.

QBOPKiH

n.a:1.

BY.l1:IBEJIbHE MATEPIAJI03HABCTBO
HaBQaJlbHU"
PeKOMeH~OBaHO YKpai'Hu CTy~eHTiB

nocifinmc
OCBiTU nOciOHHK ~JIH

MiHicTepCTBOM

HK HaB'IaJIbHUii oy~iBeJIbHUX

cneuiam.aocrea
OCBiTII

BHmUX 3aKJIa~iB

BMAaBHHUTBO PiBHe -

P~TY

2000

YL{K 691 (075.3)

~o 60-piqqg
SacnY-*eHOrO

3 ~HH

HapO~eHHH

EY L{IBEJIbHE MA TEPIAJI03HABCTBO: HaS'IaJIbHHH noci6HHK )J.JHI crynearis 6y.z:tiseJIbHHX cneuiansaocrea aysia / JI.H.,lJ;soPKiH.- Piane: P,lJ;TY, 1999 p. - 478 c. .
,lJ;aHHH noci6f1HK HanpaSJIeHHH na uinicae nayxoae cnpHHMaHHR .z:tHC~HnJIiHH "Bynisensne MarepiaJI03HaSCTBo" - onniei 3 HaHBIDKJIHSiWHX 6a3HCHHX .z:tHC~HnJIiHS HaS'IaJIbHOMY nnaui ni.z:trOTOSKH 6aKaJIaspis Ta iIDKeHepis-6y.z:tiseJIbHHKis. MiCTHTb ronosai TeOpeTH'IHi YRSJIeHHjj npo npoueca CTpYKTYpOYTSOpeHHg i OTpHMaHHg 6y.z:tiseJIbHHX MaTepianis i sapofiie, a TaKO)K xapaKTepHCTHKY i"x BJIaCTHSOCTeH, ranysea sacrocyeauas Ta OCHOSTeXHOJIorii" sHpo6HH~Tsa 3 SHKopHCTaHHJlM nporpeCHSHHX TeXHOJIori'lHHX npouecis, npOMHCJIOSHX ainxonis i rexnoreu- • HHX nponyxris. ,lJ;JUIcryneirris 6y.z:tiseJIbHHX ayais i q,aKYJIbTeTis. Ta6n.

~igqa Hayxa i 'l'exaixa Yzcpa:i.H., Ax~E!MiKa Azc~E!Mii. 6y~iBH1ifq'l'Ba Yzcpai.HH, ~OK'l'~a 'l'exaiqHXX HaYK,
npo~ecopa

11. ii . ~B~KiHa

crynearawa

Ilpooecop JI.I1.,[{BOPKiH - aBTOp nonaa 500 ony6J1iKOBaHHX HaYKOBHX po10 MOHorpa<fJiH, 20 ninpysaaxis i nocitiaaxia, 3 nosimraxia, 35 saaaxonie, HaYKoBi p060TH nepesas-no 3 XiMii' i TeXHOJlorii' B'jDKyqHX i 6eTOHiB, pecypce=Se6iT, pe>KeHHlI B rexaonorii 6Y.lliBeJlhHHX MarepianiB. npOeKTHpOBaHHe COCTaBOB6eTOHa" "CflH>KeHHe OCHOBHi MOHOrpa!J!ii': "OmHMaJIhHOe

64, iJIlQCTp. 205, cnHCOK nirepar. Jl)KepeJI: 20 HaHM.

Pe~eH3eHTH: B.A.Bo3HeceHcbKHH, n-p TeXH. nayx, nporpecop; 1O.1.0pJIOSCbKHH, n-p TeXH. aayx, npodiecop; M.A.CaHi~bKHH zi-p rexa. nayx, npotpecop;

(Jlsaia, narste

"BHlUa

uncona", 1981),

pacxona
"BHlUa

QeMeHTa H TOMHBa B npOH3-

BO.llCTBecfiopnoro

>KeJ1e306eTOHa"(KHIB,

urxona",

1985),

"3<fJeKTHBHhle

6eTOHbl"( JIhBiB, "BHIUa

urxona", 1986, 143), "Ilexerrraue

"EY.lliBeJlhHHK",

6eTOHhi C MHHe-

1991), "MHoro<fJaKTOpHOe Crpoaasnar, 1992), "3<fJeKTHBHhle ueMeHTHO-30JlbHhle 6eTOHhl" (PiBHe, P,n:TY, 1998 ), "flpOeKTHpOBaHHe COCTaBOB 6eTOHa C 3a.llaHhlMH CBOHCTBaMH"(PiBHe, P,lJ.TY, 1999). Ilpodiecopoa JI.ti.,lJ.BOPKiHHM ninroroaneai ni.llPY'IHHKH i noci6HHKH 3 6ynisensanx MaTepiaJIiB .llJlR crynearis 6Y.lliBeJ1hHHX, rinporexaisnax, eaepreraxHHX, CiJlbChKOrOCnO.llapChKHX CneQiaJIhHOCTeH BY3iB i TeXHiKYMiB. HHM snepure ony6J1iKOBaHHH QHKJI HaB'IanhHHX nocifisaxia no rexaonorit 6Y.lliBeJlhHHX MaTepiaJIiB 3 npOMHCJlOBHXsinxonie.
PaJIbHhlMH HanOJlHHTeJlllMH"(KHIB, nporH03HpOBaHHe CBOHCTB6eTOHa"(M.: ,lJ.aHHH nocitiaax KypCy

O.llHH 3

nepunrx

HaB'IaJIhHHX

nocifinmcia

3 BY3iBChKoro

"Byniaensae MaTepian03HaBCTBO" .llJlR crynenris 6Y.lliBeJlhHHX cneuiansaocrea, B lIKOMY uaaeneai He TiJIhKH rexnisaa xapaxrepacraxa i OCHOBH rexaonorii OCHOBHHX6Y.lliBeJlbHHX MarepianiB, a it HaH5iJlhW CYTT€Bi reopermai nOJlO>KeHHR, IUO aeofixinai .llJlR P03YMiHHR npouecis CTPy~pOYTBopeHHR i
I1i.lI;rmCaHO AO zipyxy 3 niarroatrranis 01.03.00. I1anip oljJceTImii. <1>opMaT 84xl 08 1/32 LlpYK oljJcernnii. YMOBH apx. 15,0. 3aM. 3·55. T30B ljJipMa "OBm" 33024, M. PiBHe, C060pHa, <fJ0pMYBaHHlIBJlaCTHBOCTeH MaTepiaJIiB.

420

© JI.M.

,UBopKiH

Ilepenssoaa
,LI.o
6y.niBeJlbHHX MaTepianiB

ports panoris •

Y p03BI1TKy TeOpeTHI.fHHX yasneas i neTPOrpa$iR.

MaTepian03HaBCTBa

aiznrparors
MiHe-

TaKO)l( reonoro-srinepanori-mi mat e ria - peI.fOBHHa) nanesacrocyCTa•

HaYKH. cepezr ~KHX xpacranorparpis,

(ain

nar.

3HaHHR OCHOB 6YJliBe11bHoro

MaTepian03HaBCTBa

)f(aTb pelJOBHHH, uio MalOTb BJlaCTHBOcTi, neofixinui BaHH~ B KOHCTPYKUi~x i sapofiax 6YJliBenbHoro

.nJl~ Ixasoro

aeofixinae

npaanaseana. OC06J1HBOCTi Ixnsoro i npouecis.

.!VIR: nporH03YBaHHR 6YJliBHHUTBi;

Bnacrasocri ay
i BiJlHowel-lK~ aaneacars

MaTepianiB

xapaxrepaayrors
$aKTOpiB

rx

BJlaCTHBOCTeH MaTepianiB,

SlKi BHKOPHCTOBYlOTbCSI B i

nOBO,ll)f(eHHR B KOHCTPYKu.iRX 3 ypaXYBaHHRM cxnany IIlJIRXiB i sacofiia noninureaas

JlO Jli"i pi3HoMaHiTHHx ain Ixasoro noxonxeaas,

Taxi

OC06J1H-

BOCTi TicHO nOB'~3aHi

i3 CKJIa,llOM i CTPYKTyPOIO MaTepianiB, xapaxrepy

~Ki B CBOIO

CTPYKTyPH; p03po6KH e$eKTHBHHX

BllaCTHBOCTeH ia sa-

xepry

Jlii" $i3HI.fHHX i xisrilJH BMicTi oxpesrax

TPaJlHuiHHHX MaTepianiB,

a TaKO)l( CTBopeHHSI HOBHX MaTepianiB 6YJliBeIlbHoro

lJHHX CHJI i ain TeXHOJlOrii" onepzcaaus

Ix,
B eJleMeHTHoMY BMicTi

Cxnaa MaTepianiB
oxpeaax

BiJl06pa)f(eHHH

JlaHOlO CTPYKTYpOlO i BllaCTHBOCTRMH. Marepianoaaaasa niJlrOTOBKa cneuianicria Mac opranisno nOCJlHyBaTH BHBl.feHHR aaram.aax

nartpssry 3 KOHKPeT-

OKCHJliB (x i M i lJ H H H ane posnineni

C K II a n ), Y CniBBiJlHOWeHHi nosepxaeso posnoniny KOMnOHeHTiB -

TeOpeTHI.fHHX 3aKOHOMip-

lJaCTHH - diaa, ~Ki e OJlHopiJlHHMH aa XiMilJHHM CKJlaJlOM i $i3HI.fHHMH BIIaCTHBOCT~MH, (<p a 3 0 B H H peI.fOBHH, uto cxnaaopinin C K 11a n ), a TaKO)f( y Ki11bKOCTi oxpessax C T P Y K T Y P a MaTepiaiJiB 3HI CTpyKryPHI

HOCTeH, RKi $OPMYIOTb CTPYKTyPY ra BIIaCTHBOCTi MaTepianiB, HOIO Ix 6y.niBeIlbHO-TeXHiI.fHOIO

xapaKTepHCTHKOIO i TeXHOJloriclO. nocifimuca aBTOp HaMaraBCSI BHKopHCTaTH fiinsure

Ilpn

ninrorosui

usoro

YTBOplOlOTb JlaJiHH MaTepian (p e lJ 0 B H H H H H C K II a n ). BH3Hal.faC nopsnox

CBiH BHKJla.ll.aUbKHH nocain, 3 UHX n03HuiH npasneana aa uinicne

oTPHMaHHH nporaross

30

pOKiB uaJlHCUHnIliHH iH:IKeHepiBIO.B., rnasa

opraaisauii

i 3po611eHa cnpo6a -

no6YJlYBaTH JlaHHH nocifiaax, cTYJleHTaMH ra

BH~ e11eMeHTiB. i ~ap~KTe~ 3B'~3KY Mi)f( HHMH. B MaTepianax plBHI - BIJl aroauo-aonexynapnoro, nocninaceus, MaT e pia xac peirrreuorpaqii-max no MaKpocTpYKTyPH,

aaninxsors

HaYKoBe cnpHHMaHHR onaiei nnaai

uio npoaansersca

"Byniaern.ae
JlHCUHnniH 6y.niBellbHHKiB.

MaTepian03HaBcTBo" B aasxansaosry ninroroaneaa

3 HaHBa:IKJIHBiWHX 6a3HCHHX

sxy cnocrepiHa-

ni.ZJ.rOTOBKHfiaxanaspia fapHiI~bKHM

rarors
yxa,

He036poCHHM OKOM a60 aa He3HalJHOrO 36iIlbweHHSI. I> y n i B e II b 1i H M 110 3 H aBC T B 0 M nasuaaersca

Fnasa 14 11
ninroroaneaa

KaH.ZJ.. eXH. aayx T nocifianxa:

"3aBllaHH~M SlKO"ic BCTaHOB11eHHSIicHyJOlJHX 3B'Sl3KiB Mi)l( CKJla,llOM, I BJlaCH1BOCTSlMH6y.niBe11bHHx MaTepianiB Bn11HBOM pi3HOMaHiTHHx Ta excnnyarauiiiaax HaYKolO, uio i BHBl.feHHSI 3aKO<pi3H4HHX i XiMilJHHX 10 6 y n i Be II b3aB.nRKH SlKHM

JI.H.~BOpKiHHM

ra KaHJl. TeXH. aayx O.JI.~BOpKiHHM. JlOKTOpaM TeXHil.fHHX nayx M.A.CaHiUbKoMY, IO.I.OpJloBCbKOMY.

CTpyKTypOIO

ABTop BJlSlI.fHHHpeuenseirraa nporpecopau B.A.Bo3HeceHcbKoMY,

HOMipHOCTeH ·IX 3MiHH nia CHII, TexH0110rilJHHX HHX MaT e pia 1103HaBCTBO HeBi.n'cMHO

<paKTOpiB. I>YJliBe11bHe MaTepiaBHBlJaC npoueca,

nOB'Sl3aHe "3 T ex H 0 JI 0 ric BHpo6HHuTBa.

3aYBa)f(eHHSI SlKHX spaxosani. ABTop TaKO)l( BJlRI.fHHH xaaznrrary UbKOMY IO.B. i wH$epy sa TeXHil.fHY nonoxory sa cnoacopcsxy TBY 3Jl.01l6YHiBCbKOro axuioaepaoro "BOIlHHb"

TeXHil.fHHX HaYK, Jl.OUeHTY Fapai-

11i B -

npa BHJlaHHi ni.lJ.PYI.fHHKai KepiBHHUTOBapHcTBa no BHpo6HHUTBY ueMeHTY nonovory.

OTPHMYIOTb MaTepianH B yuoeax

Teoperu-rao
aero

fiaaa MaTepiano3HaBtw"i rpyrrryersca HaH6i11bw

HayKH, B TOMY I.fHCJli i 6YJliBeJlbua KOMn11eKci <pYH.naMeHTanbHHx npa nJliJlHHM C BHKopHcTaHHSI $YH.naXiMiI.fHOi" TepMOJlHHaMiSlKi BiJl6YBalOTbcSI npono CTPYKTYBa)f(J1HBY <pi3HKO-xiMiI.fHHX MexaHiKolO.

MaTepiano3HaBcTBa,

HaYK. rJPH BHB4eHHi MexaHi3MY OTPHMUHHi 'ra

XiMi4HHX Ta <pi3HI.fHHX nepersopeas,

excnnyarauii

MeHTanbHl1X nonozceas KH, XiMi4Ho"jl(iHeTHKH,

<pi3H4HO"i XiMi"i, 30KpeMa, xpacranoxivi rin. 3aKoHoMipHOCTi

'i, XiMi'" npouecia,

aa ?OBepXHi pi.ll.I1H i rsepnax pOBaHHx

uecrs <p0pMYBaHHSI 'ra pYHHYBaHH~ MaTepianiB,

uio naneacars

CI1CTeM, BHBlJalOTbCSI <pi3I1KO-xiMilJHOIO

P03.1liJi

I.
(1.1 )

TEOPETU1{HI OCHOBU 6Y)J.IBEJILHOrO MATEPIAJI03HABCTBA

ne 1. CTPYKTYP A NY,L(IBEJILHHX MA TEPIAJIIB
MaTepianiB P03YMilOTb rxmo 6y.Il.osy, IKa SH3HaiJacrbClI S3aeMHI1M p03TawysaHHIM, <l>OPMOIO, 03MipaMH CTPYKTYpHHX p eneveuria. CTPYKTYPHHMH eJleMeHTaMH MO)l(yTb 6)'TH aTOMH, iOHH, MOJlexyna, raepni yaCTI1HKH pi3HI1X poavipia (nacnepcaocri), arperara l.faCTHHOK, nopn, To6TO nycTOTI1 Mi)f( l.faCTHHKaMH, sanoaaeni pinxoio I.fH rasono.lJ.i6HOIO<l>a30Io. 4aCTI1HKH - ue HaH.lJ.pi6Hiwi cxnanosi l.faCTHHI1peI.fOBI1HI1, IKi MO)f(Ha oTpHMysaTI1 MeXaHiYHHM umsxoa (zurcnepryaaaaasr) a60 <l>i3HKO-xiMiYHHMH aacofiawa. Arperarn l.faCHIHOK yTBOPlOlOTbClI BHaCJli.lJ.OK Ix 3JlHnaHHI, 30KpeMa, i3 3pocTaHHIM zmcnepcxocri Ta 36inbweHHIM noaepxuesor eaeprir, a TaKO)l( spoureuas, uanpaxnan, y npoueci xpncranisaui .... CTPYKTYPY MaTepianill, 'iXHi cninsai 03HaKI1 Ta OC06llHSOCTi MO)l(Ha p03rJlIH)'TH aa pi3HHX piBHRX sanescno BiJ].P03MipiB CTPYKTYpHI1X eneveaio

W,- eanearuicrs ioua; I, - aiacraas Mi)l( ueHTpaMH ioais. HH)f(Ye uaaeneui 3Hal.feHHlI EK.lJ.J1l1 .Il.eRKHXionia:
10H Ba2' Ca-

Ilin C T P Y K T Y p o

EK
1,35 1,75 2,12 2,10 4,75

· Fe- ·

AI'+ Fe'+ TiJt Si'+ Ht

10H

EK
4,85 5,15 8,40 8,60 0,32

10H OW Cr04lOl

EK
0,37 0,75 1,55 2,75

Mg"

Cr'

Si044-

TiB (

I ). BHJ].inlIOTb 1.f0TI1PHpisai CTPYKTYP" 6YJ].iBenbHI1X MaTepianiB:

aTOMHO-MoneKynRpHHH cy6MiKpOCKOniYHHH MiKpOCKOniYHHH MaKpOCKOniYHHH (

I=

(I < 10,9 M); (l = 10,9 ... 10,7 M); 10'7 ... 10-4 M);

(I > 10-4 M);

CTpYKT)'pa

tp@~ tIDtID~
, 1

CYMapHY euepriio xpacranisaoi rparxa U. uio He MicTHTb HaJlTO nonspa3YlOYHX a60 nonRpH30BaHI1X iOHiB, MO)l(J-r.'. nonarn <P0PMYJlOIO A.<I>.K;mYCTHHCbKoro:

U
J].e

= 256,1 "WW L.in

k

Ik + la

(1.2)

n - xinsxicn, iOHiB; lk ,

1.1.

ATOMHo-MoJleKYJlHpHa

P03rllR.lJ.aIOYH CTPYKTYPY MaTepiany, aa aroauo-uonexynapuoay pieni BHByaIOTb: .lJ.nR K p H C Tan i Y H H X MaTepianiB - oco6nHBOCTi no6y.lJ.OBH eneaeirrapuux KOMipOK; .lJ.J11 MOp <I> H 11X - OC06llHBOCTi arperaa TiB MoneKYJl, aTOMiB a60 iOHiB, RKi He yTBOpIOIOTb ynopaztxosaai rparxa, .ao KpHCTaniYHHX MaTepianiB naneaorrs eenmca rpyna npl1pOJ].HI1X a60 WTYYHHX MaTepianiB, cepea RKHX e pianovaairui MiHepanH. PRJ].MaTepianis (uanpaxnan, ueMeHTH, rroniaepu, urnaxu) MiCTHTb 11Kxpacranixai, TaK i aMop<l>Hi KOMnOHeHTH. HaHcTiHKiwHM e KpHCTani1.{HI1H CTaH Tilla, OCKiJlbKI1euepria MaTepiany npa UbOMY MiHiManbHa. Eaepris iOHHOi"KPI1CTaniYHo'i rparxa sa O.€.<l>epcMaHOM J].OpiBHIOE:cYMi eaepriti OKpeMHx ioHiB, uio {i CKJlaJ].aICTb.EHepreTHYHY xapaxrepacraxy, a60 KOHCTaHry iOHiB (EK) Sl13HayalOTb sa <!>opMynolO 6

I~~~
HIB.

Wk , Wa - BaneHTHOCTi BiJ].nOBiJ].HO xarioaie Ta aaioais;

fa -

aincrani

Mi)l( ueHTPaMH io-

@~\~
" 9 10

"'II"

I~

"

PHC. 1.1. Ilpocri H CKJ1aJlHi eneMeHTapHi KOMipKH.

EllCMeHTapHi KOMipKH KpHCTaniB rroninsiors na npHMiTHBHi Ta CKJlaJlHi (pHC. 1.1). Y npHMiTHBHHx KOMipKax ua BOCbMH aepunnrax posrauroBaHO BiciM iOHiB a50 aroaia, Y CKJla.ll.HHX enessearapnax KOMipKax aa cepennai pe6ep a60 rpaaea p03Milll~HO .Il.O.ll.aTKOBi iOHH (aToMH). npHMiTHBHi eneuearapai
•

KOMipKH aanesoro BI.lJ..Il.OB)I(HHHxpacraJlorpa<!>iYHI1X oceli Ta BeJll1l.fHHI1xyris Mi)l( HHMI1 noninaiors na CiM THniB (Ta6Jl. 1.1). 7

T a 6JIHUH 11 T HDH
THn

..

DPHMITHBHHX

eJIeMeHTapHHX

KOMipOK

Crtisainaorparxn
KYT Mi){{ OCllMH urexas p03Mi-

003HalJeHHll

aa 1

pHC.

pia ocea
TPHKlIHHHa MOHoKlIHHHa POMfii'lHa POM6oe.llpHlJHa

1.1

I'excaroaam.aa Terparonansua
Ky6i'IHa

fJ:t:.r:t:.90° a = jJ = 90°:t:. r a = fJ = r = 90° a = fJ = r:t:.90° a = fJ = 900r = 120° a = fJ = r = 90° a = fJ = r = 90°

a=

a:t:.b:t:.c a:t:.b:#-c a:#-b:t:.c a=b:t:.c a=b:#-c a=b:#-c a=b=c

2,3 4 ... 7
9

8 10, 11 12... 14

""r

...
Puc. 1.2. KPHCTaJli'lHi rparxa MenUlis: U··jBH'laHHO uenrposana Ky6i'lHa; 6-rpaHeueHTpoBaHa Ky6i'lHa; n-rcxcarcuansua.

Tecpiio
Cc.<I>eJlOpOB y

'ropi

eJ1eMeHTiB MiHepaJ1H,

npocropoaux rparox xpacrania sacayaaa 1890 p. BiH BCTaHOBHB 230 sapiaaris KOM6iHau.iH y npoccawerpil npocropoaax rparox a60 npocroposax rpyn.
no6YJlOBH

uio

BXOJlllTb JlO

cxnaay

6YJliBenoHHx THnH

MaTepianis,

a TaKO)K

MeTaJ1H YTBOpl-Ol-OTb JlOCHTb BH3Ha4eHi HOBJ1eHWI HH){{4e,

M

napaaerpis ax npuxnaa,
KJ1IHKepy:

SlKHX - OJlHH 3 r0J10SHHX HaBeJleHO THnH

«pacranixnax rparox, BCTaumaxis Ix iJleHTH<piKau.i-i". KPHCTaJ1i4HHX rparox MiHepaJ1iB ueFparxa

TpHKJlHHHa POM6ilIHa Ky6ilJHa POMfii'lHa MOHOKJIHHHa

rparxa xapaicrepnsyersca K 0 0 P Jl H H a xinsxicn, aTOMiB, uto MicTHTbCiI HaH6JlH)K4e JlO .AaHOrO aTOMa (pHC. 1.3). Hanpasnan, B eneaeirrapHiH xowipu] 06'CMHO uearpoeauor Ky6i'lHOi" rparxa HaHMeHwa Bi.ACTaHb
W.iJ1bHiCTb KPI1CTaJ1i4HO"i

iHHHM

4 11 C nOM

K, nin

SlKHM P03YMiIOTb

Mi)K aTOMaMH BiciM

1.1

euruoro

= O.s.fi . Ha

UiH

aincraui
TaKo"i

BiJl.AaHOrO

aTOMa 3Haxo,nHTbCll

Miuepan
TPHKaJlbUicBHH CHlIiKaT

iHWI1X, KOOpJlI1Hau.iHHe

4Hcno

rparxa

CTaHOBI1Tb

13 -

.llBOKaJlbUicBHH CHlIiKaT

TPI1KaJlbUicBHH 40THPHKaJlbUicBHH

amouinar

amoaotpepar

,lJ;BOKaJlbUicBHHlj>epHT

&&®
TpllKYTHHK

8. Haiiutinsuiuri
Ta THrry

rparxa
rpaHe3 KOOp-

reKCarOHaJlbHOrO U.eHTpoBaHoro

(0,155)

Binsuiicrs MiHepaJliB yrsopioc OJlHy 3 BHCOKOCHMeTpH'IHI1X rparox i3 llliJlbHHM ynaxyaaintaa aTOMiB: Ky6i4HY, 06'eMHO U.eHTpOBaH)', Ky6i4H)' rpaneue-rrpoaany ra rexcarouansuy (pHC, 1.2). Bineraui a, b. C Mi)K ueHTpaMI1 cycinuix arovia B enevetrrapnik KOMipu.i Ha'3I1BalOTbCSI nepionava rparxa 'ra BHMiplOlOTbCll HaHoMeTpaMH (1 9 HM = 10- M).

