tof G]·TAfproIBilm. '\vBjirucip~.~ u"O;i1 'was o'bs~ooirn'l.rod.ligh~. ii'li'acliiated . .llrun·

Illins lUli'l1Il aool .• ICL~'i v&vo •. ~I~OO'II~ d!ay~I.cllgdl In. ooudil!(l[lS, the :run:Ol.mt of Cl)i1nlt1JI 0 p:1l.'Cip:iLatoo HA-f.K11 ~noteiu ml;~'iled uR([1 4 iilo-u~ !'Ifle~ H~t ansel, !:e!n::!hwd OOrlslm1lfor the ~,!"!'5t·of day. aJ!i!d: decJ:i~~ed,In illedail'll; (fig. I :8 mLdC)1 wMch ~~c.sts that 'I~gh~, IhecifCadiaH cbdk I:tlOOU" or lame Ilb.eFKF] and G~iI~~eflU}~!oo, Well'~l'ie!rOOO :ru:ullyzedl.th.e: iID'll.m;;;tCliml iln.dru:tgrowl'! $.'Ut'IIp:tes. A Il1lDilmlar:oo-l1n:~o:r.HA.·fKfl ~. CQlnf!!!'!.K!~op!«ipi!<!!~w~ GI~'fAP ~i!lOrell'! ...i!h in (he~k (Fig:. I Dj. tndiic@!ing Umt n]~lI~ler,u;:tkm liS ;Hslat dep~d\::rlJt ~!fI a.d\;lijjgn,. ;[1,S IilO~ as U) nUllQf HWL( e~poolllfe: ~t'lir~edi~fI mru-kOO. ilncrea.... c iilfl iI1~(l WliiIOllllll of FKF] Hind; {][LllieU'· act;(m (fig. $2), Wmd\lilt): analy.z~.how l~ght 'q]la.lily (w~¢.
j

10 deoonulliilc .!1lQre OlJJCl~!<l!~e:lywlle!]dlisin!e,," v1\1'o,. we perfOflaJed.h~lJ:1]IIII:t1r proCip:lto'ttto.l~ <lInru;ysi!;: IlIsil~lg >tTl ~1fi'3nsge:lliclim~' [F:lrtf't:.:f:lA~KPj Gt;.:GJ~rAf'I }I(.t gi.J 10')] liIiI \"hi~'h !OO1iIllliI~ PKPl .md. 61 b'1l"iL"lSkm ..re :re.gll!~"led.by e!~.Kiu.'5 ipr"QllJO~P.5 l~.84). O

'I.Jnd~ I(lng~y
'JA'

<l~d .sh~..aay

c~md!tlkms. G~-

prowl!~ w,asel''':urcss~. ~~.ml!,~lWl: day the

wilh an aftemool] peak, Wh.'\:I:eil5 !HA.~F.KF~I ex~ p:ressiO;ll largely OOCIj..oiIIl dle ~.fli~el!lea;mool1l. a (F~. 2, ./\ and. B) (5, .J 2),1111 long cl.'lys.fih~peak e!(p~ssio:lfl or FXF[aIl'DdlG[ [IW1.el11l8colr:lCtded
(.r~g.::IN, The HA.!FKflll!'!~ :
Wi1iS

(;~'.TAl)!' Iwlle!'<lJ.ctiQ!iI

o~r~tWinihe late «!i~moon (P:tg, 2A). w.l~en da,yilhne CO e~l)~sst~n~: occurs (.Fl,g, 2E) (4, ./JJ. :II] s1ilcut <I,a"s, HAA:Kr~,pe!1ikcclJ abmJIi :) hcrll1['sbWerlban lI.le: {H-TAPpcalk. mr;;:prruls1OOl.,
lJe]p.3l11iment or orodl~IiIi~~
]01,$5(1 ~orlh Torrey PirlEi

Ro~4 1..1, ]:ella., CA. ~2@l7 .• USiI,

llt~ Smpp~. 1'ile.!li13fth n>litulll'. I

PFe~etr!t il1l~~.s.; Oi:~ijll'f! oJ BuolQ1]!ica l S:ci:eIlClEi, UIiIM)~gt1 @~ C",~fg.r:n:i~,. ~!'I D.ieg~ 9'ijOOGUf!'I",fir 've,,()u'(h ~ ~ Jollt OJ. 9200:3-O~U6. USA,

.ul1ll .. izulTlll@u(Sd,@d~w

·~,o ~hOOl, ~!lrre5pmldtm(;l! :!ihlooldi be ~1d:llr,I!SS'I!d E'I!El<lil:

261

REPORTS
OfU1~ jkJ1g1 ,@tI!bl~ !]i!l!!t~~ti!] l(lll!Ug ch_y:s "!ild sll!Q~d<liJ8I~mble:d tlw_t of ~hegll~]!il~Ht (I."ig, (Fig. 2:8)., 2DJ ,&pjll~ron of COirnl the fofl ~ Imlla'llt in \\ilhllllJclity4Citl,glh shifts from ,gtiml. ~o Iml,g, lomg dl'l~Si~ oISCi! $i.mi:lar 10 ~mtil'l InI~C gi ~ulIlallt daylimo (Vi£; ~mm!ldJiam~.yilitdu.coo (5. 14), aad 'CF'~g. .2E),. '''VlI,~I. dlC f!) l'l'nIl!lIIlI:iO;ilMiS inlirodlLlood F'KF~ i~ i!Qwlv6d!im l~lliIj(!iill1t.h:tcttl]l:~ (S), Wi,l: I~!RI~~ illto lh~ 35S';'fiA.$l(F'J #.] 0 / JIifl ~in'i~,~.~. g!~ fore ,ex11!mi!H~dai'e FKF ~a!td (J] illil!~r..itlio" i[!.rn{;fw :US; -"HA·"F'f(P! 'If. I,()I Jlf]'~i'te slli)'vL~.d ,~.Slmiiig d,~y-lengi!l]'! shi:i'l cc:mdi~im;.~. n U~ed~ '~~e~ O 1a!!e-flG'\:'i"c~g pil~nQ!ype i!i !OI1g &~ ..'I~~~l is " orni.di~ior:us: were swatt::hed ~!n siloo (ol'o!l£, dt-e ""mib to the Hi flQ~~r!g plaeuol;ype (F~g. 2D), ~XI~ilii..""lSi(iUl I?atlems;of H:A,.FKF~, snd GI·TAIP CO C>!,~IlCSSiiOIlil in 'dl,egt..i' .3£S: :!ll.l."FKFJ :# ~U/ were .siilm:HaIi'lD ~booe em ,!1[t.o~.&y.!l (Pig~ .2() ,jJifl ~:lIjjl'C also t'QSO,Itili~cdl~~m,hit 1I1~,~ Itllllm'lt in. gf How~Vllr, d,1e fnrui':llc:t~.of[ bclw~nFKF ~ and 01 IM~ day!S (fig.. SO), nc--s~I'I.:.."'i,UIu;~lildJiCaH~d~m Q!·C(!,l~d Umn:!Ji~hO'~t '[h~ i;!)(m.tdoo~il}h~ ~":icioo fIl{fi'~ fli;lrneliou isI~ely d~p~!fId~tlOl,~Gl fume(Fig. Jell (J!!Irlle5l.!llS~silow ~~e dl!!r.'Uiall of QQ!l!.Ii!1 cQ:J!lrast, t!i'licu !he ./kIf m!.l!~liQ!I! wa~ in1:rod.i!.Jccdlinll!e J5S::GJ~'fiJP / gi.'"'2 Iin~Ule:jkfl 1!W!eFItJ' ~.a:lldG[i!~tem'Cti:o!'l !'>e¢ll:IS 00''ooinci~ 3:S&:'G.l:~'J"AP /gj-.2 pla!]l: flO"W,e~ SHgll~:~Y hiler willi!! the pai1tet:n ofdayliallte COe."p:ressiaH. As OUir:e5tllts ioorica;~:cII;bm !F:Kf~. !lfl!clIG[ lll!l:l{ 'dum 'nbc 35S::GT-rAP !g;i.2 linc hut mm:::h, e1ll1r1I~r r'001;19. eO:iltll,cx ~:o re,gl!llliaw: CO C1JlPiiC:\OSiWl, we dlaH the ft./1 1~1tU~ID11 (Fig. 2U). \",h~ci~ .indi.('9re-.s ~lJIjdi.cd.Imi:I~'IpO£l3li1l)~ of Ihi.~ ~1ttarncurn}. \V~ thal G] fUilil.ctton 'is litI.Q1i eOlnp!ewly (t~pe:ntrcttl ou l f~ ~Olanill~I!I ,,~ih~therFK.F] I'l:;.~l.:ila~(l:!li ,.110- FKH fiJ.Irnc!i:orn. U1is :S!.I!~~ (i~ [hMOI :nlay~,!.\ul~e~lSb~l~i!::t" '~u.<>c: :fKf'l m(ldJ~es proti;;i!~ Ia!!e~O'I t'ln~~ FKFI aclivity ~ult also Ihe flJlrtarioo d 1~'i:";Il.Y''- "",,., ,il oJ., 11'''' :h~r,1"ll",~~,j'["I" dld IrI"~ .~:i'", of o[l~cr p~'Q!ei!1S lI!<lt plfiyrn:h;'liiliml1l!IKI~e.Il h~ ~he "'[0,,;,"·;1"'1,' "n ~, '~) -''''''J''.J1, ... ...... _y __ "". "'~ ..,,;,, I~~le c.x!;!!~i(m p:9UCn1S (IT~TAP !;!!mtcins (fig. of pllOllJ['CriOodic nCI\¥l}ri~g 1iDa:t1~,W~. Timia~gofthn ',::lii'C9djajt,,;i'Cg:uJ.~ned e:li:prcssioll 85), ~nd.ica!lillt1l 1~~UiilFKn docs ncar rogJll:late OJ I!lii'otdn slnabi[~.t'y..W~dTh~n, S4I!!Idlicl1. diu] g·OflCit 1c o:fFK.'F~. 9ndJor G] is Itl~IO'I!Iglllto 'b!!:l. ~'mipomtJll for th.etnHnin;g (ijird~y~imc: O c\'(,~lmm!J. (5. 16). [f C lre~alilon.bet\"'e(m F.KFiamd OJ. .lI3iQthftfl:llim:ll.gi dl!~ .~I'!lpui,o!l W~ c(J~~ U1.C!~oork«~lgl1",\'l r!lyt)!lt'i:~hQwed! .;1! la~-flovreri"g pb~~g.1ypei!~ 'expre~ia!] of citlI!'ctFKF [ ,Of G~ W(J!JI1d abohsh ~O!1S dlIys.a~dI U1Cg,ifJowering ~he!Wlype W,~ 'rlmre ,!lev~ (P~g. 2D). Jllelli}werfuI!g phenotype !Ire da~·Iii~.li1gI1l'l ~lJieaslllrenle!1l~abi.i~rty o~pla!1!1l.",
~ndd:~g :FKW":! :>l!ndm h]~r<!ct~Qw!oocll!.!1l~.Q!i!ly at ~tle l~egi!\W'l'h~gr~ll!eIfK!"~ o e;",pmiSIQ!~ pe1':b{l.a

aw

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short day,~, CO' !ll(P~O:il iill 1!ljH}s~Hal!!!! 'was hi:gllcrlfil~.aJn. dml iIifI wikl-'lype ~~an.l:Sifil.l:lil~,daytime, (f~g. 2'0 and :!1g. S8). TII~~ ros~~~ i~d!~I~ 'l1!4'lt FKfl·GI.oou~plex formatiorn.la:res Ule ti~TIir!g of dayliu'C CO Itr.m•. <:criIJ!ion.
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E:;\~nd'l'Q~g;~ ,~~~i<m in d~ !i~~ w~s QQ:llii!.<l!~UI.y!uigb ~!lthe '~¥rirl;le i,~ d<!y~ ~. Icngth cOfliC!itiOIIS,. FT c1>lplI'CSSi,Q;1Il WIlE ll'otCOIiI,~ !lim,,'!: (~igs" 8100dJ £8). Fl'e;lipn'lSSion in (he dOI]IMeO'Vm':''(.~Frn.~Offi ,s~o\l,\'Gd, hyo dl~"nilil.cl~ eaJc;; im!0I1g dav~ "1~g.'5..Stand SS),- T1d~~m:~glM bG: ~pl;1ii!ii.e~ by ~ePQ8n!'li!!l~IFU'iQiii'd ~,gul!i.'I1ol~Qr CO prote~!l(0).. V\~ ,ob~led CbY'~~lieFT·e'!f,~ f!~m~ ~rt n~cd,wb~e a\lcre.... oors ~ Uri short ds.y.s tiig's" 87 and SEl). TI~i.,> may mlflse cm'ly fi.o,wcri1iilg o~' these: UIU'lS in ~'IlOI1 d,a::t,S.
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and d\atihe FKf"l·Gl 00111~;Ie:,'I!:. rna;,l!JhttcIJS d~linile CO g~'l:e ~iP~iouq. O!~ Oi,f Ole; IlneclWi!snls by whtcllfKflllCSllIhnes: 00 I!G1IJ\SCnl)~irn~ is byd'e-!WliOlding lis 1l~!'e!'i&Kr,CDF i~ (15), Wc:1I1c'refore c::.:plo:re:dI Ihepossilbmly Ihru I~IDIeFK.F I.~G[ cmup~c-;:(lilla, ·li:IeiIUlWh.lCd. ilfl this lro~I:1Iili!QXI.F~i'$n.\'WG ~~d whctlh(!Jf thc;l £Ul .. I G oomplex oo'[Uai~ CElF ~, A" !he :FKFllIi!ild

