1, TNR ‘ORTOFON" Gramophone Recording Equipment. Principle, The Ortofon grammptions recording system is based on the electro- mechanical feed-back principle, the cutting head being part of the feed-back system. Through the application of thio it has been possible to construct an electrodynamic cutter with all the advantages inherent in an electrodynamic system and at tho same time comparable in weight and size with the usual magnetic cutters. The feed-back effect, as is well known, reduces destortion very considerably and, in addition, gives an ideal damping of the cuttor which can not be obtained by any mechanical means. Design. The vibrating member of the cutting head carries, besides the usual driving coil, another coil which ie placed quite close to the cutting stylus. The latter coil produces a voltage which is proper- tional to the velocity of the cutting stylus and is used for the fecd- back. In fig. 1 is shown a schematic diagram of the recorder (the dotted line shows the feed-back path). The vibrating momber, which carries the two coils and tho cutting stylus, is ouspended from a thin flat spring which gives it a resonance at about 1,500 c/s. Damping of this resonance océtrs oxclusively by electrical means through the feedback effect. Tho damping is greatest (about 4o db) at the resonance frequency and is less towards cither ond of the frequency range. Curves I~ II in fig. 2 show clearly the damping effect produced by the feed -back. Both curves show the velocity as a function of the frequency, Curve I without and Curve II with feed-back. In Curve III is shown the resulting current in the driving coik dependent on the fre- quency. It is seon that the current, in contrast to what would be the ease in a mechanically damped system, is reduced over the whole fre- quency range and that it is extremely weak in the neighbourhood of the resonance frequency. On account of the elasticity of the materials it is inevitable that at very high frequencies not all parts of the vibrating member will vi- vrate in unison and thet secondary resonances will appear. Experience has shown these to lie at about 19.000 and 36.000 c/s as ‘indicated in Curve IV in fig. 2, In the proximity of these frequencies the vibrating menbergS will not behave like a rigid body, which results, among other things, in the feedback voltage being out of phdse with the velocity of the cutting stylus. This sets a limit to the rangd of frequency the feedeback can use— fully cover, The secondary resonances will become more pronounced when the centre of gravity of the vibrating member does not lie exactly in its axis of rotation. Too long a sapphire can thus cause a reduction of the stability. There is a phase correcting circuit in the amplifier which partly counteracts the phase shift due to the secondary resonances and thereby improves the stability. When the cutting stylus is of the correct length (3mm), it is possible to increase the feed-back 3 to 5 db above what ic necessary to obtain the proper frequency tesponse without giving rise to instability. Recording Characteristics, Curve II gives the frequency response of the cutter with feed-back. It indicates the velocity of the cutting stylus, and thersfore also the vol- tage across the feed-back cbil, for cohstdnt voltage inpib to the amplifier. As the freqtiercy is expressed in d logarithmic scale the ctirve is symmetri. cal with respect to the resonance freqhenty. It is practidally flat between 200 c/s and 16000 c/se As the transition frequency - the frequoncy for trdns¥ition from con- stant amplitude to constant velocity ~ in normal gramophone recording lies at about 4oo c/s, a correcting RC-circuit is tuilt into the amplifier which moves the lower frequency limit from 200 c/s to 4oo c/s. It can easily be changed if another transition frequency is desired. In LP disk recording it is, as a rule, desired to emphasize the lowest frequencies, as is shown in fig. 3. This is obtained by inserting a further RC-circuit by means of the push-button marked "Malatien saato"+ noth in normal and LP-recording it is desirable to emphasize the highest frequencies. The push-button marked "Korkeitten saaté "inserts another RC-circuit, which is normally adjusted to give a pre-omphasis of 50 microseconds(1o db at lo ke/s) This circuit can also easily be changed to meet special requirements. Monitoring. It is an advantage of feed-back systems that monitoring can easily be carried out on the feed-back coil, thus enabling the operator to detect any fault ocourring at the stylus proper, e.g. due to irregularities in the disk material. The special monitoring amplifier is provided with an equalizing network tc give a flat overall froquency characteristic indo— pendent of the recording characteristic used. By means of the push-button marked “Aimirasia" the input side of the monitoring amplifier may be changed over to an Ortofon pick-up in order to reproduce the records. For correct reproduction the push-buttons for beds and treble preomphasis must be in the samo positions as during re- cording.