Ksaapama

m,--,~ rn~
Ky6 (0,732)
paniycia xarioa

Terpaenp (0,225)

Oxraenp (0.414)

JlHHauiHHI1M 'IHCJlOM 12, KOerpiuicaroa KOMnaKTHOCTi 74% (Bi.AHOWeHHSI o6'eMY arovia sa o6'eMoM KOMipKH). DonoBHHY Bi.ACTaHi iOHaMH Mi)K HaHMeHwoi' aTOMaMH a60 rpa-

anrunpmua (0,645)
PIIC.

Ky60·0KTaellp ( 1.000)

B KPHCTaJ1i'lHiH

rui

HaJl1BalOTb

ar

0 M H 11 M

( i 0 HH HM) 3pocTaHHSlM

pa.AiYCOM. aToMHHH

13

1.3. AeliKi yrpynysaaus aaiouia HaBKOJlO xarioua (nns KOiKHoro aananxy BKa3aHe MiHiMaJlbHC ainaoureiura : aaioa).

KOOp.AI1HauiH-

aoro

4Hcna

paniyc

3MeHwYCTbC}I, ocxinsxa BiJlHOWeHH}I WeHHIO TKa

36inbWY€TbC}I

BiJlCTaHb Mi)l( aTOMaMH,

5lKLUO B KpHCTaniYHiH

rparui e aTOMH (iOHH) pi3HHX enesaeerria TO Txuix KOOpJlHHalliHHHX YHCen JlOpiBHIO€ 06epHeHOMY Bi;HOYI1Cna eneaeuria y XiMiYHiH ¢opMyni peYOBHHH. Hanpaxnan, rpaMa€ KOOPJlI1HauiHHi YHCna

SiOl

4 y Si +

Y0

".

BiJlHOWeHHjI

UHX

Yl1cen CTaHOBI1Tb ~}1 roni, IHWHX

2: 1,

To6TO JlOpiBHIO€

ofiepaeuouy

BiJlHOWeHHIO YHCna

iOHiB. HaHCTiHKiwl1H KOnl1

CTaH KpI1CTaniYHo"i CTPYKTYfl<1 peYOBHHH KOHTaKTY€ 3

nocsraersHe-

Eyzriaensui MaTepianH MiHepanbHoro nOXOJl)l(eHHjI Ta MeTanH snenepetiyearors Y CTaHi f10J1iKpHCTaniB, JlO CKllMY jlKHX BXOJlHTb 3HaYHa xinsxicn, HeBnop}1JlKOBaHO opi€HToBaHHX KpHCTaniB, uto 3MeHWY€ aaiaorponho. ,[{ejiKi cnocofia o6po6KH (uanpaxnan, X0J10JlHe KYBaHHjI Meranis) MO)l(yrb cynpOBOJl)l(YBaTHC}1 npOCTopOBOIO opiearauiero KPHCTaJIiB i CnpHYHH}lTH auiaorponiio BnaCTHBOCTeHTaKHX MaTepianiB. 3ane)l(HO ain THny XiMiYHOrO 3B'jl3KY Mi)l( CTPYKTYPHHMH eneuerrra6illbworo MH p03pi3H}1IOTb iOHHi, aTOMHi (KOBaneHTHi), MeTane~i, MoneKynjlpHi 3B'}13KH (pHC.

xarion

BHnaJlKaX eneMeHTI1

yciva aHioHaMI1, uio rparxa neperpyrtosyrorsca,

HOro OTOqyIOTb. B yrBOplOlOYH

1.4)

i KpHCTanH 3 BOJlHeBHM 3B'jl3KOM.

crafiinsuy CTPYKTypy 3i 3MeHWeHHM KOOpJlHHauiHHHM YHCnOM. Hecrafiinsui CTPYKTYPI1 3 HH3bKHM KOOpJlHHauiHHHM YHCnOM MalOTb npa UbOMY 6illbWY XiMiYHi aKTHBHicTb. Hanpaxnan, Y MeTaKaOniHi, uio yrBOPIO€TbCjI B npoueci 3HeBOJlHeHH}1 xaoniairy - rnHHHCTOrO MiHepany, 3 KOOpJlI1Haui}1 ioua A1 + CTaHOBHTb 4, a Y Bl1xiJlHOrO kaoniurry - 6. Orsce aa BiJlMiHY ain xaoniuiry, MeTaKaOniH MO)l(e XiMiYHO B3a€MOJlijiTH B HOpManbHI1X ystonax, a TaKO)l( B npoueci asroxnaaaoi o6po6KH 3 rinpoxcanaMI1 xansuiio i MamilO. CTPYKTYPY KpHCTaniB aa xapaKTepHCTHKaMH Mi)l(aTOMHHX BiJlCTaHeH noainmors aa n'}1Tb xnacia: KOOpJlI1HauiHHi, OCTpiBHi, naHUIO)I(KOBi, uiaPYBaTi Ta xapxacai. Y K 0 0 P n H H a U i H H 11 X C T P Y K T Y P a X, LUO xapaxrepni JlJljl
OKCHJliB. COIleH TOLUO, BiJlCTaHb Mi)l( CTPYKTYpHHMH OJlHHHUjlMH (aTOMaMH, iOHaMH)

0808 ••• 8080 ••• 0808

B

Puc. 1.4. CxeMH rparo«:

a-iouuoi; 6-aToMHoi"; B-MeTani'lHoi"; r-aonexynspaot.

OJlHOrO nOp}1JlKY.

0 C T pi

BHHX

CT P Y K T Y P a x

BiJlOKpeMJleHHX Wi'CTb

arowia,

}1Ki yrBOPlOlOTb

"OCTPOBH" (KanbUHT, K0 BHX

e rpyna nipar, 6inbBH-

xapaxrepuaa JlJlR KPHCTaJIiB, ~Ki 3HalJHO sinpiaIx CTPYKryPHHX enevearia. Einsuiicrs xarioais Ma€ MeHwHH P03Mip, Hi)l( aaiona, i KPHCTaJIilJHa rparxa iOHHHX cnonyx yrBOPIOITbCR sa paxynox P03MilUeHHR xariouis y nycrorax Mi)l( aHioHaMH. XapaKTepHHMH BnaCTHBOCTSlMHiOHHHX KpHCTanis c HH3bKa eneicrponpoainnicrs, rennonpoaiaaicrs, KPHXKicTb 'ra BHCOKa
10 H H H H 3B'jl30K H}1IOTbC}1 eneKTpOHeraTHBHicTIO aa TeMnepaTypa

opraai-uurx

cnonyx). Y n

a H UIO)I(

CT P Y KT Y P a x

nnasneaaa.
aTOMHHX KPHCTaJIiYHHX K 0 Ban e HT H H M

Jlin}1IOTb

ainoxpevneui rpyna arouis, uio (aonacroair CaSi03, JliOnCHJl CaMgSi206

C T P Y K T Y pH OCTOBa a60

yrBOPlOlOTb TOLUO).

cyuinsai

namnora
MH,

Y aysnax

rparox

MiCT}1TbCjI HeHTPaJIbHi aTO-

K T Y P H MalOTb HeCKiHYeHi y JlBOX BHMipax TOLUO). K a p K a CHi

ill a P y BaT i C T P Yurapa aTOMiB (rparpir, TaJIbK

TpHBH-

noezuraai

3 B ' R3 K 0 M .

Lli

3B'R3KH JlOCHTb MiuTa npaKTHlJHO 3

Hi. PeYOBHHH, lIKi MalOTb TaKi Hepo34HHHi (aJIMa3, KpeMHiH,

CKllMaIOTbC}1 3 06'€MHOrO

rparxa, rsepni, ryronnaexi cnonyxn JleRKHX eneueuria

syrneuesr 'ra
RKlIlO 36inb-

auioaosoro "HaYHHKH" 3 xarioais oproxnas KAISiJOg.

MipHoro

xoopnauauiauoro rany 'ra HeHTpaJIilYIOYo"i aTOMHHX rpyn. Ilpaxnanon raxo) CTPYKTYpH c

iOHiB a60 aTOMiB y pisaax nnOLUHHax i

KpeMHi€M - Kap6ilJ.H Ta CHJliUHJlH). KOBaneHTHi aTOMiB, lIKi MalOTb 6nH3bKi WYITbCli nepexony 3a pi3HHU}1 B 3HalJeHHR

KPHCTaJIH yrBOPlOlOTbCR 3

enesrpoueraraaaocri. eJleKTpOHeraTHBHOCTi enevearia, TO

3B'H30K

3pOCTae

crynim,

Yepe3 HeOJlHaKOBY uiim.aicrs ocofinaaicre

KOBaJIeHTHOro 3B'R3KY B iOHHHH.

Hanp}1MK&X BnaCTHBocTi KpHCTaniB aanexoro

ain Hanp}1MKY HeOJlHaKOBi.

I...VI

Iloniarov,

aanpaxnan,

Si -

0 Ha

50%

e iOHHHM

i ua 50%

KpHCTaniYHI1X TiJl Ha3HBaITbC}1 a H i 3 0 T tUI}J aMopcptmX 'rin (CKllO, noniuepa

0 n i e 10 . BOHa He

KOBaJIeHTHHM. KHCHeBHM CnOJlYKaM xpevaho, CHllOKcaHOBHH 3B'1I30K (Si - 0), cysacuax cnOllYKOIO 6YlJ.iBeJlbHHX xpevaho c

JlO cxnany Miclle

4IKHX BXOJlHTb B HOMeHKllarypi i y CTIHKOIO npaponi

xapaicrepua

TOLUO).

Haiiscxpaaiure

HaJIe)l(HTb 'IinbHe HaH6inbw Si02,

aHi30TpOni}1 npoaanacrscs

B naHUlO)I(KOBHX 'ra wapYBaTHX crpyxrypax.

MaTepiaJIiB. KpeMHe3eM

nourapenoio

RKHH rpannscrsca

10

II

i~"yO
I, !, I, I , I, I, I I' ,I I I
!

nepeeascao

Y KPHCTMiLJHiH <pOPMi. YBBneHHRMH xpesa-

3a cYliacHHMH

BaHHSI KPHCT,Uli4HO'i rpaTKI1 B neBHI1X Me)J<aX He cnpH4HHIOC pYHH}'BaHHB KPI1CTMiB, oCKinbKH iOHH, uto BXOJlBTb JlO rxnsoro cxnany, HifiH nnaaaiors poajaiuteni

He3eM CKllaJlaCTbCB 3 TeTpaeJlpiB 4 [Si04 , 3B'B3aHHX BepWHHaMH B

oxpeai

Y xwapi enexrpoauoro
Y rpyna BY3JlaX M 0 aTOMiB a60

raay.

KOMnneKCH TaK, uio KO)J(eH JlJlB .ABOX i y CHOlU xep-

n e K Y Jl B P H 11X
MoneKynH,

KPHCTMiLJHHX rparox MbK c06010 S3aCMOJliBMH. CHnH

aTOM KHCHIO e cninbHHM CYCi.AHix rerpaenpis

noa'xsaai

BaMbciBCbKHMH

CHnaMI1 Ta JlHnOnbHHMH

Ban-nepBaa-nep-

~o
PHC. 1.5. <1>OPMH nonsoeauax HeKHCHeBHX yrpynyaaas, HeCKiH'leHHi

'
xpev-

ry nOB' B3aHHH 3 .ABOMa aTOMaMH KpeMHilO (pHC. 1.5). KpeMHiHKHCHeBHH rerpaeap - OCHOBHa CTPYKnpHpO.AHHX i KOMnneKCH T~ae.ApiB KiJlbll.B a60 TYpHa OJlHHHuB scix WTYLJHHX canixaris. KpeMHiHKHCHeBHX YTBOplOlOTb 3aMKHeHi

Baansca
xyni

3pOCTalOTb y pasi, BKmO 36inbWYCTbCB xinsxicrs

aTOMiB y Mone-

Monexynspai CHnH nopiBHBHO cnafixi, TOMY MoneKYJlSIPHi KpHCTanH, uio xapaxrepui JlJlB pBJlY opraaisaax pesoaan, ner~onnasxi, nerxi H MalOTb HH3bKY TsepJlicTb. Hanpaxnan, KPHCTMH napadiiay
3 MOJleKYJlBpHOIO rpaTKOIO JlY)J(e M'BKi, nOWHpeHHH YTBopeHHB THn 3B'B3KY XOLJa KOBMeHTHi aeopraaivaax 3B'B3KH C - C Mi)J( aTOMaMH Y ByrneSOJlHeSHX MoneKyn JlOCHTb MiuHi. B Kpl1CTMaX

'ra ix nonspuicrs.

penoauu

naiuuoru. nOC.AHaHHB namnoria

canixaris C TMbK,
3+

yTBOPIO€ HeCKiHLJeHHi crpis4acTHHa 4Hcno iOHiB Si4+ MO)J(e 10HIB 3

•

3B'B30K sepea iOH BOJlHIO, uio c Mi)J( JlBOMa al-fiOHaMH i MiuHO nOB'B3YC Ix. S 0 n H e SO r 0 3S' Sl3Ky Mac senaice JlO cxnany 3HalleHHB B CTpYKTYpax BOJlH i fiararsox iHWHX cnoriyx, BKHX BXOJlBTb BOJleHb i xacens. CTiHKicTb MalOTb nOJlBOCHi Mone-

KI1 (puc. 1.6), SlKi Y CBOIO -repry

MO)J(YTb YTBoplOBaTH urapa. crnona, xaoniair.

.~.

Ilpaxnanaaa A13+

urapysarux
3aMimaTI1Cb

iOHaMH AI

. 51Kmo KOOPJlHHaulHHe

CTa-

YTBOpeHHBM eonaesoro

3B'B3KY nOBCHIOCTbCfl HaBSHicTb Y BOJli acoHaH6inbUIY

HOBHTb 4, TO YTBOPlOlOTbCB aJIlOMOCHJliKaTH POM [AI04 a axuio 6, TO 3 9 OKTae.ApOM [AI06 . AnR CH,

uijiosauax
xyna (H20h,

MOJleKYJl (H20)".

rerpaen-

YTBopeHHB BKHX cynpoao-

Jl)J(YeTbCB BI1HI1KHeHHBM JlBOX BOJlHeBHx' 3a

H/O"'-H··············H"u /
reopieio MoneKynH H20

J1iKaTiB

xapaxrepai

XiMiLJHi

nonivepasauitiaoio

3B'B3KH npoviacnoro iOHHO-KOBaJIeHTHoro. TIO KOBaJIeHTHHX

nmy KpHC3B'R3KiB

s'OJlH MO)J(YTb iCH}'BaTH y <popMax rinpomo

TaJIH 3 nepeBa)J(HOIO xinsxic-

(pac.I.Za), narinpomo (H20h, a TaKO)J( TpHriAPOrno (H20h. Jlin (pHC. 1.7,6) CKllaAaCTbCSI nepesa)J(HO 3 MoneKynTpHriAponlO, TbCSI HaH6inbWHM neKYJ1 riapomo. BOJlHeBHM 3B'Sl3KOM 3Ha4HolO HlOlOTbCSI aHOMaJIbHi MipOIO nOBCnarsr, 3AaTpeBJ1 aCTHBOCTi BO.AH: BHCOKa H p03LJHHeHHSI6araTbOx 06'€MOM axi xapaKTepH3YIOnYCTOT i TOMY HaHMe-

'.
PHC. 1.6. <1>OPMH KpeMHeKHcHeBHxJlaHUIO)I(KiB i CTpi40K. K P H C T a Jl a x nepeaiuiaiorscs B pi3HI1X BH3Ha4aJIbHa pons M!)J( aTOMaMH. Y sysnax

MalOTb aauiy B~HOIO 3B'B3KiB. Y

TBep.AicTb nopiiOHHHX an e s HX

BHBHO 3 KpHCTaJIaMH 3 nepexinsxicrio MeT

HWOIO JlnSi BOAH ryCTHHOIO, a BOABHi napa - 3 MO-

HaJIe)J(HTb eJ1eKTpOHaM. BOHH BiJlbHO TaKHX KPHCTaJIiB KOJlHBalOTbClI Qepe3 rparxy H eneiHO~i Ha3HB~CTbClI

nienexrpasua
uicn,

CTaJIa, nOBepXHeBHH

AO 3M04YBaHHlI

n0311THBHi iOl-iH MeTaJIY, a BaJIeHTHi eneKTPOHH nepefiirarors

1I0BHH. BHHHKHeHHH BOJlHeBOrO 3B'H3KY nOHCHIO€TbCH THM, uio aTOM BOJlHIO, BiAAalOLJH CBrn CAHHHH eneKTpOH Ha YTBopeHHH KOBaJIeHTHOro 3B'H3KY 3 KHCHeM i 3aJIHWalOLJHCb HAPOM BiAHOCHO MaJIHX P03MipiB 3 AOCHTb CHnbHHM eneKTpHLJHHM noneu, 13

aanpaxixax.

Cyxynuicrs

BiJlbHHX enexrpouie

eJleKTpOHHI1M ra30M. Taxa 6Y)J.OBarparxa KTpOnpOBiJlHiCTb i nnaCTH4Hi

3YMOBnlO€ BHCOKI Tenno-

Puc. 1.7. Crpyxrypa

MoneKynH:
U-BO!Ht: 6-;tbOllY.

BnaCTI1BOCTi MeTaJIiB. MeXaHiLJHe .Ae<!>0PMY-

12

aKTHBHO B1aCMO.Ilic 3 elleKTpOHHHMH

060110HKaMH aTOMiB KHCHIO B MOlle-

'ranax.
5lKWO PC40BHHa KpHCTani3YCTbCSI 3 p031.fHHY a60 RBHOCTi CTOPOHHix aTOMiB, TO OCHOBHO"i cnonyxu npOHHKalOTb 110 posnnasy npa na-

nonivepasauuo neSlKHX opraai-ruux KHCllOT i CnpHSIIOTb YTBOpeHHIO fiarari.ox HeOpraHi1.fHHX nonivepis. BHHHKHeHWI BO.IlHeBOrO 3B'Sl3KY 1.faCTKOBO 3YMOBlllOC rinparauiio nonspuax rpyn, a TaKO)J( rinpodiinsuicn, Bi.nnOBi.nHHX nOBepXOHb Marepianis. Euepria «oaaneurnoro, iouaoro i MeTaneBoro 3B'Sl3KY CTaHOBHTb
iHWHX pe1.fOBHH. BO.IlHeBi 3B'Sl3KH 3YMOBllIOIOTb 126 .•. 420 KjJ,)J(/MOllb, MOlleKYllSipHoro 8,4 .. .42 K,lVK/MOllb. He

xynax

ui

aTOMH MO)J(YTb YBiHTH B 6Y.llOBY

rparxa
1.9):

YTBOpHTH T B e

pn

P 0 3 1.fH H H . CTOPOHHi aTOMH .nBOMa

rpanca

OCHOBHoro KpHcTany

uinaxava

(pHC.

I) 3aHMalOTb BY3noBi T04KH xpacrani-nrof

OCHOBHoro KOMnOHeHTa Mi)J(BY3noBHHax

rparxa,

3aMi11(alO'IH "IaCTHHKH

nepeeauiye

42 K,lVK/MOJlb, BO-

nueaoro Y

6illbWOCTi

ypaXYBaHHSlM BllaCTHBOCTi. Y

xpacranis Bo.nH01.faC nirori, KillbKa THniB 3B'Sl3KiB, 3 xapaxrepy SlKHX OUiHlOlOTb 'ix TeopeTHLfHY MiuHicTb H imni
MaTepianax 3aB)J(.LlHC

(rsepni P03'IHHH 3aMi11(eHHR); 2) P03Mi11(YIOTbCR Y xpacranixnoi rparxn (raepni P03'1HHH npoHHKHeHHR). 3.naTHicTb arouia, iOHiB a60 MoneKyn 3aMi11(aTH O.IlHH O.llHOrO B KpHcrani-uurx crpyicrypax i YTBoplOBaTH npa UbOMY rovoreani <pa3H 3MiHHOro

cxnaay

Ha3HBalOTb i 30M

0 p <p i 3 MOM.

l3oMop<pi3M

MO)J(e Bi.n6YBaa TaKO)J(

THCb, SlK11(OaTOMH MalOTb

onaaxoei

xoopnauauitiai
TaK,

"IHClla,

aa

peansuax

pisai

.ne<peKTH

xpacranixaol
1.8)

rparno-

YMOBH 611H3bKHX .IlOBH

poswipia

iOHiB, 11(0 B3acM03aMi11(YIOTbCR, 060noHoK.

onuaxosoi

6y-

KH. 3a reOMeTpH1.fHHMH 03HaKaMH

Ix noninmors

ua

TOLfKOBi, lliHiHHi,

Ixuix

eneKTpoHHHX

paniyca
10

iOHiB

narpiio

i KaJIbUilO

sepxaesi
3YMoBlleHi

H 06'CMHi. TenllOBHMH XBHllb

To

Lf K 0 B i

n e <pe

KT H

(pHC.

MO)J(YTb 6YTH

CTaHOBllSlTb CBHH

ainnoainao

0,98'10'

10

i 1,04'10-

M, TOMY HaTpicBHH i KaJIbUi-

KOllHBaHHSlMH y By311ax, BnnHBOM

TpoMarHiTHHx pOHiB

(eaeprerasai

nediesru),

ua eHepreTH1.fHHX piBHSlX (enexrpoaui ain cepenusoro nOllO)J(eHHSI, HaSlBHicTIO .IloMiwKOBHX arosria, HaRBHicTIO He3aHMaHl1X BY1niB - saxauciti (arouui .Ile<peKTH). Haiifiinsuie 3Ha1.feHHR cepen TOLfKOBHX .ne<peKTiB MalOTb arowai, 11(0 ni.llBH11(YIOTb pyxosiicrs arosria (iOHiB) Y KpHcTaniLfHiH rparui i, RK aacni.nOK, 16inbwYIOTb .IlH<pY3HY npomucnaaicrs ra iOHHY nposinnicrs Y KPHC-

paniauii 'ra enexposnonini enexrnediexr«), 3Mi11(eHHRM arouia

3MiHaMH B

umara (ansfiir
70%

i aHopTHT)

YTBOPlOlOTb 6e3nepepBHHH

pan 'rsepztax
Y

P03LfHHiB

3aMi11(eHHSI

(nnarioxnasa).

Hanpaxnan,

nnarioxnas,

cxnani

sxoro 50 ...
KY

auoprary,

Ha3HBaCTbCR nafipanopov.

BiH YTBOPIOC

ripcs-

nopony

natipanopar,

11(0 WHPOKO BHKOPHCTOBYCTbCSI K 06nHUIOBaJIbR

HHH MaTepian. (0,98'10IOTb

'~.:::. ~;.. r::": ...