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t(:lJ~lime oal<! led dec~i!wd lbetween l3 ;il!lId 19 IWlIfi <!:rter tigM m~t (F:~ 3,B). ~m (he gi~,2 JSs.·.,~.f:-I:A~CDf'1iN?

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theiifiri1!il.imell ,ef daytime (0 el(pr,esi1oit. 1ihen (0 prlGil:eil'!l is £talDiized ,an:!lia rn'rla:tedl bt Ughl:~o 'iindlnCl~" ,exPml5iO,1iI 03" 1:7.X IIIl $IUlI't diaJYl'. P&llFl p~~ '~i!: da~r.:at: a d'iH@oonti!l!l~jjija", GI~thu~. t o~lYil SIJII!!i!1l qU'<lliIi1:q ef the mlllllP;!ex ~mm:s:.

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.C<!!!~ regul~1c II1~ct1'lluing

<!!1d1 inJI~c~ior!. 01

IPIJg. ~. IG Hi¥~l'(DIFloom, i~ ~ss(lci~~:s; with (1'0 proiili!.Q1!~ril!it , ~ (A) 11,1'1 ~i nte:f~oti(l:!il b~tw~,~ HA·IJI)IFliillild GI-TAP.lihe 3SS;:1'IA,-CDFlilfU (Gl':TAIP~,~and lS&.'GI·TAP 3:5S:::'HA-CDfl,1H7 '(GII-TAPi') I~ilile!l were '~mw~in I!ong llI.dry!> and ha.lVe!l.t!!d ,4 tll:IIJn :idte!ll' HE!hr~ Ol:ll~t en ,day ~l'!lll,wlb'!!n ' (()ijmm~i1Qp'Jiedpn!altl!'J!!i! ,QJ~~.~ were p,~fo:li~~d (i'.I, (8) HA"CDn ~[JiH~Ss:i!'J:Iili~ the 35$:il-fkC£1fl .'3111111:I.qi·:23.515::HA<DFl tjill!!Si. IPi~a:lflti We!:n!' h'iIIr'i;!E!stedi at dalv 10 ini kmgmll~~ ACDIIIl (#lien w:a!l ulsE!dl!:~ <II Lo~dlilil!ll [Olliltf,cd" 1(01 'co chromarlm re!:l'io:IiI'> M,>odaUerl wi1h GHIfAIP -protein. Plallilts werr~ haw'f!>ted 13 hQ~!'Saflief light Q!i1~eton day:10\ ne r,}~jjo~~efl ~h,e-:spe:dfk ~~ril::b!i!i!~m ' ¥a:lli!l~~fI ~!i!' GJ;;u," ~ rAP' SllllllP'~~ lind tbatin file wilrHyp~ Sillfll!l~e on 1!lI'H::Ili1I1fr1p'~ioolliW~ c;tllw!~amdl ~mm :5iei\J\et1 llllld:e'p'N1dfmlt III ~p ,anCily.5ie:s (7}. ACr.? II IIldl UB'QIO gellile:s were II!ISed as: (!ommis. Tllile dw.ed li lIle iWidkates no e!1lnchm~nt (DJ' :S(he~mk dt.a!~liIlg' ·(if the CO IO;CIi1$ aUld! 'the ampLicof! localiens: for IChlP allil\alySii!Si. lhe 17 iUTlip!icion rnOCtlitJiolils are ~lli)![)li'iirli. Whitealildl Light glMi)' bO)i)!!s r~~'I,eS!!illti90:Jil~ dlnIl:ll5,'~alnd3'-\lIIll1trandMe!dlu~In:(lM, (UTiR). (E .uadllF) (llpromomr' regio:llI:!> .a",~ori:a:lled with FiKH-1rAIP iQl!ildtll!A=WIFl ~mi1ilS:. Pla~u: WIllre hawe~ted 13 bOlU"$: [FIKFl.~JA!fiI {1m !i!fild 4ho!l.!r~ [HA=CDfl (F)] aJft!iIi light on'Si!!: Olil da;ylO. Data we'r,@! ak:IiII~iJ:U!(lJI rom four in d;epeml~t c f analyscs. 3 mad~'ai~o sl~m"edl signij];caI~t e~rit;;liIIflleru {Fig,. 3q,. Th~il:l,dica:tcstila1 G]·TAP :proh~m, assocJa~ \'.11h th~~ CO, pL'Ol.lOOWif OO,g;l(m$, W-e lIilU:dl'ffi' h'r".0;fiJIigal~. \!'\hether ootb ,FlKF ~ !lod CDP~. ~{lCi<!te \!i'l~~Dh.e s.ru:~e CO ~~Q!!,';!;
COIlS

ofdlOl,}l!i!'!lC CO C!ltp~O!1l

(f~. 4) .. Mo!'OO!\,'c!", our :~wns~lUl11tdl.C FKfl~m oomplex d~root~yrogllllliincs CrnJF~: stability irnldm:ffijlll!~ .. allllilllililm ~iIlll: FKf~I.G~ CDf'1 oomph'll: foot'lls m~ ~m IPfOInoh~rn'rogton of diJe CO S~lle. U!L5 iB~ik~3j1'00,~e ~. Ipafl (!If Inl!l1l

!ll()~ew1ar nuoolJa!~i"~1by whio1i! dlePKFHJI

OOlI]~~ CO!l~~S

daytini!c CO Ih<l!!Jl~pliol!!I!..l'hm.

anjsm IllIal tiln3Me-s;plllltt.$ to rlJstLn~li.I~sh scfl.'muBl dil_I1'CCfi ~['I .~y Itmg9n... [m oorDjll!lfmlnon \viill1l. poSlli:'3I1~npli(}JrlIiI:~1it.1fl!l1ali{u~ at'CO pmBl 07').
Ino~lIhY{ll!a1;;.~e 5~CI'!~

we :imvC!:Uin~cli

me IIrillcil)[1 :rJlo!lOCluls.rlneol~

i!liil !i\~td<)~QJ!. ~lILld ~1lable Dkll"~lo .'1eiect ~hi; fbi s\JCO}s."ilfudn{ll~?.~l~g.

r,

whc!:em·TAIP' [Jrotc'J.!] iH~JernO~,. We YS'e:df'.KF'.I:: ,FKFl~'frU11 ftfl Cf),FI.";'HA"CDF:NH9 (1S) Hllesror ~he ClldP ,fl'SOO.l'S1lI1IliI ;:maB;yz.oo, the
ammlli1!s, ~fic of dw:tnlil1im Cf!Utidmmcnt.arouII'Id: am;p[~~O:i1S 1, 4) 31~d 9. AmnpHooirl.4. WIlS, ~Hu'k'ihecl i~ Jt])!t:l Ff(PI ;>:'PltFI-1)1P/Ji(l .~'tmp.~I.\ltrV~~d <l!llnheS<li~u~lirrle ,Ils i[J~e Of: ;O/~TAP I gi~2 sat!'ipl,e!;

'j}ffil"

W:L~a, in vivo ~he and, CDfl imtcracliol1l, I:05U[I5, and booau.sG CDfl p~ 'L:lX.press:kmoccurs; b~fbre 'lim Glpeali: {J2., 15), 01 nnigiru[ l:~roracl ·wunh. t'DFI. i1nal 1!Ia.'i!IJi,~r!y ~ndw!he COproJ1~lct'i!il t!~e!m:J!'iI'!i!'l:g, a!We F1KF']!!fIoo!<N.~ wirth ~eG!.{;'!)FI ''XIll'l;ph;x,~fI ~!e ' alltmlOOl;l, :r-'t.!!"1 lM:ight degrnCle COFll kl< release
{Ir~g.,F:'). ]
TO.gettlCJI'

en

s:, A K~ .~~~]'f: 426, 3,~ (U'Q3), IS.S:. ~Ier g~,!!li"~~'OO JUl. lI61'!?U W~I! ], ,r"l1tmal:~2fid Ime:tnO!ll:! <1H!' ~".aiiaD'Ii! ,~~~ppMtiru~
fi'Ij~@rl.a1 'IlII 5'd1Yll1!' 'Omltll!!!. :3, fit SalCiOO1l, llW. (I~Fisli ~ IE" tmliI!b,.li

BllIld INDh!~ MarJl ,[WI ~.i!,i1B3 OOill'li), 2. 'T'.111I'IllI1~!Iii1l~ fl. K:!~, rl<!ftl~ I\1'l'lnt S'd.. ]['1.}!l(l! Q:LflDfj.L 5. ~, (or~e5itr.G, (rnrpl,md, J ,~1.p.&n. ~S7,~,~95,~2(1D6l~ t 4., I!', S!!!ii'J1e'l"Llipu el ar •• N.:rCl:re,4:l(li. :1116 (20D1L 5. T. !IIIliIiillJl!R~ !it G. Tr:a!l1J,·J. [. 9I!'~IitI, W'" ft. Ilri!l~

J. A"

R@,ft,mi!!IfI:(@!i;

~(!;'~iiI:.