©) DIRECTIONS FOR CONNECTING AND ADJUSTING THE ORTOFON CUTTER. Amplifier and power unit The connedtion between the amplifier and the power unit is established by means of two connection boatds with 7 terminals which are to be connected in nummerical order. ‘the terminals for 220 Volt A.C. and earth are located at the bottom of the power unit. The motal frames of the amplifier and the recording machine should be connected ty means of a heavy cable. rand cutter, Connection between amplif: The 8-pole plug markea"Leikkuri"is connected with the cutter leads as follows: plug : seo 7 8 cutter: eee feek—back driving coil coil For the feed-back leads 1 - 3 and 2 - 4 twisted and serconed wires should be used. The scrocning should be soldered to the plug- pins 3 and 6 which are earthed but in no case be connected to the frame of the recording machine. The cutter housing should be connected either with the frame of. the recording machine or with the screen of the feed-back leads but never with both at the same time. ‘The leads 7 - 1 and 8 ~ 2 for the driving coil should be twisted but need not be sereonod. If the leads aro more than 5 moter long the cross-section should not be less than 1 mm. The plug-pins 4 - 5 are for the pick-up connection. Input _and Output connecbions+ = ul On the Bepole plug"Sisaan'f - 2 designate tho input terminels and 7 - 8 the output terminals for the monitoring circuit. The terminals 3,4,5 and 6 are earthed. The output of the monitoring circuit should be loaded with an impedance of 600 ohms as otherwise the frequency characteri~ stic of the monitoring anplifier will deviate from the curve 3 in fig.es Correct connection between amplifier and cutter. Ig the connections of the driving coil of the feed-back coil are accidentally reversed the cutter will "howl" and a destruction of the outter coils may result. In order to avoid any risk it is recommended at first to leave the cutter-1e8a/unconnected. Then the “connection is lightly tipped and if nothing happens the connection may be made. ThSLeikkuriveimennus"is then cautiously turned up 5 - lo divisions, end if still nothing happens the connections are in order. If, however, the instrument "Leikkurivirta" makes a deflection or the cutter emits a tone of about 1500 ¢/s the connec- tion mist be interrupted at once. The wrong connection in the cutter-leads mist be traced and corrected. Adjustment of the recording amplifiers After having ascertained that the connections between amplifier and cutter are in order (see above) an audio-frequency generator is connected to the input side of the amplifier and the damping con- trol is, to begin with, turned up about lo divisions. The input is adjusted to loo c/s and about 1 millivolt and the output voltage of the monitoring circuit is measured. For this purpose the treble and bass pre-emphasis mst be ewitchod off. Then the frequency is increased to looo c/é and at the same time the cutter damping is increased until the output voltage remains constant when the fre- quency is changed from loo to looo o/s. Thereafter the frequency characteristic over the whole range may be controlled anf adjusted. If the cutter damping is further increased high-frequency oscillations will be generated due to phase~shift at the secondary resonances of the cutter. Hore again the cutter should only be allowed to oscillate for a very short time and the cutter current should never excocd 200 milliamps. If it is desired to examine how great the margin for stable operation is, it is recommended to make a test with a small amplitude and a frequency between 500 and 1o0oo o/s and to observe tho output by means of a cathode-ray os- cillograph. On this the start of oscillations can casily bo observed. Also a voltmeter may be used on which tho otart of oscillations is indicated by