~~

Paniycu iOHiB uarpiio 10 'ra 1,33'1010 M), rsepni P031.fHHH nauie

KaJIilO

Bi.npbHRIOTbCR

TOMY HaTpicBHH B

i KanicBHH

ywosax

BHCOKHX

fiinsm RK aa 15% umara YTBOPIOreaneparyp. a npa HOpYTsopeHHR TBep.llHX 3aMi11(eHHSI

BaJ:.allcii

ManbHiH Tet.mepaTypi

BOHH poananaiorscs. P03LfHHis

~ __'_-!_!.e
~:: :> ..
c

lJ._..::: :.: : : .

.. ;;·· ···... f
••••
~

(pac.l.v,

OTpHMaHHi

a) xapaxrepae npa fiararsox xepasriueMeHTHOT011(O. P03"1HHH 6) npoHaJIe-

LfHHX MaTepiaJIiB, ro

••••••••
•••••••

xniaxepy
Tsepai

HHKHeHHR (pHc.l.9,
PHC.

1.9. KPHCTaJli'lHa rparxa raepnoro

P03-

)J(aTb

no rsepnax
51K

P03"1HHis,

'1HHy:
a-JaMilUCIIIIII: 6-npoIIHKHeHHII.

11(0 xapaKTepH3YlOTbCSI 3MiHHHM cxnanoanpasano,

c:J

1.fepe3 Mi)J(BY3J10BHHH 3.naTHi IlpOHI1KaTI1 aTOMH ra iOHH HeBenl1KHX

poswipia

a60 CYMipHi 3 nYCTOTaMH

Puc. 1.8. T04Kosi .lle<jJeKTH KPHCTaJli'lHO"irparxn. 14

xpacrani-mor

rparxa.

Hatixacriure

P031.fHHH npOHHKHeHHSI TpanllSiIOTbCSI s

15

MeTaJleBHX MaTepiaJ1ax, Taxi p03YHHH yrBOPlOlOTb a30T i KHCeHb,

soneas,

60p,

syrneus,

Ilin
HOK -roro nxcepenaau aaiors xauia

niero .ll.OTHYHHX aanpyr B xpacranax auyrpiumix aanpyr,

.IlHcnoKaui'i

MOiKyrb

BI1HHKalOTb nnaCTHYHi CTaHi,

pyxaracs, sa paxynerpopaauii, .D.HcnoKauij' C

HI1X nepe6y-

Ilopan
rsepni

i3 TBep.ll.HMH p034HHaMH 3aMiLU.eHH~ Ta npOHHKHeHHH icayiors TaKHX P034HHiB C CHCTeMa, yraopena

.ll.in~HKH KpHCTaJ1a n06nH3Y

p03YHHH BHJlyyeHH~, ~Ki XapaKTepH3YIOTbC~ He3anOBHeHHMH CTPY 'ra KBapUOM Si02,

Y npYiKHO-HanpYiKeHOMY MQ)I<e3HH3HTII MiuHicTb .lJ.y)l{e BI1COKY MiuHiCTb,

Haairs

He3Ha'lHa KiJIbKiCTb nacnonopanxis. 110 TeOpeTI1'1Ho'i, MalOTb

KTYpHI1MH n0311Ui~M11, Ilpaxnanora He<peJliHOM Na[AISi04] nero

MaTepianiB

aa nexinsxa

KPHCTaJ1i4HiH CTPYKTYpi 'rsepYMOB KpHCTauevenrnoro 3aMiLU.YBaTHC~ nopan is UHMH aa CaO i rpaxansuic-

LUO Ha6nHiKaITbCR

P03411HY 3aJ111Wa1OTbC~ nYCTOTH, He 3anOBHeHi Na".

HHTKonOllifiHi xinsxicrs ro

KpHCTanH, HKi 3aBll~KH TaKiH CTpYKTYpi MalOTb HeBeJIHKY

nisauii. naova

Xapaxrep yrsopeuua rsepaax P03'1HHiB sanesorn, ain Hanpaxnan, Y npoueci CHHTe3Y OCHOBHoro MiHepany
aniry B ysroaax

nucnosauin.

Lli

KpHCTanH MOiK)'Tb 6)'TH e<peKTHBHHMH MiKpoap3MiuHeHHlI MaTepianiB nocaraiors <pH H X jlK noi

MYI04HMH MaTepianaMH npH3HaLleHHjI,

.llJI$I BorHeCTiHKHX Ta iHWHX BHp06iB cneuiansuolIKi sanofiirarcrs pyxy ziacnoxauia. CTpYKTYpa a MOp (pHC,

xniuxepy

aincorxawa

pieuoeara iOHH Ca + MO)l(yrb iOHiB Mg1., a B HeBpiBHOBa)l(HHX yvosax

Jle$lKHX BHnallKax

npOUeCaMI1 4aCTI1Ha iOHiB soro cHJliKaTY 3CaO'Si02, 2CaO noxauii, aTOMHHX Si02,

Mg2+

npouaxac

Y nycrora

rparxa

....

BBelleHHlIM JlerYI04HX nofiaaox,

LUOcynpoaonacyersca

Horo poananou

MaTepianiB

Ll l ),

CTpYKTYpa pinan

xapaxrepasyeynopHllKOBaHI1H TinbKH MiiK BillMiHHHX CTPYKana-

OCHOBHI1MH BH.ll.aMH n B3.ll.0B)I( i n06nH3Y nJlOLUHH,

ia

i HHHX

n e <pe K T i B KpHCTaniB C JlHCnopsnos ra Y p03TaWYBaHHi zmcnoxauii xpaaoaa rBHHToBi (pHc,I,IO),

TbC$I TaK 3BaHHM 6nH3bKHM PlIllKOM, cycinuiaa KonH CTaH cnocrepiraersca

RKHX nopyurycrscs KpaHOBi

P03pi3H~IOTb

i !
'\.

oooOQOOoooO

ro

10

000 o 00,01 0 0 0 00 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Q

0 04'l 0

0 0 00

0 00

() 0

°" \
0"0
0 0 0 0

'1aCTHHKaMH MaTepiaronOBHHX aMop<PHHX, Y TOisorponaicn, nnaanenas. rparxa

nacnoxauia
BaHHM

e noxaniaorparxa,
a

ny.

)].0

cnoTBopeHHHM H~BHic"3aHBoi'"

ocotinasocrea TYP, aaneacars TeMneparypH THiCTb 110 aMop<PHHX MaTepianiB piJlKI1H, AMOP<PHi Tina 0pOTe aa BillMiHY CURMH Mi)l' cycinaiva neacars lljl'lH npa nepexoni MOiKHa posrnanara

My '1HCJIi csnononitiaax, CTHBocTeH ra BillC)'THiCTb

CnpH'IHHeHHM TlO B HiH arosmof

0 0 0

0
0

Ij Q

\]"0

HaniBnnOLU.HHH -

( eKCTpannOLUHHH),

rBHHTOBa nacnoxauis

Puc. 1.10. )].llcJJoKauii', IDO YTBOPlOlOTbCli npa nJJaCTH'IHil1 .Ile¢opMaui'i xpacrana:

a-xpuaoai: 6-rllHIlToui,

ue
Y

niuis,
sarnxni

yrsopeaa
nnOmHHaMH rBHHTOBOi'

aTOMHHMH

G PHC. 1.11. CXCMa npOCTopOBO'irparxa KpeMHe3eMY: a-xpacranixuoro: 6-a~lOpqllml'O,

cranoi BincyBelle

xpacranixuoi nnasaoi 3MiHH

BJlaCTHBOCTeH CTaHY B

Ix, aanpasnan,

i3

rsepaoro

RK nepeoxononxeay

pinany.
06MiHY MiHa-

Bill pillHH Y HHX He Bi1l6YBaITbC$I uraaztxoro '1aCTHHKaMH, LUO3YMOBnlOC BHCOKYIx MeTOlliB nocninzceans rparxa, e TO 1111, PeHTreHiBCbKi 3a3HalOTb llH<ppaKui'i,

nosepxui. rparxu. aincraui

.llHCJlOKaui$l )'TBOpIOITbC~ l(HCJlOKauiji

BHaCJliJlOK 3CYBY '1aCTHH xpacrana OJlHiH 3 nJlOmHH xpacranisuoi BOHa napanensaa HanpJlMKY KOBBH3Ha'laJOTb,

a'ssxicrs.
npoxo,BHnpOMiaa <POp MY-

B3.ll.0B)!' nnOLUI1HH KOB3aHHjI, 3aHH$I, )].HcnoKaui" ninpaxosyroxa

napanensuoi
BeKTOp HanpjlMKY

)].0 HaHBaiKJIHBiwHX xepea xpacranixai

CTPYKTYP MaTepianiB npoaeai,

C KpaHOBOIO, sxuio xapaxrepasye

p e H T r e H i B C b KiM

Bioprepca,

RKHH C OJlHHHuelO

OCKiJ1bKH MiiKaToM-

3CYBY i napanensaaa xinsxicrs

KOB3aHHR, Horo

Hi BiJlCTaHi B HI1X CYMipHi 3 llOBiKHHOIO XBHJI!:. pearreniscsxoro HIOBaHHH. P03WH<PPYBaBWH pearreaorpaaa, aincraai MiiK aTOMHHMH nnOLUHHaMH B KpI1CTani'lHHX rparxax

MiiKaTOMHHX aincrauea xpacrana.

no KOHTYPY

nacnoxauii.
uio npa-

MOiKHa BH3Ha'lHTH peansni

Ilin

rYCTIHlO,O aacnoxauif

P03YMilOTb 'iXHIO CYMapHY 1l0BiKHHy,

nanac aa O.ll.HHHUIO06'CMY nanoro

noro Bynsdia-Bpera:

nA
16

= 2d sin ip
17

(1.3)

MeTaneBHX MaTepianax. a30T I KHceHb.

Taxi

p03YHHH yrBOPlOlOTb

aeneas,

6op,

syrneus,

Ilia nicio .uOTHYHHX aanpyr

.llHCJlOKaui·j MO)f(yrb pyxarucs, .uiJl5lHKH xpacrana

sa paxy-

Ilopan
rsepni

is TBep.uHMI1 p03YI1HaMH 3aMiw.eHH5I Ta npOHHKHeHHjj iCHYIOTb uesanoeuenaaa CTPY

p03YHHH BHJlyYeHH5I, 51Ki xapaxrepasyrorscs

KTYPHI1MH rl03HUillMI1.

Ilpaxnanou

TaKI1X p03YI1HiB C CI1CTeMa, yraopena

uerpeniao«
nero

Na[AISi04]

'ra KBapUOM Si02.

Kpl1CTaniYHiH CTPYKTYpi 'rsep+.

[j

HOK -roro nxcepenaau aaiors

B xpacranax BHYTpiWHix

BHHI1KalOTb nJiaCTI1YHi zterpopjaauif. uanpyr,

):(I1CJlOKauii' e .uHCJlOMalOTb

n06J1113Y HHX nepe6y-

Y npY)J(HO-HanpY)J(eHOMY CTaHi. ,Uy)J(e BHCOKY MiuHiCTb,

Haairs

He3HaYHa xinsxicrs

KauiH MQ)I(e 3HH3HTII MiuHicTb HliTKOflO.ui6Hi xinsxicn, ro

MaTepianiB

aa .ueKiJlbKa nopanxis.

uio Ha6J1I1)f(aITbCH no MO)J(yrb 6yrli 3MiuHeHHlI

reoperaxuof,

p03YHHY aamuuaiorscs

nYCTOTI1, He 3anOBHt:Hi Na

KPI1CTaflH, jlKi 3aB.ullKI1 TaKiH CTpYKTYpi MalOTb HeBellHKY e<peKTIiBHIiMH MiKpoapBHp06iB cneuiansnoMaTepianiB nocaraiors <pH Ii X jlK i .D.JIliBorHeCTiHKHX 'ra iuurax sananxax

niaauii.

Xapaxrep yrsopenua rsepnax P03'fI1HiB aanezom, Bill. YMOB xpacraHanpaxnan, Y npoueci cHHTe3Y OCHOBHoro MiHepaflY uevearaoro
B ysroeax
2

.uHCJlOKauiH. LJ.i xpacrana

MYIOYHMH MaTepiaflaMIi npmaaseaua.

pieuosara iOHI1 Ca + MO)f(yrb 1., a B HeBpiBHOBa)f(HIiX ysroeax .uBOMa Bi.ucoTKaMH iOHiB Mg npouecavu 2CaO yaCTHHa iOHiB

KJliUKCPY aniry

3aMiw.YBaTI1Cjj nopaa i3 UHMH na CaO i

nesxax

BBe.ueHHHM JlerYIOYHX .uo6aBOK, lIKi 3ano6iralOTb

pyxy nacnoxauia.
CTPYKTYpa a MOp (pHC.

Mg"

npOHI1KaC Y nycTOTI1 rpaTKI1 rpnxansuieHOro poanaaou

soro cHJliKaTY 3CaO'Si02,

s.o,

uio cynpoaonacyersca

MaTepianiB

1.11),

CTpYKTYpa piaan n e <pe K T i B KPI1CTafliB C .uHCnopanox 'ra Y posrauryaanai rBI1HTOBI (puc. I. I 0). nacnoxauis TbCli TaK 3BaHliM PR.uKOM, KOJlIi CTaH cnocrepiraerscs JlY. ):(0

xapaxrepaaye6J1H3bKHM no-

OCHOBHI1MI1 BH.uaMI1 JI i H i H H 11X

noxauii,
aTOMHHX

B3.uOB)f( i n06J1113Y lIKI1X nopyuryersca nJIOlllHH. P03pi3HRIOTb KpaHOBi

ynopanxosaaak
TiJlbKH Mi)f( MaTepiaBi.uMiHHHX CTPYKana-

nacnosauil
KpaHOBa C noxaniao-

CYCi.uHiMIi 'faCHIHKaMH rOllOBHIiX cxnonoztifiaax,

iooooooooooo 0" ! 00 0°1°1°0"

'\. 0 0

BaHIiM

cnOTBOpeHHjlM

OC0611HBocTeH aMoP<PHHX, Y TO-

xpacranivxoi
cnplilfliHeHIiM TIO B HiH

rparxa,
H~BHic"3aHBo"i"

My 'fIiCll;

000 0

0 0" 0

ro
~o

10

00 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 00

0
Q

0 0

0
0

Ij

"

arovaoi aaniennounnra (excrpannouiaaa).

6
fBIiHTOBa ue Y aTOMHIiMH sarnxni 3CYBY xacraa nucnoxauia yrBopeHa J1JHljI,

PHC. 1.10. )J.llcJloKauii·, uio YTBOPlOlOTbCl1npH nJlaCTH'IHiil .lle<jJopMaui"ixpacrana: a-xpnaosi: 6-nmlrrosi. nosepxai. )1HCJlOKauiR yrBOPIOITbCjj KOB3aHHjj, saacniaox

nnounmaaa
rBHHTOBOi' xpacrana KOB-

6 PHC. 1.11. Cxesia npOCTopOBO'jrparxa KpeMHe3eMY: a-xpacrani-uroro: 6-aMopqllmro. npa nepexoni

TYP, aanezcars TeMneparypli

iaorponaicrs nnaaneaas.

CTIiBocTeH ra aincyraicrs

cranoi

rnicrs xpacranixaoi no nnaauoi 3MiHii Ix,

uanpaxnan,

Bincyrparxa sene
cTaHY B

anacrnaocrea

aMop<pHHX MaTepianiB

i3 rsepnoro uiaanxoro

pi.uKHH. AMOp<pHi Till a MO)J(Ha posrnsnara

lIK nepeoxononxesy

pinaay.
06MiHY Mi-

Ilpore

ua Bi.uMiHY ain pi.uIiH Y HHX He Bi.u6YBacrbcli ):(0 HaHBa)f(JlHBiwHX MeTo.uiB nocninaceaas rparxa,

CURMH Mi)J( cycinuiaa nexcars

lfaCTIiHKaMI1, uio 3YMOBllIOC BIiCOKY Ix e TOll. 11. PeHTreHiBCbKi

a'asxicrs.
aanpoxo.BHnpOMipeansai sa <POp MY-

B3.uOB)J(nnouuum 3aHHlI. ):(HCllOKaui'i aincraui

napanensaoi
BeKTOp

o.uHiH 3 nnouum BOHa napanensaa

xpacranixnof
aanpsaxy

CTPYKTYP MaTepianiB npoveai,

rpaTKI1. )1HCJlOKauili C KpaHOBOIO, sxuio xapaKTepI13YC 3CYBY i napanensuaa xinsxicn,

P e H T r e H i B C b KiM

Btoprepca,

lIKHH C o.uIiHliuelO Bli3HalfalOTb,

.uHlfl1 -repes xpacrani-rai Hi sincrani aincraai

3a3HalOTb .u1i<ppaKui"i, OCKiJlbKIi Mi)f(aTOMMO)J(Ha Bli3HaYliTH

aanpasucy

KOB3aHHlI. Horo

B HI1X CYMipHi 3 .uOB)f(IiHOIO XBI111bpesrreuiecssoro Mi)J( aTOMHI1MIi nllOlllliHaMIi B Kpl1CTanilfHI1X rparxax

ninpaxoayroxa Ilin rYCTl1H010

Mi)f(aTOMHI1X Bi.uCTaHeH no KOHTYPY .uHCllOKaui'i. xpacrana,

HIOBaHHlI. P03WI1<pPYBaBWH pearrenorpavu, 11010 Bynsdia-Bpera:

.Ll.I1CllOKauii' P03YMilOTb 'iXHIO CYMapHY .uOB)f(IiHY, uio npa-

nanac ua O.uHHHUIO 06'CMY nanoro

n-t
16

= 2d

sin tp
17

(1.3)

ne

npoueuie; d - Bi.LlCTaHbMi)t( nJlOlllHHaMH; qJ - KYT Mi)K HanpHMKoM nY4Ka 'ra nnouianava,

n - nOpH.LlOKBi.Ll6HBaHHHnpoueaie; A - .LlOB)t(HHaXBHJlb peurreniscerorx

HKi Bi.Ll6HBatOTb

npoaeui.
Kml{CH KpHCTan aa pearreuorpanax nac xapaxrepui nini], RKi aiapi3HRtOTbCH p03TawYBaHHHM 'ra iHTeHcHBHicTtO. BH3Ha4HBwH Bi.LlCTaHb Mi)t( nnounraaau Ta Bi.LlHOCHY iHTeHcHBHicTb JliHiH, Mo)t(Ha nopiBHRHmlM is Ta6Jll14HHMH .LlaHHMH, CKJla.LleHI1MHnonepezun,o .LlJlR Bi.LlOMHXpe'lOBHH, BH3Ha4HTI1 cpa30BI1H CKJla.Ll nocninxysauoro MaTepiany. P03wHCPPYBaHHR peirrreuorpaa TaKQ)K ziac 3Mory BI13Ha4HTH xapaxrep .Lle<peKTiB, THn eneMeHTapHo"i KOMipKH, nonoaceuus arovis a60 iOHiB 'ra iauri OC06JlHBOCTi CTPYKTYPI1aToMHO-MOJleKYJlRpHOrO piBWI CTPYKryPH MaTepianiB. Pearreuiecsxi npoueai He p03citOtOTbCR aTOMHHMH R.LlpaMH i CJla6KO p03citOlOTbCR JlerKHMH aTOMaMH. .lVJR BHB4eHHR TaKHX CTPYKTYP 3aCTOCOBYtOTb e Jl e K T P 0 H H 0 - r p a cP i 4 H H H a H a Jl i 3, 3aCHOBaHHH aa BHKOpl1CTaHHi eJleKTpOHHHX XBHJlb, RKi MatOTb .LlOB)t(I1HYua O.LlHH-.LlBa nopsnKI1 MeHWY 3a pearreaiacsxi XBHJli H TOMY 3.LlaTHi npOHI1KaTH B rpaTKY aa rJll16HHY He 6iJlbW Hi)t( 10 aTOMHI1X uiapia. EJleKTpOHHi XBHJli OTPHMYtOTb Y 3aKpHTiH CKJlRHiH rpyfiui 3 BaKYYMOM sa paXYHOK ny-nca enexrpoais sin posacapeaoi CTPYMOM BHCOKOr uanpyra HHTKH aonuppavoaoro cnnasy. BHKOPI1CTaHHR nY'IKa eneicrpoais 3 .LlOB)I{HHOtOXBHllb ua xinsxa nOpR.LlKiB MeHwotO ain .LlOB)t(HHHXBHJlb BH.LlHMOrOcairna nOKJla.D.eHO TaKO)t( B OCHOBy eJleKTpOHHO'i MiKpocKoni"i, RKa nae 3Mory BI1B'IaTH 06'CKTH P03MipOM 10-6 MKM npa 36iJlbWeHHi .Ll0 200 TI1C. pasia. Ha KBaHTOBHX YRBlleHHRx sacuoeani C n e K T P 0 C K 0 n i 'I HiM eTO.Ll H .LlOCJli.Ll)t(eHHR CTPYKryPH MaTepianiB. axicnoro <paJOBoro ananisy 3aCTOCOBYtOTb iH<ppa4epBOHY cnexrpocxoniro, uto rpyaryerscs aa 3.LlaTHOCTiXiMi4HHX cnonyx BH6ipKOBO nornaaara npoveai B iH<ppa'iepBOHi ofinacri cnexrpa. Ha HBHllli enexrpounoro napaaaruiraoro pesonancy, uio nonsrac B pe30HaHcHoMY nOrJlI1HaHHi eaeprir panioxacroruoro nons B pe40BHHax. RKi MicTRTb napavaruirui 'IaCTHHKH npa aaxnaaanni MarHiTaoro nona, 3aCHOBaHI1H MeTO.Ll,RKHH nac MO)t(JlHBicTb nocnizosysara xapaxrep XiMi'fHHX 3B'R3KiB Y MaTepianax, Ixai sanearai CTaHH i pan iHllIHX CTPYKTYPHHX OC06JlHBOcTeH. PeHTreHiBcbKY cnexrpocxoniio sacrocoaytOTb, BHB4at0411 eaepreraxai OC06llHBOCTi aTOMHO-MOlleKYJlHpHoi" CTPYKryPI1 1'a npOBO.LlH'I11 XiMi'lHI1H excnpec-auania.

