different level of particular speech genre focrocre, making som means for registering ‘malleable than other Togosphere, the urrounded by b - those forms so that the work of the social world may © Became authors 4 NOVELNESS AS DIALOGUE The novel of education and the education of the novel Bal rary studies, wl proclaiming a cohesive body of ideas abo books per (faba Weal, p. the larger significance of these figures has previously} pratocism Novetness as o1ALocUE 69 some of the reasons we wll Wi workings of lar literary topic is esse such as Rabelats or HETEROGLOSSIA | The simultaneity of these dialogues is merely a particular instance of the larger polyphony of social and discursive forces which Ba “eteroglossia.” Heteroglossia isa sit surrounded by the eween the system of distinctive values and pr ation of meaning in -, depend not only on the ace they hold in the social anda 70 NOVELNESS AS DIALOGUE ble cone ing that is different from what it conditions that make se Taare a well ConvenanaT Tormis of analysis would vHatiss some of these other factors as inappropriate oF tv oe differences in the weather, in the phys level where itis conjoined isthe essence of legal TEXTUAL SPACE AND GENRES leract agle creates the ire to their sirmultaneity. Space of Jevel where a given discourse coalesees tive phe | THE DETERMINING ROLE OF EVERYDAY SPEECH. | IN GENRE FORMATION: PRIMARY AND. SECONDARY GENRES However, the level where gal forces es are deployed recognizable p nry species we may ident the works in Hegel, where fants, were aware of themselves only as a mn: he finds out slimpse of meaning isthe BAKHTIN'S DIFFERENCES WITH HEGEL AND LUKACS. syess and ends at another. Mort ‘Greek heroes who have very ey do not sense a distinc: ture. And the story ends ‘cjousness that they seem amselves and their e/superstructure, which is one of the thin yed Hegel on his head later, Marxist phase) gel and greater awareness of novel is perceived a& nsel76 oimocism novetness as oiatocue 77 1¢ people, they were the only people in the world, language was the only one in ex des had what we might now cal x Bakhtin has in mind wh F epic consciousness, also conceived as a history of 5 no necessary tes of being develop- 's history conceives a omstant {wo impulses that may be labeled epic | the history of co dearly defined ‘only language, and the myth of a language that 1 be completely unified."*30 piALocism wovetness as piatocue 81 born, as has been demonstrated in studies of how mothers THE ZOPED ‘ygotty's research onthe laming ote ‘nbies and carry on extended dialogues with them immediately afer bth” discuss the importance of s shaping imp of parental “The child receives all ntial determinations of himself and ofhis body from his mother’s lips... her words] are the first and most authorita- hhears about himself they forthe fist time deter- ey toa ‘ueated separately from factors inherent mine his personality fom ouside they come to meet his instinct logical” development of mind inner sensation of himself, giving it a form and a name in which, for sents a way of overcoming some of the fist time, he finds himself and becomes avare of himself 35 teal something ... such words] come to meet the dark chaos of my inner sensation of myself: they name, direc, satisfy, and connect it with the culside world ~ as a response that is interested in me and in my need. ‘And as a result, they give plastic form ... to this boundless, “darkly stiring chaos” of needs and dissatisfactions, wherein the ofthe child's personality and the outside world confronting it submerged and dissolved, ("Author and hero in sesthetic activity” p. 211) ‘grammed cognitive others: “the “Yearning to tl very early in childhood, in fact from the moment when the82 NoveLNess As o1acocue 83 piatocisa the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development 45 determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers... Human learning presup- re and a process by which children grow those around them. ... Thus the zone of proximal development enables Propound a new formula, namely that the only “good learning” is that which is in advance of development. receiving child, 1s rather a complex act of tunhtion between the levels of consciousness as a zone of proximal develo that may be traversed (at least partially) through the pelogogical sanity a te pets in a dahgic simaltanity relating to each eter development” becomes cru “zone of prox zoped as4 ‘we may see a future otherwise obscured by other forms of dis of language is for Vygotsky the best example of how also to think; by extension, finalizing schemes that can order its potential chaos ~ but only by paying the price of reducing the world’s variety and endlessness: novelness is the body of utterances that is least reductive of variety. has.a particularly important role to play in the economy of Tearns not only to speak, bi larly potent means by whi JF coherent and durable patterns of culture. proximal development. 