I

RE. HOCHHA

J

CHMBOJIHKA MY,3hIKH

D.C.HAXA

I

B.I)'HOCHHA

CHMBOJlDKA MY3bIKH D.C.I>AXA

CaHKT.neTep6ypr, 1997

BCTYITJIEHHE

B 0 Bceil MHPOBOM MY3blKaJlbHoil rnrrepa'rype ztna xnasapa He HaH,Z:(e-rC.sr COqHHeHHii, xoropsre HCnOJIHSl31HCb 6bl TaK qaCTO,' KaK MY3bIKa M.C.Eaxa. Cneicrp ee 3BYl.JaHHSI mH})Ol.JaHlIIHH - OT Ha'lHHalOIIlHx MY3bIKaHTOB zto xpyrrasrx MaCTepOB. C03.naHbI 3aMe'laTeJIbHble 06pa3UbI mrrepnperauaa ero CO'lHHeHHll, MHOrOQHCJIeHHble penasuaa, Heo6'L5ITHa HCCJIe,l1;OBaTeJIbCKa51 mrreparypa no TBOplJeCTBY M.C.Eaxa. TeM He Menee HeCKOJIbKO 31eT aasan B.B.Me,l1;ymeBcKuH nncan: «Tpymro, KaJKeTC5l, Haitm 06JIacTb 6axoBe,lJ;eHH5I, 0 KOTOPOH MO)KHO CKaJaTh: MaJIO H3yqeHa. H ace JKe ecrs TaKaSI cdiepa, rne nepen H3MH 6e3AHa aeaaaenaaaoro. 3TO - BHyrpeHHHM CMblC310BOM MHp ero MY3bIKM».

B nenaroraseceon pafiore npofineaa paCKpbITH5I CMhICJIa 6axOBCKOii My3bIKH ocodeaao BIDKHa. ilPM TOM, QTO B OTHoweHIDI ,1l;Byx- H TpexrorrocHbIX HHBeHIJ;HH H npeJIIO.nlfH H (j>yr «XopOWO TeMnepHPOBaHHoro KJIaBHpa» uaxonnea rpOMallHbIH I1e,lJ;3rOrnqeCKHll OIlblT H CJIO)l(HJlHCb YCT05lBWHeCR HCnOJIHHTeJIbCKHe TpaJll1U:HH. BHYTpeHH5ISI CYll\liOCTE, nOR M)'3bIKM 6bmaeT cspsrra OT HTp31Oll.l;HX. He I10HHMaR CMbICJIOBhIX C1J>YKTYP 6axoBcKoro 513bIKa, OHII He HMelOT KJIIOlJa K npoxreaaso 3aJIOJKeHHOro B HHX KOHKPeTnoro ,IJ;yXOBHoro, 06p33Horo " <ilHJIOco<ilCKO';':lTHlJeCKOrO co.n;epJKaHWI, KOTOPblM npOHH3aH Ka:>K,lJl>IH 3JIeMeHT 6axOBCKHX- COlJHHemdt A.lI.IBeih.(ep orueaan, qTO myqeHHe Sl3bIxa H.C.Eaxa 51BJl5IeTC5I HacYlUHoH nOTpe6HOCTbIO IIpaKTHlJecKOro MY3b1KaHTa. «He 3HaR CMbICJIa Monma, qa-

3

CTO HeB03MO)I(HO CbIIp8Tb rrsecy B np8BHJIbHOM TeMne, C npaBHJIbHbIMH aKl..(eHTaMH H <lJpa:mpOBKOib).

Korzta HClJe38er )KHBOH CMbICJI COlJHHeHIDl, ncnomraTenbCK8B ypa.n;IiI . .lUB npespautaerca B WTaMn.

B HaCJIe.n;CTBO OT XIX sexa H8M .n;OCTancSI 3MOU;HOHaJIbHO-HHTYHTHBHbill rronxozr K HHcrpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3blxe Baxa. 3anO)KeHHOe B HeM: rnytiosaanree nyxosaoe conepacaaae BceMH SlBCTBeHHO OlQYl..Q8eTCSI, HO He rrpoasIDIercH na yposae .SICHhIX CMblCJIOBblX H 06pa3HbiX npeaCTaBneHuH. OKa3aJICH 3a6blTbiM nnacr MY3blKaJIbHOH xynsrypsr 6apOJ(KO, BI<JIlOlJ3lOI..QHH neKCHKOH 3nOXH H BbIpa)KaeMbI~ 11M nCUXOlJeCKO-YMCTBeHHbIH MOp senosexa Toro BpeMeHH.

A Be,n;b coBpeMeHHl1KaMH Baxa ero MY3bII<a lJHTanaCb 1(81( nOHBTHaB pelJb, ee CMbICJI nposansncs B YCToiilJHBbIX MenO,llHlJeCKHX 060POTax, CBB3aHHbiX C Bblpa)l(eHHeM.n;yweBHbIX ,!J;BH)I(eHHH, HnH C Meno.n;HBMH H TeKCTaMH npoTeCTaHTCKHX xopanos H xepea HHX - C MbICJIBMH, o6p83aMH H CIO)KCTaMH Cssuteaaoro IIHcaHIDI.

~ cnywarenen BpeMeHH 1iaxa ero HHCIpYMeHTaJIbHbIe COlJHHeHHB npencranann He KaK IIpOH3Be,Il;eHHB «(lJIfCTOID) MY- 3bIKH, OHH GbDnlHallo.rnteHbl KOHKpe1HbIM OOpa3HbIM, nCHXOnOIWlecKHM Ii <IlHJIoc.o<\lcrot-Pe.Tlllrn:03HbIM co,n;ep)K3HHeM.

JIIO.rw~WaJIH B TY snoxy anaxe, lJeM Tenepb. «B Te apexeaa npUXO.n;HJIH cnyuiars He 3MOU;HOHaJIbHO, a cnymana npHBbIlJHble.n;IDI HHX BH.n;bl MerrO,llHM, xoropsre OHH 3HMU HaU3YCTb H MOMeHTaJIbHO BCnOMHHaJIU CJIOBeCHblH TeKCT H 06pa3bl TeKCT8.,,».

Y croMlJHBbIe Meno,n;HllecKue 060pOThl - HHTOHaU;HH, Bblp8)l(aIOI..QHe onpeneneaaue nOHJITHJI, 3MOU;UU, u.n;eH, coCT8BJISIIOT OCHOBY M)'3bIKaJIbHOro H3bIKa H.C.Eaxa. BnaneHUe 3mM H3bIKOM, K8K HM BJIa.n;enu COBpeMeHHHlOi Baxa, n03BOIDIeT pacspsrrs re 330TepUlJeCI<He (T8HHbIe, CKpbITbIe) <(flOCJIaHIDl», KOroPblMH aanonaeasi ero COlJltHeHWl. '«KTO

4

3HaKOM C .93bIKOM KOMn03HTOpa U 3HaeT. KaKHe OGp83bl OH sstpasaer onpeneneaaue COlJeT8H1:1eM 3BYKOB, TOT YCnbInnrr B nsece MbICffiI, xoropsre HenOCB.SIl..QeHHbIH He ofiaapy)I(IfT, HeCMOTpJl na ro, qTO 3TH OGp83bI 38KJIJO'lJeHbl B HeM».

CMbICJIOBOH Mop MY3blKU Baxa pacxpsraaerca xepes MY3b1KaJIbHyro CHMB01IHKY. «Ilpa paccaorpeaaa COlJHHeHHH: I1.C.liaxa cpasy CTaHOBHTCjJ 3aMeTHbIM, liTO sepes Bee ero npOH3Be.n;eHIDI KpaCHOH HHTbIO npOXO)J,SlT MCJlOAHlJecKHe 06p830BaHH$I,KoropbIe y pMa HCCIIe.n;OBareneH GaXOB~ cxoro TBOPlJecTBa nOJIYlJHJIH H83BaHHe CIlMBOJIOB. Fpouanaoe KOJIHlIeCTBO 6axOBCKHX COlJUHeHHH o6'be.llHIDIeTCB B O.n;HO CTpOHHOe uenoe cpaamrrensao He60nbwuM KOJIHlJeCTBOM TaKHX CUMBonOB •.• », TIoHBTHe CIIMBOrra He nOMaeTC$I onaoaaasaoayonpeneneamo B cuny caoea CJIO)l(HOCTH H MHOrOnJIaHOBOCTU. CHMBon ABye,n;UH, )];HaJIeKTHlJeH, OH otipauraercs H K nornxe, H K no.n;C03HaHUIO. B CHMBone Co.n;ep)KIfTC.H H pe<}>neKCIDI 3H8Ka, II MeTa<populJecKaa cnOHTaHHOCTb 06p83a. Qepe3 CUMBon JzyXOBHoe nanano, aficrpaxrnoe no caoea npapone, nonysaer lJya~ crneHHo-KOHKpeTHOe Bblp8)l(eHHe. TaKUM OGp830M, CHMBon BBIDleTC.H Toil CBB3bIO, KOTOP3$l 06'be)];HlUleT nyxosaoe C lJyaCTBeHHblM, ropaee C .n;OJJbHHM, a6C1paKTHoe C KOHKpeTHblM. C.C.ABepHHu;eB TaR onpenenser nonsrae: «CUMBOJJ CCTb 06pa3, B3BTbtii B acnexre caoen 3HaKoBoCTH, U ••• 3HaK, Ha,n;eneHHbIH BeeR OpraHHlJHOCTbIO H nencxepnaeaolt MHOr03HalJHOCTblO ofipaaa. TIpe,n;MeTHbIU: 06p33 H rJIyGuH~

•

HblU: CMblCJl asrcrynaior B crpyxrype CHMBona KaK ABa

nomoca, HeMblCJIHMbIe OAUH Ge3 .n;pyroro ••• ».

Ilepexonsa CUMBon, 06p83 CTaHOBHTCJI «npospaxmra», CMblCJI <<npOCBelJHBaeT» CKB03b Hero, 6y.n;yqH .n;aH UMeHHO K8I( CMbIcnOBaB rny6uHa, CMblCIIOBruI nepcnetcraaa». KpoMe MHoro3Ha'lJHOC'IH, B8)1(HbIM CBOHCIBOM CHMBOna SlBJIjfeTCB GOJIbWaB ero 3HalJHMOCTb, nO)l,HUMaIOIu;rulCJI AO BbIp8)l(eHIDI caMblX COKpOBeHHbIX CaKPaJIbHblX CMbICJIOB.

5

Ilon MY3bIKaJIhHhIM CHMBOnOM B .n;aHllOn pafiore MbI 6y~eM nOHHMaTb onpeneneaasre MOTHBHbIe CTp}'K'TYPbl, HMelOUlHe nOCTOHHHoe COOTBeTCTBHe C onpeneneaasrua Bep6aJlbHbIMH nOHSlTIDIMH.

DaxOBCKaJI CHMBOJIHKa CKJIa,l\bIBaJIacb B pycne acreraKU 3nOXH 6apoKKo. ):(IDI see 6bIJIO xapaxrepao mnpoxoe Hcn0Jlb30BaHHe CHMBOJIOB. 06IIUin AYX snoxn onpenerranCJI MHOr03HalJHOCTbIO BOCnpIDITIDI MHpa, aCCO~HaTHBHOCTbIO MbIwneHIDI,·YCTaHOBJIeHHeltl ,.o;aJIeKHX CBJl3eit Me)f(Jl;Y 06pa3aMH H JlBrreHIDlMH. ~ llIO.n;eH TOro BpeMeHH xpacoTa cosnanana C n03HaHHeM 330TepHlJecKHX CMbICJIOB. KaK cnpaaeanaao OTMelJaeT JIA.Co4>PoHoBa, «Xy.n;OiKHHKH snoxu 6apoKKo BCJlKHH pas 3aHOBO OTKpbIBaJIH MHp, He TOJlbKO BOCC03,.o;aBaJIH OKp)')KaIOlll}'IO ox AeitCTBHTeJIbHOCTb, HO H 06HapY)I(H8aJUi1 CKpbIBaeMblii ero CMbICJI. C HX TOlJKH speHWI, BCJII<Oe saneaae ,.o;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 06g3aTeJIbHO HMeer 3TOT CKpbIThIii CMbICJI, If aaztaxa xy,.o;OiKHHKa COCTOIDIa B ero pacxpsrraa», Jl3bIK HCKYCCTBa - 3TO Sl3bIK CHMBOJlOB. Pa3pa6oTaHHOCTb Jl3blKa. B TOM lJHCIIe MY3bIKaJIbHOrO, CKassraaercs B 3aKOHOMepHOCTH nOBTopeHIDI JlCHO orsecaaeaHbIX ~OPMYJl. B snoxy 6apOKKo 6bIJI C03,lJ;aH pa3BHToH MY3bII<aJIbHOii <<JIeKCHKOH)), na KOTOPOM BOCIDITbmaJIHCb JIIO,llH TOm BpeMeHH. EaxOBCKJrlt My3bIKaJIbHbIit Jl3hIK JlBIfJICR em o606lI(eHHeM. «3ByKOBble MY3bIKaJU,HLIe IDUXeHHJI, CKJIa,[l,blB3lOlU,Hec51 CToneTH51MH, npesparanacs Y Eaxa B oprameauaonaue CTpYKTYPbI, aecyume onpenenenm.ra CMLICJl, B CHMBOJIbI ... ». OHM BLICTpaHBalOTCSl B p33BeTBJIeHHyro CHCTeMy, coxpaass aaxpenncaasre sa HHM" saaxeaas KaK B npOH3Be,lJ;eHIDIX C TeKCTOM, Tax H B HHctpYMeHTaJIbHOH My3blI<e. 3Ta CHCTeMa onapaercs ua TaKHe OCHOBbl MY3bIKaJIbHOH K)'JIbT)'pbl snoxa 6apOKKO, K3K MY3blKaJlbHaR pumopuua u npomecmanmcxua xopan.

6

My:JLlKaJlLHaR PHTopHKa

KaK KOMD03HI.(HOHHLIH "pOeM

'"Drr0pHKa (KJIaCCUlJecKoe oparopcxoe HCKyCClBO) r OKMbmaer CHJIbHoe BJlll.IIHHe na M)'3bIKY yx<e C XVI aeica, B )TOM CKa3bIBaeTCB aospacraiomee B snoxy 6apOKKO BHUMaune K KOMMYHijI<anmHbIM B03MO)I(HOCTIIM M}'3bIKH. crpeaJIeHUe MaKCHMaJIbHO B03,.o;eHC'IBOBaTh na ay.n;HTOpHlO, ,.o;a6bJ Bbl3BaTb y cnyurareneit Te lJYSCTBa, MblCJlM M COCTOHHHH .n:ywu. xoropsre XOTeJI BbIp33HTh KOMn03HTOp.

no cnpaaenmreoa MbICJBi O.H.3axapoBOii, C XVII eexa WHpOKO yraepxnanocs nOHHMaJme M}'3blKH KaJ< BbIpa3MTeJIbHOrO H3bIKa, cnocofinoro nepeaaaars caMbIe pa3JlHlJHbIe lJYSCTBa H npe)J;CTaBJIeHHH. 3a onpeneneaasra« MY3bIKaJIbHbIMM o6opontMH 3aKpeJUfJIHCb YCTOWnmble CeMaH'I1ftlecKHe 3Ha'leHmI .Il,JUl BbIpIDKeHmI xaxoro-naeo a~~eKTa (.n;BwJKeHIDI .zzyWM) HJIM nOHHTHH. no aHaJIOrnH C KJIaCCHlJeCKWM oparopcxaa HCKyccmOM, 3Ut 3ByKOBbie 4>0PMYJIbI nonysaJIll aassaaae My:3blKaJIbHO-PHTOPHlJecKHX 4>HrYP.

. Iloaaxany MY3blKaJIbHbIH: JIeKCHROH c}mryp ~OPMHPOBaJIClI 6rraro.napJl TeCHOH CBJl3H My3bIKH co CJIOBOM. C'IpeMJIeHHe }COMn03HTOpOB npanasars cnoeax H enOBOcoseraaaaa aarnsznryro 06pa3HOCTb H nOBbIWaTb 3THM BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTb ocoeeaao 3aMeTHO npOSlBIDlOCb B repMaHHH. O.H.3axapoBa cruexaer, "ITO aeueuxae KOMno- 3HTOPbI paCCMaTpHBaJIH cnOBO «KaK BcnOMOraTeJIbHOe cpe)J;CTBO MY3bIKaJIbHOrO H306pereHHH. OHO B036Y:>I<.ZlaJIO q,aHTa3HIO KOMn03HTopa, HaTaJIKHBarrO aa H306pereHMe Tex HJIH HHbIX BbIpa3HTem.HbIX 4>uryP».

CsOHCTBa MY3blKaJIbHbIX 4>HrYP HaH60nee HpKO BbICTYIIalOT B BOKaJIbHOii My:3bIKe, O,ll;HaKO H reopermor, Ii KOMnosaropsr XVII-XVIII BeKOB He Cl{liTaJIH CJlHWKOM cymeCTBeHHOH p33HHIzy Me)l()zy BOKaJIbHOH Ii HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHoii. MY3bIKOH. MJIa,.o;WHii. COBpeMeHHHI( I1.C.oaxa

7

Il.A.lIIait6e TaX nHWeT 06 3TOM: «Ecn» 06'b.SlCHHTb I1CTHHHble ceoacraa cllHrYP, TO cnenyer OTMeTHTb, qTO OHI1 saHHMaJOT B BOKaJIbHOit MY3bIKe ocofioe MeCTO: nOCKOJIbKY B Heit MbI JIYlIUle acero H HaH60JIee SlCHO MOJKeM paamrsars Ii OC03HaBan. BbIpIDKeHHe acllclleKTa H ABIDKeHHe ,nYWI1. Ho SI B 3TOM cnyxae HHKOHM 06pa30M He OT,neJIJllO ee OT HHcrpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIKI1. KTO CTaHeT YTBepJK,llaTb, qTO O,IJ;Ha OTJIHqaeTCX OT zrpyroil B KOHeqHoit UeJIH Ii acpcpeKTe? MJII1. KTO cssrraer, srro HHCTPYMeHTaJIbHoit MY3blKe He . HYJKHbI HHKaKHe cllHrYPbI? ..• Cnenyer JIHWb nepeaecra HX 113 BOKaJIbHOit M)'3bIKH B U"CTpYMeHTaJIbH)'IO».

YlIeHue 0 M)'3bIKaJIbHbIX I}ll1rypax ,naBMO KOMn03HTopaM TeXHHKY 3:KcnpeCCUBHoro B03JJ;eHC1BIDI. 06pa3HOM: 11 CMbICJIOBOH HanOJIHeHHOCTII MYJbIKH. B HHC1'pYMeHTaJIbHOii MY3bIKe ponsdmryp erne 60JIee soapacrana. TIo CJIOBaM O.3axapOBOM:, «OTCYTCTIuie reKCTa I1pU roCOOJJ;C1BOBaBWeM TOr,!l,a CTpeMJIeHHH 3aCTaBUTb MY3bIKY 3KcnpeCCHBHO rOBOpHTb caao CT3H08HJIOCb CTUMYJIOM .!l.JUI ocoeeaao I1HTeHCHBHOro HCOO1lb30BaHHSI 4nrryp. Bezts eCJIH B BOXaJIbHOit M}'3blKe sacrs HarpY3KU 6pan: TeKCT, TO B HHC1pYMeHTaJIbHOM: - B nepayio osepem, I}lurypbl, KaK 3KcnpeCCHBHbIe npaeasr C 3aKpenHBWeHCSI aa HUMM 60JIee HJIH MeHee onpenenenaort CeMaHTHKoH. TaKHM 06p33oM, ti>Jff'}'PbI lJaCTO CT3HOBHIIHCb fJIaBHbIM C1pOHTeJIbHbIM MarepHaJIOM, 113 xoroporo CKJIa,ll,bIBaJIOCb npoaaaeneaae».

CaMO CJIOBO «I}lHrypa» no onpenenenmo MOJKeT nepe,llaBaTb ofipasasre npe,nCTaBJleHHSI; cpezm ero 3HaqeHHH ecn, - «H306paJKeHHe, osepraane, 06pa3». <l>UrypbI MorJII1 HOCHTb H306pa311TeJIbHbIH xapaxrep, BbIpaJKaSl Harrpasneaae u xapaxrep ABHJKeHHSI, KaK, aanpmsep,

anabasis - 60CXO:JICOenue u- catabasis - HUCXO:JICOenue'

,

circulatio - 6par.qenue .. fuga - 6ez; tirata - cmpena, 6blcmpe.n H T.n.

8

cJ>mypbI no.rq>aJKaJIH HHT0H311IDIM qen:oBe'leCl<OH pel.m: interrogatio - eonpoc (BOCXOORU/flJI cexynoa); exclamatio - BOCKllUIJ(lHUe (60CXOORU/Wl cexcma).

0c06eHH0 npaenexana KOMIl03HTOPOB ssrpasarensssre

4>urypbI, nepeaaiouiae al}ll}leKT, TaKHe KaK suspiratio - B300X"

passus diriusculus - xpOMaTHIJeCKHH xon, ynorpefiJISleMblij .llJISI BbIpaJKeHHSI cxoptiu. cmpaoanu«

Bnaronaps YCTOHIJUBOH ceM3HTMKe MY3bIX3JIbHbIe <l>HrypbI npeBpaTHJIHCb B «3HaKH», 3M6JIeMbI onpencncaHbIX tJysCTB HJIM nOHSlTHH:

HHCXOJlRIIlHe MeJlO,llHH (clmrypa catabasis) ynoTpe6- JlHJIHCb NUl CHMBonHKH De"IaJIH, yMHpaHHR, DOJIOOKeHHH DO

rpOO;

. BOCXO.llHIQ,He 3ByKOpR,llbJ nposao CBJl38Hbl C CHMBOJIH· KOD BOCKpeceHHH;

naY3bl DO acex ronoeax (I}lHrypa aposiopesis - YMOJlwJHue) npHMeHSlJIUCb .llJISI «H306paJKeHHSI» cMepTH; naY3bJ, paccesasoutae MeJIO,llH1O (I}lmypa tmesis - pacceueuuei nepeaasann l.fYBCTBa erpaxa, y~aca H T. ,!l;.

Pacxpsrsaa ceMaHTHKY 3TItX 4>HrYP, MOJKHO nOJI)"lHTh lQIJOlJ K o6pa3HoMY H CMbICJIOBOMY cO,llepJKaHHIO 6axoBCKHX npOH3Be,lleHR:H. TaK, xpoaarasecxae XO,lJ;bI npemo,llHH a-moll II TOMa XTKR xpoaarnxa TeMbl I}lyrn f-moll I TOMa XTK (I}lRrypa passus diriusculus) BbIpa)KaJOT erpa,113JIbtJeCKoe C:KOp6HOe lJYSCTBO; HUCXO)l;.sJm:ee ,llBRJKeHl1e Gaca (I}lHrypa anabasis) B npemonna h-moll I TOMa XTK accouaapyercs C H)leeit aocxpeceaaa. HHCXO)l;.sJIU:He JIRHIIII npemonan cis-moll I TOMa XTK C03,naIOT nacrpoeHHe ropeCTHO:H nesana. BOCKJIHu;aHHH (I}lmypa exclamatio - xon ua cexcry) B TeMe 4>yrn Cis-dur I TOMa XTK nepenaior p3)l;OCTHOe B036YJK)leHHe.

9

3HaHHe pHTOpI1KH, 11 B TOM tIl1CJ1e CI1CTeMbI MY3blKaJIbHO-pHTOpHtIeCKHX elm:ryp, 6bIJIO He06xo,llJ1MO J(n.s! UepKOBHOrO MY3bIKaHTa. OpraHHCT ncnonnan BIDKHyro ponb B HeMeIJ;KOM npOTeCTaHTCKOM 6orocnY)I(eHI1I1, npoH3HOC.s! csoero pona «MY3bIKaJIbH)'lO nponoaens». Haps.n;y C lIaCTOpoM OH npHHHMaJI ysacme B TOJIKOBaHHH TeKcrOB Casureaaoro nHC3HH}], pacxpsraaa H KOMMeHrnpy.s! MY3bIKaJIbHblMH cpe)1;CTBaMH conepscaaae COOTBeTCTByrol1.l;liX U;epKOBHOH cnYJK6e xopanos. Myasncansasre qmrYPbI, useecrasre Ii noaarnue nacrse, 3aHHMann B 3BYKOBOM o4JopMneHHH CJIyJK6bI cyntecraemroe MeCTO.

Orsesas na Bbm3)1; MY3bIKaJIbHOro KpHTHKa MA.lllaii- 6e, yrrpexasmero Baxa B OTcyTCTBHH aarepeca I<: pHTOpHxe, Marncrp pHTOpHKH JJeHnLUfrCXOro }'HHBepClITeTa M.A.liHpH6aYM B 1738 rony nncan: «Bax HaCTOJIbKO xopouro 3HaeT sacra H pa3,D;eJIbI, xoropsre o,n;HHaKOBO cnYJKaT paspaforxe KaK M)'3bIKaJIbHOH nsecu, TaK If oparopcxoit petIH (claboratio, decoratio), tIro He TOnbKO C BeJIHlJailwl1M y,n;OBOJIbCTBHeM cnyuraeurs ero, xorna OH aezter CBOIO OCHOBarem.HyIO 6ece.zzy 0 CXO,D;CTBe Ii cornacnn MY3bIKaJIbHOro 11 oparopcxoro HCKyCCTBa, HO H socropraeursca MacTepCKHM npHMeHeHHeM cxasaaaoro B ero COlJHHeIlliHX».

Bax HCnOJIb3YeT MY3bIKaJIbHbIe <flHrypbl B onpeneneaHOM YCTOH'IHBOM KOHTeKCTe. 3TO ocofieinro OlJeBH,llHO B npoasaeneansx C TeKCTOM - xaararax, Meccax, oparopnBX, naccnonax, a TaKJKe B XOPaJIbHbIX npeJIIO.n;HBx H 06- patiorxax, rae TeKCT XOTB H He namrsecreyer, HO npezmonaraercs. YCToillJ:t1BOCTb KOHTeKCTa CB.s!3aHa c elmJIOco4JCKo-3mQeCKOil H penaraosaoa HanpaBJIeHHOCTblO, rrpacymea BceMY TBOplJeCTBY Baxa, ;B.n;OXHOBneHHOMY 06pa33MH H H)l;ellMH CBBlI..\eHHOrO nHcaHHH H npenCTaBJI.s!IOmeMY co6oii BeJlHKlJii Komtepr «BO ~y~IWHero, a 6J1lfiKHeMY BO HaCTaBJIeHHe». Cl>HrYPbl nan()JIHHIOTCR

10

,lzyXOBHblM CMbICJIOM, npeepautarorca B CHMBOJIbI AJUl BbIpa)KeHHR 4JHJIOCOq,CKHX, )THlIeC[(HX It penHrH03HbIX JUleii. OHH coxpanmor csoe 3HaqeHI1e 11 B npOH3Be.neHHHX HHCTpYMeHT3JIbHhIX )l(aHpOB.

CTHJII1CrnlJeCKa.s! nepasnenennocrs <<JzyXOBHorO-CBeTcxoro- xapaxrepaa, no 3aMelJaHHlO M./WYCKHH3, l1.JIB My3bIKH npcrecraarcsoa fepM3HHI1, KOMII031ITOPbt KOTOPOM., B TOM lIHCJIe H Bax, CJIe,ll,OB3JIH 3aBeTaM JJIOTepa, npocnaansrourero M)'3bIKY I<:3K «6ecueHHoe, spasyiourec, panoeraoe oOJKbe TBOpeHHe», KaJ( «nap Focnozuma». Bee, 'ITO Bax TBOPHJI, OH TBOPHJI «in Domine Dei» (BO HM.s! Tocnona), ero PY[(OnHCIt H306HJIyroT 366peBHarypaMI1 JJ (Jesu juva - MHCYC, nouonr) It SDG (Soli Deo Gloria - E,lJ;HHoMY Bory CJIaBa).

03X cnysom npa uepxaa, 60JIbW)'lO 'I3CTb MY3blKH IIHcaJI,llJI}] UepKBl1, caM 6blJI, 6e3YCJIOBHO, Ha60JKHbIM seJIOBeKOM, ofinanan 06umpHbIMH II03HaHH.s!MH B 6orocJIoBUH U 6orocnYJKeHHH. OH npexpacao 3H3rr CBHmeHHoe OI1CaHHe, uepxoaaste TeI<CTbI, rpa.D;HUHH [(YJIbTOBbIX 06pB,Il,OB Ii HX cyrs, B ero 6u6JlHoTeI<e conepxanocs HeCKOJIbKO 1I3,1l,3HI1H nOJIHOrO c06paHHH COllHHeHHH M.JJIOTepa, B TOM 1I11cne paparersr: ceMHTOMHoe JIamHCXOe H3,uaHHe 1539 rona, BOCbMHTOMHoe ueaeuxoe 1555 rona 11 BOCbMHTOMHoe JIeUnUHrCKOe H3,11;aHHe 1697 rona, conepxauree casnne 5 TLIC.s!'1 xopanos. E116JIH.s! aa zteyx .s!3bIKax - HeMeu-

. ~ ~

[(OM H JI3TlfHCKOM - 6blJI3 ero HaCTOJIbHOI1 [(HHrOH.

«Ero 60rOCJIOBCK3H Ha'lHT3HHOCTb H nocTOHHHoe o6paIUeHHe C TeKCT3MH 11 C TOJI[(OB3HHeM a~OI<:pH<pOB H3CTOnbKO YCJIO)l(H.s!JIH ero MblillneHHe, npaanexaeusre 11M CCbIJIKH 11 3HaJIOr"H CTOJIb HeO)l(H,UaHHbl 6blJIH nna pH,D;Osoro cnYW3TeJI.s!, liTO cneznrrs 33 ero COlJHHeHH.s!MH npn cnywaHHI1 HX B nepasra paa 6blJIO OlJeHb Tpy.n.uo, eCJlH ,llaJKe H (He) HeB03MO)I(H0, TaK [(3l( K3)1()l;Oe ynOTpe6JIeHHe

11

noneaxa Tpe60BaJIO Y)Ke nOSlCHeHIDI. A CJlYWaJIH rorna C03HaTeJIbHO <<pHTOpwleCKH».

