m We can measure:-

m Voltage
m Current
m Resistance
m Temperature
m Capacitance
m Continuity
m Check diode/transistor
Transistors

Types of transistors: -
1. NPN
2. PNP

ymbol Pin diagram of

Diagram of BC548
BC548
1. By earching Datasheet.
2. By checking it with Digital Multi-Meter.
3. By ohm meter
m V
  



m Procedure to find
resistance
m LED current should
be taken 20mA to
calculate.
m Astable ±
m free running mode:
m the 555 can operate as an oscillator.
m Uses include LED and lamp flashers,
m pulse generation,
m logic clocks,
m tone generation,
m security alarms,
m pulse position modulation, etc.
mA-stable Mode
No stable state.

T = 0.693 x (Ra + 2Rb) x C

m t1 = 0.693 (R1 + R2) C1

m t2 = 0.693 (R2) C1

m T = t1 + t2
m Monostable mode: in this mode,
m the 555 functions as a "one-shot". ð V 

m timers,
m missing pulse detection,
m bouncefree switches,
m touch switches,
m frequency divider,
m capacitance measurement,
m pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc
mMono-stable Mode
Has one stable state.

T = 1.1 x Ra x C
m Bistable mode or chmitt trigger:
m the 555 can operate as a flip-flop.

Two stable state.

ÿ Trigger
ÿ Reset