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Pile. 1. Y)3MepeHHe norennuaaa noxoa Mbi'uresnoro BOJlOKHa (A) cnoxoun.ro BHYTpHKJleTO'HlOro MHKp03JJeKTpo,!\a (cxe wa ).

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reopao 3J1eKTpOJIHTHLJeCKOH B 1902 r. 10. BepaurretiTeOpHSl; 11'. 3KCllepHMeHTaJlbHO

MeM6pa\lHO-HOHHaH

MO.ll.H¢HUl1pOBaJlI1

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nOTeBUlli'lJ]OH,

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yxasauuof

pHH, HaJIH'me HOHOB Na+, CTHOi

3J1eKTpH'c!eCKHX rrOTeHUHaJlOB K+, Ca2

asrx

06yCJioBJJeHO

KOH~eHTpa~HH H BHe K.neTKH .

H pa3J1l1l1HOM npOHHuaeMOCTblO MeM6paHW, U3 .Il.aHHblX Ta6JI, CKHMH aHHOHaMH KOHueHTpaUHH BHapY}I(HOMpaCTBope, HOHOB~ TOITOTeHUHaJl pacclIHTaHHoMy

.Il.JlSl HHX rrOBepXHO-

BH.Il.HO, LJTO CO.ll.ep}I(HMOe llHTOrrJIa3Me HepBHbIX

nepaaoro
4epe3

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K+

H OpraHI1Qe Hf Cl--c.

(npaKTH4eCKH K+B

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40-50 pas ssnue, '1elv H eCJII1 6bf MeM6paHa B noxoe 6blJIa' npounuaexa TOJlbKO .Il..nH 3nn rrOKOH cooTBeTCTBOBaJl 6bl paB.HOBeCHOMY KaJllleBDMY noreauaany (E,K)
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463 69 425 1
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2).
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paCTBOp,

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11

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cosnaercs

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HHH rrOKOH MeM6paHa

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nponauaeua

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1962

r. B

onsrraxna

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Ii

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K BHYTfJl1KJleTOlJHOH,

cropcaaxn
HOpM8J1bHoro

K, 3Ha'IeHHlO HMnYJlbCbL rrOTeHUHaJl

fIOTeHUH8Jl3

(-50 7 ~80
Ii

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MeM6paHbI

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B OT-

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Na+

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= -50

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B sxcnepanexre MeM6paHhl.

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PK,

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23

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30

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.
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R.

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(

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46

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HJlH HH4erC»}.

Iloporn

pa3.!I.pa:lKeHHSI Jio36YlK.!I.eHlle BOJlOKHax.

OTAeJIbHbIX B03HHKael YCljJleHH< OTBe1

BOJlOKOH OTJlH4aKHCH CTl1MyJIa' npHBOAHT na paa apaacenue TaKYIO napaxn ornensuux YAa.neHHH rrpH4HHoil xapraay

CHJIe· CTHMYJla

pacnoJiO:lKeHHbIX B036Y:lKAeHHbIX nap, ecna noxa

HepSHbIX·

BOJIOKOH, IlO.9TOMY CYMMapHbiil pacncnoaorn, MelK.!I.Y

ace BOJlOKHa

He BOBJIeKaJOTCSI B peaxmno aa nepse .!I.ByMSI npn 4TO n a HeCKOJIblW .9THMH

OTBO.!I.SlUl,lle. .9JleKTp0,UbI paCCTOSlHHH HaYHHaeT

B6J11l31l pa3.!I.pa)KaJOUl,IlX Ko.ne6aHl1H, OTBOA5IlllHX paC4JIeHeHHSI

TIpHYBeJiHyeHHH .!I.eifcTBHH HaH60JIee

3JleKTpO.!I.OB CYMMapHbIH

rrOTeHUHaJI

paC4J1eH5ITbCH (pHC. OHH

CTaHOBSlTC5I

OT4eTJlHBO paaapaxceaas

Bblpa:lKeHHblMH nOKa3aJlH,

.9.neKTpOAOB aa asyseno cyMMapHoro

10-15
noreaunana

CM 01' MeCTa

48). Bnepssie

.9TO 51BJleHHe 6bI.n0

rro,Up06HO

3pJIaHrepOM

H I'accepon

(1937).