a sudden increase of the deflection. When everything is normal tho margin in the cutter damping should be about 5 db. Settings of potentiometer "Leikkurivaimennus" Amplifier. Cutter, Working point Oscillation point No No 1 31 4.9 8.6 18 32 43 1.3 19 33 5.0 Bel 20 34 48 8.0=e If for some reason the critical damping has been reduced (the margin decreased) it may be tried to readjust the two trimming condensers in the phase-inverter circuit (marked with green colour). The cutter is set into weak oscillations and by trial a better adjustment is sought. Should it not be possible to obtain the desired frequency aharacteristic or should an insufficient margin result the cutter mist be carefully examined. Too long a sapphire or dirt in the cutter may be the cause. In the latter case it is recommended to return the cutter for repair. Mo be specially noted during installetion and use of the cutter DS Sol. As the cutter contains magnets of the most modern design the following rules should be observed on account of the strong oxtrancous field: 1) The turntable of the recording machine should not have an iron surface aa the cutter head will be attracted and balancing made difficult, If the turntable consists of iron and is completely homogeneouss. so that a constant attracting force may be assumed, a disk of nonmagnetic material of at least lo mm thickness must bo placed on top of the iron turntable. The thickness must be increased to at least 30 mm if the turntable is non-honogencous, e.g. if pro- vided with holes or with e circumferential’ iron ring only. Other- wiso tho outting depth will be influenced, particularly on LP re- cordings. 2) Pick-ups should not be mounted on the sliding carriage of the cutter as they are attracted by the latter. 3) Near the cutter only non-magnetic tools should be used. For instance to remove the rubber diaphragm when changing the sapphire a non-magnetic screw-driver should be used. 4) When the rubber diaphragm is removed the utmost cleanliness is required as f&ven microscopical iron particles which onter the airgaps of the cutter may cause disturbances in the operation of the cutter.see Tho outting stylus must bo an unmounted sapzhjre of a total length of 3 mm and a oross-settion of 0,6 x 0,6 mm or o,8 mm in diameter. It is fastened by teans of shellac. When the sapphire has to be changed the rubber diaphragm which is fixed by two serews must be removed, Tho sapphire holder may then be heated by means of an electrically heated wire or a small soldering iron and the sapphire removed by means of a pair of tweezers. In the same way a now sapphiro is inserted. Too strong heating should be avoided as it may damage the cutter, The sapphire point should, as in the cutter supplied, extend no more than 1 mm from the holdor, as otherwise the damping margin will be considerably reduced (seo above). The rubber dia phragm should be changod overy 6 months as an old and stiff dia~ phragm may change the froquency characteristic of the cutter. Wow diaphragms and a tool for the exact contoring of the hole for tho sapphire holder are cupplied. Preferably the needle is heated and a hole burnt in the diaphragm.ae Te for some reason the critical damping has been reduced (the margin decreased) readjustment of the two trimming condensers in the phase-inverter circuit (marked in green) may be tried. The outter is set into weak oscilletions and by trial a better adjustment de sought. Should it not be possible to obtain the desired frequency Characteristic or should an insufficient margin result the cutter mst be carefully examined. Too long a sapphire or dirt in the cutter may be the cause. In the latter case it is reconmend to return the cutter for repair. rin installation and use of the Ortofon cutter. To be specialty noted a ds the cutter contains magnets of the most modern design the following rules should be observed on account of the strong extraneous field: 1) The turntable of the recording machine should not have an iron surface ge the cutter head will be attracted and balancing is made difficult. If the turntable consists of iron and is completely homogeneous, so that & constant attracting force may be assumed, a disk of nonmagnetic material of at least 10 mn thickness must bo placed on top of the iron turntable, The thickness mst be increased to at least 30 mm if the turntable is nonshonogensous. 