KaK npencraaarem, esponeacsott KYJIbTYPbJ nasana XVIII sexa, Bax BbIPa3HJI B CBoeM 'IBOplIeCTBe npoueccsr MbIWJIeHHSI, cBoHCTBeHHbIe anoxe oeik:m6eHHozo cosepuaHUR. Ko BpeMeHH Baxa «lIeJIOBelleCKaSI MbICJlb CTIUl8 pa6oTIlTb B otinacrn penaran: eepa 6 ooeuamu 6'blJlQ sauenesa _pa3M'blUlJleJtUeM HaO OOZM.Q11UJM.w>. Canon caoero renaa Bax nepesonapcean B My3blKY iJleHoMeH PeJIHI'lI03Ho-<imJIOcoiJlcxoro MHpOB033peHIDI csoero BpeMeHH. IIpOTeCTaHTH3M B xasecrae rnaanoro penl1TH03HOro TIOCT)'JIaTa Bbl):(BHraeT TelHC 0 cnaceuuu llWlHOU eepou: JlHlJ:HaSI sepa '1eJ10BeKa. ero n03HaHHe «CYW:HOCTIf EO)KecTBeHHOA BOIlH», rnyfioxoe npOHHKHOBeHHe B TCKCT CBSiJJ.J;eHHoro IIHC3HIDI mmsumCb Onpe.llCJUl1OJJ.J;HM t}>aKTOpOM caMOC03HaHH" npOTeCTaHTa XVII - nasana XVIII DeICOB.

ITo,ZJ;o6Ha.Sl HanpaBJIeHHOCTb MbIWJIeHIi.ll. BOnnOTIIBWMC" H B .zzyxOBHOM, H B CBeTCKOM TBoplleCTBe, 6blJla aaKOHoMepHa MJJ eeponeacxon KYJIbTYPbl Toil :)TIOXH. B repMamrn XVII- nasana XVIII BeKOB cytnecraoaana ycTOHlIHBa.II Tpa,n;Hl.l;IDI C03,llaHH.SI npoH3Be,lleHHH .oyXOBHOH TeMaTHKH,l(.IDI CBCTCKoro npenaasaaseuaa. )l(HBormcb H rpadnuca, mrreparypaue npOH3Be,lleHWI, n031W1ecKHe l.\HlCJIhI, neceamae c60PHHKH, .o;OMaWHHe uepsoaaere xaneanaPH, npOH3BeneHWI KaMepHOH HHC1pYMeHTam.HoH MY3bIKM or06paJKaJIH 06pa3bI Ii CIO)KCThI XPHcrnaHCKOii MH<ilOJIOmH.

npoTecTaHTCKHH XOPaJl

KaK COCTaBHaJI .. aCYL M)'3h1KaJIbHOro H3hIKa B.C. Baxa

)l(u3Hb Ii TBOPlIecTBO Baxa Hepa3pbIBHO CBSI3aHbI C npoTeCTaHTCKHM xopanox M no ero aepoacnoaenanmo, Ii no nearensaocra B xaxecrae QepKOIsHOro My:3bIKaHTa. OH noCTOJlHHO paforaer cxopanoa B-caMbIX pasasrx )l(aHpax.

12

113BeCTHo, 'ITO Il.C.Eax npHHHMaJI ysacrae Ii B co- 3,llaHHH ,lJ;OMaWHHX XOpaJIbHbIX C60PHHKOB, BKJIlOqaBlIIHX 06mMHHbIe xopansr M nyxoaasre COJIbHbie neCHM C conpoBO)J(,!leHHeM. «Bax He TOJIbKO OTpe,llaKTHpOBaJI QH4JpoBaHHhln 6ac, HO COqHHHJI M MeJIO,Il,liH K OecIDlM».

BnOJIHe 3aKOHOMepHO, qTO npOTeCTaHTCKHHXOpaJI cran HeOTbeMJIeMOH COCTaBHOH xacrsro MY3blKaJIbHOrO .113LIKa I1.C.6axa.

XOPaJIbI neJIHCb npOTeCTaHTCKOi1: 06JJ.J;HHoit, OHH BXO)),HJIH B .zzyxOBHbrH MAp senoeexa KaK CCTeCTBeHHbln, neooxo,LUI MblH , OPraHHlIHO BPOCllUlH B nCHXMKY M C03HaHHe 3JIeMeHT MHpooutyw;eHWI. Bee JOO,llH repMaHHM roro apeMeHH 3HaJIH MeJIo.znm xopanos uansycrs. OHM HaCTOJIbKO nposao aCCOQMHpOBaJIHCb C orrpenenetrasta CMLICJIOM, 'ITO Monm CJI)')KHTb rraponex npn Y'3H3BaHID1 C,llHHOMbIWJIeHHHKOB. II03TOMY .IJ;IDl cnyurarenea BpeMeHH Baxa Ii ero KYJIbTYPHoro apeana XOPaJl'bH'ble uenoouu R6JlJl!lUC'b no cyiqecmey 3HClKaMU, ompa:JlCalO1J4UMU cooepiscanue xopasa. BCTpeqMCb B MY3bIKaJIbHOM TeKCTe C ,llpyrHMM no,n06HblMH 3H~a~H) OHM BbIC1paHBaJIMCb B CJIO)K}lhle acconnarasnue p.ll,lJ;b~. B PC3YJIhTaTe nero 11K CMbICJI npuoeperan pa3J1W1Hble orrea- 1CH, OHM 060raW;aJIHCb M npespamanacs B CHMBOJIbI. Y cnyurarenen B03HHKaJIO cpasy HecKOJIbKO accOQHaQHH - c CoOep:JICaHUeM XOPtl1Ul, C KOHKpemH'blM 311U30d0M 6u6.nel1cKOI1 ucmopuu, C KpyZOM npaJdlfUl(06 UJlU pumyaJI'bHIMI oedcm60M, KOmoPOMY npedH41Ha'laJlCJl3mom.xopaJI.

TaK, aanpaxep, CHM<pOHIDI (3-rOJIOCHaJl MHBeHQH.SI) a-moll OCHOBaHa aa xopane «Christ lag in Todesbandenx ( «XPHCTOC JIeJKaJI B neneaax CMepTH)). npHHaivIeJKallleM K naCXaJILHOMY Kpyry. COOTBeTCTBeHHo TeKCl)' xopana, MY3bIKaJIbHOe conepxanae CMMtf}OHHM BK1IIO'IaeT B ce6.S1 KaIC 06pa3bl nenana, CKop6H, rax M P8,llOCTb no noaony BOCKPeceHHH XpHCTa, H CJIaBOCJIOBHSI «AJIJIMrryii.Sl».

13

QHTIipOB8HMe XOPaJIOB "3 OJlaro)l;apcTBeHHoro Kpyra «Herr Gott, dichloben win) (<<Te6H~ Boace, XBruIUM») B <pyreE~dur Il TOM8 HJIH «Allein Gott in der Hohsei Ehr» (<<TOJIbKO 0,ltHH Bor H8 He6eeax») B <pyre G-dur I TOMa onpenenaer HX conepacaaae,

llOKaRHHbie XOPaJlLI «Aus tiefer Not schrei ieh zu din> (<<ll3 6e3,llHbI 6e.ll B3bISaro 11 K Te6e») B ,lJ;Byx aapnaarax, 3BY'IaW;Ue B uaxnax es-moll, b-moll I TOMa M b-moll II TOMa HJIM nOlCa1lHHLIil: xopan «Herr Jesu Christ, du hochstes Gut» (<<rocnoAL Hacyc XPHCTOC, Tbl- astcnree 6naro»). HcnOJIL3yeMbIH BUHlCJIe gis-moll I TOMa, coo6- W;aIOT 3THM rrpemo,llIDIM U <l>yraM orrpenenemrsra 3MOUHOHaJIbHblH Hac1'pOH U YKa3bIBaIOT aa 06lJlHOCTb HX CO.nep)f(3HHH.

O,llH3XO pons xopanos B MY3bIKaJIbHOM sasnce Baxa He orpaaasaaaerca lUfTUpoBaHHeM UX MeJIO,llHit OmaenslIble uomueu U3 XOpQJl06 CmaH06RmCR ycmoiaueuuu rjJopMYJUZ.MU, UMeJOUJUMU onpeoeneunoe snasenue. jJ:BOPCKHii UMWeY: «Bee MOTUBbI. xoropsre 6bIJIH TOr.lla B xony, MMeJIU TOqHbIH CMbICJI, 6y.oyqH 06bIKHoBeHHo npoacxoscteHUS HeYMblwneHHoro, a nony'IHBWUeCSl K8K aacnenae naponaoro TBOp'IeCTBa, sanesarneaaoro B rperopnaacKOM nanese J:I 3aTeM :8' nepepafio'rxe sroro )l(e nanesa B nporecraarcxox xopane». TaK. aarrpaaep, EOJIeCJI8B JIeonOJIb.llOBU'I C'IHTaJl, 'ITO MeJJO.llH'IecKHH OOopOT H3 xopana «Dorch Adams Fall» (<<Qepe3 na,a:eHHe A,ll8Ma») CT8HOBHTCH y Baxa CHMBOJIOM npe,llOnpe)l;eJJeRHH - «npe)l;onpe)l;eJJeHHOCTH eaepmeaaa ac:epTBLI»:

~ ..

I " '

I - W

dC _

14

31'0 npennoncoseaae jJ:BopcKoro nozrraepactaercs TeM, 'ITO B CTapHHHOM ryCHTCKOM xopan.e «Was mein Gott will, das g'sheh allJeib> (<<qTO Mon Bor X01JeT, TO c6Y)l;eTCH») aa no.a;o6Hblii MelIO,lI.HqeCKHit 060pOT npHXO,il;HTCJI Ba)I(HeHWHH CMblCJlOBOH aKueHT npenonpeneneauocra eaepmeaaa BOJIH rocno)l;Heii (cnoaa «TO c6y.neTCH)):

OH OlJeHb lJaCTO BCIpeqaeTCH B npOH3Be.lleHHRX Baxa, HeCH B KOHTeKCTe HMeHHO raxoe CMhIClIOBOe 3HaqeHHe (aanpaaep, meMbr fjJyz cis-moll! ~M - 3-51 meMa, g-moll II mOM, npomueocnoocenue rPyzu [IS-moll! mOM, meua UHeeuuuu C-dur, neiimmeua tjJpaHlfY3CKOii ctoumst h-moll Ii T.,It.).

- l'l3mo6JIeHHblH Baxox MOTHB 3ByllHT B xopane (<A us tiefer Not schrei ich zu durx (<<83 Oe3JlHLI Qe.ll B3blBalO H K Tefie») CO CJlOBaMIf «Er ist allein» - «OR OAHU (Ham )l06PbIH naersips)». 3TOT MOTHB MO)l(HO 1paKTOBaTh K8K CHMBOn Hucyca-nacTblpH, BOIUJOW:31OIIlHH Ha,u:e)K)zy lJeJIOnexa aa nyxosaoe PYXOBO,ll;CTBO:

. iat aI - .. _ UDI au .. ter Hilt

TIO,lJ;06HbIe xmoxeasre MOTHBbI CTaHOB.RTCH T8K)f(e CHMBOnaMH. HecYT O'leBH.ll;HYIO CMblCJIOBYIO q,Y .. HKUIllO.

Orxpsrrae lurrnpoBaHHH XOPaJILHbIX MeJIo.zU.t:A B XTK npaaaaneaorr E.JI.jJ:BOPCKOMY H «(06'beKTHBHO noxassrB3eT. 'ITO 6-«Kna6upe xopotuezo cmpoJU> 6Wpa:NCeHbl6a:HCHeUlUue Hpa6cm6elUiwe UdeaJlW 6axOSCKOU snoxu, 6011ll0ll4eHHWe 6 06pQ.3QX eSaHZeJJbCKUX JleZeHo».

15

Baxoaexaa CHCTeMa CHMBOJIOB

Ha OCHOBaHHH H3YlJeHHjJ KaJlTaTHO-OpaTOpHaJILHOrO TBOplJecTBa Baxa, BLI1IBJIeHHjJ aaanoraa H MOTHBHblX CBJl3eH 3THX npOH3Be,n;eHH" C ero KJlaBl1pHblMH H HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHblMH COlJHHeHJ.UIMH, HCnOJIb30B3HIUl B HI1X XOP3JIbHbIX U;HT3T 11 MY3b1KaJIbHO-PHTOpMlJeCKI1X qmryp, 1i.J1.RBOpCKHH paspafioran CHCTeMY MY3bIKaJIbHbIX CHMBOJlOB Baxa, COXpaHHJIHCh nacsxa 1i.J1.RBopcxoro na TeMY 0 «TBOplJeCKOM MbIlliJIeHHH 1l.C.liax3)}, nOCJI3HHbIe C.B.ilpOTononOBY B 1917 rozty H3 lOrO-33- na)l;HbIH 4JPOHT. HHJKe TIpHBO,WITCjJ BbIAep>KKH "3 TInChMa OT 6 aarycra 1917 r. C npHMepaMH 1'1 nO.slCHeHH5IMH P33JIHlJHbIX CHMBOJIOB.

1. Paaaossepnoe .llBIDKeHHe HmKHero ronoca ynO,ll,06.rm:JIOCb waraJlHlO; TaKoe ABHJKeHHe, paJYMeerC5I, 6bmo cxopee maroa senoaesa, HO HeBOOMOJKHO B M)'3bIKe nO.!lPaJK3Tb wary DO BpeMeHH - TID 3aHJIJIO 6bI CJmlIIKOM MHOro BpeMeHH; B HCK}'CCTBe acsxae )l(HTeHCKHe jJBJIeHIDI npoeQllPYlOTC5I na aame C03H3HHe, a He 4>3KrnlJecKH ROtrnpyIDTCB.

2. IiLlCTpLIe BOCXO.lUWlHe H HHcxo,lltlll(He .llBWJreHIHI BLIPruKaJlH nOJIeT aHreJIOB, OCHOBblBIDICb na CJJOBax Hosoro 3aBeTa, ROr,!l3 B PO:>K,!l;ecmeHCK)IJO HOlJb naC1)'Xl1 YBJUleJlH pe1O~HX C He6a aa 3eMmQ 1'1 o6paTHo aarenos B CIDIHHH.

3. Koporxae, 6LlcYpble Pa3MawHCTLIe 06pblBaIOIII:HeCJI tHrypLi HlO6paac:aJ1H JIItKOBaHHe.

4. TaKHe iKe, HO He CJlHWKOM 6WCYpLIe ci»HryPLI - cnoKOHHoe ,ll;OBOJlbCTBO.

5. IIYUKTHPHblH pHTM H306paiKan 6oJl,pocTb, BeJIH'lHe, TOpiKeCTBO.

6~ TpHOJJLHblH pHTM ('lemSepmb-SOCbMaJI) - YCTanOCTb, yHLIHHe.

7. CKallKH BHU3 na 60JJLwHe HHTepBaJIbI- cenraxsr, HORbI - CTap'IecKYIO HeMOIIl:L. OKTaBa me C'IHTaJIaCb npn- 3HaKOM cnoKoHCTBHR, 6JIaronOJJYlluo, o6'LHTIHI BORpyr.

16

8. POBHLI" xpOMaTH3M H3 s... 7 3BYKOB - ocrpyto neqML, 60JIb (H saepx, H BHU3).

9. CnycKaJOlI{Heca .llBHiKeHHH no ABa 3BYKa - TUXYIO ne'laJIL, Jl,OCToAHOe rope.

10. Tpenenonosaoe .l(BH;KeHHe - eeceaae, ,ll;mKe CMex, XOXOT npH COOTBeTCTBYJO~eM peracrpe H TeM6pe.

11. CJpa,tuuum: pacrurroro Xpucra (yMeuLmemwI KBapTa, ueconpmIreHHe U3 ntp!\toHWIeCKOro BlW· ,IlEIOii.ooit CltCTeMLl):*

I' e ~ _ ! .'1 ted I

06paTHO - CBepweHHe:

I' e r ";1 J

TOT iKe MOTHB C CHRKOnO" - Tpet)ooaHHe paCnOTHR:

I' e * 4 ..... IJ I r

Pacn • HH

12. Ilozrpaxanae 3BOHY, nepesaoay, TPy6HbIM B03rJIacan, pa3HbIM HHCTpYMeHTaM.

13. MOTHB HCKynJIeHHH (BOClI:peceHHH, B03HeceUHO)**:

I' TO J J J J

14. Bcsnme ueo6LI'IHLJe MeJIOJl,lPleCJQle ~ BLIprulCaIOT ueOOLI'IIIbIe IIOIUIllIB. ~erreHHble MeJIO,[(lllIec:KHe MOTImLI, B 33BHCHMOcrn OT csoero Merpm<:O-PHTMHlJecKOro ycrpoaerea, BbIpIDK3IOT pasasie OTreIOOl TOM: Htleu., KOTOPOH OHM COOTBeTCTB)'IOT (J<:aK 3TO MOJKHO BJme1b B 11).

• Heeonpnscenue - paspemenae HeycroH<mBOI'O lByxa CHCTeNbl B Heconplll£eHHbdi: C HUM YCTOA<UlBbIH 3BYK TOU lKe CHCTeMbl B HanpaBneHl-IH TIlI'OTeHIDI B ABOiiHOit CHMMeTplJlIHOii: CHCTeMe, 06pa3yeMoii ABYWI e,D;HHH'IHblMk CHCTeMaMH aa paCCTO.IIHHH nonyrona •

• "(&0 BOCltOlK,!:teHHe 1pexKpaTHoe - CHMBOJ1 BOCKpeCeHIDI H8 1peTHti ,lI;eHb, KOHe'IHO, yCIUleHHO-ycnOBHbIH CHMBOJ1)}.

17

15. Hesoropee 06pameHue MOTHBa cTp8,llauHii c uaCTOWmBblM PHTMOM H306pruKaeT npenonpeaeneaae, HeH3- 6emHYIO Heo6xo.ll;HMOCTb. «,1J;a 6Y.IleT sons TBOSl, a He MOg)~:

16. YLI,BOeHHH B Tepnmo, eeiecry, ,lJ,eUHMy 3HaMeHYlOT cnOKOHHoe 'lYBCTBO, .Il0BOJJbCTBO, P8,llOCTHoe cosepuanae.

B 3TOM nHCbMe .5IBOPCRHH H33bIBaer JntlUb xacrs BbISIBJIeHHbIX HM xapaxrepasrx )J)UI npOM.3BeLl,eHHH Baxa CHMBOJIOB. K HHM MO)I(HO .n;o6aBliTb eme P».D: CHMBOJIOB, )'Ka3aHIDI na xoropste COXPaHlfJIHCb B MaTeplfaJIaX apxnsos Ii.JI . .5IBOpcxoro, ero Yl.JeHlfKOB C.H.PSlY30Ba, JI.A.ABep6yx, a TaK)Ke B nacsvax 1'1 BocnOMlfHaHHSlX COBpeMeHHlfKOB Ii.Jl . .5IBOpCxoro.

I. CHMBOJI xpeera, pacnsras, Crpaerea Fecnonauxr

r

Q

3TOT CHMBOJI B oOpameHHoM BH,lI;e 03Hal.JaeT HCKynJIeHHe sepes caepmamuysocs KpecTHYIO MyKy:

j

2. nOCTHmeHHe BOJ1n rocno.ll.Heii - Bocxo.nsunnH TeTpaxopa,

ttE ";En uP I P :J

18

I

~

3. CuMBOJJ HeMHnyeMoro eaepmeaas (BOCXO,llHlUHH H HHCXO,llHUlHH ceKCTaKKOp.Il, Hepe,llKO 3aKaHl.JlfBaIOIUlfRCH CHMBOJIOM npeaonpenenenaa, RaJ( B UlfKJIe fis-moll II TOM):

4. CHMBOJI ~epTBeHuocTH - KBapTceKcTaKKOp.Il (uepenjco C rrpOXOMllJ.HM 3B)'KOM B npSlMOM Hrnf_ B03BpaTHOM ABHmeHH"):

5. CHMBOJI -rawn CTpaLl,aHHH - «i»urypa circulatio:

.1& 'ita ttmrrOrtf[

6. Bosaeeeaae, BOCXO:lK.IleHHe - turypa anabasis.

7. HHCXOm.lleHHe, YMHpaHHe, OnJIaKHUaHHe - «i»Hrypa

catabasis.

8. CHMBOJI nesrann - naneane ua TepU.HlO.

9. CHMBOJI npeOblBauHH - nepe60p no Tpe3By-rulO. KaK BHAHM, MY3bIKaAbHbie CHMBonliI " xopansasre

MenO.ll."H HMefOT acaoe CMbICJIOBOe coztepxaaae. Hx npOlJTeHI1e n03BonHeT AewH<IlpoBaTb HOTHbIH TeKCT, HanOJIHJ:lTb ero .uYXOBHOH: nporpavuott. C 3T<)H TOlJKH 3peHHSI nOHSITHe «lJHCTOM:» My3bIKH CTaHOBHTCjJ BeCbMa YCJIOBHbIM. HCTHHHaSi MY3bIKa acerna nporpauana, ee rrporpauua - orpaxeaae npouecca HeBHAHMoH mH3HH rtyxa,

19

TIo CJ10BaM A.IllBeHl..\epa {«(l{HCTaSI» MY3bIKa ztaer 3HaKH 06pa30B, nacsxena, nOJIb3YSlCb KOTOPbIMH, KOHKpeTH8S1 <paRTa3HSI pncyer xaprnnsr, H8AeJIeHHbJe onpenerreaasnr 3M0U:UOH8JIbHbIM cozrepzcamrev. OHM Tpe6YJOT 06p8THOrO nepeaoaa ,D,paMbl qyBCTB B xouxperuoe ,lJ;eHCTBHe, ,lJ;a6bl CJIYIll8TeJU, CHOBa npouren TOT nyrs, no KOTOPOMY uma <paHT83H5I KOMTI03HTOP8».

o T8K HMbIBaeMoit «l{HCTOit» My3blKe E.JI.5.lBOpCKHH B nHCLMe C.B.npOTononOBY runner: «OlleBHAHO, lJ.HCTOH My3blKOH K8)1{,!:{a.ll3nOxa naasraana MY3bUCY npomnoa 3nOXH, xorna TepmIOCb BocnpIDITHe3TOil My3bJKH RaJ( cerO,IUUlWHeH, xorna npaauarrst, ee Opr8HH3yIOllJ,He, nepecrasana opraaa- 3OBbIB8Tb aocnpasrae H naMSlTb. IIpemo;a,mt: H <i>ym H.C.Eaxa H3 WK, 6bIBlUHe AIDI AHTOH8 Py6HHWTeilHa lIHCTeiiweil «lIHCTOH» M)'3bIKOii, AJISI Hac, Y3H8BlIlHX 38MbIceJI Eaxa - MY3bIKaJIbHOe oTo6pa)l(eHHe ero nCHXWIecKH·YMCTBeHHoH KYJIbTYPbI na 06pa3ax CBSlllJ,eHHOrO IIHc8HlHI, SlBJISilOTCSI )'3Ko-nporpaMMHbIMH npoH3Be,n:eHIDlMM».

K83aJIOCb 6bl, lJTO MO)KeT 6bITh «qm.ue», CB060.n;Hee OT nporpasoasi, qeM «MCRYCCTBO <i>yrH» - 3Ta sepurana nOJrn<i>oHI1QecKOrO MacrepCIBa? O,llHaKO A.A.KaH.n;uHCJ<Hi:i· PbI6llHKOB BbICK333II ,llOK338TeJIbHyIO MbICJIb 0 nporpasesaoa CO,llep~ nocrrezmero 18-zo KOHIIIjJanyHKtna, xoropsm He saxoasea EaxOM - patiora HaA HlIM 6blJIa npepaaaa CMepTblO KOMn03HTOpa. B OCHOBe xonrpanymcra JIC)I(8T 3 TeMbl.

l-SI TeMa - xopan «113 6e3,lUibI 6eA B3bIBalO SI K Te6e» (<<Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir»)*:

Xopan '

'f c r J r IF IJ J J I r

I"

: ..

"'BbUIBJleHO A.A.KaH,!l;HHCKHM·Pbt6HHKOBblM.

20

Texa HeCKOJlbKO H3MeHeHa. B Heii' OTCYTCTByeT BOCXO,lJ;51Ill8S1 MarraSl eeKYH.Aa; HeCMOTpSl H8 sro, OHa nerxo Y3HaBaeMa.

2-SI reaa - TeMa xopana «Bee JIIO,11;11 CMepTHbI» (<<AIle Menschen mussen sterben»):

Xopan.

I' Il J F r r IJ turr IF r J r I F ~ ~ r

2-.UUI

I' i e ;pJJJJjJJ1JJb)JJ4J,Jlllrl

3-SI TeMa - 3BYKOB8Jl paclIlH<i>poBKa<l1aMHJII1I1 Eaxa - BACH.

Ilpa pa3BI1THI1 nepsoa TeMbI B MY3bIK3JIbHYlO TKaHb nnnerema MOTJ.fBbl «OH OMH (Haw ,11;06PLIH nacrsrps)», CHMBOJI crpanaana C H8,lJ;e)KJl;oit aa acxynnenae (BOCXO.IJ.SlIl..\I1H XpOMaTH3M), Pa3JIH'IHble MO,11;HtjJHKaU:I1H CI1MBorra npenonpenenenns 11 CUMBon BOCKpeceHI1S1 na T'perHH ,11;eHb, H3rrO)KeHHbIH B HH3KOM peracrpe, oxpaurenautt TeMHblM xonoparox MHHopa H npaofiperaiouma n03TOMY 'cypoBhlH xapaxrep, sro B AaHHOM KOHTeKCTe MO)KeT TpaKTO· BaThCSI KaK OiKH)l;8HHe CTpaWHOro CY,lJ;a:

BTOPOR TeMe conyrcraytor HHCXOmnu,He. 3BjlKOP}1- ,Il;bI (catabasis) - 3H8KH nesana, CHMBOJIbI YMHpaHHSI, nOJIOmeHHSI BO rpofi:

I' ! "kin n:OJJIJJ JJQp

21

Ilpa O,llHOBpeMeHHOM rrposeneaaa nepaoa If BTOPO:H reM ,lJ;Ba)l(,lU.1 nOBTopmoTCSI CHMBOJlbI npenonpeaeneana Ii BBO. ;:urrcSi CHMBOJI nOCTIDKeHIDI BOJIH rOcno~eH (BOCXO,WIIIU:lH rerpaxopA):

Tperss TeM8 - BACH - OKaHtIIm8eTCSI oaPH8HTOM CHM~ BOJIa npenonpeneneaaa, 060crpeHHbm PHTMHQecKHll PlfCY~ HOK KOTOpOro npanaer eMY H8CTOHlJIiBOCTb.

T3KHM 06Pa30M, nOCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIbHOCTb xopansnux ~H.

TaT If conYTCTBYIOI.I.I;HX CHMBOJIOB naer OCHOBaHHe .IlJISI npoqreHIDI rrporpaMMbl KOUTpartyHKTa KaK OI.I.l;Yl.I.I;eHIDI cxoporo KOHu:a. ECJIH BCnOMHHTh, lJTO, OCJIenHYO If npe,!{'I}'BC1BYSI, no CJIOBaM A.IllBeiiu:epa, npH6JIIDKeHHe CMepnI, Bax npo,ll;HK1'OBaJI CBOeM}' ytleum<y H 3SI1lO H.Kp.ArrbnIHKKomo nocJIe.muolO xopansayio l)aHTa3lOO, 03arJIaBJIeHHyro «Ilpen OPecTOJIOM TBOHM H SIBJUIlOCb» (<<Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit» ),CTaHOBHTCSI OlJeBH,[UibIM, lJeM 6bmli 3aHSlTbI MbIC~ JlH KOMn03HTOpa B 3TO BpeMSI.

Bpan JIIf MOJKHO npezmonarars, tfTO TaKoe conepscaaae npOHIf1(J10 B nOCJIe,lJ;HHe COlIHHeHHSI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHo. Bax TBOPItJI BnOJIHe OC03HaHHO. tIYOCTBeHHoe Y Hero scerna COe;J;HHeHO C paU:HOHaJIbHbIM. B 1BOPlJecme H.C.Eaxa ssrpa- 3HJICSI JzyX srroxa, KOTOPyro lJaCTO aaasmaror snoxoa pan:HOHaJIH3Ma. Cansnsre crpacra, SllJKHe aljHpeKTbI nepenarorcs B TBopqecme XY,lJ;O:>KHHKOB srtoxa 6apoKKo nyreM C03HaTeJIbHOH JIOnfllecKOH: pa60TbI no BbI60PY If C03,lJ;aHHlO COOlBeT. CTByrolIUlX cpencrs,

Ilpaaepoa xosmoaaropcxott -pa60TbI C xcpanca MO)KeT CJIY)I(HTb CHMciJOHHR a-moll, nO,l1;p06HbIH pasfiop

22

KOTOPOH caenaa E.l1.RBOpCKHM. MaTepHaJIOM.IlJ1J1 CHMl)OHIUI nocnyaom nacxansasnt xopan «Christ lag in Todesbanden» - (<<XpHCTOC JIe)l(arr B neneaax CMepTH»):

f:'\ t:\

I' B J liJJn IfP JIJ.JJiJI]JJJ I

Conepacaane xopana: «XpHCToe JIe)l(8JI B nerrenax CMepTH, AaHHbIX EMY sa Hawn rpexa, OH BOCCTaJI H npHnee H8M )l(H3Hb. n03TOMY MbI ,ZJ;OJDKHbI 6bITb pa,ZJ;OCTHbIMH, XBaJIlfTb Tocnona H 6bITb eMy 6JIaro,Z:{apHblMH H ners:

AJIJlHlIyHJI. Annanyas!». Ilepeas meua eHM4loHHH - aasansnaa MenO,lJ;HSI xopana 6e3 ,uBYX nepssrx 3BYKOB. B JIHHHIO 6aca annerea CUM60n pacnsmus, xpecma. BTOPOMY H .rperseay npOBe,lJ;eHHHM TeMbI conyTCTB)'lOT BOCXO,lUllUHe H HHCXO.ll'lIllHe JruHHH K3K CHMBOJI 066011aKU6aHUJl, neneuauus. HHmepMeOUJI (T3KTbI 9-12) nocrpoeaa aa HIICXO.ll'lUJ:HX 3BYKopSl,lJ;aX (l)Hrypa catabasis), CHMBOJIH3HPYIOI.I.I;HX nOnOJICeHUe 60 epoti.

Flocne 6acoBoro npoBe,ZJ;eHHJI TeMbI sepea 'IpH C mnnHHM OKTaBbI nposepseaa BOCXO,lJ;Hl.I.I;aSI JIHHmI (<lmrypa anabasis), COOTBeTCTBYIOUJ:aa CJIOBaM 0 60CKpeceHUU Xpucma (cder ist wieder erstanden» - «H BHOBb BOCKpec))) (TaKTbI 16-19). Ha ee l)oHe ,lJ;B8)1(,llbI 3BYQHT CUM6011 ucmoeoa eepu (BoeXO,lJ;JlI.I.l;He xsaprsr, TaKTbI 16-17). YJlBOeHHSI B TepQHIO H ,lJ;eUHMy nepenator paoocme.

