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1929 -1933

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"Ilpaeuna uepu " 6 3KOHO.HUKe Ilpaea C06Cm6ellHOCmU

"flY'IOK" npae coticmeeunocmu

41

2.1.

CYIlJ,HOCTh PbIHKA,

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em psmosc?

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cdrepe
11

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H COCTOHHHC H palBI1 rue

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f1PC!lJlO/l(eHH5I lIl1l1 ucu ua

,)KOHOMI1KI1 (lIal1pI1MCp, psuuce

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IPY.Ja),

r 0 CIfI1,I\C11crpauy -

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11 CerO)J.II5I, 01\H(lKO 110 Mepc p,nBHTI1H rpaunuu

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11 CBH;JCTcnbCTBYCT KOHKPCTHblX

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BCTYIHHh

HM HC06xOJHIMO

B 06rvlcH

Me)KJlY C060H. no cefie 06MCH HC paBHOCHJlCH 'rpyna CYlllccTBOBaHl110

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ero rne

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H OOUICCTBCHHOC pa3)),cnCHI1C HMCCT MCCTO BO sccx 11 CIIC[IHaJ1H3aUH5I.

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TaK KaK YC,10BI151 npouaaoncrua KaKoH UCHC nponasan.) B JlHUC CKOPCC na

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a rocynapcruou

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ec 1b pa3,'ICJlCIIIIC 01CIO[\a Hero CJICJlYCT. IIC l\10j1\C I'

II cnClll1aJIH'3aIIH5I, 06 [1(CC'1 BCHIIOC 06MClla),

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KYflJlH-lIpOJlajKI1. HCOOXOJlI1MOC (6C3

pasnencnue

HO HCJlOCTaTOLfHOC YCJIOBHC C II0MOlllbi0 MeXaHI1'3Ma

cyutcc

rsoeauns

puuxa

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51BJI51CTC5I TaK

lfa'3bIBaC:vta51 )KOIIO"lHl'leCKaSl

HOCTI> Cy6bCKTOB :IHLUb rorna, peWCHHH KOI\IY xorna

X0351iicTBCHHOii BCC OIlH

Koop)),I1HaL\HH,

KOTOpa51 MO/I(CT CYlllCC rBOBa 1b aBTOHO:\llIbl npOH'3BO,}HTb, B npaua [1111

1I0J1HOCThIO He3aBHCHMbl, Q ro, KaK

OTHOCI1TCJlbHO roro, KaKOU ueue 'ITO

H no

nponaaaru,

no

H Ll.'1S1 KOI'O CyTH

Ch:OJIbKO, 060c06-

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npOH'3BOJlI1TCJ1b

nOJIHOCTblO

'3a PC3Y,lbT3Tbl BblrOllbl, 1I0Jl)--

rpyna,
(YI

LfTO CI'O 6,larOCOCT051I1HC

'3aBHCHl

01' orHOlUeHH5I ua ero

pCaJ1W3aUHH coanauuoro

6i1ara,

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CYll\CCTBOB3I1I151 raxoro seuuoct b Ha CPCf\CTBa a

X0351HCTBeIlHoro npOI1'3BOJlC rsa

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11 PC3YJlbTaTbl

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rOCY,L\3PCTB3, x

CaMI1X

rrpm13BOllI1TCJlCfJ, npaao IlaCTlIOU

T. C. LfT06bl cofic ruennoc

ap.uc

rcp,

TaKI1~l

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III SlB~lSteTCSI OOSlruouanna rh

ra

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1I couepruenc 1Jly6iKC pacxpi.i

P1>1II0'lIlhlX BOIlPUC,

_cr_151 oro r

no I
I1CTO-

lIa~1 IlpC!J.CI 011r BblllCIIl1Tb rb lie

Cyl1(1I0C rb ca'vlOii

COOCTBCffllOCTlI. npo.nyxros:

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IlPI1J_\y~H1Ha 'IC5ICBCKOM. 11 B IICPBYIO rCpl13YCT CBOH~l"

a HB!l5lC res

pa11HI'IH>I

otiruccrua, xapax

orcpc.u,

:JKOHOMll'fecKoi1 K ~Hlpy

iKW3IHl OKPY-

Coocrueuuocn,
CIO BCUldi

0 r 1I0[UCII I1C HH~IH BHJla KaK "K 'IY)I(HI\I", MOpaJ1l1, n03TOMY

K3K "K ua

HIIH

TaKOC

OTIlOUICHne

~Io/Ke 1 (llOPM HpOBaTbC5I npauun, '3aKoHoB,

OCHORC CJ1mK~IBUleI1C5I B ,1laflHOM OOU\CCTBe.

'r paJll1l\11 H, IIOp~l, C06CTBCIIHOC1 b

IIpl1H51TblX

43

paCCI\1aTpI1BalOT n03TOMY 06LUe, IOPI1CTbl

npexcne

acero

KaK

IOpl1D,114eCKYIO, rOBOpSIT

npaBOBYIO

xareropmo,

11 BO-

COBepWeHHO c06CTBeHHOCTI1

CnpaBeD,J1I1BO (4aCTHOH,

He 0 c06CTBeHHOCTI1 11 T. D,.).

a 0 npase ecri,

rOCYD,apCTBeHHOH cnocof

"C06CTsa HeKO11

BeHHOCTb TOPblMI1 oxpauu

npaao,

T. e. oc060

YCTaHOBJ1eHHbIH paCnOpSI)KeHI151

npl13HaHI151

J111l.(aMI1 B03MOJKHOCTH TaKOH B03Mo)KHOCTI1

11 rOCnOD,CTBa

HaD, BeLUaMI1 J1I1U,'1 npexcne

OT nOC5IraTeJ1bCTBa OTMeTI1Tb, CPOPMbl, 4TO

co CTOPOHbl 'rpersux c06CTBeHHOCTb, I1MeTb

BMeCTe npl1H5ITb OCHOBbl. rpyae re

C TeM

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4eM

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nonpasoesre
B B nepso11T. D,. Bbl-

Hexcropsie

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c06CTBeHHOCTI1

(aHrJ1I1HCKI1H

JJ:)K. JIOKK), Pycco,

npyrue

Ha4aJ1bHOM OXlHaKo

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Il.

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c06cTBeHHocTI1 "OCHOBaHI151 caoea

D,aJ1

D,aIOLUI1HC5I aBCTpl1HCKI1H -recxoii HOD 3KOHOMI1I1". OH

3KOHOMI1CT npmuen

K. Mearep

B KHl1re

nOJ1I1TI1HCXO):l6J1ar,

K BbIBOD,y,

4TO c06cTBeHHocTh pezncnx 6Jlar,

npennocsuncon

HMeeT MeHbwe

cyutecraouanae no cpaBHeHl110

T. e. TaKI1X

K0J1114eCTBO KOTOPblX I1HCTI1TYT peWeHI151

C nOTpe6HOCTbIO B03Mo)KHbiM HaD,06HOCTblO

B HI1X. n03TOMY I1HCTpYMeHTOM 11 D,ocTynHblM

c06CTBeHHOCTI1 npofinesn»

51BJ151eTC5I D,I1HCTBeHHO e Me)KD,y

?

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pacnopnaceumo

K0J1114eCTBOM 6J1ar"-.

Taxoe
OTHOWeHI1H

HeCOOTBeTCTBHe c06CTBeHHOCTI1 -

asrpaxcaercs

B TOM,

4TO

uenrpansuuv xapaxrep.

MOMeHTOM

51BJ151eTC5I1X I1CKJ1104aIOLUI1H I I1CKJ1104eHI1H

Oruoure4TO OH see,

HI151 c06CTBeHHOCTI1 HblM KpOMe 11

3TO CI1CTeMa pecypcasr.

113 nocryna

K MaTepl1aJ1b-

aesrarepaant.asrv
cavoro He CnpaWl-IBa51

J1CKJ1104I1TeJ1bHOCTb 113 ziocryna

03Ha4aeT,

c06CTBeHHHKa,

I1CKJ1104eHbl HH4bero

K pecypcy.

cavo11

CT05lTeJ1bHO,

n03B0J1eHI151,

pacnopsacaercs

pecypcov

orpaxcnen
OTCYTCTBl1e 60D,Hb1H HI1KOMY He MoryT

OT BC5IKOrO

BMeWaTeJ1bCTBa 113 nocryna 03Ha4aeT,

113BHe B npouecc K pecypcav

npI1H5ITI151 peWeHI1H. 6J1araM, T. e. CBO-

I1CKJ1104eHI1H K HI1M,

11 D,pyrHM 4TO

ziocryn 11J111 (4TO

4TO

OHI1 H114bl1, aceu.

OHI1 He

npI1HaD,J1e)KaT 11 6J1ara nOBOD,Y I1X

TO xce cauoe)

npI1HaD,J1e)KaT c06CTBeHHOCTI1.

Taxae

pecypcu no

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CJ1eD,OBaTeJ1bHO,

I1Cn0J1b30BaHI151 06MeHa. (nanpnvep, CTBeHHOCTI1 'ryio pacrpary TaKI1M npn nne LITO

J11OD,11 He scrynaror pecypcu? 3TO

B 3KOHOMI14eCKI1e

OTHOWeHI151 puuo-moro I1MeIOTC5I B 1130611J11111 npasa 6bI c06nyc-

3TO sa

pecypcsr,

xoropue

arvocdiepnun na raxue

B03D,YX, 3HeprH5I pecypcu

serpa). TaK

Y CTaHaBJ1I1BaTb

6eCCMbICJ1eHHO,

KaK 3TO 03Ha4aJ10

CpeD,CTB 11YCI1J1I1H. 06pa30M, MbI BbI5ICHI1J1I1, 4TO J1MeHHo c06cTBeHHocTb 6J1ar HMH I1MeeT CMbICJ1 TOJ1bKO n05lBJ1eOTD,eJ1b-

YCJ10BI1I1 peD,KOCTI1 6J1ar. He06xoD,I1MOCTI1

perncocrs 06MeHa

06YCJ10BJ1I1BaeT Me)KD,y

11 B03MO)KHOCTI1

Ha psnuce

HbIMI1

I1HD,I1BI1D,aMI1, rpynnauu CB5I311 psnnca C 4acTHoH

J11OD,eH11J111 rocynapcrsov. c06cTBeHHocTbIO nOrOBOpl1M 60J1ee nOD,p06HO.

PYCCKali QlHJlOcOQll1l1 C06CTBeHHocTI1.

Meueep K
)KOHOMI1I1.

OCHOBaHl1l1 nOJlHTI1'leCKOH

Cn6., 1993. c. 347. )KOHOMHH II ABCTpl1HCKali

WKOJla nOJlHTH'leCKOH

M., 1992. C. 79.

44

2.2.

qACTHAH

COllC1BEHHOCTh OllMEHA
CYLUCCTBYeT 11 no ceii

KAK YCJIOBJ1E PLIHOQHOrO

4aCTHa51 c06CTBeHHocTb, llCHb, pa3BI1Ba5lCb B03HI1KHYB B my60KOHllPCBHOCTI1,

B pa3JII14HbiX

3KOHOMI14CCKI1X

11 OpraHI13aUI10HHo-npaBOBbIX TCM, 4TO 4aCTHa51 C06CTdiop».

cpopMax. BeHHOCTb

Ee

I1CTOpI14CCKa51 YCTOH411BOCTb 06b5lCWleTC5I P5l1l0M npCI1MYLUCCTB, 0 TOM, 4TO KOTOPblX 4aCTHa51

06JIallaCT

HCT Y BCCX llPYrI1X C06CTBCHHOCTb 11 ero

Pe-n,
06pa30M

111lCT npescne npl1cnOC06JIeHa

scero

Hal1JIY4WI1M OCHOBofiycnoelll1Hl1ueH

1lJl51 06CJIY)KI1BaHI151 bOJICe

I1Hlll1Bl1lla

CeMbl1

HOH, nepBI14HOH BI1J1a n05lBnCHI1e 06LUeCTBa"

514eHKI1 06LUeCTBa. caMOH CCMbl1, psna

roro,

4aCTHa51 c06CTBeHHOCTb "X0351HCTBCHHOH

KOTOpa51 BeKOB.

6blna

ua npOT5I)KCHI1I1

MI1POBOH 3cp(peKHIBHOH MeXaHI13MOM" TeJIbHOCTI1

onsrr noxaasreaer,
OpraHI13aUI111 rnoooro

4TO 4aCTHa51 C06CTBCHHOCTb 6113Hcca, KOTOPblH

HC3aMeHI1Ma

nns

MeJIKOrO

51BJI5ICTC5I "nYCKOBbIM 4eJIOBC4eCKOH ziea-

puuo-ruoro
npej]_npl151TI151 na

X0351HCTBa,

MOTI1BaUl111

11T. n.

Korna
OCBOBOH 3TO

paavepu
llJI5I Hai1Ma

nepepacraior
np0l13BOllCTBa CI1JIbl. llJI5I

B03MO)f(HOCTI1 MQ)KeT B 6blTb

01lHOH

CeMbl1,

4aCTHa51 c06CTBeHHOCTb

cpencraa

3cpcpeKTI1BHOH JII1TCpaType C06CT-

cB060nHOH nocnY)KI1JIO

pa604CH nOB01l0M

MapKCI1CTCKOH

06CT05lTeJIbCTBO npH3HaHI151

"npOKn5lTI151"

4aCTHOH

BeHHOCTH, 1l04eMY? OTBeT 4aCTHa5l.

ce Henpl1CMJICMOCTI1

B C031laBaCMOM

6YllYLUeM

06LUeCTBa.

B TOM, 1l03TOMY

4TO B see Ha

XIX
6ellbl,

B. 1l0MI1HI1PYlOLUCH C KOTOPblMI1 )f(e ziene

CPOPMOH C06CTBCHHOCTI1 06LUecTBo, 6cll

6blJla

CTaJlKI1BanOCb 3THX

CB5I3bIBaHe B

JlI1Cb I1MeHHO 4aCTHOH 4aCTHOH

C HeH.

caMOM

HCT04HHK

3aKJII04aJ1C5I

c06CTBeHHOCTI1 C06CTBCHHOCTI1 pa60THI1Ka,

KaK TaKOBOH,

a B ee MOHOnOJII1I1. 4pe3McpHOC

YlMeHHo

MOHOnOJII151 nporiyxra MQ)I(eT

06YCJIOBJII1Bana T. e. noponoiana

OT4Y)f(lleHl1e Ho

OT HaeMHoro npOI1CXOlll1Tb napcrseuaoii. c06CTBeHHOCTI1. I'OBOP51 0 HOCTI1 6bITb 4eJlOBeKa, MOB: OHa

3KCnJIyaTaUI1IO.

3TO )f(C

11 C JII060HllpyroH MOHOnOJII151

CPOPMOH C06CTBCHHOCTI1, HI14yTb He ny-uue

B TOM 411CJlC C rocyMOHOnOJII111 4aCTHOH

nocnenneii

nonQ)KI1TeJIbHbiX CTI1MYJIOM

cropouax

4aCTHOH

C06CTBCHHOCTI1,

ec

cnocofi-

Mory411M HCJIb351

TBop4eCKOH,

3al1HTepeCOBaHHOHlle5lTeJIbHOCTI1 MHQ)KeCTBO aHTarOHI13B03He

safisraa'rs,
aJl4HOCTb,

4TO ee I1CTOPI151 BKJII04aeT ua npOTI1BOCT05lLUI1C Ha)KI1Bbl, MblCnl1 npyrne

paat.eruurser B rnonax

JIlOllCH

npyr

npyry

KJIaCCbl, 4CPTbi.

6Y)KllaCT cnyLIaHHO 4acTHYlO

»caxcny

HCraTI1BHblC Benl1KI1X YMOB

B MI1POBOH c06cTBeHHocTb

06LUecTBcHHOH

HCMano

nonaeprnn

coxpyurarouieii

KpI1TI1KC. )l{aK Pycco

BblllalOLUI1HC5I C4I1TaJI, 4TO

cppaHUY3cKI1H nepasifi "3TO nonaran, LleJIOMoe", 4TO cpenn

CPHJIOcocp-npoCBeTI1TeJIb BeK, OroPOlll1BWI1H POKOBYIO

XVlll

B. )l{aH

y-iacrox

06LUci1

3eMJII1

KOJlb5lMI1

11 CKa3aBWI1H:

curpan
cYllb6a

pOJIb B )KI13HI1 nOCJICllYIOLUI1X pona Morna 6bl

nOKOJIeHI1H.

Pycco

-renoaeuecxoro

CJIQ)KI1TbC5I no-zipyrovy,

HaHlll1Cb

45

06UH1HHf1KOB XBaT4f1Ka, JlIOD.51M

CMeJlb4aK,

KOTOPbIH,

BbIJlepH)'B

KOJlb5l,

pa306Jla4f1Jl

Obi Troro

'~a-

Jlf1KBf1D.f1POB3Jl

B saponuure

4aCTHYlO

C06CTBeHHOCTb,

npuuccuiyro
c06CTBeHHOC1 4aCTb 4cnOBCf1

crpaiuuue
npn

6eD.CTBf151, MY4eHf151 f1 rope, scev B 3TOM D.OCTOHHOH JlByX

OJ~HaKO
JlIOD.f1 He 4eCTBa or nee

ansrepaarnau
nocne

4aCTHOH 66JlbWa51

aauinu:

're-ienue
aa

BeKOB

Pycco

pa3Bf1B3JlaCb ycnexa

OCHOBe

4aCTHOH

c06CTBeHHOCTf1, Jl06f1nf1Cb

He f1Menf1,

J;bBecTHO

f1 TO, xero

Ilonsrnca 're crpauu,

D.YX,
CB060Jla

OTKa3aTbC5I rne 1100U~-

panucs
BCIlHOH

43CTH351

HHf1Uf1aTf1Ba,

npennpanauarensckuci
B. 30TOBa:

},.0351HCT-

D.e5lTl.~nbHOCTf1. npf1BeCTH Mor 3HaTb CJlOBa Qlf1JlOcocpa «]11060[1bl1'HO, roro ecnn Obi 000 KOTOPblH OH

X04eTC5I BceM JTOI\I

Pycco,

CT3Jl 6bl 3eMJlf1

OH

npoxnauars
":3TO

4eJlOBeKa, MmKeT,

nepBblM

oroponnn

Y4aCTOK B03,[lBf1rHYTb

f1 CKa33Jl: -renosexy 6bl!

Moe"?

nOCOBeTOBaJl CYJl51 no

6 bl

JTOMY

BenWlaf1UIf1f1 60J1ce

HanpOTf1B, ?I naM5ITHf1K.» .

sceny, He

TaK OHO f1 6bl1l0

TCI\!

4TO D.OC1'Of1IIC I na qacTlloii 3cpqleK1'f1BHOC n.io. B 1iC I 0-

C06CTBCIlHOCTf1 pf1f1

uc-repns:
porn.,

BaIOTC5I JKOHOI\If1LfeCKOH B oc06eHHOCTf1 Ha

-rac

rH351

coocraeuuocri.,
eras

3CMJIIO,

curpana

orpOMH)'IO I p3)KD.aHCKOI 0

Uf1Bf1J1f13f1PYIOUlYIO 061lIeC'fBa. BeHHf1K. f'J1aBHbIM BJlaJle51

OCHOBOH CPOpMf1pOBaHf151 crpyxryp J1f1UOM xcroporo

JleHCTBYIOWf1M

51BJ151eTC5I eJlOBCK-C06c]'4

CpeD.CTBaMf1 f1llTeJlJleKTOM, npaso

np0f13BOJlCTBa,

D.eHe)](lIbIM pa60LfCH

xarurranoxi,

aKUH5I!\Il1. raxoro Jlpyr

f1HcjlOpMaUHeH, 06weC1Ba OT npyra OHf1 Ime. ca~1f1

uaxoueu,
caoe neno, B3)KHO,

npOCTO

Cf1JlOi1, qJlCHbl

f1MeIOT f1, qTO peuraior

ua

OHH caMOCT05lTeJlbHbl, aBTOHOMHbl CaMf1 0r

He3aBf1Cf1~lbl BeHIIOH

oc06eHlI0 see ce6e

rOCY:lapC'1

BJlaC111. I BOBan J.1

CBOf1 npofineuu, TaKYIO )I<f13Hb,

60PIOTC5I n03BOJl5llOT 4aCTHa51 Ml1py

3a CBOC cynicc HX cnocofinoct

oficcneuaaas

xaxyro

)l(CJlaHf151 nallHblH

HeJlb351 3a6bIBaTb

f1 TOro,

4TO f1MeHHO

coficraeuuocn,
CnaCI1TeJlbllYIO 6C3

11 OCHOepees. KOTOPblX 11 HH-

ua
6bl

HeH

CYBcpCHI1TeT uayxn,

Jll14HOCTl1 TeXHI1KH,

nOD.apl1JlI1 npocaeiucuan, PbIHOlfHa51

peueccauc.
Gblnf1

pacuacr

xym.rypu, 3KOHOMf1Ka.

HCB03MO)I(Hbl

1lf1 cOBpeMCHHa51

11f1 HTP

CpOp\laIHlOIIHa51 B 'J roi1

peBOJllOUf151,

Hf1 3aBOeBallf151 H3nOMHf1Tb.

nOJlHTWleCI(OH

,[lCMOKpaTf11i C'1f1l a51 LIaC I'll) 10 nokmanu. 'I ro CC

CB5I3f1 lIenf1UJHC

LfTO ;:ta;'l\c TeM

MapKCI1CTbl, HC MellCC

C06CTBCHHOCTb OTCYTCTBf1C

f1CTOPHlfCCKf1 crpauax

OrpaHf1LfeHHOH,

BO Mllom}" Jlf160

Bocroxa
Jlf160

(3eMJl51 KaK

OCHOBHOC

CPC}~CI BO npoqJyll}la-

f13BOD.CTBa 6blJla MellTOM

06Ulf1HHOH, TaK

rocynapcraeanofi)
a3f1aTCKOro

nocnY)I<I1J1o cnocofia

qlopMHpOBaHf151

uaasraaevoro
C XV

npOH3BOD.CTBa, BOCTOKa IJa narpuapno CJlOBa!\1 oouiecrsarex: 11 01

npenonpenenueiuero 3ana,[la. xansuov CeJlbCKa51

Ha4f1Ha51

B. cyurecraeauoe 06Wf1Ha,

OTCTaBaHf1C

3eMJleD.enbQeCKa51

6a3f1pOBaBW351C5I npeD.cTaBJl5IJ1a

COeD.f1HeHf1f1 3eMJleD.CJlf151 f1 pevecna, "nOKaJlf130BaHHbIH Tpy na, Mf1KPOKOCM", CTaHOBJleHf11O

C060H.

K. Mapxca,
BeH uoro

npen5lTCTBOB3Jla npocroro

pa3BH ruto a

pa3D.CJleHf151

rosapuoro,

KanHTanf1CTf1QeCKOf'O CTBO rocynapcrua

np0f13BoJJ,cTBa. B X0351HcTBeHHble

Ilpsvoe
npoueccu,

BHe3KOHOMf1QeCKOe OTCYTcTBf1e

BMeUlaTCJlb61.,1 TO 1111

KaKOH

)0Il10G

/3 Fpaxcnaucxoe

06weCTBO

BaHHOCTH II KOMMYHHCT. 1990,

H npasoaoe N~ 7 C. 24

rocynapcrso

nOKaJaTeJlH UHBIlJlH30-

46

6WIO

XCY351fkmCHHOH

YlHYlUYlanlBbl

Y HCnOCpC,UCTBeHHbIX ypOBCHb ruoneii.

npOYl3BO,UWrCneH. 1l0nYlTI1LJeCKI1H cnocofia

rex-

HYJl-leCKYlI1 1aCTOH, TH1M -TaKOBa, no

1IY11KYlH )f(YJ3HeIlHbIH MapKCY.

necrio-

UCHa 3aCl1nb51 asaarcxoro Ha 3eMmo. pas nO,ULJCpKHYTb, 11)lBl1raTeneM HC 6blno 6bl

npOH3BOjlCTBa.

orCYTCTBI151 4aCTIIOH

C06CTBCHifOCTI1 ewe

Bee

TI'O

,'l3CT

OCHOBaImC

LITO LJaCTHa51 C06CTBCIfLJenOneLJeCKOH UHBYlJ1I1'3axBnCHI1H

HOCTb 51Bn5leTC5I Benl1KI1M UI1I1. "DC3 nee, nl1WCT

3aBOeBaHI1CM

B.

30TOB,

TaKHX

YI-lI1KaJ1bHhIX anoxa

MI1POBOH I1CTOPI1H. KaK aHTH'-IH351 rpCUI151 HI151. COBpeMeHHblH KanI1TaJ1113M aa 6a3C

11 PI1M,

6neCT5Iwa51

B03pmKDC-

cyurecraeuao cnoco6HOCTI1

MO)lepHI13I1pOBaHilOH nOHTI1 HaBCTpCLJ~ B

LJaCTIfOH C06CTBCHHOCTI1 pac I )'lIlYlM Cl COUHaJlbHblM

npo,UeMOHCTpl1pOBaJl sanpocav moneii.