1.2. Cy6MiKpOCKOni'lHHH piseus CTPYKTYpH Ha cy6MiKpocKoni4HoMY pisui poarnxzraxrn, CTPYKTyPH MarepianiB, 9 7 uio yrsopeui 4aCTI1HKaMI1 KOJlO·.LlHHXP03MipiB (10- ... 10- M) i RKi MO)t(Ha .. p03pbHRTH Y, 3BI14aHHOMY CBiTJlOBOMY MiKpOCKoni. Binsuiicn, 6Y.LliBeJlbHI1X MaTepianiB aanexcars .LlOrereporeuuax n Hen e p c H 11X C H C T e v , HKi CKJla.LlaIOTbCH3 .LlBOXi 6iJlbWe cpa3. Y .LlI1CnepCHHx CI1CTeMax O.LlHa'111 KiJlbKa pe40BI1H (nacnepcua cpaJa) e .Llpi6HHMH 4aCTHHKaMH a60 nOpaMI1, p03no.LliJleHI1MI1 B HaBKOJlHWHbOMY .LlHcnepciHHOMY cepenosmui. ,llHcnepcuicrs CI1CTeMI1xapaxrepmyc nnouia nHTOMOr nosepxni, nin RKOtO P03YMitOTb Bi.LlHoweHHH aaransuol nnouii F .LlHCnepcHo'i <paJH.Ll0 ri saransaoro
06'CMY V:

F s=V
,llJlR CI1CTeMH. RKa MicTI1Tb crpepa-uti POM d,

(1.4 )
4aCTHHH paniycov r ra niaver-

( 1.5)
P03pi3HHIOTb Mixporereporeuai CHCTeMH, B RKHX nacnepcna <paJa 7 MiCTI1Tb 4aCTHHKH P03MipOM noaan 10- M, 'ra KOJlOi'JlHiCI1CTeMI1P03MipOM 9 7 'IaCTI1HOK nacnepcaoi <pa3H 10- ... 10- M. ,llHcnepcHi CHCTeMH naneacars JlO TpbOX OCHOBHHX rpyn, HKi BiJlpi3HRIOTbCR <pa30BHM CKJlanOM JlHCnepciHHoro cepenosuuia - TBepJlHM, pi.LlKHM i ra30noJli6HHM. OPH U.bOMYJlI1cnepcui <pa3H B CHCTeMax KO)t(HOi' rpyna TaKo)t( MO)t(YTb nepe6YBaTI1 B TpbOX arperaruux cranax. Y 6YJliBeJlbHHX MaTepianax, HKi naneacars JlO JlHCnepCHI1X CI1CTeM, JlI1CnepCHY <pa3)' HaH4aCTiwe cxnanaiors TBep.Lli 4aCTHHKH. Ile pisuovaaiTHi nOpOWKI1, cycnemil, naCTH, nJlaCTH4HO-B'R3Ki piJlHHOnoJli6Hi cyviuii, B'R)t(Y'Ii pe40BHHH, nJlaCTMaCH. naxotpapfioai CnOJlYKH, KepaMi'lHi MaCH, P03411HI1 'ra 6eTOHHi cyviuri, p03nJlaBI1 CKJlonoJli6HHX pe'lOBHH TOmO. Y .LleRKHX MaTepiallax JlHCnepCHa <pa3a Mo)t(e 6YTH piJlKOIO (noniwepai eMYnscif) a60 ra30no.Lli6HOIO (nopacri ripcsxi nopona, uianpioearl 6eTOHH, n i HOCKJlO,II i HOIlJlaCTH rouio). ,llJlR K 0 Jl 0 "iJl H H X C H C T e M Mo)t(Ha 3aCTOCYBaTHpan nonoacens MOJleKYJlRpHO-KiHeTH4Ho"i reopi ....30KpeMa, B KOJlOi'.LlHI1X p03~'II1HaX (30JIRX) TaK cavo, RK B iCTHHHHX, nncnepcui 'IaCTHHKH 3JlaTHi 6paTH Y4aCTb Y TenJlOBOMY pyci. BO.LlHO'IaC 3Ha4HO fiinsuri nopiBHRHO is 3BH4aHHI1MH MOJleKYJlaMI1 p03MipH KOJlOi'.LlHHX 4aCTHHOK 3YMOBJllOIOTb He3Ha'lHI1H OCMOTH4HHH THCK KOJlo·i.LlHHXpe4oBHH, 'Ix noainsuy .LlH<pY3ilO.Bci xonourai CHCTe19

,nnR

18

MH CeLlHMeHTauiiiHO

critixi,

TOMY 1U0 CHJla TjI)KiHH~ 8 HHX 3pi8H08IDKycrbHi)l( Ll08)1(HTO CBiTJlO 80HI1 He Bi.ll.6H8aIOTb, a

~O p e 4 0 BH H

nOBepXHeBo-aKTHBHI1X

ClI LlH<pY3ino, OCKiJlbKI1 P03MipH KOJlo'iLlHHX 4aCTHHOK MeHwi,

aa
40K

XBHJlb BI1LlHMOrO

cnexrpa,

posciro-

IOTb, 5lKlU0 nponYCTHTI1 xpias uiap xonoiztaoro

P034HHY iHTeHCH8HHH 'rry-

npovenis cairna (pHC, 1,12), TO cnocrepiraruaevo C8iT11Y CMYry (epelWl Tiuoassu. 3MiHY iHTeHCHBHOCTi cairnoaoro nOTOKY, poscianoro TBep.ll.I1MI1 4aCTHHKaMI1, noxnaneuo B OCHOBY O.ll.HOrO 3 MeTO.ll.i8 .ll.OC11i.ll,)I(eHH~ K0110'i.ll.iB Ueii He<pe110MeTpii". 8H3Ha4HTH P03Mip MeTOJl. .ll.a€ 3Mory i

(nAP) HaJJe)KaTb pe40BHHH anefiinsuioro opraaisaoro nOXO.ll,)l(eHHSI,no MoneKy11lIKHX 8XO.ll.lITb lIK nonapai, TaK i nenonspai rpyna (pHC, 1.13), lI.lI ocofinaaicrs 6y.n08H MO11eKYJl nAP nOllCHIO€ 'iXHIO anarnicrs ancopfiyBaTHC~ aa nosepxui noniny <paJ (pHC, 1.14) i opicaryaaraca TaK, uiof nonspni rpyna (OH, COOH, NH2 Ta iu.) 6Yl1l1 cnpsuoaaui no n011gpHHX

xouuearpauiio

cepenala

CPaJ

CI1CTeMI1 (aanpaxnan

no

MOJleKyn

K0110'iJl.HHX 4aCTI1HOK, BJlaCTHBOCTi

scix rereporeaaax,
~BHicTIO

a OC0611HBO KO-

110'j.ll.HHXCI1CTeM, uio 3YMOBJleHi

ua-

noaepxui noniny

<paJ Mi)l(

PIIC.

1.12. Etpexr THHJl<UHI.

3aJJI1WOK eueprir,

<pa~ yraoprocn.ca CM- n110lUi noaepxai

4aCTHHKaMI1 nacnepcnor <paJH 'ra nucnepcitiaoro cepenosaura. Mo11eKYl1l1 nosepxaeeoro urapy nepe6YBalOTb nia nieio M011eKy11~pHoro THCKY, TOMY aa nosepxai noniny xinsxicn, lIKO'i E, uto npHna.ll,a€ aa 1 nOBepXHeBHM HaTlIrOM

,,
:

jl'll

E3_

I I
1D

nenonapui (eyrnesonneeaa namnorj=JlO senonapaoi <pa3H (uanpaxnan noarrpa). Y rexuonorif 6Y.ll.iBe11bHHX MaTepiaJJiB WHPOKO BI1KOPHCTOBycrbClI ~BHlUe aacopfiuii nAP aa TBepJlHX nosepxusx, B pe3Y11bTaTi xoro 3MiHIOersca 'iXHlI 3M04YBaHicTb BiJlHOCHO pizmu, 3Menurycrsca rsepnicrs (ecpeKT Pefiianepa), noniBOJlI1), a

nuryerscs

n11aCTH4HicTb i 3MiHIOIOTbClI TBepJlHX nOBepXHlIX

inuri
(ane

B11aCTH BOCTi,

PIIC.

1.13. Cxexa MOJ1e-

20'/011

Ancopfiuia aa
copfieurax) 06epHeHOlO 3MeHwY€TbClI.

j,

uasaeacrscs 0'

a:

=-

Miaiviaaui»
<pa3, lUO nocsracrscs

(1,6)
Ta nepexia CI1CTeMH B TepMO.ll.HHaMi4Ho nosepxai noniny aa pa-

KyJlH nOBepxHcBoaKTHBHoi' pelJOBHItH,

He.ll.HCOuiI0104HX a60 Cna6KO.ll.HCO-

UilO104HX pe40BHH (MoneKY11~pHa i 3 ili.ll.BHmeHHlIM OPI1

aacopfiuis)

reuneparypa

ancopfiuii

3 BO.ll.HHXP034HHe06epHeHicTIO i

sinsuo]

eneprif

HiB CH11bHHX e11eKTp011iTiB (iOHHa ancopfiuis) npouec xapaxrepasycrsca reaneparypa. MO)l(JlHBHM 36i11bweHHlIM iHTeHCHBHOCTi y pasi niJlBHlUeHHlI na ancopfiuis 51KU{O MoneKY11llpno YTBO3YMOBlleHa CH11aMH M011eKY11llpcn011YK y pasi,

cTiHKHH CTaH CTalOTb MO)l(JlI1BHMH BHaC11i.ll.OK 3MeHweHHlI TI1HOK Y KOJlO'i)llHIX CHCTeMax, XYHOK '3UH)l(eHH~ noeepxaesoro SI1H ua noaepxui noziiny CaTI1 piBHlIHHSlM ri66ca:

Jl.oBi11bHOIOK 0 a r y 111III i e 10 a60 3Jl1maHHlIM -rac-

Binsua

euepris

MO>Ke3MeHwY8aTHclI LJ.eH npouec

uarary

«oauenrpauicio 6 II i 'j,

aKTH8HHX pesoMO)l(Ha ona-

<pa3 - a n cop

HO'i B3a€MO.ll.i'j, TO iOHHa npasonars peHHlI nOBepXHeBHX XiMi4HHX copfiuia).

PIIC.

(xeuoxona

=da e r=--,ne

r- ancopfiuis.
CJ-

de

RT

(1.7)

Ilpa

iOHHiH

ancopfiuii

1.14. AllCOp6uiHHHH

M011b/Jl;

urap,
BI1TiCHlIlOTb iauri. i 0 HiT i fiinsura aM 11,

aJlCOp6eHT ua CBO'iH nosepxui C~ iOHHHH 06MiH,

Ma€ iHWHH eneBi.ll.6Y8a€Tbonai iOHH aaaaaarors B'1I3KicTb

KTP011iT, Hi>K TOH, 1U0 e s P03'lHHi, BHaC11iJlOK soro iouuoro 06MiHY, criaxicrs, AJlcop6eHTH, 3JlaTHi no

nOBepXHeBI1H HaTH, xoaueirrpauia

)J)KICM2;

CRT-

P034I1HY, MOJlb/Jl;

r~130Ba CTaJJa,)J)I<lMOJlb' K; a6COJIIOTHa reaneparypa,

0,

Ilornauauaa

iOHiB THM CH11bHiwe, 4HM BHU{a Ix sanerrrnicrs perymosara

Maca, 10HHI1H 06MiH .ll.a€ 3Mory

20

21

Ta iauri

CTPYKTypHO-MeXaHi4Hi

BJlaCnlBOCTi

TeXHi4HI1X

nncnepciti,

HKi BH-

KOPI1CTOBYIOTb npa BI1p06HI1UTBi KepaMiKI1,

ueuearie

Ta iHWHX MarepianiB.

nepeaiuiaroTbCH B eJleKTpl14HOMY noni no npOTHJle)l(HO aapaaaceaoro enexrpona (e Jl e K T P 0 <p 0 p e 3 ). -lepes aosuiunno pi3HHUIO noreuuianis pinxa <paJa B KOJlO'lnHiH CI1CTeMi aaaraa nepeaiuiaracs Bi.ll.HOCHO nepyxouoro raepnoro nopncroro cepenoaauia (e II e K T P 0 0 C M 0 C) (pHC. 1.15). EJleKTpOl<iMeTH4Hi samna, xapaxrepui .ll.JlH xonoinia, BHKOpHCKOJlO·I.ll.Hi 4aCTI1HKH XapaKTepl13yIOTbCH neBHI1MH 3apH.ll.aMH i TOBYIOTb HOJlOrll MO)l(Ha .ll.JlH Y

S-

4HHiB

cyrrcso

SnJlHBalOTb llopisHIO€

llo6aBKH

flAP

'ra enexrponma.
CTaH),

51KlllO He

noreuuian

HyJlIO

(i30eJleKTpI14HI1H

TO CHCTeMa

311aTHa MaTH eJleKTpOKiHeTI14Hi

BJlaCTI1BOCTi. 51Kll.lo ~ BI1Tb

norenuian

CTaHO-

+ -t

uia,

To6TO

25 ... 30 MB, TO arperauis

Bi.ll.6YBaeTbCH

xoaryns-

KOJlO'j)lHI1X 4aCTHHOK. HeSnOp")lKOsaHO 4aCTHHOK

BHaCJli.nOK

34enJleHHH TBep.nHX

poanoninenax
HO'i cpa311 B

nacnepc-

rexuiui,

30KpeMa

'rex-

6Y.ll.iBeJlbHI1X

MaTepianiB. MaCH

cycneasiax ra KOJloi·.nHHX P034Haax YTBOPlOeTbC5I npocroposa cirxa, a60

.c

TaK, aa nortoaoroio

enexrpodiopeay
KepaMi4Hi $ap$opoSi.ll.OKpeMHTH

ninroryaara
$opMYBaHHH BHp06iB,

KoarYJlSlUll1Ha YTBOpeHHSI TaKI1X CTPYKTYP MaTepianiB, 6araTbOX

CTpYKTypa. HanpI1KJIa.n,

$aHHCOBI1X

ain

HHX .ll.pi6Hi

4aCTHHKH, a60

uio

He

ninaarorscs
HeHHIO,

$iJlbTpaUi"i

Si)lTHC3 I.'

.;.-----G,

OTpHMaTI1

ryvoai

sHp06H

xapaxrepae .ll.Jl51 ua ocaoai B'SI)KY4I1X pe40BI1H y nepuina nepion fx TBep.niHHSI. XapaKTepHOIO 03HaKOlO Ix 'rsep.niHHSI H YTBopeHHSI xoarynsuianor crpyxrypH c uaaauicrs 06epHeHHX KOHTaKTis, T06TO
noainsao
Bi.nHOSJlIOSaHI1X

narexcia.
SYIOTb

EJleKTpOOCMOC

BHKOPHCTO-

nicns

pYHHYSaH(pHC.

,1(-

npu

3HeSO.ll.HeHHi

nepeeaua
06Ma-

HSI KoarYJlHUiHHHX

KOHTaKTiB

1.17).
cnafi-

Capa rrraua

ra

B iHWI1X

BI1.ll.iB npOMI1CJlOso"i

Miunicrs
KHMH pHHMH

UHX

KOHTaKTis

ayssoaneua

repianis. Y pesynsrari nepeposnoniny enexrpu-rnoro ·3apH.ll.Y ua Me)Ki noniny .uBOX $a3 pissoro xivi-moro CKJIany BHHI1Ka€ nO.ll.SiHHHH eJleKTpH4HHH wap (pHC. 1.16), HKHH CKJIa.naeTbCH 3
eneKTpOOCMOCY· .nBOX 4aCTI1H:

Puc. 1.15. Cxewa enexrpodiopeay i

p06KI1

pi3HoMaHiTHHx

nopacrax

Baa-nep-Baansciacsxaaa
CHIIaMI1 34enIleHHH

MoneKyn5lHaHToHwi TO-

xpias

npourapxu nncnepcitinoro
suuma
1'-

cepenoaauia,

sxoro si.nnoBi.na€ MiHiManbHoMY 3Ha4eHHIO noaepxaeaoi eneprir,

uiinsuiuro)

BHYTpiWHbO'j

i .n11$Y3iHHO·j 30BHiwHbO"i.

PbHHUIO wapy

noreuuianis
311BalOTb T H4 H HM, nor eau

Mi)K .nBOMa 4aCTHHaMI1 e Jl e K T P 0 K i H e a60 noa .ll. 3 e r a (q-meTa). aa a60

nonaiauoro

enexrpa-ntoro

xa-

1.16. Cxewa nOllBiHHOro enexrpu-uroro wapy:

PHC. a-poJIIOJliJlCIIIIlI ionia HOM), pauli CTaHi: IIUJUII1WKOSI1X CJlCKTPI1'1KOIIIlCHTSiJ1 SillBill

Cana
$a3H

B3a€Mo.ni·j

4aCTHHOK

B KoarYIlSluiHHHX

nacnepcaor crpyxrypax CTaHOaa KOHTaKT. CHKOHTaKTiB pisxo

BHTb y cepennsoay na 3B'Sl3KY

10-10 H
sxuio

ia

y 1I0LllliHIIOMY uiapi: 5-3Mill<l

ionia H-'JMilla

xoarynauiauax
flAP.

3MeHwY€TbCSl, BKPHTi urapov

nosepxai

4aCTI1HOK flAP aa expa-

Iloreuuian
WBH.nKicTIO

BH3Ha4alOTb eJleKTpOOCMOCY BiH nns Ma€

JaJI(;)I(1I0

A.ncop6YI04HCb. llioHaHMeHwe urapia,

noreiuuany

aincraui.
HYI04H eaeprera-mo iHKonH nepexia

p03cYBalOTb eincraas

4aCTI1HKH

enexrpodropesy.
xe 3Ha4~HHSI TI1KI1 KpeMa, xicrs.

BeJlH-

.nBOX MoneKynSlpHl1x .ninSlHKH 4aCTHHOK.

xapaxrepac30-

HaHaKTHBHiwi Ha311BalOTb r e

Koarynsuiaui

KOJlO'i,EtHHX CI1CTeM, Bi.n06pa)l(a€

CTpyKTyPI1

H M H (pHC. p034HHy 3

'IXHIO criai 3HaK

Ha

nOKa3HHK

Puc. 1.17. crpyxrypax:

3-ljJa30si

BHIHl KOHTaKTiB
2-TO'lKosi

npocroposax
sHcHxaHHSI);

p03yM (30Jlb)

iioru

xonotnuoro
pisui

1.18). Ilin reneYTBOpeHHHM einsuonacnepcuoro CTaHY

T06TO na npouec KOH.niH <popMa 4aCTHHOK,

y 3B'Sl3HOJll1CnepCHI1H BnJlI1BalOTb

(rens),

Ha reneyrsopenaa, 30KpeMa cyviuri,

l-soarynsuiaai:

(nicns

q - noreuuiany

KOJlO·j.ll.HHX P03-

(nicns cniKaHHSI a50 3poCTaHHSI).

xoarynnuii, ueurpauis

$aKTOpl1,

JJ.I1CnepcHo'l cpa3H, revneparypa

BH.ll.H MeXaHi4HI1X

22

23

(3MiwysaHI-HI,

eifipyaaaua).

Koarynauiio

CnpH4HHIOIOTb

MiCTHTb iOHH npOTHJle)l(HOrO 3HaKa Si)lHOCHO KOJlO'i)lHO'i 4aCTHHH. Jl10104a CHJla iOHa-KOarYJlHTOpa nOS'H3aHa 3 Horo JleHTHOrO

enexrponira, uto Koary-

3apH)lOM. ,UnH O)lHOSa-

THKCOTponilO WHPOKO SI1KOPI1CTOSYIOTb rexaonor Y MaTepia.J1is. uanpuxnan, llJlSl aifipauitiuoro yutinsuenaa wei1. BJlaCTHBOCTi KOJlO'i1lHHXP034HHis MO)l(Ha VliueJlHPHOIO 6Y)lOBOIO. M i u e Jl a pe40SI1HI1,

iax 6Y)liseJlbHHX 6eTOHHHX cysriTaKO)l( 3 'iXHbOIO KOJlO'i)lHO'i

xarioaa SOHa npH611H3HO Y 350 paais cnafiura, Hi)l( nns rpasanearnoro.

xoarynauii,
T06TO HaHMeHwa

noa'xsara

ue HaHMeHwa xinsxicrs

Ilopir

// ~.,-. 4

enexrponiry, norpifiaa )lJlH n04aTKY xoarynauir, ofiepaeao rrponopUiHHHH WOCTOMY cryneaio sapany xoarYJl101040rO iona. P03pi3HHIOTb nai Q>0PMH xoarynsuii - HSHY Ta npaxoaauy. Ilpa HSHiH xoaryKiJlbKic'T'b

uio € CKJla1lHHM YTsopeHHSlM, S SlKOMY 4aCTHHKH nucnepcnor Q>a3H (snpo) nepefiyearors y neaaovy Q>i3HKO-xiMi4HOMY 3B'Sl3KY 3 P034HHOM -iepea n01lBiHHI1H eJleKTpH4HI1H wap iOHiB (pHC. 1.19).

nsui)' CHCTeMa nO)liJlH€TbCH aa )lsi Puc. 1.18. [lpocropoea rypa remo:

1-I.IaCHIIIKa llimlHKlt 1I0BCPXlli niHKicTb: !IHIlIHIIHCIi zmcucpcuor C"IiiiKOCTi: '1aCTHIlOK. 4-npYKTYPH. 1l0HCPXlli

MaK-

+ /_ /--::---... _"\, /+ r> ---_+ \ +;!:_+ -~ \ ( + 1+:: 1: +.\ + '\ _ 1-+( )+ - _ , -'-..,_.I ' I \ +\._ ++) \ \+ - _-::- +/ /. \-' -

I+

///._--~-.
//+--'

-- ..... ~
-,

//--::--~

, / -: \ 'I ,/-+/ '+)

~'+-:
=__ 6
+/ ,,~/
.>

BnJlHS MiueJlHpHoi' 6y)lOSH Bi)l4YTHO n03Ha4a€TbCH

CTpYK~la:lH:

pocxoni-nri Q>a3H- ocaa i pizuce cepenosaute. Y npuxoaauia xoarynsuif arperysaHHH 4aCTHHOK MO)l(Ha BHHBHTH JlHWe CneUIaJlbHHMH MeTO)laMH, JlY·

"" + , .. __:t:_/ _

~.

+_-' _/

"-.,.

Hanpaxnan, rsepna nacnepcaa A-. tpasa 6'ITyMyacrpansreaa YTBOPIO€ aapa, OT04eHi 060110HKOIO prnxoro
MaTeplaJllS. cepe)lOSHma -

Ha SJlaCTHSOCT5IX6Y)liBeJlbHHX

"

ain

S3)I(KHX JlerKHX He i aixa-

2IIKi

narrpaxnan, aa
norenuia-

I.laCTHIIOK.

3lIKi

3MiHOIO eJleKTpOKiHeTH4Horo

a Puc. 1.19. 5YLloBa Miuenl1:

a-a Hill' C~1fI0 3apll.ll)KCIIOIO 3HTHIIIIO 3apH:liKclIOIO 'laCTHHKOIO.

CMOJl 110 rtopiausao

no-

,1iJIIIIlKH

'1aCTHIlKOIO: 6-3

MaCeJl. xoro

pasi Ha)lJlHWKY piaMiueJlH

36epenIH
3anOBHe-

cepenoaauia pyxy.

Ilpouec,
To6TO nepexi)l

3S0POTHHH arperosaHHx nin

xoarynsuii,
4aCTHHOK Y naaaaaerscs pe40BHH)l06aSKH JlbHO

KOHTaKTyIOTb Mi)l( c06010

Hi nucnepcitiuua

CCPC.llOBHUICM.

nepecyaarorscs
rens

nin SIlJll1S0M 6pOYHisCbKoro

U,5I CTpYK'I)'pa

SI1Xi)lHHH KOJlO'i)lHHH crau, n e nTH

'3 a u i e 10.

paxrepaa

)lJlSl pizncax 6iTYMis.

Ilpa

narpisaaai

a'asxoro

6iTyMY KOJloi')lHHH

BiH

MO)l(e

Bi)l6ysaTHcH urnixepu

SnJlHBOM (nanpnxnan,

P034HH 'runy

PYHHycrbCH, SlKmO xoauenrpauia CTpyKTyPH nna fiararsox

MiueJl 36iJlbWycrbC5I, MaTepianiB, 30-

nerrrasaropia, enexrponiris. aupofiia nerrnnauil

uio cnpHHIOTb nearperyaamuo nAP). TaK, rnaaucri

ocanis

TO 6iTyM 3HOSY Ha6ysa€ CTpyKTyPH rerno,

npa oTpHMaHHi

«epaaixaax

nerrruayxrrsca, T06TO p03pi)l)f{YIOTbCH nia SnJlHBOM nyria,

aa 110nOMoroIO nAP SHKOPHCTOSYIOTb)lJlH pospinzceuaa xniaxepy,

E<peKT
CHpOnerrra-

Koarynauiiiui
xpeva uioo

6Y)liseJlbHHX

ua OCHOBi B'SI)KY4HX pe40SI1H, e nepBHHHHMI1. BOHH 3 4aCOM nepen.O.Pe6iH)lepa).

XO)lSITb y K 0 H n e H C a U i i1 H 0 - K P H C T a Jl i 3 a U i H H i (sa xnacadiixa-

SI1HHHX WJlaMiB npa OTpHMaHHi ueuearuoro 3aui'i nonsrac y SHJlY4eHHi 3 ocanis

Mexanisv
BHaCJli)lOK

Ilpa YTSOpeHHi TaKI1X crpyxryp

npu npocropoaiii BHnaJllOSaHHi

poaaasaersca

cirxa

KoarYJl10104HX ioais

a60 YTBOpeHHi

KOJlO"i)lHI1X4aCTHHOK nO)lSiHHHX eJleKTpH4HHX urapis HHMH nerrrasaropa.

y ancopfiuil

XiMi4HI1X 3S'1I1Kis (aanpuxnan, Hi nparnis BHp06iB).

nonivepaaauii,
KepaMi4HHX

YTBopeH'ra iHWHX

KpeMH€KI1CJlOTH y soni,

Kouneucauiiiao-xpacranisauiriai
MexaHi4Horo ra

CTpyKTyPI1 3 xapaxrepaaan pyaayaaaua. KOH)leHCauiHHO-KPHCTaJli3auiHHHMI1 npouixcuoro THny.