C TaKTa 21 B 6acoBoM ronoce KOHT_PanYHKToM BBO.IlHTCJI HDBaa TeMa: Bocxq.IlJIl.I.I;ee H aacxoztaiuee T_Pe3BYlJHe C CUM60110M npeoonpeoenenus. OHa COOTBeTCTByeT I-H nonoaane TeMbI 6-ro crnxa, orpaxaa crpodiy «Gott loben» - «XBaJIHTe Focnona»:

l'eJ Irt( U~ r J

l:- ~ ~ 19 I critll U-rUI ~

23

B TaKTe 36 npl16aBJUleTcSI MOTHB «ARJlURyiiR» - 3aKJIIO'llHTeJ1bHhIH MOTHB xopana, OH 113J10)l(eH xax nepcssoa KOJIOKOJIb'llHIeOB:

I'eo dJIS

Hal • Ie-Iu - jal

If a tN;

Ilepen KOHQOM CMMlPOHi1H B T3XTax 58-59 K HeMY Ao6aBneH xpOMaTMQeCKHi1 xon, CMMBOJIM3HPYIOIUHM. no6eJICiJeHHY1O cuepms (<ilurypa passus duriusculus).

C nocnenaeii ,llOJIH TaKTa 59 (3BYK «JISI») aanansaas MenO,llHSI xopana 3BYQHT B OCHOBHOM BRAe.

CI1M<ilOHHSI 3aKaH'llI1BaeTCSI MOTHBOM «AJIJIHJlyii51» B COQeTaHI1U C CI1MBOJIOM rrpezronpeaeneaaa.

TaKHM 06pa30M, B CI1M<ilOHHI1 a-moll conepscaane xopana pacxpsrsaerca, KOMMeHTHpyeTcH H ofiorautaercs MY3blKaJIbHblMI1 Cpe.ll,CTBaMH, THnl1'llHbIMH H nOHHTHbIMH ,ll1Ul cnyurarenea 6axOBCKoro BpeMeHH.

06w.aJI K:OMn03HQ,HB <<XCI<»

C TO'lKH 3peHHR ero peJlHm03Ho-ctJUJJOCOcJ»cKOro CO,llepacaHHA

CHMBOJIbI H MY3bIKaJIbHO-PHTOpHQecKHe <ilHrypbI, uarapoaaaae npOTeCTaHTcKHX XOPaJIOB, aeronararu, MHOrO'llHCJIeHHbIe MY3bIKaJIbHbIe accounauun C KaHTaTaMH, naccaoaaan, MeccaMH. XOPaJIbHblMI1 npemozraaan TOqHO TaK JKe nouorator paCKpbITHID cOAep)l(aHI1H npeIDO.llIiH H q,yr 113 «XopOWO reanepaposaaaoro KJIaBHpa». TIo CJlOBaM 5.lBopcKoro, «IiaxoBcICHH Wohltemperiertes

24

Klavier 5IBJllIeTCH KaK 6bl3aBepImfTeJIbHbIM npOH3Be,rJ;eHHeM ,ll1Ul u:errOH anoxn, 3aKaHqHBaH 18-M CTOJIeTHeM (sxnrovas H BCID My3blKy CpeJ(HeBeKoBbH), BmfTaBlIIHM B ce6H ace npcnmecrsyroume H,lleH 11 cpeneraa Bblpa)l(eHHH, BOCnORh- 30BaBWHMCH BceMM cymecrayroutaaa H 3aI<penneHHbIMH B MY3bIKaJIbHOD: mrreparype TOD: 3noXH CHMBOJIaMH».

Ha OCHOBaHHH rny6oKoro H3Y'lleHH.II 'IBOplJecTBa Baxa, a TaJOKe WHPOKHX o6lUeKYJIbTYPHbiX H xY.ll,O)KeCTBeHHbIx auanoraa CJlO)KHJIaCb KOHuenU:IDI S.JI.5.lBOpCKOro no OTnoureamo K lUIKJlY «Xopouro 'rexncpapoeaaxoro KJI3BHpa». OHa aaxmosaercs B TOM, lITO UHKJI XTK 51BJI.SIeTCSI «My- 3bIKaJIbHO-3THQeCKHM TOJIKOBIDiHeM 06pa3HOCTH H CIO)KeTHICK xpHCTHaHCKOH MH4>OJIOrHH». Macrae xpynasie MY3bIKaHTbI omYIIIanH nPHCYTC'IBHe EBaHreJIbCKOH reuaTHKH B «Knasape xopourero CTp051). <D.EY30H», K npaMepy, C'llHTaJI, QTO npeJIlO.Il.HH cis-moll H3 [ TOMa - sro «HeQTO B /1.Yxe «Crpacrea». T.H.JIHBaHoBa OTMeQaeT: <d1HTOH3llHOHHbJii CTPOH OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX npemonatt H q,yr 113 «XopOWO TeMnepHpOBaHHoro KJI8BHpa» I1HOH pas conpaICaC8eTCH C xapaxrepasnm HHTOHaU:UJlMH H3 Mupa «CTp8- crea».

F'Beccenep nHWeT 0 TOM, 'liTO «3KCnpeCCHBHaJI MeJIO,l(IIKa 6aXOBCKOH KaHTaTbI oxono 1720 rona npOHHKJIa B KJIaBHpHylO MY3bIKY ... ». «XOTH CJIOBa TeICCTa reneps OTnaztaior, OCTaeTCH Jl,eHCTBeHHoH ofinacrs aq,4>eKToB, C KOTOPbIMH 6bIJIa ~epB0Ita'llam.Ho CBJl3aHa 3Kcnpeccm3HaJI MeJIOAHKa: npencraanenae 0 crpazranasx 11 CMepTH MHCYca XpHCTa».

HayqHbIH: MeTOJl, E.JI • ..HBOPCKOro n03BOJUleT Jl,OKa3aTb U:eJIbHOCTb xyzroxecrseaaoro H pemrrH03Ho-4>miococ}>cKoro 3aMbICJIa ~HKJIa.

«BeTXI1H Ii HOBblH 3aBeT, KapTHHbI uepxoaaorocOJl,ep:>KaHHH, anoxpmpsr CJIY:>KHJIH eMY KaK BHeWHHe CI1MBOJIbI .lUIJI BbIpaJKeHHH BHYTpeHHeii opraHI13YlOIIIeii 25

C03HaHRe H,ll;eOJIOmH. IJ,em.1O Baxa 6blJlO He HJIJlIOCTpHposars 6blT uepxosaoro 06HXO,lla, a sepes scea H3BeCTHble H nOHSITHbIe 06pa3bI Ii npe,n:CTaBJIeHHSI uepxoaaoro, aaenpeaaoro B 06meCTBeHHbIH 6bIT, 06HXo.o;a BbIpa3HTb npouecc H)I,eOJIOrHtIecKoro MbIIIIJIeHHSI caoea 3nOXJ{»).

,[(yxOBHM TeMaTHKa, KOTOPYIO BHecJIH B «XOPOlIIO reanepHpOBaHHbIH KJ1aBHP» Men:O~ nporeCTaHTCKHX xopanOB, MOTHBbI-CHMBOJIhl, M)'3bIKa KaHTaT H naCCHOHOB, no.o;HHMaeT ero 3HatIHMOCTb ,0;0 YPOBHSI ,ll;yXOBHbIX JKaHpOB.

«B Tex CJIytIaSlX, xorrta CO,llep)f(aHHe uarapyeaoro B XTK xopana yxasuaaer aa oupeneneaasia U;epKOBHbIH npa3,lJ;HRK H 3nH30,n: 6H6rreHCKoH HCTOPHH, xorna npyrae cpencraa MY3bIKaJIbHOH BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTIf B .n;aHHoii npema.rum HJIH <pyre (CHCTeMa PHTOPHlJecKHX <}mryp, H3mo6- neansre BaxOM CHMBOJIbI, scaapoesre oco6eHHoCTH H T.,11;.) rOBOp.SIT no cyutecrsy 0 TOM me, H see JIHHIUI xynozceCTBeHHOrO B03,11;eMCTBHJl KaK 6bI CXO)1.JlTC.SI B onay TO"llKY, - Tor,lJ,3 ecrs OCHOBaHWI nonarars, tITO Bax He TOJIbKO nonC03HaTeJIbHO, HO H HaMepeHHO CTaBHJ1 caoek UeJIblO MY- 3blKaJIbHO-3THtIeCKoe TOJIKOBaHHe Tpa,JlHQHOHHbIX AJISI ere 3nOXH 06pa30B H ClO)I(eTOB xpacraaaceoa MH<lJOJIOrHH. MHOrOtIHCJ1eHHble MY3blKaJIbHO-TeMaTHlJeCKHe H 06pa3- HbIe COOTBeTCTBHSI B pauxax «XOPOlIIO TeMnepHpOBaHHOro KJIaBHpa) npaeenn 51BopCKoro K BbIBOA)', qTO 6 ijUlUle uemxo npocneacueatomcs HeCKOJlbKO CIOJlCemHo-cMblCn06blX nnacmoe, C6Jl3aHHblX c OCH06HblMU 6eXaMU e6aHzeJlbCKOZO n06ecm606aHUR».

Bee npemonaa Ii <lJyrH paCCMaTpHBanHCb .HBOPCKHM B onpezteneaaox nopanxe, HM YCTaHOBJIeHHOM, COOTBeTC'IBeHHO HX CO,ll,epm8HHJQ « XPOHOJIOnIH C06bIntii, cnyscanmx «aCCOQHaTHBHbIMH 06p33aMH» sroro conepacanas.

ACCOUHaTHBHbIH 06pa3 npe.n;CTaBJUIeT C060H O)l;HH H3 aaH60JIee CJIO)KHbIX xYAOmec'IBeHHbIX npHeMOB. B HeM CBSI3b Me)l(,lJ,Y conOCTaBIDleMbIMH .SIBJIeHH.SIMH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI

26

He HanpSlMYIO - sepea BHelIIHee CXO,lJ;CTBO, H306pa311TeJIbHOCTb, 3apHCOBKY, - a «qepe3 Hase,lJ;eHHe)) - CHCTeMY accouaauaa, CMbICJIOBOit I< OHTeKCT , pe~JIeKTHBHOe C03HaHHe, BbIpa6oT3HHble snoxoa 3B)'KOBbIe cpeztcraa, Y CTaHOBJIeHHe aCCOQHaTHBHOrO 06p33a SlBJ1SIeTC.SI He Hl1- mocrpauaeit C06bITHH CBSll1\eHHOrO IIHcaHHH, a 011'3- )J(eHHeM OTHOlIIeHH.SI K HRM B C03H3HHH KYJIbTYPHoro esponeitua nasana XVIII aexa.

.HBOPCKHit YCT3HOBHl1 uecxonsxo nepuoooe, ceoeeo pooa euympenuux lfUKl106, opeanusoeannux no CIOJlCemHOCMblCJl080MY npuHlflmy. Ta6JIHlla 3THX BHyrpeHHHX QHKJIOB C onpenenetmesr aCCOQHaTHBHbIX o6pa30B COO'IBeTCTByrolQHX npemonan H <lJyr sanacaaa ero ytIeHHK3MH.

I. BeTXHH 13BeT

d-moll I TOM G-dur II TOM

II. PO*AecTBO

C-dur [TOM e-moll [TOM

g-moll [TOM B-dur I TOM As-dur I TOM A-dur [TOM Fis-dur I TOM As-dur II TOM B-dur II TOM E-dur I TOM

Tpex H HCKynneHHe

PaH Ii rpexonaneaae, HCKYlIIeHHe EBbI 3MeeM

Bnaroaemeaae

Ilocemeane Mapaen Enacaseru. «Ilonaaa cnes» (npe,JIlO,lUISI) Iloeeuieaae Mapaeii Enacasersr. nOKl1oHeHHe nacryxos IIoKl1oHeHHeBOJlXBOB

IIoKJIoHeHHe BOl1XBOB ..

HOBbIHrO,lJ,

Cperease CHMeoH-6oronpHHMeu 6erCTBo B Eraner

21

m. ,l(esHHH XpHCTa V. TopmecTBeHHblH naCXaJIbHLIH "HKJI
Cvdur lITOM HOlJb nepen naCXaJIbHbIM
cis-moll II TOM XPHCTOC B nycruae. BO CKPeCeH HeM
Hcxyurenae XPHCTa caranon Gvdur I TOM BOeKpeCeHHe XpHCTa
a-moll I TOM Kpemeaae B Hopnaae H-dur I TOM BOCKpeCeHHe XpHCTa
gis-moll II TOM Bcrpesa C caMapHTIDIKoil e-moll II TOM B03HeceHHe XPHCTa
f-moll II TOM XPHCTOC Y Mapaa H Mapdisr H-dur II TOM ,ll;YXOB )l,eHh
Fis-dur II TOM BOCKPeWeHHe Jlasapa VI. ,llornaTHlJecKHii U;UKJI
d-moll II TOM 113rHaHHe TOprylOlUHX H3 xpassa,
«HH3nO)f(H CHJIbHbIX co npecrona c-moll I TOM TInaMeHefOlUWI sepa
H S03HeCH cxnpeaasre» (<flyra) (HeOnaJIHMaJi xynaaa)
F-dur I TOM qy.n:o na PbI6HOil nosne Cis-dur I TOM TpOHua
P-dur II TOM Bxon B Hepycanau Dvdur I TOM COIlJecTBHe CB.SITOrO ,ll;yxa
Es-dur I TOM TpOHQa
Cis-dur II TOM Tpoaua
IV. CTpacTHaH He,l(eJIH Dvdur II TOM Credo
Es-dur II TOM TpoHua
fis-moll II TOM TaHHWI seseps E-dur II TOM' JIecTBHua
cis-moll I TOM Moneaae 0 lJaIIIe A-dur II TOM CnaS3 B BbIlliHHX Bory
a-moll II TOM M1oITapt.'TBa XpHCTa. 1136HeHHe
XpHCTa npHMepbl paCKpblTHH
h-moll II TOM Cyn Ilanara .n;YXOBHOro co.n;epamHHH
g-moll II TOM liHlJesaHHe Hncyca. «Ce lJenOBeK» HecKOJIbKUX npeJIJO}l.HH H .yr XTK
fis-moll I TOM Heceaae xpecra
h-moll I TOM IIIeCTBHe H3 Fonrodiy Ii.JI.JlBOpCKHii H3XlJan TBOplJeCTSO H.C.liaxa na
gis-moll I TOM PaCIDITHe. CeMh enos Cnacarens npOTIl)l(eHHH Beeil caoeil )l(H3HH. Ero KOH1(enQH" «Knasnpa
na xpeere xopowero CTpO,.) rrpO.Il}'MblBaJIaCh B TelJeHHe HecKOJI1oKHX
c-moll II TOM Kpecraas Myxa necaranerna. BnepB10Ie OHa 610lJIa H3JIO)l(eHa YlJeH10lM B
dis-moll IITOM CrpMaHHJl aa xpecre ..
1916 rony na nepaosr H3 3HaMeHHT1olX BnOCJIe.llCTBHH
f-moll I TOM Stabat Mater 6axoBcKHX ceuaaapoa. 3TO 610InH ,lUIHTeJI1oH1oIe, HHorna
b-moll I TOM I'onrotpa. Cxeprs HHCYca MHOrOMeC.RlJHbIeUIfKJIbI lJTeHHH • .llOKJIa,o:OB H .llHCKYCCHU.
es-moll I TOM CH.RTHe C xpecra. Ilnamanaua B HlfX IIpHHHMaJlH YlJaCTHe KaK crynearsr, TaK H HMeHHTble
b-moll II TOM OOJIO)l(eHHe BO rpof MY31oIKaHTbI, yseasre, HcnOnHHTeJIH.
28 29 M3BeCTHbI CeMb -UHKJIOB 6aXOBCKHX CeMHHapOB. HTOrOBblM CTaJI CapaTOBCKliH ceuaaap 1941-1942 IT., opoBe)J.eHHblit nna CTY.Il.eHTOB 11 nenaroros MOCKOBCKOH Ii Caparoscxoa xoacepaaropaa B YCJIOBIDIX 3B3KyaUHH. H3 HeM 6blJII1 paaotipaau 06a TOMa «Xopouro TeMnepl1pOaaaaoro xnasnpa».

npI1BO,lJ;HMbIH Hlf)l(e p3360p AeC5ITH npemonna H Q>yr XTK onapaercs na MaTepHaJIbI 6.J1.j{BopCKoro H KOHCnexrst E3XOBCKHX ceMHHapOB, cnenanntae CJIYlllaTemIMI1. P3CCMo-rpeHl1e O,lUUlX npemonaa H Q>yr 334JI1KCHpOB3HO B 33nHCXX 60JIee nO,DJJ06HO, ,DJJyrl1X -MeHee. B T3KUX CJIylJaXX HX pasfiop ,lJ;OnOJIHeH HaMH H3 OCHOBe MeTO.1lHKH E.Jl • .HBopcKoro Hero CHCTeMbI CHMBOJIOB.*

Ilpemonna " fIlyra C-dur I TOM

Accoquamu6Hblu 06p(13 I{UlUla - «Snasoeetueuue» OCHOBOii ero nOCJIY)KHJI TeKCT EB3HreJII1X OT JIyKH (rJI. I, CT. 26-38). ApX3HreJI Faspaan, nOCJIaHHblH )J;eBe MapHH, coofiuuer eM: 6JI3ryID BeCTb, qTO y nee PO.u;nTCX CbIH, 3aq3TblH HenOpOlJHO OT coweCTBUX )J;yxa Casroro, 11 aapesercs I1HCYCOM, H 3TO 6Y.1leT Cun BO)KHH H CnaCUTeJIb.

3Byq3HHe npeR.1OOuu nepenaer «aHZellbCKUii ceem, sucmomy, uaoescoy». B HeM: OTPa3HJIOCb 06pa3Hoe aocnpaarae: «3eMJ1Jl, netio, 3cjJUp, KOlle6aHUH KPblJlbe6 63cjJupe».

JIIOTHe06pa3Hag <}>aKT}'pa Bbl3blB3eT accOUUalV1H C JKHBOnHCHblMH H306pa)l(eHHXMH aarenoa, B PYK3X KOTOpsrx M)'3blKaJIbHble HHc-rpYMeHTbl, cpena HIIX - mOTHH.

"'Upn pasfiope HCnOJlb30BaHhl xoacnexrsr JI.JI.Asep6yx, Jl.M.rHH36ypra, C.H.PHYlOB3, MaTepH3JIbI "3 .poHAOB E.JI.JlBopcxoro; C.H.Pj(Y3oBa, xpaaaunrecs B rUMMK HM.DIHHKH; nHCbMa .sIBopcKoro K C.B.UpoTOnonoBY; pafiora P.3.Eepqemw«lh HCroPH" cresecraeauoro 6axoBeJJ;eHHj(. E.lI . .sIBOpCKHH 0 XTK».

30

I

CPmcrypa nsmacana Baxoa )lH<l>¢epeHu;HpoBaHHO: 6ac - cpeOHua ZOJlOC - apneO:HClfJJO&lllHbre ¢uzypa1JUU. 3m COOTserersyer mpeu Ypo6HRM: 3eMlUl- 'IeJI08eK - ue60. Cnymars 3TY <}JaIcrypY HMO TaIOKe ,ll,H~4>ePeH-UHPOB3HHO, 0Kp3IIIHB3X KIDK,!lbIH ~mcrypHbm lUl3CI' CBOHM TeM6pOM. )J;HpIDKepOM .RBJUIefcs cpe.ll.l'lHfi roJIOC, TIlK X3l( OH 3MaeT OCHOBH)'lO pJoITMWlecK)'IO nynscaumo WecIH~aThIMll. Peuumomue B KOHlIe npemo,llHH HCTOJIKOBbmanC» KaK «CJlO8(»), «6eCmM.

no B.JI • .HBoPCKOMY. meue tjlyzu COOTBeTCTBYIOT CJIOsa EBaHreJIHX: «Ce, pa6a rOCnOllHX; na 6Y.lleT MHe no cnoay TBoeMY» (ED. 01' JIYKH, rJI. 1, CTHX 38). B OCHOBY TeMbI nOJIO)KeHbI HalJ3JlbHaJI crpooa xopana «Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan» (<<qTO Tocnons nenaer, TO BO 6JIaro») Hero rperss crpodia «Er ist mein Gott, der in der NoL.» (<<OH MOti Tocnons, KOTOPbIH B HY)l(,lle MoeH ... »:

If hlJ uHF In J rlrrJJlrrJ

Teua <tJyrn C-dur 3BYlJHT B HalJaJIbHOM HOMepe KaHTaTbI ,NQ 77 «Du sollst Gott, deinen Herren, lieben von ganzen Herzen» (<<B03mo611 BceM cepnneu Bora. Tocnona TBoero»):

146 '~{fUR'iiEW

3T3 TeM3 6JIH3K3 TaK)Ke HalJaJIbHblM CTpOc}l3M xopaJIOB «TOJIbKO OllHH Bor na He6ecax» 11 «Bem-l'imT ,o;yma MO» Focrrona». CTOJIb MHOrOlJHcneHHble ananornn He OCTaBIDIlOT COMHeHHi1 AJI» nOHHM3HH.sI conepscaaaa <tJynt. Ha OCHoBaHHH 3Tor080CXOOfltquU nocmyneuuo MomU8 U3 " 4-x 36YK06 .sIBJIJIeTC.sI CUM60110M nOcrrm:HCe1lUJl6011U TOCnoOHeU.

31

Teua conepsorr aarepsan 60eXOOJlrqeU seapmu: OH naaasua HCnOJIb3YeTCSI MSl BbIpa)l(eHHSI 6oopocmu, ycmOUl/U60- emu, HaOeJICHOU onopu. B xopanax H xanrarax H3 MOTHBb[ C HHTepBarrOM KBapTbI lJaCTO npHXOASlTCSI KJIlOlJeBbIe cnoaa, rosopantae 0 CTOHKOCTH B aepe, npHHHTHH BOJIll Bora, Ha)le)l(JJ;e H ysepeHHOCTH. B «Xopowo TeMnepHpOBaHHOM KJIaBHpe» KBapTbI T3K)Ke BbIpa)l(alOT CToiiKOCTb, HCTOBOCTh nepsr. He enYlJaitHo TaK MHoro «eapmoeux uumoualJuu B npeJIIOJ1JUIX H <l>yrax Es-dur I u II mOM06, nOCBHIl.\eHHbIX .nomary Cenmoii Tpouusi {monansnocms Es-dur, UMe1OUfDJl6 1UllOlle mpu 6eMoJIJI., CeMl1HmUlleCKU accOl/uup06aJlaeb co C6RIJleHHbLM nOHJlmue.M mpueouncmea - TPOUlJbl). Tax )l(e HCTODO 3BYlJaT HHTepBaJIbl xaaprst B 3axmoQHTeJlbHOM pasnene <i>yrn E-dur II moua, conepxaHHe KOTOPOH orrpenenaercs TeMoii, UHTHPYIOw;eii HalJaJIO xopanoa «Xeanume Tocnooa» H «Hucyc, 6YOb npeeosuecen». I1HTepBan KBaprbl, KpOMe Toro, .a:BIDleTC.a: KOHTYPOM, COKpaIl.\eHHbIM H3JIO)l(eHHeM CHMBOna nocnoseaas BOJUI Focnonnea. Ha OCHOBaHHH BbIWeH31IO>KeHHorO KBapTOBLIH xon MO)f(H_O TpaKTOBaTb KaK CHMBOJI "CTOBOH sepsr.

HUCXOOJlll4UU MOmU6 Ul mpex zpJ'Rn no flemblpe useemnaoqamwx COOTBeTCTByer B xpncraancxolt 1II1C1I0BOH CHMBOJIHKe TaHHCTBY EBxapHCTIlH - C6RmOZO IIpulJacmUJI (444).-

I$e nJDJJ4J

l

B xpHCTHaHCTBe cynrecrsoeana Tpa.zuul,H.a: tUlenoBoH CHMBOJIHKH: casrnemrsre HMeHa, nOH.a:nUI H cnoaa HMenH CBOH llHC1IOBble BbIp3)l(eHH5I (no COOTBeTCTBHIO 6YKB aJI<I>aBHTa nx nop5I,D;KOBOMY -mcny: A - l, B-2 H T. LJ;.). B IlepBOM nOCJIamU1 anOCTOJIa I1aBJIa IC KopHH4l5lHaM (rJI.lO. CT .16) COLJ;epiKHTCJI CBJlIlleHHOe Bblpa)l(eHHe «mIOTL H 32

KPOBb», COOTBeTCTByrom;ee TaHHCTBY EBxapHCTHH - CB5Iroro TIPWJaCTIfSl. CYMMa nOp5I,lI.KOBbiX lJHCe1l rpexecxax 6yKB Jarb kai aima, COCTaBmnOW)iX3rn cnosa, paaaserCH lJHCJIY' 444. TaKHM o6pa30M. 3TO caauteaaoc lJHCJ10 lIBJl5leTC5I lJm:nOBbIM CHMBOJIOM CBHToro I1pHlJaCTHH*. 3Ta rpa.lUU.\H9 pacnpocrpaaanacs H H3 My3blKY. HccneztosaTenb lJUCDOBOit CHMBOJIHKH B MY3bIKe 6apoKKo 1O.I1.neTpOB artepssre o6paTJfJI BHHMaHHe aa TO, lJTO H.C.liax rpa<}>Hl.{eCKH sarmcsraaer lJHC1Ia nYTeM aarcpaanoa H OTpesxos raMM. TaK, HHCXOASlmJ.dt MOTIfB H3 Tpex rpynn no uersrpe llleCTHa..I:J;QaTbIX oopasyer lJHCJIO 444 H 51BJIHeTCH MY3blKaJIbHbIM CHMBOJIOM sroro Ba)l(Heilwero TaHHCTBa XpI:ICrnaHCTBa.

I1T3K, rexra <i>ym C-dur CO.z:r:epJKHT pacxpsrrae cnenyroutax H,UeH: nocmuseeuue 60JIU rocnooneu, nenoKoJle6u~ uas eepa; npu06U{euue C6Jl11tbIX maiiu (llpu'«lcmue). <!lyra nocrpoeaa T01lLKO na nposeneaasx TeMbJ. xoropas He YMOJIKaer HM na O,ZUIH TaKT. I1HTepMe.llUH nOnHOCTbIO OTcyrCTBYIOT. 3TO rOBOpHT a B03BbIWeHHOu. crporocrn conepxaaas, cocpeoonw'lennocmu ua oOHoii uaee.

3tuUUOllaIOU(ee tjJyzy 60CXOJICOeHUe (4m:rypa anabasis) COOTBeTCTBYeT C1I0BaM EBaHreJU:l5l: «H omoUU?JI om Bee Auzen». B KOHCneKTaX ceansapos ecrs aarrncs: «Aueen ucsesaem, 06a31CObl OZJlJlHY6lUUCb ua MapulO».

BeJIHlJaBOe cnOKOHCTBHe 3TOH My3bIKH PHMaH onpeztenaer l<'aK «nopran I<' Bq3BblweHHoMY If 1JY.1lecHoMY npoH3Be,lleHHIO nOJIu<i>oHHlJeCKOrO uCKycrna Baxa» - BceMY «Xopouro reanepapoaanaovy KJIaBHPY».

Mu CtIHTaeM. nro T3.Koe )Ke rnytioxoe no MbICJIH conep)KaHue npacyuie IIepBOH .llByxroJlOCIIOH HHBe~ C-dur, OTKpbIBaromeH «MaJlbIH llHKJI» HHBeHllHH H CHM<i>OHHH.

"'3Hal.feHHe '1lfCJ1a B3.IITO 83 KHlII1t. Michell «The City of revelation», London, 1978, P 7.

33

B ,OCHOBe HHBeHU:HH JIe)l(JfT Ta )l(e CHMBOJIllKa nOCTH- 1KeHWI BOJJU Focnonaea:

,£ (j 'jOUj5i-rJ~J~31 ~

Ksapmoeas unmouauun C CeKYIU}OSbUW saeepuieuueu Jl6- nsemcs: CUMSOJlOM npeoonpeOeJleHUR, npwumu» 60JlU Eoea, npeoyeomoeaunoeo :JICpe6UJl. 3roT CHMBOJI aenpeueano npnC}'TCTByeT 60 ecex uusnax, C6Jl3QHHblX co cmpaoauunuu Xpucma. OM SIpOCTHO yrsepxctaerca s meue rjJyzu g-moll Il moua, nOCWlll.leHHOH 6W1eBaHIllO Ii pacIUlTIOO XpHCTa na rOMOq,e; 3TOT MOTHB aansercs mpemsei; meuou mpoiinou q,yzu cis-moll U3 I moua. aCCOl.lHaTHBHbIM 06pa30M xoropoti CJIy- 3GIT 3nH30,D; MoneHIDI XPHCTa B feq,cHMaHCKOM cany, ~ecb OR BblpIDK3eT H~OCTh npIDlJlTI1Sl CMep1Hoii M)'KH. CHMBon npeaonpeneneaas 3ByqHT 6 npontU60CJlO:JICeHUU rjJyzu fis-moll U3 I maua, TpaKTYeMoH K3K WecTBHe aa Tonrorpy:

191 i' I P l(rCrCCI t bt P

12'''" j r r Irlur I r

B UU6eUijUU C-dur 3TOT CHMBOJI 3BYtIHT BOCTopmeHHO, BbIpIDKaSI pa.n;OCTH)'IO rOTOBHOCTb npHHSlTHSI BOJIH Bora.

B napraa 6aca npOXO,D;HT CUM6011 Cesmoeo IlpuuacmUR - mpu:HCObl no semupe SOCbMblX, - T3K)Ke 06W:HH ,lJ;JISI HHBeHl.\"H H <l>yrH:

12 ... ro1ran[ttrcrr

B 6acy 3BYQaT xapaxrepaue X0061 ua oKmasy SHU3, qaCTO acnonsayexsre KOMn03UTopaMH Toii 3nOXH co cnoBaMH «Sanetus» - «CsJUn». nO.n;06Hblif XO,D; 6aca BCTpelJaeTCSI, K npasrepy, B npeJl100UU G-dur II moua, CrraBOCJIOB.sJII\eu. BOCKpeceHHe Xpncra.

34

I

)

IIpemo.z.HR H $yra B-dur I TOM

AeeOlfUlU1UlsHbIii 06p03lfUKJUl- «llOKJIOHeHUe naemyxos)J

Ero OCHOBOU: crrY)KI1T 3n1130,l1; U3 Esaarenas OT JIYKJ.f, paccxaasrsaiomatt 0 PO)K,lJ;eCTBe XPI1CTOBOM (rn, 2, CT. 8- 15 K npemonnn, CT. 15-20 K <!lyre).