BHCCTI1 HC06XOJlI1\1bIC

KOPPCKTI1Bbl

pyk

rypbl

non YlTI1'-1CCKOH BnaCTI1 ... CTpaH 3)lCCb

CerO,']JI5IIIJH5I5I

,UeHCTBI1TCJlbHOCTb

pa'3BYIerne COIIYl110

'n-rx

Kalll1TaJII1CTI1LJCCKYlX uaaan.

pa3HTCJlbHO

OTJlYl'-laCTC5I OT TOH, npaeosoe.

'-ITO 6blJl3

1J(1)((C 11eT COpOK

HaJ1I1UO He npOCTO

a npaBOBOC

aJ1bHOC rocynapcrno. MHOI'HM HOCHI napaverpav TOM 'IHCJlC 11 nocyra

CPYHKUYlOHI1PYIOWCC ypOBHIO

B YC110BH5IX )I(H3HH,

0611lCCTBa, COUl1anbHOH

KOTOPOC otiecneueu-

11 Ka'-lCCTBY

(B

11 nCHCI10HHOH), jJI{)llCH --

opraumauaa ropasno

3npaBOOXp3HCIIYl5I. 6nYl)I(c

06pa'30-

Ball115L 6bl ra

naxo.nrrcs

K COUHaJlI1CTYlLJC.. I,

CKOMY 11;1CaJly, LICM JIIo60c

06111CCTBO. Ha3blBalOlllce

cc651 COlll1anI1CTYI'ICCKII~l

Teuepi,
IlbIit OOMCII n01lb3ycMC5I

01 BCII1M

ua

aonpoc,

noxesry npH

npOH3BO!l.CTBO

ua

PblHOK

H PblHOq-

BOJMOIKHbI WI51 sroro

.nuun,

nanuxau
xoropue

-racruon
npaseneau

co6cTBeHHocTH. B KHl1re

Boc-

aprYMcHTaMI1, ",

.LJ..

XaHMaHa

"C

OBpCMCIlHa51

MI1KP03KOHoMHKa f1I1WeT

flpCnnOJlQ)KHM, HaKa3aHilC sanapart, sa

aBTOp,

'-ITO aasrpa 3aKOH

BblXOnl1T sanpeuiaer

3aKOH,

OTMCH5IK)lllYl~i K.J1IO'-lYl Ii nCpC~BYI-

xpaxcy

aBTOM06IiJICH.

TaK)f(C

YHOCI1Tb 1l06pKnalOT

ilBCpll

LJaC1'HOro aBTOM0611J151. Jhoneii f1CPBOH

OTKPblTO

raTbC5I, laB1IallCBa51

nee

M3UlI1HOH,

OCTaBncHIWH

Ha ynaue Ha PblHOK ua

6e'3 IIPI1CMOTpa. aBTOM06Y1JICH.

Paccuo rpirre BJH151Hl1esroro 51BHO uenenoro '3aKOHa Bna.rcm.uu aBTOM0611J1CH f10Tep5l101' CBOI1 npasa '30BaHYle CBOI1MI1 MaWI11l3MH. Cua-iana 3TO Bbl30BCT
Y:lOOC1'Ba, 6C'l rate KaK OHI1 Il0JlY'-lalOT MawllHy. npaso lIPllC~10Tpa nepcfipa

I1CKJ1IOLJI1TeJlbHOe nonsHe3Ha411TenbllbiC IIC-

Jll1lJJb

I1Cfl011b30BaTb Morno ua 6bl 6blTb

4bIO-111160 cxopee

OCT3BJlCIlHYIO

Cnepsa
Mawl1HY

.. no

naxce

ynofino

4roObi nepsyio epsn neu

[,bC5I C oznroro

MeCTa

npyroe,

LJenOBeK B f1yHK r no,

npocro

ca).H11 C5I B OHa

)!(C nocrynuyro

11 OTflpaBJl5IeTC5I OH BepHeTC5I,

Ha3Ha'-lCHI151 6y,UeT

J11l OCTaHeTC5I ilpyroH

Ha MeCTC,

korzia

Bep05lTHO,

noc ry-

aBTOM0611J1b. aonjrreneii He 6YilCT no MeCTa cTI1MYJ1a 3aJ1I1BaTb Ewe B 6aK 6eH311Ha 6YneT 60JlbWe, C1I1My3aMC-

Onaaxo Y
LfeM HY)l(HO JlOB

.D)l51 ncpeesna

H33f1a'-leHI151. B xopourev

MeHbwe

JIJl51

nonncpxcauu»

aaroraofinneii

COCT05lHI111. KTO nocrynua

CTaHeT

H5ITb TpaHCMI1CCl11O

B MaWI1He,

KOTOpa51 Bp5l,U 11116y.neT

,UJl51J1I1'-1IWrO

301ll0G

BallHOCTIl

13 Fpaxcrtancxoe 06111eCTBO H npasosoe II KOMMYHI1CT. 1990. N~ 7. C. 25.

rocynapcrso

nOKa3aTeJlH

Ul1BHJlI130-

47

n0J1b30BaHI151nOCJ1e CJ1e.uYIOll(eH nOe3.uKI1? TaKI1M 06pa30M, 6aKe Mo)KeT He OCTaTbC5I aBTOM0611J1eH B pa604eM

-repea HeKOTOpOe

BpeM5I 113-3a nJ10XOrO TeXHI14eCKOrO 06CJ1Y)KI1BaHI151 HeXBaTKI1 6eH311Ha B 11 COCT05lHI1I1, rrpuronuux

.uJ151 I1cnOJ1 b30BaHI151.

4TO np01130H.ueT aa psnnce aBTOM0611J1eH? KTO CTaHeT

noxyriars

MaWI·1HY.

eCJlI1 npaao

I1CKJ1104I1TeJ1bHOrO BJ1a.ueHI151 n0J1b30BaHI151ero HeocYll(eCTBI1Mo: 11

nOCKOJlbKY HI1KTO He )KeJlaJI 6bl

noxynars

aBTOM0611J111, HI1KTOHe CTaJI 6bl I1X 11

np0113BOll11Tb. )J,pyrl1MI1 CJlOBaMI1, PblHOK aBTOM0611J1eHpa3pYWI1J1C5I6bl, TaK KaK

ueus:

aBTOM0611J1eHynann

6bl no HYJ151. CTI1MYJlbl K cOBepWeH111OPb1H04c06cTBeHHocTI1, na xoropue MoryT 6bITb noc06cTBeHHOCTl1 -

HOH onepauuu ny-ieau oro

OCHOBaHbl na npaaax

nYTeM 06MeHa HaJlI14HbiX neuer

rosapu. Ilpasa

npI1BI1J1erl151ananers

11 I1CnOJlb30BaTb .ueCPI1UI1THble pecypcu. 06MeH nofiyscnaer coaepuran,

IlpnofiperenOKynKI1; 3TO

Hl1e 3TI1X npas raxzce

-repes PblH04HblH

OTHOCI1TC5I11 K nponaxce. OCHOBaHbl aa nponyxuneii

CTI1MYJlbl K npoI13Bo.uCTBY 11 npennoxcenmo

TOBapoB 11ycnyr TOprOBaTb ceoeii

npeztnonoaceuua,

4TO npozraeuu

I1MelOT npaso

sa HaJlI14Hbie .ueHbrl1. ECJlI1 6bl Y HI1X He 6blJlO c06cTBeHHocTI1, OHI1 He I1MeJlI1 6bl CTI1-

B03Mo)KHOCTI1 nepenasan, MyJla np0l13Bo.uI1Tb rosapu -raer, 4TO pblHKI1 MoryT HOCTI1ua

CBOI1 npasa 11ycnyrn

11npennara n, I1X ua

nponaxcy.

3TO 03HaC06CTBeH-

CYll(eCTBOBaTb TOJ1bKO.uJ151OBapOB, npasa T

xoropsre
puuxa

rrerxo

yCTaHaBJ1I1BaIOTC5I, peaJIv13YlOTC5I 1nepenaiorcs. 1 npas

Korna
npeneneune

He CYll(eCTByeT BCJle.uCTBl1eTpy.uHOCTI1 onpeneneuua OCYll(eCTBJl5ITbC5Inocpencreov

c06CTBeHHOCTI1, ueuu pecypcos

HeB03MO)l(HO YCTaHOBI1Tb. Ees npas c06CTBeHHOCTI1 pacMomo 6bl C npl1MeHeHH5I C06CTBeH-

CI1J1bl.3TO 6blJ1 6bl MI1P, B KOTOPOM"npaso n0J1Y4aeT CI1J1bHeHllIl1H"; CI1J1bHbIH n0J1Y4aJ16bl npaso ira pecypcu HOCTI1n03BOJl5llOT cosepurars 11HaCI1J1I151. Ilpasa I cnernca OpraHI130BaHHO 11KYJlbTYPHO . yrpos

novouu.ro

2.3. nPABA COllCTBEHHOCTJf KAK "nPABJfJIA MrPbI" B X03HJfCTBEHHbIX

Yi3 BbIWeI13J10)l(eHHOrO 51CHO,4TO npasa aenen-recxne HOPMbl, perynupyroume pona pe.uKI1X 6J1ar. 3TO csoero

CJfCTEMAX

c06CTBeHHOCTI1 peaJIl13YlOTC5IKaK nocornacuo KOTOPblM nporexaet

OTHOWeHI151Me)K.uy J11O.ubMI1 no nOBO.:l),

"npasuna urpu",
B 06ll(eCTBe.

3KOHOMI14eCKa51 nearensaocri, npasa

"Ilpasa

c06CTBeHHOCTI1 pecypcos

:no

KOHTPOJ1l1pOBaTbI1CnOJlb30BaHI1e onpenenenaux 3TOM sarparu MHeHl110 ruoneii, 11 Bblro.ubi. YiMeHHo npasa no 51BJ151eTC5I CYll(eCTBYIOll(I1MI1

11 pacnpene11J111 roo -

J151Tb npn

c06CTBeHHOCTI1 -

-rro,

npaBI1JlaMI1 urpu.

Xail.lIUII

/1 H Coapevenuaa

MHKP03KOHOMHKa: aHaJlH3 H npH~!eHeHl1e.

B2

'I.

4. 1. M..

1992 C 9. 48

onpeLleJUIIOT, KaKI1M I1MeHHO 06pa30M npeLlJlo)KCHI1S1 cnpoca'". 11 ero OTHOWeHl1e K 3Tl1M

B 061l.(eCTBe OCYll.(eCTBJUllOTCSI npoueccu Onpeztenss MeCTO 4eJlOBeKa B Wipe peLlKI1X 6Jlar 11 6JlaraM, npnaarue "npasana nrpsr" npezrorspaiuaior cpezty 60Jlee ynopsno11npencxaayevoti.

couuansuue

KOHCPJlI1KTbl,LleJlalOT 3KOHOMl14ecKYIO

4eHHo~L OpraHl130BaHHoH

¥iLleSi 0 TOM, 4TO c06CTBeHHOCTb

ecrs

Ha60p "pas

na

"pHHHTHe

3KOHOHeOUfI-

MHlJeCKHX peurenun,

BblLlBI1HYTa npeLlCTaBI1TeJlSlMI1 coapevenaoro OLlHOH 113 nanfionee 113BeCTHbiXTeOpl1H

cmumyuuouanusua. Y
CTa diecccp

aroro
?

nanpaane-

HI1S1 SlBJlSleTCSI 3KOHOMHlJeCKaH'reopaa

"pas

c06cTseHHocTH-.
npeMl111

I1CTOKOB3TOH TeOp1111 CTOSlJlI1 LlBa 113BeCTHbiX aMepl1KaHCKI1X 3KOHOMI1-

POHaJIbLl KOy3, naypear

4l1KarCKOro

H06eJleBcKoH

1991

r., n04eTHblH

npo-

YHI1BepCI1TeTa, 11ApMeH AJIlJHH, nporpeccop B paapafiorxe

J1oc-AHJ.l)Ke-

JleCCKOro YHI1BepCI1TeTa. B nansueiiurei«

30BaHl1l1 3T0l1 TeOp1111 npl1HI1MaJll1 aKTI1BHOe Y4aCTl1e

n. Bapuem., r. ));eMceIl,

11npaKTl14eCKOM I1CnOJlb-

));. HOPT,

P. Ilosnep

H np.
3TOH, no I1X CJlOBaM, "YHI1BepCaJlbHOH c06cTBeHHOCTl1 11ee I1CnOJlb30BaHl11O B Ka4eCTBe

Oc06eHHOCTl1 MeTaTeOpl1l1"

nO,LIXO,LIaasropoa

K TpaKToBKe

MeTOLlOJlOrl14eCKOH 11061l.(eTeOpeTl14eCKOH OCHOBbl 3KOHOMl14eCKOro aaannsa COCT05lTB cnenyiouiera.

Bo-nepaux,
pecypc "ny40K cau

B CBOI1X I1CCJle,LIOBaHI1S1X OHI1 onepupyior a TepMI1HOM "npaso

He npl1Bbl4HbiM c06cTBeHHOCTI1". I1JlI1 ,LIOJ!SI, paa n TeM auure

,LIJlSl He aa ero

Hac nOH5ITl1eM "c06CTBeHHOCTb", I1CnOJlb30BaHl1e pecypca npaBOM04I1H", -

no ce6e SlBJlSleTCSI c06CTBeHHoCTblO, a "nY40K, aaxpennennux 11 seun.,

BOT 4TO COCTaBJlSleTc06CTBeHHOCTb,,3. l.JeM urnpe aa ,LIaHHblM pecypcosr, B3wraSi nanpoxar,

ueHHOCTb. TaK, CBOSIseuis

HMelOT pasnyto

nones-

HOCTbnns nOTpe6I1TeJlSl, ,LIa)KeeCJlI1 OHI1 nOJlHOCTblO l1,L1eHTl14Hbi.TI03TOMY JlIO6011 aKT 06MeHa ecri, He 4TO I1HOe, KaK 06MeH "nY4KaMI1 npas c06CTBeHHOCTI1".

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2) 3) 4) 5)
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II

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CBOHCTB6Jlar LlJlSl

T. e. npaaa na oT4Y)!(,LIeHl1e, norpefineuae,

YHI14TO)!(eHl1e 6Jlara;

Xeuue II. 3KoHoMH4ecKYIll

ofipas MblwneHHlI.

M , 1994. C 325

Ilonpooaee
1990.

CM

KalleJ/lOUIIIlIK06

PH

3KoHoMH4ecKali rights

reopna

npas co6CTBeHHocTH Economic Review.

Moo
1967

Demset:

f-{

Toward

a theory

of property

II

American

T. 57. N~ 2 49

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50

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Ornaere
aeuuas

JlI1 Bbl npezmo-rreane

KaKOH-JlI160 <jlopMe c06cTBeHHocTI1'> nepen '1aCTHoH?

I1Mecr

JlI1 rocynapcr-

c06cTBeHHocTb

KaKl1e-TO npenuyurecraa

53

8. 9.

K KaKoH <jJ0pMe co6cTBeHHocTH OTHOCHTCliaaure Y'Ie6HOe aaseneaae? CHJlbHble H cnatiue 06MeH "nY'IKaMH

B POCCHH ecrs HeMaJlO npoHIBHHKOB '1aCTHOH co6cTBeHHocTH aa 3eMJUO. Ilpaaenjrre CTOPOHbl apryverrramrn anropoa :noH TO'lKH 3peHHlI.

10. KaK Bbl nOHHMaeTe CMblCJI yrsepacneaaa,

npaa co6CTBeHHOCTH"?

-rro

JII060H aKT 06MeHa ecri, He 'ITO HHoe, KaK

3aoa1.tu, ynpaxuenus;
1.
BHIIMaTenbHO l.Ja np01laBUOB OTBeTbTe a) 6) B)

mecmu
yrsepxnenae:
"PbIHOK ecn, BCTpeTOBapaMI1 I1nl1 ycnyravn''.

rtpoananaaupytire
II

cnenyiouiee C uenuo

noxynarenen

06MeHa

ua cnenyrouiue xoppexrnuv

eonpocu:
BaM npencrasnaerca 1laHHOe onpeneneune nOHHMaHHIO punxa? psnuca? OCHOBHble npHl.JHHbl B03HHKHOBeHH5I puaxa? cOBpeMeHHoMY

Hacxonsxo

BKnIOl.JaeT J1I11laHHOe

onpeaeneane

He npOTI1BOpel.JI1T nH aro onpenenenne HH)f(e xapaxrepusyer TO, l.JTO n0J1b3yeTc5I o6MeH

2.

4TO 113 nepe-racnennoro a) 6) r) npOIl3B01lIlTC5I pblHKH naun,

PbIHOl.JHYIO CIICTeMY X0311HCTBa: cnpocov; uen; snecs cnpoc

o6eCnel.JI1BalOT

HHcpopMaUlleH;

B) 1lecpIIUHT npeononesaerca B PbIHOl.JHOH 3KOHOMIIKe ypaBHoBeWHBaeTC5I

nOCpe1lCTBOM MexaHII3Ma

He MO)f(eT 6blTb 1lecpl1UI1Ta, nOCKonbKY

npenncoxenaesr;

n) see asnue nepevncnesnoe.

3.

KpIITIIl.JeCKII

OueHI1Te

cnenyrouiee -

BbICKa3bIBaHlle:

"113

I1CTOPI111 113BeCTHbi nse He .LIOBe-

CPOpMbl co6cTBeHHocTII e1lI1Ha~ CYI.l(HOCTb".

06I.l(eCTBeHHa51

II l.JaCTHa5l. I1x paana-iae

1leHO 110 npOTIIBOnOJlO)f(HOCTI1.

061.l(eCTBeHHoH

II l.JaCTHOH co6CTBeHHOCTII crpopvynupoeau06b5lCHHTe:

Onnpascs
Hoe aBTopaMII a) 6) B) r) l.JTOnexorr

ua COBpeMeHHoe "3KOHOMIIl.JeCKOH

nOHI1MaHl1e

co6CTBeHHOCTI1,

TeOp1l11 npaa co6CTseHHOCTH", l.JaCTHOH co6cTseHHOCTI1?

B OCHOBe B03HI1KHOBeHII5I

MO)f(HO J1H Cl.JHTaTb nOH5ITI1~ "coficraeaaocrs" CIIHOHIIMaMYI? HaCKonbKO enaua BaM Ka)f(eTC5I npYleMJ1eMblM

II "l.JaCTHa51 coticraeunocn,' co6CTBeHECJlI1 na, TO

nOH5ITYle "06I.l(eCTBeHHa~

HOCTb", He C01leP)f(HT na OHO npOTlIBOpel.JI151? na CYI.l(HOCTb 061.l(eCTBeHHoH 11l.JaCTHOH co6CTBeHHOCHI? B l.JeM 3TO e1lI1HCTBO?

4.

Kaxoe
a) 6)

113 nepe-racneanux

HYI)f(e YTBep)f(1leHI1H

0 PbIHOl.JHOH H HepblHOllHOH

1le5lTeJlbHOCTH 51Bn5leTC5Iaesepauv? HepbIHol.JHa51 zrearensnocrs B crpepe HepbIHo4HOH OTnl1lIaeTC5I OT PbIHOl.JHOH TeM, l.JTO OHa He npoHe YCTaHaBJ1HBaIOTC5I no npH'II1-

1laeTC5I H na see He YCTaHaBJ1I1SaeTC5I uena. 1leHenbHOCTH ansrepnaraaaux uenu He OTCYTCTBH5I anecs 1131lep)f(eK.

54

B) r)

Enara,

npezinaraevue

rOCY.L\apCTBOM, 4aCTO npe.L\OCTaBn5IIOTC5I JlIO.L\51M 6ec-

nJlaTHO, TaK KaK OHI1 HepblH04Ha51

npomseneuu
sro

HepblH04HhiM

CeKTOpOM. Ha KOTOaa pumce.

.L\e5lTeJlbHOCTb -

TaKa51 .L\e5lTeJlbHOCTb, pacxonu

pyro 5.

He nOKpblBalOTC5I aa C4eT npO.L\<DK11 OBapOB 11ycnyr T

KaKa51 113CJle.L\YlOl1.(l1xxareropnn a) 6) r) rOCY.L\apCTBeHHa51coticrsenaocn.; KOHKypeHUI151;

He OTHOCI1TC5IK PbIH04HOH 3KOHOMI1Ke:

B) CBo60.L\HOe

uenoofipasosanue;

rocY.L\apCTBeHHa51 MOHOnOJlI151SHeWHeH TOprOBJlI1;

.L\) MOHOnOJlbHa51 BJlaCTb HeCKOJlbKI1X Qll1PM nan pbIHKOM.

6.

Kaxue
a) 6)

113nepe-mcneauux

H(1)1(eYTBep)l(.L\eHI1H BbI C411TaeTe BepHblMI1: C.L\eJlKI1nOCpe.L\CTrrpas c06CTBeHMO)KeT

ycranoanenne

npaa c06CTBeHHOCTI1 n03BOJl5leT cosepuiars

BOM PblHOLIHoro 06MeHa; KOr.L\a PblHKOB HeT BCJle.L\CTBl1e TPY.L\HOCTI1 onpenenenns HOCTI1, uens: He MoryT B) npn r) OTCYTC rB1111 npas 6blTb yc

ranoeneuu:
pacnpenenenne pecypcos

c06CTBeHHOCTI1

OCYLUeCTBJI5ITbC5I TOJlbKO pblHKI1 MoryT «oropue .L\) ace ssuue MoryT nerxo

ua

OCHOBaHl111CI1Jlbl; c06CTBeHHOCTI1

CYLUeCTBOBaTb TOJlbKO .L\1l51 TOBapOB, npasa

ua

YCTaHaBnI1BaTbC5I, peaJll130BbIBaTbC5I 11nepenaaarscs.

nepe-mcneuuoe. crpevrieuae
JlIO.L\eH K 06MeHY, "OproBne 11 Boo611.(e K OT.L\a4e 11 cnoco6HOCTI1 aupa-

7.

"COCTaBJl5leT JlI1 O}lHOH BeLUI1 sa

ripyryro

O.L\HO113 nepsoua-ransnux cnOBOM, xaxae

CBOHCTB 4eJlOBe4eCKOH npnnpI1BO.L\51TJII0.L\eH K

P0.L\bl 11J111 )I(e OHO )I(aTb CBOI1 MbICJlI1" B3al1MHOMY 06MeHY

He06xo.L\I1MOe Cne.L\CTBl1e paaysra 6naraMI1? 3TOT sonpoc

Bo0611.(e npl1411Hbi

A.L\aM CMI1T OCTaBl1n 6e3 OTBeTa.

Ilonpofiyare

Bbl 060CHOBaTb OTBeT na .L\aHHbIH sonpoc.

Omeemu:
16. .ta, 16. Her, 2.1(), 36. na, 36. na, 4. r); 5. r); 6.1().

PeKO.M.ellOye.M.a51
A.\I6ap~fY.W06 A. A . Kane.7/0ulfIUK06 KpOy3

.sumepamypa
M.,

Cmepnuxoe

CP. CP. 3KOHOMI1Ka. 1993.

1997.
M.,

P. H.

3KOHOMI14eCKali reopna

npaa c06cTBeHHocTI1.

1990. 1994.

P.

<l>l1pMa, PbIHOK, rtpaso. M.,

Kypc 3KOHOMI14eCKOH TeOp1111 non pen. M. H. 4enypl1Ha, /

E. A.

KI1CeJleBOH.KHpOB, M.,

Hypeee P M.

OCHOBhl 3KOHOMI14eCKOHreopna. pen.

MI1Kp03KoHoMI1Ka. M.,

1996.

3KOHOMI1Ka: Y4e6HI1K / non

A. C. Eynarosa.

1997.

rnx

BA 3

CIIPOC J1 IIPE)1;JIO)KEHJ1E. <l>AKTOPbI CIIPOCA J1 IIPE)1;JIO)KEHJUI

K.!lIO'Ile6ble

nouamua
06beM cnpoca

Bsauuooononuneuue moeapu B3aUM03aMeWle.Hble moeapu

POfl20CPOll1lblU nepuoo POXOO )f(eflaHue 3aKOH npeOflOJICeHUR 3aKOII cnpoca 1130epJlCKUnpouseoocmea

Ilpeonootcenue

Puuouuuu cnpoc Hnoueuoyaneuuu cnpoc

Cnpoc

Lleua
l{ella npeono uceuun

lleua cnpoca
3rjJpeKm Tudubena 3ppeKm 3ppeKm ooxooa sastetu«

Kpamxocpounuu nepuoo
Kpuean npeOflO:JICeHUR Kpuean cnpoca 06beM

cPYHKlfUR npeonoucenun cPYIIKlfURcnpoca

npeonoxcenus

3.1. nOHHTI1E
Kaxczioe
caMOCT05ITeJ1bHOeX03}!I1cTBO,

cnroca
B OTHOWeHI1}! C ,Upyrl1MI1 npennoaceuue ueua, 11npem.as11ripencnpoc

acrynarouiee

caMOCTO}!TeJ1bHbIMI1X03}!I1cTBaMI1, C03,UaeT na puuxe J1}!eT cnpoc no

onpenenennu«

ueaasr.

TaKI1M 06pa30M,

J1O)«eHl1e }!BJ1}!IOTC}!OCHOBHblMI1 3J1eMeHTaMI1 psuro-moro 3TI1 3J1eMeHTbl ,UOJ1)KHbl peoxne scero n HeM C aHaJ1113a cnpoca,

MeXaHI13Ma. I1MeHHo aHaJ1113a. a-tH

CTaTb npe,UMeTOM uautero

56

rIPC.D,bl.D,Ylll,CH Mbl

rJ1aBC

rIP'"

paCCMOTpCHHH

KPHBOH KaK

rIPOH3BO.D,CTBCHHbIX 6blJ10 rIOKa3aHO.