Koarynsuiani
4HI1H npouec, p o n i c 10.

CTpyKTyPH p03pi)l)l(YIOTbCH TaKO)l( nin BnJlHBOM Mexacrpyuryaanai CSi)l4HTb, a60 aifipysaaai. uio U,eH isorepuiKOJlO'i)lsa THnOM reru, - 30Jlb, Ha3HBalOTb T H K COT S KoarYJlSluiHHHX sa paXYHOK si)l6ysa€TbCSI

He060pOTHI1MI1 KOHTaKTaMI1 MalOTb BHCOKY MiuHiCTb, Many nJlaCTI14HicTb i He Bi)lHOBJlIOIOTbCSI nicns

Hi4HHX )liH npa 3MiwYBaHHi, uio nporixac JlBHme CHJl.

Ilopsn
CTpyKTypaMH sxuio

3 KoarYJlHuiHHHMI1

ruxcorponii Ilicna

MQ)KYTb 6YTH H CTpyKTyPH Me)l(Y. TO

Hanpaxnan,

HI1X CHCTeMax CTPYKTypOYTBopeHHH

Ban-nep-

CKJJall TBep)lo'l ¢a3H i ainnoainao

MiuHicTb KepaMi4Hi

KoarYJlHuiHHO'j CTPYK'I)'naCTI1, ainnpecosaai Ha-

Baansciacsxax
uieui

npHnHHeHHSI MexaHi4HHX

)liH 3S'Sl3KH, nopy-

pH nepCBHIU)'C rteaxy HI1M. Cepen

'''1

MexaHi4He

pYHHysaHHSI eTa€ He060pOT-

S KoarYJlSluiHHiH CTpYKTypi, Si)lHOSJlIOIOTbCH.

TaKI1X 06'CKTiB

Bl1cyweHi

24

25

rep,

niBCYXI1M CIloc060M npec-nopounca. Y UbOMY paai B CTPYKfYpaX, uto P03BI1BaIOTbCH, BI1HBJlHIOTbCliTOLfKOBi a60 nceanoxoarynaulnal KOHTaKTH cepenaso) MiuHOCTi. 'iM BJlaCTHBI1H KOar-YJlHuiHHO-KOH.IleHCauiHHHH xapax-

MaTepiaJliB . ~a MiKpoc<'oniLfHoMY pisai BHBLfalOTbeJleMeHTH CTPYKfYP'i" MarepiaJlIB, HKI MO~H~ BHlIB~TH aa .IlOnOMOlO1O~nnILf~~1O a60 eJleKTpOHHOro Mixpocxona. IXHI p03MlpH CTaHOBJlSlTb 10 ... 10 M, BOHH xapaxrepai .lJ.JUI eneaearis MiKporeTepo.eHHI1X CI1CTeM. IlJ.O.1106eTOHiB, TO ue eJleMeHTH CTPYKTYPH ueMeIHHO.O KaMeHIO i KOHTaKTHO'O wapy, xepavixa - xpacrani-mi H C~OflO.lli6Hi cj>a3H,MeTaJJiB- JliHiHHi, noaepxaeai ra 06'CMHi .ll.e<peKTH,pi3HI qJa3H T0utO. THnOBi MiKpo.eTeporeHHi CHCTeMH - ue nopOWKH, cycnensi ... eMY, nsci] H niHI1. ,anll MiKporeTepo.eHHHX CI1CTeM na Bi.ll.MiH}' ain KOJlO.ll.HHX ... 6pOYHiBCbKI1H pyx He xapaxrepnati. 4aCTHHKI1 B TaKHX CHCTeMax nepeviutyrorsca nia BI1JlHBOMBam, TOMY ui CHCTeMI1Ce.ll.HMeHTauiHHo aecriaxi. . Il 0 p 0 UJ K H, jjKi WI1POKO IMKOPI1CTOBYIOTbCSI 6Y.ll.iBeJlbHHX MaB 'reptanax, Mo)l(Ha p03.JlJlnaTH jjK nncnepcai CHCTeMH, .ll.HcnepciHHHM cepenOBHLUCM B jjKHX C noairpa, Ilopouncn OTPHMYIOTb nepeBIDKHO, BHKOPHCTOBYIOLfH pimi MeTonH nO.ll.pi6HeHHjj . .llHcnepcHicTb nopouncia KOHYpOJllOlOTb aa nnouieio nHTOMO'"nosepxai H 3epHOBHM CKJl3.ll.0M. Cepen MeTOnis BI13HaLfeHHjj nnouii nHTOMO'" rtosepxui 6Y.ll.iBeJlbHHX nopouncis nOWHpeHHH MeTO.ll.,"3aCHOBaHHHaa BHMiplOBaHHi onopy, jjKHH l.fHHHTb wap nocninacyaauoro MaTepiany noairpio, LUO Kpi3b ueH wap npoxoznrrs. IlpoCMOKTYBaHHH1I0BiTPjj THM saxore, LfHM .ll.pi6HiwHH nopouiox. ,anjj nopacTHX nopouncis 3acTocoBYIOTb TaKO)J(ancop6uiHHHH MeTO.ll.,JlKHH rpyaryeTbCJI Ha 3ane)KIIOCTi, uio BHpa)J(acrbCJI piBHjjHHjjM:

1.3. Miscpocrpyxrypa

S=fNSo ,

( 1.8)

ne r - a.lJCOp6LdJl Ha nosepxni nopourxy (uanpaxnan, xinsxicrs asory, LUOa.D.COp6YCTbCJI nosepxui ueMeHTHI1X LfacTHHoK); ua N - LfI1CJlO Asoranpo; SII - nnouia nosepxui, axa axpaeaersca onuicro MoneKYJlOlO ancop60BaHo'" peLfUBHHH. .llnJl BI13HaLfeHHjj sepaoaoro c .... cnaay nopourxis BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbCHTOBHH ra cenHMeHTauiHHHH aaanisn. Ce.ll.HMeHTauiHHHH aaanis

nOB'jj1aHHH 3 1'HM, LUO uraanxicrs ocinaaas LfaCTHHOKY pizncovy cepeaoanuri 3MiHIOCTbCH3ane)J(HO Bill Ixuix P03MipiB. 3MeHWeHHjj P03MipiB sepen y nopouncax HH)J(LfeKpHTH'mOrO piBHJI cnpHLfHHIOC Ix 3JlHnaHHJI 'ra rpaHYJlIOBaHHjj. rpaHYJlIOBaHHjj nopourxia Bi1l6YBacrbcH 3aBnjjKH 3MeHweHHIO noaepxaesof eaeprit CHCTeMH npa 3JIHnaHHi LfaC1'HHOK.AKTI1Bhaui"l usoro npouecy cnpasc 3MOyYBaHicTb nosepxui -rsepnor cj>a3HpillHHOIO. Lle safieanexye YTBOpeHUJI aa Me)J(i noniny npourapxy 3 ninBHLlI.eHOIO B'Sl3KicTIO, uio 36inbWYC anreaiauy saaesroniio. 3a <pOPMOIO3epHHH Y nopouncononifinax MaTepianax p03pi3HJlIOTb i30MeTpHLfHi (K),JISICTi,fiararorpaaai) 'ra Hei30MeTpHLfHi (BOJIOKHHCTia60 Y sarnani TOJIOK, nnacraaxacri TOLll.O) sepua. ICHYc fiararo nepexinnax <pOPM sepen. Hei30MeTpHLfHicTb sepen BnJlHBaC ua 'IX p03TalllYBaHHJI B npocropi H npaaeoznrrs 110aHi30TponHOCTi BJlaCTHBOcTeHnopouncis. BmKJlHBe npaxra-ure 3HaLfeHHH MalOTb OC06J1HBOCTinosepxai sepea, jjKi BH3HaLfalOTbCHcnocofiavu Ta YMoBaMH 'IX oTpHMaHHJI. Y HaHnpOCTiwOMY BHnanKY, KOJlH sepaa KYJljjCTi H MalOTb onnaxosi p01!\1ipH 3aJJe)KIIO si:I xapaxrepy Ix npocropoaoro p03TawYBaHHjj (Ky6il.fHe. pOM60enpHLfHe. rexcarouansue) KO)J(He"3 HHX ropxaerscs cyciaaix sepea y 6. 8 a60 12 TOLfKax. Ilpa UbOMY BiJIbHHH npocrip Mi)J( 3epHaMH (nycTOTHicTb LfH Mi)K3epHOBa nopacricrs) 3aHMac Bill 47,64 no 25,95%. Y peaJIbHHX nopouncax saransaa nopacricrs y BiJIbHO HaCHnHOMY CTaHi, BKJlIOLfalOLfHanacuy 1I0PHCTicTb sepeu, CTaHOBHTb 50 ... 80%. 3 Cy c n e a a i I 'r a eMYn s c i '1 - ue MiKporeTeporeHHi CHCTeMH, B SlKHXrsepna a60 piznca nacnepcni <pa3H posnonineni B piaxoay nacnepcuovy cepenosaun. Y BHpO6HHUTBi 6Y.ll.iBeJlbHHX MaTepianiB cycnemii WHPOKO BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb npa oTpHMaHHi CHPOBHHHHX uinaMiB, urnixepie, P03LfHHiB. EMynbcii" sacrocosyiors 30KpeMa SlK naxorpap60Bi MaTepiaJ1H. KOHUeHTpoBaHi PHc.I.20. CTpYKTYpa6iTYMHO"i aCTH: n cycnemii Ha3HBalOTb n aCT aM H . 1-6iTYr..!: 2-'1aCTfIllKH cMYIll.raTOpa; 3MiKPOCTPYKTYPY 6iryMHO'" naCTH uaaeneno na pHC. ) .20 . )lnJl 3a6e3neyeHHJI arperaruoi cTiHKOCTi cycneasia 'ra eMYJlbciH, T061'O sanofiiraau» xoarynauii (3J1HnaHHH xpanens eMynbci"l Ha3HBaIOTb
riztparaniani nnillKIi IlOlIH.

26

27

xoanecueuuicio),

nOTpi6HO, Ul06 rxui 4aCTI1HKI1 6yJll1 BKPI1Ti 060JlOHKaMH cepenoeuura cepenosnuie (COJlbBaTHYlMI1 060JlOHKaMH). 3M04YC 4aCTI1HKH

3 MOJleKYJl nucnepcuoro <jla3Y1.3M04YBaHicTb 6aBKYI flAP.

Lle

iH .

.JJ.nH

npYlCKOpeHHlI a60 perymoeaaas xanieao-arnoviniceoro npocriuie nparorysara

poanany 6iTYMHi

eMY11bciH 3acTocoBYIOTb

MO)f(J(YlBO, RKUlO tlYlCnepCHe

nacnepcaoi

0,5 ... 1%

raJIYHa, conea XPOMY. MarHilO, xaniio. naCTH, LUO C KOHueHTpoBaevym.rerope, a60 n11aCTHlfHa r11HHa.

4aCTYlHOK MO)l(Ha nOninWI1TI1, eJleKTpYl4HOrO wapy

BYlKOPHCTOBYI04H no-

3Ha4Ho

Crafiin.sauit

CYlCTeMYICnpYlR€ YTBOpeHHR HaBKOJlO MiHepaJlbiOHiB. 6YTYI npRMI1MYI 'ra C'6",pHeHHMI1 (pHC. pony, nacnepcua (uanpmotan,

HYlMH .ilHCnepCHI1MH CYlCTeMaMH 3 fiiryvy, BOtlH H rsepnoro lIKI1M MO)l(YTb 6yrH BHKopHCTaHi BanHO, ueveirr LJ.0 n rycrscs nHuiHHi, 6eToHYI). .lJ.n1l oTpHMaHHH cTiHKHX aKTHBHicTb nosepxni. nia

HYlX 4aCTYlHOK nonaitiuoro EMYJlbCi'l MO)f(yrb npRMYlX evynsciax, CHe cepenosaure Y MacJli -

1.21). Y

in

uaneacars

BHCOKOKOHUeHTpOBaHi cHcTeMH, B SlKHX AHcnepcepenosmne 5IK 6y.niBenbHi nina, - pinaua.

a60 eMYJlbCiRX nepworo nenonxpae. runy

<jla3a e HecnpHSIIOTb aona

CHa <jla3a -:: r ~3, nacnepcae B TOHKi nniaxa. nonaui

Ilpa

UbC'~J BOHa P03TSI-

nOJlllpHOIO a60 CJla6KOn0J1HpHOIO pinnuoio YTBOpeHHIO eMynbcii1

Macno), a nacnep-

MaTepiaJIH, nepeB3)I(HO -rennoisoniuocxno, raso-

80tlOP034Y1HHi

eMynbraTopH

3acTocoBYIOTb rsepni

B HKHX nepeTHHKH Mi)l( ra30BHMH 6y-

Macno Y eoni (M/8),

a Hep034HHHi - rarry

nb6awKaMH

TBep.ilOIO <jla3010 (niaonnacra,

H nino-

(81M).

XapaKTepHI1MYI

eMYJ1braTOpaMI1 e BYlCOKOMo11eKY11RpHi SlKi nosepen HK i MalOTb p03MipH

CnOJlYKYI ra MYlJla. EMYJlbraTOpaMYI MO)l(YTb 6YTI1 TaKO)l( nopounor, 6pe '3M04YIOTbCH nucnepcuaa MiHiMYM aa nopxnox npaxruui nscii. euicrs MeHwi B neHKI1X aanazncax nosepxui, cepenoaauiev ain posxsipy cnin

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb niHOYTBOpIOBalficnonyxa, HKi MalOTb BHCOKY nacnep-

BHCOKoMo11eKynllpHi pe40BHHH, MHna Ta inuii

4aCTHHOK .nI1CnepcHo'l <jla3H. Ha eMY-

OCHOBHHMH nOKa3HHKaMH niu e xparnicrs, :- ue BiAHoweHHH 'it 06'CMY no 06'CMY

BI1KJlYlKaTI1npYlCKOpeHI1H posnan

3 uicio MeTOIO BYlKOPI1CTOBYIOTbpe40BI1HH, UlO MalOTb BHCOKY aKTHane npa UbOMY He YTBOPlOlOTb MiuHHX nJliBOK B ancopfi(neevynsraropa).

caicrs ra crijixicr». Kparuicrs niHI1

TH niHH

piaxoi

lfH

TBeptlo'l <jla3H, UlO YTBOPIOC CTiHKI1 6Y11b6awOK.

Marepianaua
i fiinsure.

MO*YTb 6y-

UiHHYlX wapax

i3

KpaTHicTIO niaa

5 ... 10.

LJ.n1l iuuioi

MeTH, HanpHKll3tl.LlJ1S1 raciaas

-~-~ ---I .~. . -

-.-~~= .~ ~
a

BOJl~

..-' ---I

---

I
i

:=
t--

_:=0~CJI~=
-!J
----

noxcenc,

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbnina 3 KpaTHicTIO

90

CTiHKicTb

BHMiplOCTbCH CTPOKOM 'ij iCHYBaHHSI H 3aJ1e)l(HTb BiA niHI1 MalOTb npaxru-mo 06'c.nHYBaHHlIM - notlpi6HeHHHM 6e3Me)l(Hy criaxicrs. 6Y11b6awoK y nacnepcui CHCTeMH, MO)l(Ha oTpHMaTH tlBOMa W11SlAY)I(e tlpi6HHX xpynaux 6ynb6awoK i ra30BHX

MiuHOCTi n11iBoK.

Taepni
iauri

_-=

Iliua,
xaMH: xpynuiuii;

lIK

KOHAeHcauiHHHM tlHcnepcii1HHM

axrno-reu».

r::':
6 ewynscil
sa OCHOBi npHroop-

Pan

6YJliBe11bHHx MaTepianiB,

30KpeMa Ha OCHOBi B'lI)1(YlfHX pelfoBHH YTBOPlOlOTb KOHr110MeCTPYKTYPH. T .. 03Ha4ac . (BiA THn

i 3anoBHIOBa4iB, paTHBHHH conglomeratus) 06'€AHaHHlI Tis. " K 0 H r 110 M epa

Tepuiu
11aT. MexaHilfHe

PItC. 1.21. Tann eMYJlbCiH: a-upaaa M/B: 6-o6epllt:Ha 81M. }IK 6y.niBenbHi opraui-urax 6iTYMHi rauixui MaTepiaJIl1 WHPOKO 3acTocoBYIOTb nsorno,

piaaowanimax
nopony,

KOMnOHeH-

KOHrnOMepaTOM

Ha3HBaIOTb TaKO)l( nOXOWKeHHSI,

B'1I)I(Y4Y1Xpe40BI1H - 6iryMy, BYlKOPYlCTOBYIOTb aniouui

noniaepis

TOmO.

eMYJlbci't 6YBalOTb aHioHHI1MYI ra KaTioHHI1MI1.

LJ.nSl

ynasncoay

uio CKlla.naCTbCSI3 06-

KaTaHHX Y11aMKiB ripcsxoro

TYBaHHl! nepunrx

nAP (ue nepesaacno

aviuie, avino-aainui

sauii

KYlCnOTYIa60

Ix

nY)I(Hi MYlna). LJ.nll OTpYlMaHHlI npyrax runy - coni

3aCTOCOBYMH11a Ta

Puc, 1.22. CTPYKTypa ripcsxoi

nopo.nn - KOHrJIOMepaTY·

3ueMeHTOBaHHX rnHHOIO, OKCA.naMH saniaa, KpeMHe3eMoM rouio (pHC. 1.22). Ha BHB4alOTb MiKPOCTpYKTYPHOMY B' lI)1(Y4Y 4acTHHY piaai KOHrnOMe-

IOTb eMYJ1braTOpYl xarioauoro

28

29

paris. "i"i (sa npocrip.

1.0.PI16'CBI1M)

MO)l(Ha P03rIHI.ll.aTI1 ~K

caocpinuun

MiKPO.llHC-

TaniB

i 4aCTI1HOK KOH.lleHCauiHHHx B

CTPYKT)'P, a TaKO)l( 'ix aananxoaor

opic-

nepCHI1H KOHrJlOMepaT, UeMeHTYBanbHi

B ~KOMY

e ueveuryaansui

pelfOBI1HI1

HOK XiMiYHOi" B3aeMO.lli·i 3 BO.llOlOa60

nopoaati i3 B'~)I(YlfHX, ~Ki 'raepznryrs aa paxyBO.llHI1MH p03lf11HaMH, nonaai rinparpelfOBHHH Ta

HI1MI1 HOBoYTBopeHHW.1I1, a i3 CI1HTeTl1lfHI1X B'~)I(YlfHX HOBi OTBep.niJlHMI1

na

opraHilfHii1

OC-

nonivepav«.

Fiaparni

HOBoYTBopeHH~

ueaearaoro

xnacarpixauicro U.€.WeHKiHa saneso.o aia Ix .llHCnepCHOCTi aa rpu rpyna: xonouiui - MeHW ~K 10-<> M (T06epMopH6 5 TOBI1H rens); cy6MiKpoKpl1CTaniYHi - 10 ... 10M (<jJa3H, no cxnany HKHX BXO.llHTb AI)", Fe)·, SO/-); MiKPOKpl1CTaniYHi - noaaa 10-5 M ( Ca(OHh).
MO)l(Ha no.niJlI1TI1 Cy6MiKpoKpl1CTaniYHi KpHCTaJli4HHH IOTb, Ta MiKpoKpHcTani4Hi HOBOYTBopeHHH CTaHOBJIHTb 3pOCTOK.

J,<adeHIO aa

npocropi Y npoueci pocry. llpHKJla.naMH TaKHX nop C no pa B xacTI1HKaX rinparoaaaoro ueweirry (TaK 3BaHi r e JI e Bin 0 p a ), poswip 8 lIKI1X CTaHOBI1Tb ( 15... 30) 10.. M. Bona B HHX nepefiyaae nin CHJIbHOfO nino nOJ1~ CI111 CTiHOK nop. 3 uir] npl14HHH 6araTo 'ij BJlaCTHBOcTeH (rycraaa, B'1I3KicTb, rennonpoainuicn, rouio) MafOTb aHoManbHHH xapaxrep. Kpynaiuii nopa WT)'lfHHX MaTepianiB 3.lle6iJlbWOrO rexaonori-ruoro nOXOJl)l(eHHlI. BOHH BHHHKafOTb aaacninox HemiJlbHOrO YKJla.naHHH cyviuri, aauieaJleHHlI noairps. BHnapoBYBaHHlI Ha.nJJl1wKoBO·j soaa, .neCTPYKTHBHHX npouecis BI1J1yroBYBaHH~, nerinparauif a60 BI1BiTpfOBaHH~ TOW.O.
fiOPH K all MO)!(Ha 1l0.ll.iJlHTH no pax

araui)

ua nai

rpynw

xaninapui

'ra aexaninspni.

uio Kpl1CTaJli4HI1H MI1 rinparauir,

KiJlbKOCTi HalloBHIOBa4iB,

Mispodiororpadiii ueveuruoro KaMeHfO nOKa3Y3pOCTOK aanoasnoersca reJleno.ni6HHMH npoztyxraMaTepianiB CyTTfBO

i JI ~ P H H X

noaepxua

pi.nHH Ha6YBac

<jJOPMY, 3YMoBJleHY

CHJlaMH

.lJ.n~ xaninapis

OC06J1I1BOCTi MiKPOCTPYKTypH

aaneacars

ain

noeepxuesoro Haury i Mano cnoraopiocrsca sa paXYHOK aara . 3 paniycov r xapaxrepua BHCOTa ni.nH5ITT5I piaana B xaninspi h (pHC. 1.23). axa BI13Hal.jafTbC~ sa Q>0PMYIlOfO)l{fOpeHa: h
.ne

Ix

.ll.I1CnepCHocTi

ra

<jJi3I1KO-xiMi4HO'i aKTHBHOCTi

nosepxai.
pianis, sxi

Han

0 B H 10 B a 4 i -

ue

2crcos8 ,
rgpp

(1.9)

BHCOKO.ll.HCnepCHi KOMnOHeHTH MaTe-

caMOCTiHHO He YTBOPlOlOTb

crpyxrypy reepninus,

ane

aKTHBHO () - nOBepXHeBI1H HaTSlr; () - KpaHoBHH KyT 3MolfYBaHHSI;

srpy-rarorsca

B 'ii <jJopMYBaHH~ pa30M i3 ueMeHT)'104HMH

pelfOBHHaMH. JLrIH

na OCHOBi MiHepanbHHX B'~)I(YlfHX uartosmoaaxi YTBOPlOlOTb nepsauxi anreailiui KOHTaKTH ua craair Q>opMYBaHHH xoaryJI~uHhloi' CTPYKTYPI1. w.o nepexonars B Mipy riztparauii B He06opOTHi KOHTaKTI1 spoureuaa. MiuHicTb i crpyxrypa lIKHX BH3HalfalOTb eQ>eKTHBHicTb HanOBHIOBa4a. HanOBHIOBa4i, 3MeHWYlO4H enepriio ua nosepxai noniny <fla3, npacxoprorors TI1M caMHM xpacraniaauiio HOBOYTBopeHb. BOHH raKO)l( MO)l(YTb BCTynaTH B XiMilfHY B3aCMo.nilO 3 np0.llYKTaMH rinparauir
6Y.ll.iBeJlbHHX MaTepiaJliB B'lI)1(Ylforo i 36iJlbWYBaTI1 TaKHM lfHHOM 06'CM HOBOYTBopeHb.

g - npacxopeaus ainsuoro naniuua; PI' - rycraua pi.nI1HH•

MiKpOKaniJIHp 11

(r ~ 0,1

MKM) B pe3YJIb-

'rari

-:.-:---=-

CTaHY

Ilepexin B'~)I(Y4HX pe40BHH y HanOBHeHHX CHCTeMax ain 06'CMHoro no TOHKOnJliBKOBOro nac 3Mory CyrrCBO nOJlinWHTH Ixni rexnixni

BJIaCTI1BOCTii 3MeHWHTH BHTpaTH. MiKPOCTPYKT)'PH KOHrJIOMepaTHI1X MaTepianiB nparauanaa suaxua ueonsopinnicn.. LJacTHHKH B'lI)1(Y40ro i HanOBHIOBalfiB YTBOPfOfOTb arperaru - K JI aCT e p 11 pi3HHX P03MipiB. Ilpa onTHManbHHX posuipax sepeu i . ix cniaainaoureuui ainfiyaaersca B3afMonpOI'HKHeHHH xnacrepis i Ix spoureuua, RHaCJli.llOK xoro YTBOPlOfTbClI MiuHiwa CTpYKT)'pa. HaHBa)l(JlI1BiWHMI1 eJleMeHTaMH MiKPOCTpYKTypH MaTepianiB, 3Ha4alOTb 'iXHi BJl3CTHBOCTi.

xapaxrepnoro .nJJH HHX eQ>eKT)' xaninapnol xounencauii MO)l(YTb 6ym nOBHicTfO sanoeaeni pinaHOIO aa paxynox nornaHaHHSI 'ij napis 3 HaBKOIlHunrsoro cepenosama.
M a K p 0 K ani

PHC.