.!I.eHCTBHH aa KOMnOHeHTbI pas HbIM BOJIOKHaM, no .9THM BOJlOKHaM

SlBJIHeTCSI HeO.!I.HK OTBO-

HaKOBaSl CKOPOCTb rrpOBe.!I.eHH5I.B036YlK,Il,eHHl'IIlO .!I.51Ul,HM 3.neKTp0.lJ,aM HOCTH pa3JJH4HbIX OCHOBHbIX rnna, BOJlOKHa 060Ji04KOH_ senoeexa nposenenas MOTOPHbIX noxaa) nHK rnna

BCJIe.!I.CTBHe xero

aepaasie
¢a3

flMnYJlbCbI

I10cTynaJOT

aeonaoapexeuuo. na TPW

B HaCTOSlUl,ee BpeM5I

aepsasre
!lOTeHUHaJla

BOJlOKHa no CKOPOCTH npoaenenas .rr.ei1cTBH5I H CTpOeHI1JO npHHHTO

B036Y:lK.lJ,eHH5I, AJ1HTeJIbnO,1I.pa3AeJlHTb rrOKPblTbI

0603HaliaeMblx

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A, B

'H

(pHC. CG,~, (ACG),

49).

.!I.eJISlTCH aa TOJlCTble -

nonrpynnu:

y, B.
y

OHH

MHe.nHHoBof :lKHBOTHbIX fl OT BOCKOPOCTbJO

HaH60JIee

HHXCG-BOJlOKHa TaKHe

TerrJlOKpOBHbIX 3HallHTe.nbHoil nposonar MbIWll,aM

OHH HMeIOT· .lJ,HaMeTp B036ym,lleHH5I aepsuux uearpos .!I.eiiCTBHH

12-22 MKl'f 70-120 u]«.

M03ra

Ii xapaKTepH3YJOTCH BOJlOKHa K CKe.neTHbIM

B036Y)K,!I,eHHe (ABllraTeJlbHble HepsHhIM MC. MC. .rr.M3MeTp, uenrpaa.

cnHHHOrO' peuerrropoa Bo.nOKHa

H OT onpenenenaux noreauuana pa3BHBaeTCH rpynnu

MblWUK

cooTseTCTBYJOllUH,j .!I.JIHTCSI xoropas H

ACG y

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0,4-0;5 40~60

. OKOH4aHHH rrepexo.aar uiyto HbIX,

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npono.oxaercs HMeJOT MeHbWHH

Tlocne ere 15-20 MC H

MeHb·

B CJIe.!I.OBYlo rHI1eprrOJlHpH3aUHIO

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A: A~,'Ay

A6-

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(TaKTHJ1b' B

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OT pa3JlH4HbIX

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H peuerrropos

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7.1

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nposeneuna
M!C.

, 3THX BOJlOKHaX IOTeHUHaJla [OCTb [B.n51eTC51 TO, :OJleHO .nYlJaeB

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B

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3 paaa npessnuaer Am1TeJlbocooeanocrsio 3TH X BOJlOKOH

'ITO B HI1X ·He 06HapY)!{I1BaeTCH HerrocpeACTB€HHO

nepexonnr
100 MC.

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nepsasie
BOJJOKHa O"leHb MaJJOrO llHaMeTpa

.K

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B 3T!1X BOJJOKHaX He 60JJee BOJJOKHaCHMnaTH'leCKoi'!

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re HepBHbleBOJJOKHa, xoropue Y'laCTBYIOT B OPOBepeuenropon H uexoropsix peuenropos K0J10Aa, renn a

sroro rnna
xapaKTepH3YlOTCH OHH Hal160JlbWeM rrpOAOJl)!{He.neAoEoM

AaBJleHHH. e.nbHOCTblO 000 MC)

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)!{HBOTHblX).