«B Toil crpaae 6bIJU{ aa none naCTYXH, xoropsre coztep)KaJII'I HOqHyIO CTp~ Y C1'a)J;a csoero. BAPyr npencran J.fM Anren Focnoneas, H CJI3Ba Tocnonas OCIDlJIa HX; H y60HJlHCb CTp3XOM BeJlHKHM. 11 CKa33J1 HM AHreJI: He 60Hrecb; H B03Bew:alO BaM Bemn<yIO panocrs, xoropas 6Y.lleT BceM mo,!J;SIM: "60 HblHe PO.n;un:CSI BaM B ropone ,l1;a~If,!l;OBOM CnaCHTeJIb, Koropsnt ecrs XPHCTOC F ocnons; H BOT BaM 3HaK: BbI Haii):(e-re Mnaneaua B neneaax, nescaurero B SlCJIjJ:X.

H BHC3anHO JlBHJIOCb BMeCTe C AHren:OM MHorolJHCJIeHHoe BOHHC'IBO He6ecnoe. CJI3BmI.(ee Bora H B3bIBarow:ee: Cnana B BblllIHHX DOry, H aa 3eMJIe MHP, B senoeexax 6rraroBOJleHHe».

3TOT 3n"30,l1; OqeHb rronynspea B )l(JfBOnHCH. Ha xapTHHax H306pa)KaJICSI xnes, rne B j[C1ISlX Jle)KHT Mrra.lleHel.l Hacyc XPHCTOC; B npaaou yrny KapTHHbI nOMew.aJIC.sI xop nOlOW:HX aarenos, nepxanno; B PYKax JIeHTY C H3,lJ;TIHCblO «Gloria in exelsis Deo» (<<CnaBa B BblllIHHX Bory»). Me)K,lJ;y He6ecHbIM XOpOM Ii 3eMJIeil peior anrensr, arparoume aa MY3bIKaJIbHbIX HHCTpYMeHTax - B HeMeQKoii )KUBOnJ.f-

•

CM crpynmre (CKPHTIKH, moraa). K xnesy aarrpaanmorca

naCyYXH.

Ilpemoznra It <l>yra B-dur nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHbIe OT nalIaJIa ,11;0 KOHu,a, CpOnH" :noii KapTUHe, C Toli pa3HHQeii, QTO B MY3bIKe MomHO 6bInO crodpasars npouecc BO apeMeHH H npocrpascrae, aanpmsep, noner aHreJIOB BRH3 H BBepX - C HeGa aa 3eMJlK) « 06paTHo. 3TOT 3BYKOBOli 06- paa « ner B OCHOBY npemonaa,

35

llpeJlNJdUJI ,lJ,enHTC» na zme sacra.

JIep6CJJl uacms 3CCOQHHpYeTC» C nonemou aH2eJl06, nanOJlHRIOUjUX npocmpaucmeo He6eCHOu MY3blKOU. no 33MelJ3HIUO .SIBopcKoro. B npemonna H306pa)KeHbl ~<ITOJIeTbl, nrpa, xop», Hauano rrpemonaa - CKpUnU'lHbIU npueu axKOP0080U uepu ua mpex cmpyuax - B CBoeM nOJIeTe aareJIbl nOCTeneHHO CHH)KaIOTCSI. Ilonersr H306pa)KaIOTC» nepeeueatotuuuucs naccaucauu. T3KHe)Ke nnaaasre crrycIelt H nozrseasr ecrs B xopansasrx npeJIIOAHSlX, nOBeCTBYIO~HX 06 3HaJIomlJHbIX cofisrrasx: « Vom Himmel kam der Engel Schar» (<<C He6ec COlIIJlH MHorne COHMbJ anrenOB»), «Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich hen> (<<.51 RHCXO)KY C B1.ICOT1.I He6eCHOH» ).

B HH3KOM peracrpe, oroepaxarome« npH6JIH)KeHHe 3HreJIOB K 3eMJIe, 6 6acy npOXO,UHT xpOMamU3Up06aHHaJl JlUHUJI. R3K 61.1 COOTBeTCTBYIOll.I,3H CJIOB3M: «u y60RllUCb cmpaxou 6ellUKUM» (<}lUryp3 passus duriusculus, T.6-7).

Ilepsas sacrs npemonaa 3aK3HQHB3eTCH pQ3.JlO:JICeHHblM HOHllKKOPOOM C 60JlbUIU.M CKa'lKOM H3 63coBoe «pe», QTO H306p3)K3eT paseepsauue netiec (<J1Hrypa saltus duriusculus, T.ll). ilo,Uo6HblH npnea Bax npHMeHHJI B aouepe 73 «C1p3CTeti: no M3T<}lelO». noaecrayiourex 0 pa30pB3BWeHCJl saaece xpaua nocne CMepTH HUCYC3.

Bmopas uacms npeJIlO,UHH - npOClla6JleHUe Boza; 3BYlJHT XOPaJl «Gloria in exelsis Deo et in terra pax» ((CJla6a 6 6blUDlUX DOZY U na seune lImp» ):

Glo-ri-a

.

36

J1aTHHcICHH TeKCT BITOJIHe nonxomrr non XOP3JIbHblil MOTHB, ,U3)Ke ynapeaae H3 CJIOBe «Deo» nenaercs KaK npa neaaa B UepKBH (T.t8). JIBOPCKHH CP3BHHBaJI 3'1)' Q3CTb npemoztaa C xopansaoa npemonnea «In dulci jubilo» (<<B cn3,n;OCTHOM JIHICOBaHHH»).

B 4-M TaKTe OT KOHQ3 (T. 17) 3BYQHT CUM6011 UCKYlVleHUH. 3To H3BecTHWj:f CHMBOJI KpecTHLIX CTpa..o;3HHj:f. rtaaHbiA B o6p3meHmt::

I' ~ ,. Wfctrrttrel

OH HeCeT CMbICJI caepnmeureiica xepea CTp3Jl3HHe sceprssr BO ucxynneaae rpexos lJenOBeqeCKHX H yxassiB3eT sa rJI3BHOe euie ({He,neHCTBYlOlllee» JIHo;O 3TOj:f npeJIIO,UHH - MHCYC3 XPHCT3, npmnemuero B MHp. QT06bl CBoeH KpeCTHoH M}'ICOH npaaecra cnaceaae JIIO,lJ}IM.

COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06p333M npemo.z:um .HBOPCKHH npennaran npa ucnOJJHeHMH ,Il,HH3MHKY, nporaaononoaotyto 06- menpHH»TOH, HCXOJljl H3 OC06eHHOcreit poans no cpaBHeHIDO c lCJIaBeCHHOM. P33JIO)KeHH1.le aKKOP,Ub1 __,. arpa 3HreJIOB na MY3bIKaJIbHbiX HHC1pYMeHTaX - ucnOJIHSilOTCH JIerKO, rrpo- 3p3lJHO. ,[{HH3MHKa naccaaea-noneroa 3aBHCHT OT HX H3- npasneaaa, TO ecrs npa npH6nH:lKeHHH Ie 3eMJIe crescendo, KaIC 60JIee spauoe H pe3JIbHOe, npa YJlarreHHH B He6eca - diminuendo. Ilepsas C1p01}l3 xopana HcnOmrn:eTC» Re)I(Hei1- lIIHM pianissimo, JlOHOCaCb "3 nO,IJ;He6ecbH. JlBopCJ<l1it OTMelJaJI, 'ITO Sax 60 ecex cOtntAeHWlX ua mescmu Gloria u Sanctus oenaem CJlQ6Jl£HWI piano, KaK 6bl o6palqtl.R 6HUMaHUe na mo. »mo OHZeJIbCKUe xopu csuuaiu C OaJIeKUX ne6ec.

K3)K.ll:3» cnenysomaa crporpa 3BYlJHT 60rree"lianOJIHeHHO, npH6JIH)K3aCL Ie sejane, H JlOCTHf3eT KYJIbMHH3UHH B TaKT3X 17- 18.

KOHeu npem0,JJ;m1- «Aneenu omouau om.nux ua He6o»-

diminuendo H leggiero.

37

tliyza npononxaer nOBeCTBOB3HHe rrpemonaa: «Kor.Il.a Aarensr OTOWJIH OT HHX na He60, n3CTyXH CK33aJIH npyr APyry: nOH.Il.eM B Buct>JieeM H nOCMOTpHM, sro TaM cnysanocs, 0 lieM aossecran HaM Focnons, H nocnennranIH npuuma, H aamna MapHIO H 110CHct>a, Ii Mnaneaua, nexautero B }]CJUlX. YBH,IJ.eBUIH )Ke, paccxasana 0 TOM, qTO 6bIJIH B03Beru:eHO HM 0 MJl3Jl:eHUe CeM. 11 see CJIbIlIIaBlIIHe ,[UiBHJIIfCb TOMY, srrc paCCKa3bIBaJIH UM naCTyXH. A Mapns COXpaH}]JIa see CJIOBa CUM, cnaras B cepnue CBOeM. 11 B03BpanmHCb naCTYXH. CJI3BH Ii XBamI Sora aa Bee TO, qTO CJIbIlIIaJUI H BH,1l;enH, KaK HM CK33aHO 6bInO».

Teua 4>yzu pacrraztaercs aa ABe qaCTH.

Ilepeas uacm» cocroar "3 »emupex U1UnOHatluU - pumopUlleCKUX »cecmoe npueemcmeus: «CUM60ll npueemcmeus - IWKJlOH. - npueemcmeenuua :JICecm PYKOU H.a6epX - C1l.06a noKJI0H>), omo6paJICOR naxnonenue nacmyxoe. 3TH HHTOHallHH 6mf3KH HaqaJIbHOH MeJIO,lUIH xopana "3 Poxnecraenceoro xpyra «Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland» - «Ilpaaa )1(, .93bIqHUKOB CnaCHTeJIb»:

Xopan t:'\

I' " J J J f I iJr J pDF r ric r f I

TeMa

:tit -~ .. ~

I, ~ I 'I ;18&51 "hOO-] IJ

BmoPQJll{QC111b reasr, CJla60CJlOfJUe nacmyxoe, nepeaaerCSI noopaxcauueu uepe ua eonunxe, HecKOJlbKO HaHBHOrO, nacropansaoro xapaxrepa. Oco6eHHO sro nomepxaaaer npomU60CllO:JICeHUe, OCHOBaHHoe, no HalIIeMY npeanonoxeHmO, ua xopane «Christus, der uns selig macht» - «Xpucmoc oaavem HaM 6RaJlceH.Cm60»:

I' n F r r r I r F l' I WI; J I r F 1';

38

Bmopoe npOmU60CJlOJICeuue - 603ZRaCbl necxomxo youeneuuoi: paoocmu. Ha xapraaax, H306pamarom:ux POJK)leCTBO XPHCTOBO, 'TpeTHH rracryx 05bIttHO Haxo,o;UTCH HeCKOJILKO n033Jl:H, ,33rJISl,D;bIBrui xepea nnenn ztsyx nepBLIX. IIHTOHa.IJ;HH sroporo npOTHBOCJIOJKeHHj( TO)l(e KaK 6bI «'3arIDI)J.bIBaIOT» noaepx .Il.Byx ronOCQB (T. 9-10).

B 4>yze MIlO:JICeCm60 yiJ60eHuu 6 mepuuto U cexcmy - Ct.lJH6QR06 0060JlbCm6aU paoocmuoeo C03eplJOHUR.

KOHqaeTCB (j>yra nenonuuu npoeeaeuueu meuu c nozpY:JICeHUeM 36YK060Z0 nnaua (J HU3K.ufi peeucmp, vro MO)l(eT COOTBeTCTBOB3n Y.ll.8JIeHHIO naCT)'XOB ({". U 6036pamWlUCb nacmyxu, CJlQ6R U X6aJI.R Boea» (CTHX 20). fi93TOMY RBopCKHH npeJUIar8JI 3aKaHlJ.HRaTb (j>yry piano C He60JIbWHM 3aMe.lJ:)leHHeM.

Ilpemonaa H 4»yra tis-moll II TOM

S.JI.RBopcKHH xapaxrepasoaan npeJIlO)lHIO K3K «Cxoptiuue ptl3MblUUZeUUJl 0 npeocmomueu cmpaoauuu (apuoso)». TIpeJUIar3eMruI HaMH aHanOrIDI OCHOBbIBaercs H3 aHaJIH3e MOTHBHOit CHMBOJIHKH, conepxautertca B npemomta, H H3 XpOHOJIOnrn EB3HreJILCKHX C06LITHH.

B03MO)KflO, B npemonaa orpaxea 3nH30,o; B03JIIDIIDISI MHpa nepen TaHHoH BelIepeR. TeKCT Esaarenna OT MaTI}>est (rJI. 26, CT. 6-12) rOB~pHT 0 TOM, K3J( «K HHCyCy npaCTynHJIa )KeHW;HH8 C anaBaC'I'pOBbIM COCY.llOM MHpa .IlParOl.\eHHOrO U B03mt:B8JIa EMY B03ne>K8w;eMY na rOJIOBY», Ha cerOB8HHSi YQeHI1KOB no nosony T3KOi1'60IThwoii 'I'paTbl 11HCyC OTBeTUJI: «B03JIHBlIIH MRpO CHe H8 Teno Moe, OHa npHrOTOBHJI8 MeHSI K rrorpetienmo».

npemooUJI aasnaaerca CUM60JlOM ueuuuyeuoeo ceepmeHUR - eocxoomqus« cexcmasxopoou C 3aKJlJOlIa1OUlUM ezo 39

CUM60110M npeoonpeoeneuus. Bxecre C 6aCOBLIM 3B)'KOM OH 06pa3yeT BOCXOMI.IJ;ee MHHopHoe Tpe3BYlJHe c cexynaoBblM 33BepweHHeM. B TaKOM BH.II.e 3TOT MOTHB npHCYTCTByeT BO ncrynarensaos, xope «Crpacrea no MaT4>elO)) co CJlOBaMH «npH)J;HTe, 0 .II.OlJepH, rrouortrre MHe OIUIaKHBaTb»; B npemormax f-moll I TOMa (accoUHaTHBHbIU o6pa3 - «CKop6J1I.IJ;aSl EoroMaTepb»), cis-moll II TOMa _ B JlHHHH 6aca (accOUUaTIlBHLIH 06p33 - «XpHCTOC B nycTLlHe»), B 4>yre e-moll I TOMa - aasano TeMbI (accouaaTHBHLlit o6pa3 - «Iloceuieuae MapHeH EmIC3BeTbI» o .n;onOJIHI1TenbHLIM nOHCHeHl1eM 5lBopcKoro - «)l;OJIl1Ha CJIe3», sepes KOTOPYIO mna Mapas); B capafianne 113 «.J1paHUY3CKOH CIOHTbI h-moll, B I tJaCTH COHaTbI nns cKpHnKH 11 QeM6arro h-moll H .n;p.:

If I, iPKltU't'= I~ '.2 uctr!Jq 1

Taxoe MHorOKpaTHoe HcnonL30BaHI1e aroro MOTHea 3aCTaBJISleT npeanonoxars, lJTO MLI HMeeM zteno C cauoCTOSITenLHbIM CHMB9nOM, CBSl33HHblM C 06pa3aMH C01.JYBCTBeHHOH nesann. MbI rrpeanaraeu onpenemm, ero KaK «CUM60Jl cocmpaoanus»,

TPUOJlbHble uomueu H306pa)Ka1OT ouueauue, 603JlURHue. B PUCYHOK mecmnaiJtlomblX BMeTeHLI uomueu tepeerna (T. 4,5, 9-11 If nanee). CHMBOJI xpecra rtpoxojnrr B cpe.n;He~ ronoce B 5-M TaKTe. HucxoiJJlU/uu xoiJ (4)Hrypa catabasis, T. 9-10) cHMBonH3HpYeT iJ6UJlCenUe K cuepmu, nonootceuue 60 ZD06:

40

HUCXOiJRtque cenmuuu u nocneouee naoenue uenoouu HQ nOIlY eupaoeatom npeocuepmuoe mounenue. npeJIlO.II.IDI 3aKaHQHBaeTCSI CUM60110M npeaonpeoeneHUH, Z060pJlUfeM 0 HeU36eJICHOCmU ZPJliJyU/Ux co6blmuU.

Conepscaaae C06LITHSI TaHHoH aesepa pacxpsrsaerCSI B ,pyze fis-moll II TOMa B pasasrx acnexrax.

JIep6QJl meua .non TpeXTeMHOH ~yrn. no crronax Ii.J1.51BopCKoro, HMeeT pSl.II. aaanornti c .n;pyrnMH npOH3- BeAeHHsMH H.C.Eaxa. TaK. ee HatJaJIbHbIH MOTHB 3BYttRT B Mecce h-moll - pasnen «Qui tollis peccata mundi» (<<B3S1BillHn aa ce6S1 rpexa MHpa)), B K3HT3Te .NQ 106 «Actus tragicus» (e'Iparaaecaoe .n;eiiCTBO))) - HOMep 3, .rr;y:n ansra H 6aca «B PYKH ThOH npeaaio nyx Moa»,

Mecca h-moll

I ~ It! lU I j J J I JIg J J J I,d JI

Qui tel-tis pec-ea - ta mun-di

KaHTaTa I 06 ~ __

I': ref tPa 'Fttrr

5lnOpCKHH aaxonan TaK)f(e CXO,r:(CTBO ~nOH TeMbI C xoparrbHbIMH npemonaaaa na xopan «A us tiefer Not» (<<113 6e3)J;Hbl 6e,r:v». T. VI N2 14 I{ «0 Lamm Gottes, unschuldigi ( «0 arneu DO)KHii, 6e3BHHHbIH»)) T. V .N2 44 - 3AeCb HHTOHaUHH TeMLI ssysar B Ma)Kope. B03HHKaeT, na Haw ssrnsn, eI.IJ;e 0,lI.H3 aHaJIorHSI C HalJaJIbHbIM MOTHBOM xopana «0 EOJKe. 6narOCVfbI'H EO)Ke»:

I' \ "J IJ i~ J j I r' r IJ J j J IJ J J:

3roT xopan 3BYtJHT B opnraaane TalOKe B'MIDKope, HO AIDI CI1CTeMbI MbIllIJIeHIDl6apoKKo.cMeHa MIDKopHoro 1IMa na MHHOpHbIn - :ITO He, npOTHBOnOCTaBJIeHHe, a nepeueaa 3HaKa C n01lmJQ.rreJIbHOrO H3 OTpHUaTeJlhHLIii, co CBeT1IOro BOcnpIDlTIfSl aa reasoe, nesansaoe, OTIII"OI.IJ;eHHoe CKop6blO.

41

CUMBOll B3blBaHUR, BOCKllUl{aHUR (BOCXOORU/aR CeKcma) U nesansno nonuxaioiuue uumonauuu npeoonpeoeneHUJl . C0300l0m accouuauuto c eopecmuoa uonumeoa. 3Ta TeMa cxoxa C TeMOH <i>ym h-moll H3 I TOMa. nepeztaro~eM ofipaa pacnaras, CTpa.n;aHHSI Hacyca aa xpecre, H MO)KeT oanaxars npeaceasauue Hucyca 0 npeoamenscmee U C60eu cuepmu.

B npOmU60CJlOJICenuu npOXO.n;HT CJKaTblH CUMBOJl BOCKpeCeHUJI (80CXOOJJupJu 3BYKOPJJO U3 5-mu 36YR06). 3BYQHT TaK)f(e CtiM60)l xpecma, pasoenennui; naY30MU (tjJUzypa tmesis). nepeoatotuuuu cKop6Hble B300XU:

• #~ ......

I': %1 n (F r r! ; Ylr '1 e.r-wt:-

B uumepueouu 3BYQaT xeapmoeue XOObl - CUMBOIlbl ucmoeoti sepbl, U CUMBOIl npeoonpeoenenus (T. 15-16).

BmoPQJl meua nocrpoena na MQmU(Je Kpecma B «saIq>bITOM}) sapaaare, TO ecn, B nanpaeneuuu j)BUJICeHUR ceepxy 6UU3 C axmueuois onopoii ua mOUUKe. ycunenuoii UHmepeanou «eapmu. B TaKOM H3JIO)l(eHHH MOntB xpecra SlBIDleTCSI CUM60IlOM ceeptueuun KpecmHoii MYKU:

RBOPCKHit rOBOpRJI 0 cxoncrse 2-» TeMbI c}>yrR c reMOM «Den'n Toten er das Leben gab» (<<QepC3 CMepTb OH naposan )l(H3Hb») H3 HOM epa 35 «Crpacrea no Manpero», aaaepmaiourero 3I1H30.ll npeaareascrsa I1Y.llbi H nneHeHHSI Xpacra:

I' .... e , )jl}J)IPJJ134:p

Dann Toten er das Le· ben gab

42

\

B HeKOTOPblX lCOHCneKTaX BTOpaSl reaa, conepzcautas Slprom .lleKJIaM3UHOHHhrH: )KecT, 1JlaK1)'eTCR KaK B03rJIaC yqeHHKOB «Bin ich's?» (<<He H mi.?» ). A.A.K3JJ.I{HHCKmt-PhI6- JrnKOB nOKa3aJI, 'ITO ecJIH paccMa'IpHBaTb ee RaJ( COCTOmuyIO H3 4-x 3BYXOB 6e3 xsaproaoro xona H xpOMaTH3MI>OB3HHOro OKOH'IaHIDI. TO 3TOT HHCXO,llSlll.\uH rerpaxopn npOXO,ll;HT .n;o B03BpallJ,eHWI nepaoa TCMbl 12 PM - no '1HCJly Y'IeHHKOB, H3 HHX 11 pas - <mCTMHHO» (HanpaBJIeHO BHH3) 11 1 paJ<<JIO)t(HO» (Monm 38K3WlHBaeTCSI BOCXOJK)l;eHHeM aa ceKYH.llY saepx, T. 27 - BepXHHH rOJIOc), CJIOBHO penmn<a MY,lJ;bI.

Tpemsx meMa, OCHOBaHHas Ha I\lHrype circulatio - . spaureaae, no MbICJIH j[BOPClWfO, cHMBoml3HPYeT »aiuy Ilpuuacmus (EBxapHCTHH) - TaHHCTBa, YCT3HOBJIeHHOrO XPHCTOM na TaHHoH aesepe (TIpH'IaCTl'Ie - O,llHO 113 OCHOBHblX TaHHCTB xpHCntaHCKOH QepKBH, B KOTOPOM npoHCXO,llHT npecymecraneaae BHHa H xne6a B KPOBb H "JIOTb XpHCTOBY, H BKywalO.IUHH HX npHo6ll.\3eTCSI K HCRY"HTenbHOH >KepTBe XpHCTa Ii o-rauiaerca nna HOBOH )f(H3HH). I1cKynneHHe ,ll3POB3HO '1epel crpanaaasHacyca sa xpeCTe. llo3TOMY uaura Tlpuxacras B ,llyXOBHOM WIaHe SlanHeTCSI O,llHOBpeMeHHO Ii '1aweR HCKynneHHSI, Ii lJarueH crpanaaas. E.lI.RBopcKHH npHBO.n;HJI aaanormo :noH TeMbI C XOPaJIbHOH npemonaea na xopan «Jesus Christus, unser Heiland» (dIHcyc XPHCTOC, Ham CnaCHTeJIb») (T. VI N2 31) «3 KPyra xopanos K CBJlTOMY TIpH'IaCTHIO. HcnOITHSIeMbIX B ,llHH «1;aHHoii sesepn», -

TeM3 lJaWH npOBO)l,HTCSI B I\lyre 12 pas, no '1HCJIy yseHIIKOB XpHCTa. Tal(>Ke COOTBeTCTBYSI I1X aonpocass 0 npe.n;aTeJIbCTBe: «He H JIH. Focnona?». ,ll;eBSlToe,ppOBe)l,eHHe TeMbI naao Baxou B 06paJ.IJ;eHHH 11 conposoxnaercs xpoMaTHKoii 6aca H TeHopa - CHMBOJIaMH crpanaans (TaKTbI 47-48), COOTBeTCTBYSI sonpocy lIy.n;bl HCKapHoTa. Cpasy iKe scnen 38 :)TIlM nposeaesaea 3BYlJaT CI1MBOJIbI npeztonpeneneaasa nepaas TeMa c}>yrH - MOJIlfTBa «0 Bosce, 6na-

43

fOCTHbIH IioJKe» - xax OTBer XPHCT3 Hyne: «TbI CKa33m). 3TO nonxepxnaaer oco6yro 3HalJHTeJIbHOCTb MOMeHTa, nBIDUICb caoero pona py6eJKOM <lJOPMbI 4>yrn rrepe,n; ee 3aKnJOlJHTeJIbHbIM paazienou.

,ll;Be 60JIbUIHe HHTepMe,D;HH 33KmolJHTeJILHOrO paaneJIa nocrpoensr aa HOBOM M3TepH3JIe, B OCHOBe xoroporo rreJK3T CHMBOJIbI mepTBeHHOCrn H nOJIOiKeHHJI BO rpo6:

~ ~" ill, i:rilf4t

3aK3HlJHBaeTCJI 4>yra CHMBOJIOM npe,llonpe,lleneHlHl, npHHSlTIDI caoero xcpe6H.SI.

TaKuM 06PaJOM, nposrreaae CHMBOJIHKH n03BOIDIeT pacepsrrs MHoronnaHOBOCTb CO.n;ep)l(3HHSI npOH3Be.o;eHHSI, 01'p3JK3lOIl.\erO H BHelilHIOIO c06bImiiHoCTb, H BHYTpeHHHH CMbICJI 3nH30.o;a CBJlIl.\eHHOrO IIHcaHHSI.

npeJllOJJ:HH H .yra cis-moll, I TOM ACCOQU411Ul6Hblii 06pa3 qUlOla - «MOJleHUe 0 saiue».

B era OCHOBe - TeKCT EsaHreJIlIi1: OT MaT¢en (fJI. 26, CT. 36-44); OT !lYXH (rJI. 22, CT. 40-44) - MOJIHTBa XPHCTa B re¢CHMaHCKOM caay B HOlJb nepen nneaeaaea. TeKCT noeecrayer 0 TOM, KaK HHCYC TpH)l(,D;bI MommCSl Bory, Oruy CsoeM)', lJT06bI lJ31II3 crpananaa MHHOBana ero, fOBOPSI: «Orse Moil:! ECJIH He MO)l(eT lJama CIDI MHHOBaTb MeHSI, lJTo6bI MHe He mrrs ee, ,n;a 6y,lleT BOIDI TBOSl.» (MaT4>., rrr, 26, CT. 42).

IIpemo,lUtll- cKop6Hoe apH030, TeMe ee coorsercray, er ofipas {(B03,lleB3HHSI pyx asepx H 6eCCHJIbHOrO onycxaHHSI HX». <I>.EY30HH TaK xaparcrepaayer npemomno: ({B 6JIarOpO,lJ;Hoti MeJI3HXOJIHH srax 3BYXOB CJIbIUIHTCSI nparnymeanoe, JIHUIb xoe-rne rpOMlJe npopbIB3lOIl.\eeCSI crpa- 44

HalJaJIbHbIH MOTHB TeMbI 3BYlJHT B )'.{BYXfonOCHbIX HHBeHl{lliIX Baxa e-moll Ii f-moll, lJTO roBOPHT 06 06Il.\HOCTH conepsanas 3THX npOH3Be.n,eHHM.- MomrrneHHOM cocpenoTOlJeHI1H. B npemonaa MHoro HHCXO.n;SlIl.\HX 3BYKOPSl.llOB (catabasis) - «3HaK06 neuanu»; lIaCTO BCTpeqaeTCSI CUM6011 npeoonpeoesenus (npHKSlTWI csoero »<pe6HS1 ~ «na 6Y.ller BOIDi TaOSl») Ii CUMBOlllWcmu:JlCeHWl 6011U r ocnoouea:

W N~i1:r~: i ~~ f

. tp)

(

B .raxrax 26 H 35-36 n05lBJIjJ:eTCSI nepsaa TeMa <\lyrn - xpecr, HO H3JIO)l(eHHbIH C KOHl(a K naxany. OH CHMBOJIH- 311pyer cBepweHHe xpecraoa MyKH: .

~. lit I rrgdlj_ni 11 ~

B pyze 'rpH TeMbI.

I-H TeMa - O,nHH H3 Ba)l(HeHUII1X y Eaxa CHMBOJIOB - CUM6011 xpecma, pacns ras. HCTOKH arcro MOTHBa BOCXOMT K xopanax «Num komm, der Heiden Heiland» (el'psner Sl3bI~HHKOB CnaCHTeJIb»), «Christ, unser Herr, zum Jordan kam» (<<XPHCTOC. Focnozrs Ham, npHUIeJI K Hopnaay»), «Was mein Gott will, das g'schen allzeit» (<<qTO MOR 1ior XOlJeT, \0 c6y,n;eTCSI»):

~ e J J"J r in, J '· .. JlUl Jj 'rhg

NIIII toa.a. der Hd-4aa Hel-laad CbrisI, ...... Hen' ZUllI JOf'IdIn

I~

1- . -I

JIJ J J I-IF rf\"

Was mdn Oon will. Gas i'$chen .II-zeit

45

M.C.,[(pyCKHH naurer 06 3TOM CHMBOJIe: «BblCOKOH CTeneHM o606~eHHocTM ,!l;OCTHfJIa xpoMaTH3wpOBaHHaJI TeMa pacnsras KaK :lM6JIeM3 CTpa.u.aHHH, «C1paCTeH XPHCTOBbIX». B paansrx HHTepBaJIbHhIX COLJeTaHHj(X OHa acrpesaerca BO MHO)KeCTBe 6axoBcKlt:x rrpoaaeeaeaatt, B .sIBHOM lin" CKPhlTOM Blf,!l;e ... 3M6neMa sra COCTOHT "3 sersrpex pa3HOHanpaBJIeHHhiX HOT; eCJIH rpa4>HlIeCKIt: CBBsars nepsyso C rpersea, a BTOPYlO C LJeTBepTOH, ofipaayeTCB PHCYHOK KpeCT3 (t). <I>3MIIJIHR Bax (BACH) npa HOTHOit pacnnepposxe ofipasyer TaKOH )Ke PHCYHOK, l:JTO, aeposrno, He Morno He nOp83HTb KOMn03HTopa».

B paaasrx HHTepBaJlbHhIX M pHTMHl:JeCKHX BapHaHTaX CHMBOJI xpecra acrpeuaercs BO MHO)KeCTBe, eCJIH He BO acex C01.JHHeHHRx Baxa.