1.23. Kaninspue

nillHiMaHHlI pillHHH.

n SIP

uio BH-

.~

no

n.

Haiinpifiaiiui
aaiaorponii

nopa

(y JI b T P a-

M i K P 0 n 0 p 11) BI1HHKafOTb aaacninox

BJIaCTHBOcTeH KPHC-

,
I

(1,0 > r ~ 0,1 MKM) MO)l(YTb 6YTH sancaaeni pi)lHHOfO TiIlbKH Y paai fiemocepenasoro KOHTaKT)' 3 aero. Kpia TOI'O, OC06IlHBicTfO MaKpOKaniIlSIpiB e re, uio BOHH He TiIlbKH He a.ll.COp6YIOTb sonory noairpa, a HaBnaKH Bi.ll..llafOTb B aTMOCQ>epy BOJIOry,
uio B HHX C.

30

31

MiKPOKUlliJlHPH Yci MaTCpianl1,

aa p03MipaMH HKi MiCTHTb Y

uinnoeinarors co6i

Cy6MiKpOCKOniLJHOMY MO)f(Ha nO,Ainl1TI1

HOCTi.

piBHIO CTPYKTYPI1, a MaKpOKaninHpl1 A.B.J1I1KOBI1M)

- MiKpOCKOniLJHOMY.

11I1Xxpatiaix

'rania nop

MO)l(YTb 6YTI1 YTBOPCHi

cxnanniuii

CHCTe-

(sa KaninspaonOpl1CTI1MI1 Ha311BalOTb MaTCpianl1, ,Ami HKI1X KaninHpHI1H noreauian aaaxHO nCpCBI1lUYC noreuuian non}! sara. K ani 11}! P H 11H nOT C H U ian '1/" - ue noreuuiansna eaepria non}! KaninHpHI1X can, Bi,AHCCeHa ,AO onaaaui na xaninspuo-nopacri ra
3BI1LJaHHi nOpI1CTi. MaCI1 pinl1HI1,

nopa,

MI1 3 nOpaMI1 060x IcHYc

Tl1niB. Ta CTpYKTYPH

paa

MCTO,AiB BI13HaLJCHHSI opncrocri n

noposoro

npocropy .

.D,.nH BI13HaLJCHHHynsrpasaikponop

"3aCTOcoBYIOTb,

aanpaxnan,

MCTO,A aJlCOp611i'j BO.ll.H i BCMoKryBaHH}!

enexrpoaaoi MiKpocKoni"i, PTYTH_y nopoverpuo.

reniio. nJl}! MiKponop - MeTO.ll.H ancopfiuii asory H MCTaHony, nna MaKponop -

'l/k
nOT C H II ian

= hg.
non
H Bar 11

(1.10)
If!"h
MO)f(Ha 3HaHTI1 3 YMOBI1:

Ha
SlKIllO

MaKpOCKOniLJHoMY

1.4. Maxpocrpyxrypa MaTepiaJlio pisni CTPYKTYPY MaTepianiB

10
4

poarnanarors,
OPI1

'l/ h
ll

mghJ m

= gh., ,

(1.11)

P03Mipl1

yaCTI1HOK CTaHOBnHTb nOHM OKOM a60

M.

MaKpoCTPYKTYPY

BI1BLJalOTb Heo"36po€HI1M

npa

He"3HaLJHoMY 36inbweHHi. 6YJlOBI1

usovv

MO)l<Ha BH3HaLJHTI1 oc06nHBOCTi IlpOUCCaMH

'ra

.lI.ecpeKTiB MaTepianiB,

.lI.C

III -

Maca Tina: BI1COTa Han piBHeM MOpH.

II ,nons aaru,

3YMo~nCHI1X

Ix

cpopMYBaHHH,

BI1p06HHUTBa

'ra eKCnJlyaTaUII

5IKU~O KaninHpHI1H TO MaTcpian

noreuuian roro cavoro

C 30KpCMa

nOp}!.lI.KY, I.IJ.O H

norenuian
Kani11H-

(HanpI1KJla,A, .lI.CCPCKTI1 naeapnoro 6YJlb6aWKI1 HI1). BHB4CHWI 3Mory 4iB. PCH, MaKpocTpYKTYPH

nOXO,A)I(eHHH Y MeTaniB, BO,AH ,AepeBI1HH, Ta paKOBI1HI1 Y

ra

CTOPOHHi BKJlIOLJCHHH CKJli, Tpillll1HI1 Y

fieronae

MO)f(Ha BBa)f(aTI1 npOCTO nOpl1CTI1M TinOM.

pHO-nOpI1TCTI1MI1 TinaMI1 nOpl1CTI1MI1 niCOK.

I.IJ.c6iHb.

rnnua, xepauixa, Oco6nl1BOCTi nopucror

6CTOH, .lI.epCBI1Ha, a 6Y.lI.OBI1 MaTepiany

MaTcpianiB

xoarnoveparaorc
MaTepianiB

THny

CYTTCBO BnJlI1BalOTb SlK PC)f(I1MI1 'iXHbO'i 06p06KI1. 1l(06

ua

BnaCTI1BOCTi MaTcpianiB,

TaK i

na

BH31iaLJaTI1BiJlHOCHY KiJlbKiCTb B'}!)I(Y40ro a iHKOJlI1 H MiHCpanoriLJHI1H CPOPMYH

i 3anOBHIOBai CPOPMY seMO)f(Ha

OnTI1ManbHi

Ix posnonin,
Y

cxnan,

P03Mip TOI.IJ.O.

OUiHI1TI1 BnJlI1B CTPYKTYPI1 Ha BJiaCTI1BOCTi MaTepianiB, p 11C T 0 C T i Bi.ll.HOWCHH}! 06'€MY

3aCTO-

COBYIOTb nOHHTT}! no

nop .lI.O sarans-

aoro 06'CMY MaTCpiaJlY. IHTcrpanbHI1MI1 napaverpaaa nopoaoro npocropy c iCTI1HHa (a60 nOBHa), ainxpura (a60 yxaua), YMOBHO-3aMKHeHa nOpI1CTOcri, Ilpa usovy Ba)f(JlI1BO p03pi3HHTI1 nopa aa 'iXHiMI1 p03MipaMI1, CPOPMOIO, xapaxrepov. Ha pac. 1.24 nonano Tl1nl1 nOpl1CTI1X CTPYKryp UCMCHTHoro

6~
v

xapaxrep noaepxai,
pSl.ll.i Bl1na.ll.KiB

cxnazmi

··~.·.~.·:~o./
• /,I

---_-.0
0 Cl

0 c::> 0
0

0
0 0
0

12 .•.. ·~;~=3~
~
~ _

ft6
B

xinsxicrs

MaKpono~

6araTOKOMnOHeHTHI 3BCCTH

CTPYKryPI1

aa

MaKpopiBHi

.lI.O ,ABOXKOM-

nOHCHTHHX. Hanpaxnaa, MaKpOCTPYKrypy 6CTOHY MO)l(Ha p03r11}!.lI.aTH KaMiHb -

HK CI1CTCMY lleMCHTHI1H (iHK011H

'3anOBHIOBa4

nia

MaKpOCT-

PYKrypOIO 6eTOHY P03YMiIOTb CI1CTCMY UCMeHTHO-nill.laHI1H P03LJI1H LUe6iHb), a MaKpocTpyKTYPY cKJlono.ll.i6Ha

caranis
cnony-

SlK cHcTeMY

0
C>

<:>

LJYI04a LJaCTHHa-

KpHCTaniLJHI1H HaCTPYK-

PHC.

1.24.

6
C:xeMH THniB CTPYKTYPI1 ueveuruoro

B
KaMCHIO:
nopaau: r-CXCMU 6-TC

r
J UHJliHl1PH'IHHMH:
KaMCHIO. B-TC

nOBHIOBa4. LJ,BoKoMnoHeHTHi TYPH MO)l(Ha

a-uux i.iua cxeua

Me "3 1I0PUMH

KY:ICIlO..'li6BHMH

carae

ca-

lMililloro

ucpcpuy:

CTPYKTYPH

UCMCllTHoro

Puc, 1.25.
U-1I0CJli;IOIlIIO

CxeMH CTpyKTyP:
CKJUV1CIIU: 6-IlUpa:ICllbIIO KOHI'JIOMCpaTlIO-

noziinara aa napaneJlbHO cxnaaexi H nocninosao cxnaneni. Onaax HaHLJaCTiwe Tpan11HIOTbCH 3MiwaHi CTPYKTYPI1 napane-

KaMCHIO noio

(sa

<D.M.IBaHoBI1M).

Y nCpWOMY '3 HI1X nopn

P03MC)f(OBaHi TBCpcrynens BI1KpI1Bne-

cxnaaeua:

B-CTpYKTypa

qJa'3010 i 3aMKHCHi, B iHWOMY € KaHanaMI1 pin-oro

1'0 MaTcpi;uIY.

nsao-nocninoaui.tpac.
33

1.25).

32

Koarnoveparuani
IOTb ua TpH rpynu pea sanoe-noea-ra. M e H Tau

.uBOKOMnOHeHTHi CTpyKTypH saneacao MaTepiany Maci.

(pHC.

1.26)

noains~e_

(sa I.M.rPYWKO) 5lKLUo crpyxrypa TO sepaa

ain cryneas

p03cYBaHHjI se-

llfirn.aicn, BKJIaAeHHH.

naxysanua

sepea aanexorrs

ain

ixaso)'

<l>oPMHTa CHCTeMH

3 6 a 3 a JI b HOlD

ic

io ,

3anOBHIOBa4iB

He YTBOPlOlOTb KOHTaKTiB Mi)l( BJIaCTHBOCTi MaTepiany

c0601O. SOHH Hi6H nnaaators npa TaKiH MaKpOCTpYKrypi MO)l(YTb noripuryaaru

CIlOJIY4Hiii

3YMOBJIeHi nepeB3)I(HO BJIaCTHBOCTHMHcnOJIY.uilOYH HK KOH~eHTPaTH uanpyr, naxapxac,

4HO', MaTpH4HD', 4aCTHHH. 3anOBHIOBa4i,

MCXaHiYHi BJIaCTHBOCTi KOHrJIOMCpaTY. B Mipy urrysaoro a60 npaponnoro B'H)I(YYOro.

CHYCHHH CTpyKTypH 3cpHaMH 3anOBHIOBaya YTBOPIOITbCjI lllinbHHii CKJICCHHHTOHKHM npourapxou KY CTpyKTypy Ha3HsalOTb n 0 p 0 BOlO.

TaPuc. 1.27. Cxeva p03MimeHHlI 4aCTHHOK cTPYKTYpax y npa IUl3Ha'leHHi xoedriuicsrra ynaKOBKH.
j

BOHa CnpHHTJIHBa HK 3 60KY BHB r-r--..,.,.,........__"..."....,........,.--,--,

P03paxYHKoM sepeu, p03MiLUeHHx

MO)J(Ha nOKa3aTH, LUO uiinsuocri pHAaMH i B uraxoeossy nopaaxy

BKJIaAeHHjj KYJljjCTHX B O.uHHH~i 06'£MY,

CyrrCBO BiApi3HjlIOTbCH (pHC. 3

1.28). Y
B

nepurouy

HKI MO)l(Ha BKJIaCTH B O.uHHH~i 06'CMY

n;

= n = 1/D ,
3 3

BHnaAKy KiJlbKicTb 06'£M

xyns, xyrn,

V/-,=(nl·/rD )/6=/r/6; V~ = (niv1t03 )/6 = 21t/9.

PIIC. 1.26. CXeMI1 MaKpoCTpyKTYP«onrncaeparnoro
a-j 6a'ja,II.II010 ueuerrrauiuo: 6-llopoua: II-KOHTaKTlla.

.upyr~~1y

aianoainao:

n~=4/3D3;

MaTepiany:

06'(1'.1 nOpO)l(HHH npa posraiuyeaani

3epeH-KYJlbOK nopsn

TpaT S'H)KY4oro.

TaK i uanaaus

MaTcpianaM

nOTpi6HHX TeXHiYHHX BJIaCTHMaKCHManbHHM HaCHaananxis .D.JJjj TBOC

V" =1-/r/6=0,476;
y uraxoaovy nopsnxy

(1.1.3)
(1.14) Maxpocrpyxrypa
p03pi3HHIOTbCjj p03MipaMH cepenasoCTHX nopin TaKO)l{ a6COJlIOTHHMH Ta BiJJ.HOCHHMH sepen.

socrea. K

0 H T a K T H a crpyxrypa

xapaKTcpH3YITbCH s'H)I(YYOrO

VI~= 1- 27t/9

= 0,3;
rt

YCHHjlM MaTcpia.ny. HeHHH nopoacaau

KOJIH xinsxocri

He.uOCTaTHbO .D.JJH 3anOB-

Mi)1( 3epHaMH 3anOBHIOSaya i B psni ua 'iXHiii nosepxai. e xoediiuicur

PCHHH CYUiJlbHO"i 060noHKH

nOKa:3HHKOM MaKpocTpyKTypH

naKYBaHHH:

I -D K =-'..:...'''-D
/I

Fpaaaxni

( 1.12)
sepeu;

P03MipH sepeu .D.JJH JJ.pi6HO-, Ta KpynH03epHHMO~b 6YTH BiJJ.MaTe-

ne

1",,- npoexuis

aincrani

Mi)l( ~eHTpaMH cycinuix

D - niauerp sepea (npa pi3HOMY niaverpi - paniycu cycinaix aepeu). Ilpa K" > 0 sepaa 3anOBHIOBaya nonineai npu K" = 0 ucrynaiors Y KOHTaKT; npu K" < 0 XOAHTb O.uHI-Isa O.uHHH (pHC. 1.27).

sepen

Ii=ri+r, ,

ne

r, , r]

a 6 Puc, 1.28. P03Mime:iHlI KYJlenOlli6HHX aepea:

a-npu pllllOBin
YKJUI:llli:

pi3HHMH aanexcao

npourapxou

B'jj)l(YYOro;

6-npH uraxoaia YKllaJIUi.

piany. HanpHKJIaJJ., CTPYKrypa ripcsxux nopin nane)J(aTb JJ.O JJ.P i H 0 3 e p Hi)J( 2 1'.11'.1, 6eToHiB - 5 MM; JJ.O

3aLUinJlIOIOTbCH, T06TO 3aH H C T H x , HKLUO P03MipH sepen cepc;J.Hb03epHHcTHX MeHwe ainnoaiauo

2 ... 5
MM.

MM Ta

5... 20

MM; JJ.O

K P Y n H 0 3 C P H H C T H X - nOHaJJ.5 'ra

20

34

35

3a BiLlHOCHHMH p03MipaMH

BHLliJllllOTb piBHOMipHO-

'ra nepienovipHWlBHicTIO B )JKiH P03MalOTb BH-

ornsny,

YJlbTpa3BYKoBOI0

'ra

MaruiTHolO

nediexrocsonioo, saenaas c

mosriuecuear-

HO-3epHI1CTi CTPYKTyPI1. THnOBHMH pi3HOBHLlaMH HepiBHOMipH03epHHCTHX

crpyxryp e n 0 p cp i P 0 B i CTPYKryPI1, sxi XapaKTepH3YIOTbC)J B MaTepiani cxnononifiuoi a60 TOHK03epHHCTO'" OCHOBHO'"MaCH, ciaai oxpewi xpynui KpHCTanH - BKpanJleHH)J. Taxi CTpyKryPH
J1I1Ti ripcsxi ,LVKeHWI. BOM npouecia, noninuryron, nparauii

HHMH pillHHaMH, npocaisyaaaaav TomO. OLlHHM 3 ronosaax TeXHOJloriYHHX 3 0 nTH Ma

JI

OTpHMaHHlI MaTepianiB

bHHMH

C T P Y K T Y p a v H . 3ane)f(HO Bill

nOCTaHOBKH 3aBLlaHHlI MO)f(Ha .lI.aTH nsa BH3HayeHH)J TypH (aa B.A.Bo3HeceHcbKHM):

ocotinaaocrea orrravansaor CTpYKpisaa

piaaa KpHTeKpHTe-

nopozia. pan KOHrJlOMepaTHHX MaTepianiB

6YLliBeJlbHHX MaTepianiB 3YMOBJleHHX lIK aayrpiurssoio Hi npoueca CTpyKTypy

urry-raoro noxo-

CTpYKTypa

3 yaCOM 3MiHIOCTbC)J nia anna... npHpOLlOIO, TaK i HaBKOX KOHCTPYKTHBHHMH, Ll(0 i LleCTpYKTHBHHMH. sxi y npoueci ri-

I. Crpyxrypa, sxa aac MO)l(J1HSicTb .lI.OClirTH sanaaoro piio ediexruauocri npa MiHiHanbHii1 BHTpaTi pecypcis. 2. CTpYKTypa, uio nac 3Mory .lI.OClIrTH MaKCHManbHoro

J1HWlliM cepenoauurea.

MO)Kyrb 6yrH

piio ecpeKTHBHoCTi npa nOBHii1 BHTpaTi BH.lI.illeHHX pecypcis.

i BJlaCTHBOcTi MaTepiany, 6eToHiB, nonirnuyc

Kpurepixva

eQ>eKTHBHoCTi CTpyKryPH BJlaCTHBOcTeH MaTepianiB

HaHYaCTiwe

e nOKa'lHHKH excrpenorpifina

CnpHYHHlOlOTb 3BOPOTHY niio. niLlBHLl(YC MiuHicTb ane BOJlHOyaC nia

TaK, P03BHTOK noeoyreopeas

CTPYKTypHO-Y}'TnHBHX

- MillHOCTi, rennonposiMaTepiany

pan iHWHX BJIaCTHBOcTeH,

nHOCTi. MOpo30CTii1KOCTi, HenpoHHKHOCTi TOUlO. .Llnll nOClIrHeHHlI MaJJblH1X 3HayeHb nOKa'lHHKa KOHKpeTHo'" snacraaocri
UiJIKui\l

BnJlHBOM arpeCHBHHX Q>aKTopiB HaBKOJlHWHbOro cepeKOP03iHHi npoueca, 11(0 MalOTb PYHHiBHHH xapaxnpa Q>0pMYBaHHi TaKoi' crae MiHiManbraxoi CTpYKnop, 3pOCxanOBiTpllHHX aocaracrscs

LlOBI1Ll(a ainfiyaaiorsca Horo crpyxrypa. rypu C yraopeuas

BHJHalJCHa crpyxrypa, Tal',

rep, baxcana .'J.oBrOBiYHicTb MaTepiany H\I1M. XapaKTepHHM piBHOMipHO xaninspue npHKJlaLtOM

orrraarsauia

CTpyKryPH

6eTOHY 3 nosauii

MillHOCTi BHMarae MiMOP030CTiHKOCcnisainnoureaua Bi.ll.KPHTHX nop, npa HOpMynOKa'lHHK

npa lIKii1 BnJlHB .lI.eCTpYKTHBHHX npouecia

HiMi'3aui'" 06'CMY Bi.ll.KPHTHX i 3aMKHyrHx ri supiuransue 06'CMy 3aMKHyrHx i YMoBHo-3aMKHYTHX

nop, a 3 n03HlliH nOTpi6H~ro nop .lI.O 06'CMY MaTepiany

cnpawoeanoro

<;0pMYBaHHlI nopa

3HayeHHSI Mae 3a6e3neyeHHlI

B 6eTOHi 3a .lI.OnOMOrolO .lI.06aBOK nAP .B YCbOMY 06'CMi.

pomonineuax

Taxi

sanotiirarors
nosepxai

lIKi HaCI1YYloTbCSI BO.ll.OIO. Kpirrepiea BaHHi nOKa3HHKiB KiJlbKOX anacrasocrea plBHI.

orrruviaauif

CTpyKryPH

TaHHIO THCKY BO.ll.H, Ll(O BHHHKac npa "fi 3aMep3aHHi.

a TaKO)K 3MeHwYlOTb

MO)Ke 6yrH

lIi.ll.CMoKTYBaHHlI BO.ll.H BHaCJli.ll.OK rinpodiofiiaauil P03BHTOK .lI.eCTpYKTHBHHX npouecis - nopa. aanoaaeai B01l01O. CTpyKryPH

o.ll.Hic"i 3 BJlaCTHBOCTeH 3a HopMYBaHHSlM iHWO'j (a60

iHWHX) aa neBHOMY

ninxpia. Ha
ryPH xaninspa. pianis.

BnJlHBalOTb LleQ>eKTH CTPYKnopaua e

BnaCTHBOCTi. S1Ki3B' S13aHiMi)K c06010 O.ll.HOyaCHOi Q>0PMYIOTbClI nin BnJlHBOM OllHHX i THX caMHX CTPYKryPHHX pevansuoro 3HayeHHlI npaKTHYHO sa napaaerpia, 3a Ha6YBalOTb eKCTH6 ' e BHM) . onnopiauocri TOUlO. asaeposr-

MaTepianiB

TpiLl(HHH TOLl(O. HaHHe6e3neYHiwHMH

nesxoi

O.llHieY CTpYKTyPH, sxy MO)f(Ha

T p i III H H H - HeBi.ll.'CMHi eneueura lIKi MO)KHa poarnanara nosepxui, lIK nopyuienaa nai aim.ui

6YLliBellbHHx BepwHHY.

MaTeTpia60

BBa)l<aTI1OriTHMaJlbHOIO ( 3 a K 0 H C T BOp Y

I. 0 . P
crynias

Ixcyuinsuocri.

BOHH MalOTb

Jlo
nepcuoro poanoniny

napaaerpis

CTPYKryPH uanezcars

BMicT .llHCnepcHo·i Q>a3HTa nac-

Ll(0 3MHKaIOYHCb. yrBOPlOlOTb rocrpy

cepenoaaura,

<pa30Bi CniBBi.llHOWeHHlI, MaTepianiB niaxin).