B03rIP05lB-

MO)f{HOCTCH

paCCMOTpCJ1H

penxocrs.

PC.D,KOCTb, 06lll,CCTBa

J151CTC5I B OrpaHH4CHHI1 K0J1114CCTBO KPHBOH 6J1ar rtpn

B03Mo)KHOCTCH I1MCIOU~HXC5I

rIPOH3BO)J,I1Tb KaK paa

OrIPC.D,CJ1CHHOC H 04Cp4I1BaCTC5I CTOHT sana-ra I1MCTb

pecypcax,

KOTOPOC TCrICPb

rIP0I13BO.D,CTBeHHbIX

B03MO)f{HOCTCH.

rICPC.D, HaMH 3PCHI151 ero 0

CMO.D,CJlI1pOBaTb OrIPC.D,CJ1CHHOC 6J1aro,

nOBC.D,CHI1C nOTpc6HTCJ151 K0J1H4CCTBO 6J1ar.

C T04KH Mbl

JKeJ1aHHH

Korna

rOBopHM I1MCHHO

)KCJ1aHHH

rI0J1Y4HTb

TO CTaBI1M

B U.CHTp BHHMaHI151 J1HQHOCTh. aH3J1113a B MI1KP03KOHOMI1KC. 3TOM 3aKJl104aCTC5I

HH.D,I1BH.D" nOTpc611TCJ1b nero Bpalll,aIOTC5I see

HaXO.D,I1TC5I B ueirrpe I1CCJ1C.D,OBaHI151. 3KOHOMI14CCKOH

Boxpyr

O.D,Ha 113 OC06CHHOCTCH n0J1I1T3KOHOMI1I1

HCOKJlaCCl1llCCKOH U.CHTP3J1bHOH <pl1ry-

TCOPI1I1.

KJlaCCI14CCKOH

POH aH3J1113a 6blJ1 KanI1T3J1I1CT.

y y
A

o
PHe.

x
KpvlBas:l np0l!13BOACTBeHHbix B03MO)KHOCTe~

3-1.
4TO

0PC.D,rI0J10)f{I1M, CTCH (puc.

na

I1MCIOlll,CHC5I

KPI1BOH

npoH3Bo.D,CTBCHHbIX

B03MO)f{HO-

3-1)

ncpBOHa43J1bHblC yHTI1 113 T04KI1

nOTpc6HOCTH

I1H.D,I1BH.D,a HaXO.D,I1JlI1Cb B T04KC

A.
cro

Terreps
I1MCTb

OH X04CT Ha60p

B T04KY

B.

3TO

03Ha4aCT,

4TO

OH )f{CJ1aCT

TOBapoB

(X

bv

Yh),

OTMC4CHHblX

B T04KC

B. B

.D,aHHOM CJ1Y4ac

)f{CJ1aHI1C nOKa3bIBaCT, 04CBI1.D,HO, 4TO

KaK OH OTHOCHTC5I

K cOBoKynHOCTI1

3KOHOMI14CCKI1X K0J1114CCTBOM

6J1ar.

I1HJ],I1BI1J], )f{CpTBYCT 4T06bl nOK33aHO I1MCTb B

OrIPC.D,CJ1CHHbIM onpcJ],CJ1CHHOC rnaee,

roaapa

(Y" - Yh)
pa -

paJ],11 'roro, KaK 6blJ10

K0J1114CCTBO OTK33

ztpyroro

TOBaOT OrIuena,

XI> .

rtpeztunyuieii

nOTpc6I1TCJ151 CYlll,CCTBY,

PCJ],CJ1CHHOrO K0J1114CCTBa rosapa KOTOpylO

Y, pasnoro

(Y" - Yh),

CCTb, no

OH nJ1aTI1T aa CBOC )f{CJ1aHI1C I1MCTb onpC.D,CJ1CHHOC K0J1114CCTBO rosapa

X.
rIO-

yCJ10BI1HX cnpoc.

HHTI1C TOBapoB, Ka)f{)J,OrO

puuxa )f{CJ1aHI1C nOTpc6I1TCJ151 Cnpoc KaK 3KOHOMI14CCKa51

nOTpc611TCJ1b ecrj,

TpaHc<p0PMI1PYCTC5I KaTCrOpl151 xyrurrs. xapaxrepuayer 3TO

B HOBOC

06bCM 4TO J],J151 onpene-

KOTOPblC 113 Hac

)KCJ1aCT 11 MO)f{CT

3Ha411T, llCM

cnpoc

npeacte

scero

lJlyHKQHH

JKeJ1aHHH.

J1HCTC5I 3TO )f{CJ1aHl1c?

57

3.2.

~YHKIJ;ID1

crreocs J.1

3AKOH

cnrocx
nyrs
K ocy-

ECJlH Mbl »cenaeu weCTBJleHl110

npaofipecrn aBTOM06HJlb, aroro )KeJlaHI151?

acero C ananma

C -rero Ha4HeTC5I naui

04eBI1.UHO, npexcne aBTOM06I1JlI1, 3aTeM

uen,

Mu
uenu

Y3HaeM

ueuu

na paaaue

nomrrepecyeacs

ueHaMI1 na aBTOM0611Jll1 ,L(aHHoi1 MapKI1 B ua 6eH311H, na sanacaue

paansrx

Mara3l1Hax.

)].aJlee Mbl npoaaanaaapyev

pafioru B aBTOCepBI1Ce. Mu TaK)Ke ,L(OJl)KHblnO,L(YMaTb0 noxynxe rapaxca I1JlI1 nnare aa oxpaH5IeMYIO CT05lHKY. HaKOHeu, Mbl OueHI1M CBOI1 ,L(OXO,L(bl, TeM 4T06bl onpenenars, CMO)KeMJlI1 Mbl cnenars ery noxyrncy, MO)[(eT C
4aCTI1, na 0[(a3aTbC5I, 4TO ,L(OXO,L(bl n03BOJl5lT HaM npl106peCTI1 ,L(aHHbli1aBTOM06I1Jlb. He TaKI1M 06pa30M, »cenauaev

pevoaruue

cJ1YHKlI.HH

cnpoca -

3TO B3aI1MOCB5I3b Me)[(,L(Y HaWI1M

I1MeTb TOT I1JlI1 I1HOi1TOBap (cnpOCOM aa TOBap) 11onpenenmouurwu MO)KeT 6blTb aupasceua cnenyiouurv 06pa30M:

ero cpaKTOpaMI1. 06wa51 CPYHKUI151 cnpoca

rne

Q" -

06beM cnpoca uena TOBapa

(quantity); (price);

PJ -

,L(OXO,L( (income); sxycs: uena

TPI P, -

(tastes); 3aMeH5IeMb1XTOBapOB (substitutes Cy6CTI1TYTOB); (complement KOMnJleMeHToB); ,L(aHHOrOTOBapa. 51BJl5leTC5I pYHKUl1ei1 pana c OT nepeveuaux.

11npe,L(n04TeHI151 norpefirrreneii

uena ,L(OnOJlH5IeMbIX TOBapOB KOJll14eCTBO noxynareneti 06pa30M, 06beM cnpoca

NTaKI1M

PaCCMOTpl1M

nexoropsre

113HI1X. OH 3aBI1CI1T npexcne scero

uensr. Ileua KO-

3TO cyMMa zreaer. Jll14eCTBO TOBapa. aaannse

KOTOPYIO rOTOB

ynnarrrrs

nOTpe611TeJlb sa onpeneneuuoe

Cnenyer,

O,L(HaKO,3aMeTI1Tb, 'ITO B MI1KP03KOHOMI14eCKOM

,L(eHbrl1 He I1CnOJlb3YIOTC5I,11 n03TOMY ueua KaK nponopuna neuer,

ssrcrynaer

3,L(eCbB CBoeM ua npyroii.

nepB03,L(aHHOM BI1,L(e -

06MeHa O,L(HOrO 'rosapa

)lOXO)l -

3TO cyMMa

KOTOPYIO nOTpe611TeJlb nOJlY411Jl B Ka4eCTBe aaevaoro pa60THI1Ka;

KOMneHCaUl111 sa

CBOI1 TPY,L(OBble YCI1JlI151(aapnnara npl16blJlb

npe,L(npI1HI1MaTeJlbCKa51 (uopaansnas) CTaBKe 6aHKOBCKoro ,L(pyrHM naua«

6113HeCMeHa, KOTOpa51pasua

npoueirra), B BI1,L(eB03Harpa)[(.L(eHI151aa npenocraenenauii xanaran (npouerrr) I1JlI1 C,L(aHHYIO B apeuny 3eMJllO (peirra).
nOTpe611TeJl516Y,L(eT 113MeH5ITbC5I: H O

04eBI1,L(HO, 'ITO C POCTOM ,L(OXO,L(a npoc c 6Y,L(eT B03paCTaTb na

rosapu, xoropue nOTpe611TeJlb BblCOKO ueHI1T, 11 CHI1)KaTbC5I ua re 113HI1X, «oropue ,L(Jl51 nOTpe611TeJl51MeHee ueHHbl. K 60Jlee nonHOi1 xapaxrepncrmce 3TI1X TOBapOB Mbl BepHeMC5I B rnaae, nOCB5IweHHoi1 Teopl1l1 nOTpe611TeJlbCKOrO nOBe,L(eHI151 (BbI6opa).

58

BKYChI nOTpe6HTeJIeU
Hl1e na 06beM cnpoca. OHI1

H HX npe,UnOQTeUHH OKa3bIBalOT
CPOPMHPYIOTC5I 11 T. n. non BJIH5IHHeM pacryuuni cnopTHBHYIO

OipOMHOe

BJUHI-

cpenu,
I1HTepec 06YBb,

06b14aeB, K cnopOne)f(ny,

penarna,

BOCnI1TaHI151, B03paCTa 10nbl pe3KO

Hanpavep,
cnpoc na

TY B nOCJIenHl1e I1HBeHTapb.

nOBblCI1JI

qHCJIO nOTpe6HTeJIeU.
nOTpe611TeJIeH KOH ueHe. na

l.J:eM 60nbwe 60JIbWe

npn

naHHOM cnpoca

yposue

zioxona TOBap npn

4HCJIO BC5I-

puuxe,

TeM

06beM

ua JII060H

B3AHM03AMEH~EMbIE TOBAPbl
OD,HOPOD,HbIM M03aMeH5IeMbIX uen5lM, n03TOMY TOBapOB

3TO

rasae rosapu,
Bbl6paTb eiO

xoropue
cpenn psna

CJIY)f(aT B3al1npaOTHO He

noxynarern,
KOTOPbli1

MO)f(eT OTBe4aeT TaK 4TO

rakoii,

)KeJIaHI151M.

KaK

BI1JIO, 3aMeH5IeMOCTb

51BJI5IeTC5I HenOJIHoi1, TOBapaM -

noxynareru,

no-pa3HOMY ueJII1,

HOCI1TC5I K B3aI1M03aMeH5IeMbIM a6COJIIOTHO Maptapl1H, OD,I1HaKOBO.

OHI1 CJIY)KaT

TOi1 xce

Ilpuvepaso:
UblnJI5ITa

B3aI1M03aMeH5IeMOCTI1

51BJI5IIOTC5I MaCJIO 11 11T. D,.

nJIal..U11 1130HTbl,

11I1HD,ei1KI1, D,pOBa H y10JIb

B3AHMO.ll.On0J1H~EMbIE TOBAPbl
Mepe, I1HOiD,a) )KeJIaIOT nOTpe6JI5ITb

3TO 're,

xoropue

nlOD,11 (no

Kpai1Hei1

COBMeCTHO:

pyfiauncn

11 iaJICTyKI1,

urrauu

11

nOD,T5I)f(KI1, I11OJIKI1 11 HI1TKI1, aBTOM0611JII1 060pYD,OBaHl1e MblMI1 MOiYT 6blTb

H 6eH311H.

Tpyn
TaK

H npOH3BOD,CTBeHHoe 11 B3aHMOD,OnOJIH5Ie-

KaK B3aI1M03aMeH5IeMbIMI1, B 3aBI1CI1MOCTH KaK

3JIeMeHTaMI1

sarpar

OT KOHKpeTHoi1

caryauau. I1JII1 B3aI1M03aMeH5IeC 113MeHeHI1CM TOBapOB cnpoc na

,[(Ba Mble uens:

roaapa

onpeneJI5IIOTC5I OT Tom,

B3aI1MOD,OnOJIH5IeMble

B 3aBI1CHMOCTI1 D,PY101o.

KaK MeH5IeTC5I cnpoc uenu OD,H01O 113 nByX (naneuue ueuu TOiD,a na

ua OD,HH TOBap

CHI1)KeHl1e aa

B3aHM03aMeH5IeMbIX KQ)KY COKpaI..UaeT

yvensuraer
Me6eJIbHYlO TOBapOB

cnpoc 0611BKY

D,PYiOi1

113 KO)f(3aMeHHTeJI5I),

KaK D,JI5I

B3aI1MOD,OnOJIH5IeMbIX ueus: na aBTO-

I1MeeT

MeCTO npOTI1BOnOJIO)f(HOe cnpoc 4TO

51BJIeHHe (coxpauienae

M0611JII1 YBeJII1411BaeT

na 6eH311H 11aBTOMalHI1TOJIbl). MHOil1e Mepe B TOBapbI, B3aI1MOCB5I3b CTeneHI1, Me)!(JlY KOTOPblMI1

yb
cnafia,

3T01O 6YD,YT,

CJIeD,yeT, no

Kpai1Hei1

aesoropoti
MQ)KeT

B3aI1M03aMeH5IeMbIMI1, 61OD,)f(eT noxynacnpoca

nOCKonbKY

OHI1 Y4aCTBYlOT CHI1)f(eHl1e uen

B KOHKypeHUl111 Ha )KI1JIbe

aa OipaHl14eHHbli1 npl1BeCTI1 TaK KaK

rena.

1'aK,

K COKpal..UeHl11O

Ha sapytieacaue xynneunrx B03BpaI..UaTb TaKI1M 4aTb

Typl1CTH4eCKI1e

nOe3D,KI1,

B03paCTeT ua

411CJIO JIIOD,ei1, OTD,bIX, 4T06bI

xeaprupu,
06pa30M,

11 11M npl1D,eTC5I

COKpaTI1Tb

pacxonu

I1MelOl..Ul1eC5I D,OJIlH. CPYHKUI151 cnpoca na TOT I1JIH I1HOi1 TOBap UeHY 3TOiO D,OJI)f(Ha BKJIIOTOBa-

B Ka4eCTBe

rtepeaenuoji

He TOJIbKO

rosapa,

HO 11 ueuu

pOB-cy6CTI1TYTOB

11TOBapOB-KOMnJIeMeHTOB. D,aHHOiO TOJIbKO OT

Teneps D,OnycTI1M, 4TO see diarcropsr, KpOMe nepaoro (ueau rosapa - P) HeI13MeHHbI. TOiD,a 06beM cnpoca 6YD,eT 3aBI1CeTb
ueHbI

(P):

Qd

= f(P). 59

KaKoB xapaxrep

:nOH 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1?.ll.onyCTI1M, norpefiarens ·'):VKoHaTaH". B 3aBl1Cl1MOCTl1OT ueuu 11npyrne nOTpe611TeJlI1. Mesoiy

X04eT npu-

06peCTl1 516JlOKI1copra 11 ero

OH Kynl1T pasuue

I1X K0J1114eCTBa.TaK nocrynaior KOJlI14eCTBOM, xorcpoe

ueuoii rosapa

)!(eJlaIOT npnofipecra

nOTpe611TeJlI1, CYIl.(eCTByeT KOJll14eCTBO rex, KTO

CJlenYIOIl.(a513aBI1CI1MOCTb: 4eM HI1)!(e ueua ua TOBap, TeM 60JlbWHH cnpoc 6yneT

npern.aaneu

aa Hero, 11, naofiopor, 4TO cnpoc

C nOBbIWeHl1eM ueus: scex rrorpefiirreneii

B

COrJlaCI1TC5Inoxynars OTCIOna cnenyer,

TOBap, 6yneT YMeHbwaTbC5I. aa 516JlOKI1"):VKoHaTaH"

Mo)KeT 6bITb npencrasnen,

so-nepasrx,

euoe maiinuuu:

COOTHOUJeHHeueusi H KOJlH'IeCTBa Sl6JlOK copra ")1.moHaTaH", na KOTOPblH npem.aeneu cnpoc

Ileua Ja I xr
H6"~OK, py6

KOll114CCTBO

H6JIOK,

ua xoropoe npern.anneu cnpoc. xr

20 18 17 15 12 10 7 5

500 560 575 610 650 800 850

1000

BTOPOH cnoco6 noxynox cyrouiero -

11306pa)!(eHI1513aBHCl1MOCTl1 Me:iKny ueHOH 11 KOJll14eCTBOM .ll,n51 nOCTpOeHI151KPI1BOH cnpoca na OCI1 aocuacc 516JlOK I1HTepe.ll.aHfIa51 KOJlI1-

epatpuuecxuu .

OTJlO)!(I1M T04KI1, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.(l1e KOJll14eCTBY Hac COPTa, a Ha OCI1Op.LJ.I1HaT Kpl1Ba51ecri,

noxynaewux

COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.(l1e11Mueuu, (puc. 3-2). cornacuu KOJll14eCTBO xymrrs norpefiurenn

epatpu«

rpYllKlfUU

cnpoca om ueuu

Ha puc. 3-2 BI1.LJ.HO, 4TO npa ueue 4eCTBO 516JlOK QI' npn fionee

P,

Hl13KOH uene

P2 -

Q2'

ECJlI1 ace cnpoca,

B03MO)!(Hble T04KI1, xapaxrepnsyiounre COenI1HI1Tb, TO nOJlY4l1M Kpl1BYIO Kpl1Ba51 cnpoca pa3HbIX ueuax. 06bI4HO
1I0K..701l.

COOTHOWeHl1e "uena

o6beM cnpoca",
KPUBOH

D,

KOTOpa5111 Ha3bIBaeTC5I

nOKa3bIBaeT, xaxoe KOJll14eCTBO'rosapa 4TO

KPUBOR

norpefinrena

KyIl5lT npn

npennonaraercs,

cnpoca

uueem

ompuuamenutuu
noxynox

C 3KOHOMl14eCKOH T04Kl1 3peHI151 3TO 03Ha4aeT, ypOBHIO ueuu. CJlenOBaTeJlbHO, npa np04l1X paauux 11, naofiopor,

4TO 06beM

06paTHO nponopuaonanea
HOM

3Ta 3aBl1Cl1MOCTb Ha3bIBaeTC5I 3aKOYCJlOBI151X CHI1)!(eHl1e uens: sener K CHI1)!(eHI1IO POCT uenu

cnpoca.

npI1BO.LJ.I1T YBeJll14eHl1IO cnpoca K cnpoca 60 Ha np0.LJ.YKUI1IO.

P,

Q,
Pille. 3-2. Kpueas cnpoca

B
no

OCHOBe 3aKOHa cnpoca

J1e)I<l1T,

ao-nepasrx,
noxyna rs

nCUXOJl02UR

noxynamens,
LJeM a

CKJ10HHOrO 60J1bWHe 06beMbi

rosapa

no 60J1ee HH3KOH ueue, 51BJ151eTCHpHBa51 cnpoca), K

60J1ee BblCOKOH (nOJlTBep)K,neHHeM

aroro

BO-BTOPbIX, no,n4HHeHHe nOTpe6J1eHH5I '3aKoHY

ytiueaioiuei; npeoensnoii nonese,nHHHUbl KOHKpeTHoro TOBTOPOH KOMnblOTep nOCKOJ1bKY OCHOB-

uocmu,

B COOTBeTCTBHH KOTOPblM nocnenyiounre C

aapa npHHOC5IT ace MeHbwee y,noBJ1eTBOpeHHe. Hanpavep,

(renedion,

TeJ1eBH30p) He TaK n0J1e3eH B ,nOMe, KaK

nepauii,

Hble nOTpe6HOCTH y,nOBJ1eTBOpeHbl,TpeTHH euie MeHee n0J1e3eH H T.

n,

003TOMY

noxynareru,
uena

npnofiperaer

,nonOJ1HHTeJ1bHble e,nHHHUbl npn ,neHCTBHe 3aKOHa cnpoca

YCJ10BHH, LJTOHX

CHH)KaeTC5I.B-TpeTbHX, aupaacaioiuauca

CB5I3aHO C X/)(/JeKmOM YCJ10BH5IX nOCT05lHH

ooxooa,

B TOM, LJTOnpa npOLJHX pasuux

HOM noxone

CHH)KeHHe ueuu

npuaomrr

K nOBblUleHHIO nOKynaTeJ1bHOH cnoK CHH)KeHHIO

C06HOCTH nOTpe6HTeJ151, YCTaHOBJ1eHHe a 60J1ee BblCOKOH uens: nOKynaTeJ1bHOH cnoc06HOCTH. C 3<jl<jleKToM ztoxozta CB5I3aH3q)(jJeKm n06y)K,naIOT nOKynaTeJ151 3aMeH5Il b ero 60J1ee neruesux TOBapOB.

3aMeUjeHUR:

BblCOKHe noxynxoii

ueusr

na TOBap

npnofipereune

aHaJ10fHLJHbIX

3.3. IIAPA)1;OKCbI 3AKOHA

CYll(eCTBOBaHHe 3aKOHa cnpoca

cnrocx
H npn J1106b1X B03pac-

He 03HaLJaeT, LJTOOH scerna

ycnoBH5IX np05lBJ151eT CBOIO CYIl(HOCTb. Mo)«HbIX "HCKnIOLJeHH5IX" H3 Hero: C411TaHbl na 60raTbix

Cnenyer

HanOMHHTb 0

aexoropsrx
roeapsi

so-nepaux,

0 cnYLJa5lX, xorna nOKynaTeJ1H cynsr

J11O,neH; O-BTOPbIX, «orna B

0 KaLJeCTBe

TOBapa no ero uene; a-rpersnx, C«OH 'reopmr

0 51BJ1eHH5IX, xoropue

nOJ1YLJHJ1H 3KOHOMHLJeB

Ha3BaHHe )<jl<jleKTa rH<jl<jleHa.

61

Hasecruo, lJTO TaKHe rosapu, KaK .nOpOrOCTOSlIl.(He roeenapnsre noxynaior TOJlbKO nOTOMY, lJTO uenu HX BbICOKH; CHH)!(eHHe ueu rosapu MO)!(eT YMeHbWHTb HX npHBJleKaTeJlbHOCTb .nJl51 fiorarux H
Bep05lTHO,

H3.neJlH5I, na TaKHe n03TOMY,

npnaezter

K COKpall.(eHHIO 06beMa

HX nponaxca.

(XOT51 MeHee COCT05l-

'rensusre
3TH 'reneii.]

nOTpe6HTeJlH

MOryT 6bITb B TaKOM cnysae

3aHHTepeCOBaHbl

noxynars
noxynaHe HMelOT

'roaapsr,

TeM CaMblM KOMneHCHpY5I .nJl51puuxa 06pa30M

norepio

60raTblX

AHaJlOrHlJHblM

B TeX CJlYlJa5lX, xorzia

noxynarena

B03MO)KHOCTH Cy.nHTb 0 KalJeCTBe TOBapOB Henocpe.nCTBeHHO 3TOH

H HCXO.n5lT .nJl51

ue.nu

H3 ueu,

CHH)!(eHHe

ueu

Ha roaapu

MO)!(eT npHBeCTH

HHIO cnpoca HHe, xorna

ua HHX. HaKOHeu, POCT cnpoca

3cpcpeKT rHcpcpeHa TaK)Ke npu

K yweasurexapaxrepnsyer 51BJleuens: ua Hero. CTaTHCTHKa H 3KOHOB AHrJlHH XIX B. H

aa TOBap nponcxornrr

noesnueaan

3TOT 3cpcpeKT nOJlYlJHJl Ha3BaHHe no HMeHH aHfJlHHCKOro MHCTa P. rHcpcpeHa snepaue OnHCaJl.