<F~g. 3 E.)., Indicating [hill both FK.FloocW GJ <l,&'o;QCia1e id} Intais CO ~n:mlo.'fetre,gi,on. A~~i~ w cOITl(l3. 4, sud 9' WUi:!3 all 'DliI:riolimd ~nll~G: CDF.I:: H"A4:;'DPI S8llt1pk-s ~a:itV~tI:ld .in InJ~en'lOi'i~~m,g

Wc:lm\'1] ~lQWI~, IIml .FtKFl an.c1Grn forilla ool:nple..'{in vivo :mld. dlJ.'l!:thisilltemctlldJn L~ illd~cl! by b!n~lig'hi!'lbS(lrbi,lcl byi1~ LOV ~.Q!1lai!\verirj~~!'!g oW"ipreviolas: pU'opou.sat ~i,d!fKf! isa :~oo... il~!~. pliolmecepfot (5). ,I!] add~tl'OfI, 001' feSui~l:sindicate 'ih.. ! tlte timing of F'KFI"OI: ooi,nplc:x Ifrn:;mtion,wil~~ch. ~sC(D111lrolledJb:j' 00111 c[~dti3J!i, re.~ldJ!l'~i(l(il1(}f FKF i. aII'Id: G]G"'p:i'CSS1on ,
l

d~.erepressiolil' of CO.

te,mp!!fl:,

'iN" ~. :6JiI~.9irxfl.e\oJill;W ,]9, 9401'[20j)Q~ 9•. S:.Cro.I&om.. II1:aiag(ipal. r. ti-l.I:ilra~i!!il!i::lll!tni~~2, ,2 (2!0031. :5" ~al, 11l.N(!~~ki ['/ al'~ Bi'rlfhtlJll'ir~ 43~ 8~:r~; QOQ>jj~, :U, B\, !), .ZDI~~ki,tj. i'1~", :SMite 3:tif!1 10M ~20D71. ;1l2. K, M. D~fd, LlI.~r!J1b~!II1~~!, . T~rm<!.1. Il\!ll~riU, ffilS ~ ~, .51J@. U~J f.w06)', H M. )I. Y:i!I'HI'o'.!k~. ~"A. Kay, llf4r,r:.tre ~!Il9, 308 (~OOll H. J\. Yam:~gudli~ y, KaiJ<1~a!!'i~1(, .Goto,. ,M, J!W~ i..llrafri. N~fI1Cell ~_fd" ~i!l, U 75 (2!M~l

RE'PORTSI
r. F,. S~I:i~!1:!. F', 61. l'Ii~rmofl,L A. H~I S. A. K:1I~.:>rim(r. 309'. 2'9~,t~IiXIS1', ::i.i.. 1'. ~iilog~iI!l~ eft ,~I" Pl.Q1!I~ Cali'7, ,2255 (,,005). 11'. !'. \I;~l;'E'fcfe ,9' (l't, S"runal 303. 11003 ~"OO4l. ;lB. we II~!!* t. fenijgr'e< .... E. !il<!miLWI!, E, f·~rr:e, Go !l!1:WfI, S, H~~ lli'ri,irn.e&.!J>~ ~!l(l, W-e!,!Ji r~icri~bl~eii,ifuSlor '1IIo! rn;t,lWWipt; ,fit N\;i~ar~rurmr p,MI@;lI"i!t!l:R~OO Ip.oCfGW,~R [ld1R!lil~ ~FIii ,I" ltIilItlMllrmr3:K;fiA.ai. m,·:G'J.'7M.
:15. T. Ihrl1:t~ui'l1,

liiJ!l!l<!iid1 a ~~ailifOIMlrol& 'I11~00114: bf NIH' 'gram!:! IJ]I S:A.t:'. (Gffl1I%OO6 <100 6MWI6',1·U71 ;and: fJi.. '(GMO!l''iln2k T~Ii~~, ImflllOO1p1: 1!IiI~ M~2 of mle 5'mll?O ~aOOll :IFlililuLli!.
andl,(jJ:,I(JJ:}»

fl~.sa l'ii ~~1jJ.

e:!/gfer!l:liIC"ils,

IffiU ~l1WOrttd

SijpPQmrilg

!@'I!~:nl!

~t!!ri~l~

:;lSi ]!.iii!: ~OOf; .tWe~ z;a ltYgl!S~ :2.0017 i'14I'M1!l1ie~ I)nlil'LI~U Si!!glember :;1(101;
11111126J!:riell~'U14b'\l9~

\:\M'l\i:~LiE!ncl!tiI1!I!J.Of!WCgi~.i!nnllullfllA,fll!l'hlmo(l M~lI!!rh~ .~mdM~~

i~rhliil! til!!, '1~'I!'!!JFlTlla~,tI~wl'li!~ Gitllil) Ilil~ plIlp.Y

•.

ty':s"o-IPlh,osp,hatidyl,cho,linI8Is, Si"gnal iln the ,ArbIUl:s"crulalr' !Mycorlrhilz,al Sy'mbil,oslis

wli,~het pl<llais :foJ1l'nJn,g AM sY'tlD:ioses e.'.d~iM~ed W:'iprovoo .gmv.'ltE1 9iii.clllaf hJl:a.l P upl.BC (1)1. pl~ apro!!:lU!'!e~. ~le i!~ gro~.~~d deve~op'moll of>200:iOOQ pl<mt svec.Jes: fo:umlJ!ilI: AM! symbioses (2-4~ A 5" lIPslreruTI nnl!'a!il-iJ:aiJ3dirt.'giml ·of ~,.7Id)
(IKmnrofl..'i:'I'Ocil :moas. SI:P1'3prrmlO!I:e;) of lililc gcome cmeooil1,fl.liIlle IlWoorrlliiza'~I'dJerlbil.lill~i!1J11'.f1If1I!tir:~y :Pi Myoorrlrum.jalduci1!:tJe~iloophaW:~itili':Sh.ll,\'U oom, fWiiid ~n. ~\!~i'3:] plWll Sf:k,~1e!!~rncl!i!ii'!ii U~~y ~o

IDairid .lllri:!>!lliU~r, GE!!mO~lulflil')!l .•liNi(D' ,eIlW~eW.ill1!!rI:':!!·" I 'dell' G.elui!ll'~ .M'IB'llfeik TaIRlli1i~!J~llIklil'l.'.l Thoma:!> 8otLeIl'~!li 6eof!g lFe:lix_s NiikiL'l,la w;Amri:leil!!.1 (,!, Milln~e:l IBlJl;liIelr1,i'~ nl@a;rbu$~:~li'ilr Imvwrrh~lza~ (A~~, :~yml~io,sl~ I:'@'JjfE.Slents,llii@ ITtCilst m.d'@lv Ici~lstnbut@d mll!tu!il,isth: rca'! ~¥mlDio\S:]s. W@ U!pOrt th!it[Qst @';:i.1ractsof myto:rimizal planfts; ml!lta~na l~iJX!jph~~ic S!i)Qlililll.(,iJpabte o'u ilildiudrl~I1th@ P~H)!ip:IiJate'trairiiS,orter gBlfl'~ StPB .arid StPf4 'Dlf pohro (Soi.tllll':lum tab6fi(!Wm U. liJ'eJiI!il!'!lth<lt .are :!ilPeci~;:[;i!I:nY~DlldIJCiedl[1iI mOIB co'~ol'liOCe'd by.AM fUI1Slii., The: !><lIme .s-igmal (1I!III!1ed Irralpiri ex1!rrdi~e~~ul;u aU:;i:lt~Dlliz ..ij'(m ilil 5J1Il.~!!,elil.r;io:IiI·Ol!lltlillredi 'm:nilillto (MiGIUml ly.c~p~'frkum C!elll$and! i~dit:J,LlLt(m of the my,oonhi!l!a.'·slPec'ifk ptn~$phi3it'e tral'l:o;portel' gene! k-Pf4im th~.~E! (!e'll~. ThIE!act1ive Ililrir:ldip~(l!l!'IIg~ ch~f'att.er~~~ a~ 1!~e I~:y$o~lp~dl,ysO!-'phQ.~,~h~i.dykholifl~ (lPC)via g 'com'bi!'laltiorl'! ,(If glWlI@: @xpl~es~an ~wdil@S;, a~~lIl~;f1~tz_a.ticl'liliS$i!iV,~ rtl!!l[ witure:s.. and oo.r,omarogfa~M(llI]ll:d i~ mass ~1P!ectrslli1!!'m(illliI~lyses;. O~r rel!l~t:s. hi~h~l!il1t~hrlllilpo rtilllC@ 'elf ly~opmo.'M!~]PJru a s ~igrti8lb in 1~,lltIli1t:Snd il1l prllrth:::l!llin iflilhe: AM .~yrnhJ:osis. a

ru

SlfT3 ftl'UtruptJlmlO (5)wasl'iOO~lit.Y ~'\Clnw~rld iiD clilIen\lut pla~'Ils,~~ c~du'lil,'ely by r\!!!l~i{lif d'l!;l ph~h)!H'l G~O!T1i~!ny00I1Zi. (6). lhill!s coo.sf~!eul ~~~dl a nmel hl whiCh 1J1csigJla~,w.g l~i!I;!!IW'a'y ~cadil,gIII Id~c:inciuo;ion of 1l'itJ}~~m1IPilmllspol1ilrsin dl~ p!81Iillis, !LN'.Q:l~ timna:rlly comwrvcc:l To 1drnuiJy ruch S'~gnIlJ C)(}mp;ouiW;: ~nwo~vOO iililSlff3 g~('lI1lil!JIII~ioo.
ImIt~()[ l'Iil(fwH 1[0 'be

we "1Jol~

(M!Q~

nom myooml!zoOO

JiO{ll~

f{nf

li~e~1'p,Joon]iail 00 Iiri-ss.ef

StPB pron~aler ~:hl;JjliO!l

J\1!A s.ymrlbio'$L~ is; dlOO,gll~. to. hav~ fa.. ~tlit.!I~~d ®l1an"t~~Jl!lmr~iQnf land. 1l1O:~ o _-_.IIUI[l40Q' ilflll~~LOfi y~ ago. and too!r}' :80% ofte~Ol:l pl<lJn species are Qo!cmi:zOOi by
-·.}!fl

,e:reina~gc of ~Ol1t1Plflllnds imldurdll'l,g, &i.gD!8isaml rnurnl'.)lllS, ptlOsphiQm~ (P} .IS iakm !LIp by plart. .. as OO~110$,~~ (Pi) vi!l! ~",~,~iI'iJwaYK IlliIc direCll up!.a.ke Pilill~wiW. <rt. ~[e level 01' l[Ile fOOl-!;Oi]

mot ~mir coIls, .[!S. GPfpmd. W AM f.u_~gi.ll~ ~1heAM symbiosis~ fy_~ga:l ~lYJ1-ha"e inte!ftlCe ~1c'~u.dhLg fonn (loulcd.OO" :m]Ui:~,edSIW.~li1re!i) ill root oo:l1i/Cill, dIe: myooniml lJ!,Plrurepnd'lWa,Y, exlen.dhllllll'ron~. cells o:flh.e ~Ioot plmll. ])aspite ~.lllraeellt1i~arm.(!). lexlraradkal fUUl.~, l~YtPh~ to d16 rorln.clllJi ('ens C!O:mJ:I1.00'ollCInl of I:lilt~miCJ:O~)!]1(lb:[cnt:,ihc S}'Il'iifu.~.~ hwoorillig lil:l'Igal ,~h[Qlic; ;SlrudJiLlfeS, A detailed

~Inslitut~ 'o~ Plant ~)cienM, Ei d'ge~:5£'fsdl~ T'eelmi~mE! ti'00l9Iliul8 (EJI'I} Zurit:h,~p!!ri ~ntal.s:tOfjlioo Es!:hi~rn 3.'3~ 8315, limlilu, SM~dil.liid 2.2lJrirn {ltf~DJiIli(Slliti;illii.r~, BIH ZlJ ridJ, WdfgIil11l!l-~Uit~~I!r~~~0.,,IDO~.3 ZurMliii,5wJ1z~Jl<irld, 1 ~1)~pal'1mllnl: rij({ .MiIl!!ruliir BklliliiE'di"'ll ~lth" 'VIS.. aliid l)ijlIa!'lil!lm for IBMheill!lil>l:l'I. P~:5:i~lew,",nd MiCi'e<b1oLllgy; Giflenlt Ufi!~!'$llt!l',. 19;-9000 Ghent IDelg!I.!!fI. ~Fu!ilctrQ!'!~I, ~1!li!!rm~ 'Ciei'lbllr2I;ii!ich, U~i\!eF~il)i oO! Zi.n1d1. a;md EliIH ~iI'ich" CI'I-BOO7 .ZlIlich, g\lii~lbnd. ~rfl~itwteof Beta"l!'j, UIli!.i":litfol ~~, H~bgjstr.!i[iie J!. Il!OS{)11l<ir.e1, ~t!~rldrild,.~IMitl!lte ,1)1 PlilrI15ctmc@~IITHllJrf(n,. IL!lni\llI!f.SI;ti1SIJ"I~90'2 Li~ni[1t ,2,
5J.";t2@rlIiindL~flIl!lilillllP

by the[~ p~a.'\.'J1lla 'lM:l7IIY~N:of d~e COlll'rlbuliorl of :fiImll:'l)l'OOlTho~. Pi r!le~tlbra:Res. whicb l1~lI!S emarcate ~hc fiyl1flb~~ 'lI!palke padlwa~i"di~dl d Olat dJds ~&IJIW~ C!ilf! (If o'lh:: :tnl_w'rnce" d:Wl is; ID~esite of ~!Icl!~reiO!ii()lliOl.i dnrllf!l~ p,~ sypply 00, 'pl'lj]~i~'(l!ive
ollie. ~a:Ft1ll.euslf(\\nl!li:rn, SLlpt'Lf3tecl.