Ll(H~Hl BHUHKalOTb BHaCJli.'WK MeXaHiYHo ....enexrpoxiaixaoi, iHWO'" o6po6KH J1oBi, ycanxoai, rpiuiau MaTepiany. reaneparypui, KOP03iHHi. P03MipH 3aranbHolO

repui-urol

lJaCTHHOK nacnepcaoi CTPYKryPH anacraaicrs

Q>a3HB Maci cepenosaura BHMarae

3a nOXO.ll.)f(eHHlIM TpiLl(HHH rtoninaiors

aa: CHP03-

Orrraviaauia
M03B'S13KiB rany

apaxysaaas

xapaKTepHCTHKOIO

- crpyxrypa,

sxi Q>0PMYIOTbClI aa scix

MO)f(YTb 6YTH

Ixui

.lI.OB)f(HHa, rJJH6HHa, mapana

JlSlH)'TI1X piBHSlX (nonicTpYKTyPHHH

KpHTTlI, <popMa nonepesuoro BO 3HH)KYIOTh MiuHicTb

ra n03.l1.0B)f(HbOro nepepiais. BOHH c

MaTepianiB,

Tpiuiaaa cyrre"soporava arpecii". OC0611HBO

y XOllO.ll.HOnaMKHX MeTanax UHKJliyaisyansaoro

uefieane-uri
npa

TpiwHHH

B KPHXKHX MaTepianax,

HH3bKHX revneparypax

Ta B KOHCTPYKUillX, lIKi ninztaiorscs BHSlBJllIlOTb sa nonovoroio

HOMY HaBaHTa)KeHIHO. TpiLl(HHH

36

37

\./

2. OCHOBHI llPOUECH «I>OPMYBAlIHJI CTPYKTYPH OTPHMAHlUI liy,n;IBEJILHHX MATEPIAJIIB

,LVI5I CaO, ,llOpiBHIOIOTb, K,U)l(/MOJIb'K:

CO2

i CaC03

,llOBi,llHHKOBi 3HalJ:eHH5I !1H

~98

ainnoainno

K,lVK/MOJIb:

-636,46; -394,07; -1208,61,

a 3HalJeHH5I

S ~98 '

2.1. <l>a30Bi piaaoaara if niarpaara cTaHY

BHpo6HH1.(TBO

urryxaax

6Y,lliBenbHHx

MaTepiaJIiB

rpyarycrscs

aa

I1Z

0,0398; 0,2139 i 0,0930. TO,lli (I1H KiH -I1Hno~) - T(S"'H - Snoq)

= -1208,61-

(-636,46 -

xosmnexci npouecis,

51Ki cynpOB01VKYIOTbC5I

snefiinsuroro

XiMilJ:HHMH B3a-

cnonyx. Biporizmicrs 3,lliHCHeHH5I XiMilJ:HHX B3aCMO,lliH, saxin nponyxris peaxuia, Tennoai erpexra, uio Ix cynposozosyiors, a TaKO)l( BnaCTHBOCTi yraopiosannx rtponyxris MO)l(Ha 01.(iHHTH sa nonosroroio T e p M 0 n H HaM i lJ:H 0 r 0 MeT 0 n y . I..(eH MeTO,ll rpyirryersca aa BHKopHCTaHHi nepuroro H npyroro 3aKOHiB TepMO,llHHaMiKH. ITepwHH 3aKOH aapazcae ineio 36epe)l(eHH5I eaeprii", a ,llPYrHH BKalYC na Hanp5lMOK CaMOlJ:HHHOrOnpoTiKaHH5I npouecy. MO)I(JIHBicTb CaMOlJ:HHHOrO npoTiKaHH5I XiMilJ:HOi" peaxuii a60 CPalOsoro nepeTBOpeHH5I MO)l(Ha nporaosyaara, cnaparo-racs aa piBH5IHH5I fi66CMo,lli5lMH a60 noniMopCPHHMH nepeTBOpeHH5IMH pelJ:OBHH i cane

- 394,07) - 298(0,0930 - 0,0398 - 0,2139) = -130,2KLI:>KMOJIh. /

Orace, peaxuis nporixae ai
MOlJHHHO. YMOBi 3MeHWeHH5IM

ainsnol eaeprii,

To6TO caTo6TO

pisaoaara
Kill

L1Z =0. T

= (!1H

3HaH,lleMO T

sinnoainae MiHiMYM aaeeneaol BH~e peaxuii

Kill -

3MiHH BiJIbHO"i 3

eaeprii,

-!1H no. )/(S

S no.)

= -178,08/-

L1Z =0:

0,1607

= 1108°K.

,LVI5I npaKTHlJ:HHX 1.(iJIeH Ba)I(JlHBO ;maTH He TiJIbKH MO)l(J]HBiCTb lJ:HOi" ssaessoni), a H WBH.1lKicTb )l(HTb. KiJIbKiCHi lJ:Ha cpalH) KiHeTHKa. ,LVI5IrOMoreHHHX pearyroxax pelJOBHH XiMilJHHX peaxuia (uto Ixaix

peaxuii

i cpaKTOpH,

rensuronsua:
I1Z -

3aKOHOMipHOCTi p03BHTKy

xivisin 51KHX BOHa 3aJ1epeaxuiii y xaci BHBlJ:aCx i M i nporixaiors

.1l06yrKY B

3MiHHa

!1H, M

tlZ = !ill- TM iaofiapao-iaorepaixaoro nOTeH1.(iaJIY (eaepris - 3MiHH earansnii Ta errrponii npouecy;

(2.1)
ri66ca);

06'CMi onaiei
KOH1.(eHTpa1.(iH xoerpiui-

WBH.1lKicTb peaxuif

npasronponopuiaaa

T - 'rexmeparypa.
ITpHH1.(HniaJIbHa MO)I(JIHBicTb ,llii' BH3HalJ:acrbC5I 3HaKOM 6in51 a60 HeMO)I(JIHBicTb 6Y,llb-51KOi' B3aCMO-

C,

B351THX creneai Y

crexioverpmnux

CHTiB. Y 1.(bOMy nonsrae

OCHOBHHH 3aKOH XiMilJ:HO"i KiHeTHKH. ,LVI5I peaxuif

VI V2 C B' U -KC A -

Z . PeaK1.(i51 vIA + v2B <=>

(2.2) (2.5) reaneparypa,

.1le
I

V3C,

(2.2) I1Z < 0; K-

zte

Vi - crexioverpa-nri

xoediiuierrra,

MO)I(JIHBa, 51K~O

KOHCTaHTa WBH.1lKOCTi peaxuif,

51K~O I1Z>

0, TO MO)l(e
0

KOHcTaHTa WBH.1lKOCTi 3aJ1e)l(HTb Bi,ll

Bi,ll6YBaTHC5I rnnue 3BOPOTHHH npouec. ,llJI5I 6alOBO"i TeMnenoreauiany

Binnosiaao no
(2.6)

Mise
parypa

6Y,llb-51KHM i CTaH,llapTHHM (pospaxoaanua

piBH5IHH5I Appeuiyca

298 K) 3HalJ:eHH5IMH isotiapao-iaorepai-moro

Zo

icne

HYC saneacnicrs:

Ko -

KOHCTaHTa, uto aasnaxae

YMOBH npoTiKaHH5I

peaxuii. I,
nia

Z = tlZo + RTlna
i racpzmx Tin

(2.3)

Y piBH5IHHi

(2.6) E -

erpexraaaa

e H e p r i 51 a K T H B a 1.(i naxany

zte

R - rasosa crana;

51KOIOP03YMilOTb Ha,llJIHWKOBY enepriio, npasrof B KOOp.1lHHaTax

nOTpi6HY ,llJI5I3,lliHCHeHH5I peaxuii.

apeaxuii

aKTHBHicTb pelJ:OBHH (.llJUI lJ:HCTHXpinaa

a = 1).
(2.4)

3HalJ:eHH5I E 06lJ:HCJIIOIOTb sa TaHreHCOM xyra

excnepmretrransaoi
npoueaKTHXiMi'lHY

3a TepMO.1lHHaMilJ:HHM MeTO.1l0M BH3HalJ:HMO MO)I(JIHBicTb npoTiKaHH5I CaO

19 K - (lIT)

(pHC.

2.1).
TBep,lliHH5I 6Y,lliBeJIbHHX ITOKalHHK eaeprii

3HalJ:eHH5I ecpeKTHBHo"i eaeprii CiB CTaHOBHTb B'll.)I(YlJ:HX sauif

aKTHBa1.(i"i fiinsurocri XiMi'lHHX

+ CO2 = CaC03

40 .. .400 K,U)l(/MOJIb; ,llJI5I npouecis He nepefiinsmyc 40 ... 50 K,U)l(/Monb.

-

3MeHWYlOTb xaranisaropa

pelJ:OBHHH, 51Ki npacxopiotors KiH1.(eBHX np0.1lYKTiB.

B3aeMO.1lilO, aJle He BXO.1l11.Tb .1l0

i"i

Karaniaaropaua,

38

39

aanpaxnazr, peaxuii noniaepasauif

- OTBep.lJ.)KYBalfi.

Ta

nonixoanencauu

cnyzcars

.ll.06aBKH ne

f
f - xinsxicrs
P03rmlHeMO cryneais

+n=k+2,
BOJli;

(2.7)

O~~~7~.7_7~.~~·Z~6_7~.8-+-?-r

n - xinsxicrs diaa; k - xinsxicrs KOMnOHeHTiB.

npaxnana piBHOBIDKHHX CTaHiB <t>i3HlfHOi"i XiMilfHOi" CHCTeM. OPHKJla.n.OM <t>i3H'fHOi"CHCTeMH MO)Ke 6yrH sona.

p,na
3

Bona
K
naerscs (pHC.

Y CTaHi piBHOBarH RKIUO nona

CKJla-

3 onaiei,

.ll.BOX i TpbOX <t>a3 CTaHOBHTb

2.2).

6
PRC.

JIia

TiJlbKH pinxy

<t>a3Y,TO revneparypy HOBOi" $a3H,

H THCK MO)KHa 3MiHIOBaTH B neBHHX Me)KaX 6e3 yrsopeans To6TO CHCTeMa naoeapiaaraa

2.1.

BIDIHB

KOCTirinparauii

aa KOHcTaHl)' WBH.ll.MOHoMiHepanbHHX uesresris. 6Y.ll.iBeJlbHHX MaTepianiB xapaxnoztiny

0,0076

reuneparypa

,[tnH BHrOTOBJleHHJI H excnnyarauii TepHi rereporeaai HHX npouecis XiMilfHi npoueca, B;.ll. nnouii MaTepianiB

napa

2 - 1 = 2).
THMO, piasa noainsno T,o C

(f =

1+

KOJlH C nai $a3H (rrparrycaorta H HaCHlfeHHH nap), MO)KHa 3MiHHTH JlHlIIe CHCTeMH - TeM-

HKi Bi.ll.6YBaIOTbcJl na nosepxai

KiJlbKOX $a3 (TBep.ll.iHHJI B'JI)KYlfHX, KOP03ii' TOlItO). aaneaorrs peaxuiilnof CKOpHTH TBep,lJ.iHHJI uexerrrie, MaHHH PMY xepaaisaax yrsopeaaa

Lllaanxicrs

rereporea-

nosepxai, ueMeHTHoro

TOMY,

uiof

O.ll.HH 3 napaxerpia

npaOTPHPRC. 2.2. ,L{iarpaMa piBHOBa)l(HOrO crany BO.ll.H: l-aoaa-napa: 2-Jlill-napa;3-JliJ!-BOlia.

xninxepy,

neparypy a60 THCK, i BOHa C O.ll.HOBapiaHTHOIO (f 1+ 2- 2 1). RKIUO

TOuio , cnia TOHk.O nO.LI.pi6HHTH BHXi.LI.BHKopHcTaHHHM renno-

HICK 6iJlblIJHH Bi,lJ.piBHOBIDKHoro, nap xoanescycrscs MeHwe -

TO

Hi np0.LI.YKTH. OOBepxHIO nO.LI.iJlY$a3 36iJlblIJYlOTb TaKO)K iHWHMH MeTO.ll.aMH, HanpHKJla.LI., iHTeHcHBHHM 06MiHHHX npacrpoia Ta in. npouecax HaHnOBiJlbHilIJOIO CTa.LI.i€1O .LI.H$Y3iH BHe H xiaueaax npO.LI.YKTiB ia uiei 30HH. RK~O aa 1°C lIJBH.LI.KiCTb 3pOCTa( aa 1.. 3%. cYMiweH sanexorrs KiJlbKiCTIO nepeMilIJYBaHHJlM,

BO,lJ.a

neperaopioerscs He icnysaaas

B nap, i CHCTeMa CTaC O.ll.HO$a3HOIO. TpbOX $a3 - JIbO.ll.Y, pi.ll.KOi" BO,lJ.Hi napa,

Hapeurri,

piBHOBIDK°C i 610,5

MO)KJ1HBeTinbKH B

rereporeanax

Xi.LI.HHXpexoaaa aa nosepxai peaxnii npouecis

y soay peaxuii

UiJlKOM BH3HalfeHHx·iHTepBanax

reerneparypn
(aonaapiaaraa) na CaO i CO2, ee CaO

H THCKy (+0,0076 CHCTeMa (f= 1 + Kap60HaT

nO.LI.iJlY$a3 3 ni.LI.BHIUeHHHM reuneparypa npH6JlH3HO B

Ila),

To6TO icuyc 6e3BapiaHTHa npa aarpieaaai CaC03

2- 3

= 0).
IUO

36iJlblIJycrbCH

2. .4

OPHKJla.n.OM XiMilfHOi" CHCTeMH MO)Ke 6yrH posnanacrscs

xansuiro,

pasa, TO WBH.LI.KiCTb.LI.H$Y3iHHHX a60 Ixaix

aa KO)KeH rpaayc

ni.LI.BHlIteHHH resmeperypa pesoaaa

PiBHOBIDKHHH CTaH oxpesrax Bi.LI. 0BHiwHix 3 i xouuenrpauieio nOHeHTiB, $a3 n p a B H<Jl0 M YMOB (reuneparypa yraopeaax i cryneais $ a3 $a3.

+ CO2.
ryr

(2.8)
e nsa He3ane)KHHX KOMnO-

H THCKY) i xapaxrepnsycrscs

Ha Bi,lJ.Miuy Bi.LI.nonepenasoi HeHTH. PiBHOBara peaxuii ,[.(nH p03po6KH noseniaxy

CHCTeMH

CniBBi.LJ.HolIJeHHH Mi)K KiJlbKiCTIO KOM-

r i 6 6 ca.

BOJli piBHOBIDKHOI CHCTeMH BCTaHOBJllOcrbCH

napaverpis, aanpaxnan, resmeparypa (f= 2 + 2 - 3 = 1).

TeXHOJIorilfHHX npouecis

MO)KJ1HBanpa 3MiHi B neBHHX Me)Kax O.LI.Horo 3 OTpHMaHHH MaTepianiB H THCKy. ia ui-

Ilin

KiJlbKicTIO cryneais xapaKTepH3YJOTb

BOJli P03YMilOTb CTaH CHCTeMH. e THCK i TeMCHCTeM y CTaHi

HaHMeHlIJYl<iJIbKicTb

napauerpia,

uto

3a.ll.aHHMH BJlaCTHBOCTHMHnOTpi6HO 3HaTH YMOBH icUYBaHHH OKpeMHx $a3, nocnirosyaannx CHCTeM npa 3MiHi revneparypn

3BHlfaHHo .ll.Jl${$i3HKO-xiMilfHHX

CHCTeM napauerpaaa

craay

neparypa,
piBHOBarH

3ri)J.Ho 3 npaBHJlOM $a3 .LI.JlH$i3HKO-xiMilfHHX cyMa KiJlbKOCTi crynenis aa naa:

(10 MeTOIO 3acTocoBYIOTb fiinsure

ni

a r p a sr H craay

C T a H y - rpa$ilfHi $i3HKO-xiMilfHHX

306pIDKeHHH CHCTeM. HaH-

BOJli i $a3 .ll.OpiBHIO( KiJlbKOCTi KOM-

CniBBi.ll.HOlIJeHHH Mi)K napasrerpams

nOHeHTiB, 36iJlblIJeHiH

3HalfeHHJI B 6Y.LI.iBeJlbHOMY MaTepian03HaBCTBi

MalOTb niarpaxa

THny - CKJla.n.- BJlaCTHBicTb i OC06JlHBO

xoaueurpauikno-revneparypni

40

41

ziiarpajan. niarpasri

Ix 6y,nYIOTb aa CKCnCpl1MeHTartbHHMH ,naHHMH, OTpI1MaHHMI1 aa

nonowororo

pisnax

<pi3HKO-xiMiI..{HI1X MCTO,niB

aaanisy.

KmlmiH

<pa3i

aa

3aMipjjBW~1 T04Ui

lIa niarpavi

BiJlpi'3KH (B Mac, %),

PS

TP

MO)l{Ha 3HaHTI1 cnoxarxy

CTaHY ainnoainae

neBHHH rCOMeTPHI..{HHH ofipaa Bi.uHOCHOCTi), nOl..{aTKY

- TOI..{Ka, niais

KiJJbKiCTb KpHCTaJliB pe40BHHH

B. wo BH.uiJUIE'TbCjj npa TeMneparypi

TY

a60 nOBepXH~ (npHHUHn

xpacraniaauif sinnoeinac

P.

a nOTi~1 posnnaay

L
TB

rriais nixsinyca, aaute ~KOi" possriuieaa 06naCTb iCHYBaHHJI pi.nKO'j <pa3H, a KiHUIO xpacranisauii - niHiJl coniayca, HI1)1{4e jlKO"i neaorrs 06naCTb icayBaHHJI rsepnoi <pa3H, P03rJIJlHeMO aaiinpocriury niarpasry CTaHY .nBOKOMnOHeHTHoi" CHCTeMI1 A-B, sxa xapaKTepI13YE.:TbCjI nOBHOIO B3aeMHOlO P031..{HHHicTiO B pi.nKiH rpaai Ii aincyruicno P03,{HHHOCTi Y TBep.nHX <pa3ax (PI1C, 2.3,a) . .ll,iarpaMa noninsersca niHi~MH nixaiayca TaE i T6E i niniero coninyca FG na 'fOTI1PI1 06naCTi. B Me)l{aX ofinacri 1, 06Me)l{eHo"i 3HH3Y Kpl1BHMH nixainyca iCHYe
TinbKI1 onaa pinxa cri <pa3a, CKJIa.n ~KO"j 3MiHlOcrbC~ aoni

Ll

,". :2jTB
l

Ta
o_

n
L+A

-:._4,.. ........
E IIV I

IF
I .'\

L+B A+B

_Xf_ X

KB

BA .---------,TB

MalOTI. ziaa cryneai

if = 2 +

1 - 1 = 2),

ain A no B. Pi.nHHH ofinaTOI..{KH B ofinacrsx

II

III

Ta
I I

ainnoainarors jjKHX MO)l{yrb nacri TeMa

TaKHM 3Ha'feHHllM TeMneparypH iCHYBaTH nei <pa3H: rsepna B 06naCTi

i xoauearpauii

CHCTeMH, sa

'fa
\ \ \

- KPHCTartiB KOMnOHeHTa A B 06-

SI

III i pinxa - poannasy. 3a UHX YMOB CHCMaE:O)J.HHcrynias soni if = 2 + 1 - 2 = 1). B yjaoaax, uio ainnoainaiors TOl..{ui E, MO)l{Yfb O)J.HOqaCHO iCHYBaTH
CKJIa.naIOTbCJl 3 )J.BOX KOMnOHeHTiB sx Y TBep)J.OMY, TaK i B

II, KOMnOHeHTa B

BA

'rpa <pa3I1, sxi

pi.nKOMY CTaHi, H CHCTeMa c HOHBapiaHTHOIO .nBOX KOMnOHeHTiB, JlKHH sinnoainac '{ H H M CKn a uii1 'roxui,

if =

2 + 1- 3

0).

BMicT -

uasaeaerscs

e BT e KT H-

n0 IY,

M , a60 e B T e K T H K 0 10, EBTeKTHI..{Ha resmeparypa

HaHHH)I{'{a 3 ycix

Ter-.mepa-ryp, aa JlKHX CHCTeMa MO)l{e iCH)'BaTH B pi)J.KOMY poaaiuieuiti HH)I{l.fe niHii' coninyca, CHCTeMa MO)!(e ic(npasana rsra) i
A
C

crani. B
06naCTi H)'BaTH Y TBep)J.oMY CTaHI. 3a niarpaaoio aHartiTHI.fHHX cnocofiis MillleH, neBHoMY cniaainaoureuni CTaH)' sa )J.onOMOfOIO rpa<pil.fHHX MO)!(Ha P03B'Jl3aTH sanaxi poannas npu reuneparypi BH3Hal.feHH~ CKJIa)J,iB cy-

)I{

PIlC, 2.3. Ocuouni BHnH niarpav

HOCTi Y poxuuuicn,

a-npocra l:IITCI(TlIKa (noaua pos-uuuricn,

CTaHYnBOKOMflOHeHTHHX CHCTeM: y pi:IKiH (I),ni H aincyruicn, P03'!HH'j'C1l1!allllll (CflOJIYKa): B-06MelKeHa PO]lIHHHicTb Y TBep110MY CIIOJlYK:c-xiMi'lHa r-06MCiKl:Ha

mcp.urx
~

rpaaax):

6-xiMi'llll:

HanpHKJIa)J" BH3HaI.fHMO, uio raxe MaCH KPHCTartiB uto 3artHllIHBCH, MaCOBHX

pexoaan A i B, B3j1THX Y T. Binnoainno )J.O npasana Mae .nOpiBHlOBaTH .n06yrKY

pi:IKOMY BHrJIK'li:

BHrJlll;li: :1-IIIJ.liIIOp<IJHi nepeTBOpCIIIIlt: c-xi.u.xa Xi\li'lflHX

CnOJlYKa,lito II.IallHTbCli 3 poananov: )1\-6CJIICpepBlilln psn TBepl1HXP03'!HHiB,

THrH .n06yrOK MaCH posnnaay, KiJJLKicTb

B
L

aa nnexe aa nnexe

TP
PS

.ll,iarpaMH

CIICTeM, uro CKJJa,'laIOTbCSI1 llBOX KOMnOHeHTiB i yrBOPIOCnOJlYK, MalOTb neaxi T04KH npyra OC0611H011HH eBTeKpe40BHH

BTP=LPS. l..{aCTHHB=LPSITP,

a poannany

(2,9) L=JOO-B. Ilin(2.10)

IOTb MilK c06010 O!lIIY a60 KiJJbKa XiMi'fHHX MaKcHMyM

BOCTi, TaK, CHCTCMa ua PHC, 2.3. 6 MaE:nai eerexru-mi

0 i 0, i
Ilepura

CTaBHBlllH 3Ha4eHHjj

Y BHpa3 (2,9),

MaTHMeMO:

AB, uio XY

03Ha4ae YTBOpeHHjj XiMi4110'j cnonyxa. eBTeKTHui pe'fOBHH niarpavy

B=(lOO-BjPSITP,
42

TH4Ha TOLIKa () ui.moainac

A i AB,

0, -

AB

B,

npjjMiI

ncninse

aa nai 4aCTHHH, llKi MO)l{Ha posrnsna.uBOKOMnOHeHTHHX CHCTeM, 51KlllO na

TI1 JlK oxpesn

cauoc r iiiai niarpasru

43

niarpawi

c zina a60 6iJlbWe

MaKCHMYMa, TO UC 03Ha4ac,

lUO ziani

KOMno2100

HeHTH YTBOPIOIO 1'1, ninnoainay

xinsxic n, XiMi4HHX CnOJlYK. MaKCHMYMOM"

U
0

Ha lliarpaMi

CTaHY CHCTeMH "3 XiMi4HOlO CnOJlYKOIO, sxa nJlaBHTbCJI 3 xapaKTcpH3YCTbCSI "npHXOBaHHM TO'IKa He.ll.OCSI)I(HY llJlJl nnasneaxiMi4Ho'l T06TO CnOJlYKH, Ha3Hnepersopeas, niaif, uto

TBep,llHii Pi.D;HHa C III

p03KJ1allaHH5IM, nixninyc HJI uicr cxnan

2000 1900 1800

pi,mma V.

po3'IHH

(nyHKTYIPHi 11 i'l 11<1 HC. 2.3), SlKHH ainofipaxcar iH p CnOJlYKH revneparypy. poinnuay.
1\ ,)
II)

Il

<i

Kopr
piJuma.