(1837-1910),

KOTOPblH Ha6JlIO.naJl ero

P. rHcpcpeH 3aMeTHJl, lJTO B COBpeMeHHOH eMY AHfJlHH BHJlC5I XJle6, TeM 60JlbWe ero noxynann". nOlJeMY

"lJeM noposce

CTaHOnapa-

cYll.(eCTBOBaJl TaKoH

.nOKC? )J,eJlO B TOM, lJTO OH Ha6JlIO.naJlC5I B BeCbMa cneUHcpHlJeCKOH

cHTyaUHH. H

TO BpeM5I 6e.nHble

CJlOH HaCeJleHH5I B AHrJlHH ueuu na XJle6 -

HMeJlH OlJeHb HH3KHH noxon He06xo.nHMb1H nponyxr

)!(HJlH B mnuere. HH5I -

Iloauureaae

rnrra-

TaK CHJlbHO CKa3bIBaJlOCb ua HX 061l.(ei1 noxynarensnoii ceMbH BblHY)!(.ll,eHbl 6bIJlH OTKa3bIBaTbC5I OT nOKynKH 6blJlH eure nopoace xnefia, xnef

cnoc06HOCTH, M5ICa H CPPYKB eiue

lJTO patio-rae TOB,

xoropsre

OHH CTaJlH noxynars

60JlbWHX nHTaHH5I. noxynars

KOJlHlJeCTBaX, TaK KaK OH CTaJl nOlJTH e.nHHCTBeHHbIM

npo.nYKTOM

Korna
npyrue

»ce ueaa

na XJle6 CHH)!(aJlaCb, TO nOTpe6HTeJlH H cnpoc

HalJHHaJlH CHOBa 06pa30M,

nponyicrst,

na XJle6 COKpall(aJlC5I. TaKHM

cyurecraoeanae
MU:

3lfJlfJeKTa rHlfJlfJeHa TOBap, nepeoji ua

onpenenserca
pacrer,

HeCKOJlbKHMH YCJlOBUSI.nOJl)KeH npauanneacari, K .nOXO.nOB noua ::nOT TOBap

so-nepaux,

KOTOPblH ueua

lJHCJlY npenweroa xynareneii

He06xo.nHMOCTH;

BO-BTOPbIX, ypoaein,

.nOJl)!(eH 6blTb TaKHM HH3KHM, lJT06bl H3MeHeHHe ueuu OKa3blBaJlO HenpOnOpUl10HaJlbHO (3cpcpeKT 3aMeHbl).

(3cpcpeKT noxozta) KynaTeJlbHYIO aa TOBap fiyner 03HalJaeT,

CHJlbHOe BJlH5IHHe na I1X no3TOM cny-iae KpHBa51 cnpoca HaKJlOH (3TO CTaHO-

cnoc06HOCTb

I1MeTb He OTpHuaTeJlbHbIH,

a nOJlO)!(HTeJlbHbIH npn

lJTO a6COJlIOTHa51 BeJlHlJHHa 3cpcpeKTa ztoxona lJeM orpauarensaaa

pOCTe uenu

BHTC5I60JlbWe, lJT06bl

BeJlHlJHHa 3cpcpeKTa 3aMell(eHH5I);

s-rperi.ax,

3TH 6e.nHble

CJlOH )!(HJlH B YCJlOBHHX PblHOlJHOrO X03HHCTBa H He HMeJlH

.nonOJlHHTeJlbHbIX KaK

HCTOlJHHKOB Cpe.nCTB K CYll(eCTBOBaHHIO. xapaxrepeu .nJlH 06CTaHOBKH 06HI1ll(aHH5I crpauax, HO

BH.nHM, 3cpcpeKT rHcpcpeHa

HaCeJleHHH. OH Ha6J1IO.naeTCH ceronns H B POCCHH H .nPYrHX crpanax CHr,

He TOJlbKO B CJla60pa3BHTbiX rzre nepexon WHPOKHX K PblHKY npusen CJlOeB napozmux

K pe3KoMY Macc.

POCTY HHCPJlHUHH H npOJleTapH3aUHH HHCPJlHUI1H,necvorps TeJlbHO fionee aa npyrue neureau« aa pOCT ofiuiero ziaxce npn

Ilpn

ypOBHH ueu, TOBap MQ)KeT CTaTb OTHOCHpOCTe rexyuiesi

ueusr

ua Hero,

eCJlH ueHbl

'roaapsr

paCTYT 6blCTpee.

62

TaKI1M 06pa30M, 3aKOHa cnpoca.

3<pcpeKT rl1<p<peHa, CTpOrO rOBOp5l, He OTMeH5IeT neiicrsne na

3.lleCb I1MeeT MeCTO POCT cnpoca

omuocumensuo

rtoneure-

BeBWI1H TOBap, HeCMOTp51na TO 4TO 'rexyuiaa

ero ueua nOBbICI1J1aCb.

3.4. KPI1BAH CIIPOCA 11 QEHA CIIPOCA

TIPO.llOJ])KI1M aHaJII13 KPI1BOH cnpoca, CMbICJI I1MeeT Kpl1Ba51cnpoca, ):(eJlo B TOM, 4TO 3Ta Kpl1Ba51aupaxcaer LJ,EHA CnpOCA TUTh nOTpe6HTeJIh euie npu 3a.lla.lll1M sonpoc: ueny cnpoca. ueua, 'roaapa. KOTOpylO cOrJIaCeH ynaaKaKOH npaKTI14eCKI1H npezmpmneaaremo? 3a4eM ee 3HaTb, aanpauep,

)TO MaKCHMaJIhHaH

noxynxe

nanuoro

L1.eHa cnpoca onpenenserca

He TO)!()leCT-

BeHHa PbIH04HOH ueue, T. e. neue KOHKpeTHOH nOKynKI1, ueHOH PbIH04Horo paBHOBeCI151. L1.eHa cnpoca He MO)!(eT. npmuen noxona,

KOTOpylO Ha3bIBalOT

paswepov

OHa OrpaHI14I,maeTC5I .llOXO.llOM 11 OCTaeTC5I <pI1KCl1pOBaHHOH, TaK KaK 60JlbWe ynnartrrs noxynarern, aa PbIHOK 4aCOB, I1Me51 I TbIC. py6. HHTeO.llHaKO noBbI.lleJlI1Jl ua 4aCbI JlI1Wb

noxynarern, pecyiounre xynarens, 11 nopozce

Hanpnvep,

ero 4aCbI CT05lT 1,5 TbIC. py6. (3TO I1X PbIH04Ha51 uena). I1CXO.ll51 13CBOI1Xnpenno-rreaua, 1 3TOH CYMMbI He MO)!(eT I1X xyrnrrs.

I TbIC.

py6.

TI03TOMY Kpl1Ba51 uenu

cnpoca

04ep411BaeT MaKCI1MaJIbHYIOueay, KOTOPYIOrOTOB ynnartrrs 611TeJlb (11J111 rpyrma 'reneri. 4bl1 noxonu TeJlbHO, MeHbwee nOTpe611TeJleH) sa onpeneneunoe 04eBI1.llHO, 4TO, 4eM asnue uena cnpoca, KOJll14eCTBO 'roaapa rosapa, TeM 60JlbWe

KOHKpeTHbIH norpeKOJll14eCTBO noxyna-

KOJll14eCTBO'roeapa.

He n03BOJl5llOT npl106peCTI1 .llaHHbIH TOBap, 11TeM, cnenoea-

Gyner npoziauo.
ace noxynarenu, cnpoca MoryT

3TO 3Ha411T, 4TO, ecnu 4bl1X .llOXO.llOB He XBaTHT puuxa. KOHcpl1rypaKOTO-

yc raHOBJleHbI BbICOKl1e ueas: cnpoca, .llJl51npl106peTeHI151 naanoro

yiiziyr C paccvarpaeaeworo

Cneziyer
UI1I1. Ha puc. JIIOTHhlX

OTMeTI1Tb, 4TO xpnesre

I1MeTb pasasre

3-3,

(I,

pacnOJlO)!(eHHOM H(1)!(e, Mbl BI1.llI1M Kpl1BYIO cnpoca, 06beMa cnpoca

pas nsmyxna K Ha4aJIY KOOp.llI1HaT. OHa I1J1JlIOCTpl1pyeT B03paCTaHI1e a6co-

npupatueuuii

aa TOBap no Mepe CH(1)J(eHI151 as: ue cnpoca, nOCKOJlbKY ee KOH<pI1n, na PblHOK ,JaH-

TaKYIo KPI1BylO nassmaror rypaUI151 noxaausaer, uoro roaapa ace 60JlbWee

KPHBOH psruouuoro

4TO CHH)!(CHl1e ueuu

6Y.lleT npaanexa

KOJll14eCTBO noxynareneii,

B pesynsrare

-rero

naxcc
pOC-

ue'sua-nrreru.uoe
TOM cnpoca. Ha pac,

CHI1)!(eHl1e ueas: 6Y.lleT cOnpOBO)!(.llaTbC5I cyuiecraennuu 11306pa)J(eHa BorHYTaH

3-3, 6

K Ha4aJIY KOOp.lll1HaT Kpl1Ba51cnpoca,

KOTOpa51nOKa3bIBaeT y6bIBaHI1e a6COJIIOTHhlX TaKa51 Kpl1Ba51fiorree TI1nl14Ha .llJl51ornensnoro CHH)KeHI151uenu uoro cnpoca. 11YBeJlI14eHI15106beMa Tpe6HOCTI1 B .llaHHOM 'rosape. noxyrtox

npupatuenuu
noxynarens, npoacxozmr

06beMa nocxonsxy

cnpoca. no Mepe no-

nacsnueune

TI03TOMY ee Ha3bIBalOT KPHBOH HH,UHBH,UyaJIh-

63

Bospacrauae

a6COJllOTHbiXp~pall!eH~~ n 06beMa cnpoca

o
o a
PI.1C.

o
6

a):(J151 KPI1BOH diopva nepuona

PbIH04Hbli1 cnpoc;

3-3. KOHcPl!1rypa14IMIKpl!1BblXcnpoca. 6 - I!1HAI!1BI!1AyallbHbli1npoc c

TalOKC TO, 4TO MoryT C Te'leUHeM BpeMeUH CC

cnpoca

xapaxrepno
KPI1BOH

11 nOJIO)!(CHI1C cnpoc

B CI1CTCMC KOOp.lll1HaT

113MCHI1TbC5I. ):(JI5I onnoro KPI1BOH

npC.llCTaBJICH

D,

a .llJI5I npyroro

D1•

Taxoe
cnpoca

113MCHCHI1C (puc.

nOJIO)!(CHI151

KPI1BOH

Ha3bIBaeTC5I KPHBOH

CMemeUHeM cnpoca,

KPHBOH aanpnvep

3-4) B OTJII1411C OT .llBI1)!(CHI151 B.llOJIh K T04KC B.

p

OT TOYKI1

o
PHC.

3-4. CMeLlleHl!1e KPI!1BO~cnpoca

06b5lCH5ICTC5I 113MCHCHI1CM 3Ha4c~II1H B o6mcH BCCX

CMemCHI1C rux

KpI1BOi1

cnpoca

npyHa-

nepeveunux, Po
A

KPOMC UCHbl,

cO.llCp)!(au..\I1XC5I

cpyHKUl111 cnpoca.

IlPUMCP, UCHC T04KI1

POCT noxona OH CMo)KCT B T04KY

npasener xyrurrs 60JIbWC rosapa,

nOTpc6I1TCJI5I a 3HaYI1T, Kpl1Ba51 cnpoca pbIHKC. To

K TOMY, 4TO

4TO npn

O.llHOi1 11 roi1 )!(C K nepeveuiena:o C QI no

npasener

AI'

YBCJII14CHI-HO KOJII14CCTBa noxynox C.nBI1HCTC5I anpaso rtpn npn

Q2'
U

AHaJIOrHYHhlM YI1CJIa

o6pa30M ua

YBCJII1YCHI1I1 BKyCOB

nOKynaTCJIci1

)!(C npoaaoiizier

1f3MCHCHI1U

64

npeLl,n04TeHI1H HI1H nepeveuustx

nOTpe6l1TeJIeH

(JIeTOM KOJIl14eCTBO KynJIeHHOrO

MOpO)!(eHOrO CLl,BI1HeTCH

npn 10H )!(e ueue YBeJII14I1BaeTCH). 04eBI1Ll,HO, 4TO B CJIY4ae 113MeHeHl1H3Ha4eB npOTI1BOnOJIO)!(HOM HanpaBJIeHl111 Kpl1BaH cnpoca BJIeBO. OOJIO)!(eHl1e KPI1BOH cnpoca pupyiounre OTHOCI1TeJIbHOOCeH KOOpLl,I1HaTMO)!(eT 6bITb 113MeHeHl1eM uen na KOHKy-

06YCJIOBJIeHO KOJIe6aHl1HMl1 paCXOLl,OBna pexnavy,

(B3aI1M03aMeHHeMble) I1JII1na B3aI1MOLl,OnOJIHHeMbleTOBapbI.

nOLl,BeLl,eM

nexo'ropsre
ueu,

rrroru.

Cnpoc

HBJIHeTC5IcpYHKUl1eH MHOrl1X nepenOTpe611TeJIeH, a 'raioxe 3aBl1Cl1T 01 Ha3bIBaeTCH

MeHHbIX, aanpuwep xapaxrepaayiouias IJlYHKlI.neH eupoca. npn snons

npeLl,n04TeHI1H

peWeHI1H, npl1HI1MaeMbIX B OTHOWeHl111 KOHKYPI1PYIOLUI1XTOBapOB. <:DyHKUI1H, B ueJIOM ery B3al1MOCBH3bMHOrl1X

nepewenasrx,

OTJIl14l1e OT aroro

Kpl1BaH cnpoca

CTPOI1TCHTOJIbKO ua

OCHOBeLl,ByX rtepeveaasrx KPI1BOH cnpoca

(UeHbI 11KOJIl14eCTBa TOBapOB); ztpyrae

nepeveunsre

3TOM He Y4I1TbIBaIOTCH. TaKI1M 06pa30M, JlID60e

pa3JIl14l1e Me)!(Ll,y Ll,Bl1)KeHl1eM C nOMOLUblD COOTBeTLl,Bl1)KeHl1eM nepeveuna npOLl,yKUI1ID, npOI1CXO-

11ee CMeLUeHl1eM MO)!(HO onacars 113MeHeHl1e cnpoca 113MeHeHl1H ueuu,

CTBYIOLUI1Xneperaeuusrx.

Ll,HLUeeTOJIbKO B pesynsrare BOH B cpyHKUl111 cnpoca

xapaxrepaayercs

BLl,OJIh KPI1BOH, B TO BpeMH KaK 113MeHeHl1e Benl14l1HbI nID60H npyroii npuaener OTHOCI1TenbHOoceii xoopzuurar, T. e. csieuremuo KpHBOH.

K 113MeHeHl1ID nOnO)!(eHI1H KPI1BOH cnpoca

3.5. UPE)l)IOLKEHJ1E J1 Era <DYHKQIDI

Teneps
nOCMOTpHM na PbIHOK rnasaua ua puuxe nponasua. OH npencraanser

npyryio

CTOPOHYPbIH04HbIX OTHOWeHI1H -

npeLl,JIO)!(eHl1e. np0I13BOLl,CTBa 11orpaxcaer uens npOLl,3)!(11nony-reuae CBOH TOBap. ECTeCTBeHHO, 4TO 3TO »cenaKaK npasuno, CTpeMHTCH nponars TeM 60JIbWee CBOH TOBap no caMOH

Ilpennozceaae

HBnHeTCH peaynsrarov

»cenaune np0113BOLl,I1TeneHnponaaars Hl1e 3aBl1Cl1T OT MHOrl1X diasropoe. npl16blnl1. 003TOMY ace nponasuu 11, 4eM ssnue uena, nns npOLl,3)KI1. BbICOKOH neue, npennoaceno Hl15IOT uenu.

KOnl14eCTBO TOBapa 6YLl,eT CPYHKUI1I1 npennoxce-

Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHl111 MbI MO)!(eM onpenemrrs OHa I1MeeT cneLl,YIDLUI1HBI1Ll,:

xapaxrep

Q, =f(P),
rne

Q, P-

06b('M npennoaceaua;

ueua 'roeapa.
CPYHKUI1HnpeLl,nO)KeHI1H OT ueus: rne npI1BOLl,HTCHuenu i-ro 'roaapa MO)!(eT 6bITb 11ero npennOCTpOeHl15I 06beM

KaK 11 CPYHKUI1Hcnpoca, npencraaneua rparpnxa

(J

euoe matinuuu,

JIO)J(eHl1e B HaTypaJIbHOM Bblpa)!(eHI1I1, a 'raioxe aa OCI1 aticuncc npeLl,JIO)!(eHI1H,a na OCI1OpLl,I1HaTueau

epatbuuecxu.

,unH

OTKJIaLl,bIBaIDTcH T04KI1, xapaKTepl13YIDLUl1e npeLl,JIO)!(eHI1H.

65

s
P2 .

o
PI1C. 3-5. Kpl1saS'l npeAflO>KeHVlS'l

fpa<jlH4eCKHM KpHBa51

H306pCl)KeHHeM (pHC.

<jlYHKU.HH

npe)l)10)!(eHH5I I1MeeT

OT u.eHbI

51BJl5leTC5I HaKJlOH

npe,UJlO)!(eHHSI

(Bocxo,U5ImHI1 )lBHra5lCb )KI1BaeM

S xapaxrep),
no KPI1BOI1

3-5), xoropas

nOJlO)!(HTeJlbHbII1

npe,UJlO)!(eHI151

OT T04KH

POCT 06beMa pOCTa uen CHH)!(eHHe

(KOJlH4eCTBa) aa Hero; 06beMa

npe,UJlO)!(eHH5I

A K T04Ke B, roaapa OT QI
,UO

MbI ,UO

ofiaapy-

Q2

non

BJlH5IHHeM

,UBI1)KeHHe BHH3 no KPI1BOI1 OT T04KH npe,UJlO)!(eHH5I OT

K T04Ke

orpazcaer
)KeHH5I uen TaKHM ueuu

Q2

QI

non

BJlI151HI1eM CHI1-

na 3TOT TOBap. 06pa30M, 06beM npa npe,UJlO)!(eHH5I ee CHH)!(eHI1I1. nOToMY

11 YMeHbWaeTC5I OH

roaapa B 3TOM
y

YBeJlH4HBaeTC5I COCTOI1T cyuurocrs ecrs

npn

pocre 3aKOHa

npe,UJlO<KeHHH. npn nOBbIWeHHI1 C uenuo

,UeI1CTByeT, ua ero

4TO

npoH3Bo,UI1TeJl51

xcenauae 60JlbwI111 Ha060pOT.

uenu

nponyxumo naufionsuryto

H3rOTOBHTb npufiuns. 1106beM

H peanasoears HH3KHe

ee 06beM

nOJlY4I1Tb

ueusr,
ecri,

He CTHMYJlHPYIOT

npOH3BO,UCTBO 'rosapa, B BH,UY, 4TO

npe,UJ10)KeHH5I OT ueus:

CHH)!(aeTC5I. 4aCTHbII1 rpaxro-

Hano
CJlY4al1 pbI

HMeTb

<jlYHKU.H5I npe,UJlO)!(eHI151

60Jlee

06mel1

<jlYHKU.HI1 npe,UJlO)!(eHH5I. TOBapa, peumn KpOMe

PaCCMOTpI1M, cavoro ua

KaKI1e euie

BJlH5IIOT na npennoaceaae npe,UnOJlO)!(HM, <jlepMep

uens:

'roaapa. nponaxcy CTPOHTb yxce 6p0l1JlepOB rrruuediafi3HaeM 3aBI1-

npOH3BO,UHTb npexcne 4eM

(KYPHHoe PHKY?

M5ICO).

Hro

OH cnenaer,

Ha4HeT

04eBH,UHO, Me)!(,Uy Ha

KpOMe u.eHOI1

H3Y4eHI151 uen 11 06beMOM

na xypanoe

M5ICO (MbI <jlepMep

CHMOCTb QeHaMH Y3HaeT,

npe,UJlo)KeHH5I) yTKH,

nOHHTepecyeTC5I rOB5I,UI1HbI; 3aTeM npu

M5ICO

HH,UeI1KH,

KpOJlHKa, xopsra,

B03MO)!(HO,

BO 4TO

06XO,U5ITC5I 6p0I1JlepOB, 6H3Heca 3TO);

KaKI1e HaJlOrH

TeXHOJlOrHH npH,UeTC5I

npI1MeH5IIOTC5I

BbIpamI1BaHI1H HbIX OT ztaunoro na

KaKI1e

ynnaaaears

C nOJlY4eH-

,UOXO,UOB (HJlH OH

KaKHe

Cy6CH,UHH H3y4HT

npe,UOCTaBJl5lIOTC5I PbIHOK 6p0I1JlepOB, M5ICa B

diepvepav Y3HaeT,

aaicoueu,

06513aTeJlbHO

CKOJlbKO

senoaex

3aHHMaIOTC5I

npOH3BO,UCTBOM

xypuuoro

,UaHHOI1 MeCTHOCTH.

66

pe3YJ1bTaTe Mbl nOJ1YLJHM06myIO

lfJyHK~HIO

"pe,'lJlOJKeHHH,

KOTOpa51

HMeeT CJ1e,nYlOmHHBH,n:

rue P P" K
T

r.;

r, -

ueHa npo,naBaeMoro

TOBapa;

ueus: ueuu

B3aHM03aMeH51eMblX H B3aHMo,non0J1H51eMblX TOBapOB; pecypcoB H cpaKTopOB npOH3Bo,nCTBa; npOH3Bo,nCTBa 'roaapa, HC-

yposein, nanorn,

TeXH0J10rHH, T. e. cnocof Cy6CH,nHH (

n0J1b3yeMblH B ,naHHOM BH,ne ,ne51TeJ1bHOCTH;

Tax );
nanuoro

KOJ1HLJeCTBOponasuoe n

rosapa.
npe,nJ1Q)KeHH51

Bee 3TH cpaKTOpbl 51BJ151IOTC51 BHeWHHMH ,neTepMHHaHTaMH

H HMelOT 06beKTHBHblH,

T. e. He 3aBHC51mHH OT npOH3Bo,nHTeJ151 nponyxuau,

xapaxrep,

3.6. <J)AKTOPbI Jf3MEHEHIDI

npoaaoiiner

IIPE)l;JIO)KEHIDI.

IJ,EHA IIPE)l;JIO)KEHIDI
YTO xce C KPHBOH npeztnoxcenaa, pecypcos
KPHBOii H3MeHeHHe

eCJ1HH3MeHHTCH He uena

rosapa,

a 3HaLJeHHe KaKoH-HH6y,nb npyroii HH51 (nanpauep, ueus: npOH30H,neT csreurenne 06beMa npe,nJ10)f(eHH51,a TaKHM xorna 06pa30M,

H3 nepesrennsix
"pe,'lJlOJKeHHH,

06meH cpyHKUHH npennosce-

HJ1H ypOBH51 TeXH0J10rHH)? caM oro

"pe,'lJlOJKeHHH.

B 3TOM CJ1YLJae

LJTO 03HaLJaeT He H3MeHeHHe npoacxozurr rosapa) rorna,

cjaeuienae

KPHBOH npennoaceana

H3MeH51eTC51 KaKa51-J1H60 (KpOMe M51ca) npencraaneaa

uensr

nauuoro

nepewenuas

cpyHKUHH npe,nJ10)l(eHH51.nYCTb nepeoaa-ransnas (xypnuoro BeTCTByeT 06beM npe,nJ10)l(eHH51 Qo. HH,nei1KH nOBblCHJ1HCb,4TO npaaornrr CKH 3TO aupazcaercs MeT n0J10)l(eHHe SI' no 06beMa QI (QI

KpHBa51 npe,nJ10)l(eHH51 TOBapa

KPHBOH S (pHC. 3-6). 3Ha4eHHIO ueusr

Po

COOT-

Ilpennonoacua

reneps,

4TO ueus: ua M51CO H npen-

K YBeJ1H4eHHIO ero nponaaoncrna

nO)f(eHH51. B pe3YJ1bTaTe npoH3BOnCTBO xypnnoro

M51cacOKpaTHTc51, H rparpu-re-

B TOM, 4TO KpHBa51npenJ10)l(eHH51 c,nBHHeTC51BJ1eBOH 3aH-

Teneps

npn TOi1 )l(e ueue

Po

npennozceaae

YMeHbWHTCH

< Qo) .
eCJ1H rocynapcrso COKpaTHT uanora HJ1H ssener npennoaceno cy6cHnHH 60J1bWe MHca, KpHBaH npezrnoaceuas CnBHHeTC51 B

AHallOrH4HO, n0J10)l(eHHe xypnaoro TOBapa).

,nJ151 npOH3BOnHTeJ1eH xypauoro

S2' B

3TOM CJ1Y4ae no K3)l(nOH ueue fiyzter ueue

M51ca (no

Po

6y,neT nponasarsca

Q2 > Qo

e,nHHHU naunoro

67

3, i
I I I 1 1 1

, ,, .._ ,

32,

---.
1 1 1 I
I

, ,, ,, ,,

Po

--0

",'" '"

,,

, , ,,
1

I:

I I 1 J 1

----Q, Pl1c. 3-6.

3aMenlM, 4TO cveiueuae rpaxropoe npoaasoncraa
CMeLlleHl.1e

.> '" Qo

,,

,
I

Q2

KPI.1BO~ npeAIlO)f(eHI.1H

KPHBOH npe,UJ10)!(eHHSInon B03,UeHcTBHeM B 3KOHOMH4eCKOM nauaoro npu CMhlCJle TaK, o rpaacaer

auurecy61-1.

nepe4HCJ1eHHblX HHe H3,UepiKeK

H3MeHe-

rosapa.

npenocraaneuue cvoryr ero

CH,UHH HJ1H CHH)!(eHHe 60J1bWe D.aHHOrO roaapa. TOBap (Cy6CTHTYT) BOD.CTBa,a 3Ha4HT, aa aaurero 'roaapa

HaJ10rOB 03Ha4aeT HanpOTHB, npn

yneuieaneaue pOCTe

npOH3BOD.CTBa.