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,

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TID pa3HOCTH nposeneaiin or

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H HepB8

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no HepBHbIM Sa60JleBaHI1

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60
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80

101

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, .

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o AHHaMHKe 06MfHa
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r. npn

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71

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85

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Cl>YHKll,HOHaJlbHaH crpyxrypa

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B TeXHIIKe ropasno

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pyxy MaWHHHCTa, rrpaxons cyuiaocra non BJIII51HlleM

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'86

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nonsepxuyn

11. M. Cexenos.
06paTHOl CaM ce6H. I1JIH HHbl1

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06parH8HCB513b MexaHH3Mbl 'IHHbl, r' lfeCKH pa60raJOT 31'0 CBH3b ua no rrpnuuxny suxone CHCTeMbT. OHaYJIaBJIHBaeT OCHOBaHHble LleHTe.ribiwcTb re OTKJIOHeHH51,Y.>KeB03HHKWHe B COCT05!HHHCHCreMbT.

aa 3TOM peryJI5lTOpHbII HX BKJrJOlfaeTCl BeJlH WMPOK( H <jJaKTH

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B TOT MOMeHT, xor na B COCr051HHH cucniMbl e. KOr,.Qa' B03HHKaeT paccorvracoaaaae BeJlI14HHoii. B opramraae. B03H!lKWeii

OTKJIOHeHHH OT3aAaHHoii (He06xo,UHMOii) 9TOMY npnnunny, rro

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K AHO'XHHbIM a cxeue «CPYHKUHOHaJIbHOH cucrexu» (CM. pHC. 243). DOAo6HaH .cxewa O)),HaKO, He flBJIHeTC51 YHliBepCaJIbHOH, T. K: B opr8Hli3MeCYUl.eCrBYIOT perYJI5ITOpHble Mexa
HH3MbJ, pa60TaJOUl.HeHa ocaoae MHOfOrrpI1HUHrra. CHrHaJlOM K HX l\e5lTeJIbHOCTH CJIY.>KHl OTKJlOHeHHe'OT 3aAaHHOfiBeJIHLiHHbl He HaBbIXOAe, a aa SXOAe CHCTeMbI, r. e. AeHCTBHeH~ cacreaypasnpaacnrenea, OTJIHlfaJOIlI,HXC5i or aanannux napajaerpoa, B 3TOM cnynae B OCHOB) per-ynaropnsrx peaKUHH lIOJlO.>KeHHH0I1 npHHUHlI, T. e. paoora peryanropa «no B'03.Myw,eHU/o», Ha BXOAe CHCTeMbl HMeIOTC5i npaoopu, YJIaBJlHBaJOUl.He BeJlHlfHHY micryriaiouiero CMrH8JIa, HapyW8IOUl.erO MOmeT BbI3Barb COCTOfIHl1e CI1CTeMbl. ECJJl1 '3Ta BeJlM'IHHa npeasnnaer tlOrrycTHMyJO He.>KeJJaTeJIbHble OTKJlOHeHI1H B COCT051HI1H cxcreau, HeiiTpiwH3aUl1JO TO B TaKOM CJIylfa€

n.

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11

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)leHCTBH51 3:THX CHrHaJIOB 11 coxpane(06a 3TH

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rtpenyrrpeacneaue

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[IO.>Kap~ OTJrH4aJOTC5lOT cpeACTBH 38Ul.HTHbIX,

Mep npenynpexcneuaa peaKUH5IX cpyHKUHO-

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BbIXO)le, TaR H aa 06a MexaHH3Ma.

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na BbIXOAeCHCTe'Mbl -

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nOCTYll8IOUl.MX CHrH8JIOB C BeJlH'IHHOH HOpMaJIbHblX ,!lJiH AaHHOH cncrexunapaxerpos.

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87

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llHCJlO rrDCJle,UHHX B

8~9

pas npeasnuaer npoueccos,

llllCJlO HepBHbIX. 01lHaKO IlMemlO CBH3aHHblX C nepenasea

HeHpOHbl o6ecrreHHcpOPMallHH.

