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consumption or accumulation.
Solution:
Example:
1 4
Strawberries 3 Jam
2 5
Crusher Evaporator
Define a BASIS:
1
∴ Input = output (steady-state)
Now, equations about system:
JAM PROCESS
TOTAL : Su + St = W + 1 (kg)
1
H 2O : 0.85 × St = W + × 1 (kg)
3
Solids : 0.15 × St = xsolids × 1 (kg)
iv) Write your equations with simplifying
assumptions: other relations :
Assumptions: No components are generated, strawberries 45 St
consumed or accumulate in any unit operation: = =
sugar 55 Su
Steady-state non-reactive process
∴ Generation = accumulation
4 equations and 4 unknowns: solvable!!!
= consumption = 0
2
Solution:
Water
For the water, there is accumulation
accumulates
over time in the dryer (call this nacc) :
i hi this
within hi
system ACCUMULATION = IN - OUT
Labeling stream variables:
nBDA,i = no of moles of bone dry air in stream ‘i’
nw,i = number of moles of water in stream ‘i’ H2O: nacc = nw, 1- nw,2 (mole)…. Eq.2
So far 5 unknowns and only 2 equations:
need 3 more
3
DEGREES OF FREEDOM How is it possible to know whether all the
information is there to solve our material
balances?
In all these problems we had to have
the same number of independent Degrees of Freedom (DOF)
equations as unknowns
Simple maths
2x + y = 5 ______ 1
To date - Material balances performed x - y =1 ______ 2
on one or two unit operations
with only a few components.
- Enough information is Two unknown variables (x,y) with two
provided to solve problems. independent equations ( 1 , 2 ). Solving
I reall industries
In i d t i andd the
th environment
i t gives:
x = 2, y = 1. This is the only solution to the
- Tens, hundreds, even thousands equations.
of unit operations and different
components. We say DOF = 0
[same number of equations as unknowns]
2z + 4x - y = 11 ________ 2 2z + 4x – y = 11 ________ 2
z = 2 3z + 7x = 20 ________ 3
4
Another Example: In summary:
2x + y = 5 ______ 1
x - y =1 ______ 2 DOF = Nv – Ne
x=1 Nv = Number of unknown variables
2 ,x=1⇒ y=0
or extra variables
5
Another Example: A mixture of propane in air containing
4.03% C3H8 (fuel gas) is in the feed to a
If the percentage of fuel in a fuel/air combustion furnace. If there is a problem
mixture falls below the lower in the furnace, a stream of pure
flammability limit (LFL) then the mixture air(dilution air) is added to the fuel
cannot ignite. mixture to make sure that ignition is not
For example,
example the LFL for propane (C3H8) possible. If propane flows at a rate of 150
is 2.05 mole % C3H8 mol C3H8/s in the fuel gas, what is the
minimum molar flow rate of the dilution
air?
If the % of propane in the propane/air mix
is greater than 2.05% then the mixture can
be ignited. If the % is less than 2.05%
propane than the mixture cannot be
ignited.
g ted.
6
Degrees of Freedom – Another example
Solution
A liquid mixture containing 30.0 mole %
benzene (B), 25.0 mole % toluene (T) and
from 1
the balance xylene (X) is fed to a distillation
150 + 0 = n C3H8 , 3 column.
The bottoms
Th b tt product
d t contains
t i 98.0
98 0 mole%
l %
n C3H8 , 3 = 150 mol/s
‘X’ and no ‘B’.
from 4
96.0% of the ‘X’ in the feed is recovered in
150 this the bottoms product.
n Tot, 1 = = 3720 mol/s
0.0403 The overhead product is fed to a second
from 5 column. The overhead product from the
150 second column contains 94% ‘B’ and the
T 3 =
n Tot, = 7320 mol/s balance ‘T’
T.
0.0205
97% of ‘B’ entering the second column is
from 3
recovered in the overhead of the second
n Tot, 2 = 7317 - 3722 column.
= 3600 mol/s dilution air Perform the DOF analysis to see whether
this problem can be solved ??
Unknown variables = 20 - 9 = 11
7
What are the equations ?? : A few more relations we haven’t used yet:
Total no.
no Equations = 6+2+2 = 10
Total no. unknown Variables = 11
DoF = 1 ∴ we must specify one more variable