6.g- if provided with holes or with a circumferential Iron only. Othorwise the cutting depth will be influenced, particularly on LP recordings. 2) Pick-ups should not be mounted on the sliding carriage 68 the cutter as they are attracted by the latter. 3) Near the cutter only nonmagnetic tools should be used. For instance : to remove the rubber diaphram when changing the sapphire 2 non-magnetic - bs sorew-driver should be used. 4) then the rubber diaphregwis removed the utmost cleanlinoss is roquired as even microscopic iron particles which entor tho cirgaps of the cutter may disturbances in the operation of the cutter. When using the cutter DS 5 tylus_the following addi- tional rules should be observed: 5) When asc. is used for the heating ourrent and when the turntable te of iron the non-magnetic disk should in all cases be at least 30 mm | ‘hick, even the iron turntable is homogeneous, as otherwise the alternating force of attraction will produce hum in the record.tates 6) The twisted leads of the feed-back coil and of the heating coil ghould be kept as far apart as possible and the leads of the driving coil should therefore preferably be connected to the middle of the 6-pol terminal board to which the cutter plug is connected. Furthermore, gunning of the heating coil leads and the cutter leads parallel for any distance, should be avoided. 7) The swarf suction mist safely keep the swarf from the stylus and the ends 68 the heating coil, as otherwise the swarf will ignite in— mediately. It is reconmended to use o fiat suction tube the ond of which is located about 10 mm behind the stylus. 8) Tho heating current should be in the neighbourhood of 0.5 amps tut small variations a¥e permissible. The voltage of supply should be about 6.3 volts and the current may be adjusted by means of a veriable resistance and an ammeter. 9) Care should be teken not to switch on the heating before the suction is in operation. The best procedure is to switeh the heating on just before cutting is started as the soft swarf is more easily picked up by the suction tube. Remenber always to switch of the heating inmediately after cutting hos ceased. 10) Ignition of the swarf will leave practically insoluble remnants of lacquer on the stylus which can be removed in the following way: The sapphire is removed from the holder and while hanging in the ends of the heeting coil it is heated to a red glow (0,5 - 0,6 amps-) ‘The lacquer particles will then be vaporized. The temperature should not be excessive as otherwise the cement will be melted and the heating coil displaced. Under no circumstances should such temperatures be used when the stylus is in its holder, or else demage will be done to the rubber @iaphragm, the feed-back coil and perhaps to the holder itself.Eis Change of stylus and rubber diaphragn on cutters of types DS 522 and DS_521_and_on rs of type DS 501, rebuilt for hot_stylus. Unmounted sapphires are used having a length of 4,5 mm and with cylindrical shafts. The diameter of the shaft mist not be greater than 0.75 mm and not smiler than 0-73 nm to fit into the sapphire holder. Tue latter has a conical outer surface and ie split. The stylus is fastened by pressing the conical ring upwards until it fits tightly on the holder and good fastening of the stylus is assured. he ring is provided with a groove in which the suprlied tweezers can grip for dismounting. Furthermore the hole in the rubber diaphragm fits into the groove. For mounting it is recommended to press with ‘the twoozers on the ond surface of the ring. When changing the stylus dt ie eufficient to 2oosen the ring with the tweezers and leave it in the hole of the diaphragm thereby protecting the cutte dust. against the two small tapered and milled disks underneath the cutting head are pivoted eccontricolly and pressed againot the terminals for the heating supply. Thoy oan be roleased vy rushing with a finger whereafter the copper plated onds of the hosting coil can Bo inserted between the disks and the terminrls. Tt is important thet tho coil ends are held in a V-shaped loop ae shown schomatically, otherwiso there is a danger of disturbing To- comnences in the coil ends. he diaphragms supplied are of heat-resisting Butyl rubber and are fixed on the diaphragm holder by means of a spring ring. The hole should ye punched with the supplied tool, efter boing fixed on tho diaphrage holaer to assure good centering of the hole, For this operation the diaphragm holder is to be dismounted with the nonenagnotic sorew iriver supplied for this purpose. The Butyl @iaphragms arc durable but nevertheless they noed to ye renewed from time to time depending on operating conditions. Na~ tarally the diaphragms supplied for cold stylus use (with type DS 501) cannot be used when cutting with hot stylus.Impedance of driving coil : 8 ohms feed-back coil + 65 ohms Max. amplitude of stylus 0,3 am Max. velocity of stylus a) at normal recording (intermittently) + 57 cm/sec.