Gyrtu;l~r.3s!li!lSI 50931 LdoglJ!, G@rm~rry,

BGtil1lIY, Ulllfid!~itlf

of (ol~n.~

"''liD' om iCarretpoDOOellc:e t!!ifI~l~di tE, ~.ddlf:E'~ed.E.-mai!: .f;'I'!.biJ(h~r@i.!!lH_«:l!'ule

A.

IB

PLtmyc
I~+RT
It}.. '------

N.. . T

Fi,gl •. :JL., Indlilmoli!: pilat!! traufI$ptli~

of phil~" g~fiJe ~riI

mG~lDreatoowiifIlil p~m15p1ID" lfpld emr,adt; fllOril myrot"lo

a:l
I[l.

"FIr

i~-fflT

fh'~~ rgw. (A) N~ub"aI tip:ms (1N~)ilnd piilO:!i:pllo" lfpcis ~PW {~m ~rhizOO <iiIilllYC) a11dl f!oo~l'hi~
(~~I

&-l "AT
1~~ftT
1[1.

w~'rle~~pti,~dlml - potaw p'il:le. wrm:~bil1g ,iI dlillu!fic g:EJrIe loorni_gl IOf I'll GUS
reporteli

flOru of ~fItI~m

QS._ AT

conlrol of lhe SlPr3 poomorel; Root:s. ww;e ~ifloo for G1J$ abr- B, Ilitou~, of

gr!ine: llIiild1er 1he

'ftatiIr'!em mlii ti:I~ tipi;lis. Seal€! IIm"s 'imli!:'itE 1O~)!,IA,1n (B)m:«R p~ftIl !Jill IR~ from PiJ·tatQ root!;~· :3-00IJl'~1il'I: wit! il.-myc Otr PiL~ .tI!j.ilOClicM(I([ RiNA from 11II.m~ ~0015,(N::U lOr m~ :ttr,8:l1Edi willl ~n.t I~J WE'1!e lISa:! as rn:lillmls. GNIe~p?ci~ik primefli:frn' sm, 'SWl3, ;and 5tN4 wt~ !J~ No!'H"'~!s~~Ii!S(l'it~d RNA~Ie~ HJ) dld!ilm g1,~ ri~ w .a!l1~ffh:gtioo of dOlN.A,.i1~tiflg .a!1llS8l11:e,of pilimic: IONIA 'il ilie PCRiII!lII1pl1lite-s.. Sh[}WIfJ 15·ttuei,l1J!rerted jictl!e.