KaK CHMBOJl CTpaCTeH MOTHB xpecra 3BYl:JHT B «CrpaCTHX no Marrpero» .NQ 54 H 59 «PacIIHH ero», B Mecce h-moll (Kyrie eleison, Crucifixus, Agnus Dei) H zrpyrnx. 3TOT CHMBOJI MHOf03HaLJeH Y)Ke B CMJIY COLJeTaHHR HeC](OJIbKHX HHTOHaQHOHHblX cnoea: oerpsre HHTepBaJIbl, XpOMaTH3aUJ:l.sl, MOTItBbl asnoxa, YMeHbWeHHaJI KBapTanecorrpaxeaue KaK asrpaxeaae crpaaaaas.

2-sJ TeMa - «wuua cmpaaauus». Ha xapraaax crapsrx MaCTepoB, nOCBH~eHHbIX MOJIeHHIO B rel:}>cHMaHcKoM cany, aepenxo B npaaox aepxaeu yrny H306pa)KanaCb 30JIOTa.Sl MepualO~3.SI 1.J31ua, K3K 6bI napsutaa B sosnyxe, <fJHrypa circulalio (apanieaae) nepenaer 06p83 BHTalOlUeH 1.JaIDH CTpa;:J;aHHH. no cnpaBe)l;JIHBOMY 3aMel:JaHHIO P.liep- 1.JeHKO, 3TO MHoroenOHHblH 06p33. 3aKJIIOlJ3IOll(Hii B ce6e upontaaae, rrpouteaae, COCTpa,!l;aHHe H BMeCTe C TeM ycnoxoeaae, YMJ:lpOTBOpeHHe. CHMBOJI lJalUH aecer H BIDKHeHlIIMH ,!l;OrMaTHlJeCKHit CMhICJI - CB.sITOrO npHl:JaCTHH.

3-11 TeMa - CUM60Jl npeoonpeoenenus «)1.a CBepWHTCH BOJI.sI ThOD». 3TOT MOTHB CO,!l;ep»mTCB BO MHomx xopanax, na Hero rrpHXO)l;RTCB KJIIOqeBhIe CJIOBa TeKCTOB, ssrpa- 46

i I

I

\

l

I

)K3IOIUHe npnas'rae Bonn rOCnO)UfeH (<<Was mein Gott win, das g'scheh allzeit»), (« q TO Moil Bor xoxer, TO c6Y,!l;eTCB»), «Christ lag in Todesbanden» (<<XPHCTOC JIe)KaJI B neneaax CMepTH»); «Es ist gewiss lich an der Zeit» (<<3TO aenpeJIO)I{HO B csoe BpeMH») Ii .z:q> .

TpH TeMhI nocnenosarensao paCKphlB3IOT conepaaaae <}JyrH: O)KH,!l;aHHe KpecTHOH MYKH. MoneHHe 0 l:Jawe, HeH3- 6e)l(HocTb rpB.!lYJl.UIX CTpMaHHH. rJIaBHblH :lTnLJeCKHH CMblCJI MOneH"$( 0 1.Jawe aaxmosaercs B npHH5ITHH rrpeayrOTOB3HHoro )l(pe6H.s1, B cMHpeHHH nepen nonea Bora, nO:lTOMY B rrocnenaesr pasnene l:}>yrH (c T. 94) acuesaer reaa lJaWH H HaCTOilqHBbIM stretto npOBO,n.sITC..sI I-B H 3-..sI TeMbl - xpeera H npenonpeneneaaa. 3To rOBopHT 0 TOM, lITO sama CTp3,!l;aHHH IIPlfHj(Ta XPHCTOM: {(,[(a CBepWHTCSI CTpMaHHe) •

Tlpemonaa H eJ-yra a-moll II TOM AcCOqUartUlSHblU o6pa:J npe.monuu - «Mwmapcm.a Xpucma»

Ilocne Toro, KaK XPHCT3 nrreHHJIH B rel:}>cHMaHCKOM cany, ero BO,UHJIH K nepBoCBHllleHHHKaM H crapeaumaaa. 3TO OIpa3HJIOCb B nepeaemesasx reM npeJUOnuu.

no cnosaa E.JIJIBopcKoro, 3AeCb nepenaust «uumapcmea, no6ou, o6pa3bl cmpaoanus U UlQZ06 uenoeesa, 6eoOMOZO U30e6aIOUjeutR. monnoii (npHMeqaHlle: «acnonIDITb rpyfio H xnecrxo!».

Xapaxrep npemonaa pacspsrsaercs l:}>>>rypaMn H CHM· sonaaa, COCT38JIH1OIllHMH ee TKaHb. «CTplt)l.aJlblJecKuit XO,!l;» (4JHrYPa passus duriusculus) - xpOMaTHlJeCK3.SI nocne,!l;OB3TeJlbHOCTb B npenenax KBapTbJ - CHMBOJIH3upyer zlly6ottaiimylO CKop6b, cuepmeneuyto MyKy. PHCYHOK urecrnanuarstx COCTOHT H3 HHTOHaUUH xpecma; OH KaJ< 6bl 06-

47

BHBaeT CKop6HblH XO)l, 6aca, BLI3bIBruI aCCOQHaI.\MIO C IIOrpe6aJIbHbIMH IIeJIeHaMH, B xoropue 060patIHBaJIH TeJIO yMepwero. 3TOT PHCYHOK TaJOKe CO,ZJ;ep)f(HT CKpLIT}'IO xpoMaTlflIecKyro JllIHHIO. B KOHQax nepsoro Ii nroporo TaKTOB MomB KpeCTIl H3JIO)KeH KaK CHMBOn HCKyrmeHIHI, yxaasrBaJOUlHii'Ha CBepllIl1BWYIDCH K33HL BO acxynneaae rpexoa.

Tperaa TaKT COCTOHT H3 HHTOHaQU" On.Jla«U6aHUR, npuuumauus, nepeMe3ICWOU/UXCR C 20peCmHblMU 60CKIlUlfaH.URMU (cjmrypa exclamatio - XO,ZJ; na cexcry anepx). 3TH HHTOHaUHI1 onpenenaror BbI60p apraxynauaa. I1POCTaBneHH3JI B penasuaa E.MY.lOKeJIIDIHH aprnxynsuas He COOTBeTCTByer npapozte 3THX MOTHBOB H npencraanaerca neeepaoa, TaK KaK OHa paspsraaer MOTHBHbIe JI'IeHKH, xoropsre He )l,OJDKHbI pa3'Le,lUlHJlTLCH:

~& II J]jJ\iP~

...... .. ~ ... - ...

,,; ... - .

. --

Bo BTOPOH nOJlOBHHe npemoziaa MaTepHaJl )l,aH B 06- pauteaaa, tITO CHMBOJIH311pyer naoeocoy ua ucxynnenue uepes cuepmuyto MyKy.

B KOHQe npemonaa (4-H TaKT OT KOHQa) MY3bIKa 3KCnpeccaano rrepenaer nnauu, puoauu». B 6acy npOXOMT HHTOHaJ.lHH, CHMBOnH3HpYlOIJ..lI1e OrmaKHBaHHe - HHCXO)l,$ll.l(He ceKYH)l,bI, KaK B KaHTaTe NQ 156 «.H Y)Ke O)lHOH HOrOH B MOrl1ne» 11 B npOTI1BOCJlO)KeHHH c}lyrH fis-moll I TOM. B BepXHeM ronoce CHHKOIIHpOBaHHbIe MOTHBbl cozrepxcar HHTOHaQHH xpecra:

-.~.

48

ACCOllHaTHBHbIM 06Pa30M,r:uuI tRyzu nocrryxnn pacCKa3 0 nsrrxax, xorna aa XpHCTa Ha.n;eJIH 6arpRHHUY H TepHOBblH BeHeQ H 6UnI1 ero (Martp., rn, 27, CT. 27-30).

B KOHcneKT8X 6axoBcKHX ceuauapon .HBopcKoro Mbl "lJl-lTaeM: «(/)yza. EU'l.e6aHUe - 06pQ3bZ ampaaanus U My'l.eHUU. Teua - «pecm U Z6030U, mepnoestii eeueu. Yoapu, ceucm nnemea C Y3eJIKaMU ((ICOUOCU»), U36uenue, iuyunu-

eas Yll10111OKalOU{llJl manna».

Teaa 4>yru., aa Haw B3rJUl)J;, HanOMHHaeT MOTHB xpeCTa H3 «Crpacrea no MaT4>elO» aa CJIOBa Xpacra, tITO OH 6y.n;et pacnar:

w: In! INJiEP'VUI P ~ * -

D_ er JO - kreu - • - - • - - zi-get wer-de

Teaa 4>)'I'I1 conepsorr mpu UHI110UQlfUU xpecma - B03- MOJKHO, no llHCJIY xpecros aa Fonrode. 3TH HHTOHaI.(UI1 pacmapeasr, B HHX ecrs n3)l,eHH" ua YMeHbweHH)'IO H 60nbW)'JO cerrrasrst, 060CTpHIOUJ:He BneqaTneHHe M}'lJ.HTeJIbHOH 60JIH. npoTHBOCJIruKeHHe nocrpoeao na <tmrypax tirata - «CTpeJIa. BbICTpeJI», CUMBOJIH3Mp)'lOUJ:HX 6UlleSaJlUe:

B cepezurae 3TOH SlpOCTHOH, «CBHpenOH» c}lyru B03"0- xaer .llBYXTaKTOBbIH 3nU30A (T. 19-20), aa nepBblH asrnan He cooraercrsyrouratt ee OCHOBHOMY 06pa3Y ~B HeM npoBOMTC» CHMBOJlbI BOCKpeceHHH (naprna 6aca) H 106UJUIUH" B ,llByx BepXHHX ronocax. CMbICJI 3TOro 3In130.lla - zpJloYUfee 6oCKpeCeH.ue, MUCmUlJeCKoe npeooulYuteHue 6yoy-

tueeo.

49

rrpeJIlO~HB H cJlyra tis-mol I TOM

AccoquamufJHwU o6pQ3 qUKJJa - «Heeeuue Kpecma»

Ilpemonaa H 4Jyra OOOTHOCSlTCSI KaJ< ,l1;Be CTBopKH arrrapSI, orodpaxaroume COOTBeTCTBeHHO BHeIlIHlO1O CTOPOHY C06bITHR Hero CYlIlHOCTb. 30H30)l; HeCeHIDl xpeera B3S1T B pa3HbIX acnexrax, 11, TaKHM 06pa30M, npoacxomrr paaneneHHe O,I(HOBpeMeHHOCTI1 na .a;Ba MOMeHTa. 3T0 xapaxrepHO .!VISI MHomx npemonaa II cpyr. Hanpauep, B UHKne Csdur I TOMa npenIOJI.HSI pacyer cneay .HBneHIDl Aarena Mapaa a Bnaroseuieaaa, a <l>yra BbIpIDKaeT nOCTI1)KeHHe BORII Focnonaen: «tJ;a 6Y)J;eT MHe no cnOBY TBoeMY»; B UHKJIe A-dur I TOM3 npemonaa accouaapyerca C o6pa33MH BOJIXBOB, 3 4Jyra nepenaer cyIII.HOCTb I1X crpexneaaa.

B UHKJIe fis-rnoll 3CCOu;uaTHBHbIM 06pa30M npenIO)J;I1H SlBnSleTCSI «BOnHyJOlllaSiCSI IlIYMnHBaa: ronna, H3,1l,eB31Ouiaaca Ha,Il. XpHCTOM), 3 06pa3 cpyrH - neceane HHCYCOM xpecra na Fonrorpy If ero rrpencaepraoe roanenne. IlpeJlIooUJI nepenaer JlpOCmHOe 6yplleHue monnu «}mrypa circulatio - spameaae), ee 6blKPUKU - H31I0MaHHaJI oCTpaSi aarepaanmca BOCbMbIX (4Jurypa saltus duriusculus). CxasKif na ceKCTY, cenTHMY, ,!l;eUHMy CHMBOJIH3HpyroT aeaepyIOIUHX. A.I.lIBeuuep H33bIBaeT nO,ll,06Hble TeMbI «TeMOH M3TpOC3» no IIHC3HHIO: «XpHCTHaHHH, Hensep)l;bIli B aepe, nO,!l;06eH M3TpOCY, xonstnesry no nany6e KOP36JISI BO apeMSI 6ypH». MY3bIKaJIbHaJI TKaHb COAepIKIfT CUM6011bl HUCxoixcoenu« (nonoucenus 60 zpo6); B T3KT3X 14-1 5 B aepxaex ronoce npoxonar CUM6011 xpecmnoa MyKU.

jlPKOH aaanoraea TeMe tPyzu JlBIDIeTCH BCTYnneHHe K «Crpacrsu no Manpeio»; IIX nopasarensaoe CXO)J;CTBO CBHJ(eTeJIbCTBYeT 0 CXO,llCTBe coztepscaaaa 3THX npoaase,IleHHU - 3nH30JI.e WeCTBH5I H3 Fonrorpy.

50

Teaa <}>yrH C03A3eT 06pa3, K3]( Xpucmoc tuen, ocma- 1«l6JlU6aRCb u naoas noo f11Jl:HCeCmblO specma. ORa 113JIO)KeHa pHTMHqeCKH HepOBHO, C OCT3HOBK3MH, KaK noxonxa qenOBeKa, no6y~aeMoro K ,l1;BH)f(eHHIO HaCMJlbHO, H)zy~ero He no caoea Bone.

Texa conepxar CUM-BOll 60CKpeceHUR - 1peXKpaTHOe BOCXOA5Imee ,lJ;BH)f(eHHe B npenenax TepUHH, H CUM6011 cmpaoauus - CKPbITblH xpOMaTII3M. 3nlM nepenaercs MbICJIb. lJ:TO aocxpeceaae CBepIlIHTCSI nocne .n01lrHX MYlJHTeJlbHbIX CTpa)l.3HHn. Cxucn TeMbI - sepea M)'K" Ii CTpa,ll,aH»SI XPHCTOC HJ(eT K CMepTH H BOCKpeceHHlO. PI1MaH X3paKTepH3yeT ee CJIOBaMH «Tocxa M M)'KH}).

DpomBOCJIOateHHe CXO,!l;HO C KaHTaToH.N2 156 «.H YIKe O,llHOH aoron B MOrune») (uouep 2), cHMBonH3HpYSI OJICUOaHUe cuepmu. fio,!l;o6HblH HHCXO,ll,Sl~ii CHMBon co.nepIKllTC5I B TeMe <l>yrn Bidur II TOMa, rne Bax npocraBM xopeauecxae narn, 06'be,ll,HHSI1OlllHe ceKYH)l;b1 B napsr:

....

K33eJIJIa H EO)lKH aaaeuaior, liTO n3,!l;3IOIUHe I1J1H nO,llHHM3IOI..QHeC5I ceKYH.D:bl 03H311alOT Y Baxa Bblpa)KeHHe nesana (pHTOpHlJ:eCKaSl 4JHrypa suspiratio - B3AOXH) H 06bIlJ:HO CJIHI'OBbIBaIOT'HI HM nonapao. BepOHTHO, T3KruJ apTHKyIDIUHH Onp3B,Il3H3 H B A3HHOM cay-rae.

B KOHUe npOTHBOCJIOIKeHHSI 3ByllHT CUM6011 npeoonpe-

aeneuus: ..

HHTePMe)J;IISI CTpOHTCSI aa CUM6011ax nocmuuceuus 60llU Focnoauea (BOCXOMIUHii rerpaxopzt), nonoxceuun eo zpo6 (HHCXOMIIUle 3B)'K0PSUlbI, <}>urypa catabasis), OfVlaKU6aHUJl (ceKYHJI.OBbIe 33AepmaHHSI B cpe.zumx ronocax),

51

,[(Ba}K)lbJ TeMa npoxozurr B ofipameaaa, 06paUjeHHblU CUMIJOJl SOCKpeCeHUR, Hanpa6JleHHblU SHU3, CUMSOJlU- 3upyem cuepms. TIo nauren rnnoreae, nepeoe ofipauieaaoe npoaeneaac TeMbl B BbICOKOM perncrpc (T. 20-23) MO)KeT osnasars npoposecxoe npeztcxasaaue rp.ll,llym:ew cMepTH, ee npeonauepmanuocms ua netiecax. Bmopoe - B HH3KOM MpatJHoM perncrpe (T. 32-35) - C6epUJeHue cuepmu 1Ia seune. Ilepen HRM B TaKTe 30 3BYQHT 06palll.eHHbIH CHMBon CTpaCTeH. 03HaQafOW;HH HCKynJIeHRe, Tax BbIpa)J(aeTC5I anea, qTO Xpucmoc, cnacas MUp, npuuocs eMY ucxynneuue zpexoe. CaM noeutiaem.

Ho nocnensee nposeneaae TeMbI B OCHOBHOM BH.ue - aanpaaneaaoe aaepx - necer saaepuraiouiati CMblcn BocKpeCeHH5I xepea cuep'ts: «CMepTHIO cxep'n, nonpas». TIoBbIIlleHHbIH 3MOl..\HOHanbHbIH TOHYC nepenaeTC5I naraeramrea nareraaecxax cpencra - Y,lJ;BOeHHjJMH B cexcry H )J.eI..\HMy.

E.JI.RBOpCKHH YKa3blBBn na aHaJIorHIO B TeMaTl13- Me H conepxaann 3TOH <IlyrH c <flyraMH dis-moll II TOMa (<<CTpa.l{aHHH Hacyca H3 xpecre») H gis-moll I TOM3 «<CeMb enos CnaCHTeJIjJ H3 xpecre»), ocofienno B npoTHBOCJIO)f(eHHjJX YK333HHhIX <flyr.

)J;Ba U;HKJI3 npeJIIO.llHH H 4lyr - es-moll H b-moll H3 I TOMa - TaK)f(e e,llHHbI no conepacaamo. TeMbI srnx 4>yr uurnpysor xopan «M3 6e3)J.HbI 6en B3LIBalO 51 K Te6e» B era nepaou B3pH3HTe. 06a 3TH UHKJl3 OTHOCjJTCJI K «Crpanansuecxowy nepROAY». B HRX nOBeCTByeTcB 0 CTpaCTJlX XpHCTa Ii ero CMepTH. OAHaKO HX aCCOUHaTHBHble 06pa3LI OTpa)J(alOT pa3HLIe MOMeHTbJ C06bITHjJ If paannsasre nClfXHQeCKHe COCTOJlHWI npncyrcrayrom:HX npn HeM JlIO,IteH.

52

IlpemoLUlH " $yra es-moll I TOM

A ccoquamu6HwU o6pa:J - «Cusmue C specma U eopecmuoe c03epqauue IlJUlUfQHUqbI, somopoa 61JlJlo oeumo meno YMePurezo Xpuema»

..

3TOT rparaseceua )nJ.OO)]; rrpasnexan BHHMaIm:e MHOrHX XY)J.O)J(HHJ(OB. MO)J(HO BCnOMHlfTb .z_:{)KOTTO, JJ;lOpepa, PeM6paH.llTa. KaK B xaprmtax, TaK H B 3TOit npenronnn ofiuree Hac1poeHHe - C)];ep)J(aHHaSl cxopfis,

B npe.lllOOuu zma 3Byt<0BbIX nnana, nporasorronoaorsrx no CMblcny. nepBhIii nnaa - eupaisceuue !lefI06elleCKOZO 20PR: BOCKJIHU3HHSI CKop6H, .zzyweBHoH 60JlII, npepunaeMbIe naY3aMH, Bropon xe fUl3H - PaBHOMepHoe scpcnoaaHHe aKKOPAOB - MO)l(}{O npeacraanrs KaK THXHH ncpessoa KOJIOKOJIOB, KaK 6eccmpacnmoe 11U!lleHUe 6peMeHU, 06beKlHBHOCTh. CROIIM noxoeu nonsepioreaiouryto ~ InO,IteH.

TIpe.rrIO)J.HjJ nanncaaa B pasuepe Capa6aH,IJ;bI - 3/2.

YMeCTHO npasecrn xapaxrepacruxy RBOPCKIIM sroro Me.zunrreJlbHOrO raaua B pafiore «CroHTbI Baxa WIjJ KJIaBHJla»: «Capa63H,IJ;a B03HHKJIa B HcnaHHH KaK ( .•• ) uepKOBHbIH ofipsn, PO)]; xpecmoro xona B CTpaCTHYIO nSlTHHUY BOKPyr nnaII.J;aHHUbI. BnOCrre,!l.CTBHH capaeanna CTaJIa npaaensrscs BO BpeMSI TOp)KeCTBeHHbIX norpe6eHHH npa OT,!l;aHHH nOCMepTHbIX nosecrea ycornneuy - noxopoaasra KOpTe)K .6XO)J.HJl BOKPYf 'crosaurero nocepe)lHHe U.epKBH Kara4>3JIKa, npex.nOH5151 op)')KI:'Ie H 3H3MeHa. M3 aroro MOJKHO asmecrn, '-ITO Capadaana COOTBeTCTBO-

Barra noxopOHHOMY Mapmy ... ». ..

CpaBHeHHe c Capa6aH)J.oH naer npencraaneane 06 o6m:eM ,lJ;BH)KeHHH B npeJIlO,ItHH; KpOMe roro, MetpHQeCKHe 4>HrYPbI Capa6aH,1l,bI o6ycrrOBJIHBalOT 4>pa3HpOBKY MeJIO,IJ;HH. B TOH JKe pafiore ..HBOPCKHH flHcan:«l'vI0TOPHO-

53

cllyrH - nepsas crpoqia npOTeCTaHTCKOrO xopana «Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu Din> (d13 6e3AHh1 6e,ll; B3bIBaIO JI K TOOe»). B3J1TaJI EaxOM nosrra ~e.JrnKOM (nnun, 6e3 nepeoro 3ByKa). a TaK)I{e CHMBOJIbI: BOCKpeceHHJI (B C)I{aTOM BH,ll;eaocxonainatt :3ByK0PAA H3 5~m 3ByKOB). npeaonpenenenas, nOCTH)I{eHHJI sona Focnonaeil, nOJIO)l{eHH5I BO rpo6 (4mrypa catabasis), neJIeHaHHJI (HHcxo,nsr:tqMeH BOCXO,nslm:He MeJIO,zr:wIeCKHe mnnm).-KpeCTIloro CTp~HIDI, ocrpoa 60JIH (<}mrypa passus duriusculus, T. II) - TO ecrs xpyr MblCJIeit. CBJl3aHHbIX C HCKynHTeJIbHOH mepTBOn XPHCTa.

.HBOPCKHil ClIHTaJI, sro 3Ta ~yra ropasno nysme 3BYsana 6bI B BOKaJIbHOM HCnOJIHeHHH, TaJ( KaK rOJIOCOM MO)l{HO npanars 60JIbWYJO rH6KoCTb TeMe, BLlJ(eJIHTlo nee ee H3MeHeHHJI, -rro aa pOJlJIe COCTaBJIJleT 60JIbWYJO TpYAHOCTh. O,ll_HaKO HMeHHO <<BOKaJIbHOCTb» 3BYllaHHjI,Il;OJI)I{H3 6LITb H,ll;eaJIOM .Il1IJI HCnOJIHeHH5I 3TOH <l>yrn.

MeTpHlleCKaJI 4mrypa Capa6aH.ll;loI 6lomB ,ll_Ba)l{,lJ;bI 1pex,lJ;OJIbHB JJ.JtJJ HJIH, JU,J1J npHl:leM BTOpaJi ,ll;OJIjI CKJIOHHa 6LIJla HlIM K y.ltlUfHeHIflO, CJIHBa5lCb C .rpersef ,lJ;OJIeH HJIH T.faCTHtiHO JJ.JI ,HJIII nOJIHOCTbIO JJ ; HJIH nonaepranacs, BMeCTe C rpersett ,lJ;OJIeH. O,lJ;HOPOAHOMY paCtUleHeHHIO JIm.

Capatiaane cBoikTBeHHLI uanano C CH]JLHOH ,Il;OJIH <J:mrypbI H )l{eHCKOe OKOH1I3HHe nepea Ue3ypaMII» • .HBOpCKHH npeanaran OTJIHlJHYIO OT 06111CnpHH5ITOH <l>Pa3HPOBKY MeJIO,tlHH. npa xoropoa B03rJI3CbI npepstsarorca, KaK 6LI yneras B He60, H He 3aKaHQHB3IOTCJI:

Cbpa3HpOBKa n03BOMeT, KpOMe Toro, BbUIBHTh CKpbIThm CHMBOJI BLI3LIBamUI, BbIKJIHKaHHJI, 3aKJIIOT.feHHbIM B nepsux axxopnax rrpemonaa. 3TOT CHMBOJI, XO,lJ; na KBRRTY BBepX H MaJIruJ cexyana ssepx, pacnnnppoaaa B TeMe <I1yrH, 'ITO' rionraepxnaer e,tlHHCTBO HX CO,lJ;ep)l{aHHJI:

Ilpemonns " cJlyra b-moll I TOM

k

ACCOl{UamUtlHblii o6pll1-ruecmtlue ua rOJlZotjJy. Cuepnu: Hucyca Xpucma (npeJlJooUJI)

u om'laRHue npeocmoRU4ux nepeo KpectnOM (tjJyza)

B npemonaa acrpesaercs CHMBon HCKynneHHJI - B 6-M TaKTe OT KOHQa:

B MeJIO,lUillecKOH JIHHHH npenlOouu npOXO,lJ;HT xopan «1-13 6C3,lJ,HbI 6e.n; B3bIB3lO JI K Tefie» B ero BTOPOM aapaaare:

•

'4 I J' J J j J I J J r

tbyza dis-moll no HHOMY asrpazcaer H]lelO npemonaa, Ec.n:u B npemonaa rope crpacrao, TO <l>yra -- 3TO euympennee cosepuauue eops. Bee paasarae <l>yrn: HOCHT xapaxrep Me,lUITaTHBHoro norpY)I{eHIDI B H,ll;eIO. B 3Kcn03HQHH H3JIaraIOTCSI OCHOBHble MbICJIH ,lJ;JIjI Me.n;HTaQHH. 3TO TeMa

S4

3'ro CHMBOJI BOCKpeCeHHJI, npOBO.llHMblH 3,t(eCb B MMHope. B rrpemoznm CJIbIWHTC9 nocryns H CKop6HLIH xop, B 6acy 3BYQHT HenpepbIBHbIM KOJIOKOJIbHblH 3aOH, 'ITO npanaer npeJIlO,ZJ;HH xapaxrep noxopoaaoro WeCTBHJI.

SS

Y,lJ;BOeHI1S1 B TepU:HIO, CeKCT}', ,lJ;eUHMy YCI1JIl1BaJOT npaaaTIl3M C06blTHSI. B EBaHrenHH eers OnHCaHHe: «Or uiecroro )l(e saca TbMa 6bma no BeeH 3eMJIe no saca neaaroro» (MaT<fl. rrr. 27. CT. 45). ITo MblCJlH A.A.I<aH,llHHCKOrOPbI6HHKoBa, aacrynneaae ThMbl Eax H306pa)f(aeT .llBfDKe~ HHeM 6aca BHH3, .llOCTIfralO~HM caaoro HH3Koro 3BYKa npemozmn - MH-6eMOJIb 60JIbWOH OKTaBbI (T. 17-19).

CaMblit n3TeTHlJecKHH MOMeHT npeJllO,llHH - TaJ<:T 22 - CHMBOJlll3Hpyer. OlJeBH,llHO, MU2 cuepmu Xpucma. ):{eBJlTI:f- 3BY\lHbIM axxopn C Bblpa3HTeJIbHOH $epMaToM Ii naysoa necer ,lJ;BOMHYIO CHMBOmtKy: naysa BO acex ronocax (l}Jl1rypa aposiopesis - YMOrrlJ3H.He) B My3blKe 6apoKKo npnoopena 3HalJeIme cMepm, a lJHCJlO 9 B XPHCTHaHCKOit lJlfCJIOBOH CHMBOmD<e HMeeT CMbICJI cosepmescrsa, KOHe'IHOCTH, OKOHqaTe.1ILHoro 33BepWeHHSI, caepureaas npoposecraa. B EBaHre.mm CKa3aHO, \ITO Ifl.ICYc «acnyemn 1JYX>) «OKOJIO ,lJ;eBHTOrO naca». II scnen sa naTeTHlJecKHM aKKOP)J;oM B nOCJIeAHUX nonyropa TaKTaX npemozma B 6aey, KaK 60u \jaCOB, oeesm» pas 3BY1JW1l «cu-tieuons».

B tPyze b-moll reMa xoparra d13 6e3.l1;RbI 6e.z. B3bIBaJO SI K TOOe» (B nepBoM aapnaare) HecJ<:OJIbKO MeIDIercSi. HaqaJIbHbm xon na ICBHHTYBBepX 3aMeHeH na,neHHeM aa KBap'IY BHH3, B peaynsrare qero 06p33yeTCJI narepean He MaJloii ceK)'H.l1;bI, a Manoii HOHbI (TO)f(e lJ:HCJIO 9), If CHMBOJI B3bIBaHHSI, BbIKJillKaHIDI nonysaer ocooeaao ropecrnua orreaox, xapaxrepa- 3ySl «B011JlU JlCeHuput ua noxopouax Xpucma».

B 41yre HCIlOJD:.3OB3Hb1 o6a MeJ10,!l;I.fllecKHX B3pH3HTa xopana Bropoa BapH3Hf - OCHOB3 nponIBOCIIO)I(eJfHSJ H HHrepMe.uuM:

rJIy6HHY crpanaaajt nozmepxnaaer HHexo,WIlIlHii nop».n.OK BCTynJIeHHSI rOJIOCOB B ')Kcn03HU:HH $yrH, «CHMBOnl13HpylO~uii norpyxeaae B MHp cxopfea»,

56

TaKHM 06pa30M. npemonns H <flyra b-moll I TOMa nepenaror 60nee uenocpencraeaasia, He)KeJIH B Ql'IKJIe es-moll, 3MOLJ;110HaJIbHblM: OTKJIHK HR rparasccsoe C06LITHe, ocrpory 60JIH CBe)f(eHaHeCeHHOH paasr.

IIpeJIlO~HH H clJyra E-dm II TOM

•

A ccoquamu6Hblu 06p03 uuxn« - «JIecm6uu,a»

B MarepU3JI3X 6axoBcKI1X ceuanapon YX8.'33HO, liTO npernorras H <\lyra E-dur II TOM BKmoqeHl>I B ,lJ;OrM8THqecKlfil QIIKJI (TO ecrs nOCBHlIleHbI Tp3KTOBKe onnoro 1f3 ,lJ;OrM3TOB u:epKBII), If aCCOUHaTHBHbIM 06pa30MCJlY)KHT nOHSITlIe <JIecTBI1Qa)), \fTO oanasaer ztyxosaoe npO,lum)KeHHe - «JIeCTHHU:Y)} K nocrmseamo Bora, O.llHaKO B KOHCnexrax HeT nonpotiaoro aHaJIH3a. MbI npoaenea ero na OCHOBaHHH MeTO.ll,HKH E.JLHBopcKoro.