'1I1BaIOT see MHoroo6pa31le

Il o6pa60TKOH

88

OCHOBHble MeHTbl MO}KHO HepSHOii

CTPYKTYPHO-<PYHKUIfOHaJIbHble KJIeTKH. B eKa)K,Il,OHHepBHOH t:reTblpe OCHOBHbIX IlJlH COMY, oeHopUTbl, aKCOHa. onpenenensyio pa3.nlflJHble

3JIe.KJIeTKe

BbI)l.eJlI1Tb

3J1eMeHTa If

(pile. 59): re no,

CUftanTU'IeCKOe J10 Heil:poHa opr

axcou

npeTe- .

okonuanue

Ka)K.n;blH

1f3 3TH X

3J1eMeHTOB Bb[oOJ1HHeT COJ(ep)KIfT

¢YHKllIfIO,

SHyTpHKJleTOlJHble }K1f3He-

aaennst,

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JlJlF.l o6ecrreLleHilfl ROPO, PU60COMbt, n.;WCTUH.'taTbIU :MUTOXOW.Opuu.

.Il.eF.l·TeJlbHOCTH BceM n.lW3MaTU'l£cKU11 AeKC

KJleTKH:

snooKOMn3,D,eCb KOTO-

peTU/CYAYM, rOAbO)f(U)
i

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MoryT

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OCHOBHOH .CUftTe3MaKpOMOAeKYA, rpascnoprnposarsca re.na 60JlbWHHCTBa Iif l1I1Terpal\HI1 HeilpOHOB. aauano sroro iJeHopUTbl.M 11, TaKI1M 06pa30M, MeM6paHa caaancaaa

psre saren
If aKCOH. POJlh OT

B ,UeH1l.p1lTbI HeilpOHOB arpaer saxeClfrHaJ10B, axrro-

noxpsrra
HyIO

B socnpnarua
OT. JI.pyrIifx K.neTKH 6epYT

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COHo B 60JIbWlfHCTBe BeTBJ1lfIOTC)l. BepXHOCTb rena Ha KJlerKH.

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,D,eH,Il,pHTax

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B aocnpaaran )leHJI.plfrOB,

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KaK H MeM6paHa

CO.llep)!{HT

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peuenropoe,
3TH C !(JleTKIf

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Puc. 59. Hepsnaa

J .:._
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(cxeva ).
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H TOPl'10}KeHHf!.

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nepenozo uurupu-cu - norenuuana

norenunana npoaenemre rrpOBO,QIfTb aKCOHa .lleil:cTBHf! car-aana MHorlfX rro aa KJJeTOK aocrnr-aer aKCOHa )leCflTKOB

npoeeiieOeUCTBUJ'l.

6-

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pacrrpocrpaaarsca BCeit ,n:,nHHeaKCOHa, caHTHMerpOB.

vcea
TaKI1M

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nepenase

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TIO.9TOMY B ·ueM COAep)!(aTCf[ coaepxcaurae OTJlIfl[lfe OT caxoro npouecc.

cneuaansnsre
Me,Il,lfaTopbl. cHa6)!{eHa IfJlH

oprasennu: MeM6paH8 Crrel\H¢IfLleHetl:poMO)l.Ynpecn-

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pearnposars

Ha pa'lJ1I-!4Hble

Me.llf13TOPbl .llpyrHMH

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Baaronapa
OTJlH4lfe

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Bbl1I.eJJeHHH Mel(HaTopa ·HeilpOHaMH. nocrynnenae sepauoa tiuKJleTKH,

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MO)KeT .9¢¢eKTHBHoperYJlHpOB8TbCH lJ3CTIf MeM6paHa KOTOPblX aKTIfBaUH51

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BHYTPb MO)!(eT

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OTPOCTKOB, BblXO.ll51LUHX 1f3 rena C 3THM pa3J1lflJaIOTYftU-, rgaBHblM 06pa30M rr03BOHOlJHbTX HMeIOTCfl. xapaxrepnsi

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If MYAbTUnOA51pftble CHCTeMb[ 6HH

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ue apo nu:

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60)

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Pa3JlH,:!aIOT I1epBH'lHbIe 06pa30BaHH5IX co

OCHOBHbIX Hilla

nepsuvnsre a¢cpepeHTHble HeHpOHbI. HeHpOHOB: a¢¢epeftTl-tble; ecraeowcue M a¢!fJepeftTlibte.