REPORTS
~~~ 'on ~1Sge!'!k: ~' roo(!s '~m~g LeYr:4\~rM tre<!:too~via~p.t+nwc~y:~. t!~ S$P'l~$ pr~n~le!'-~·g~lIl!clJ,!rooioo~ :nQ( ,.vi~l !rL"U1YC (Fil;l, ~8~ lelF'f4 i~, 'pl~:l'!<ll_\il ·111 Irnrnspoct~r ifMll tQ:I11iIJO~~S:~. normally ~IrlUood i~ (GUS) mportm' ~,eIle oollStWl.cl (S). by AM fll!lfil@ll colOlflim~iO.1llof oolitex c~Jsaliid is :~I~fHI:m~i(lll oil' ~hOis;pholipi'd {PL}cxtrnct~ fmm.m.yoomn;[zcd 1i'OO1$ "PL+litl}'C~1 of plal!ll:!liil~1 (PJanJ:t'i£O' lwi.cgo'aia L) cau..,,~.d t.'PBpmnD~'t S a~liV;i({(ln" as evtd~"l':Fro:litJ :pootlivii: (lUS,~fui!fi~ A i~g ·of!ta!Usge!~k: '!'OOt5:~~fOlil~g ,~!f<IOt~ H) -~OlFllil'll l~ tmai>: pfidil~lfII: from!WRmyccm:ili,mdi roots {rr.-.1l1)rc) fOliiled ~o activate, d1C S'~pnpmllflt)ler '(F~:g:.IA), GUS sllliniing ''i,!,\J!S IIilMmn nn :tlllmwiml i(l!ifil>GiJlnm~ ~ipid: bClio:iilJ! (NL+'~i'YCa:Jildi NL-mlYc), .)in.du.clit'Ji~. of
C:~I!iQ:
\V~ (I~N~cl e!Jii!lmtllSfl'Oln dijm~!1e~lphl!~1 ~

i~ <I. ~i~y

~1~19g91!!,.~ S(Pr4 {9}.. T!t~s i!~ooti9t! QI:r ~ 00

!l~rnn;JJly !TI!yoorrhi~·specitlc ~,1ep.li'Q!11pledl!--5 00, runher' rue I'I1cdUunilialk:a~ilil.iza1iQ;l~irn.cm]Jtlilred.

mmlillo (lenS mss.

liapid. and :re~:iQhieassay

GUS un l1aJ~nie p(llalo~l~

WirlhPL~ll,YC

cies,incl!.:ocJingplmt'!':;1;iiD'!, pill<!lo., andrnlai:ze(&a mczy'J' L.~lbUl: did! not devclo;p'~lm 'pl.sli:om l~lOUIii:r;<1ffi'ili1D~:i!lOO 'reJaiE Oir these species were 3ppl~ool(mful1cS]). Mm:eGll!o'cr, PL t!l(tm.Cn.,,· from AMfllfligaJ l:l'Drunrial, sucllilaH dl:nn.'Iil8Il~ ~rcs:, :9~lilIlin!lOOd I1'o/rel[~m, p~ji1IlbL(l6J;: myt~li!,l!111, or 'ex.lraooi~ I~ypll!ae,wcre iq~OKltl",etlble S~.), ( GUSi!t<l!~rlll~g W<lS de~c!ed, in ~ 1re<J!!cdwin~ Ijlloonlive PL p~lii,liJns.pred~lnimlmllly 'inl the ~I~e lbt:.i1h:1dlire reet lrip (Fig, tA),wih'lich, isjhe .2lOlillilOf KM fUl1®l1 oolOillWiuClIL 'iu v;oot'yinl" dl1!':unn. ofm.y,romtirza."illdllci.btfl ~hoSJII~\U)' IfiUl&-

~oorgen~, we ~~r!1~'d
~~:ynlem~chai!~reacllo!'l

~~

Ir.'I!nli~Ptro!~

(RT·.fC!R) willth RNA ~niXJ~IO iUO!JIs,I~~:OO, wi~ K. TII~ or PL~1}lc .Em. IPlm~r:oolS. 1lrhll~plS 'OOcOO;llllg 'I:!ac two indl.lciMcpj:losp:mlll; ~.al'S StP'r3 8rd nmn,. (lUllliO~J)gO'I)lJ! tPT4,:m::ttlm1ir.'lhld. &,peciflealiy aifrtcr S ~mfilltml:MJll,~f PL+rt1Yc.wl!l~jll¢ ~.¢vc~ eonof ~ilwi\lcl-y ex~~ .:u:d AM".m!lll~spilrl_si ...e swn , (~'lrn.!JscrWls re~ig OO!~! (F~£.] B), Over:. an, 'Ulesc f.CS1lL1.1s indicate (]~eI:lII~ROC of signals iWi. :PL~lnyc (lX.lmCn:>!hal CfIIDl s~ifiC8ny activate irl1yoool:hiza..spec:iflcnran~cr gene c~pr:esskl:lil. .~n :WII:eviolN ~l,iIook, mtiiJi"wlluatOO )ill,~llio;,;j.om!" ct!!](Il!.oo ~!aw!t c~lb proved lu.seful 00 i:d~:I~iry and dl~J~l~r~ .~i~l<l!is d~ri".ed f~l ooih j,')1ar!t f,arW!O,ElCns. !lud S)111b~!l!!!s (7,. e-l 111e ceils I~ spond 10 these stguaJs:w:tl;b ffiPJd, cha!."a~er.fsttc changes lllliQu~luxesactross theIr IPl3.'1gmlnum~~ braae, whichre:Nhin a cll8I~g(iJ in lire Cl'l.ti'acel.lU!lru- pH. We lli..e~Sll9PtmSiM-(1ILllrumn:lI:o:ma!m oell.s to ~Lwy thc1:r ~fe5po:~!Sie root lipid. eL) to .1.1:1(1le,'I;;l!<liCIs. Ra,pidl e~lt!otcenlldl!lw Ol.tk.l.UUlizar ~:~ouWIlS OOOlel"!l'cdu[Io!l c,'l;l<Iln~~n~: cells Wi!ub [If L+I:nyc llI_udP.L+I'I1)'1C exIrnCl~S, Mi,iaer:cas cq,\liv~ alent CXkll'acnslJi'Ql:I'n. ftQmuycCl:lili'IDllzcd roq~'1 fal~oo, Ito '~~Llii'ill ri.'>C;il!l exu'axi~h,lliarpH{fig,. S~.,and Fig,. lA). Alla\Unaza~iOfi W3:.'I d:OSLHI~!!d'eI:lilarnd S<!U!Il;ilile(Ill} S2) ·,md~m1J!~ ~~e~!il&: Qir l~~e «~~w m!crOOi<!i1 etk lAA1lrn, as ,cxernlp~i~ed for ~e~~~~ p<lillOg~lr.assool31.edndecuil!ru:' f~ll~m cPAMP)!1lg21 (fIig, Sirnadi Pig,.1A)~ Ho\!,!l]vtlr,. d~(iJL+'rnl)cumClPL+'I:nyc pr:c:paratim~ dkllilla~.indl1l~Ca [lIm.UN. ;lEIdl~ cells (f:il} S3A},
o

.A

100;::..,

~; 160
'C;
IWI

z.~ 160·
.'E 4'0 :#. 20
........ ~~~·
~Q2
!1!!

;80

.;g·40 ~

2Q
O~~~~~
49'1)

Mass (mfz:)

~14

502

514

~26

M~.ss (mil!)
4

c
100

100

~.
'(li,

80
'60 40
1

!11
!~

_1 5.2.6

~i_

U I l~11
526

rnl(W

did Idu~ .P:t,+tliljl'.': and .P.L-myt;: f~i3!GiI.tiQIlt" !"d:~oe pfOd~cliori of I~'acli",;: oX}'~Jispecies

500 5"4 Mass (Jinlz)

,ROB) in piant ~eiili'\l'es(fig- SlB), lwooUier ~ spmStIS typ:i\;;ililydooe.l"'l,red: ~Iitet!~ul~nt 'wm~ ~IWWlli' ,e~iCL1QfS Ul<c :~g22.[l1slruid. llllit'lalOCC'Ils Iroa'"jiOi'ld~d widl ~lne 3.CCIil'ilmI:i:ati(jjf-1Jof lramscri pt.;;

F;ig. 3. IPo~,'liiw.~ton;MAllH·fi)F ImiH5~pem,i3i [or i.PCil'l piLffllcm:1II rnigiUrmting from; my(JOrdiJizoo (AI ,[In£! liloomVcorrl"liUied ~IJI fO(Ib; ... fierr (hrom!atograplily. MALIIlII SPedruPl1!I ~.~ IP(s~z ((~, and of ,oomanen;ially' av,"L1~e LPC (0). NiJml:lelf5ilflt.iiCalleiIJiie pe;ak po!iltiOr'i !'tnl.z) o.fftihe: pii(}Wlillilied f,Ottn ef ~'iiff'mJlit I!.!PC -LI- "1"'··'1·"11'DC 1":,,,,,:1.JJ~I iLf"\-, ",,,,.elI,,, 4'~,IU""l1;..,.,;Ij,lO'~~, ~, IiLJFIIi...., llU. ,r '~IiI" L Ii1.dF'1k 1"''''.0' .• 00["']''''''1· m~I .... "I~rG1li"";;''''' ,c,.""";""'1'" . ,Ot-'c"-'!LdeJ TEIIi.'IJEol!. r.iI'-p~tE"~1 .I'r\.- .oil 1- "'~ I bJ""..LOgU~1 .IJO • .::iI'~i I ![I 0, 1"0["' .;w~,
lIiJ' fi("'

'''''~I'''·''·· "'

II:iI

REPORTS
I~i;l~li.~

Id~ei~!lA:i 6c@tiQ~ Qf ~~e '''~igJu!<lI'' p~~~t

w[nh. thesene mas:s:es w~re del:ect.c(l {F'& 3{j .. Tl~iisp:TI:llem.of :unolxllllRilironCil w~ also orurvOO ill LPCsb (fig. 3D)" NalliO~OW ~tse"p41.9.o;;c liqcalidi~ btooClnivcocm~lilIK!.Td!'prow 11m 'bIDael;~ity of tee d~eI!~, lW 'I~tl:d COii'i~TiI~i:a1!ly u:id dUOl'iiN,i.OO~piily ftc) ~"(i:imIli(lrn. iJJl'id (!il,hai~avmlab~ ptiG~r.hatiid}ildi{i.frnl~fll)iiIiOO~ (PC~). '14fi~iolill\irLP.c~$<'I]oo lila! Ul~ ~a(i\\,i'i .~i1.U1l,.~ H~;~!\l.:!lclll!5d T~iil pr~~LU!~ dicW !),~tpwv~le an_,)' !'e8pO~t~ O'fm{)fi~i.I!!~~t~ LPC ~ies In dl: ol,!llme (MS. lA). Howe~'er,wl1.€n IF'C:s'b if:! PL+ll1)"C et!!iToittts ',",ere ~igher ItlaaJ~, dlClSe was bydroIyzoo, wid1 ph;osp,&lolipMc A2, (PlA2) :pregel1Ii~LPc:"~ (fig" S.4), .LPC (lcmcx.'l1Iramiou ii~ PL+inye W!lS cslim~clI. (0,00 4ijjM,wihle~ IW release LPC, the p:rep~li.on. ill1d.lloocll 11,. Slro,t'I,g LfCamQl!I.tlllin, PL .... I:if,ye :iIflooM~clIrOi' 0.5% of a:lk.a:Ui'lizationresprmSlll {F~g. lA)\ imld:tca!!lltg that th~ att!Oijnt i~] :!'-'L+ll'myc. TiIiI~, ,O'l)jf m'l!atys~ 11'1'LPC mi,gl~l lbL1lll'liil:a.cti'!!~ :Siga:l::iJ~. JlIld~oo, 00111l~le~t;;ll[)' :::i!'!,I',Ol;i!:<tblelfC ftoJ'!l ,~ :yoll\;, (LOCey) dic:!:U~ 1!J!(lillPC .r!li,glrtlOOd\e ~io~ti~e i!la.~fu!:il and soybe.m(UCs'b) i:m.lluccdiotI:<I!~i'!1;iz.a!liOtlin a if:! a·h~yc [0' !nduoo rll)'OamI!iza~c:ific [1'lhos· pl~ 1!1i!iI,1S;IXl~!er. ,gene cx;~ressj.o!1' Ne:x:l, ,ex:I.e.~ stlll!J.!l<l!b~e id dose~e,pelJ.doot \?itay (FiS" 2Aal!lcl m fit S2B) bll.t did 110'( iDld:MOO ad.w:r' liCSpOuses nail)!' :IIPlli led .lK: 'Was gJ~O\1II'rn. 00 be Ole si!JI8i~ '~.)'pi)ean,yob5icrvOO,aric:, f1g22 I~Utl:(]il~ ioollJcl,. ilndm:iu;gp1~o.sp~ a~c Inm~~p-01'Itfr' g.alflcs 1m ~lQi)myoorrlliz.M roots dn.~~ly. k~ oollllpal'Cd w.idl iflgprodIICliOIl1 of ROO aad ctilrlylene h~, ,llil!nt 'tcdmiqL!t'eS cO'~ledlo me spoctro:mwy, we i'(knti~ed, lyoo,.plm~'ho:idy~d~O:~in.e (i.K:) as, iii

~11~e ~L+rlI}<t ~rmct. ,EIy~li!r!gwri.O{15

se~tim~

~~!J!t of rcw'~d~rLA.2,re~~I;M~g f'aUy ~I~e add at pOOt[Q!~ '~1f.~2 ofOC nlQllllcl!~ar 10015

(J'm

wh~!l!~:ge!!ic ~~\~rg~~w. wid~ ~YsQpllooPtilmi~t~~I!~QIi.wnjne (L:PE) (Fig, 4C~ T!ILs result sl1gges~ed !>(.'Iloonivimy ;ft!r IlliHl ph.osphool~ Hme Ilmadgroup!li~ 81,1:.3pos1timn .. Appai1!:.'11Idy. I!h.c sign81:~llgpfli1~w~ ~o ;:hIli, va~ thL'i mYOOl1iil1i2a-.s~eif~pho*rl.'Il!it~ Iltiill.;;;"

ccn

PQrh~ush'~5 it~ Qrig~1fi Wi. ~hIilPl.PC,iii~l;'ijo,!, or !llea]1Ib,~~ ·of piOU'lI2S !lnd, prolbably, ail!sQ of I~~e AM lfl!!!lgu_s. Hm1l;~v~j. .PC is: notm::ti,vc; in i.l5Cli~'. [t gains: adiv:[!y on~Y!ltl~r ti:'i~aJtlit'lei!lt w~th PLA2! (Fig:. 111. Bind :Fi~ 3C),
CCIlW~~~l~

sl!lrul.'es1!in.~ ru~ 1'1'l"1poii1l:1'lj~I.m:lcf Ibis ciliZ.ytme~1fI o

th~ ~,clnoolis~n~~It'l of[h~ ll~ycQ"~i?APiIllptake:

p.dl\¥a.y; VVIi!~I1~!'Ule [~rOOl!IJ:t~or! lID!~lfC of

~£"~ inmlves PLA-a and PC flOO('!lp~ants.~~; or bothro:ll1;at~I1S '110be exp~ored :rl!iI!lher: Se'llmlB :PL~!> h9Nf: been idrn1li:fioo. in p:~lInts. ill~!CI all a!re secrcloty ~mte.jllig (U)~ lfueurrL~li.Ilai~ion and,
sl1lb,~hm spGlc:ificil~e'.s
.l'IJ~. l1I[lkll0:WI~. ThL~ 1IiI'~.!1!'hl

BOli~.on ij~~ c' fimdli'D!~5; fL[':ftoH!I nly(lOf~ .. IU~~izOO rwruT~!c-oml~ ouiid. .~ were @!'i@i)!Z.ed by' iI1lO11trix,~~fumxl laser desorpti;m~ 'icm~I1i.ont l~il:r:mofUigl.n [MSI>. s;poolrOl:'Umlry (M:ALDil-TOf-

lca:~ (fi$ S3.B

aL1~

001\'iWd~]!mk5,s!pn

(~llldat:cl iw! ~Io rooI.S Umt I~ooe~ im'dil.tm!,ad wiU] (F~.Ill.4A). ]!1icrul!<!._~, IWI!l~~oon·

.~~.Sr."4'n~rir'k'l

00-

MS]. Thlis rnvcaleddn.C:~rnlce' of dIs~.I1Cl bQl~imlsthat ~iiiMny OOCUfmd iliit ihe PL+mye frilCiliO:~ULMo~!ilW io:~ at mk = 494.3, 49(:1.3, 5l8.3,. .52.0.3" 522. 3, ~ld 5243, indicatiV'e ,of LPC oC~~liI~in£ CHin, C~6:0. eH~:3,. eUk2. (;1 S:1, and (:18:0. faUyactds: at SJl.. 1 pcDtllilio.Ul, \l,i~fC d(\ltilCilM (fig. 3, AaJn.dI 8). MOIl:'Cooer,:lIiI!l:cr

Cl1J.Wntalions oifdle AM~flQl1reSpCH1'>ivc, SlPTI ~eIle {9) oomaimmd OOIIStmI(fig• .o:1A). We dll'mklo(!ko:! :aJl.ItiI~,{l'GU'S [!(:spomc 1m tr<lns~enic pOl:lli~O roons
caryilllg

we

IlI:!U: "m en ~!{l!:aoolh,!I::i!rpEMl;lcti(l"- ·of' tlt{lU!)C ~~!1111.Howe\lCf, .~!'! lc AM synlbi~is,. a~e d 'pI~ pb1!!11er<liD18~!1j(i!f ~enes ~p~r ~'O ~ acdwloo l qnJil~' ~f1C3ny ~nlhe 9rtruculiL~Qlll;a.iVlnrwg @ens (5". 6). Tllcrnfore. liliIelfC sioglm,1 migllill be genera tOO, I.tnoro spec.iliC$lilly w..On.eill'1'brn:emleOOf~I:atiililllg ,oo1~'l., LPCs am hjgh.~y mo'lillill1l \liAiMIII.

the S'lP13prom!itef,,-HU8

chiltllJ:filc g.(lm.

Srurnilat Wille ~lijvily ~!!~n ooot.,innrh<tt,oo ~~~U.luHou;{ ,ool15, and lPC is ~n~rQre ,!1! g(!!OO. ~~ P'L+Oll!YC(Fig,1 A~,GUg ~.cUvil,Y inroolS: WM dicl"h~fuf a cy«Dp.lasnatc n!e...'l';C!~gcr d~ lfa!!.5's!i!'I]!!!I~<llledby LI~Q'l'b1 and !i)Ii!!lthctfu lPC widl dllces s~gmtlsto aolivale dOW!l8ll1'~<!!nl~<;Ses mnd g~mc ~lInessi.oll in ~hc Ifll1dcl!lS.. Ole: fmly acld Cnl: l (r-~£.4, 13 and q. In adm· fiom, 110 ~,m::~ in GUS BI!iLLnJng '!iVH ob.'>CrvOO PIA~..dn,~nrlcnlooti:'IoIfl~iOOl of .a1G defense

c
Salv.
'rimm [~ot!to' Imotr5mN3Ire·~ 'For ~ h.(l!JIili!l. ith lP(:sb O:li w ~he sol'i,l'WJt is<oonu,()lG,efl~ ~~MiI'llC Iprimerrs~'or £rPrl,. :s:tpf].a~d 5tP:f4 w'~fi!u~dl ~OrFfmlSe4ranscnbedRNA ~i1!ITIi~es (-R1r) di:ll mot. give lriisem (il.n:tp~jfit:ID:!i:!'l of 'c[lNA, Il:. +Frr ~ in cl'tcatJ1l1gill~5erloe ,of g~ (i). FIT IliIomk DINA ~rathf' PCR t:e1lJilllillates:. :ShC!W!)iIis 'tI~ ifl'!.i'e~ 1~lwr'~,'~B)I SfPT3 p,rom~~ drivellll,~r,~(m {if GUS; ~eIlilolli'OOr '[li'lliil'l 'i!i!1 'trgl1~ge!l,k
l~c:fia'bJ w(ltS; .aft~·trtabmiellJt: Wth dl50w-ent tootJ[Jol ~limetlli'"

~iflBCS lilllwlvlliI,g LPC ,a,~3.p1Jlal~.V~ s:fg)illl has booi:ll~~d il]pllilIJifii; (.12, 11), ]Iii:t~]~.j;lalt;gly. O0ll1lIpa~~.uv:e ~n ...crip'to~l!1L~in. wrce IlilWe1Il,oo 11 ~I of seRes l~haJ~\'~ ",]rrllLolrlyex:pr~dI m~

socii!)Ii(!~s wtfh, s;}'Hlil:iJ.o!koodI padlo,!cnicn.!!1Si.

oovefl~inlll

I
I

M~.zaJtiQll

V 4). Together

1iI.000lSCl"'!lCdir:espOI'I5C'

re;po:rrt.d~i_!;:

to, fll!mgal eelwithtilm'ffindirugs ohhis rugge:l>n,.,COJillillillm;!llhiicsoo~~vc~n.

:::============:::::::1

p!iOlways iw!.(~)WO;1;U1dil1!~ (/5) Ol.nd prullOgC!) ~kar!d (i~)enu'tar ·oo1m~izano~1;F o o oorti:cal 'cr.415 willi JlJv~f!l.!![gj. .VYc. obsCT'I,red st:ll1-' il!ou:fmlll'S bUl ,aliso differences 111 dw: .respalSCS ot

diJe sisn.:.lillg,

I:ormm ~ells, urnl£lj, widl, ulyoorhizaJ,

ttC :aJtd, wilh ~~e IOOcrurialt1WP~, .fU!iidm:r work. is OO!flli:~ :~l)slt!dy IlIrlC crvei'la,pl Mt\~Qn signalnllg
AM f~mgij.OOll~rb:tVOO'¢

':jJl101~.wa~r,1:9).