OCHoBHaSi H,lJ;eH uaxna E-dur BbIpa)l(eHa xopansnoa UHTaToii • .sBIDl1Oll.\eHCSI TeMoii t1>yrn.:)Yo nasansaaa crpo<fla xopana (Herr Gott, dich loben win) (((Te6S1, EOJKe, XBaJlHM»). HMelOIJ..(erO BapH3HT co CJIOB3MH «Jesu, nun sei gepreiset» (<<BOCXBaHHM )l(e Hncyca»).

IIpemoOWl coanaer xapaxrep 6JIarocrnoH npoceemeaaocru, 0Ha aatJl1H3eTC5l CUMBOJlOM xpecma B MaJKOpHOM .ll,HaTOHWIecKOM sapnairre, 06pa3yeMoM ABYMSI BepXHHMH rOJIocaMI::I, KaJ<: BblpIDICeHHe If.lleH 1<.peC11JHOZO 6JlOZOCllOBeHWL My:3bIK3JILH3SI TKaHb npemoAHH C()'I1('aH3 H3 CUMBOJlOB npeiiuBQHUJl 6 paoocmu (oneaagae onaoro sayxa, nepeoop 3BYXOB Tpe3ByqIDI), CUMBOllOB HUCXOJICOeHUJl CtJR!nOZO Ilyxa u B03l1eceuun, nepenaaas COCTOSIHue 6JlClZoOamu:

57

Teua tPyzu nOlJTIf TOlJHO UHTHpyeT HalJ8JIbHYro crpotfiy xopana:

I' ~~" e I J j I J j I J J-

B nporaaocnoxeaaa npOBO,!J)iTCH MOTHB 113 xopana «Jesu Leiden, Pein und Tod» (<<Crpa.n;aHIUI, MYlJeHlHI 11 CMepTb Hrrcyca»), aa KOTOPblH B TeKCTe xoparra rrpaxo,lJ)ITCH CJIOBa «TIpoB03rJIaCHJI B nocJIe,D;HHit xac»:

Tessa ¢yru - MOTeTHO-cTpO¢HlJeCKaB, nocrpoeaa no npaaunny pasaaraa H 060raIl.(eHIDI OCHOBHOU TeMbI noosepeaao BCTynaroIl.(HMH CHMBOnaMH. B nepaoa npoae.n;eHHH ,n;OMHHHpyroT HHTOHaQHH BOCXOroIIl.(eU xaaprsi KaK CUM6011a ucm060U eepu.

B'rOPOMY npoaeaeamo conyrcrsyror CUM6011bl eocspeceHUll B C>KaTOM BH,Il;e (BOCXO.n;m:r.um 3By:KOPM m nHTH 3By:KOB - ¢mypa anabasis).

B 3DU30)le cis-moll nOJlBJIJIIOTCB CUM6011bl npeoonpeoeneuu» H ({CTpa.Il8JIblJeCKHH» XpOMaTH3HpOBaHHblH xon (snaxu xpecmuux MyK Xpucma). 3aKJIlOtJaIOT 3TOT 3nM- 30)l HMCXO)lBIl.(He 3BYKOPH,llbI - «3HaKU neuanu», CUM6011bl yuupauux, nOllOJICeHUR 60 zpo6 (tfimypa catabasis).

B pasnene fis-moll TeMa 3anOJIHHeTCH npoxonaumaa TOHaMH, npaofiperaa CXO,n;CTBO C xopanou «Christ lag in Todesbanden» (<<XPHCTOC JIe>K8JI B neneaax CMepTH»). Ero Ha"lJ8JIbHblti MOTIIB npOBO,n;HTCH 6e3 zrsyx nepsux 3BYXOB (RaK B .rpexronocaca CHM¢OHHH a-moll). 3TO He TOJIbKO Mo,n;HcpHKaQHH rnaaaoti TeMbI cltyrn, HO C03HaTeJlbHOe saeneaae HOBOil TeMbl, JIorHtJeCKH nsrrexatoutee H3

58

npeznnecraysourero anasona, 0 tJeM rOBopHT HCnOJIb30- BaHHe nOJIHO" ,n;aTbl nepaoro MOTHBa xopana «XPHCTOC ne)l(aJI B rrenenax CMepTH» (B TeHope). Bcrynneuns TeM o6pa3)'lOT )lByxronocHble stretto, xoropsre npoxoztsr 3 pasa, RaK 6bI cooTBeTcTBYJI YpeM ,lI.HBM npe6bIBaHHjJ Hncyca B rpo6y:

-.

i.

Taxoe npespameaae xaaneonoro xoparra B rrorpeoansHbIli aanes c nOCJIe,zzyIOlI.\HM B03Bpal.ll;eHHeM K nepeoaasamHOMY BH,.!l;}' (B YMeHbllleHHH, T. 27) Bbl3bmaeT aaanonno co crpoKaMlf CnMBoJIa aepu: « ... H crpanasmero, H norpeeeasoro. 11 socxpecurero B rperaa ,n;eHb no Ilacameo. 11 830- uremuero na He6eca, H cansutero O,n;eCHytO Orua»,

Pacxonsuieeca .lom>KeHHe rOJIOCOB B raxre 29 CHMBOJIHsnpyer B ,n;3HHOM KOHTeKCTe pacnpocrpaaeaae xpacraascrsa, nOCJIe sroro CHMBOJIa TOpjf{eCTByIDl.lI;e, y6e>K,lleHHO 3BYQIIT TeMa «Teda, Bo)Ke, XBaJUDO> B OCHOBHOii TOHaJIbHOCTH H OCHOBHOM BH,lJ;e. Eli conYTCTBYlOT CHMBOJIbI 1l0CTIDKeHHjJ BOJill Tocnoztaea (BoCXO,lJ;HlllHe TeTpaxOPAbI).

B penpase npoxonsr CHMBOJIbI BOCXO>K)J;eHH5I, noCTH>KeHHB nomt Bora, H~BaJIbI BOCXO,llSlw.eH KBapTbJ - CHMBOJI HCTOBOH aepsr, B TaKTaX 38-39 H 40-42 xsaproasre XOAbI BMeCTe B APymMH rOJIOCaMH ofipaayror ,lJ;BH>KeHHe

aanoaofiae cryneaea JIeCTHHllbl. ..

HTaK, tjJyza nocneooeamensuo pacxpueaem cooepocaHue XOPQJla, coomsemcmeytotuee znaenux« OOZMamClM xpucmuaucmea, u npuo6pemaem 3HaliUMOCmb MY3blKaJlbHOZO 60nJIOUjeHWl CUM6011a eeps: (Credo).

59

IIpeJIlO~HH H $yra G-dur II TOM

TeM8. t/Jyzu - o6pa3 3MeU, 06BOJTa.KHB3lOlUeH, K8K KOJIhuaMH, HCKyCHTeJIhHhIMH CllOBaMH. B IDrrepMt.llHH CllbIWeH ,ll;I1anor: ynp.SlMQ-K8npH3Hhle BOnpOChI (T. 24-25,28-29) H )'KJI0HtlHBQ-COMHeBalOw;Hec.ll OTBeTbI (T. 26-27, 30-31).

C06J1a3H, no MhICHH JiBopcKoro, nepeoaemcs mpenuo.

CaMhi" CMJIhHbIH MOMeHT HCKyweHHSI - TpeJIH B HH3KOM penrcrpe (T. 57-61).

3MeR B3BHBaeTCH BBepX no nepesy nosaanas ,Il06pa It 3JIa, lJT06hl BpyllHTh npapoznrrenaa jJ6nOKO HCKyrneHHjJ, H, COBepIDH8 C06JIaJH, ynonsaer BHM3. 3"ro H306pa)J(aeTC.SI raMMoo6pa3HhlMH 113BHBaIOlllHMI1CR ,IlB11)J(eHHRMH TpU,lI,uarsnropsix ssepx nepen KO,llOH <iJyrH It BHH3 - B KOHUe.

EJI..HBoPCKHH oraesan, sro no cmmo MhIIlIJleHID1 npeJOO)lWI H <}>yra - paHHHe COllHHeHH» Baxa, OHM CHJIhHO nponmope'laT rzyxy CTHJIIO MblllUleHH.SI B 1740-e roztsr, Jlepsue BapHaHThI npemo,!lHH H <}>yrn, OTIlOCSlJllHOOI npaaepao K 1720 ro.zzy,3HallIITeJIbHO OTJIH'IaJQTC.sI OT OKOHqaTeJIhHOH penaxIlHH. BKJDOqaR JTOT UHKJI BO II TOM «XopOWO resmepaposaanoro KJIaBHpa», Bax cyuiecraeaao ero nepepaooran.

!1.ntjl caTaHHHCKOro C06JIa3mtreJIbCIBa BOIUIonmaCb, no MblCJIH JlBopCKoro, It B nsyxronocaoa 1fHBeHl..(HH d-mol1. Ho B OTJIHlIHe OT npemo,!lHH H <}>yrn G-dur II TOMa, rne HCKyweMRe nOJIHO oqapOBaHH.SI H 060JIblUeHH.SI, HHBeHUIDI d-moll nepeaaer era 3JI0CTH)lJO C)'lUHOCTh. Tessa HHBeHUllif - MY3bIKaJIhHaR xapaxrepncrnxa 3MeJI-HexyCHTeJUI; efi npacym TOT )J(e <<3MeeBH)WbIID), KOJIhue06pa3HbIH PHCytlOK; naneaaa na YMeHbIIIeHH)'IO ceITI'HMYJIPHAaJOT en on:euOK «3JI06HOCTIl» •

.HBOPCKHit YKa3blBaJI aa aaanomn JTOMY MY3bIKaJIhHOMY 06pa3y B KaHTaTe .N2 213 npn H306pa)J(eHHH 3MeH, npH6nH)J(aIOlllHXC.II K I'epxynecy (<<HerkuIEs auf dem Scheidenwegen» - «Fepxynec na pacnyrse»), B K3HTaTe NQ 19, rne nepenarorcs KOHBYJIbCHH rHraHTCKOM ?Me~, nopascaesroji CBHTbIM MHx3HnOM (<<Er erhub 51Ch I~ Streib) - «OH B03BblCMnCR B cpaxesna»), B reaopoeoa apnu ICaHTaThI NQ 107, 6acoBoH apaa KaHT3ThI NQ 130.

61

ACCOl{UamU6HbIU o6pa:J l{UIUlQ - «HcKymeHue EBb' suees»

E.n.JiBopCICHi1: OTHOCMJI JTOT Il.HKrr K nepaony BeT~ xoro 3aseT3, nOBeCTBylO~eMY 0 rpexonanenaa npapoznrrenea.

OCHOB3HHeM .l(J1S1 T3KOH TpaKTOBKM SlBHJI3Cb TeM3 <pyrH, H3BHBalO~3RCJI H3no.n:06He 3MeHHbIX xoneu. A.lllBefiQep nnurer:

«Myssncansaoe H306pa)KeHHe ,!J;b.sIBOJIa nocrosaao npnsnexano Baxa. TaJ( K3K B aasane EH6JIHH OH npe,1l;CT3BJIeH B BH.!(e 3Me.sI. TO Bax H306p3)1(aer ero H3fH63MH It cnnereaasMit ,1l;BIDKyIll;erOC.sI BBepX H BRH'3 Monma. TIo ero ToonOfIlli carana TOJK,IleC'IBeH ,ll;hSlBOny: n03TOMY H3BHBruo~HeCjJ MOTIlBbI nORBIDlIOTCSI H TaM, rne «BHHOBHMK 3JIa) HOCHT HMH caraasr ... Oseas xapaxrepasni «caTaHHHCKHH) MOTHB H3- XOAHM B K3HTaTe Ng 40. TeKCT 6aCOBOH apna rn3CHT: «AJI.CKlIH 3MeH, TOOe He C1paWHO? HbIHe pO,1l;RnC.sI TOT, KTO, n06e,llHB, Pa3M03)fQfT re6e ronosy». B M)'3bJKe CJIbIIDHbI He TOJIbKO H3BHJIHCTbIe 1(BH)I(eHH.sI 3MeH. HO 1'1 MOlllHbIe ynapsr nor, Pa3.n:a.BJIHBaIOlllHX rOJIOBY ... ».

TIo,ll06Hble MOTHBbl acrpesarorca B penrramaenns amTa If3 TOM )J(e KaHTaThI M! 40, paccxaastaatouteer 0 3Mee. KOTOpbIH osapoesrsaer Eey JIbCIlIBOH peneo; B nepsox xope KaHTaThI.N2 19 H B xope KaHTaThI .N2 80 H3 cnosa «M ecJIH 6 MHp 6bID rronoa xeprea».

npemoi)uR nepenaer 06p33bI 6Jla:J1CeHHOZO paR, «npenecrn paii:CKOH )KIf3HH; )K)'pqaHHe P)'lIbeB H cnoxoaaoenmcseaae nepeesee». Ilacropansasnt xaprucrep, <<6)'KOJUfllecKaR 3TMOopepa», no BbIpIDKemno Mansurreaaa, cosnaerca JIenatM 3ByUHHeM ~aKIYPbI, nonpaaaromert arpe na C1pYHHbIX HHC1pYMeHTaX, II y.u:ep)J(3HHbIMH, KaK na BOJIbIHKe, 3B)'KaMH opraaaoro nyHKTIl.

60

3AKJl1O~HHE

TeMnepHpOBaHHoro xnasapa»: paspafiorxa MY3bIK3JlbHOH ct>OpMLI MJIM penreaae onpezieneaaoa CMLICJIOBOH sanasn, TO ecrs nMCanMCL OHM KaK «lJHCTaH» MY3bIKa HJfH )fCe KaK npoH3Be).J;eHHH nporpasrsnrste,

Oraerrrrs tra :)TOT nonpoc MO)l(HO JIMllIb B TOM cnysae, ecrra 6pOCHTL XOTjI 6hI 6erJIblti B3rml,Zl; na nee MY3blKaJILHOe TBOPlJecTBO Baxa, Ilporpasemas M}'3LIKa nrpana B HeM OrpOMHYIO POJIL. TIpoH3Be.n:eHH.sI Baxa C TeKCTOMKaHTaTLI, oparopaa H B oco6eHHoCTH naCCHOHLl, - MMelOT onpe.1leJIeHHYIO mrreparypnyro nporpavvy • .lI.e.slTeJlLHOCTL KaHTOpa B uepxnn npeztycuarptmana C01.JHHeHHe My3bIKH K t\epKOBHbIM npa3,llHHKaM. nHCaHHe ee COCT3Bnsno Ka:>KJlo.uHeBHYIO pa60TY, KOTOPOH Bax 3aHI1MaJICH 60JIbWYlO sacrs caoea )l(113HI1. 3'ro 06'bHCHHeT, HaCKOJIbICO npllBbPIHblMH .lUIS Hero 6blmt PeJIHI'H03Hble TeMbl H CIO)I(eTbI.

B HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIICe Baxa nporpauuaocrs HHKorAa He ssrcrynaer HBHLIM 06Pa30M. EAuHCTBeHHLIM HCKJnOlJeHHeM jlBJIHeTC5I nanacamroe 11M B 19·JIeTHeM B03- pacre «KanpH111UfO na OThe3A ropsso mo6HMOro 6paTa». HaJIHlJHe HJIH OTCYTCTBHe nporpasessr XBIDleTCJI BHeIlJHHM npH3HaKOM. no CYTH )l(e TBop'lJeCTBO Baxa ecrs orpaxeHHe uensaoro MHPOC03epU3HHJI. n03TOMY B nporpaauHbIX npOU3Be):(eHIDlX rJIaBHOe - He CIO)KeT "JIlt nporpaseaa, He AeHCTBHe KaK TaKOBOe, aero CMblCJI, Hp3BCTBeHHOct>ItJIOCOct>CK3B CYTb. B KaHTaT3X H oc06eHHO B naCCHOHax, B H3H6oJIee CJIO)KHbIX n~OH3BeAeHHHX, ssrcrynaer C caaoOlJeBHAHOCTblO TO, lJTO Sax asrpadoran TeXHHKY, npa xoropoa ~opMa HaCTOJIbKO «YHH1.JTO)l(3eT COAep)l(3HHe» (no asrpaxeamo JI.BblrOTCKoro), 'ITO caMa'tT3HoBHTCB CMbICJIOM, 3Ha1.JeHHe nOATeKCTa B rpoxazmott CTeneHH npeBOCXO,lUiT conepscaaae ClO)I(eTHOrO TeKCTa. ACCOllH3- THBHble CBH3H, 4>HJIOco4>cKHe It JIIqmlJeClme OTcrynJIeHIDI B TaKoii Mepe p336HBalOT CIO)f(eTH)'lO 4>0PMY, lITO npua-

63

TIOCJIe neransaoro aH3JIH3a 10 npeJUOAHH H 4>yr XTK t:{eJ1eco06p33HO nOnbIT3TbC.sI BbHlBl1Tb Te oco6eHHoCTH, KO'ropsre nenaior sry MY3bIKY )I(J13HeHHO He06xoAHMOH, 3H3- lJHMOH .ZJ.IDI umpoxax xpyros cospeaeaasrx cnyuiarenea.

Hs aH3JIH3a OlIeaH,UHO, 'ITO KOMn03J11..U1j1 11 conepxaaae 3THX npOH3Be.lleHHH CJIO)f(}lbl 11 MH0rocJ10Hm.I. Kasanocs 6bl, 3TO He cnOCo6CTBYeT HX llIHPOKOH nonYJIHpHoCTH. PeJIHrH- 03HOCTb CO.llep)I(3HHJI, KOTOPrur: 06H3p)')KHBaeTCB npH P33- 60pe npemonna If 4>yr no MeTO.n:y E.ll.5IBOpCKOro, He JIC)I(J1T ua nOBepXHOCTH 11 orxpsrsaerca «nOCBRlLleHHOMY» CJIYW3- TeJIIO, BJI3,llelOllleMY MY3bIKaJIbHbIM JIeKCHKOHOM 3nOXI1.

Cexper )KJ13HeHHOCTH H 3CTeTH1.JeCKoro YHHBepC3JIH3- Ma My3bIKH Baxa HY)KHO acxart, B oco6eHHOCTRX 63XOBCxoro CHMBona. MbI BHAeJIH, lITO CHMBon .n:H3JIeKTHlIeH, ofipaniea OAHOBpeMeHHO K C03HaTeJILHOMY H noncosaaTeJIhHOMY. 3TO - )l(HBOH 1I3hIK, Bblpa)KeHHe l(eJ1bHOrO nOTOKa MY3blK3JIbHOrO C03HaHHR; TaK HHTerpMpOB3JI3Cb B TBOp1.JeCTBe Baxa H3bIKOM M}'3bIKH JzyXOBHas )l(H3Hb snoXH. ,[(JIB paCKpbITHH CHMBOJI3 He06xo,nHMO BOitTH B 3TOT nOTOK. IJ.enbHOCTb CMblCJIa MO)KHO BbIHBHTb, eCJfH He npoCTO 4>HKcHpOBaTb 3HalJeHl1e CHMBOJIa, HO paapafiarsisars ero HI03HCbl, H3XOAHTb CB$l3H Me:>KJlY CMbICJIOBbIMII 3JIeMeHT3MU B3bIKa, rne OAHII CHMBOJlbI .n:onOJIHBIOT II yrnyfinBIOT APyrHe, 06pa3YJI MHorocnoHHbIH KOHTeKCT. no CJIOB3M n.<I>nopeHCKOrO, «CHMBOJI caM no ce6e etue He ecrs My3b1K3, HO CT3HeT TaKoBOJO JIHIlJb nOCJIe KOHrp3- nynKTHlJecJ(OH p33}J360nCH ere H3WHM )1YXOM, H npHTOM - aenpeueaao JIHlJHOH, nerrpesreaao BCaKH" P33, XOT.sI 6bl H aocnponaaonnaott, - HO TBOPlJecKH».

Ilpn aHaJIH3e oprauasyiotuea pOJlO CHMBOJIOB B My- 3blKe Baxa He npa3AHbIM 6Y.lleT BOUpOC 0 TOM, lITO JlBJIHnoes uensro npn HanHcaHHH npemonna H 4>yr «Xopouro

62

QHnOM ee 06'be,zumeHIDl CTaHOBHTC.sJ MY3LIKaJIbHLIH CMbICJI, 3aKOH 1.JHCTOrO HCKYCCTBa. C ,!l;pyroii CTOPOHLI, B aacrpyMeRTMbROH MY3LIKe, nocrpoenaoa no MY3blKanbHLIM 3aKOHaM, H3 :meMeHTOB :nOH «1.JHCTOH» CTpYKTypbI B03- aaxaer, KaK MLI BH,llHM, OCMLICJIeHHblH CIO)l(eT. 3'[{eCL COJl.ep)KaHHe rax rny6oKo BpaCT8eT B My3LtKaJILH)'lO normcy o<}>opMJIeHIDI M8TepHaJI8, 1.JTO CTaHOBHTC.sJ ee HeoT,[{eJIHMbIM KOMTIOHeHTOM.

T8KHM 06pa30M, B HHCTpYMeHTMLHOH MY3LlKe Baxa Ii B ero C01.JHHeHM.sJX C TeKCTOM aafimoztaerca caryauns, xorzta conepscaaae npoasaeneaas OKa3bIBacrC.sI HMM8- HeHTHbIM ero 4JopMe. ::flo B 6onblllou: Mepe 06'L.sJCH.sJeTC.sJ CHMBOnH1.JHOCTbIO MbIlllJIeHIDI Baxa, Y Hero CHMBon HeOT,!l;eJIUM OT crpyxrypu 06p83a. B ,!l;aHHOM cnysae - cnell.m)mlJeCKIi MY3LIKaJIbHoro. OH He c~eCTBYeT B KalJeCTBe HeKoeH pall.110HaJIbHOH 4JoPMYJIbl, KOTOPyro MO)l(HO BJIOiKHTb B 06pa3 H 38TeM H3BnelJ.L H3 Hero. CHMBOrr .sJBJI.sJeTC.SI npHeMOM O-<I>OPMneHIDI 06pa38, cnocofioa ero cymeC'I'BOB8HH.sJ. Cne.o;OBaTeJIbHO, B03MO)KflOCTb npOlJTeHH.R HHCTpYMeHTanLHLIX npOH3Be,!l;eHHH Baxa aa OCHOBe CHMaona He SIBIDIeTC.SI Pe3YJIbT8TOM HX nporpaxaaoro 3aMLICna, TaK KaK CHMBon He orpamrsea 1{HCTO nOrHlJ:eCKOH CTpYKTYpotf, OH 60raQe H unrpe. C01.JHHeHlliI Baxa noerpoeasr Ha IfHTYHTHBHOM COnOCT8BneHHH H pa3BHTHH CHMBOJIOB B H3MeH1{HBOCm Ii TeKYlJ:eCTIlIfX CMbICJIa. TIOJTOMY CMbICJlOBble CB.sJ3" Me)l(,llY HHMH CTOJIb rny60KH H paaao- 06Pa3HbI. OHI{ o6pa3YIOT e,!l;HHYIO )lQfByro rxans, B KOTOPOH K8)1(,!l;LIH. HCnOJIHHTeJlb I{ cnyurarens orxpsraaer 6JIH3KHe ,[{JI.sJ ce6.S1 cnexrpsr 3RalJeHldt. TIporpaMMHblH npHHQHTI nocrpoeaas czienan 6bl3TH CB.sJ3" O,[{H03Ha1.JHbIMH H aeaaxepnao 06e,!l;HHJI 6bI HX.

Ilpeanaraeasra B JTOH pafiore nonxozi K nOCTH)I(eHHIO CMbICJIOBOro MHp8 MY3LlKM Baxa - O,!l;HR H3 MHornx B03- MO)l(HbIX. Ero HCTOpHlJ.eCRM H CTHJlHCTH1{eCRM 060CHOBaHHOCTb rtaer HCnOJIHHTeIDIM TBOplJeCKHH MeTO'[{' K

64

OCMbICJIeHHIO CO.IJ;ep)l(aHH.R H C03,!l;aHHIO mrrepnperauatt H8 BbICOKOM ypOBHe no,IJ,JIliHHocnr. BbUIBJIeHHe aCCOQH8TI1BHbIX 06pa30B 6Y,!l;HT <}JaHTa3HlO HCnOITHHTeJI.sJ, nouoraer pacKpbITh BHyTpeHHIOIO cymaocrs npoH3Be.o;eHHn, npennaras He BHeWHee H1I1IIOC1PHpOBaHHe, a TOJIKOB8HHe 38JIO)l(eHHOrO B HHX PeJIHrl103HOro If 4>HJlOCOtPCKOro CMbICJIa.

o KOMl103HIJ)fiI II CO,nEPiI\AI:IMII cpp AHUY3CKHX CIOIIT. H.C. IiAXA

06menpHH.sJTO, liTO MY3bIKe H.C.Eaxa CBoitcTBeHHbI npoHHKHoBeHHe B CJIO)l(HbIH BHYTpeHHHit MHp senoeexa, Bblp3)1(eHHe ero rrry6HHHbiX COCTO.RHHH, 1{TO rJI8BHOe B MyJblKe Eaxa - JTO CMbICJI, supaxeaae cyumocraoro co-

'[{ep)l(8HH.SI •

Ka3aJIOCb 6bl, OC06H~KOM B 3TOM OTHOWeHHH CTO.sJT .

CIOHTHble l.\HKJIbI H.C.E8xa. OHH 06bI1lHO p8CCMaT_PUB8- IOTC~ KaK npHBblqHbIH CBeTCKHH )K8HP, HecYllJ,HH B CHJIY CBoeH T8HQeB8JIbHOH cneuu<}JHKH ,!l;OBOJIbHO orpamrreaayro HH<}>0PM3UHlO. Ecna 6bI JTO 6blJl0 TaK, TO H3 scero MY3bIK3JlbHOrO Hacrre,!l;HJI E~xa CIOUTbI npe,!l;CTaBJI.sJJlH 6bI e,!l;HHCTBeHHbIH )l(3Hp, MY3bIKa xcroporo nameaa rny6oxoro conepxaan». Ilocrpoeaaas na onpe,!l;eJIeHHOM conoCT8BJIeHHH T3HlleB, HHCTpyMeHT3JIbH8.sJ .cIOHTa noreparta KO BpeMeHH Baxa csoe npHKJI3,!l;HOe Ha;J.H81.JeHHe, OTOlllJIa OT )l(aHpOBOro nepBoHCTOlJHUK8. O,!l;H8KO He.sJCHO, npnoepena JIM OHa HOBoe 3HalllfTeJIbHOe conepxaaae, YT_P8THB crapoe, If ecna HeT, TO nOlJeMY 3TOT iK8Hp MOC anrepecoBaTh KOMn03HTopOB 11 CJIYllIaTeJIeH B relJeHHe nOlJ.TH Jl.ByxCOT JIeT, coxpaaas B 06mHX lJepT8X CBOIO Tp8)l;HllHOHHyIO cxeuy. Ilorrsrraeacs OTBeTHTb aa JTOT aonpoc aa npnvepe 3H8JIH38 <l>paHQy3CKHx CIOHT H.C.Eaxa ,!l;Jl.sJ KJIaBHpa.

65

Hlecn, CIOHT ,llJISi KJI3BecHHa, nonysnaume Ha3BaHHe «<J)paHQY3C1<HX», 6bIJIH aarracaasr H.C.EaxOM He noaaaee Kereacxoro nepaona. Henonasia asrorpadi 3THX CIOHT (6eJ weCTOH) CO.n;ep)l(I1TCSI B nepaoa «HoTHOH TeTpa.D;J.f AHHbl Marnanenu Bax» (1722). OKOHlJaTeJIhHbIH sapaaHT ncex mecrn CIOHT conepaorrcs B KOn"", cnenanaon YlJeHHKOM Eaxa Fepdepou (1725), B KOTOP)'JO Eax saec aesoropsre TeKCTOBbIe " WTpHXOBble nonpasxn.

B Ke-reHcKHH nepnon (1717-1723) Bax nanacan 6oJIb~ nryto sacrs CBeTCKlix opxecrpossrx Ii HHcTPYMeHTanbHbIx npO"3Be.n;eHHH. 3Ta aanpaeneanocrs TBOp'leCTBa o6'b.sIcHHeTCH OTlJaCTII TeM, lJTO Keren 6bIn K3HbBHHHCTCKHM roponosr, H Bax KaK JllOTep3HHH He Mor 3aHHMaTb B HeM u;epKOBHOH Jl.OJI)I(HOCTH.

B JDITepa1YPe OTCYTC'IBYeT 0_!:Ui03HalJHOe peureane Bonpoca 0 npOHCXOJK,l(eHHH H33BaHIDI CIOHT (KaR 4JpaHtzy3CKHX, TaR Ii 3HrnJIHCKHX). no MHeHHlO <l>OPKeJISI ~paHIzy3CKHe CIDHTbI llOJIylJHJ1H caoe H33B3HHe noTOM}', 'ITO 6blJlH H300C3HbI BO 4JP3HQy3CKOM BKyce. EJI.5IB0PCKHH ysaasraaer aa HX co- 01BeTCTBHe cIlP3Htzy3CKOH cxeae basses danses, npeocmaensuoUfeU cotoa lfUK!I nnaeuux, cmenesuux, 6QJlC1tb1X mauuee 6e3 npuocxoe. B 3TOT QHKJI BXO,lU:UIH pe.epllHCbl, KOroPbIM B CIO~ are COO1BeTCTBOBarm lUUJaJIbl U aJVleMilHOw; XOp0600 - eMY COO1BeTCTBOBaJrn ZaJlbJljJObl U «YPOIl11lW; npOMeIlllO - COOTBeTC11IeHHO capa6am}w; le tordion (tordre - xpynm, seprers) _ JICUZU. Etne 0):UI8 npezmonaraeaaa npJilIHHa ra, sro BCTaBHble HOMepa BO 4>PaHIzy3CKHX CIOHT3X - HCK.I1IOlJHTeJIbHO cl>paHIzy3~ CKHe TaHUbI.