1 we may ask, is the capaci lege? dialogism assumes that every indi of perception, of giving order to chaos, is performed at a heightened degree. The difference between perceiving the world by ‘everyday speech on the one hand, o be responsible for the activity 1a site of constant st of language. The effect of order which lan- 1e possible catalogue of greatest degree of (possible) order to a world LITERATURE AND LIFE In saying so much, ditional opposi energetic a ticdans, have at torical distin ns. What happens in an place, is always more ordered than what h ty by ps between everyday spoken utterances; they have hypost greater amount of order available to a literary text as opposed to other such as everyday speech utterances) into a difference of es of the 0 ey ‘unfinished, as opposed 10 organization." As we have seen, dialogismn assumes th activity possesses a high degree of internal organization: the distinc iat can be “seen,” a person or igories that reduce, nish, consummate, We see no ories of the other. In . by translating 8536 who may be able why this person, never grasp that enable sociologists to perceive condi affect the behavior of whole commu ‘ay why more persons: \s rel constantly changes: ‘go on fo say with the Tartu gro are imposed onto the chaos of everyday certain model witha distinct structure and meaning. When the highly organized and conscious world of a literary work touches the endless continuum of human life, certain of the latter's discrete and interlinked elements are singled out” notin any of the individuals subject to it, who are assumed to be the proper subjects of psychology. Dialogism abhors such categorical OTHER THEORIES OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIETY AND THE INDIVIDUAL gt different ways to nominate these levels. Three examples drawn from the tradition that most occupied Bakhtin in hisearly programmatic work ‘would he: Windelband’s distinction between nomothetic knowledge (knowledge of general laws) and idiographic knowledge (knowl lex distinction between generate n gives to a frm of borders of experience ~ eat are registered by individuals, behavior of whole cot ach of these thinkers ~ perceives a difference betwer 8788 oiatocism Noveiness as oiatocue 89 different voices. ye between selves and others which shapes whole culture systems CARNIVAL AND NOVELNESS NOVELNESS AND INTERTEXTUALITY Finished, never completed: it ‘on reading in specific soc ‘and builds and creates another body, yore powerful iner-t rence they exercise ity made by other texts and dismemberment, swallowing up by another body — | ‘The objection will be raised that such effects are performed on the confines of the body and the outer world, or on the90 confines ofthe old and new body In all these events, the beginning, and end of life are closely linked and interwoven. (Rabelais and his World, p. 317) quintessential Roman ‘on the other hand, opposes the pres 18 Frankenstein's indebted in Germany, solipsism of much early nineteenth-century German philosophy figure of the below, provides ly an intertextual gente, Why bbe made clearer given these emphases, s Franketein (an ea had friends and 4s a lassical atoils... this discovery was so great and overwhelming that all the steps by which I had been progressively led up to it were obliterated and I beheld only the result age and ‘well as he describes the plea for a mate: acoms and 1 do not destroy the lamb and the kid to glut my appet te sufficient nourishment, My companion wil be of the be content ‘man whose m that word ~ a chi language (from inception: he was compl the precise point at whi [After so much time spent in to arrive at once at the ummit of my desires was the most gratifying consummation of ™y eeinked to the chain of existence and events from which 1 the case, as has been. character ich as a love of m ibly be said to be the epo le The Modern Fromethes jame, Prometheus, means that Frankenstein is also the ‘was the brother of Prometh noverness as piatocue 95 weads stretch as well into a poster nly a version ‘all modern, but which we in our day may Jeast enables) through the stolen gi fourth generation of beings +s Walton go to sea; he goes. lar passage. Frankenstein