~~~hetic tPC with demecil

~atty..did J:B:]!" allil(ikat~d.

"C:!b.

I~

S~a1.eba~ :100 ~~m!"(() ~

Olmge of mctt .~. ·with IGUS !l:tainililg alfiter· 3 InOllfll, M tr'~~liitdh,a SC!l\i'E!!iI1!: (l)fi!;" trol L.~~. ILf;CIIBrt am Il~ph06pMli~ttnillil!Jli!llrline I[~'. ~~dis; ~,(l!glF 1~1!1~ !lit 100 ifJM, lB!lIr~ :show llimflam IOf thm~e il'ld~Jl~liIdE'liit e~rime:nt: ~n ,eaoh .~ > 2,0 FvlOl tips:,. anti mot IlliIilI~ iJlldli~lte ~tlmi:nd d!B.\l'imiOl'l~f th~ thr~' ,mepiit'ae. o

mt~kj 1!i~dI 0, MMh m. piaJtt hwale ill~lli!~rli;ly. 0 [tis ""'ell. dDcumc!ltW lW!a~ LP-Cis ~loocli"e il~ nlilm~~lalls. A~~ iU1;lI:e1!.5ing ru~lmm];Qf c"'lid~ce IlaS m1ggcst~.II~tll..rC :Us ~IfilWivMli III lire acIt"'aillon·of :ill'd1an~ualDJrY ~~: (l6,t7). ~fc~llim ,of LPC can.OOC\!lt ihR;!OghbindirtgloG pro~~HxIQP'~d !~~rors {.l 8') .. !FYfiJ~!ll1~, pos;. s;ible roles QftPC ~: fli!~w!~l vaQ;;!!1.e (I oc ~ndllm:sscllg~rh3ve heen dll$;:l!ISSecl.,unlCil:el'" HiI~llgdj.e ful~iQni~ itnporlmJooe of .WC ~il~ Oi!i.k118!r ~11.'lCS. h1l. l1i![l~ ..P.lA.:J_ and il:$~ySl:)~ipidp:mdoo :tf'C p 1.1.il¥il\\'l b6'12rn~I'U~. Iro be ill.iWJllvedillJ n~I:I1£~" oeUubf ~es (j!1),~"cludi!tg cjIO£ll~a"!11tc !)l:;i'CiJfl.Calioli, whll:lhis acoor.nP'1l1ied by ~~INJIill'~nedlull:l aUt3'lflflizatioB, witl~ the lalb ~eoo.ifrl,g tOo al!m.l:t-ot\;\l iiftlgcfile. exp:~o". {l~. so War, ai(poct~i1lt3l ~vi.d(tiilre[Q.J 3.parti.dpliiiVioo. e:f As

pathq}'8 iru!~!:]...elo

n,

REPORTS
§~e ~f~ Qrny ~l d!!,f!m:!l$ifiHoofu!"~105pllla~iclit'C 3.cid, whidlisprodliJood Iffilmu.g,b Illle aottiv~ty of If!IID~hoIJPasc .D {21). '1I11eoofoxc, MrII.l!!.1[ researd~.

sw~~~

i~P.:l@1~ sigrnal:il!lg ,wd ~!~tig:f!Qr

7. \I. Tt!!l!!lffHl'i j!,r. (Ii.., pjatil~· PJ~1't.It 141. 00'5 [20(1).

en l.Kgcncmtkm. and sigrlfiiIllif1g 00111 hopcll!l!Uy Ir[li~IIm::m~ a~l. 11In~ ,~i,lOri!Jti.(l!l~ (if ~~ ~g1~1i!l!~iO:!ll Iplii~~lS ij!fid .mii!iIQm(lj~,imc]udi,'i,g d'l~ili! il~
I!Wie d~\lielop'~lent ·of

.6. ~. liD. U. U. U.

Zrip~~l et IlfI., lilalllre40'!ifI., 764· t2>oo4J. II. .NI~w·eJr1/" ttfan.1 tOll:!, :2.~6 ~OO~), h. f!\~!'i~c .er 1II,,~iI!l .. .B'J~-.I'i!em. ]iO'S, 61. t2:0ut). It ¥. ~~'ll.~ "i~l'I,~, Lrpfd !Rei. 4~ ~~ t2~OS.}" II,.~ifI.i1i.e~..v~s~~l, l R!iiri~CIIl1i~~~~!iI. c. 1\. ~an"
!'laM (ell
t;,

22.

n. tM9'

(19'99)_

i!!he

I~

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l,i1~ilM'~!M, w.5<iu'9rtzt, B. >~IIIJJ;1lilllirn.. . ~e1n:,. W W. Roo5. ptii1/l~ (gil llS. 1511.0 (l01!l!l)' M- 5. 'Gui:milef o'l1, Pi,g(. MINt .JI((!1'iI. $6_ ~.'itt ::!iO~.8066·
(~~).

Wi1' Iblllrtk V. K.1irllildi!i~I'io;,i· 11lii!l3'1. !ItlPpilFl,. ~L. atUffl;M::l M ,(lJiflM!r~il)'~f 2i1ll1i'Ellll~r IIItl:¢iUI ifimlll5m .• Iht! FU!1(;li~iliIl Gl!nomi~ CElmer 2.Urrilill (FiG(Z) rl!r ~!lifll!l te~l~r!~~.,. <ulcl {l,. N\!MJb~!JIcUr~ ('S~.e[!IiI' B:il~~~ f!lf \11'(:' gi!~~ ~~~Ii~r.~I~f'(!rme.~ M~I!l~~It' ti!1turem ·e~m$.Tlli1i~. WM~~p.~ottgill!lj a Pl.arn~Stfi!!~~ w.Q'rk ,relll·!!ii-SVrngenta 9radillat~ fE!.!8~fdl ·reUiCW.-~.Mp, 11!)' 1E1H1 f·~f!.llPdl graill: WH ~J(i~..i., ~nd I1y Ih~, 2iiIrl1i~h. 'G~ooml~ inlll~lM (Gl)'{tlIF1i~.[UIJ..• 6,.[(., IM.e N.A, 1lnd .ru~

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'IL. S. ~. Sm'ltll. Fl. A.. Smith, I.. j1a"!ilb!l~fl nllml ~Jai'.

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1Il33i,

c.. .1'. COOl!:mbf!~ New f!h)rttlI72, m.. !JJodilm ~I~ (If ar~ l1lK'~

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H\II~O(lll. . 2:. H. Jato!:, R. V. ~~M!a., n..l'el'.l<i~~ri. [!. R.. (g. ' .~\. l. Iil<lffioon,. Pr« ..~JI. Aloma. S{j, 'u.~ 10,4, H.il~
1200F,l). 3·, '\1'. ~ .. ~~~. ~" O!. M~Cil

(~ 16. S, ~ilI:.H et 17. I., I?rer rf~O(~n

S" C itll!lw:h f!1 Dr, I.!lJtu.~ .u~, .bl t2:00I1l ~ ,s. V. Kararnda5M~, fl IHarD',S. Wil!lJralJlt~r, IN. ilnvll!!i:rI, .11;,BiitIw. J!Ittk:. 11Jar£ A~ 'Saau ]JQo], 6,tM, (2i11Q.i(1.

eiat 1'i'aJot~ ~n'fihp~ <1:~', eCl:;!, (:i!OOg~_

M.IB~er.l'~f'IQ~~·S(j.l(J:.

22 ~()5.).

16. II.Qiilo.,.~m.•AIf-l.J, 11r~~ I.?l (2'006119. til. jl•. Meijer, T, .rlwlIlrlilf" Ai'i'lJ!i, Jl'ev,PJ'tmr~

Acota j1!~l, l!O:l~1Ml6:~ .24,.lI2:54 (~OO61 hmgCdl ..1\1'o11 •.AAJ'wl ..29'1• 5~. ;;MS

t'1JIKtMd tilt lI!~riIrlllllll,; [l'.['1., G.K.. im [)<I11l: t~~liI!l'r !:loiI1~ NIX•• 6.1'., fmc! IM.T. {(Irri:edlil: .!)II'l~Dili)., 6.t:.. ~.(., P;G.• GooF ~ ~jlId ~ EI. ~~i~!1ed (lid t<irrie<~ 001 til!e '~<lt.i! i!!I~t)'$~~ ~,w;iI !)!,~" ij,tt. 'G.Fc" l.!l:. ~A., i!!~ !'!:\e:.. ~'!!~IiH!!p~~r_
.W'fI'W'.

(~(l!n, ~D_ ]I. :t:n.ao, L C. l)"'i5; R. 'II~fptl!llili.r~"Bil!!!l,1d:trn& Nk_ 23., 2$~ (2IJOS~• 21. T. M!iffillik. 1'1:. ~I .M~~r. F~{£' i1!'r~4:9i11,ILl2 I[MW. .

Sl.lp,~,rtlflg Olil'Ulne Maltl'irial 5l!iefllltl'1lilg!.Qrg\!'(~~oln~.eIUIl1liW3 :iL9{$®49I',M:5iiDCl .Milteri.als jl!llJ Mi!!t1lOd~ !'i~"S;l ~(!S!5 T~ble: 5'1.
1'1i 1JJ j)Il .~!OCIr7~<liOO£!:~>1.1!d 2:8. Jw!l~t :20!Jr7 :[lO.112~dilfl~.!!.ll.4,!i48,?

!Fun1c.tional'IDiver,rge!nc:le' of IF'lu,rmer' A.!llllerl!esin ani Anlcieoll --18= ••. e _. __u n A:s···.,e·-'-x.·· II I 'V' ··1118- b rat .•e_
-e, ..

roturers {9,'O}I.eDiNAs reltr~entin~ .-'100 deh1tlntlgn~.ndllccd~:e!'leS :rro:llU Ol'C bdcllo~ ool:i;fer Airline/a rieciae were identified, one of

l~ail:aUal IN. IP\Ollldll(:iimi·Sl:ilmt~hellol.. JI'l!l Brian .M. IMcGee"l ItIM.naBostlileftil.1 m:l'imim To!Il~.eteli',2: :s!.m~I~ii ICm~baboote~, 1. A'lit!!oolliletal V .Poflov.a,~t Fllliip Meerf">liIl<Il:I.f 41: lJai\iid MadilereW,.:2: .