CJ1e,UoBaTeJ1bHO, npoH3Bo,UHTeJ1H

TOH »ce ueue

npeD.J10)!(HTb

ueuu

aa aJ1bTepHaTHBHbIH npe,UJ10)!(eHH5I, 4TO,

npoH30H,UeT YBeJ1H4eHHe o6beMa

Bep05lTHO, 6y,UeT cOnpOBO)!(D.aTbC5I POCTOM cnpoca

aa cpaKTopbl ero

npons-

noauureuaev

uen. B 3TOM CJ1Y4ae H3,Uep)!(KH npOH3BOD.CT-

nOBbIC5ITC5I (TaK KaK BblPOCJ1H uens: na cjJaKTopbl )!(eJ1aHHe npennarari, 3TOT TOBap npn

nponsKa)!(D.OH 3TO

BOD.CTBa), 4TO CHH3HT uaure ,UaHHoH ueue. KaKoH H3 aroro cpaKTH4eCKH KpHBaH npOH3BO,UCTBa roro

CJ1e,UyeTBbIBO,U? KpHBa51 psnro-moro uema HJlH nnoro

npe,UJ10)!(eHH5Io6beM aunycxaevoi;

npe,UJlOiKeHHH, nOCKOJ1bKY OHa OTp3)!(aeT H3D.ep)!(KH

np0D.YKUHH, TeM f1PH f1P04HX

rosapa. l.JeM 60J1bWe pasuux YCJ10BH5IXauure

ua pecypcu

H3,Uep)!(KH ero

npom-

Bo,UcTBa, f10CK0J1bKY POCT cnpoca

f10BJle4eT aa C060H

HX l~eHbl. J1MeHHo f103TOMY 60J1bWee K0J1H4eCTBO 'roeapa

noasnueuae nponasuu rOTOBbl

ueua, no

npennarars
TaKHM 'ronapa.

J1HWb no fionee BblCOKHM ueuaxt. 06pa30M, ueua npe,UJlOiKeHHH nponasa'rs 3TO

MUIIUMaJlbHaR

KOTOPOH nponasusr

ncr uene
ua

cornacnsr

na pblHKe

nanuoe

KOJlH4eCTBO

HH)!(e 3TOH nponasuu npeUJlOiKeHHH"

npennarart.

zianaoe K0J1H4eCTBOrosapa KOJlH4eCTBO TOBapOB

He MoryT, nocrynaer asnue

nOCKOJ1bKY HM He n03B0J151IOT H3,Uep)!(KH npOH3BO,UCTBa. CJ1eD.OBaTeM MeHbIllee uena PbIHOK, nOTOMY 4TO y MHorHX 4eM asnue npOH3BO,UHTeJleH

TeJ1bHO, 4eM HHiKe uena

aa'rparsr

3TOH ueusr. HanpOTHB,

npe,UJlOiKeHHH, TeM OCTpee CBOH TOBap na

KOHKypeHUH"

na psrmce (TaK KaK 60JlbWe q)J.fPM npennaraior

nponascy).

68

o
PI1C. 3-7. KOH<l>l1rypalll1s:l KPI1BOVI npeAIlO>KeHIt1s:l

ECJHI MbI BHI1MaTeJIbHO nOCMOTpl1Mua KPI1BYIDnpeJl)10)KeHI151 (puc. 06HapY)KI1M, 4TO no Mepe BOBJIe4eHI151 np0I13BO,UCTBOace 60JIbWerO B np0I13BO,UI1TeJIei106beM HO a6COJIIOTHOe ero MeTOK, xorna 3TO 03Ha4aeT, I1C4epnaHbI BeHHbIX KpHBaH npe,UJIo)KeHI151CJIe,UyeT aa ueuoii YMeHbmaeTCH,

3-7),

TO

411CJIa

(YBeJII14I1BaeTC5I),

npapauteuue

,UOXO,UH ,UO HYJIeBhlX OTBH,U. 3KOHOMI14eCKI1

npHHHMaeT

BepTHKaJIbHbIH

4TO np0I13BO,UCTBO60JIbWe

He MO)KeT paCWl1p5lTbC5I, TaK KaK (HeT np0I13BO,UCTpafioveii

He06xo,UI1MbIe

np0I13BO,UCTBeHHble pecypcsi

MOIlJ,HOcTei1, CbIPb5l, MaTepl1aJIOB,

KBaJIl1(jmUl1poBaHHoi1

CI1JI I 11T. ,U.). b B03MO)f(HO TaK)Ke, 4TO Kpl1Ba51npe,UJIO)KeHI151 npl1HI1MaeT 06paTHbIH KJIOH. 3TO 6bIBaeT B CJIY4a5lX, xorna uens: ,UO onpezieneaaoro ua-

npe,UJIO)KeHl1e,B03paCTa51B OTBeT na POCT COKpaIlJ,aTbC5IB

ypOBH5I, MO)KeT 3aTeM, Ha060pOT,

OTBeT ua nansueiuuee eTC5I npeztnozcenue HI151onpeneneuuoro pnrt,

YBeJII14eHI1e pa604ei1

I1MeTb BI1,U,nOKa3aHHbIi1 ua pac.

ueuu. TaKa51 Kpl1Ba51npe,UJIO)KeHI151 6y,UeT 3-8. KJIaCCI14eCKHM npavepov aroro 51BJI5Ixorna nOCJIe ,UOCTH)KenJIaTbI, n03BOJI5IIDIlJ,erO y,UOBJIeTBO-

CI1JIbI na psunce rpyzta,

ypOBH5I 3apa60THoi1

HacYIlJ,HbIe nOTpe6HOCTI1, pa60411i1 3aX04eT TPY,UHTbC5Iaa 60JIee BbICO-

KyID nnary. B 3TOM CJIY4ae rOBOp5lT, 4TO ua Y4acTKe KPI1BOi1npe,UJIO)KeHH5I T T04KI1 O ,UOT04KI1

,Uei1cTByeT 31JllJleKT 3aMemeHHH pacrer

(nocyr

3aMeH5IeTC5Ipafioroti,

TaK

KaK aJIbTepHaTI1BHa51ueua nocyra ua Y4aCTKe xce OT TO'fKI1

BMeCTe C nOBbIWeHl1eM (xorna 06beM

sapnnaru);
npo-

,UOT04KH

AI

npe,UJIO)KeHI151oxpac

IlJ,aeTC5I,UO nepBOHa4aJIbHOrO ypOBH5I, HeCMOTp51na nOBbIWeHl1e ueau) 51BJI5IeTC5I 31JllJleKT noxona, HOMI14eCKOe51BJIeHHe KI1Xnoxonax. ~51 KOTOPbIi1 xaparcrepnsyer

npOTI1BOnOJIO)KHOe3KOnpa 60JIee BbICO-

CTpeMJIeHl1e I1MeTb 60JIbWHi1 nocyr

nOHI1MaHI151 pacnOJIO)KeHH5I KpHBOi1 npe,UJIO)KeHI151 CHCTeMe KOOpB KOJIH4eCTBo" Ba)KHOe 3Ha4eHI1e HMeeT lJlaKTop BpeMeHH.

,UI1HaT "ueua

69

o
PI.1C.

3-8.

06paTHbliil

HaKnOH KPl-1BOiil npeAflO>KeHl-1H

MHKP03KoHoMHKe

npHHHTo

P8.3JIH'-!aTb TpH nepaona:

TeKym:HH (MrHoBeHHhlH),

ace rpaxropu npoaseoncraa paccvarpasarorca KaK HeH3MeHHhle; KpaTKOCpO'lHhIH, na nporaaceuaa xoroporo H3MeHSIIOTCSI JIHWh nexoropue cpaKTOphl npoaasoncrsa (KOJIH4eCTBo acnonssyeuoro csrpsa, 4HCJIeHHOCTh HaHHMaeMhlX pa604Hx); nonrocpo-nnan, xorna see diaxropu nponaeoncrsa
B KOTOPOM 5IBJISIIOTC51nepeMeHHblMH.

B 'rexytuesr nepnone
BH.u, 4TO (pHC. 03Ha4aeT

KpHBa51 npe.uJIO)l(eHHSI o6beMa

HMeeT

HeH3MeHHOCTh

npe.uJIO)l(eHHSI

crporo BepTHKaJIhHblH npa B03pacTaHHH

ueus:

3-9).
p

Qs

KpaTKOCpO'lHOM
HCnOJIb30BaHHSI

JIH4eHHe pe3YJIbTaTe (pHC.

nepnone npn nossnueaan ueus: uexoropux pecypcos (uanpuvep,

npe.uJIO)l(eHH51 npHHHMaeT

HMeeT pa604eH

MeCTO

yseB BH.u

CHJIbl),

-iero

KpHBa51

60JIee

nOJIOrHH

3-10).

70

Plllc.3-10.

Kpll1BaH npeAIlO>KeHII1H B KpaTKocpo4HOM

nepaoae
BbI3bI-

B ~oJ]roCpOqHOM

nepnone

.llIDKe He3HaLJHTeJlbHOe rroasnuenue uenu

saer cYLUeCTBeHHbIH POCT 06beMa

npenncosenas,

nOCKOJlbKY .llJl51npOH3BO.llCTBa KOJlHLJeCTBaX see

naauoro
B

'roeapa

6Y.llYT HCnOJlb30BaTbC5I B B03paCTaIOLUHx (pHC.

Heo6xo.llHMble

pecypcu

3-11).
CTaHOBHTC5I ce 60Jlee H fionee a

3TOM CJlYLJae KpHBa51npennozcenua

nonoroii,

0, PIilC. 3-11. Kplt1BaH npeAIlO>KeHIt1H B AOIlrOCP04HOM nepaone

OCH06Hbte eueoin»

HeOKIlaCCIt14eCK0ll1 3KOHOMIt14eCK0ll1 TeOp1t11t1 It1HAIt1BIt1A HaXOAIt1TCH B Ero cYBepeHIt1TeT, It1HTepeCbI

HOMIt14eCKOro aaannaa.

It1 npeAn04TeHIt151

ue-rrpe 3KOcnyxar
B

OCHOBOIl1BCell1 CIt1CTeMbl B3rIl5lAOB HeOKIlaCCIt1KOB.

2.

)KenaHIt1H

It1HAIt1BIt1AaB ycncsasx Cnpoc

PblH04H0ll1

3KOHOMIt1KIt1TpaHccpopMIt1PYIOTCH

nOHHTlt1e cnpoca. AaHHoro

Ha KaK0Il1-nIt160 TOBap

ecrs

npe>K,D,e scero

CPYHK41t1H >Ke-

naHIt151. OH xapaicrepasyer

xenasae

It1HAIt1BIt1AaKynlt1Tb TO It1nlt1It1HOe KOnlt14eCTBO

roeapa.
71

Ha nOTpe6V1TeJlbCKVliII cnpoc

OKa3blBalOT BJlVlflHVle cnenyiouiae cnpoc, l..IeHbl

cpaKTOpbl

l..IeHa

roeapa,

roaapoa-cyticraryroa VI TOBaPOB-KOMnJleMeHTOB; BKYCbl VI npeAno4TeHVlfl norpeoarenea: AOXOAbl nOTpe6V1renea: KOJlVl4eCTBO nosvnarenea AaHHoro rosapa Ha pblHKe; HeKoTopble APyrVle nepesteaaere. <l>YHKl..IVlfl cnpoca supaxaer B3aVlMOCBfl3b Me>KAY >KeJlaHVleM norpetiarens VlMeTb TOT VlJlVlVlHoill TOBap VIOnpeAeJlfllOllIVlMVI cnpoc cpaKTOpaMVI
Ha KOTOPblill rJlaBHblM cpaKTOpOM, oKa3blBalOllIViM cnpoca, BJlVlflHVle Ha KOJlVl4eCTBO kynneauoro Me>KAY l..IeHoill VI o6beMoM YPOBHIO l..IeH TOBacnpoca pa, T e. o6beM cnpoca.

npenssenaerca

4.

aanaercs

ero 4eHa.

cyuiecrsyer ooparaas
5 Bcrpe-raiorcs
napaaoxc
l..IeHbl

3aBVlCVlMOCTb. B 3TOM 3aKJl104aeTCfl

CYllIHOCTb 3aKOHa

KOJlVl4eCTBO noxyno«

otiparao

nponopuaoaansao
Ha TOBap

VI VlCKJl104eHVlfl Vl3 3aKOHa cnpoca, pOCT cnpoca B03MO>KHO JlVlWb

OAHVlM Vl3 KOTOPblX

asnaercs
ero

rVlcpcpeHa:

eussraaercs

nOBblweHVleM

Taxoe

roraa, korna

a6COJllOTHafl

BeJlVl4V1Ha 3cpcpeKTa

aoxona

npa pOCTe l..IeHbl npessuuaer

OTpVll..laTeJlbHYIO BeJlVl4V1HY3cpcpeKTa 3aHa TOBap VlMeeT He

MellleHVlfl.

B 3TOM CJlY4ae KpVlBaH cnpoca

orpauarensasra,

a nOJlO>KVlTeJlbHblill HaKJlOH.

6 7

BMecTe

C TeM Vl3BeCTHbie VlCKJl104eHVlfl Vl3 3aKOHa cnpoca AeillcTByeT

JlVlWb Ka>KYllIVlecfl

<l>aKTVl4eCKVI 3aKOH cnpoca

scerna

VI6e3 BCflKVlX VlCKJl104eHVliII

KpVlBafl cnpoca noxaaeiaaer l..IeHY cnpoca. LleHa cnpoca 3TO MaKCVlMaJlbHafl ueua. KOTOpylO cornacen ynnarurs nOTpe6V1TeJlb npa nokynke AaHHoro rosapa OHa onpenenaercs AOXOAOM norpeearena. YeM ssuue ueua cnpoca, TeM 60Jlbwe KOJlVl4eCTBO noxynarenea, 4bVl AOXOAbl He n03BOJlfllOT npaoopecra AaHHblill TOBap, TeM, CJleAOBaTeJlbHO, MeHbwee KOJlVl4eCTBO rosapa 6YAeT

nponaso

8. Ilpennoxeuae Ha pblHKe flBJlfleTCfl pe3YJlbTaTOM npoaaaoncraa VI orpaxaer xenaaae npoaasoznrrenea nponars ceoa TOBap YeM asuue l..IeHa rosapa, TeM 60JlbWee ero KOJlVl4eCTBO 6YAeT npeAJlO>KeHO Ha nponaxy B 3TOM COCTOVIT CYlllHOCTb 3aKOHa npennoxeaas. n03TOMY KpVlBafl npeAJlO>KeHVlfl VlMeeT none>KVlTeJlbHblill HaKJlOH. Ha npennoxeaue, HVie l..IeHbl B3aVlM03aMeHfleMbiX COB, ypoaeas TeXHOJlOrVlVl, uanora KpoMe l..IeHbl rosapa, OKa3blBalOT BJlVlfll..IeHbl pecypVI B3aVlMOAOnOJlHfleMbiX TOBapoB,

VIcy6CVlAVlVI, KOJlVl4eCTBO npOAaBl..IOB AaHHoro

rosapa
9
OHa

VInpo-me

rpaxropsr.
npeAIlO>KeHVlfl 3TO KpVlBafl l..IeHbl npennoxeana, nOCKOJlbKY

KpVlBafl PblHo4Horo

orpaxaer

Vl3Aep>KKVInpOVl3BOACTBa KOJlVl4eCTBO rosapa

>KeHVlfl wee

3TO MVlHVlMaJlbHafl l..IeHa, no

roro VlJlVl VlHoro rosapa. LleHa npeano«oropoa npoaasuu cornacuu nponars Ha

npennoxeuas, TeM MeHb-

pblHKe AaHHoe

YeM HVI>Keuesa

KOJlVl4eCTBO TOBapOB

nocrynaer

Ha PbIHOK, nOTOMY 4TO y MHorViX npOVl3BO-

AVlTeJlet.1 sarparu

asuue 3T0t.1 l..IeHbl

Bonpocu
1. 2.
KaKYIO pOJ1b curpana HaY4HoM

O.!l51 n061110pe'HU5I
IIHllIlBII.llYaJ1113Ma, IICnOJlb30BaHHali HeOKJIaCCHKaMH, B

xonuenuna

aHaJ1113epsnro-nroro

X031Ii1cTBa II ero JJ1eMeHToB?

4TO J1e)l(IIT B OCHOBe cnpoca

nokynarens

na KaKOH-J1116o TOBap?

3. 72

KaKHe cjlaKTOpbI II KaKHM 06pa30M

OKa3bIBaIOT BJ1l1lIHlle aa cnpoc?

4. 5 6

4TO npeztcraanser C060H uena roaapa C T04KH 3peHHJI MHKP03KoHoMH4ecKoro aaannaa? 4eM OTJlH4alOTCJI TOBapbl-cy6cTHTyTbl OT KOMnJleMeHTapHblx TOBapoB? 4TO noxassraaer xpasas cnpoca? KaKoH xapaxrep MOMcnpoca OHa HJlJlIOCTpHpyeT? 3aBHCHMOCTHMelKllY ueuoti H 06be-

7
8. 9. 10

Kaxue cjJaKTopblnescar B OCHOBe3aKOHacnpoca?

"3aKOH cnpoca lleHcTByeT scerna'', aepuo JlH oro yraepacnenne? OHH HOClIT? TOBapaMH rl1cjJcjJeHa? CYLUeCTBYIOT HCKJl104eHHlIH1 3aKOHacnpoca H KaKoH xapaxrep JlH MorYT JlH Ka4eCTBeHHbie'rosapsr 6blTb onnoapeaenao

1 1. 4eM OTJlH4aeTCliueua cnpoca OT PblH04HOM ueasr?

12. non BJlHlIHHeM KaKHX cjJaKTopoB npOI1CXOllllT CMeLUeHHlI KPHBOH cnpoca H llBHlKeHHe BnO.% KPHBOHcnpoca? 13 06bllcHHTe, Ha060poT. n04eMY 06beM npennozceaaa C KPHBOH npennoxenaa rosapa YBeJlH4HBaeTcli npn pocre ueus: 11

14. 4TO nponsoiiner 3HH?

aBTOM06HJleM, eCJlH B03paCTeT ueua na 6eH-

15 KaK Bbl nOHHMaeTe yraepxrneane 0 TOM, 4TO ueua npennoaceuaa TOBapa crpaacaer H3lleplKKH ero npOH3BOllCTBa? Ofiocnylire. n04eMY uena npennoaceans 3TO MHHHMaJlbHali ueaa, no KOTOPOHnponaausr 4eCTBOrosapa? 16 cornacasi npennoaorrs na psruxe nannoe KOJlH-

B LJeM3aKJl104aeTCli3KoHoMH4ecKHH CMblCJlooparnoro

HaKJlOHaKPHBOMnpennoxeaaa?

3aoallu,
I.
VlMelOTCJI CJl(:'1lYlOlUHe psnnce B repone

ynpaJt\JleHUSl,
0 uene

mecmu
Jl6JlOK na rona.

naunue

H KOJH14eCTBe noxynaexn,rx

B aasane

CeHTJl6pJI

200 ...

Ilena aa Ixr
(8 py6)

Ofiuree

KOJlH4eCTBO.

ua xoropoe ccn, cnpoc (8 xr)

5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0

OOCTpOHTe KPHBYIO cnpoca a) 6) 4TO npOH30H1leT TemlMH o6beM na

2000 3000 5000 9000

H OTBeTbTe aa CJ1e1lYlOlUHe eCJlI1 ouenxa

sonpocu:

C KPHBOH cnpoca, 4TO uena eCJIH uena

n0J1e3HOCTH Jl6J10K noxyna-

CHH3HTCJI?

Il pe1lnOJIO)f{HM,
cnpoca,

xr

Jl6J10K paBHJleTCJI

py6.

KaK

H3MeHI1TCJI

CHH3HTCJI ua KPHBOH

py6.?

6Y1leT JII1 OTBeT HHbIM, eCJIH ua Jl6J10KI1, eCJ111 ua psuuce

py6.

CHH3HTCJI uena J1106oro npyroro JlI1 n0J10)f{eHl1e 1leWeBblX cnpoca, rpyw H cnus?

rosapa?

B) Vl3MeHI1TCJI r) KaKI1M yposae

cnpoca

nOJlBHTCJI MHoro

6Y1leT 06beM

eCJ111PblH04Ha5I

uena

Jl6J10K YCTaHOBI1TCJI aa

py6.

sa

xr?

73

2.

Ha rpadnuce

11306p(l)KeHa KpI1B<UI cnpoca

D. lITO nokaausaer

3aWTpl1XOBaHHbIH

np5lMoyrOJ1bHI1K: p

o
a) BeJ1I1'1I1HYcnpoca; 6) 3aTpaTbl nOTpe6l1TeneH; B) B03MO)l{HYlO r)

aupy-ncy

npl1 uene, paanoii cnpoc, paBHbIH 24.

4;

HeYjlOBJ1eTBOpeHHbIH

3.

Cnpoc

ua xaxae naa finara

p

11306p(l)Ka1OT jlaHHble

xpnaue:

o
a) xaprodiem, 6) xnef r) 11516J10KI1copra ")1.)I{OHaTaH"; 11rypacru-recxae nYTeBKI1 B Ilpary;

B) 6eH311H 11aBTOM0611J111; aTMoc<jJepHbIH B03jlYX 11xpacory OnaBWI1X J1I1CTbeB B rOpOjlCKOM rrapxe

4.

Cveureuue
Hl1e

KPI1BOH cnpoca scero,

aa MOpO)l{eHOe BJ1eBO, 113n0J10)l{eHI151

D,

B n0J10)l{e-

D},

cxopee

MO)l{eT 6bITb BbI3BaHO:

a) POCTOM jlOXOjlOB HaCeJ1eHI151; 6) r) HaCTynJ1eHl1eM 311Mbl; npejlJ10)l{eHI151 MOpO)l{e~lOrO; CHl1)1{eHl1eM uen na MOpO)l{eHoe. B) YMeHbweHl1eM

74

o
5.
npe)1nOJlO)l{I1M, Jle3HOCTb 4TO BBI1)1Y 113MeHeHlUI nexo'roporo BKYCOB finara norpefiurerta B03pOCJla.

npenensuas B 3TOM CJlY4ae

noKPH-

Ka}!{)10H

e)1I1HI1Ubl cnpoca:

Ba51 I1H)1I1BH)1YaJlbHOro a) 6) B) r) C)1BI1HeTC5I BJleBO; CTaHeT fionee CTaHeT 60Jlee

KPYTOI1; nOJlOrOH;

C)1BI1HeTC5I snpaao.

6.

Kpl1Ba51 cnpoca a) 6) KaKYIO KaKYIO

noxasunaer:
nOJle3HOCTb nOJlY4aeT nOTpe611TeJlb npa TOH I1JlI1 I1HOH uene; npn TOH I1JlI1 HHOH nOJle3HOCTb nOJlY4aeT nOTpe611TeJlb

ofiuiyro

npenem.ayio

ueue;
B) r) KaKOB cnpoc KaKYIO norpetiurena nener npa rOTOB TOHI1J111 I1HOH ueue; nOTPe611TeJlb, 4T06bl nOJlY4HTb TO CYMMY I1CTpaTI1Tb

HJlI1 I1HOe KOJll14eCTBO

nOJle3HOCTI1.

7.

MorYT a)

JlH 06a

6J1ara,

11 Y, 6bITb aa

6J1araMI1

Hl13KOro

Ka4eCTBa: HaKJ10H a 6J1ara 11 HX xpnaue

eCJlI1 xpaaue npe)1J10)l{eHI151 cy6cTHTYTaMH

cnpoca I1MelOT

11 Y I1MelOT

orpauarensnuti HaKJ10H,

n0J10)l{HTeJlbHbIH

11

51BJl5lIOTC5I

(11 B 3KOHOMl1Ke saiu

np0I13B0)151TC5I TOJ1bKO )1Ba rosapa)?

6)
B)

KaK H3MeHHTC5I

OTBeT, eCJlI1

11 Y

roeapu-xovnnevearu? scero, 6y,nYT Cy6CTI1TY-

eCJ111B MO)1eJlH TOJ1bKO nsa TaMH HJlI1 KOMnJ1eMeHTaMH

rosapa.

TO OHI1, cxopee

(B3aI1Mo,nonOJlH5IlOwI1MI1)?

8.

nOKa)l{I1Te, na a) 6) B) r)

KaK

B 3KOHOMHKe, aa

npoaasonauieit

zrsa

rosapa,

YBeJ1114eHl1e

ueuu

X X
X

113MeHl1T cnpoc H H

11

Y, eCJ1I1:
11

YY-

TOBapbl-cy6cTI1TYTbl rosapu-xovnneueirru

51BJ151eTC5I HeKa4eCTBeHHbiM

TOBapoM. TOBapOM.

11X 51BJ151eTC5I HeKa4eCTBeHHbiM TOBapoM. 11J111 Cy6CTI1TyTbl,

a) H 6) 11 LiTO fionee

51BJ151eTC5I HOPMaJlbHblM Bep05lTHO:

11 Y-KOMnJleMeHTbl

eCJlI1

51BJ151eT-

C5I rH<jJ<jJeHoBCKI1M TOBapoM? )1) B03MO)l{HO JlI1, 4T06bl o6a roaapa

(X

11 y) 6blJll1

HeKa4eCTBeHHblMl1

TOBapaMI1?

75

9.