BOCnpl-!HHMaIOT HeHpOHOB B npenenax npenenu CHfHaJlbI, B03HHKalOll\He B npenenu B

arprpepentaue opraaoa

peuerrropastx
KOHTaKThI BCTaBO,;!Hble CBH3b Mex<.ny HeHpOHOB; CKeJleTHOH CHr· TaKI1M

H rrpOBO.1l.51T HX B UHC.

Bcrynas

UHC,OKOH'laHHH

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nepeaaior

He rrp5IMO

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pytipocnuaansaue,
HeHpOHbl CHCTeMbI, HeHpOHbl,

peTHKYJIOCnHHaJlbHble HepBHofi raHfJlI1HX, B cepox HeHpoHaM.

01' KOTOPblX nocrynaior

K .1I.BHraTeJIbHbIMKJ1eTK3M

lleHTpOB.3cpcpepeHl'Hble HepBHOH TaKx<e nper-aar.anoaapasie M03ra,

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B BereTaTHBHbIX

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aeaux

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THnaM:

H nocun

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(rpanyansnera).

H nOTeHUHaJIaM

90

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61.

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-r-r-r-r 3

MO

CTBIUI (HMUYJlbCHbIM),

Jloxansasre norenuaanu

pacnpocrpansnorcs

naCCHBHO no Ka6eJlbHbiM B03HHKHOBeHUH OHH 3aTY'

CTPYKTYPSM Hel1poHa, n03TOMY no Mepe Y,1I,aJleHIUl or MeCTa csoero

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.Tloreauaaa
me cnezyer

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cnraaaos

aa 6QJIbWMe paccroaaas, 6e3 OCJla6JleHHfl.3,II.eCb ysacrxax " JlOKaJIbHblX npouecc

nOTeH-

6JlarO,1I,apfl HaJlH'IHIO pereaeparnanoro CKOMY crpoemno

Oco6eHHocrH 1I."aJI0B.

pacnpocrpaasercs

rrO,1I,'lepKHyrb, lJrOB ueJlol1 HepBHOH KJIeTKe 6JlarO.ll.apH ee CJIOmHOMY reoxerpaueH HeO,1I,HHaKOBbIMcBol1cTBaM noreaunana II
B03HHKHOBeHIHl

MeM6pSHbI

B pa3JIHlJHbiX .lI.etlcTB"SI

B03flHKHOBeHHH H pacnpocrpaaeaas

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flOreHIJ,HaJlOB

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npoaenenas

B 60JlblUHHCrBe

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nepsnsrx

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H suure B 06Jl<1C.TMCOMbl. ,lI,eH.llpHTbI, ,KSK npasaao, HMelOT etue 60Jlee BbICOKHii nopor. IlosrOMy norenuuan (Jeucr8ufl o6bl'-I.fto eosnusaer B otuacru «asassnoeo ceeuenra ancona Hyme or-ryna pacnpocrpaaserca no axcoay (OpTO.ll.POMHO) If aa reno KJIerKM (aHTH.lI.pOMHO). ECJIH aaecrn B reJIOKJlerKH MHKp03JleKTpO.ll, rr03BOJIfllOIUMH ,1I,el1crBHH, TO MOmf{O BH.lI.erb, 'ITO rrOCJle,1I,HHI1 HMeeT xapakrepayio

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¢'OPMY (pHC.

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61),

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aa COM3TO-,IleH.upHTcHlJeCKYIO MeM6paHY, .llel1cTBHH BO MHorHX HetipoHax OHa ocooeaao xopouro

Ilocne

OKOH'IaHHH ncreuuaana

UHC

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re.nsnaa CJIe.ll.OBaH runepnonapasauna. CUHHHoro M03ra,

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or pasMEM-

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(IT.

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91

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61, 6).
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