IDrht K. Him:ha?Amilr!

l·Iii.!r!!i!i!iciUlie;:li·

Theo~ su,yg:e-stsit sil:Ol.I!ki be d'iffil;ult froraSreXl!ill orgarrisnw .~apt W' IiIclhan9iin~ enVilrotiIlfIiltMrt Ibel(i1usElgl:metk di¥e~ity callil o:liIlyal~se milrom mru1atJOllli CitIulfliluillatiililgl wi1tI~m dlboot i3lnoocooellltsamdillllot ~Illfoil:lgh :sexual. el(l:hange. 1m anaseKual. micrmlrrveitebra.le,. .. 11IiI e :iill!ell!aid ful]fjer,W"e' halw o!b~eliVec II IliIlle,dliIamlism ~ whim SIJ~h ol'gaoimu (DUW acquire· the ,c:tvers'ity~eooed :r'orad .. ~tltiallil. Gene 'OOp,1:~ 1!iIilO$Jt lilll~y repi11!:Selilting ·f·Ql'.liIiler 'lle~e-s ha,ve: di.'J,i'ergedil'lhJl1uti~n $OlhaiUhe a prote-il'l$ th~ en;oode pla!y 'OOl,I~rneliitarrt lroles 11111 ~IM,llal ,0'1' dry mlildittlOiills, One p;1'Qt~fiI pr:evW!1S desi(·caltOO!1FSe!ii:S~~~iil~e'S {ilQm ,agiQrt~MlfiIg wrIDIlg drying, WhefeiliS its ~e~n~!'P@1t dQes III'CJ!;have ~hl$i.I~. llIl!t ~ ;al}~ew GlftSOd:ate with lli'ho:SphotiipgdlbJ~ym: iililiid is poblill1lilalll!f~iliW()lYed Inma~rnmfln.oo< rj)ff mem1in:til1le illIteg~. Th~runctitlilll1l'i ,dlive.~genc.e ofm!mllner aUlele$ ob.sen.red here :'jlJgg:~ thaitiildlJ\pallol1ll of aSe:!il!lllrn Irrep:imllx:tiol!il l((M][~dill1ieLf' b~ilIn elIolulim'bi:Iry' lI'Iledllial1l1~m fa:r~e gBliIewatiool ((if di~\r:Sity.
ap:)J1rui(l~ic"8.1l:I:ro does: n;cn,( a'1lo:w lite: aoom.nI1I!1~ion of f1al\iloraMe<, or dlL':!3linmun31:i(lii'l oift' de~[l'imcl1t,'ll. nlll!~a1iOJ:!'''' Um;nJlg'h S:e!~~ic ~,"':;cllOl!I.lg.~fJ-7)... H!t;l/!,lI 'ev,~... one iCOu.',·eqt.u:l1,ce 'Oif'1!JKI!uJ;d ... is a~<JI1 ~;he S>equencc hmoo.g~llealy {If gene oopi·e5 riliam !p1'C' V:i.ouSily \,lCI:e a.Re<lesin se....uaJ. ruwcsforn; :f:s no 1000gcr m:ai!l1lai;l1Iod, b~ oooomlb1Jtl8!~iOll ..This allows Un.Ci fOnlil:Ct'r;ille·!es 10 aCCQ:ItII.!lili.'\le ll:rtJt..'1mions and lln5tihlll!' of motl!dlllolDID'. Uni~o~ Ciil1Ilui[Jg@, Tilnllis ~mediwrge:l1Il~. pllr,:liIom:ooooruf~ M.3$ (~IJ rt. Road, uli!bndQ~CllllOli. R 1191. P~iologie' d1e M~!oo!]effer:;1 (8:)1 Th~. In se:N:l.ml!yre· M.~.e\!)IlIl.~lre des SemaJ 0E\l, Uni~r~ilre: d'Ange;f'l;f!N iMiINRA,. 49045, An9!:~ f~!ice,I.M~~·r~nck\oi!'!~!!r.r!e (!r MolEitil!laf prot:i(!&l!1I,G. nlO!l'Ogm:l~mt rotirm(RD:t~frern, MQ!m~l.!!nt IPIl!~OIl'. :Atr!, MYI~ttllf!ergr t EHAIA16 FWod~!I!II"Ger.gQIlOlilt>l) .1:lI'nie.tesd!ifi"'Ct 'if\e.I)" ~jitlc from. eao'll oi]~er ~~1,'be-pattJnmr~ 01 (h~mh~l')'; UI'li!o'E!~it~m (anl1b~g, ari: SY>1l0I\)'1lillOUS siJies(by up to 2:.4% for 1!Sj;.82), hl'lSfj~d' .Rmd) C~l1IlbMdg~C1l:l' 1m, !Jilt 'bUJUoo'r.r:espcmding .gi3'll~oo;pi.es .i.l~ inclividiIIl['lj~ '·Prre~ent ,}dd~ss: iJepai!il!m1l'd: f ,ilid.OlJl"iind ~ooronmen· o ~1.5[lli!nO!~. Uniii'E!FSny,al SUMlIl-J;. 8irig:M:on BN:1 !)\Qu, ILU::" MS::llojddO:ll(.\til .~. di 11m; ~. IlSmuch as,4;90A 0)' ]1:1pllucipl\cl,. ihi~ ~~t .sh(f~~d 3.1~m...if1t!¢. tPr!l~N iI,ddr\f\l~::lifil!ilil!l:Ite or mo~:hri~i~s..BIJI!gariilIl J\((!d· ~Iiii.~ of :501Ml~~5,nl1l Olm~, Ik!~iltia. S pe!1denl. ~luJiOl'! of fo:wlle!t alle~es 'lbro~gI_j *Prelellt address: [fepaitil!llent 01 (Ii!~mi~~ry-. Kallfr!(l(i~'k~ which Ihey 'CiIl] acllJrUire dilTerelluru~c!io:JilS.
l•

which t11'1000:003: ~l:ll'pepti:dcmla1ftdlJo dre g~p :3 :late t.'m1bryogcl1Ill.f!is ablLlndam (LEA)proroins: ~harnclll:ri1.oo. ~frI !plant sooods:. .l"EA prolll:ill~ .a:ll'l H!ilkecill \,vid~ ,~i~ligr! '~.()il~~!lo!:lin p]a!X~, .~!1~ vertc·!m!.re.s,alldi flli(;fOO:rg<!ni~:ns {ill. We idl.'1~Ii~ lied t\'ll~" lnlHar b!!!ltdistinc!!:SQqw~lloes and I~;;ml!l.'dl ~ HtL''lrI! ifr-iGfF 1A:;mdi Af''-tea·-J B. Bmb genes OOflltl'l!iIIilnille!>rn8I1.iIItWIlS (Fig:. lA),.8!~Uilou~tl Ih(!m is a llm~~jor ~[!jou.lra!.dI~.IT£ffilnj)(,liill. ,L';XOf:1J.2, which iI~ A,~t't}.-.l 1oonta1l!h'lal)2_:baJ;(!palr (bp) 1 ~C>8me:"t wid] aoool;!;lfl~eliP<l!dll~ A"~J!Z(J~I'B_
A..Jjl!lrnledcooMng scqt!C!!lCC:Sshow 1.35% .S}'l'KltW~ d[v~U!c~oc (K,,) O\f\CJi ~~le""'[lOde gelle. Ih~ divcl'gmloois much greo.ter Ittl.ffl!l (hat olbserVied bel.wccl~ alleles of scxll!.ml anin'lil~.i!i, bun is witkin 11m Imn.g('l; of vnllll.~~obi>l.'lr'iloonlil. bdelloids foc fOrlner ffiln~11.'l ffJ!iliS V, J, 4, tQ. To ro!W~~] di!repre.5:C!lCC;Or twO le(Jg~!l.C oopk:sin Ithell .. 1icdaege~~001~. SoulJim!.l.lW! hyb:!idIl1LQUS sire

deU.Oi.d rot..i:fC.1:S .. {Ro.'. '.. 11 :fi.em.' . .B~C...~lOitdo.a) .• ha'!,'C, SlliliVl,,"Odi fm tens of .nrul hOOlS of y~ wid'!(ru.t s~.,;:tlltt Irop~ooooti;Qll .md ~neiotk:~11~biu~ui~uQ.0-4).M"le llld~'ell.oid! ~d~ rers. lilave In:e¥cr b~!l otl5C!f'iI\et:i,O'Jir!di the S'cn~t\l evidence is ·c,m&sj.en~ widlii'l[!Uy a8)ex:lI!.ai!\",Pii'O" d.uc~km :by the:lyto.ky. LoHg~lootiillg &''''''''Xiil.mllin~
1

,eagcs 8Ire tlm'lll~hl

1:0 be 1it3re 11H'1:Cal.l.S(Il ~ffiH~ir

~I:ioll ,c:x:pcrinronl':l'!'l'treperfmne:d\V:~U~ probes from boilllhe 5'·lInd.:}' elms or./Ij"-!.&l."lB.\'i~~ibil. eross.II.)'ifurklizt1:1n ill('lCarm.~lfId1jng rng,i(l:lls of .A~·.Ii~ (fig. l13). 130111 g.e:n~ :~d£ on -tJ;J[}~b D.r.'I! [ g¢!l!;~me rra.g:ln~ll$. but 'U~e.·i(;: CQuld .~ dis~h~:gll!.ilihl;ldl·bydmu1'lle cltges1;tQ!:lwld~, 1;,'illlllu~!":Eco RJ OIr Nde .1.a~otion nl1lp ·of eaCil~ g.~n~was consRcled. accol\.1Jl,gty .1. A aud.BJ.. ~i'\s rwth.er (lOOl\Hn:rn.:r.tim~or leagcllQ; ropy rrurn.ber, l1ru.t.oru~I1lJ:lGill SUIIilI lhybrldti!zallOIJ'l. (FISff) ~

cr~.