Ha

pacnonoacenuov

HH)I(e

rpadinxe

H306pa)l(eHbI

xpnaue

npezinoxcenna

So, SI' S2'

p

o
OTBeTbTe a) 4eM aa cnenyiouine

sonpocu:
H3 T04KH

BbI3BaHO )l,BH)I(eHHe ororo

a a

B T04KY

b?
c?

n04eMY?

4TO Morno

6blTb

npH4HHoH 6) 4eM

)l,BH)I(eHHH? B T04KY n04eMY? 4TO Morno 6blTb

BbI3BaHO ~BI1)1(eHHe H3 T04KH aroro ~BH)I(eHHH? 113 T04KH

npH4HHoH B) 4eM

BbI3BaHO ~BH)I(e~lHe

C B T04KY

d?

n04eMY?

4TO MOrJlO 6blTb

npH411HOH aroro r) 4eM

~BH)I(eHHH?

Bbl3BaHO ~BI1)1(eHl1e H3 T04KH ~BH)I(eHHH?

B T04KY

e? n04eMY?

4TO MOrJlO 6blTb

npl1411HOH aroro

10.

ECJlH OTJlO)l(HTb BeJlH4HHbI ~HHaT, a 3Ha4eHHH

apryveara no

CPYHKUHH no ropH30HTaJlbHOH BepTHKaJlbHOH

OCH KOOP-

CPYHKUHH -

OCH, 3aKOH npenncscenas

He MO)l(eT 6blTb

H306pa)l(eH

na rparpake:

P0 a
Q

P
6

0
6

o
76

11. ,naHa CPYHKUIUI npennoaceana

CPYHKUHH npennoaceuna a) -200; paseu:

Q~ = 2P - 200.

CBo6o.llHbIH

LfJleH ofiparuoti

6) -100; B) 200; r) 100. 12. Cueuieuae

KPHBOHnpennoacenas snpaso, H3 nOJlO)l(eHH5I SI B nonozceune S2'

MO)l(eT6bITb BbI3BaHO:
p

o
a) POCTOMsarpar ua e.llI1HHUYnpO.llYKUI1H; 6) CHH)I(eHHeMnpennoscenaa B) YMeHbweHHeM r) npa YMeHbWeHI1H ueusr; sarpar;

neperaeuusrx

.llOTaUH>"IMH nOTpe6HTeJl5lM;

.ll) YBeJlHLfeHHeMcnpoca.

13. "B 3BTOM06HJlbHOH npOMblWJleHHOCTH B 1988 r. B uenov OTMeLf3JlC5ICT36HJlbHblH POCT npOH3BO.llCTBa H cfisrra. 3TO 6blJlO CJle.llCTBHeM 06meH noauWaTeJlbHOH TeH.lleHUHH B p33BHTHH 3KOHOMI1KH60JlbWHHCTBa senyumx K3nHTaJlI1CTHLfeCKHX CTpaH, a TaK)I(e Y.llOBJleTBOpeHHeM OTJlO)l(eHHOrO cnpoca, X3paxrepuoro .llJl513TOro psunca B cepennae

80-x roztos. 33MeTHO nOBJlI151JlH Ha

cnoco6HOCTI1

pa3BI1THe OTpaCJlH TaKHe cpaKTOpbl, KaK POCT noxynarern.aoti

HaCeJleHH5I,3aMe.llJleHl1e I1HCPJl5lUHI1 ornensnux B crpauax 3ana.lla, CHH)I(eHHe CTOHMOCTHxpeznrra H nonoxoruroro H3JlOra, uexoropoe YBeJlH'-IeHHe ypOBH5I 3aH5ITOCTH" . npOKOMMeHTHpYHTe
3TO

yraepacneuue.

KaKHe H3 nepe-mcneuuux

CP3KTO-

POB OK333JlH B03.lleHCTBHena cnpoc Ha 3BTOMo6HJlH, K3KHe H K3KHM 06pmOM (cueuienae

H3 npenncscenue

KpHBblX I1JlH.llBH)I(emle B.llOJlbKpHBbIX)? uen aa rosapu 11 ycnyru no cp3BHeHHIO

14. B Mocxse 60Jlee BblCOKHH yposem,

c .llPYrHMI1 POCCI1HCKI1MH roponaua

06b5lCH5IeTC5IrJlaBHblM o6pa30M TeM, '-ITO

snecs:
77

a)

npennaraiorca
MeHbwe

fionee

Ka4eCTBeHHbie

rosapu;

6)
B)

npenrroacenue BblCOKl1e HI13KI1e

TOBapOB 11 ycnyr;

60nee

r) 60nee

ueuu cnpoca; ueuu npennoscenna.

Omeemu:
la. cvecrtrrcn 6. r), 7. a);
BHH3; 10. r); 16. nupacre r; II. r); 12. r); 16.1Ia; 14. B). 12. cOKpaTHTclI;

2.6);

3.6),

4.6),

5. I),

PeKO.MeHOye.Ma51
Eapp P. Bseneaue
['JI. nOflHTWleCKa51 3KOHOMHlI: B PbIHO'lHYIO

.sumepamypa
M.,

B2

T.

T. I.

1994. C. 454-479.
A. 51. J1HBwHua,

3KOHOMHKY / non

pen.

Yl.

HHKYJIHHOH

3. § 3. M., 1994. B. M, Henamsee C. M., MOPZYH06 B H B2

T. MHKP03KoHoMHKa. M.,

Fansnepun

r». 2.
M.,

M.,

1994

MaKKoHHeJlJl K.,

Bpto C.

3KOHOMHKC:

T. I. Fn. 4.

1993. Fn. 3. B.
M.

Hypeee P. M.

OCHOBbl 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH

reopua,
H

MHKp03KoHoMHKa. non 06lU. pen.

1996.

Teopns norpetiareascxoro nOBeneHHH CTI6., 1993. C. 250-303. Xapeeu Il:«:

nOCTHraeM 3KOHOMHKY. I'n.

cnpoca / 3.
M.,

Fansnepuaa

1997. B2
T.

Xaiiwan J( H.

COBpeMeHHaH MHKP03KoHoMHKa: PYKoBoncTBo no H3Y'leHHIO M.,

T. I. Fn. 2. C.

M.,

1993.
P. J],opH6ywa,

Mopea« J(JI('. M.
C60PHHK MHKpo3ana'l

Y'Ie6HHKa

<l>Hwepa,

P. WMaJJeH3H "3KoHoMHKa".

r». 3.

1997. lD. E. Bnacseaa-r. Teua 3.

/ non 06w. pen. M.,

no 3KOHOMHKe / OTB. pen. npaKTHKYM

1996. Teua 4.
Moo

ens.
1994.

H MaKp03KoHoMHKa:

lD. A. B.
M.

Om6HHa.

1994.
neHTeflbHOCTH / non pen.

OCHOBbl npennpmnoaarem.cson

Bnacoeoii. Fn. 6.

rJlABA

B3AJfMOAEH:C1BlfE CllPOCA If llPEAJIO)KEHlfH. PhIHOqHOE PABHOBEClfE

Bmopas

meopeMa

tinaeococmoxuun
MapJICUliWIU3M MOOeJlb

Paeuoeecue no Bauepacy Paeuoeecue Paenoeecuuii Pacnpeoeneuue Cmatiunsuocme no Mapiuanny

06beM

J13JIUUJeKnpousaooumens

naymuuu

PaeHOeeCHaR uena liaJl020e020

OUliaMUlJeCKOU

tipeueuu

pacxoosuueucn
coeeptueunoii
''HeeuOUMaR

PblHOlJHblU KJIUPUH2 paeHOeeCU51

Ilepean

nompetiumenscxuii

A. Cuuma Otnuecmeeuuan eueooa meopeua 6J1at!ococmO}/liw/

pytca" U3J1UWeK

Toeapuue
"[{elia

HaJl02U

"Lleua nona "

nomonxa" PblHOlJHOe paeuoeecue 'Lacmuunoe

4.1. MO)l:EJIb qACnrQHOrO PbIHOQHOrO PABHOBEcml. PABHOBEcml

cnpoca 11 npe)l.JlO)!(eHI15I, B35111npo-

CYIIJ;HOCTh PbIHOqJIOrO
PaCCMOTpeHHble B npensrnyuinx

rnasax

xpasue

'rue CaMI1 no ce6e, nOKa3bIBaIOT, 4T6 npOI1CXO)l.I1TC 06beMaMI1 noxyrtox )l.a)!( npn 113MeHeHI111 ueusr. MbI 'ratoxe yCTaHOBI1JlI1, 4TO 3TI1 xpnnue pl13YlOT )!(eJlaHI151 rtosyrrareneii

xapaxre79

xyrurrs,

a npO)l.aBUOB

nponars

onpenenennoe

K0J1H4eCTBO'rosapa ueau noxynarenea

no 3a,UaHHOH ueue. HHa4e rOBOp5l, 3TH xpnaue H uenu npo,UaBUOB, xoropue H H3,Uep)J(eK (nponasusr),

nOKa3bIBalOT O,UHaKO roaa-

re Ha3Ha4alOT Ha psnnce HC-

XO,U5IH3 CBOHX ,UOXO,UOB (noxynarenu) no ueuav psnro-nroro speveua

pu H yCJ1yrH npo,UaIOTC5I He no ueHaM cnpoca

H He no ueHaM npe,UJ1Q)KeHH5I, a KaK H na KaKOM yposue

paBHOBeCH5I. 4TO 3TO sa ueuu,

OHH YCTaHaBJ1HBaIOTC5I, eM OHH onpe,UeJ151IOTC5I? 4

pasasie

3KOHOMHCTbl ,UaBaJ1H pa3J1H4Hble OTBeTbl ua 3TH BOn0J1HT3KOHOMHH

npocsr.
flpe,UCTaBHTeJ1H OTBO,UHJ1H ocofiyio H3llepJKKaX WKOJ1a noxynas apryve+rra -ryrov,
KJlaCCU'IeCKOU

XVIII

B. H aa-iana

XIX

B.

pOJ1b npe,UJ1Q)KeHHIO, nonaraa,

4TO uens: OCHOBbIBaIOTC5Iaa

npOH3BOllCTBa.

uapotcuuanucmoe,
na cnpoce, no ueaav,

CCPOpMHpOBaBWa5lC5I BTOPOH n0J10BHI-Ie XIX B., BO KOTOPblH npe,Ub5lBJ151IOT nOTpe6HTeJ1H ua

,UeJ1aeT axuenr 'roaapsr

psruxe,

paBHblM HX npe,UeJ1bHOH (KOHe4HOH) n0J1e3HOCTH.

O,UHH H3 npe,UCTaBHTeJ1eH 3TOH WKOJ1bl, TaKOH npnvep. OH cnpauiuaan:

C.

JJ:)J(eBOHC,npHBO,UHJ1 B xaxecrse B Mope 3a )J(eM-

nOTOMY J1H uupsror

4TO )J(eM4Y)J(HHbl 06J1a,UaIOT 60J1bWOH ueHHOCTblO, HJ1H )J(eM4Y)J(HHbl

06J1a,UaIOT 60J1bWOH ueHHOCTblO nOTOMY, 4TO sa HHMH HY)J(HO Hblp5lTb B Mope? ECJ1H J10Beu ,UOCTaHeT npOCTOH KaMeHb, ero Tpy,U He 6y,UeT HMeTb HHKaKOH CTOHMOCTH. CJ1e,UOBaTeJ1bHO,HMeHHO n0J1e3HOCTb )J(eM4Y)KHHbl J1e)KHT O,UHOBpeMeHHO B OCHOBe H O,UHaKO B KOHue HH5I Bbl,UalOwHHC5I J10JKeHHe, H cnpoc, J1e3BH5IHO)J(HHU. JJ:J151 Taro noxynareneii xoropue naiounre 4T06bl onucart, H noxasan, 3TOT npouecc, uano CBeCTH BMeCTe npo,UaBUOB H COOTBeTCTBYIOWHe

ueusr 3TOH )KeM4Y)KHHbl, H ueuu rpyna J10Bua. XIX B. OCHOBOnOJ1O)J(HHKHeOKJ1aCCH4eCKoro uanpaaneaHrJ1HHCKI1H 3KOHOMI1CT A. Mapuran,n (1842-1924) noxaonaospeaeaao Y4acTBYlOT H npenY4acTBYlOT 06a no,U06Ho TOMY KaK B pa3pe3aHI1H 6YMam

san, 4TO B CPOpMl1pOBaHI1HPblH04HOH uenu

xpnesre
cnpoca

cnpoca

H npe,UJ10)J(eHH5I,

OTp3)J(aIOT HX HHTepeCbI. H npe,UJ10)J(eHHH,noxasuH roro »ce TOBacnpoca OHa PblH04HblH cnpoc H PblH04Hoe npe,UJ10)J(eHHeonnoro

ECJ1HMbl HanO)J(HM ,Upyr na ,Upyra xpnaue

pa, TO n0J1Y4HM Mo,UeJ1b,HJ1J1IOCTPHPYIOWYIO O,UHOBpeMeHHO noseneune H npe,UJ1Q)KeHI151 mrrepecyrouiero CH5Iaa puuxe Ha pHC. 6YKBOH
0011020

Hac 'roeapa.

3KOHOMH4eCKOH reopan

n0J1Y411J1aHa3BaHl1e MOlleJ1b lJaCTHlJHOrO PbIHOlJHOrO paanoeecaa rosapa).

(paBHOBe-

4-1
(OT

nOKa3aHO, 4TO B T04Ke nepeCe4eHI151 KPHBOH cnpoca paeuoaecne), cnpoca 06beM uenoa cnpoca paseu

11KpH-

BOH npe,UJ1o)J(eHH5IS, «oropas

Ha3b1BaeTC5IT04KOH paBHOBeCH5I H 0603Ha4aeTc5I 06beMY pasua ueue npe,UJ10)J(el-ll151 (P" PbIHOlJHOro 06beMbi cnpoca

npe,UJ10)l(eHH5I

Equilibrium (Q" = Q,) , a ueua

ueaoa,

P,).

Taxoe

pasencrso

uen 3KOHOMI1CTbl o6beMoM. T04Ka

nasuaaror

xnupnura

11J111 paBHoBeCHOH

a paauue

11 npe,UJ1mKeHH5I TaKoMY COOTHOI1J1I1

paenoaecasrse
WeI-lHIO, «orna

paBHOBeCI151coornercrayer

na psnnce HeT TeH,UeHUHI1 K I13MeHeHI1IO PblH04HOH ueau

80

o
PI1C.

4-1.

MOAeIlb

4aCTli14HOrO PblHo4Horo

paeaoeecas

K0J1114CCTBa

nponasaeuux K0J1114CCTBO C

TOBapoB.

ECJ111 PbIHOK

HaXO,D,I1TC5I B paBHOBCCI1I1, XOTHT XOTHT np1106pCCTI1, npC,D,J10)KI1Tb. 3aKJIIOQaeTCH

UCHa T04HO

rakoaa,

4TO

COBna,D,aCT TaKHM TOM, QTO

rosapa, KOTOPOC nOKynaTCJ111 K0J1114CCTBOM rosapa, KOTOPOC npO,D,aBUbI cyumocru

PblHOqHOrO

06pa30M, B 3TOM

paaaoaecna
HH

COCTOHHHH

PblHOK

C6aJlaHCHpOBaH: 3TO paBHOBeCHe.

nponaausr,
TOqKe

HH

no-

xynarenn He CTpeMSlTCSI aapyunrri, HX aarepecsi coananaror.

CJ1C,D,YCT OTMCTI1Tb, CTBOM 11J111 ypaBHcHI1CM HI1KOr,D,a 4TO

paOHOBeCHSI

paBHOBCCI1C

HC 51BJ1HCTC5I MaTCMaTI14CCKI1M BCJ1114I1H. Ha B TaKOM npaKTI1KC )KI1BOM

paBCHnO,D,06-

O,D,HOH 11J111 HCCKOJ1bKI1X HC MO)KCT 6bITb

HOC paBCHCTBO MC, KaK

,D,OCTl1rHYTO

3KOHOMI1Ka.

)J;a)KC

B <p11311KC COBcpWCHHa51

napa

CI1J1 51BJ151CTC5I PC3YJ1bTaTOM). I1HTCPCCOB

oprauaaonpene-

J1CHI1CM I1MCHHO PbIH04HOC

HCnO,D,BI1)KHOCTI1

(nrpa

CI1J1 C HYJ1CBbIM KaK rapMOHI1H

003TOMY npO,D,aBUOB 11

paBHOBCCI1C

paCCMaTpI1BaCTC5I OTCYTCTBI1C

11 nOKynaTCJ1CH J10)KCHI1CM. OHO

11J111KaK MO)KCT

,D,l1cnponopUI1I1 ,D,O TCX

MC)K)J,y

cnpOCOM ,D,aHHOC OPI1 OH

ripen-

cyutecrnosars
(113MCHCHI1I1

nop, noxa
11J11106bCMOB)

COCT05lHI1C

puuxa
rOM

COOTBCTCTBYCT

I1HTCpCCaM PbIHKC

np0,D,aBUOB

11 nOKynaTCJ1CH.

J11D60M

npy113 11

n0J10)KCHI1I1

aa

UCHbI

BbIXO,D,I1T CJ1Y4ac

COCT05lHI1H npO,D,aBUbI, 11 PbIHOK

paBHOBCCI151

11 CTaHOBI1TC5I 6y,D,yT

Hcc6anaHCl1pOBaHHbIM. C6anaHCI1pOBaTb

3TOM

11 nOKynaTCJ111 Ha4HCT

CTPCMI1TbC5I

CBOI1

I1HTCPCCbl, 3TO C

,D,Bl1raTbC5I

B CTOPOHY

paBHOBCCI151.

0P0I1J1J1IDCTPI1PYCM

nououn.io pacy
11

MO,D,CJ1 , I1Cn0J1b3YH 11 113BCCTHbIX

,D,Ba anbTCpHaTI1BHhIX HaYKC KaK

nO,D,XO,D,a K ,D,OCTI1)KCHI1ID

paBHOBCCI151,

B 3KOHOMI14CCKOH

paeuoeecue no

fl.

Bans-

paeuoeecue no A. Maptuanny.
B nonxone cnpoca UCHbI

rJ1aBHbIM pa3HI1UbI TI14CCKOH PI

JI. Banspaca

(pnc.

4-2)
OyCTb UCHbI

51BJ151CTCH B03HI1KHOBCHI1C OTKJ10HCHI151 PbIHo4HaH TaKOH <paKUCHa

B 06'beMaX PbIH04HOH

11 npC,D,J10)KCHI151 non OT paBHoBccHOH.

,D,CHCTBI1CM peansnas

OKa)KCTC5I

HCCKOJ1bKO

HI1)KC paBHoBccHOH

Pe•

OPI1

UCHC 06bCM

81

V136bITOK npeAJlO>KeHI.1I1

P2 Pe P, ~

V136bITOK cnpoca

o
P~c. 4-2.
PaBHOBeCl-1e

no Jl. Banspacy

cnpoca

Q" fiyner npeasuuars

(Q" > Q,)

06beM npennoxceaaa

Q, . 06pa30BaBWf.1HC5I f.13KOTOpa516y.neT npn KOTOPOH

6bITOK cnpoca

YCf.1J1f.1T KOHKypeHUf.11Onoxynareneti,

TOJ1KaTb PbIH04HYlO UeHY saepx no ypOBH5I paaaoaecuoii ueuu, 06beM cnpoca f.106beM npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 ypaBHOBeC5IT ztpyr .npyra.

ECJ1f.1 PbIH04Ha51 uena P1 6y.neT ssnue paBHOBeCHOH Pe, ua psnnce ofipaxce 3yeTc5I f.136bITOK npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 (Q: > Q:,), B pe3YJ1bTaTe -rero YCf.1J1f.1TC5I KOIIKypeHUf.151 nponasuoa f.1PbIH04Ha51 ueaa YCTaHOBf.1TC5I yposae na paaaosecaoti.

Paauoaecne no A. Mapuran.ny (puc. 4-3) Onf.1paeTC5I ua pa3HOCTb ueu cnpoca f.1 npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151,Bbl3BaHHYIO OTKJ10HeHf.1eM rpaxru-recsoro 06beMa npe.nJ10)(eHf.151 pasaoaecaoro. OT
ECJ1f.1 06beM npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 Q, MeHbwe pasnosecnoro cnpoca P1 OKa)(eTC5I auure paaaosecaoro ueuu ueuu

Q" (Q, < Q,,), ueaa

3TO nofiyxcnaer HanpOTf.1B, IlPf.1

npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 (P1 > PI)' PI

nponasuoa npeasnneaun Gyner

YBeJ1f.14f.1Tb6beM npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151OBapoB ua puuxe. 0 T 06beMa npennoxcenaa npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151P2 (PI < P2),

(Q: > Q,,) ueua cnpoca PI

"ITO 3aCTaBf.1T nponasuoa

MeHbwe

YMeHbWf.1Tb npennoacemre BaeTC5I C 06beMOM cnpoca cnpoca cosnanaer

TOBapOB no 06beMa, npn KOTOPOM OH ypaBHOBeWf.1f.16y.neT paaeu Qc' Ilpn paBHOBeCHOM 06beMe ueua

C ueHOH npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 = P2 = P.,

P, .

TaKf.1M 06pa30M, f.13 nposeneaaoro auanasa cneziyer, "ITO eCJ1f.1 PbIH04Ha51 ueua He pasua paBHOBeCHOH, TO .neHCTBf.151 noxynareneii f.1nponasuoa .nBf.1raIOT ee B HanpaBJ1eHf.1f.1K paBHOBeCHoH. ECJ1f.1)!(e 06beM npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 paBeH He paBHOBeCHOMY, TO, 0pf.1eHTf.1pY5lCbna UeHY cnpoca, nponaauu YBeJ1Wlf.1BaIOT f.1J1f.1MeHbwalOT 06beMbi npe.nJ10)!(eHf.151 o pasuoeecnoro Y n ypOBH5I, npa KOTOPOM YCTaHaBJ1f.1BaeTC5I f.1paBHOBeCHa51ueua.
82

P,

Q'

Pille. 4-3. Paaaoeecae no A. Mapuianny

<DyHKUIHI cnpoca 11 npennoacenas

Jl. Banspaca QJ
=

I1MeeT

BI1.ll

f(P);

Q, =f(P),
a YCJlOBl1eM paBHOBeCI151 51BJl5leTC5I

paaeacrso

Y A. Mapuranna

<PYHKUI151 cnpoca

11 npennozceana

I1MeeT

BI1.ll

P"

f(Q);

P, = f(Q),
a ycnosuev paBHOBeCI151 51BJl5leTC5I

paseucrso

COBpeMeHHa51

3KOHOMl1yeCKa51

TeOpl151

onepl1pyeT

<PYHKUI151MI1 3TI1X

cnpoca

11

npennoaceuas Jl. Banspaca

A. Mapuianna, YTO He cnpoca 11 npennccxeaaa.
nOCKOJIbKY psuuca lUYIOC5I KOTOPOH JIOlKeHI151 51BJI5IIOTC5I na psnuce

11 rpa<pl1yeCI<I1MI1 ua

I1JIJIIOCTpaLl,I151MI1

<PYHI<UI1I1

CI<a3bIBaeTC5I

peaynsrarax

aaanma

B3aI1MO.lleHCTBI151

B MO.lleJII1

Jl. Banspaca
MO.lleJIb

I1HCTpYMeHTOM

C6anaHCI1pOBaHHOCTI1 CI1TyaUI1IO, CKJIa.llbIBalOB

ueusr,

TO 3Ta

xapaxrepnayer
nepaozre.

B KpaTlWCpOlJHOM .llOCTl1raeTC5I aa

Moztensro

A. Mapuianna,
06beMOB npezi-

paBHOBeCl1e K

c-ier

npl1cnOC06JleHI151 JIYl.Jwe

paBHOBeCHOMY

KOJII1l.JeCTBY, nepnone

OnI1CbIBaIDTC5I 06beMbi

psmo-nn.re
BbmYCKa 11

npoueccu rtponax

B ,'lOJIrOCpOlJHOM sa C4eT YBeJII14eHI151

(MOIKHO

113MeHI1Tb

I1JII1 YMeHbweHI151

KOJII14eCTBa

I1CnOJIb3yeMbix

<paKTOPOB

np0I13BO.llCTBa).