H33B3RHSI «aarnes» H «nonones», B03MO)I(H0, BbI30BYT B03pa)l(eHHSI, HO anrnes - pa3HOBHJl.HOCTb cl>paHl1;Y3CKoro r3BOTa, a nonones B CIOHTe E-dur npe,n:CTaBJISIeT C060H «MeHY:3T-nOnOHe3)), KaK OH osarnaanea B CfIHCKe Fepeepa,

B npouecce pa3BHTH5I CIOHTHOrO )KaHpa nponcxonaJIO OCB060>K,!:\eHHe M}'3bIKH OT )l(aHpOBOH nepBoOCHOBbI KaK ee nepBOH8lJ3JIbHoro co,n:epm8HHSI. Ero MecTO ,n:OJDKHO

66

6blJl0 3aH5ITb HOBoe conepscanae. 3,n:eCb 6blJl0 ,n:Ba nyrn:

HaITOJIHSTb CIOHTY nporpaa MHOCTblO, JIH60 TpaKTOB8Tb ee KaK lJHCTOe JJ:BH)}(eHHe.

TIepB35I Telf,lJ;eHQH5I nposeanacs yxe B CIOHT3X OYKCTexYll.e, B KQTOPbIX OH «H306p33W1 MCKYCHO npapony H CBOUC'IBa nnaaer», H Y <l>p06eprepa, npell.CT8BJISIBWerO «aa npOCTOM KJIaBMpe uenste MCTOP"H C O"HC8HHeM, BKJIlOq8.sI noprpersr JIHl( C IIX CBOtiC'IB8MII nyura».

TaKa51 Telf,lJ;eHQH5I oc06eHHO pa3BHJIaCb BO cl>paHUY3- CKOit MY3bIKe, nOIIIe,n:meH no nym npenpaureans CIOHTbI B uern, nCHXOJIOTIllJeCKHX. x<aHpoBhIX, noprpernsrx 33pHCOBOK. «l>.KynepeH ll.8B3H B CBOliX ClOHTax «CBoeo6pa3H)'JO, X<HByro, sey-rauryio rasery npH)J;BOpHbIX 3JI060ll.HeBHhIX C06bITHH H XapaKTepHCTHKY repoaas AH,.». B JTOM CKa~ 3bmaJIOCb Te8Tp3JIbHOe BJIHJlHHe, HaMelJ3HCJI YXOll. K nporpaMMHOCTH, B CTOpOHy BHemHHX. M8TepHaJIbHbIX npOJlBJIeHHU ,n:BH)I(eHHSI.

o.ZUIOBpeMeHHO B HeMeUKOH KOMn03HTopCKOH IIIKOJIe cymeCTBOB8JI8 BTOP351 Telf,lJ;eHllH5I B p83BHTHH )Kanp3. ):lBM)}(eHHe B CIOHTe aficrparapyercs, npeapautaacs B COnOCT3BJIeHHe P83JIIi'lHbIX ero TlinOB. B ocoeeaaocra HpKO sro npOHBIiJIOCb B CIOHTax YI.C.Eaxa H r.<1>. Feanena. C JToii TOlJKH speuas «<DpaHUY3CKHe CIOHTbH) Baxa no cyurecrsy He 5IBJISIIOTC5I cl>paHQY3CKI1MH, TaR KaK ormparorC5I na KJI3CCHlJecKYlO HeMeQKYlO TpaAHllHIO.

•

jKaHpoBaH nepBOOCHOBa ,llBmKemm

TIPH BceH y.n;aneHHOCTH CIOHTHblX T8HQeB Baxa OT HX iK3HpOBOH nepBOOCHOBbI npOO6p33 TaHQeB8JIbIu,ro (MarepHansaoro) .n;BIDKeHIDI B HI1X Bee )Ke 5IBCTBeHHO ODzyIl..\aeTC5I.

TaK, B OJVleMaNOe OTpa3HJIOCb uecneuraoe, YMepeHHO uepeuonaoe «npomneeeaae MHorHX nap sepes aHcIlHJI8- ,n:y KOMHan). 3TOT CBoe06pa3HbIU «HeMeQKH" nOJIOHe3),

67

lCOTOPbIM OTKPbIBaJIHCb npansopasie npa3.IJ.HeCTBa npa naopax BJI3.ll.eTeJIbHbIX CeHbOpOB, COnpOBOJK,ll;aJIC5I B3aHMHbIMH npHBeTCTBHSMlf H KOPOTKHMH penJIHKaMH, lJTO nonYlJHJIO OTpa)J(eHHe B nOJIHtj>OHHlJHOCTH H31I0)J(eHlUI aJIJIeMaH,llbI, BO B3aHMHbIX «nepe6HBaHHRX» ronOCOB, B C1IO)J(HOCTH CflJIeTeHHS ornensmsx «He;a;OCKa3aHHbIX» MOTHBOB, xoropsre COCTaBJHllOT TKaHb arrneuaansr,

KypaHlnQ - COJlbHO-napHbIH TaHeu cllpaHKo-HTaJIbXHCKoro npOHCXO)l(,lleHHS. <l>HrypbI (na) T3Hua MOrJlH CBO- 60,llHOBapbHpOBaTbCSI. MeH5ITb pasaep H PHCyHOK, qTO np01lBHJIOCh B nnaCmlJHOCTH MerrO.!l.HlCH, pHTMHKH H noJIHclloHHH xypairr. Kpyrosoe spameaae TaHueBaJIbHOH napsi npeaonpenenano rH6KOCTb H saxpyrneaaocrs 4Jpa- 3HpOBOlJHOrO pHCYHKa.

Capa6aHoa - Top)J(eCTBeHHo-cocpeAOTO'leHHbIA CKOP- 6HWH TaHeu:-wecTBHe - B03HHKJIa B Hcnaaaa KaK uepxoaHbIn o6p5l.!l.. pon xpecraoro xona (sacra banda) c nnautaaauert, coaepuraeuoro B UepKBH no xpyry, a TIO- 3,1J;Hee - 06PM rop:iKeCTBeHHOro norpefenna, npoutaans c ycomnau. ):{BH:iKeHHe «noxpyr», o6xo;a; «xpyroa» orpa- 3HJlHCb B Kpyro06pa3HoM CTpoeHHH capa6aH,tJ;b1 C nepao,[(HlJeCKHM B03BpaToM K HCXO,lUIOH Meno.o;H'IeCKOH 4JopMyrre. Xapaxrepnue OCTaHOBKH na BTOpWX nonax TaKTa nO,[('1epKHBaJIH cxoptiayro cocpenoroxeaaocrs, KaK 6bl «3aTpYAHeHHOCTb» )J;BIDKeHIDl, Bbl3BaHHyro ropeCTHblM lJYBCTBOM. C TelJeHHeM BpeMeHH capaoaana npaoopena 3HalJeHHe CHMBOna, BbIp3)J(eHHSI neaarrsao-ropxecraeaaoro, yrrry6rreHHo-nCHXOJIOrnlJeCKOrO H lJaCTO TpaypHoro aaxana. 3Ta rny6HHa cOAep)KaHHS H cocpenorosennocrs COCT05lHIDI 3aKOHOMepHO npHBeJIH K TOMY, lJTO capa6aH.o;a CTana CMhIC1IOBbIM H nCHXOrrorH'IeCKHM QeHTpoM CIOHThI.

no BOnpOCY npoHCXO)l(,l{eHIDI H HaQHOHaJIbHOH npanannesorocra )/{UZU B MY3blKaJIbHOH mrreparype BCTpelJaJOTC.SI p33HOrnaCHjJ. o'ZUIO BpeMS ycraHOBHJIOCb MHeHJfe, 68

l.JTO sro raaeu aHfJIHitCKHX MaTpocoB. A.l.IlBeifQep )Ke npoJf3BO,lUlT cnOBO <OKlfra» OT mYTJIHBOrO $paHUY3CKoro Ha3BaHHR CTapHHHoH CKpHTIKH «gigues - «OKOPOK), H ypaKTYcr ero KaK raneu cxpanasa. Cspannsnoe npoacXmK.lleHHe )KHrH .sIBCTByeT H3 xapaxrepaoa 4JaKTYPbl «3- JIO)KeHH9 MeJIO,lllfH, npacyutett 60JIbWHHCTBY 6aXOBCKHX )KHr. Cym:eCTBYeT MHoro pa3HOBHAHOCTeit )lcur: crapnaHaSi xensrcxas, 4JpaHU.Y3CKaS JIlOTHeBaJI nersipcxnom-aaa roMO~OHHOro mm HMHTaQHOHHoro cxnana, cllpaHQY3cKa.sl KJIaBHpHa51 Tpex.nonbHas C nYHKTHpHhIM PHTMOM H nO)IH- 4JOHH3MpOBSHHoit lj)aKTYPOii. (ran «saaapa»), KaK, HanpHMep, so IPPaHllY3CKOH croare c-moll; HTaJIb.RHCKCUI CKpHnH'IHaa )f(Hfa C'I'pHOJIbHhIM PHTMOM, CKJIa,z:u,maIOLQHMCH B sersrpex,llOJIbHOCTh, KaK B CIOHTe G-dur. B TI30pl.JecTBe <l>p06eprepa C1IO)l(HJlaCb 4JynrpoB3HHa.II )I(I1fa B .IJ:8yxqaCTHOH 4JopMe, rne aropas sacrs nocrpoeaa na 06paIQeHJfH OCHOBHOH TeMbl. H.C.Eax 33HMCTBOBaJI 3TY 1j)0pMY Y <l>po6eprepa, BBe.LVI B nee see p33HOBH,llHOCTIt )I(Jfi"H. <IlyrHPoBaHHoCTb npunana nepBoH3Q3JJbHO COJIbHOH wm napaott )f(HfC xapaxrep K011- 11eK1HBHocrn, aaaepuraroureii Bceo6m;HoCTII 'rauuesamnoro .o;eHCTBHjJ, 6naro.llap.Sl lJeMY JKHra CTaJIa 3aKJIIO'IHTeJIbHOH lJaCTbIO CIOHTbI.

OCHoBHble TaHQbI B CIOHTe KO BpeMeHH Baxa )')Ke OT.o;aJIHJIHCb OT TaHUeBaJIbHOH nepsoocaoasr H CT3JIH cxopee onpe.o;eJIeHHhIMH TImaMH )J;BH:iKeHIDI. <l> . Kynepea B n03)J;HHX CIOHTaX sooetne OTKa3!>maeTCs OT TaBUeBaJIbHOCTH, npespautas CIOHT}' B UHKJI MHHHanop, COCT05llUHH If3 )l(aHpOBbIX, neH3roKHbiX H ncnxonoraseocrx 3apHCOBOK. Y Baxa )J(e npOHCXO,lUIT nOHCTHHe YAHBHTeJlhHaS Bell£b: TpaJlHIUI.R )KaHpa coxpaHSIeTC.SI BO scea MHOroo6pa3HH H npa 3TOM n0,1J;1iHM3eTC.R na BblcoKHii yposem, 0606meHHs. Qepe3 )KaRp, .RBCTBeHHO npocBelJHBaJOUlHH CKB03b 0606meHHonOJIHlj)oHWlecKyJO <l>0PMY, Bax sstpaacaer onpeneneanoe MyJbIKaJIbHOe H <l>HJIOco4JcKoe Co'[(ep)KaHHe.

69

B nOHHMaHHe unxna CfOHTbI Bax TaIOKe BI(JJa_lU,IBaeT MHoro noaoro, TpaKTyH Tp3Jl;HQHOHHbIe lJaCTH (aJIJIeM3HJJ,y, xypanry, capaeaany H xmry) anaxe, lJeM BCT3BHbIe aoxepa. OH nOJIHifJoHH3HpyeT OCHOBHbIe TaHQbI. ttaCTO npH6JI1DKajJ anneaaany K npemomm, )fmry K cllyre. TaK. )Imra BO ifJpaHQY3CKOH CfOHTe G-dur rrpencraanaer C060H 1pexronOCHYIO <l>yry. Capatianny Bax npenOJl.HOCHT KaJ( «Me,[QIeHHOe linM ysrepeaaoe )l8H)KeHHe na 3/4, crpeaacs, K3.K 6YJJ,TO, TOJIbKO nporasope-nrn, OCHOBHbIM YCTOSlM TaHQeBaJIbHOH CXeMbI. Hanpauep, T3K3S1, K333JIOCb 61:.1, orpaHHlJHBaEOJ.U;M pHTMHlJeCKYfO <i>aHT33H1O ,IJ;eTaJIb, KaJ( OCTaHOBKa H3 BTOPOH none T3KT3 HHCKOJIbKO He MeW3- er peJJ;KOCTHOMY pa3Hoo6p33HfO B p"TMHlJeCKOM .LJ;BtnKeHHH 6aXOBCKHX capafiann».

Bcrasaue )J(e TaHQbl, ofinerseaaere no cllaKType, coxpaIDIIOT scayio )f(aHpOBYfO onpeneneuaocrs. B KHHre )1(. Tsepco «Haponnas neCHSI BO <l>paHQHH» npaseneaa I:ICTOpl:IlJeCKM cnpasxa 0 BBeAeHI:IH B T3HQeB3JlhHbIH 3THKeT BCTaBHblX TaHQeB: «Mapeapuma Banya, UMe6UlClJl spacueue HOZU, CMeHWla basses dans (manuu nOHU3Y) 6 xomopux XOOUJlU, ua tiyppe, 6 xomopou noonpueueanu».

Bcrasnue T3HQbI aaasrsannes paaee Galanierie, n03)J(e - Intermezzi. Illrnrrra H33bIB3eT HX HHTepMe,lJ;UHHbIMH. B CJIOBape .n;.fpoBa OTMeqaeTCSI: «BCT3BHble T3HQbl xopowo OTBeQ31OT 1pe60BaHHjJM 4>OPMbl, yaenasasaa paBHOaecae QU1<JI3 no ztpyrytc CTOPOHY capa6aH)lbJ). BCT3BHble TaHQbI aaxpennsnor «spyrosoe crpoeaae capafianztsr, B OTJIUlJHe OT «JIHHeHHOCTH» nepeoa napsr TaHueB Ii «xpenKO YBSl3bIBafOT JJ,paMaryprHlJeCKHH y3eJI QI:IKJIa». no Mblcnlf T.JIHBaHoBoif, OHH npeJJ,CTaBJISlIOT C060H csoeodpaanste HHTepMeUQO B mncnax. 3TO BBJISleTCSl oc06eHHOCTbfO CfOUTHOH KOMn03Hu,uu Baxa, BTOPyro oco6eHHOCTb 6aXOBCKHX ClOUT T .J1HB3HoBa BH,lJ;HT B· TBrOTeHHH K onpeneneauoay «3MOU,HOHaJIbHOMYQeHTpy» BHYTPH 70

CIOHTbI, KOTOPblH OlJeHb nacro CTaHOBHTCSI JIHPUlJecKHM uenTpOM. Ero 4>YHlCltHlO BbIJIOJIHJJer B OCHOBHOM capafianna. POJIb .ITHpHlJecKOro uearpa B03paCTaeT B CB.II311 C KOHTeKCTOM (nO)l8HJKHaJI Kyp3HTa C O,UHOH CTOPOHbI If «pacceaaaroutee» HHTepMel.lQO c npyroa), 3ro naer np3BO rOBOpHTb 0 nepepaCT3HHH KOHTpaCTOB ,llHH3MH"IecKHX B xoarpacrsr 3MOQHoaansasre " 06pa3HbIe (npa coxpaaeaaa nepBH"IHbIX CfOHTIIbIX KOHTpaCToB). <l>HH3JIbH3Sl xrnra O,UHOBpeMeHHo OTBelJaeT IIHTepMeuuo no cnoett onpenenennocra, SlpKOCTH, 11 B TO )f(e BpeWi nporaaopenrr eMY no CBoeM HaCbIIUeHHOCTn nOJIH<IK>HHeH. TromM 06P3'30M,:>KHra nrpaer POJIb «KOMneacapyiouiero CPIIH3JIID).

&IBO,l{, KOTOpbIH nenaer H3 BblWeyK333HHOro T .J1uBauosa, 33KIIIOlJaercg B MbICJIH 0 10M, lfID Bax {(H3Me1Jaer BHYJPH T3HQeB3JlbHOH CIOUThI HOBbIe CPyuKUHH HeROTopblX lJaCTeii, BbJ,IJ;BHr3JI B xasecrae onopasrx TOlJeK UHKJl3 mtpWlec.K:HU uesrp, mrrepM~U:O H 4>HHaJI, H K.JIa,lI)I B OCHOBY KOMIlO3HQIDl HOBbIH, 60JIee BblCOICHH nm ROHIp3CT3».

H3 aH3JIH3a C1pYK1YP CIOlfIHbIX UIOO'IOB BbUlBIDllOTCSl II .I1Pyrne cytuecrseansie ,!1p3Mazypn¥IecKHe 4l}'HKlUlH BCTaBHbIX T3lfi.I:eB Y Baxa. frnmHbIM SlBJISleI'CJI IIX CMbICJlOBoe H33Ha"leHHe. Omt: BOOBpaII.J:aJOT c}lopMYJIbI )lBIDKeHHSl (MeJIOJlHt(ecKOro HJIH PHTMWlecKOro), 33JI0)l(eHHble B aasane CIOHTbI. BblSlBJlIDl H o&rrpbJBWI COJJ,ep)l(3lllHecH B HHX I1I3BHbIe Merro~ec.»re MeH. To, ~ BO BCTaBHbIX HOMep3X '['3HQeB3JIbHasI OCHOBa 60nee OlJeaJWl3, lJeM B OCHOBHbIX T3ffi..J,ax, nO,!I;IBepX<l{3eT 31)' HX <l1yuKUHIO. Iloaasany a6c'.rNmPoB3HHasI, OlJHlllemtrul OT 6b1TOBOro )f(ecT3 M}'3bIKaJIbH3Sl· MhICJJb npHOOpeTaeT 60JlblllyJO M3'repH3JIbH)'lO HanOJlHeHHOCTh, BbI3bmaer 3CCOU,H3llHH 3pIiMOH IIJI3Cll1KH.l1.n:esI ,lJ;BIDKeHIDl nonysaer 06pa3HY1O ROHKpe1HOCTh )l(3HJJOooro BbIp3X<eHID1. B paccaorpeaae BBO.zuITcx HHeplHM Macca, ,lJ;BlDKIIMasI CWIOH, I1pOSlBJIeIDIOU: B capa6mme.

TaKHM 06pa30M, TaHeu 0606meHHbIii, RaJ( cpencrso, xepes xoropoe Sax BbIpa)l(aeT onpenenesaoe conepxaaae, npOTHBOCTOHT TaHUY B ero nepBOHalJ3JIbHOM H33HalJeHHH.

71

MeJIO,ll,H .. eCKHH: HlldK

MY3hII<aJIhHhIii .SI3hIK Kypaum H, B OC06eHHOCTH, BCTaBHbIX TaHU;eB 60JIhIlIe OTpIDKaeT BHeIlIHHH PHCYHOK nJIaCTW.IeCKOrO 1KeCTa, BJIH.SIHHe )K3Hpa B HI1X saaernee. COJIbHO-napH3JI, «41HryPHM» npapona UX TaHQeBaJIbHO;" CTH npaaerra K 3aKpeDJIeHHIO sa Onpe.ll.eneHHbIMH «na- X8- paicrepnstx MeJIO,IJ;HlJeCKHX 060pOTOB. TaKOBbI xpyroaue, «cxpyseamae» B cnapamr MOTUBbI KypaHT, COtIeTaJOlU,HecSi B HTaJILSlHCKOM ax Tune co C'rpeMUTeJlbHLIM paafierou raMMoo6pa3HbiX JIUHHii. B MeHY3T8X 3TO <ilOpM)'JIbJ Me.ll.JIeHHOrO Ka,!(aHca H <ilHryPbI THna rpynnerro - cielosis; MeJIo.n;uqeame o6opoTbI, BbI3bIBaEOw;tIe 3pH'IeJ1hHbIe aCCOQuaU;HU C uen01fKOH <}mryp ,TaHLl;a: nOKJIOHOB, H3SIIUHbIX nosopoTOB, pesepaacoa H r.n. B raaorax H 6yppe OTpa3HJllICb HHTOHaQHOHHo-pHTMHqearn:e 4>0PMYJIbI «nonnpurasaaaanpHCe)1;aHI'UI}) if )1;p06HOro qaCTOrO «npHTanTbIBaHHlI». )l(ura KaK HTOrOB3JI tIaCTb UHKna COeAHHSIeT )l(aHpOBOCTb C o606111eHHOCTbfO nOJIH4>oHHtIeCKOrO pasaaras.

TaKHM o6pa30M, MeJIOAHtIecKHH SI3blK CIOHT coxpaaaer ornesaroe xapaxrepa ,I:(BH)I(eHHH B raauax, noponnaWHX cooraercrayroniae tJacm CIOHTbI, HO, BLIcTYnax B pona PHTopHtJeCKHX 4mryp, OH rrepesonar aro ,I(BH)I(eHHe B ,!1;paMaTYPrHtJeCKHil nnaa, H TeM caMbIM B 3HatIHTeJIbHOU: crenean OTpbIBaeT ero OT HCKO)1;Horo MaTepHaJIbHOro .rtBH)I(eHHlI B xopeorpa4>HlJ:eCKOM nOHHMaHHH.

Menomrsecxaa cpaHTIl3H11 Baxa npORBHJ1aCb B CIOHTax lIpe3BbllJaHHO ntenpo. I<a~ax CIOHTa HMeeT HH,ZI,HBH,lzy- 3JIbHOe «MeJIO,rr;HlJecKoe JIHQO», xapaxrepayro nJIaCTHKY JIHHHit Flpn 3TOM caoeofipaane SI3blKa BbIpaCTaeT H3 06- II.te3HallHMoro JIeKCHXOHa 3nOXH 6apoKKo, B KOTOPOM 60JIblllOe MeCTO 3aHHMaJIH MY3bIKaJIbHO-PHTOpHtIeCKHe <}lmypbl.

B 4llJIeMaHoax HcnOJIb30BaHbI cnoxotiasre, YMepeHHo a<ilcpeKTHpoBaHHble MeJIOAH'lecKHe 060pOTbI: cIlmypLI BOCXO)K.[l;eHHSI: H HHCXO)K,UeHIDI (anabasis H catabasis) KaK H306- pa)l(eHHe ,lJ;BH)I(eHWI; 4l0PMYJIbI nOKJIOHa, npHBeTCTBeHHOro )l(ecTa; MOnlBbl «asromeroca» .rtBH)I(eHHSI. qaCTbI H3mo6- neansre B snoxy 6apoKKo «srarrsre AHCCOHaHCbI», 33)1;ep)KaHHSI B epeaaax ronocax AIDI BbIpa)l(eHHSI He)KflOH )l(an06bI, TOMJIeHIDl, CTp3)1;aHH1I; BOCxo)1;SIllUIe M3JIbIe ceKYH.D;LI - HOCHTeJIH rpYCTI:I, MeJIaHXOnHH; YMeHblIIeHHble H YBeJIHlIeHHbIe KBapTbI KaJ( asipaxeaae ropbKoH nenana.

B capa6auOax cnexrp npHMeHemul <}lmyp unrpe, OHH ocrpee no a<iH1>eKTHBHbIM CBoU:CTBaM, nO)1;lJepKHB3.SI aanpsx<eHHOCTb 3MOu;HOH3JIbHOro TOH)'ca H 3HalJHMOCTh CMbICJIOaoro COAep)KaHWi capa6aH,lJ;bJ, ee JIHt{HOCTHbIH xapaxrep. 3T0 HenpHrOTOBJIeHHbIe )1;HCCOHaHCbl, Bblp3)l(aEOIUHe, no CJIOBaM )l(.PaMo, «OTlJMHUe HJ1H tJyactBa,Be,rzyIUHe K HCCTyIIJIeHHIO H B KOroPbIX ecTb lJ:TO-JIH60 rropaxaroutee»; BOCXO)UlIII,He CeKCTbI - cpopMyna BOCKJIHu;aHIDI (exclamatio); HHTOHau;HH aanoxa; MeJIH3Mbl - TpeJIH, rpyrmerro, n3JIbT· PHJIJIepbl, nepeA8lOIII;He ,lQ)O)l(3HHe ronoca H K8lC 6bI «pacKalJHB8IOmHe» 3B}'KH. B Ma)l(OpHbIX capa6a.H,Z:I;3X no.5lB.JUleTC.SI He CBOHCTBeHH3.SI MHHOPHbIM pHTMlftleCK3.SI f}>opMyJIa meCTBHSI: COfJIaCHO KaaHUY, <mYHKnIpOBaHHbIe HOThI B coneTaHHH C BbIAep)l(8HHbIMH cepsesaoe H naTeTHtIeCKOe BbIpIDKalO'D).

72

MY3bIIqUILHLle, CHMB~J]bI

HCKYCCTBO snoxa 6apOKKO 3M6JIeMamtIHO. «Mera<}lOPLI, cpaBHeHHSI, 01BJIelJeHHble nOHSITWi nannoro THna xynsrypsr npe06pa3yJOTCB B 3M6JIeMbI». 3m 3co6eHHOCTb oTpa3HJIaCb H B MY3bIKe. 3a PAAOM YCTOHtlHBbIX, OTWJIH<1>OBaHHbIx BpeMeHeM HHTOHaQHii saxpenanacs ceMaHTHtJeCKHe 3HalJeHHj(, npesparaeurae HX B M)'3bIKaJIbHbIH CHMBOJI - BLIpa)l(eHHe B ssyxax onpeneneaaoro norornm,

73

If.l(eH. TaKOB Moms KpeCI'3, mMBOJIa KpeC1H0U: M}'KH - OCHOsa MeTIO,llHKH 8JIJleMaH,IJ,bI d-moll; OH pa:nnmaerot B capa6aH,u.e, npao6penm o6oCIpeHHyIo HaIIpIDKeHHOCTh HHI'OHau;nif:

MCnOJIb30BaHHe MOTHBHOfi: CHMBOJIHKH B CIOHTax He CJIYlJaiiHo. ECJIH paccaarpasars see meers <llpaHQY3CKHx CIOHT BO B3aHMOCBg3H MOTHBHbIX coornouresaa H nopsnxa na,IJ.OTOHaJIbHOCTeii, MO)KHO npHHTH X BbIBO,IJ.Y 0 CMbICnO-BOM e,IJ.HHCTBe UHKJIa.

B enoxy 6apOlQCo 6blJla pacnpocrpaaeaa ceaamusecKaJl1paKTOBK3 roaansaocreii, 33 XOTOPbIMH 3aKpenIDlJIHCb THnOJIO~ecKHe3HalJeHH.sJ.

TaK, TOHaJIbHOCTb D-dur BbIPa)KaJIa «mYMHbW» JMOllUU, tipaeypnocms, eepousy, no6e.u;Hoe mIKOBaHHe.

TOHaJIbHOCTb h-moU ClIHT3JIaCb <<naccHOHHOM», CB1I3aHHOM C 06pa3aMH cmpaoasus, pacnsmus.

H3H60nee ne.llClJlbHblMU 6blJlH «MlIrKHe» TOHaJIbHOCTIi c-mou,l-nwu, goofflOU, b-molL

~ BbIpa)KeHIDI 1WIaJlU, mpaypuocmu HCnonb30B3JIC1I c-moQ.

C nOWl1HeM «mpueouucmea» (Tpouuu) accouaapoaanCjI Es-dur C ero 1peMJI 6eMOIDIMH.

O.D;H3 H3 qHCTbIX, «raepzrsrx» TOHaJlbHOCTeH, aepenxo npllMeIDleMM Baxoa .n;:rm Bblp3)KeHH1l paOOcmH020 syecmsa - G-dur.

TOH3JIbHOCTIl A..dur H E--dur - CBeTJIbIe, lJ3CTO CB1I33HbI C MyJblKOii nacmopassuoeo xapasmepa. *

B CBeTe sroro B3aHM033BHCHMOCTb TOHaJIbHOCTeii H CHMBOn08 80 "<I>PBHUY3CKHX CIOHTax" MO)KeT lJHT3TbClI TaK: naTeTHlJeCKHH d-moll C CHMBOJ]OM KPecTHOii MYKH; nenansao-ropecrusrlt C-n1011 C HHTOH3UWIMH KpeCT3 B 06P3- II.\eHHOM, «3aKpbITOM» BapH8HTe (8 capaeaane) B KalJeCTBe CHMBOJ]a caepumetneacs KpeCTHoM M)'KH; crp3.n;aJIb'IeCKIIH h-moll C CHMBOJlOM npe,n:onpe.n;erremm. Ilocne rpynrIbI MHHOPHbIX ClOUT, CBS38HHbIX C .n;paMa1WIecKH~CKop6HbIMH 06pa33~ MH, mzyI'. TpH M3)KopHble CIOHTbI: Es-dur - npoCBeTJIeHHe,

*Ilo.llpo6Hee 0 ceM3HTHI<e TOHaJIbHOcTeit CM.: J!PYCKUH M, «lCn3BHPHaJI MY3bIKa» - Jl, 1960 r .• crp. 76; Saxapoea O. «PHTopHKa H XJUlBHPHaJI M)'3bIKa XVIII BeJ(3» (2. c, 14.15).

MOTIlBHblM 1I,l1;pOM aJIJIeM3.H)];bl h-moll flBJ]lIeTCH CHM· Bon npenonpeneneaas. B xopanax «Christ lag in Todesbanden» (<<XpHCTOC JIeman 8 neneaax CMepTH») If «Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit» (<<qTO MOM Bor XO'IeT, TO c6y.n;e-rcg») H3 no.n;06HbIH MOTHB npHXO):VITCH CJIOBa: «Bepa npHHHMaeT cxeprs» H «To C6Y.lleTCH»:

3a BOCXO,lVlIl.\HMH 3BYKopH.n;aMH saxpenanacs CHMBO· JIHK3 aocspeceaas, aa HHCXO.n;gIIUfMH - YMHpaHIDI, «nono)J(eHIDI BO !'p06», ne'IaJIbH3H cortieaaocrs HHCXO,lVlIl.\HX 3B)'K0pH.n;OB npHCYTCTBYeT BO ncex capatiaaztax. Oc06eH~ HO 3aMeTHa HX pOJIb B capafiaaaax d-moll If Es-dur, rne HHCXO,rQIIl.\He MOTHBbI npOBO.ll'lTCH KaK pasaonpaaasre C rmlBHblM M3TepHaJIOM. 3TH <<3H3KH ne'IaJIH» TaK)Ke xapaicTepHbl,lQIlI MY3hIKBnbHOrO H3bIKa M.C.Eaxa.

CHMBOJI cOCTpa.n;aHHH - BOCXO,lVlIl.\ee Ype3BY'IHe C ceKYH.n;OBbIM aaaepureaaex - JIe)f(HT B OCHOBe capa6aH)l;bI h-moll. TOT me CMbICJI npacyui eMY BO BcrynHTeJIbHOM xope "3 «Crpacreii no Mardreio» aa CJIOBa «Ilpannre, 0 ztosepa, nOMOrHTe MHe OnJIaKlfB3Tb» H B npeJIIO.n;HH fis-moll H3 II TOM3 XTK.

