PUMA RACE ENGINES - OPTIMUM EXHAUST VALVE

SIZE
From the preceding three articles on evaluating an engine's power potential it should
be clear that you can never have too much inlet valve area. It directly determines
power potential - every 10% increase in inlet valve area gives a 10% increase in
power potential. However, in many engines there is a trade-off between inlet and
exhaust valve size. By making one smaller you can increase the size of the other.
Equally this is not always the case. Sometimes a larger inlet valve will hit the bore
wall long before it interferes with the exhaust valve or vice versa. On engines with
angled valves, i.e angled towards each other, the point of interference depends on the
cam duration as well as the absolute valve size. Long duration cams with a lot of
overlap will have both valves open a long way at TDC on the exhaust stroke which is
where they can hit each other. With shorter duration cams you can make either valve
bigger and still not have clearance problems. Clearly all engines need exhaust valves
and if these are too small power will suffer. So when the choice is between increasing
inlet valve size and exhaust valve size what do you do?

The simple answer is there are no simple answers because optimum exhaust valve
size, or more correctly optimum ratio of inlet to exhaust valve size, depends on a
number of factors including the state of tune of the engine, cylinder head design, port
efficiency, cam profile and especially compression ratio. However there are some
very good rules of thumb which will put you very close to optimum for most normal
tuned engines.

The first thing to appreciate is that exhaust valve area does not directly relate to power
potential. As an approximation for an average engine if you increase exhaust valve
area by 10% you only add about 1% to 2% to the engine's power potential. This is a
very much less direct relationship than that between inlet valve area and power. What
happens when the exhaust valve is too small is you generate a pumping loss where the
piston has to do the work of forcing out the last of the exhaust gasses but this is a
small penalty compared with the direct loss of losing inlet valve flow because the inlet
valves are smaller than they otherwise could be. Only when the exhaust valves are
very much too small do the power losses start to become significant. What also
follows from this is that you have to be talking about very highly developed engines
where the last couple of bhp is important before you have to worry too much about
whether it's better to make the inlet valve 0.5mm bigger at the expense of a 0.5mm
smaller exhaust valve or vice-versa. For most engines fitting bigger exhaust valves
will make an absolutely negligible difference to the engine's power output and in
many cases they will already be too large.
The other commonly quoted situation is that of turbocharged and supercharged
engines. Ask most people, many "professional" engine builders included I'm afraid,
and they'll tell you forced induction engines need bigger exhaust valves at the expense
of smaller inlet ones. Well after all it stands to sense dunnit mate? The inlet side has a
thumping great turbo pushing the air in and the exhaust side has nothing extra to help
it. Utter bollocks I'm afraid and anyone who tells you this can be discounted as any
sort of authority on how engines work and probably best avoided if you're looking for
someone to spend your money with. When you turbocharge an engine you increase
the cylinder pressure in direct proportion to the boost because you've crammed more
air into it. This extra cylinder pressure directly increases the exhaust valve flow when
the exhaust valve opens. In effect everything stays in the same proportion as when the
engine was normally aspirated. The turbo basically boosts the exhaust valve flow in
exactly the same proportion as it boosts the inlet valve flow although the relationship,
being one step removed, is too remote for most people to appreciate it. So forced
induction engines actually follow exactly the same rules about exhaust valve size as
normally aspirated ones.

Can the exhaust valve be too big? Indeed it can unless certain steps are taken to design
other aspects of the engine to suit the valve size. The main adverse effect of large
exhaust valves is in the overlap period at the end of the exhaust stroke when the
exhaust valve is closing and the inlet one opening. While both valves are open at the
same time some rather nasty things can happen. Fresh inlet charge can skip straight
across to the open exhaust valve and disappear down the exhaust port leading to high
hydrocarbon emissions and poor cylinder filling. Also the exhaust gasses can reverse
flow at low engine speed and come back up the exhaust pipe and into the cylinder
leading to contamination of the fresh inlet charge. To combat these effects you can
reduce cam duration but this then adversely affects high rpm power. Alternatively you
can increase the cam lobe centreline angle (LCA) so the exhaust cam closes earlier
and the inlet one opens later. This reduces the 'valve overlap triangle' but again might
not be what you want at higher rpm. What we can deduce from this is that large
exhaust valves might have little adverse effect on low tuned or standard road engines
with short duration cams but progressively worse effects on higher tuned engines with
long duration cams. In fact it leads us to the inevitable, and somewhat
extraordinary, conclusion that the higher we tune an engine the smaller the
exhaust valve might need to be. This flies in the face of everything most people
believe about tuning where bigger is always better in respect of just about every
component.

So let's get down to some rules. How do we decide if the exhaust valve is too small or
too big? One way is to set a ratio between inlet valve size and exhaust valve size.
Unfortunately this ratio changes as the state of tune of the engine changes so we need
to specify the state of tune of the engine.

Exhaust/Inlet valve Exhaust/Inlet valve

State of Tune ratio ratio
by diameter by area
Low tuned engines, historic engines, forced induction
87% to 89% 75% to 80%
engines, CR less than 9:1
Normally aspirated fast road/mild rally engines,
84% to 87% 70% to 75%
short/medium duration cams, CR 9 to 10.5
Highly tuned engines, longer duration cams, rally or
81% to 84% 65% to 70%
race spec, CR 10.5 to 13
Very high CR engines perhaps with artificial induction
77% to 81% 60% to 65%
system restrictions, CR 13 to 16

An example of the type of engine referred to in the last row above would be race
engines where the induction system has to breath through a restrictor to limit power
and so the compression ratio is raised to unusually high levels to squeeze as much as
possible from the incoming charge. An engine without such induction restriction
would detonate at CR levels like this. This category can also include engines with
limited inlet flow capability simply because of design i.e. older style 2v per cylinder
engines like the Chevy V8.

Another way is to gauge the exhaust valve size in relation to the cylinder size. If we
tune the engine by fitting larger inlet valves, longer duration cams and raising the CR
the exhaust/inlet valve size ratio decreases but then we usually want that to happen
anyway as explained above so in fact everything stays correct in relation to the state
of tune of the engine. What I set out below is a table which shows a sensible exhaust
valve size for a given cylinder size for average car engines. This table isn't going to
apply to engines with abnormally large bore/stroke ratios such as motorbike engines
or custom designed formula race series engines where you'll have to go back to the
ratios in the table above.

If the exhaust valves in your engine are at least this big then you'll see very little if any
benefit from making them bigger even if you tune the engine for fast road, rally or
race use and fit bigger inlet valves. The proviso is that you modify the exhaust ports
properly to make the exhaust valves flow well but that's another subject. There's no
point in having big enough exhaust valves if the port is restrictive or you don't know
how to modify it properly.

Given that it costs the same or more to fit bigger exhaust valves as inlet ones then it's
clearly a sensible idea to spend the money on the inlet side of the engine. Of course if
you're trying to build something world beating then no doubt you have the budget to
dyno test all possible combinations of valve size and you might well deviate from the
table.

Cylinder Size Exhaust Valve Size Exhaust Valve Size

cc 2v per cylinder engine 4v per cylinder engine
300 30mm 23.5mm
350 32mm 24.75mm
400 33.5mm 26mm
450 34.75mm 27mm
500 36mm 28mm
550 37.5mm 29mm
600 38.25mm 30mm
650 40mm 31mm
700 41.5mm 32mm

Copyright David Baker and Puma Race Engines

Back to main menu page