83

4.2.

nOCJIE)1;CTBIDI YCTAHOBJIEHIDI HEPABHOBECHbIX QEH

Ha3BaJI 3TO pecypcos

ABTOManl4eCKoe npHHUHnoM H npyrnx 60JIee

CPOpMHpoBamle PYKH") 6JIar

"HeBH.llHMOH 3KOHOMH4eCKHX

paauoaecaoii ueuu (A. CMHT cnocoficrsyer nepepacnpeneneumo

H3 OTpaCJIeH C HH3KHMH uenaxn: cnpocov. K 60JIee

B OTpaCJIH C CBH.lleTeJIbCTHX HCnOJIb30-

BblCOKHM

nnareacecnocofiuu«
0 CTpeMJIeHHH

Bucoxae

ueus:

BYI{)T 0 pe.llKOCTH 6JIar,

paUHoHaJlbHOMY

BaH HI{), 0 Heo6xo.llHMOCTH

paCWHpeHH5I HX npOH3BO.llCTBa. uen, finaronaps

KOHe4HOM C4eTe B 4eMY .llOCTHraeTC5I

3KOHOMHKe npOHCXO.llHT ypaBHoBeWHBaHHe 3cpcpeKTHBHoe npn O.llHaKO

(orrrauansuoe)

pacnpeneneane C4HTaI{)T,

3KOHOMH4eCKHX 6JIar, T. e. 'raxoe, (pasuoaecaue) uenu

KOTOPOM pezncne 6JIara He paCTpa4HBaI{)TC5I srrycryro. JII{).llH He acerzia nnorna 4TO psmo-nn-ie

OnTHMaJ1bHbl. n03TOMY Hble ueJIH, MHHHMaJ1bHbIX uen, np°.llYKUHI{). PaCCMOTpHM 'raxoro rosapu

rOCY.llapCTBO, npecnenys MaKCHMaJIbHblX

're HJIH HHbie COUHaJlb-

H.lleT ua YCTaHOBJleHHe

("ueH aannencar

noztaepaoca")
npozrasars

HJIH CBOI{)

no KOTOPblM npOH3BO.llHTemIM

MO.lleJIb YCTaHOBJIeHH5I rOCY.llapCTBOM ssnue xoroporo

"nOTOJIKa

ueu",

T. e. CBOH

ypOBH5I uen, H ycnyrn.

npOH3BO.llHTeJIH He snpase

nponasan,

IJ,eJIbl{) nO.l106HOrO KOHTPOJI5Inan ueHaMH MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aU..{HBblCOKHX ueu ua 're HJIH HHbie

'ra MaJ1OHMYIll,HX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHH5I OT uenovepao rosapu H YJIY4weHHe

YCJIOBHH HX )KH3HH aa C4eT npOH3BO.llHTeJIeH.

.llaHHOM BbICOH

CJIY4ae sonpoc KOH", npennoaceaua

0 TOM, KaKa51 HMeHHO uena 3.lleCb He Y4HTblBaI{)TC5I.

51BJI5IeTC5I He060CHOBaHHO "

peWaeTC5I B xone

nOJIHTH4eCKOH 60Pb6bl,

H 3aKOHOMepHOCTH cnpoca

P (nonn )

10000

t......
Bbll.1rpblW

PaBHOBeCHafi

ueaa

aa cser nponasuoa
5000

noxynarenea

o
PIo1C.

4-4. Ycraaoaneaae

rocyaapcrsov

"noronka

lIeHbl"

Ha pHC.

4-4

noxaaanu

nOCJIe.llCTBH5I YCTaHOBJIeHH5I rocynapcrsov

"nOTOJIKa

ueau".
84

npeJJ.nOJ1Q)KHM, ueaa

na

psnnce

aBTOM06HJ1eH 4TO

MapKH

YCTaHOBHJ1aCb

PbIH04Ha51 na yposne noxy3TOT

10 TbIC.

JJ.0J1J1.,[(anee

JJ.onycTHM, MbI

BBeJJ.eH "nOT0J10K

uensr"
Ha

5 TbIC. JJ.0J1J1.B pe3YJ1bTaTe nareneii COCTaBHJ1 5 TbIC.

BbIHipbIW nOKa3aH

n0J1Y4HM

nepasra 3cJ1cJ1eKT H3 aBTOM06HJ1eH.

BbIHipbIW

JJ.0J1J1.aa K3)K)J.bIH

rpadmxe

rpaneunn, orpaun-reauoa Y4acTKoM OCH OPJJ.HHaT Me)!(JJ.Y T04KaMH 10 000 H 5000, J1HHH5IMH, nepecexarouiaua ee B 3THX T04xax, H cooTBeTcTBYIOUlHM Y4acTKoM KPHBOH npeJJ.J10)!(eHH5I. Burona noxynareJ1eH sa C4eT nponaauos 3TO OCHOBHOH oocuoaeuuu 3<p<peKT, ua KOTOPbIH pacc-urrsiaano rocynapcrso (HJ1H MeCTHble oprauu BJ1aCTH), BBOJJ.51 KOHTPOJ1b
nJ10UlaJJ.blO HaJJ. ueuoii. OJJ.HaKO KaKHe )f{e

nenpeoeuoenuue
peWeHH5I?

3<p<peKTbI

6YJJ.YT HMeTb OHH H306pa)!(eHbI

MeCTO

B pe3YJ1b-

rare

npHH5ITH5I

JJ.aHHOlO

rpa<pH4eCKH

aa pHC.

4-5.

P
(AOJlJl )

15 000
Ql

1i

10 000

:J: .ll I:; Ql :J: I:;

I-

_ .ll l-

sa.

cu

l-

o
E:

C')

cu

5000 sarparu
2

a
PI1C.

Qs

Qe

Qd

Q
LleHbl"

4-5.

nOcIleACTBI-1~ yCTaHoBIleHI-1~

"noronxa

KpaTlWCp04HOM nepaoae,

KOiJJ.a K0J1H4eCTBO

aBTOM06HJ1eH

nOCT05lHHO, JJ:e<pH-

HenpeJJ.BHJJ.eHHble UHT B03HHKaeT

nOCJ1eJJ.CTBH5I 6YJJ.YT np05lBJ1S1TbC5I 4TO BeJ1H4HHa paaaoaecuoii nepaozie cnpoca uene npa

B BHJJ.e JJ.e<pHUHTa. TbIC.

nOTOMY, 4eM npn

JJ.0J1J1.sa aBTOM06HJ1b

(QJ)
UHTa OH we

60J1bWe,

10 TbIC.

JJ.OJlJl.

(Qe)'

Pasvep

JJ.e<pH-

B KpaTKocp04HOM

HJ1J1IOCTpHpyeT npH4HHaMH.

nnouians

npSlMoYlOJ1bHHKa J11OJJ.H,

06YCJ10BJ1eH aoofiuie He

HeCKOJlbKHMH HMeJ1H

Bo-rrepssrx,
y KOTOPblX

aBTOM06HJ1eH, aBT0J1106HTeJ1H, HX HOBbIMH.

rerteps,
HaKOHeu,

B03MO)!(HO, 6blJlH

BO-BTOPbIX, npeJJ.n04TyT nOC411TalOT Ka)KJ].OlO Ho

nexoropue
3aMeHHTb B03MO)f{HbIM

B-TpeTbHX,

1. xoropue panspeurar HX xyrnrrs. crapue MaWHHbl, nexoropue ceMbH

a 60J1bWe JJ.J151

I1MeTb

He OJJ.I1H 11J111 JJ.Ba aBTOM06HJl5l,

B3POCJ10iO

4J1eHa ceMbH. JJ.e<pHUHT C03JJ.aeT Ha4HHalOT npofinevs: KaK JJ.J1S1

n05lBI1BWI1HCSI

noxynareneii,
na

TaK

11 JJ.J151 np0JJ.aBUOB. CI1TyaUl110.

OHI1

aKTHBHO

pearnpoaa'n,

C03JJ.aBWYIOC5I

85

B }lOJlrOCpOlJHOM nepaone YCTaHOBJ1eHHe "nOTOJ1Kauen" npneener K TOMY, 4TO npOH3BO.uHTeJ1H aBTOM06HJ1ei1coxparsr HX BbmYCK H PblHOK nepeMeCTHTC5I H3 COCT05lHH5IE B EI• B 3TOM CJ1Y4ae .ueCPHUHTeuie 60J1bWe B03paCTeT, noQ" H 06beMOM npe.uJ1O)l(eHH5IQ, YBeJ1H4HTC5I.06~Hi1 paavep nednnurra Tenepb 6y.ueT npencrasnea nJ10wa.u5lMH np5lMoyrOJ1bHHKOB 1 H 2.
CKOJ1bKYpaauaua Me)!(,Uy 06beMOM cnpoca A KaK nOBe.uYT ce651 nOTpe6HTeJ1H? 04eBH.uHo, 4TO B C03.uaBWHXC5IyCJlOBH5IX OHH cvoryr npuofipecrn TOJ1bKOTO K0J1H4eCTBOaBTOM0611J1ei1,KOTOpOe peansuo npe.uJ1Q)KeHOaa puuxe. 3THM K0J1H4eCTBOM6y.ueT Q,.
J1:eHeJKllble

sarpa'n-t nOTpe6HTeJ1ei1 na npnofipereuae .uaHHOrO 411CJ1a aBTOM0611J1ei1 noxa3blBaeT nnouians COOTBeTcTBylO~ero npswoyronsmnca. O.uHaKO npn 06beMe npe.uJ1Q)KeHH5IQ"
«i>aKTUlJeCKYIO

KOTOPbli1 51BHOHe.uOCTaTOLleH,Me)l(.uy nOTpe6HTeJ151MHB03-

HHKaeT KOHKypeHUI151, 11 OHH BbIHY)l(.ueHbl nJ1aTI1Tb ropasno 60Jlee BbICOK)10 ueuy (na rparpaxe OHa COCTaBJ151eT TbIC. .u0J1J1.) o cpasaeumo 15 n C YCTaHOBJ1eHHoi1ueuoii "nOTOJ1Ka" B 5 TbIC. .u0J1J1. 3Ty ueny 6y.uyT BXO.uHTb B aarparu BpeMeHH 11Cpe.uCTBaa nOI1CKHrosapa, na ero nocrasxy, na CT05lHI1eB o-repensx (B03MQ)KHO, HeCKOJ1bKO J1eT), na nepennary TeM, KTO HMeeT zrocryn K nednruary 113aHHMaeTC5Inepenponanceli, 11T. n. TaKI1M 06pa30M, «i>aKTu'lecKuc sarparu nOTpe6I1TeJ1ei1 aa npnofipereaae aBTOM06HJ1ei1 6y.uYT BKJ1104aTbKaK .ueHe)KHble sarpa'ru, TaK H nepe-racneuuue .uonOJ1HHTeJ1bHble sarparsr. OPI1 ')TOM cnenyer n01l4epKHYTb O.uHO04eHb aaxcaoe 06CT05lTeJ1bCTBO:nononnurensnue aarparst aa npaofiperenne aBTOM06HJ1ei1- 3TO stepmeue sarparu. nOCKOJlbKY OHI1 He l1.uyT aa pacunrpeuue np0I13Bo.uCTBa .ueqmUI1THbIX TOBapOB. Teneps nOCMOTpI1M, 4TO nponcxonjrr na psruxe B CJ1Y4ae ueaoeoii nonJ(ep)KKI1, T. e. YCTaHOBJleHH5I60J1ee BblCOKHX ueu no cpaBHeHHIO C paeuosecHbIMH. TaKHe ueus: euie aaausaior "ueuauu nOJ1a", nOCKOJ1bKYnpo.naxca no 60J1ee HH3KHM ueuav He paspeuraercs. Ha pHC. 4-6 C nOMO~blO xpaaux cnpoca 11 npe,LJ,JlQ)«eHH5I OrIl1CaH PblHOI( sepua. Ope.urIOJ1o)I<I1M, 4TO nepBOHa4aJ1bHO PblHOK HaXO,LJ,I1JlC5I paBHOBeCl111B B T04Ke E. 3aTeM B uensx nonnepaocn cpepMepoB npaBHTeJ1bCTBOMYCTaIIaBJlHBaeTC5I MHHI1MaJ1bHa51 eua sepua PI' KOTOpa51 u npessuuaer pasuoeecayro. B 3TOM CJ1Y4aecpepMepbl 6y.uYT panu, TaK KaK y HHX n05lBI1TC5ICTI1MYJ1 pacurapeuaio K npOH3BO,LJ,CTBaepna no 06beMa s

Qv

Oznraxo na psnnce HeT cnpoca ua raicoe

K0J1H4eCTBOsepaa, H B pe3YJ1bTaTey cpepMepoB 06pa3yeTc5I 113JlHWeK,KOTOPbli1, 04eBI1.uHO, COrJ1aCI1TC5I suxyrurn, rocynapcrao. KaKoB paavep aroro H3JlHWKa? OH paaea paaauue Me)l(.uy 06beMoM npe.uJ1O)l(eHH5I epna no "ueue nona" Q, H s 06beMoM cnpoca no 3T0i1 ueue Q" (no ueae PI nOTpe6HTeJ1H MoryT xyrnrn, norpefiareneri COCTaB5IT (3TO .uelIbrH

J1HWb Q" KOJlH4eCTBOsepna). B pe3YJ1bTaTe aarparu nnouians np5lMoyrOJ1bHI1Ka O~ AQ", nnouians a sarpart.i

npaarrrenscrsa

HaJ10rOnJ1aTeJ1b~I1KoB)86

npsvoyronsnasa

Q" A B Q, .

o
Pille. 4-6. Flocnencraas
TaKI1M o6pa30M, HI151 UCHbl Ha yposue .resopaem
YCTaHoBneHVlH

"ueaosoa

nO,D,Aep>KKVI"

H CJ1YLfaenpl1MeHeHI151 ueuoaoii

nonnepacxa

11YCTaHOBJlenocsinaer

60J1ee BblCOKOM, LfeM paBHOBeCHa5l, rocyziapcr-ao

I1pyKlLUYIO I1HrpOpMaUI1Kl KaK nOTpe611TemlM, TaK 11np0I1'3BO.llI1TeJ151!\1. ueua rOBOpl1T, LfTO KOJ1I1LfeCTBO aepaa OrpaHI1LfeHHo. ero noa '3HaLfI1T, OHI1 .llOJ1)!(Hbl CHI1311Tbera

nOTpc6I1TeJI5IM )Ta

aJ1bTepllaTHBHa51 CTOI1MOCTbaucoxa, rpefineiure.

<t>epMepa!\1 xce OHa rOBOpl1T 06 06paTHoM: KOJ1I1LfeCTBaepHH. 3

LfT06bl OHI1 npozionacanu (3eMJ1Kl, xann ran,

11B llaJlbHeHWeM

I1CnOJ1b'mBaTb I1MeKlLUI1CC5I III1X pecypcu y

TPYD,) }J,J151 np0l13BOnCTBa naauoro

C:ler(OBaTeJ1bHO, anMl1ImCTpaTI1BHOe YCTaHOBJ1CHl1e ueu, KOHTPOJlb sa HI1MI1 uapyuraicr C rHO rpYHKl(110Hl1pOBaHl1e PbIHOLfHoro MeXaHI13Ma, 11 '3 pe3YJ1bTaTe 06LUe-

necer norepn.
KapTI1Ha I1MeJ1a6bl MeCTO npn CIII1)KeHI1I1 ueuu npHH5IJ111 6bl peiueune noxynari, 60Jlbllie '3epHa, CHHnpua np0l13BOnl1TeJll1 npu 11 HaWJlI1 6bI rry-nuee

Pa'3YMeeTC5I,COBceM upyras no pasnosecaoii.

Ilorpefiarenn

TaK K3K OHO CT3JlO 6bl llJl51 HI1X CTOI1Tb neuresne, '3HBWeHC5Iueue YMeHblUI1JII1 6bI IlJlOLUa.ll11noceaos MCHelll1e I1MeIOLUI1MC5I pccypcav.

Ilonpofiaee

0 TOM, KaKOH asnrrpsuu nOrOBOpl1M B

1l0nY'JaCT CCHLJaC

06LUCCTBOOT CYll.ieCTBOBaHI151 aBHOBeCHbIX ueu, p "P01l0J]iI<I1M aHaJ1I13rocynapcraeuaoro

§ 4.4. A

BMeWaTeJlbCTBa B PblH04HbIe OTHOWeHI1>1.

4.3. HAJIOfJ1 J1 PbIHOQHOE

Ilpexczte
xoropue ecero YCTaHaBnHBaKlTC5I na nesrensnocn,

PABHOBECJ1E
paBHOBeCl1e H3JlOrOB,

paCCMOTpl1M B03.lleHCTBl1e aa PblH04Hoe rpl1pMbl

(npomaomrreneti).

CyC 060-

LUccTByeT orpovuoe

KOJ1HLfeCTBO TaKI1X H3JlOroB: H3JlOr aa rpOHll 3apa60THoH H3JlOr na n06aBJleHHYKl 11 T. CTOI1MOCTb, uanor

nnart.r,

H3JlOr ua npl16blJlb,

pora, uanor aa npoziyxumo

n.
87

B npHHUHne

aHanH3 .B03~eHCTBH~ HaITOia Ha paBHOBeCHe ~OCTaT04HO H3MeHea nonyxeinn.re pa3nH4H~ n03Bon~IOT onpenernrrs HnH ynan, 4TO

npOCT: Mbl paCCMaTpHBaeM 3KOHOMH4eCKOe paBHOBeCHe ~O H nocne HHH B HanOi006no)!(eHHH, BnH~HHe HaITOla. Eyner TOBapOB. BH~HO, 4eH ~OXO~ H na CKonbKO supoc

cnY4HnOCb C ueHaMH H 06beMOM npOH3BO~CTBa na psnncax

rex

HnH HHblX

PaCCMOTpHM BnH~HHe na PbIH04Hoe paBHOBeCHe TaK Ha3bIBaeMbiX rosapHblX

HaITOiOB. K 3TOH rpyrme

OTHOCHTC~, anpuxrep, aKuH3HblH HaITOl. a nononcenue na psiaxe KaKOiO-TO

0YCTb nepaouaaansaoe

rosapa

xapax-

repaayercs

B3aHMo~eHCTBHeM KPHBOH cnpoca

H KPHBOH npennoacenas

S,

cpOPMHpylOUlHX paBHOBeCHYIOUeHY

P;

H paBHOBeCHblH06beM

Qe

(pHC. 4-7).

Pille. 4-7.

1I13MeHeHI-1e PblHo4Horo

paBHOBeCI-1S1 HaIlora

nOA BIlI-1HHl-1eM

roaapsoro

)J,onYCTHM, YTO npaBHTenbCTBO BBO~HT HaITOi aa ~aHHbIH TOBap B paavepe

py6. aa xaxcnyro

ero

e~HHHUY. BBe~eHHe HaITOia BbI3bIBaeT napannens-

Hoe CMeUleHHe KPHBOH npeztnozcenna

asepx aa BenH4HHY

T.

3TO npOHCXO-

~HT Bcne~CTBHe TOiO, YTO pauee npOH3BO~HTenH cornacau

6bInH npennoxorrs

Q(.

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Pe,

'renept, xce OHH COinaC~TC~ npennoxorn, ecnn ueua 6y~eT ua

TO »ce KonH4eCTBO 'ronapa

npezcneti
B npexcaefi

r..

B TOM cny-iae,

py6. asuue no

peaynsrare
uene

npOH3BO~HTen~M ~OCTaHeTC~ aupy-nca

OT nponaaor

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paBHbIH BenWIHHe uanora SI'

T.

nOH~eT rocyzrapcray. 3TOM, 4TO aanor

B Ka)!(~OH T041<e KPHBOH npezinoaceB nonoaceane 3aMeTYIM npa

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He H3MeH~eT KonH4eCTBO, 1<0TOpOe noxynarerm

»cenaior

IlpHo6peCTYI npn nlO6oH ~aHHOH ueue, H 3TO, CMeUleHHIO KPHBOH D.

cnenosarensuo,

He npHBO~Y1TK

88

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COCTOSlHI1C

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~,

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paBHOBeCHOH (6C3 Ha110ra),

Pe,

P1,

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PI
ua

11

P2

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rocynapcrsy

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CJ1C.uylD~!1H KaK 06bCM

cpaKT.

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np0I13BO.uCTBa, BbICOKYID

11 06bCM

Kpove
6blTb,

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nJ1aTSIT 60J1ec

UCHy,

a nponasuu

60J1CC

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cpaBHCHl11D

C nCpBOHaLJa11bHOH

paBHOBCCHOH

1101102 yxyouiaem
Ha110rOBOro

:JKOIIO.'HU'leCKOenouootceuue
6PCMCHI1 HaKJ10Ha KpYTaSi MC)KJlY

u noxynomeneu.
11 nponasuaaa

npooaeuoe .
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4-8, a B
JTOM

11306pa)KCHbI

xpusas HCCyT

J10)KCHI1S1.

cJ1YLJae nOKynaTCJ111 ua puc.

nponaausr.
J10rOBOro cnpoca -

HanpOTI1B, 6PCMCHI1, nOJ1oraSi.

4-8, 6

nponasuu

HCCyT

nOTOMY

LJTO Kpl1Ba51

npc.uJ1o)KCHI1S1

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P1
S

P1 Pe

Pe P2

P2

Q, a

Q, 6

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a) npVl 31laCTVl4HOM VI

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6)

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B PblHOLJHbIC

OTHOWCHI151?

Mu

Y)KC .ua1111 BMcwapu+nca, JKOHOcnocoBbl-

3aKJ1IDLJaCTC5I B TOM,

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MI1LJCCKaSi TCOPI1S1 YTBCP)K.uaCT, 6CH urpuur nonnepacasars PblHOLJHblM JKOHOMI1KY arCHTaM.

LJTO B .uCHCTBI1TCJ1bHOCTI1

TOJ1bKO PblHOK

B JCPCPCKTI1BHOM COCT05lHI1I1,

06CCnCLJl1BaSi

89

4.4. OIlIIJ;ECTBEHHAH BblrOAA

OT KOHKYPEHTIlOrO 113JII1llIEK 11 113JII1llIEK
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PABHOBECHH:

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06MeHa

pe3YJ1bT3Tbl CB060JI.HOro

ueu
H

C T04KH 3peHH5I

naTeJ151MH H np0JI.aBuaMH.
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puuo-nroro 0611!eCl71eewlOu eueoou, Mepoii TaKOH auroziu CJ1Y)l(aT

npOH3BOJI.HTeJlSl,

ira

OCHOBe noxy-

n0J1Y4aeMoH

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BBeJI.eHHble B 3KOHOMH4eCKYl0 cno-

TeopHIO

BblJI.aIOLUHMC5I HrJ1HHCKHM 3KOHOMHCTOM A. MapLLIaJ1J10M. a

Ha pHC.

)I<HBlllerOC5I na P
(AOIlIl )

4-9 usofipaaceua MOJI.eJ1b4aCTH4Horo puuo-moro paBHOBeCH5I. puuxe KOHKpeTHoro rosapa, nanpawep BeJ10CHnel1,OB.

200 180 160 140 120 100

Pe

rIpeJI.nOJ1Q)KHM, 4TO paBHOBeCHa51 ueua 06beM 06beM

P,

pasua

100

JI.OJ1JI.,paaaoeecauri

eJI.HHl1uaM. 113 KPI1BOH uens: COCTaBI1T

cnpoca

BHJI.HO,4TO I1pH neue

180

JI.0J1J1.

cnpoca

eJI.HHHUy. 3TO 03Ha4aeT,

4TO OJl.l1H 113 noxynarencii

HMeeT TaKOH JI.OXOJI., OTOPblH n03B0J151eTeMY 3anJ1aTHTb aa BeJ10CHneJI. 180 /1,0J1J1 K

C
sa

T04KH

3peHH5I MI1KP03KOHOMHKI1 JI.aHHa51cyMMa

ecn,

ero

uena

cnpoca.

OHa

CBI1JI.eTeJ1bCTByeT0 TOM, 4TO 3TOT noxynarem,

paJI.11npl106peTeHH5I npyrnx

BeJ10CHneJI.a JI.OJ1J1., e. T. 4HCTa51

180

JI.OJIJI.COrJ1aCeH noaceprsosars

noxynxoii

TOBapoB ua TaKYlo »ce

CyMMy.

OJI.HaKO na caMOM JI.eJIe OH OTJI.aeTsa BeJ10CHneJI.TOJIbKO JI.pymMH TOBapaMI1 J1I1Wb na 3Ty CyMMy.

100

noncep rayer

pe3YJIbTaTe

asrro.aa. I1J1H113J1HWeK,nOJIY4aeMblH nOTpe6HTeJIeM 100 JI.OJIJ1., OCTaBHT 80 JI.OJIJ1. C (180 - 100).

90

OT nOKynKH

BeJIOCl1neJI.a 'sa

LJ:aJlee Mbl BH)]JIM, 4TO npa

uene

160

rtonn.

sa aenocnnen

06beM

cnpoca rOTOB

COCTaBHT2 enHHHUbl. CJle)]OBaTeJlbHO, KaKoH-To npyroii ynnanrn, sa BeJlOCHne)]

norpefiurem,

160

)]OJlJl. (:3T0 ero ueua

cnpoca),

HO <paKTH4ecKH OH

KynHT TOBap no ero PblH04HOH ueue COCTaBHT 60 )]OJlJl. (160 LJ:Jl51 rpersero

100

)]OJlJl. CJle)]OBaTeJlbHO, ero H3JlHWeK

- 100). B cnpoca

nOTpe6HTeJl51 H3JlHWeK COCTaBHT 40 )]OJlJl., )]Jl51-rereepror-o

20 )]OJlJl. n5lTblH )f{e norpefinrern, BbIXO)]HT aa PblHOK C ueuoii 100 )]OJlJl., KOTOpa51 cosnanaer C PblH04HOH ueuoii, n03ToMY OH He HHKaKoro H3JlHWKa. 3aMeTHM, 4TO npn 3TOM OH HH4ero He repser.
T3KHM 06pa30M, 06ll(HH H3J1HWeK, nony-iaesu.ni n5lMH, COCTaBHT 200 nonn.

nOJlY4aeT

BceMH n5lTblO noxynareBeJ1H4HHaaroro

(80 + 60 + 40 + 20 + 0).