74

75

MOTHBHLle eBB3H

opranaaauaa lj>OPMbI, CTaHOBjlTCjI TaK:>Ke cnocotiou pac~ KpblTHjI COnep:>K3HIDl. «TaK)'IO MY3bIKY aano He npOCTO cnymars, 3 BCJIYWHBaTbCSI B nee, KaK BCMarpHBaelIIbCjI B crrOiKHbIH ysop. BCR OHa npOHH33Ha 3H3K3Mlf. H3MeK3MH, npUqeM He nOHSlTlfHHbIMH, He onocpenosaano-accouaaTHBHbIMH, a qUCTO MY3bIKaJIbHbIMH: TO T)'T, TO TaM npoMeJIbKHeT KaKoA~rrH6o MOTHB. PHTMOHHTOHau.HOHHbIJ1: runt: rapMOHHqeCKHH 060POT. OT xoroporo npOTHHYTCjI nane-xae, ene YJIOBHMbIe CJIYXOM HHTH - OT onaoro pasnena nsecst K APyrOMY, JIH60 OT :lTOH nsecsr K cneayiol.l.leit J1I06oii TaKO" MOTHB Tpe6yeT nOBTopeHHH - H "MeHHO B 3TI1X nosropax 06peraeT peansayio )KH3Hb. Bee B3aHMOCBH3aHO ••• » .

B M}'3hJKaJlbHyro TKaHb aJIJIeMaH,l( BmIeTeHbJ HecKOJIb- 1<0 MOTHBOB - npoofipasoa ,ruut)l{eHHH, ~OTOPbIe 6yn;YT peaml30B3TbC.SI H pa3BHB3TbC.SI B lJaCTlIX QUKJIa, npHlJeM B K3)I(J];0M l.J.HKJIe HenOBTOpHMbIM 06p330M, no CBOHM, TOJIbKO eMY npHcyuUfM: 331<OHaM. «B MOTlfBe ... ssxmosenc OCHOBHoe ycrpeuneaae, np006p33 ,lJ;BH)I{eHIDI. rocnoncrayroiuero aa 60JIbWHX np OTlI:>KeHU.SI X , aepezaco BO DceM npOH3Be.o;eHHH, H cootiutaronrero eMY ero xapaxrep». C 3TOH TOtIKH 3peHH.SI 3JIJIeM3H,lla - He ronsxo BCTynuTeJIbHbIH T3Heu;-«npHBeTCTBHe~), HO H ({H3nO)l{CHHC TeMbl pesn» scero U,HKJI3. no cnoaau M.):{PYCKHHa, « ... arrnesranna aasana BhInOJDiSl1'b 41}'HKU,HIO IDfTOHaUHOHHO-TeMalWIecKOH «3aBR3KH» u,HKJIa, BBO)la B nero»,

B MY3bIKaJThHOM. cnosape Bam-tepa (1732) CKa3aHO: «Annesraana B MyJbuCanbHoit naprtrre j(BIDleTCJI O,nHOBpeMeHHO nponoaamrea, H3 KOTOPOti ... xypaara, capatiaxza 11 )KHra npOH3BO)l.SlTCR KaK ee BapH3HTbD>. Marrecon onpenenser xapaxrep 3JIJIeMaH,IlbI KaK Ruhe 'des Anfangs - «cnoxoacrsae 3apO)l(Jl;eHH.SI». B )TUX Bb1CKa3blBaHH.SIX SlCHO onpeneneaa pons 3.1I.1IeMaH,1l;bI KaK nepaoro paaaena MY- 3bIKaJIbHO-PHTOpHl.JeCKOH nacnosanaa, 0 lJeM 6Y.IJ;eT nonpofiaee CKa3aHO HH)I{C.

OCHOBaHHOe aa Bepe H HOmo Sora (CHMBOJI Tponusr); G-durCBeTJI3jJ pa,n;OCTL, 106wISIIlHH B MIDKOPHbIX Tpe3ByqIDlX. coCTaBJIHIOIIzylX OCHOBH)'lO MOmBH)'IO H,lJ;eIO ClOHTbI; E-dur - MSIrKrul O)l(HBJleHHOCTh c «6naro.IJ;apcrBeHHbIMIf nOKJIOH3MID> B aJIJIeMaH,ll.e, 106HID1UID1MH B KypaHTC H nacropaasnocruo BCTIlBHbIX TaHlleB.

Taxoe conocraaneaae TOHaJIbHOCTeii Ii HCnOJIb30·BaHHe CHMBOnOB, O,ll.HaKO, He ztaer OCHOBaHliH )l;.IUI Toro, l.JTO- 6bl aarpyzrart, CIOHTbI penHrH03Ho-lj>HJlOCof}>CKHM CO)l;ep)l{aHHeM. ,ll;a)Ke npa IlIHPOKOM HCnOJIb30BaHHH MOTHBHOn CHMBOJIHKH. aanpaxep, B CIOHTax d-moll Ii h-moll, nx He Y,1J;aCTCSI nposrecrs na OCHOBaHHH CHMBOJIOB RaJ< CBSl3HbIH If nornuecxa OCMhIcneHHbIH TeKCT, nO)l06- HO npovremuo Ii.JI . .HBOPCKHM npemonaa H cpyr XTK. n03TOMY CHMBOJIbl B CIOHTax BocnpHHIfMaJOTClI KaK HCxoe ofipasaoe rrpezrcrasneaae MbICRIf If .sIBIDUOTC.sI 60JIee BbICOKOii cryneasto a6C'rpaKlI.HH, l.JCM casta MbICJIb.

qTO )l{e xacaercs o6l.l.leii KOMn03Hu;HH QHKJI3 <I>paHU;Y3- CKHX ClOUT no TOHaJIbHOMY npH3HaKY, TO OHa BPSUl JIM. 6blJla paCCqHTaH3 na PCJIHrH03HOe npovreane H exopee 1IBHJIaCb nO,ll.C03HaTCJlbHbIM proYJIbTaTOM CPHJIOCOclJCK0-3cremQCCKHX npe,n;CTaBJIeHHH 6axa. Ho, KaKOBbI 6hI Hlf 6btmf ero rrpnsnRbI, caM 41mcr opraaaaanna CIOHT no onpeneneaaoay npaauany rOBopHT 0 TOM, l.JTO UHKJI CIOHT. aanacaaasrx O.lUlOBpeMeHHO, He SlBJI.SleTC.SI cnyqaiiHOH nO,ll60pKoit nsec. II03TOMY B CIOHTaX ,llOIDKHO npacyrcraoaars 06mee coziep-

)KaHHC, 06'be,llHHSIIOUJ,ee HX B e,llHHbm mum. .

MOTIfBHoe PO,llCTBO - Tpa,zJ;HllHOHHhIH npaea CB.SI311 sacrea CIOHTbI B ennnoe uenoe, BnJIOTb AO npespauteaaa CIOUTbI B UI1KJI Bapl1aUM.H aa onay TCMY, KaK B ClOl1Te 6)'Kerexyae na XOp3JI «Auf meinen lieben Gott», MOTIfBHbIe CB.SI3H BO (])PaHlI.Y3CKHX CIOHTaX Baxa, .SIBJISI.sICb rrpaeuoa

76

77

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PaCCMOTpHM 41YHKQHH MOTHBHbIX CBSl3eH aa npaaepe CIOUmbi d-moll; AJ1JleMaHOa CO,Uep:>KHT lfCTblpe MOTl-mmae sepaa (H.U.eH). CaMbJM. Ba)KHbIH 113 HHX - MOTHB xpecra. EMY corryrcrsyer TeTpaxOp.ll.. BbICTpaHBaIO~HHCSI B AOBORbHO npononsorrensasre UliHUIi - catabasis, Ii MeHSI1OllI.HH aanpaaneaae BO BTOPOH I10JIOBHHe rtsecsr KaK mraepcns - anabasis. 3TH,llBa MOTHB3 CTaHyT OCHOBHbIM MY3bIKaJIbHbiM MaTepHaJIOM capa6aH,ll.bl. CHMBon xpecra npOBO.ll.HTCSI snecs B HHBepCHH:

,[{JHI 60JIee :)KcnpeCCHBHblX 110 CO,ll;ep)l{aHHIO ClOUT d-moll H h-moll Sax npennosen <JlpaHUY3cKHH run xypanTbI C nOJIM4IoHH3HpOBaHHOif <JlaKTYPOit H CJIO)t(HbIM pasMepoM (3/2, 6/4). no THny .n;BH)I{emfSl OHM MeHbwe xonrpacrapyror C 3J1JIeMaH,Uoif, 'IeM HTaJIbSlHCKHe xypaaTbl C }IX CTpeMHTenbHOClbIO H onpeaenemrocnoo xapaKTepa. Ho npY)KHHHCTaSi :)HeprHSI HX MOTHBOB. B3pblBQaTOCTb BHY1peHHHX CTp)'KTyP, TaKTOBblX H HMHTaQ110HHbIX, npHXOTJIHBtuI pHTMH':leCKaH nrpa JlByX- H TpeX.llOJIbHOCTH BocnonHHIOT nOCTeneHHOCTb P33BUTUH aJIJIeMaH.n;. B HHX B03HHRaeT sayrpennee corrpcrasneaae, npoaanarotueecs B HanpH)I(eHHbIX ocraaoaxax H aCCMMeTpnlfHb1X nepefoax .lllmmeHIDI. Tax, aanpaaep, KOMnneMeHTapH3SI pHTMIfKa xypaarsr h-moll pesxo nepeoaaaercs CHHKonaMH sepxnero ronoca, CMelll.aJOIUHMII pHTMlfqeCKYIO crpyxrypy:

3TO .lI.OnOJlHRer CMblCJI MY3bIKaJIbHOH penn: HHCXOMllUfH MOTHB xpeera B 3JlJIeM3H,ll.e B CHCTeMe CHMBonHKH Baxa osnaxaer Y)I(e CBepUlHBWYIOCR xpecrayro MyKy H npaofiperaer 3HaQeHHe «HcKynJIeHHSI», a socxonsuma SlBJIHeTCg 3HaKOM CHIOMHHynIOH OCTpOTbI TparH3Ma. HacXO.n;SI~HH TeTpaxop,U nOJlHOCTbIO COOTBeTCTByeT CHMBOJIllKe, 03HaQag OnJIaKHBaHHe (CM. npaaep).

npOMeJIbKHYSWHH MOTMB B xapaxrepnoa PMTMO<i>OPMynoif I'fl"iil .ll.OCTaTOlJHO .lleTWIbHO paspafiarsraaeTCH BO BTOPOM paanene aJIJIeMaH.ll.bI. lJT06bI He OCT3TbCSI He3aMeQeHHbIM. 3TOT aropocreneaasni ,llJIR annexaansr MOTlIB SlBJISleTCSI rJI3BHOH TeMamlJeCKOH gQemmif «ypaumu, QTO n03BOJIReT paCCMa1pHBaTb nOCJIe.n;HlOlO KaK aHTHTesy 3JIJIeMaH.l{e:

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B nponraonec CB060,llHOMY. 6ecKOH$mncrHOMY pasaepThmaumo ,1J;BH)J(eHIDl B 3JIJ1eMau,mlX, KYPaHTbI <JlPam.zy3CKOro TUlIa 3KKYMYJIHPYIDT saepneo HanpSl:»<eHIDl. B 3TOM HX npeHMYllI.ecIBO nepea HTIUI.llSIHCKHMH, xoropste «60JIee cra6MJIbHbl H B MeHblIIeif crenenn 1pe6YIQT aa C060H cneJI.YlOJUYIO sacrs», '1eI'KO 33MbD<ruI nepBbIH P33)l.eJI UHKJIa, B TO BpeMH KaK xypairru 41paHUY3CKOro nma 6rraro.ll.apH &1PYKTYPHOH ycnO»<HeHHOCTH nO,lIJ'OTaBJDtBatoT ,n;am.HefiIIIee p83BHTMe Ii mmmoTCJl CBSI3yro~HM 3BeHOM K capadaane.

nO.n;06H8JI 4_JyuKl..UfSI xypanrsr CBOHCTBeHHa BceM 1peM MHHOPHbIM lI.HKJIaM. Kyparrra CIOHTbI c-moll npeacrasnaer co60if CJIHHHue 060llX TUnOB: .o;ayxronOCHoe J13.JIO)l(eHHe H

79

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TpeX'IeTBepniOH paasrep HTaJIb.sIHCKOH KypaH'I'hI coxeraerCJI C PHTMHlJecKOi1 npHXOTJIHBOCThIO H CJIOX<HOCThIO MenoJl.H'IecJ(oro pHCYHKa <ppaHQY3CKOH xypanrsr.

3a TaKHMH KypaHTaMH CJIe,rzyIOT capa6aHObi xaumneaaoro nnaaa, nocrpoeaaste na MOTHBaX-ClIMBOJIax. GHII yr.rry6mnoT H pacxpsraaior cMblcnoBYIO M 3MoQHoHaJIbH}'IO JIMHMM QUKna, ycamraaior sxcnpeccmo.

Cneayrourae IIOCJIe HHX ecmaenue mauuu C03,A3IOT 3MOUHOH3J1bHbIit KOHlpaCT TUna penaxcamm (paccnadneana), HOC.sIT HHTepMe,lUiUHbIit, «pacceaaaronraa» xapasrep. CKasaaaoe nO,l\TBep)K)l:aIOT oe« MeUy3tna CIOHTbI d-moll. MarePUaJIOM ,1lIDl nepsoro H3 HHX nOCJIY)l(HJla ueraepraa MOTIIBHaJI SI'Ielli<:a 3JIJIeMaH,Z:lb1 - paanoxeenere Tpe3B)"IH.sI, cerrrasxopnsr, aocxonantae CeKCTaKK0PAbI:

PHTMOM H MOIUHbIM 3HepreTIflleCKHM HMnyJIbCOM OT CTOJIKHOBeHHJI B TeMe npomBOnOJIO>KHbIX nanpaanemra.

HTaK, MOTHBHbIe CBH3" CIOHTbI He TOJIbKO uessearapylOT I.U1KJl - OHH HMeIOT .lq)aMaTyprH'leCKOe snaseaae KaJ( B PacKpbITHIi CMbICJIa. TaK Ii B opraaaaauaa 4>OPMbI. CMbICJlOB3SI JlliHlliI, nocreneano yrJly6JlAACb K capadaaae (nolleMy Ii nOHa,lJ,05IUICSI q.paHUY3CKHH ran xypaarsr), xepea BCTaBHbIe MeHY3ThI nO,n;BO,lUiT K CHHre3HPOB3HHIO, 0606lQeHHIO H aKUeHTHpOBKe BHMMaHH.sI na )'TBep)K)l:eHHH rJlaBHOro 'resaca B JKMre. Ilpa 3TOM C03,l\8IOTCSI apxa CHMMeTpHH, 6naro.napft KOTOPblM KOMn03HU;HOHH8JI C'lpYKlYPa CIOHThI CTaHOBHTCSI He JDiHeHuoH. CT3THlJHOil:, 3 npnotiperaer X3PaKrep )lGfBoro CTaHOBJIeHH.sI "3 P33HOHanpaBJIetlHblX ycrpeuneHHH. Bo3HHKaIOT cnapana, {(3aBHXpeHIDl» KOHCTpYKQHII, ycaneaaste COe,lUiHeHHeM 'IaCTeR B onpeneneaasie 6JIOKH.

MYlLIKaJlbRO .. pHTOPHIJCCKHH MaR 0

B Ka)f()l;oil: CIOHTe q.opMa QHRJIa C03,D;aeTCJI no CBOUM BHyTpeHHHM 3aKOHOMepHOCTJlM, OAHaKO MOX<HO BbISIBIiTb e,l(HHbIe rrpaaunnsr HX KOMno3HUHH.

TaK, aJIJIeM3H,lla H xypaara no rpanauaa C03,D;aIOT ycTOHlIHBoe JIJlPO CIOHTbI, KaK panee nenana " ransspna. Bo 4>paHQ)'3CKHx CIOlITax OHH KpeJIKO cnasusr B napy npOTHBOIIOJIO)J(Hocreil:. Hx npOTHBOIIOCTaBJIeHHe BbUlBIDleTC.5I p33- HbIMH cnocofiaua. B CIOHTax d-moll It: Es-dur npHMeHeH npl1HQIID KOHTP.lU1cnO~HU:HH, KOr,D;a eropocreneaasni Marepnan CTaHOBHTC» rJI3BHbIM, a B CIOHTe E-dur OH )Ke YCHJIeH mmepCHeil: MOTHBOB:

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83

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85

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86

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87

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88

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A.lIIBeHuep o'ruexaer: «Bax asipaacaer B MY3bIKe see, qTO TaK liJIH HHal{e COOTBeTCTBYeT .llDHJKeHHIO, KO~ ropoe MOJKHO nepeztars 3BYKOBOH JIHHHei1», OTHOCSl caoe BblCKa3bIB3HHe KO MHOfHM npOH3Be,r:teHH.RM Eaxa. Oco- 6eHHoCTb ClOHT, B lJ.aCTHOCTH «<l>paHUY3cKHX», COCTOI:tT B TOM, qTO 3HaJIH3 ,llBlf)KeHHjJ jJBJJ.sJeTCSl HX rJ13BHbIM CO,lI,ep)K3HHeM.

B3TJI.sJll na CTpYKTYPY CIOHT Baxa K3K na conocrasneaae THnOB ABH)KeHH.R BbICK33bIB3n A.lllBeiil.(ep: «B anneuaane Bax nepenaer nonaoe CHJIbI cnoxottaoe .llIHIlKeHHe; B Kyp3HTe ~ yMepeHHylO nocneuraocrs ... ; capafiaaaa y HeTO .RBJ1S1eTCSI H306paJKeHHeM DeJIHlJ3BOrO TOpJKecTBeHHOrO llIeCTBH.R: B JKHTe, HaH60nee cB06o,UHOH <ilopMe, rnaseacrayer nonaoe <ilaHTa3HH ,l(BHJKeHHe». E.JI . .SiBOPCKHii onpenenan CIOHTY K3K conocrasnenae ({MOTOPHbIX cxeu». M.C.,lWYCKHH nncan: «Bax, OrIHP3- SICb H3 ... KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe 33KOHOMepHOCTH, conocrasJ1.RJ] THnbl )lBHJKeHHH, KOHTPaCTHO HX npOTHBOnOJ1aran H OllHOBpeMeHHO 06De,llHHSlJI MOTHBHO-BapH3UHOHHOii TeXHHKOH» •

O.lJ;HaKO, ecJIH YtJecTb rny6HH)' pa3pa60TKH Baxoa 06- utero )1)ISI scex CIOHT npanuana COnOC1'aBJleHIDI wnOB ,llBHJKeHIDI B OTlleJIbHbIX lJd'CTIIx, MOJKHO ropaaao 60J1ee nOJ1HO nOIDITb CTpyKTypY OTlleJIbHbIX ClOHT H UHKJIa B t(eJ10M.

,L{BH)KeHHe npencrasrrser c060" H3MeHe"He B npocrpancrae Ii BpeMeHH H CBSl3aHO C HeKoeil "l1PHlJHHOH ~ saeprnen. AJlJUWQHOa SIBJISIerc.R nepBblM H3YlJeHHeM CTpYKTYPbI npocrpaacrsa, B KOTOpOM 6YAYT pa3BHB3TbCSI nepeoaasansasre H,lleH - saponsnna ,Il.BHJKeHH.R. Iloxa 3TO eme nOlJTH CTaTHK3 ~ TOII0J10rHJI npocTp3HCTB3. Tlocne

89

nepaoro OpHeHTIfpOB3HHJI B npocrpaacree xypauma, co CBOHM BblOlIl,HMC$I neHT006pa3HbIM pHCymcOM. OCYW:ecTB.IDIeT CMeJIbiti OXBaT acero npoerpaacrsa B 60nee pacxpsrrosr, «pacxpyseaaoso ,lJ;BH)I(eHHH. Bblpa)K3JICb TepMHHaMH MexaHHKH, OHa COOTBeTCTBye-r KHHeMaTlI1<:e. Capatiauoa - :meprerHlIecKHH QeHTp ,llBH)I(eHIDI - BbIJIBIDIer ero nepaonpasaay. B Heit npoacxonar c}>HJIOco<ilCKoe OCMbICJ1eHHe, coaepuarensaoe norpyxeaae B MelO. Bcmaenue mauuu 11.eMOHCTpHpyJOT )')ICe )l;BIDKeHHe nO.ll.D;eitcllJHeM onpeneneasott CHJlbI, nepeaonsr ero B 60nee OCJl3aTeJIbHbie ICOHKpeTHOo6pa3HbIe 4tOPMbi. B MexaHHlCe OHH COOTBeTCTB)'lOT .lUiRaMmce. IIoJIHcJ>oHH3HpoBaHHaJi o606Ul3lOI.I..1M JlCU2a .o;aeT cnoxeaae H HaJlO)J(eHHe pamux THnOB ,D;BH)I(eHHH B O)l,HOBpeMeHHOCTH.3)l,ecb)l,eMoHCTpHpYeTCHnOJIHOeOBn~eHHe npocrpaacrsoa, apeuesea, .o;uHaMHKoil, H na ero OCHOBe .o;OCTHraeTCJI csofona CJIO)J(HeiiwHX, nocnenoaarensHbIX H OAHOBpeMeHHbIx ABH)I(eHHH.

rny6HHa H cana B03)l,eHCTBHJI (J)paHlJ,Y3CKHX CIOHT B 60JIbW0i1 Mepe 06'bJiCIDIeTCH TeM, liTO 3TO MY3bIKa](aK 6bl He COllHHeHHaJl, a YCJIbllIJaHHaJI B HCXOAHOM TeMamqecKOM M3TepHaJle. Or KruK,IJ;OH ann:eMaH,llb1 Bax npHXO,WiT K pa3HbIM pe3YJIbTaTaM. Paanasae npaponsr MaTepHarra .D;HlCTyer paannxae MY3bIKaJlbHoro ocJ>opMJIeHHJI H CtpYICtyphI CIOHTbI, ](OTOpaJi pa3BHBaerCJI TaIC)I(e nerxo H ecreCTBeHHO. KaK pacrer nepeso - KaK 6b1 He no BOJIe KOMn03HTopa, a JUfWL nOA ero Ha6moAeHHeM, 3TO npoSIBIDleTOl H B pa3JlH'illH KOMfl03HI.J;HH MHHopHbIX 1'1 MIDKOPHbIX CIOHT. Maaopasre CIOHTbI noerpoeasr na COnOCT3BJIeHHH MY3bIKaJlbHhiX CHMBOJlOB. OHM astpaxaror onpeneneanoe nOIDIme, MbICJlb. WHpOKO HCn0Jlh30BaHHhIe B HUX MY3blKaJlbHO-PHTOpHQecKHe 4tHrypbI nepenaior acJ>cJ>eKT - lJ.'jureaaoe ,IlBIDKeHHe.

OCHOBOH KOMn03H4uH Ma)l(OpHbIX ClOUT KBJlJlIOTCH CJIO)I(Hble MOTIfBHbIe CBJl3H, BbIJIBIDIIOl.I..1He pasasre rpaan 90

MaTepHana. B HUX npeofinanaer BblCOKaJI creneas npouecCYaJlbHOCTH H pa3BeTBJIeHHOCTH <flOPMhI.

Onacaaasre ocofieanocrn COOTBeTCTBytOT pa3HbiM 06'beKTaM ,mm)l(eHHSI: ABH)KeHlie MbICJIH, ):omx<eHHe 3MO- 4HH H ,llBH)I(eHHe per se, T.e. B qHCTOM BH,!J.e. B MHHOPHbIX CIOHT3X MbICJIb HeoTpbIBH8 OT 3MOu;MH, rIpHlIeM .IlBMJKeHHe MbICJnI npH06peTaeT a6crparnpOBaHHbIH xapaxrep: OHO He CO,ll;ep)I(HT KOHKPe'moit nporpaxxsr, a JlBJlHeTCSI conocrasJ1eHHeM MbICJIUTeJIbHblX 06pa30B B BH.Zle MY3bIKaJIbHbiX CUMBOJIOB. B Ma)l(OpHbIX CIOHTax C HX nonpo6Hoit CHCTeMOM BbIlJJIeHeHHJI, p33BHTHSl H CYMMHpOBaHHSI MOTHBHblX H,Il;eil. co CJIOJKHOH rrepexpecraoti cHMMetpHe:il. rnaseacrayer H,IJ;eJl ,lJ;BH)J(eHHSI B lIHCTOM BM,lJ;e.

Bemorae Baxa ClCa3aJ10Cb B TOM, liTO OH CYMeJl BblKBHTb, rnyfioico p33BHTb H COnOCT3BHTb H,!leH ABH)I(eHHJI caMblX pa3HbIX 06'beKTOB, OT lIUCTO MY3bIKaJIbHhlX (MeJIOARM, rapMOHHH, nOJIHCj)OHlm) xepea nCHXOJIOrHlIeCKHe* (ABH)KeHHe 06P330B, MbICJIeit, 3MOIJ,HH, CMbICJIOB) K COBepIlIeHHO a6crpaKTHbIM. paCCMaTpHBaeMblM 4>H3tl1coii H MaTeMaTHKoil.

Ilpa TaKOM noaxone ll>paHQ)'3CKHe CIOHTbI Baxa npenCT3IOT KaK pesynsrar OCMbICJIeHHH Ii aHaJIH3a B 06pa3HOHHTYHTHBHOM npeJIOMJIeHHH pa3JIH'lHbIX THnOB ,nBH)I(eHHH B Jl)'XOBHOM nnaae, H T3ICHM 06pa30M BbipaCTIUOT KaK 6LI B QeJIbIH cJ>HJIOCO(}lCKHH TpaKTaT, KOTOPblH MO)I(HO 6blJlO 6bI H33eaTh «De natura motus- - «0 npapone .IlBU)I(eHHJI»).

..

Torna CJIO)J(HOCTb H 60raTCTBO HX cO,llep)l(aHHSI npHxoLVIT

B COOTBeTCTBHe co CJIO)l(HOCTbIO H 60raTCTBoM KOMn03"-

QHOHHOH crpyxrypsr. ..

B Ka)K,ll,OH H3 tl>pa~y3CKHx CIOHT npOHCXO,ll,HT npouecc

pa3BJITHSI ,lI;BH)I(eHHJI, B KOTOPOM OHa npencraer He npOCTO

*3JJ;eCb HMeeTeR B BHJJ:Y conocraaneaae aa HHT)'HTHBHOM ypoaae, TaK KaK nOH.IITHe nCHXOJJOrH3Ma BO spexena Baxa eiae He 6wJIO C$OPMYJlHp08aHo.

91

RaJ<: pacnonoxeaae uacren, a RaJ<: accnenoaaaae npouecca cranoaneaas H paCKpblTIDI H,lleH )J.BHiKeHIDl B ero pasasix ranax, KaJ<: mo60BaJIHe .llBH)I(eHHeM. Taxoa B3rJUl)l H8 ClOHTY rrossoraer OXBaTUTb conepscaaae CfOHTHOrO UHlOIa, npOaHaJIH3HpOB8Tb B ,ll;eTamJx ero MY3blKanbHYlO KOHCTPYKUlifO H TeM caMblM coanars rtpezmocsmxa MSi 60nee concpzcarcnsaoro HCnOnHHTeJJbCKOrO npOllTeHIDI.

JIlITEPA TYP A K P A3)(EJ1Y 0 KOMn03Hl(HH H CO,ll;EPIKAHlfH cJ)PAHllY3CKHX CIOHT

l. J(PYCKUH. M. C. Horaaa Cetiacrssa Bax, M., 1982.

2. 3axap06a O. Pirropnxa 11 xnasapaas M)'3blKa XVIII seca.

M .• I989. Tpynsr rMnH 11M. rHecHHbIX,BbIn.I04.

3. Kypm 3. OCHOBbl mraeapaoro xompanymcra, M .• 1931.

4. J/u6aH.08a T. H. MY3bIK8nbH8.SI ,ll;paMa1)'prHJI H.C.Baxa 11 ee acropnuecxae CBSi3H. q. 1. M.-J]., )948.

5. MY3bIKaJIbHaSi 3CTeTHKa 3aIIa,uHoif Esponsr XVIIXVIII BeKOB. COCT. IlIeCTaKoB B. M., 1971.

6. Tbepco}](. HCTOPHJI naponaoll neCHI1 BO <l>paHllHH.

COB. KOMII03HTOp. M., 1975.

7. tPuuwaH. B. 3CTeTHKa <I>.3.Eaxa. COB. MY3bIKa. 1964.

NQ8.

8. tPopKeflb H.B. 0 JKlI3HH, HCKycClBe Ii 0 npOH3Be.lleHHSiX Horaaaa Cetiacrssaa Baxa, M .• 1987.

9. llleeauep A. Horann Ce6acTMIH Bax. M., 1965. IO.Jl8opcKuu E.JI. CWHTbI Baxa JVlSi KJIaBl1pa. M.-lI., 1947.

II. The New Grove of music and musicians. London. 1980.

Vol. 1-20.

92

!C'

CO)l;EPacAHHE

8c"TynJteHIte 'III 't"' 'II 3

M)'3hlJCaJIbHaJI pHTOpHKa KaK

KOMn03HQHOHHblA npHeM 7

npoTeCTaHTCKHH xopan KaJ(

COCT8BHruI ':IaCTb M}'3bIKaJIbHOrO

Jl3blKa I1.C.1iaxa 12

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06w.all KOMn03HQIDI "XTIC" C TO'lKH

3peHHJI ero penaraoaao-dianocodrcxoro co~ep)l(aHHJI .. 24 DpHMepbI paCKpWTIIll ,l.Q'XOBIfOI'O

H tyr "XTK" ,., 't 29

Ilpemonas H 4lyra C-dur I TOM 30

ITpeJIlO.nHlI H 4lyra B-dur I TOM 35

Ilpemonas H <fIyra tis-moll II TOM 39

ITPeJIlO,I{lIJi H q,yra cis-moll I TOM 44

Ilpemonas H q,yra a-moll II TOM 47

Jlpemonas H <fIyra tis-moll I TOM 50

ITPeJIlO.nHJI ucPyra es-moll I TOM 53

Ilpemonas a cfiyra b-moll I TOM 55

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Ilpemonas H ¢lyra G-dur II TOM 60

3aKJIIO"IeHHe ot "' ot ot ,., ot ot ot ot 62

o KOMn03HUUR H coJ:tep*aHHH

"cJ>paHIQ'3CKHX CIOlFI'" H.C.6axa ~ 65

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MeJIO,I{ll':lecKHH Jl3blK 72

..

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«PuJloco¢lcKoe coztepxanae 86

93