(1domm 1.b.we) ‘b) at frequency recording (permanently) 57 om/sec.(140mm 1.b.w.) too * (oH 8) 200 milliamps. medium frequencies highest e Max. permgnent load (driving coil) Distortion: When feeding the driving coil with an undistorted current the following distortion ie measured at the feed-back coil: 25 loo 150 mm 1.dewe 1,500 o/s - 002 0,02 per cent 5,000 o/s 0524 ond - per cent. ‘The distortion of the cutter together with the recording amplifier when cutting a lacquer disc is at all frequencies less then 2 per cent at 4o om/sec (loo mm 1+b.we) wen apt oer (hpin i, we 1) WRecording Amplifier Input impedance : 600 ohms Monitoring output impedance + 600 ohms Pick-up input impedance : 1,5 ohms Input level at 20 mm 1sb.we 1 96 .mvolts Vonit. output level at 20 mm l.d.w, + 300 mvolts Note. The values of light band width (1.b.w.) given above are for normal records (78 rev/min).425 I DCevdltagos and AC: levels. The following data have boen measured and indicated in the diagram (different colours have been used for acs levels at different frequencies) t a) the voltages in the power unit b) the dc. voltages in all important points of the amplifier e) the acc. lovels at all input and output terminals and be- tween all stages of the amplifier. Tho levels arc indicated in db above 1 millivolt for 20 mn 1.d.aw. at 1lo, 1,500 and 5,000 c/s. The tess and treble preemphasis was switched off during the measuronent. Tho d.c. voltages were measured with a voltmeter having an impe~ dance of 20,000 ohms per volt and the level measurements were made with a frequency analyzer having an input impedance of 2 Megohm. WERrequency characteristics. The following frequency curves have been taken: 1) from the input to the output of the recording amplifier, loaded with 1o ohns 2) from the input of the feed-back amplifier to the output of the re~ cording amplifier, loaded with lo ohms 3) from the input of the feed-back amplifier to the output of the monitoring amplifier loaded with 600ohms 4) from the input of the recording amplifier to the output of the monitoring amplifier, loaded with 600 ohms, with the cutter con- neéted and while the cutter is a) oscillating in free air >) cutting a lacquer record The curve c) is the frequency curve for the record 4b above re- produced by means of an Ortofon pick-up Type C.Ir eae 5) tho curve for the light band width of the record 4b above ( the 1.b.w. at 1,000 c/s is about 20 mm) Distortion factors The following distortion factors have been measured by means of a frequency analyzer (the 2. and 3. harmonies are given in por eent of the fundamental) : a) from the input of the recording amplifier to the output of tho monitoring amplifier loaded with 600 ohms and with the cutter connected and oscillating in free air. eeguoney # Lyo0e ¢/s Be - input level (db) : 6: (262 32)|: 15 2. harmonic (per cent) : 0+05 +l 0419] 0408 041 0405 3. ape" 2) s 0402 0403 0408| 0-06 0407 0+04 b) as a) but with input lovel inereased while the output level is kept constant corresponding to 20 mm 1-b.w. by adjusting the in- put potentiometer: f: 18, Sap Tistel°¢ay) fp 37 2 ch 36 a input potentiometer (divisions): ae ou Ts 2. harmonic (per cent) 1 0412 0428 0.58) 0-26 0-46 0.8 3. harmonic ( " " ) £0403 0-04 0406} 0.06 006 005 ‘The hum at the monitoring output, loaded with 600 ohms, while the input of the recording amplifier is loaded with 600 ohms and the cutter is connected : less tham25 ab. (corresponding to 75 db. below 20 mm 1.b.w.) ~NUID UIGIAN NZ BUYS DUURUYDU{N Y 4a [P4599 jiu 381 JJapSrbaays4 549), auryrvug buypso2ad Jo vuroy 07 4yi;Aue 40 auiD4f JIIUUOD Tayspjezay wn vayp2jpsbijod-g9 | sps2basiady-mouszioyy UZ Tyijdun we bid Hea-§ pun byddns 4a) 094 Of Busy 2s Dus 2uyousny Aap p00 a}S/putet 2] Td 07S -PUIYIS ayy z1ni4p494 ys0us busp10704 bnjd 123309 wo prwog pourussay p3siag [aired “Pas uabunpusgiaf L241 DIS4af -19q/2447 > “SUOLZIAUUOD SalsI;Ail YY - 42499 oH 3 a r ny a FONOFILM INDUSTRI “s GOS - DS 522 Dato: 16-71-52