Ha rpadnrxe

H3J1HlUK3paaua nJlOU\a)]H 3aWTpHXOBaHHOH cTyneH4aTOH <PHrYPbl. 04eBH)]HO, 'HO npn 60J1bWOM 4HCJle noxynareneii 4HHa H3JlHWKa 6y)]eT coenanars CJlenOBaTCJlbHO, H3JIHIlleK 1I0H cnpoca, H npn 60JlbWOM 06beMe TpeyrOJ1bHHKa npoziaxc BeJ1H-

C nnouranuo

APe E .
Me~ny UC-

nOTpe6HTCJIH

3TO pasnnua

T. c. MaKCHMaJIbHOH ueuoji, sa onpeneneuaoe OHU

KOTOPYIO nOTpe6HTeJIH

eomoeu
neue

UblJIU ynJIaTUTb neuer,

KOJIU<JeCTBO 'roaapa, OTnaJIU npn

U KOJIU<JCCTBOM

xoropoe

oeiicmeumeneuo

CJIO~UBllleHCH

paBHOBeCUH. AH3J10rH4HbIH CMblCJl HMeeT nOH5ITHe "H3J1HWeK npOH3BO)]HTeJl5l". Ha

pHC. 4-10 H306pa)f{eHa KpHBa51 npennoacenua npoH3BOLlHTeJ1b cornacen cornacuu nponars npoztars BeJlOCHne)] no

S,

KOTOpa51 nosaausaer,

4TO O)]HH

BeJlOCHne)] no

20

)]OJlJl., naa npOH3BO)]HTeJl51 no

40

)]0J1J1., TpH -

60

)]0J1J1.,-rerupe no

no

80 ~10JlJ1. <DaKTwlecKH »ce

100 ztonn. K3)K)]bIH. 06ll(HH H3JlHWeK npOH3BO)]HTeJleH COCTaBHT 200 )]0J1J1. 100 - 20) + [( + (100 - 40) + (100-80) + (100-0) = 80 + 60+ 40+ 20+ 0].
fpa<pH4ecKH BeJlH4HHa sroro H3J1HWKapasua nnouiann 3aUlTpHXOBaHHOH nOJIY<JaeMbIH npopbIIIO<Jnou UCHOH,

ace ns n, BeJlOCHne)]OBfiynyr nponanu

CTyneH4aTOH <PHrypbl

B P, E .

CJlenOBaTeJ1bHO,H3JIUllleK, COUOH pa3HUUY Me~y

U3BOnUTCJIHMH, npenCTaBJIHeT KOTOPYJOOHU IUmY'lll.711

sa CROU TOBap, U TeMU uenasm, CBOUTOBap.

no ":OTOPbIM ouu

eomoest
pHC. 4-1 (aHI'J1.

UblJIU nponars

CYMMa

H3J1HWKOBnOTpe6HTeJleH H npOH3BO)]HTeJleH, H306pa)KeHH351 na 06IUecTBeHuylO Bb1rony

B BH)]e )]ByX TpeyrOJlbHHKOB, xapaxrepnayer

social gain),

B03HHKalOll(YIO B CB5I3H C cYll(eCTBOBaHHeM

psrao-ruoro
PblH04HOro

paBHOBeCH5I. OHa HJlJlIOCTpHpyeT saxoroe 3KOHOMH4eCKoe 51BJ1eHHe:ueua areuraa

paBHOBeCH5I1103B0J151eTblH04HbiM P

COrJlaCOBblBaTb CBOH )]eHCTBH5I,

npHXO)]HTb K B3aHMHOMY KOMnpOMHCCY. Ha pblHKe )]yaJ1bHbIX

conoxyrtnoc'rt,

HH)]HBH-

peureauti

npO)]aBUOB H noxynarenen

nOJlY4aeT csoe

npH3HaHHe.

Ilpa

3TOM YCJlOBH5I TOprOBJlH KoppeKTHpYIOTC5I)]0 'rex nop, noxa 3Ta cosokynHe 6y)]eT ypaaaoseuren

HOCTb He CTaHeT c6anaHCHpOBaHHOH, T. e. noxa cnpoc

91

P
(AOJlJl )

100 f--,.---,-------.-.,,---.----;~ 80f--~~~-~~~ 60f--~~~~~

40 f--___jf--~' 20

PIilC. 4-10. 1I13IU1weK npoVl3BoAVITenH

npennoxceaaev.

A rnaeuoe BbIl1rpblW

KOHKypeHTHoe Ll,JlH 060l1x

paBHOBeCl1e

fl03BOJlSJeT

ofiecne-

411Tb MaKCI1MMbHbl~

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PblH04HblX

oTHOWeHI1~.

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U 60JIbrne, qeM 6blJIU rOTOBbl.

Q
1i13Jl~WeK

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paeaosecaa
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Pesynsrarsr
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B 3KOHOMI14eCKO~

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Ilapero,

fl0J1y4I1Bwe~

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Ilapero (1848-1923).

92

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na

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psnnce

3<p<peKTI1BHa noasnue-

no

Ilapero,

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yuiepfia

TaKHM 06pa30M, pacnpeneneune pecypcoa Qepe3 MexaHH3M ueu Ha3blBaeTCSI3iJJiJJeKTHBHblM Ilapero, eCJlH He cyurecrnyer npyroro ,'lOnYCTHno Moro pacnpeneneuna, npn KOTOPOMace 3KOHOMHQeCKHe arerrrsr yny-nuuJlH 6bl csoe nonoaceune (HJlH, anaxe rOBOpSl, eCJlH He cyurecreyer npyroro ,'lOnYCTHMoro COCTOSlHHSI, xoropoe 6blJl0 6b1 ,'lJlSlscex yqaCTHHKOB HC xyace H XOTSI bl ,'lJlSlonnoro nysnue, qeM naanoe). 6
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a Y,lJ,eJIOM OCTaJIbHbIX

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He MeHee

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eCJII1 He cyuiecrayer Mepe no

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aHaJII13e

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Ilepsaa
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'reopesia

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TeOp1111 6JIarOCOCT05lHI151

rJIaCI1T:

eCIlU

ceotioouui:

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pecypcu.
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ecsxoe

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Bropas
4TO

OJIH BCHK020 3rjJrjJeKmueH020

no

Ilapemo

pacnpeoeneuun umo oauuoe

pecypcoe

uau-

oemcn mUKOu eapuaum

ux nepepacnpeoeneuus,

3rjJrjJeKmUBHoe no

Ilapemo pacnpeoeneuue pacnpeoeneuun pecypcoe.

OKaJICemCR KOHKypeHmHo pa(3HOeeCHbIM OIlR H06020

4.5. YCTAHOBJIEHME
PABHOBECHOM YCTOMllI1BOCTh
Tenepb ,lJ,eM K OT MO,lJ,eJII1 CTaTI14eCKOro

J1 )1;J1HAMJ1KA QEHbI. PABHOBECJ1H

PbIH04Horo paBHOBeCI151 nepei1-

4aCTI14HOrO

OUHClMUKe11 paCCMOTpl1M

MO,lJ,eJII1, B KOTOPbIX

11306p3)l(a1OTC5I

pa3JII14Hble

sapaairru

cuetuenun

paBHOBeCI151. BeJIOCl1ne,lJ,OB, 11 paBHOBeCHOM aupoc. 3TO na KOTOPOM CJIO)l(l1JIOCb paBHOBeCl1e npn

PaCCMOTpl1M

PbIHOK

paauoeecnoii ueue P,
4TO cnpoc

06beMe MOrJIO

Qe (puc. 4-12).
np0l130HTI1

npe,lJ,nOJIO)l(I1M, npl14l1H:

ua

BeJIOCl1ne,lJ,bI

B CI1JIY psna

93

P~c. 4-12.

lt13MeHeHVle

PblHo4Horo

paBHOBeCVlS'l

nOA BIlVlS'lHVleM

CMeLlleHVlS'l

KPVlBOJiJ cnpoca

pOCTa .nOXO.nOB cnpenenenuux UHKJ1bI, H3MeHeHH5I BKyCOB H MO.nHbIM) H T . .n. POCT cnpoca nrtpaso, 03Ha'laeT,

rpynn

HaCeJ1eHH5I, nOBbIWeHH5I uen (esnjrn,

na MOTOCTaJ10

npenno-rreaaii

aa senocanenax

'lTO nepBOHa'laJ1bHa51 KpHBa51 cnpoca bJ1H)I(aHWHM CJ1e.nCTBHeM'raxoro

CMeCTHTC5I

B n0J10)l(eHHe
TOBapHhlU

D,.
H

CMeweHH5I 6y.neT KaK pasauua nonsuueH3

BpeMeHHhlU

Me)l(.ny 06beMaMH

QI

~e(IJHu."T, KOTOPblH nOKa3aH ua rparpaxe Qe' Ha ery cnryaumo PbIHOK orpearnpyer

no :nOH ueue

HHeM uea no ypOBH5I ~. K aospociuevy cnpocy.

BeJ10CHne.nbI 6y.nYT nponasarsca

TOBapHbIX 3anaCOB, nOCKOJ1bKYnpOH3BO}lCTBO ewe He ycneno Ho 'lTO oana-iaer TOBap? no cyuiecrey, B PbIH0'lHOH 3KOHOMHKe noeuureuue 3TO CBH}leTeJ1bCTBOpenxocrn, npoaasoncrna. Yepe3

npHcnoc06HTbC5I

uen ua KaKOH-J1H6o nepnon 6H3Hec. H Mbl

HeXBaTKH ,,'laHHOrO 'roaapa. KaKoH-To

a 3Ha'lH r, BblrO}lHOCTH ero npeneneaue pecypcos,

eCTeCTBeHHO, YCTpeMHTC5I B npoH3Bo.nCTBO BeJ10CHne}lOB (l1POH30H.neT nepepacpafio-reji CHJ1bI, KanHTaJ10B H T. n. B ary crpepy), nOJ1Y'lHM HOBYIO KPHBYIO npe.nJ1O)l(eHH5I SI' rtpexoresi KOTOpa51Gyner HaXO}lHTbC5I npasee

KPHBOH S. B pe3YJ1bTaTe 06beM npe}lJ10)l(eHH5I B03pacTeT no K CHH)I(eHHIO ueHbI no ypOBH5I

Q],

YCH-

J1eHHe KOHKypeHUHH npasener HOBoe paanosecnoe TaKHM Ha rpadnnce TpeyrOJ1bHHKe 06pa30M,

P;

H YCTaHoBHTc5I

COCT05lHHe B T0'lKe

E2 .
MexaHH3Ma nOTpe6Hueue.

6J1aro}lap51 }leHCTBHIO puao-uioro MexaHH3Ma

TeJ1H nOJ1Y'lHJ1H He06xo}lHMOe

KOJ1H'leCTBO BeJ10CHne.nOB no npezcaefi

}leHCTBHe puno-moro

nOKa3aHO B saurrpaxoaauuou 3Ha'lHT. ecrs CBO-

EEl E2 .

ECJ1HB MO}leJ1H ecrs TpeyrOJ1bHHK -

60.nHb1H pbIHOK. 94

o
PI1C. 4-13. V13MeHeH~e LleHbl VI o6beMa noxynox npu Vl3MeHeHVIVIcnpoca ECJlI1 aficrparnposarsca xaxne urarn npennpnvyr MYJll1pOBaTb sersrpe npanuna

01
Pl1c.4-14. 1I13MeHeHVle LleHbl VI o6beMa npoaax npa ~3MeHeHVIVI npennoxeuns

OT cnocofia Ll,JI}!aroro cnpoca

Ll,OCTI1)!(eHI1}! aBHOBeCI1}!, T. e. OT roro p 11rrponaausi, TO MO)!(HO cdiopH npeLl,JlOJKeHHH.

noxynarenn

I. YBeJlHlJeHHe
secuoro

cnpoca cnpoca

BbI3bIBaeT POCT KaK paBHOBeCHOI1 ueuu, TaK 11paBHOnpI1BOLl,I1TK naLl,eHHIO ueHbI 11paenosecnoro 'roaapa BJle4eT aa c06011 sener 06beMa

06beMa (pnc. 4-13).

2.
3.

YMeHbllleHHe (pl1c.4-13).

POCT npennoaceuua ueuu

ysseusureuae

paeuoaecuoii 11

11YBeJlHlJeHHe paanosecaoro npennoaceuua paanoeecnoro

06beMa (pac, 4-14). K YBeJlHlJeHHIO paBHOBeCHOI1 uenu

4. Coxpaurenne
YMeubllleuHIO

06beMa (pnc. 4-14). H3MeHe-

3TI1 npaBI1J1a n03BOJl}!IOT Hal1TI1 paBHoBecHYIO T04KY npa JlI06blX HHHX cnpoca H npeLl,JlOJKeHHH. cnpoca 11npennoaceaus

Kpuaue

MoryT CMeLUaTbC}! non BJlI1}!Hl1eM Hu$mlypOBH}! ueu cnoc06HOCTI1 no fionee non BJlHH-

UHH. POCT rewna neuer.

I1H<pJI}!UI1I1npI1BOLl,I1T K nOBbIWeHl11O 06LUero 'roaapa 6YLl,eT noxynarscs cnpoca

B ,)KOfIOMI1Ke, a CJleLl,OBaTeJlbHO, K CHI1)!(eHI1IO nOKynaTeJlbHOI1

B 3TOM CJlY4ae Ka)!(Ll,a}! ennnuua

BbICOKOI1ueHe, 4eM npexcne. 003TOMY Ha pnc, 4-15 KpHBaH UHeM HH$mIUHH oauoro cnpoca

CLl,BHHeTCH eeepx 113a11MeT nOJlQ)KeHl1e KPHBOH HH$JlHUH-

D[.

Taxoe CMeLUeHl1e KPI1BOI1cnpoca 03Ha4aeT POCT ueust Ll,JI}! Ka)!(LJ.OrO3Ha4eHI151Q (uanpavep, 06beM Qe 6YLl,eT reneps npOLl,aBaTbC5I no ueue PI)' 3aMeTI1M, 4TO B CJlY4ae cnsnra TI1Hy: pOCT 06beMa cnpoca KPI1BOI1 cnpoca anpano MbI Ha6J1IOLl,aJJl1 I1HylO xap-

rrpn Ka)!(LJ.OM 3Ha4eHI111 uem.t P. 95

P,

o
PI.1C. 4-15. CMeLlleHl!1e KPI!1BOLii npoca c

Q B YCIlOBI!1S'lXI!1HCPIlS'lLlI!1I!1

KpHBaH

npe,UJlOiKeHHH

non

BJlHHHHeM

HH4>JlHlI.HH

TalOKe

C,UBHHeTCSI

asepx.

3KOHOMI14eCKI1H

CMblCJl

sroro

cziaara

COCTOI1T B TOM, 4TO no fionee

reneps

<pI1P4eM

Mbl 6y.nYT npexcne.

nponasari, Hanpnvep,
nponan P

KIDK.llYIO e.nI1HI1UY 'roaapa paBHOBeCHblH 06beM

BblCOKOH ueue,

Qe

B CJlY4ae I1H<pJl5lUI10HHOrO pOCTa BblCOKOH ueue -

ueu 6y.neT

He no uene

Pe,

a no fionee

PI

(puc.

4-1 G).

TaKI1M

06pa30M,

YCI1JleHl1e naepx,

I1H<pJl5lUI1I1 03Ha4aeT, B nOJlO)J(eHl1e

4TO T04Ka

puuo-raoro

paBHOBeCI151

CMemaeTC5I

I1H<pJl5lUI10HHOrO paBHOBeCI151

EI (puc. 4-17).
Ha CKOPOCTb npl1cnOC06JleHI15I
4>aKTop BpeMeHH.

rtpennoxceana

11 cnpoca

cyurecraenuoe
npI1H5ITO <paKToPbl

BJlI151Hl1e OKa3bIBaeT

Panee pasna-tart,
96

Y)J(e OTMe4aJlOCb,

4TO

B MI1KP03KOHOMI14eCKOM

aaanase

rpn

nepaona:

uenoeeuuuii

(mexytuuii),

B KOTOPOM ace

PI.1C. 4-17.

V1H<l>IlHIIli10HHOe pasaosecae

np0I13BO,UCTBa, HbIMI1;

ncnonsayesrue

Qll1PMOH, 51BJl5lIOTC5I eI13MeHHbIMI1, H

nOCT05lH-

«pamxocpounuu,

B KOTOPOM uexoropue

<jlaKTopbl np0l13Bo,UcTBa MoryT MeH5IIOTC5I. npezt-

113MeH5ITbC5I; OOJl20CPO'lHblii, B KOTOPOMace JlO)((I1Jl A.

rpaxropu

Heo6xo,UI1MOCTb Y4eTa <jlaKTOpa BpeMeHI1 B 3KOHOMI14eCKOM aaannse

Mapurann.

OH

»ce snepaue

Bbl,UeJlI1Jl nepnozu,r.

Ero

HaY4Hoe TBOp-

4eCTBO npoxonnno

B TO BpeM5I, KOr,Ua B 3KOHOMI14eCKOH HaYKe

cyuiecreosana
yxce nocne-

OUXOII10MUJI Me)((,Uy KJlaCCI14eCKOH 11 HeOKJlaCCI14eCKOH TeOpl151MI1. KaK

OTMe4aJlOCb, KJlaCCUlJeCKaH
nOJlUT3KOHOMUH

B nnue

A.

CMI1Ta 11ero

,UOBaTeJleH Bbl,UBI1HYJla3aTpaTHYlO KOHuenUl11O roaapa onpenenaercs rJlaBHblM 06pa30M

ueuu,

corr acao

KOTOPOH ueua

U]OepJICKaMU

eeo

npOU3600Cm(w.

Ilpe,UCTaBI1TeJlI1 )«e HeOKJlaCCUlJeCKOH Map)((I1HaJlI1CTbl, nonarann,

llKOJlbl,

B 4aCTHOCTI1 TaK Ha3blBaeMble Jle)((HT e20 npeoe.u.uan

4TO B OCHOBe ueHbl rosapa

nO.'le]HOCmb .
CTpeM5ICb 06be,UI1HI1Tb reopmo npenensnoii nOJle3HOCTI1 11reopino 113,Uep)((eK np0I13BO,UCTBa,3KOHOMI1CTbl KeM6pl1,U)«CKOH WKOJlbl, rJlaBOH KOTOPOH6blJl

A. Mapuiann,
HOCTb 6Jlara rJlaCHO

npuurnn

K BbIBO,Uy, LfTO HI1 H3,Uep)((KI1 np0I13BO,UCTBa, HI1 nonesC TOLfKI1 3peHI151 YCTaHOBJleHI151uen,

He I1MelOT npaopirrera npn

Co11

A. Mapuranny,

l1,UeaJlbHOH KapTI1He

puao-moro

B3aI1Mo,UeHCTBI151

YCTaHaBJlI1BaIOTC5I aaaosecuue p

uenu,

cooraercrayrounre

paBeHcTBY cnpoca

npe,UJlO)((eHI151. Ho KapTI1Ha MeH5IeTC5I 3aeUCU/110cmu om npooonxcumenenocmu 6

paccuampueaeuux
npennoxceune

ompeskoe epesteuu. Paeuonpaaae

I1CLfe3aeT: TO cnpoc,

TO

6epYT ua ce651 ports rJlaBHOrO perynaropa

uensr.

n0J1e3HOCTb MeHbwe. nocne 'leM

Ka)KJlOH cnenyiouien npenunyuiea.

JlOnOJ1HHTeJ1bHOH eJlHHHUbl OJlHOH eJlHHHUbl

nOTpe6JllIeMOrO eJlHHHUbl

n0J1e3HOCTb

nOCJ1eJlHeH Jl06aBJ1l1eMOH

rosapa ro sapa.

KOTOPOH npn

Lio6aBJ1eHHH euie

TOBap CTaHOBHTCli 6eCn0J1e3HbIM.

Ha3blBaeTCli

npenern.nca.

(llpusie«

pea)

97

PI.1C. 4-18.

Kpli1Ba~npennoxeuas

cxoponoprauieroca

rosapa

'rexyurev

11 KpaTKOCpOYHOM nepnonax

rtpuoprrrer

npI1Ha)l,Jle)!(I1T cnpocy. pons

3TO 06bHCH5IeTC5ITeM, YTO rtpennoxcenne aa nOCT05lHHblMI1 KOJle6aHI151MI1cnpoca. OCHOBHO~ ueaoofipaayiouieii Hble C HI1M 113)l,ep)KKI1 np0I13BO)],CTBa.

60Jlee I1HepUI1OHHO, OHO He nocneaaer

)],OJlrOCpOYHOM »ce nepuone

CI1Jlbl HaYI1HalOT nrpars paCCMOTpl1M Mo)],eJlI1,

npenncoxeane

11CB5I3aH-

Ilocne

3TI1X yTOYHeHI1~

xoropue

I1JlJlIDCTPI1PYIDT B 3aBI1CI1MOCTH

pa3JlI1YI151B CKOPOCTI1npl1cnOC06JleHI151 npe)]'JlO)!(eHI15111cnpoca OT cpaKTopa BpeMeHI1.

Texyman
BeCI151, xorna

nepnon

xapaxrepuayercs

MlHOBeHHblM YCTaHOBJleHl1eM paBHOpaCWl1peHI151psnnca npI1BO)],I1TK 3TOM OCTaeTC5I HeI13MeHHbIM, nopacunrpeaaev nponrpae I scev CBOI1MTOBapOM, n03BOB )],aHHOM cny-rae npa

113MeHeHI1ecnpoca

B peaynsrare

pOCTy PbIHOYHO~

ueusr.

Ilpennoaceane

CKOJlbKY np0I13BO)],I1TeJlb He I1MeeT BpeMeHI1 orpearupoaars 113BO)],CTBa. o TOT cpaKT, YTO OH pacnopaxcaerca H nser eMY yqUThlBaTb ypoeeus

npnpona paccvarpneaevoro
)!(eHI151I1MeeT crporo

ueusr. 'rosapa.

fJlaBHYIO pons

ECJlI1 TOBap CKopOnOpT5Iml1~C5I 11He nO)],Jle)!(I1TXpaHeHI1IO, Kpl1Ba51npennoBepTI1KaJlbHbl~ BI1)],(puc.

4-18).
cnpOCOM.

Mu
06beM

BI1)],I1M, '-ITO PbIHO'-lHa51 ueua

nOJlHOCTblO onpenenaercs

)!(e npe)],JlO)!(eHI151 He 3aBI1CI1TOT CPYHKUI1I1 cnpoca. nop-ie 11MO)!(eT KaKoe-TO BpeM5I XpaHI1Tb-

ECJlI1 xce TOBap He nonaepraercs C5I,TO rpadnuc 6y)]'eT

aurnsners
-

nO-I1HOMY

(pac, 4-19).
O)],I1HC nOJlQ)KI1UCHa:-.. '-ITO npn

Ha HeM KpI1Ba51npe)],JlQ)KeHI151 I1MeeT zma cerueara: S TeJlbHblM HaKJlOHOM, )],pyro~

BepTI1KaJlbHbI~. 3T(~ osnauaer,

PI

11

P2

BCC KOJll1yeCTBO roaapa

QI

6y)]'eT npC)],JlQ)KeHO )],Jl51npo)],3)J(I1: upn 6y)]'eT COXpaH5ITbC5I.

60Jlee cnpoca

HI13KO~ ueue OT

Po

'-IaCTb roaapa OT

Ilpn

nOBblWeHI1H

Do Qo

)],0 )],0

DI

11pOCTe uens:

Po

)],0 ~

nponaseu

YBCJlI1'-1I1T npenno-

)J(CHl1e01'

QI'

98

o
PIIIC.

01
rosapa,

o
KOTOPbl~ MO}l{eT XpaHI!1TbCH

4.19.

Kpl!1BaH npeAIlO}l{eHI!1H

KpaTKOCpO'lHhlU

nepuon xapaxrepasyerca

xparxocpo-msra
nartpnvep, zto

npa KOTOPOMnpenncoseuue CBOHX pa60THHKOB H3

B03paCTaeT no Mepe pOCTa cnpoca. nO:nOMY KaKorO-TO H

paauoeecaev, Taxoe YBeJIH4eOT3bIBaeT

Hl1e npe~JIo)J(eHH5I B03MO)J(HO, eCJIH qmpMa,

3KcTpeHHo

ornyctcos.

MOMeHTa KpHBa51

npe~JIo)J(eHH5I 6y,UeT nOJIOroH. )J,aJIee POCTcnpoca

uenu

He CMO)J(eTCTHMYJIH-

poaars

npOH3BO~CTBO, nOCKOJIbKY ero

pacunrpeuae

nOTpe60BaJIO 6bl 3aMeHbi

060pY~OBaHH5I, HCnOJIb30BaHH5IHOBblX TeXHOJIOrHH, BBo,Ua B ~eHCTBHe HOBblX npoH3Bo~cTBeHHb1X nnouianeii paone. TaTKa H T. ,U., 4TO HeB03MO)J(HOB KpaTKocp04HOM npe~JIo)J(eHH5I no npH4HHe ne-

3TOM CJIY4ae KpHBa51npe,UJIO)J(eHH5I pHHHMaeT BepTHKaJIbHblH BH~, n He~ocMomHOcTeH (pHC.

4TO CBH~eTeJIbCTByeT 06 orpaHH4eHHocTH

npoaaeoncraenaux

4-20).

PIIIC.

4-20.

Kpl!1BaH npeAIlO}l{eHI!1H

B KpaTKocpo4HOM

nepaone 99