~etI. Q'ut.OIl A. 1'i(i.'i:arte1:tribt:yomJ!c.tc:L C)'itQ~"!~'lc a~~lysif;s!wws ~2 d1imlll.Q®lTI~ in lihis: 5poec1~ (FIg. t C,Ie-!il),'M h~!he !:el..,tcd s~des,.IJ'.

~~~~~~t M!iJ.~ (r;:~~iI~e!'!l~m

IIl;~flJm ~,1100®4,®bj;(Itf~[r~.Qmt.ac.u~

zoo F,. &-3()oi)1, l~'!'!:ii'I"

§To !'lhorm ·Qo.rrl!SPOOOI!'llG!:1lr!1lU'IfI be adillrelllll'd •. E-mail: s

We Joo~dllbr C\<iaeliiR>c of:' fmKltLOll1ai duvcl'" .g£i~m:: Ilfil1cmg. fonncrfllileresil~ a. gcn~ sct~" cliItOOi w~.!h dC5icca;uiOi~lnleFi!!n1or: ~i~ bdLl;Hl:ikl.

~~"'" {l.1j.. Hybddiz.11ioon ,\?,'!I·h.~, flllIlO:~l~: probe CQ1rT.cs.ptrllildi ng!:o d~ewhol·c of Af'~I·e(lj·-l..:1 pli'OOlIc('!d two sigl1lsilsin ~mtm:ph.asel~ool(;li. t'lrnllli.~tt)n! with _(\'~io:ll(lf ieagen.oo on, l\';'O t)!~a:Jialll: .~'Ilr,(]mOfiQm~ (!Fig" I.C,. I[jBl.l~lOl,lr cl(l!lh~lil;1l~d liiybridl:i:laliorgdliit1 sllOiW I!W(lI' relalmJ. but divet!ml, Je~ gell~ 011 diiTerellil chronlOSOO'lle5 in A..d~iae, and we i[lt:ctpllet Inhese ~.o be
fl'UIner !l.lIclcs lfilml hav,e ,d:ivorged by luihcMGirelsom . eil\l:l~cL Odteir~li1ImrprnnaJI:[oi1!!l ~!f,C ~bI,," for

REPORTS
'~"'Q!~~ (fig.;;lA )', IlIg,t~'i s~qll!e~)c§.Sh~ve ;M.I~~ !]!<l!~~1e~~g.."i",,1 bden~id \1i,'ll!~ml!elt?~U of a iIilybridllDlkll!! ~v~n~ Ix'ltw®l species: ,vi~~ row v.,wl;:m~ {lfnl~e loQ,..e!y coo"!~f\,'Qcli l~mnilKi aeid ~Il()ti f du'racl"Cris~ic of group 3 um;~lIfliny similar 1&8 ge~es.w~~ 11!1I91, copy of o:~e (i!llile lea g0:l'lefm:nu ooli'lparemIlSWllS suOOe.qucul.ly .LEA I:llrOmins U1, .H} (Fig, 2A I1I11.dig. 8:2A). f a:ldlaQuglJI p06:ili(l!l~ 4 and .5 [1m Iillorelikcly to ~o!>1.IEI(D'\~; tlile ~.i:liph~-!>lint~rproL.qUIOO1, OOI~!'" EI!"l ~;mir~y,<il~1r&!C'iai!Jl'~il1llii~dBfSlandil1ig nxb',lMoicl! .~ apolar, 'he J\rLEA ~.A ill~d Ad.... n ~ g,I.'tiome ~~~i!!~ O\iI'ld evotU,ql1kul (It 4" 8)j i5th~l piiot¢itb..,OOI:hh!¥VLll a 19.r,~idlii.l~ hydm~;dio~ic ~qll!lem;el 1.l~. tlie N l~U'Jni!till:!Ojrevealed by ·iii 1~lIlietwo letf g.¢!t~ 0iW div~@!:'it fonl1L~ain©l'e:s. Reccn~slud'ies: S'!l,gg~l: (tii,a1bde~loidrot~OOt'S 1l!1l!\fC hydoop;1!hy plot (14). alildll a iPU!~tive y.a!'i~!t~ !CiI~doplasiJr.Jiicreltcl1ihlllbl ,{ER) reDenlion si~nal, folU' oop:iGs: of :!>(lrIl:De w::n.c~ locatecli on scpamoo ATiEL~ alllhc ChH]il'Il.ll'l1:S (F.i.g .. 2A <"iIildfig. 82), CI1i101:tlOOOi1l1i.c£, wlnich may illdie~ dUiit Itln~arre Th:iS:SlI,wg~lll. thall '1I~eJ!c:pro~ejil~g3r,(l~ooll!i2,oo 3nc~ti'::'i.n}'~~nr.aploids (1• .2)~,id~ wh&clh l:1aa foW' 10 (lilt 1irI-ali15pM!~d tbr,OIJW'I tll~ ER. MOiSt ~I~~p cori~ ::In)·t\,,'O S:~('l ~tl!irnO~lllie«~d to, (\"'0 fi~ (lifr~f¥!~f ;,lj]!eles (J}.\¥ehave !~l ,ti'blai~~& J LEApro1.eci!1<S ar-e l]iSh~, h)'dwp~iUc, \",illlli1a m~n hydr-opoill~y (GRAVV) :Seore of -0.'91 c<vidc!loe I!O date f.or aseoondloo ~e.!i!e:pai'f, [SID<Q,] O,;I~ - 30.; dataset of U5)]I" ind bod} OIIil!~QUgh ~ca!mat rule Olllt lilml they .are Ilresernt il1l d1C:: CIOOI,U') bll.ll toodiverg1J:lH for l1S to deteet g bdellokl 111"(DiliCii.llS s:oore -tt46, !Iiii'll ilar to
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'wid~A.I'·lM-M :scq'l!.lGm:cs, Exprossicli~ oflfilltl latJ g~rn'I~ w~s shown by qlllalmititi!ti.\;(f)poly!'l'I¢~c cl~h] ~:acli·(Ii~l (peR) I~Q.iJ1!crea5e ab!Jl:!tseV'~~fo<ldoVl~ 24 ~lo,'!.!~or

moo,aralCly
vill!!': S(Utilll1

l1ii~ redt:J.ooo hydroplllij~icily of

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LEA lPiroolCi!l!"o;i~l!!!)Wl~1l1~ and !lilay i!t!p<li::t ~ID!~if

Group .3 .lEA p'rot~.I:IS are I.a;gely umtJi:l.lc; of eXlPasiio:m of tea gc.ne:!> dmifn~d;ell»!di'aliimn I~as befil observed iI~oorml" arnh,ydllObiO'l:L1l inltImClin, s:olll.ti<Dll!,prolh~ybecal1$C' .1irIe:~~' !!2'XIffiInlC \l/~.IlliI\,.,.atcr o\IiRr 'll'tlliil:cln:3..tc-r; (ill Mid. is cm'tSI.SICl'lt ,\~d~ 3. !ro;l~'in. h,ydm;pbi~icil~y favm:sinlCr.actkm d~(;eati(m ~G!l::lrallOO, ir.t~~.ch8!in bindirng. b.:i~.Uney sha,wilncroasOO foldi!i~wft~~ dried! (iiI!" ,~~i~l.\'~d\lIo'iihphOc~II{)· 1"h~ prcdic~ed proN):in ~!;}qYC!f1Ceilgr Upidbfr.tycf!!: (1J, 16f. Sec<mdruy ~o!!uresof Arl'£A tA and A!~LEAIB are v~5i:!llHar, differil,g only at 12 .<l!l!ui!1(!1OI.dd sltesof n5 !IOOmnb:lmnnt fomlS O'f A:flEA~. Aa:!ldl ArLEA.1 ,B" N aHgn!oo. [positklin.s; ArlEA~ ..A islooge~" by ·441 wln.h.mu IPtL'llalili't£: "lmuil1eil sigllO.i 1P~,plides,. were amino aeids boc.ause of the rn 32.bpindel i:l~ '!i:Xsmnilroc] 1cD!{ far·tIi~nravio.l~l (fnr:.UV)droM.li!I1

d'Yjll~g (fi¥l. 3] awl oo_blcSlj. A s~Ii1IIHarpaUem

SO:~~tioll.speclmliu with iI sua,gks liUiBilil'IUJlll lit -200 nm 3111.d~(lW'CUipt[ICityal2.22Iil1f11, !JQ1il:si!>lmlt widl a di:solrlcred .struchlill'. H:rn;l;\ev(lli, \",'lIe~l. dlfiQd, .i~~ ~llI!i,iiti~ha!l~'d Illi~~dl.y, slilOW~':iS ~ilf!:~rlifl! iii~ 208: finl ail,d 212 :!~Jl1Jj i!jdicatl:tv~ or a.a aloheri~ {f']g. 28). l~oo!1iI~t, ArLEA.·1B 1~'3: ... i!!~ e-helieal s!R!clufC! f~ldle Wlyd!~ sn.1;~e,. w~~ich doo.~ no~ d1imllge ap~u:!.X:.1 !:I'h:lyOOl~lbg (Fil} 2C),. S.cOOltd.81ij1 SIru.ctll.rocOl~lmllc:alcl1ilatcdl .lUram. CD ~eLr.li ShQ.WL'tI.that tlil ArLEAI.A th.e proportncm. of ~~hr;liN ~n.e~$OO flTOltl 29 ItO. 84% .(}]I. dFyins. wheroa~ A!'l.EA l B W,~ SZ% ,~~lwH.o;,:;oo.~l!~i()!:I, in l~lcreasi[!g sHsI~~ly ,87%'~fj~e!1 dryroolei~ tQ denal:urntkm analysiswa3 ~rfom~dI bY~lOJl!itoililn~ l1JI'fdldin~ st 222mn 0"1l~POSllJlU' (0, IUJI'ea.1I1 8. :r.!IlgC of ooi1centmuo:~ froaliil 0.10 6 M .. IrlCl:i a. lYP~MI g~cbul8!u iPMtG:ln. ltI:tafnldlng .1$ CCK)!pocrnliw a!~dYl~~ds a ~iSn1oidli!lc!)ln~ H(I\~~, ~firo~I(i:m U~ ArLM] B ~, l,;QS! l'i!'!.e.m"yw·~ijJ~ i!!(l~n~ LL!l'<! OOllCe!l~rntt.m~ (fig, SlE), '\\\"hicb ~.~~ 1J~llIt it c~:ist!l as I) prernlOll"cl~ ~obute w~.iiliOllll
sii..?JI1Ii:~CMlllei1iary i 9lITiiJi.IC"1W:e mhll~!Qn (17). The in rel,a;nivc1y SllilaU dilIe:~f'lCeSiill. prillnaJ~ :li>lin.mll:tro: .of dtc bd~Ul)icll .LE.Apro~~ulDS .~ dtcre£'OOl:, ~-

sibre rn.'dly for

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bet~l ArLEAIA andMLEAlB in fl.mctrono!!. d.ivc~~'IIi)e. LEA ,iDtCUIJ'I.S ~resel'\,(c: tl1:IiJ aClhrit:y of desioc:!ltima..sI(iMilivl.'; en.zyniL>CS

st'rutlrulre, diffi::rollOes are~fl:ec!edI

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Fill, :J.." Ge'I1IOIIll1l~(; o.flg,[llllizatiiol1ll ofJt rkr:i'(J.l! ko 'ge'IIII11~;.{A~ SIChe.>IiI'l[JlIll'crepre:!l!E!nltatiollil of AMM" lA a!il~A"'{M-1B Ig~IiUilSwithrillll ,5.•1:1:1 iD~a.II!fra:gfiIU1f1t's •. ~!'Itl'<!InIS ,gJfjl! d~pk~Ii1!S !i!lIl!11b(!!~d

bo.~e~ (r,l'd) beJ.ow Lililes (sca!e:dl d,ark gray) illdkiIDllilgl the seque'liI(ioo rl2g~en [o:lilti\l~a1in;g1~,c:i1I g;E!!nl£1'.'1S;e\nolll'lk I:l!rganizailliDlII1 mjil5~de th~.!'ie regio.llI~ 1~I~i'ghtgrralV) ~s. ,dedllillbed, fmm :S;olll1herlil hybridizi:!~(Dflli1!iila~Ys~~,Ar=ieG-" l'8fragliilil~iiI.ts'iflldk,g~d bV I~~b~ledl bailS l~bll!J~)oorr~spofid to prebes liIi~ilJl S'IlIllI1lJbelfiJfl ilybriammi,ons;, (I) SOlilthern hybr~d~'Latiorl of AI. riCdae gelil oiJiHk [iNitiowith leG 9'111111 e Ipro~bes.Eadl l!lilllllle[ iOOliI;l<lins gel'lom]~ 1[I:1f1trictien dige.:rnwith Ora 11,.[lIra IltEC!o 'iii,~i1IlllIdl '~lrr<J1 de Ii,. r!l3p~ctiv€ly. Sire fIlIa:rker PO!liltiiJOIiiS iJ\II4 !i!lfl~~ndij(a~ «()I A, ri<:o:i'q.e_ ka!fYQtyp!l! ~!1dFJSH ~th le'(J g~ml! I~~gbe:.(IL'~JiI'be l~~hr~i!ili!Qsol~!l!S Qf A rin:.iol: il~ c!! slr!gl~ !'If!itliJ<i:i'bnl~Cm~!;!S frnmaf! le:mJi!I.ryO S1!ilIbfilet! with 4',6'~dialliH~dililo·:2·ph~l'iiyt]Ifi~QI~e (lOA!?!). (Ri9It1'll' IlHeI[IPliifi'se! liiJt:lreiUs Iiiylliiridliizl:!(jl it l~il!il1li strililg:el'lqr to A.r·l!l!q.1A p:oobelil!ill.dlwi~1Ti AI,exa 488.. ill!led '(:slt!lperimI'105<M .• fall!s!~ mlm): 'flulo~e!'i@ent sijignllll:,,>; b~lJe: lilAPI~l.:abel!&I DNA . .5J«1Je balr: 2: j.i,III1I,