blam96 NoveLNess As piALocue 97 “linked to the chain of existence an age i itself inked to another set person was hideous and my stature gigan ‘What was I? Whence did I come? What was ‘moved every feeling of wonder and awe thatthe picture of an omnipo: God watring with his creatures was capable of exiting. | often referred the several situations, as their similarity struck me, to my ‘own, Like Adam, | was apparently united by no link to any other being in existence; but his state was fer different from mine in every other ook atthe four books that shape hese is Ruins of Empires, ist published in 1791 by Volney, at Jntenment who was inspired by Gibbon's demonstra In the log) us gift of manna t as they wandered f fixodus (16: 14-36), leaves fe accompanying note of his power: brary are in the iat the particular versions ‘monster reads are all these books will be generations of moviegoers wl sound — the monster's name bout because his hybrid1B o1ALocism Novetness As piatocue 99 rween being and non-beings both cases what we get isa trans- formation from one state to another that is presumed to be both timeless and complete. 1c Adam does change ~ he experiences a second cre: a variety of o link to existence is in fact tightly enmeshed in a chai own formation are th 100, experiences a second creation as ted state of his fist awareness (the ‘aspect of both these narratives that bas the ree of knowledge was determined emy put himself physical appearance is use old De Lacey's laving deten ‘way of commerce ‘and God said, Let us make man in our image, a ‘So God created man in his own image ... there wer from the earth and watered the whole face ofthe ground. And the Lord God of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils fe; and man became a living soul formed man now has been only a creature beco the monster: "from that moment I declared everlasting war against against him who had formed me and sent ipportable misery.” These are “the feelings which, species, and more 1100 viatocisu and begat Enos, ‘And Cainan lived seventy years, and begat Maka NovELNEss As piatocus 101 stops to charac ‘Once my fancy was soothed with dreams of virtue, of fame and of, “enjoyment. Once I falsely hoped to meet with beings who, pardoning ‘my outward form, would love me for the excellent qualities which Iwas capable of unfolding. 1 was nourished with thoughts of high honor and devotion. But now crime has degraded me beneath the meanest 1 cannot believe that am the same creature whose comes up in Book beings are beginning to her philosophy after she left Oakland: “There ain't any answer. There swer. There never has been an answer. That's the anaphora is the ate of repeated beg ‘Another way to conceive such ra oe os102 oiatocism ur scenes depicting ng mortals then her mate ....she beauty of man produce: tis the possibility 0 Frankenst 1 that needs to be Zeus ~ or Ather104 oiatocism wwe get an almost ‘means assured me experience: inved to read wi [As he went on | felt as if my soul were grappling with a palpable tenemy, one by one the various keys were touched which formed the ‘mechanism of my being: chord after chord was sounded, and soon my | had gazed upon the for thought was filled with one thought, one conception, one purpose. keep human beings from en ignoranty | had repined. But ere were books [he ist Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus}, and here were men [no the automatic homology he draws] who had penetrated deeper and word for all that they averred, and I became knew their disciple ‘When I was about fifteen years old ... we witnessed a most le thunderstorm, It advanced from behind the mountains of and the thunder burst at once with frightful loudness from vari ‘us quarters ofthe heavens ... As | stood at fon a sudden 1 beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak ... and 50 ‘dazzling light vanished the oak had disappeared, and jined but a bla amp... never sav anything 50 ‘exploded systems to his age’s vers106 oatocism his work on the ‘When | look back, it seems to me as if jaculous change tion [toward mathematics]... wasthe last effort made by the Sprit of preservation to avert the storm that was even then hanging in the stars and ready to envelop me ... Destiny was too potent, and immutable laws had decreed my utter and terible destruction.” 5 THE DIALOGUE OF HISTORY AND POETICS Blasted as thou wert, my agony was st ‘soon these burning miseries vill be extinct. I shall ascend my funeral pile wiumphantly and ext in the agony of the torturing flares: The ‘conflagration will fade away.” Bal,