(pHC. 2.3, c), lUO xapaxrepsnyc

llKliH BHHHKac npa poaxnanauui n e p H T e K T 11K H . uoniaopdiaax nepersopeut.,

~
I: )l

&

VI llTBep,llHii
~ P03~H

BaCTbC5ITOll

Ilin
umix

-rac

~
1600

nOB'Sl3aHHX 3i 1,\lillLlIO KpHCTani411o"i CTPYKryPH pe40BHH npa 3MiHi 30BHiYMOB. ua ni.upaui lliarpaMH psn 'raepnax 4e JliHi'j coninyc 3'JlBnSlIOTbCSI .lI.OllaTKOBi ropasoaransui BH3Ha4alOTb ofinacri CTiHKOCTi OKpeMHX MO.ll.H(piKauiH. 6e3nepepBHHH i C TBep.ll.HM He MalOTb :'t1iHiMYMiB HH KpHBHX nJlaBJleHHJI. HH)I(CHCTeMa onuotpasua

3A120f 2Si02 + pi,ItHHa KpHCTOfiaJliT - 3A120f 2Si02 VIII 40

60

1
Po ~.

KOPYlf,l{

VII

.'1130KOMnOHeHTHHXCHCTeM, lUO yrsoproiors posuuuia, i IH1lUe JliHii' niksinyca

20

80

100

2A120fSi02

a60 piJlKHM P01'111110M. Ha niarpavii (pHC. 2.3, r) 110)laHO ainnoninui TBep.lI.i P034HIIH KIHIflOHeHTa B y IWMnoHeHTi IOTb npu YTBOPClllii rsepnax Ha pHC. Si02 - AI20,. reoperusuo nOHeHTiB; c06010 pO~3Ll11HiB 06Me)l(ellO'j

Puc. 2.4. ,!J;iarpaMa CTa")' CHCTeMH 2 - Ah03. Si0

06JlaCTi (06JlaCTb P034HHHOCTi. H OC06JlHBO TOJli, KOJlH KepaMi4HHX BHp06KOM-

S, BMicTOM KOMnOHeHTiB: 40% KJla.ll.H BH~opHCTaHHJI H pexosaaaoro

100

A. S) - A Y B), SlKi BHHHKa-

TaK, na pHC. 2.5 CKJIa,lI.,JlKHH 3a,l1.aHHHTOqKOIO

A,

30%

B,

30%

D, xapaxrepasycrscs C. Ha pHC. 2.6 nonano

AflJl
A1,O,

TaKHM npn-

2.4
ilK)

IHIBe.ll.eHO niarpauy

CTaHY !lBOKOMnoHeHTHO'i CHCTeMH npouecn

TPHK)'THHKa

KOH~eHTPa~iH

306p3)l(eHHJI

IlHKOPHCTOBYIOTb ua npaxrnui TeXHOJlOri4Hi CKJla.ll.aCTbCSI BOCbMH 06JlaCTCH: 3 p03nJlaBY

"3 KpHCTanaMH

XiMiqHOrO

CKJla,lI.iBMaTepianiB.

o6rpYliTOBYIOTb

HHUTB. lliarpaf\1a

I-

posnnae

060x

11-

cy~1 iru

xpacrofianiry,

SlKHH JlBJlJlC

OilHY '1 110:1i\10PQ>HHX BHCOKOTeMnepaTypHHX

pi3HOBH.lI.iB KpeMHe1470°C ... 1728°C; (MyniT MiHepan

3eMY, WO nepcfiyuar

CTiHKOMY craui 3MicTOM

npa reuneparypi KpHCTaniB Myniry

1Il -

pmnnan

'li 'l\1iHHHM IV -

3AI20.~2Si02); - cYMilll

cyvim

p03nJIaBY 3 KpHCTanaMH KOPYH.lI.Y(a - Ab03); PO'14HIIY MyniTy; H MYJliTY.

f nni eerexruuui

pO"3IIJHII\~'

i rsepnoro

VI - TBep.ll.HH P034HH MyKOPYH.lI.Y; YIII

niry:
cyaiui npa

VII - cyviiu:

TBCp.ll.OrO p01'11111)'MyniTY fi xpacranis T04KH -

KpHCTaJliB l';IH1CTo6aniry

Y CHCTClVIiSi02 - AI203
1850°C neparypoio nnauncuun 1910°C.

npn

1585°C

iB
SiO, 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

i 0':11111 MaKCHMYM

C.

UKHH ainnoninar

cxnany

Myniry

3 TeM-

TPIIKOf\llll11ICHTHHX CHCTC:\IUX cxnana

(l

llOKa3YIOTb sa .lI.OnOMOrolO

Puc. 2.5. PiBHOCTOPOHHiiirpnxyrHUK xonuerrrpauia.

100-(SiO,+A1,O,)

piBHOCTOPOHllblll

TPHK)'THHKa

«ouueurpaui

'i. KO)J{Ha BepWHHa TPHK)'TKOMIIOHeHTa. T04KH scepenaai TpbOX KOMnoHeHTiB.

Puc. 2.6. XiMi'lHHii CKJIa.ll30n enexrpocraHuiii, tno npauirors aa ByriJIJIi phHHX 6aceiiHiB:

HHKa A B (' O'IIl<l'laC 100% TPUKYTHHKa Bi,[uiipa/l<aIOTb

ainnouinuoro neaui

clliBBiJlHOUH:!IIH5I

l-V-einnoainno

K)'3HeUbKOro, ,!J;oHeUl>KOrO, TIiJIMOCKOBHoro, KaMCbKO-A'IHHCbKOro,

44

Exifiacryssxoro. 45

Y BHpo6HHUTBi

cHJIiKaTHHX 6y.niBeJIbHHX MaTepianiB

Bll)KJIHBe Micue SiOz, CaO -

MeHry;

3Ah032Si02

- MYJIiT. HKHH ninaaureuax

xepaaixaax

BHp06ax

i HKHH

aanae

aaneaorrs
MgO

TaKHM nOTPiHHHM CHCTeMaM, HK

Na-O -

CaO

i"M BorH~HBKoCTi,

eJIeKTPoiJoJISll.{iHHHX BJlaCTHBOCTeH TO-

- SiOz. CHcTeMa CaO - Alz03 - SiOz llIHPOKO BHKOPHCTOBY€TbCHY BOrH~HBKiH, ueMeHTHiH i KepaMi'lHiH npOMHCJIOBOCTaHY l.{iei" CHCTeMH 3 HKHX TPH -

- SiOz, CaO - Ah03

uio.
Ha

niarpauax

nOTPiHHHX CHCTeM 3a:ma'laIOTb

reaneparypa

nJIaBHaHOC$!Tb

CTi. ):(iarpaMY

Mi'lHHX cnonyK,

nonano ua pHC. 2.7. Y cacreui e 15 xinpocri OKCH.nH, .nBi - nOTPiHHi, iauii - fiinapai cnonyxa, nOTPiHHHMH c aHopTHT CaO·Alz03·2SiOz i reneair 2CaO·AI203·Si02 (resmeparypa nJIaBJIeHHH 1553 i 1593°C). AHOPTHT MiHepan, HKHH 4aCTO TpanJIH€TbCH B ripcsxax noponax, a reneair - y piaHHX MeTanypriHHHx uinaxax.

JIeHHH 4HCTHX KOMnoHeHTiB, .un$! BH3Ha'leHH$! TeMneRaryp i30TepMH -

a TaKO)f( no.nBiHHHX i nOTPiHHHX eSTeKTHk.

aanaaaaas

KPHCTaIliB

aa niarpaay

niaif onaaxosoi

TeMneparyph.

2.2. Ilpoueca CTpYKTYpoYTBopeHHJI MaTepiaJliB

YTBopeHH$!

npaponaax

urryxaax

6y.niBeJIbHHX

MaTepianiB

e pe-

3YJIbTaTOM KOMnneKCY <l>iJHKO-xiMi'lHHX

npouecia,

3 SlKHX HaHBa)f(JlHBillli

npoueca
llii" i

p03'1HHeHH$!,

riaparauii, xoarynauii, noniaepaaauii, xpucranisa-

CaO·Si02 3CaO· 2Sio.2 2CaO·Sio.2 70. 3CaO·Si02 50.

cnixaaaa. 3ane)f(HO aia BH.ny MaTepianiB BHpilllanbHHMH c ri a60 inmi npoueca. Hanpaxnaa, Jl)1S1 urryxunx KaM'JIHHX MarepianiB, OTPHMaHHx npa rsepniuui MiHepanbHHx B'SI~'IHX, HaHBll)KJIHBilllHMH c npoueca riaparauii H xpacraniaauii HOsoYTBOpeHb, a Jl)1H opraaixaax B'SDKyqHX - nOJIiMepasauii H nonixonnancauif, 3a xnacarpixauieio o.O.nall.l,eHKa (Ta6Jl. 2.1) sanesoro ain xapaxrepy npouecie, ll.I,O Bi.n6YBaIOTbCJI npa TBep.niHHi S'JI~'IHX, IX no.niJIJIIOTb aa TPH rpyna: rinparauiaui, xoarynauiani Ta nonixonnencauiaai (noniaepasauiiiai). <!>0pMysaHHH xepauiaasrx Marepianis BH3Ha'la€TbCS nipocanixaruaMH peaKuiJIMH npouecia cnixanaa, Jl)1$! MeTaniB - npouecaua nnaaneaas i xpacraniaaail P 0 3 'I H H e H H H M rsepnoro TiJla B pinani Ha3HBaIOTb Horo PYHH)'BaHHSI nin nioo P034HHHHKa 3 YTBopeHHJIM p03'1HH)' - rOMoreHHOI cacreMH, sxa cxnaaaerscx 3 P03'1HHHHKa i MOJleKYJI a60 iOHiB, ll.I,O nepeauma S asoro. Ilpn XiMi'lHiH B3aeMo.nii P03'1HHHHKa 3 pe'lOBHHOIO, 1110po3'1HHJIe-.
TbCSI, yTBOPlOlOTbCSI COJIbBaTHi CnOJlYKH (SiKIllO P03'1HHHHK -

aona,

TO ri,ll-

parui),
p03'lHH)' CaO 10. 20. 3D SCaO' 3Al203 70. CaO' 2Al203 CaO·

TOMY npaK!H'IHO

3CaOAl203

CaOA1203 craay
CUCTeMH.

Al203 6Al203

Puc. 2.7. ,[(iarpaMa Cepen

3CaO'Alz03, xepy; CaOAh03 nO.D,BIHHHX 2CaO·SiOz MiHepan, CnOJIYK uio

HaHSll)KJIHBilllHM

3CaO·Si02, KJIiHue-

paai, SlKIllO HeMae XiMi11H01 B3aeMO,llii, TO xpacranisauis p03'1HHeHo'i pe'lOBHHH. 3.naTHiCTb pe'lOBHHH P034HH1ITHCR npa KOHTaKTi 3 P03'lHHHHKOM saneaorn, Bm 3MiHH eaeprif ri66ca ..1Z. P03'1HHHHMH e TiJIbKH pe'lOBHHH, lIKi MalOTb ..1Z<o.. B npOTHBHOMY pasi eaepris, RKY MO)l(Ha OTPHMaT'; Bi.n 3MiHH enTanbni'i i earponii, He,llOCTaTHi Jl)1R pYHH)'BaHHR KPHCTaIli"lHO'i rparxa, MiY MO)f(e Bi,ll6ysaTHcH 3BopOTHa poio P03'1HHHOCTi pe'lOBHHH e KOHueHTPauiSi HaCH"IeHOrO p03"1HH)'. P03fiinsurocri pe'lOBHH 3 niJlBHllleHHRM rearreparypa 3pOCTae ane 'IHHHicTb

ri

HeMO)f(JlHBO BH.niJlHTH p03'1HHeH)'

pe'lOBHH)'

xpacranisauico.

- OCHOSHi MiHepanH

noprnaanueaearaoro

CTaHOBHTb OCHOBY rllHH03eMHCToro

46

47

i 3MeHlUYBaTHC" (pHC. 2.8). IcH)'JOTb TaKO)l( nepeaacaseui P03sxi e HecTiHKHMH, OCKiJIbKH He rtepefiysarors Y TepMO.llHHaMi4Hiii piBHOBa3i 3 raepnoro CPa30JO. Ta6J1HUH 2.1 KJ1aCH ixauia B'H Koarynsniaai I'inparauiaai
BOHa MO)l(e 4HHH,

.llOCHTb Mana P034HHHicTb

nacnepcaoi

CPa3H i Ha1IBHiCTb pe40BHH,

uio

cTa6iJIi3YJOTb KOJIO"i.llHi4aCTHHKH. Ha OCHOBi 4aCTHHOK

ioanoro

a60 MOJIe-

KYJISlpHOrO possaipy MO)l(YTb YTBopJOBaTHCb KOJIO"i.llHi4aCTHHKH aa paxYHOK

nonivepaaauif
140

a60 nOJIiKOH.llHHCauii. I T III

'(J I

raffiqHi
fa-

Q Q

""i:: .I

..
= =r : ... 0

120 1-1- rI-r- '-~

to"
I

100 80 60 40 20

I'

t; ·i c.

'"
~

'J

KNO -IJ

C\ ;;?

3_~

0,23 0,21 g 0,19 ~ 0,17

..

..l..-L..._1

"7

I, .
-

CaSO.

~[(~~

.... 0

10 30 SO 70 90 100 Tessneparypa, ·C

Yf II

Na%~C~ r--' I~

~ O,IS .~ 0,13 g: 0,11

£ 0,09
0,08
0,07

-- ~

""

"'"

r....

CaOD} - f-

"-

r-;...

.,...

10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100 Tesmepa'rypa, "C P03t{HHHicTb .llellKHX pe'lOBHH.

Puc.

2.S. Bnnaa reaenparypa sa

r i .ll

Ilpoueca

par

a U i i"

BiAnOBiAHO AO

cyxacmrx

YSlBJIeHb BiJJ.6y-

BaJOTbCSI rOJIOBHHM lIHHOM BHaCJIiAOK XiMillHOi·

B3aE:MoAii"

3aranbHe

piBHSlHH" lIlBH.llKOCTi p034HHeHHSI MaE:TaKHH BHrJIJI.ll:

-dm/Fdr=k(Co-C),
ne
m - Maca p034HHeHoro

(2.11)

npoztyxry;
KpHCTaniB; p0311HHeHHJI; P0311HHYaa neanoi nponyxry revneparypa: iCTHHHi a60 P03CPa3H B pi.n.KiH cpa3i. YTBoplOBaTHCb poasripy.

F - nnouia noaepxni
T>: 'lac;

I I

nonepenaso

p0311HHeHoi" pel.{OBHHH 3 BOAOIO (riaparauis

k-

xoerpiuicnr

ursnnxocri

rauii H aaranox MO)1(Ha onacara TaKHMH cxessaaa: A+aq~Aaq; Aw aq=s A'oq+At aq; Aw Bw aq= Aliaq , (2.12) ne A,A',A",B - rinparyio-ri ra rinparosani KOMnOHeHTH; aq - BOAa. TepMoAuHaMi4Ho MO)l(JlHBa rinparauis H Y TBepAiH cpaJi 6e3 nonepenasoro p03l.{HHeHHSI BHXiAHOi" pel.{OBHHH (TonoxiMillHHH P03'IHHeHHjI ronoxiaisnoro aacaxmepen rinparauii cnocrepirarn nponyxris MaTepianiB, MarHe3ianbHHx sin a60 H rinparauis pinxodiaaoaoro BiA HaHBa)I(JlHBillii npouecis aaneaorrs xpacranis.> nepeaaaoro rincoaax npouec). npoueca, BiA SlKi i

sepea p0311HH). Peaxuii rinpapeaxuii rinponiraxnol naconiauii, uio lIaCTO Ix cynposozteytors,

Co -

KOHueHTPauiJi aacnxenoro p034HHeHoro

C - KOHueHTPauiSl
DPH p034HHeHHi

TBep.n.HX TiJI MO"o/fb

3YMOBJIJOlOTb TBepAiHHSI MiHepanbHHx aonorsepnoro nin riaparauii

B' SI)I(Y'IHX pel.{OBHH. DpoTiKaHH5I YMOB 'IaCTHHOK npoAYKTiB LUO MO)l(Ha KOJIoi"AHHX aBTOKJIaBHHX B'SI)l()"IHX,

KOJIOi".n.Hi 034HHH. ICTHHHHH P034HH xapaKTepH3Y€:TbCJI rOMoreHHHM P nO.llL'OM qaCTHHOK MOJIeKYJI"pHOrO a60 ioaaoro P034HHiB naneacars CHCTeMH 3 P03MipOM 4aCTHHOK znrcnepcaoi

,lJ;o KOJIoi"AHHX

Bi.n.HollleHHSI. P03Mip KOJIOi".n.HHX AO YTBopeHHSI nns

3MiHlO€:TbC"

1... 100

MKM. Heo6xi.n.HHMH

YMoBaMH .D.JISI YTBopeHHSI KOJIOi".n.HHX P0311HHiB

MiKpocKonoM. xapaxrepne

.D.JI5InOPTJIaHAueMeHTy,

xpacraniunax ueMeHTiB .

nponyxris 49

• Haseneui pe'lOSHHH, ino HaH'IaCTiwe 3aCTOCOSYJOTbCliliK'lI)f(Y4i. s

48

BHCOKOKOHueHrpOBaHHX AHCMi-

nepCHHX CHCTeMax 3 po3BHHyrOlO >i<$a30BOIO

BaETbCJI BHaCJliJl.OK p03KpHTni eaepreraxaoi

xparnoro

3B'Sl3KY nin

BnJIHBOM 6YAb-SlKoi

noaepxaero BHHHKalOTb npocroposi K 0 a r Y n JI U i H H i C T P Y K T Y p a (pHC. 2.9), OC06JlHBOcri JlKHX Y)Ke p03rJlJlAaJIHCJI. ):{IUI riap8TauiHHHX CTpYKTYpH B'JI~HX AHcnepcHi i e nOJliKOHAHHcauiHHHX B'JI~'lHX THny i'x. TaKi AJIJI BOHH MinpoMbKHHMH, a60 nonivepaaauiaaax xoarynsuiaaoro

Ail, Y APyroMY - BHaCJliJl.OKp03MHKaHHJI UHKJIiB. . Iloniaepasauis MO>Ke BillGYBaTHCJI sa JlaHUlOrOBHM a60 crymaxacJIaHUlOroBa noniaepasanis xapaKTepH3YITbCJI TPboMa

THM MexaHi3MoM.

craniaxn:
I)
36YmKeHHJI MOHoMepy
-)0

3 YTBOpeHHJlM aKTHBHHX panaxa-

nie M*: M 2)
3)
npouenia,

M*;
3poCTaHHSlJlaHUlOra: OGpHB naauiora: MOHoMepiB

M;_I
-)0

+M -)oM;;
ne

M;

P",

P; -

MOJleKYJla noniuepy. narpiaaaaau, Jl.iEIO

OCHOBHi. TaK, Y rJlHHJlHHX cycneasisx rJlHHHCTi 'laCTHHKH HeraTHBHHM axennemuo

3GYmKeHHJI cTpYMiB

MO>KHa CnpH'lHHH~H

BHcOKOi' 'laCTOTH afio

BHnpoMIHIOBaHHJI,

sacrocyaaa-

Puc.

2.9.

Cxeua

xoarynsuiaao)

uena,

3apJlmKeHi

aaps-

C1pYKl)'PH ueaearnoro ricra (aa IO.M.6a)l(eHoBHM): i-'1aCTHHa uesreirry; 2-com.BaTHa 060nOHKa; 3-Bim.Ha BOlla; 4-"yweMJIeHa" BOlla ("Hepyxmfa"). AalOTbCSI nepexpacraniaauir.

AOM, IUO 3an06ira€

Ili'lac-

HJlM iniuiaropis i xaranisaropis. llpH cryniasacria noniaepasauir npH€l1HaHHJlM MOJleKyJl onaiei cpopManbJl.eriAY: aTOMa ain 011Hid MOJleKYJlH 110 iHWOi'.

peaxuis

CJlJl BTpaTH 3apJlAY (BHcHxaHHi) IOTb. reni

AO OJl.HOi' aa paxynox

BiJl.GYBae::rbCJI .ocrynoBHM ~ MlrpaUll pY:<-0Moro YTBopeHHSI nomuepy 3

THHKH rJlHHH 3JlHnaIOTbCJI i xoarymo-

Hanpaxnaa,

Yrsopeni
3 'laCOM

nin

'lac

xoarynsuii BOAY

erpaxarors
TaKO)K

nia-

Miuenspui
B'JI>KYl.fi - 6iryMH,

KOJloi'AHi

CTpYKTYpH

yTBOplOlOTb cycrteanosaai

opraaixai

Taepna

'laCTHHa (acdiansreaa)

GiryMiB,

OTO'leHa 3axHCB MaCJlax.

HHMH TiJlaMH (CMOJlaMH), YTBOPIOE MiueJlH, MaCJlSlHHMcepenoeamesr. ~Ul TBepAHX 6iryMiB pinxoi npa rexneparypi

CraH

6iJlbHiCTb CHCTeMH 3aJIe>KHTb BiA noaepxaesor

B3a€MOll.ii' Mi>K MiueJlaMH

HCOH+HOH ~ HO-CH2-OH HO-CH2-OH + HCOH ~ HO-CH2 -0-CH2-0H II HO - CH2 - 0 - CH2 - OH + HCOH ~ HO - CH2 - 0 - CH2 - 0 - CH2 - OH III i T.Jl.. Iloniaepnaauiio MO>KHa3Jl.iHCHIOBaTH GJlOKOBHM cnocofiou, B exymcif 'ra B cycnemii.
non i K0 H

20 ... 25°C

n e H C a U i JI
Ilpn

- ue YTBopeHHJI noniaepis,

IUO cynpoaoxno-

xapaxrepaa

xoa-

ryJlSluiHHa cTPYKTYpa - rens, HiB. ).VISI GiryMiB ceJl xapaxrepaiuia

3YMOBJleHa niABHIUeHHM BMicTOM

acrpansre-

Jl.)I(YITbCJI BHJl.ineHHJlM HH3bKoMoneKynJlpHHx pHJl.Y BOJl.HIOTOlUO). MiHY ain noniaepasauii MeHTapHHH CKJlM

pelJOBHH (BOJl.H, axiaxy,

UbOMY Maca nonivepy,

sxy OTpHMYIOTb, aa sinIUO

KOHCHCTeHUi'i 3 nill.BHIUeHHM BMicTOM CMOJl i r.fdnia lI.iEIO resmeB 6iryMi ainIUO npH3BOAHTb

MeHwa ain MaCH BHXiJl.HHX pe'lOBHH, a HOro ene3 eJIeMeHTapHHM CKJlMOM cnOJIyK,

cTPYKTYpa - 30Jlb. CTpYKTYpa GiryMiB

paryp

OGOpOTHO 3MiHIOITbCJI.

Ilia

He 36iraITbCJI

BnJlHBOM KHCHIO nosirpx i

fiyaaerscs

OKHCJleHHJI (noniaepnaauia

nonixonnencaula),
MaTepianiB

Jl.0 nepexony

HOro Y KPHXKHH CTaH (CTapiHHJI). Jle>KHTb nonivepasa-

OCHOBi cpopMYBaHHR nOJliMepHHX

UiR i nonixoaneacauis.

Iloniuepaaauieso
IUO scrynaiors

acrynaiors Y peaxuiio. Ilpaxnaa peaxuii nonixonzmncauii Jl.J1J1 OTPHMaHHJI nonierpipia: l,d20 - R - COOH ~ (n-l ) H20 + H - [0 - ~.- CO]n - OH. (2.14) nOniKOHJl.eHCauiJl BiJl.6YBaITbCSI cryninxacro. H MO>KHa npOBOJl.HTH B
p03nJIaBi, P03'lHHi, eMynbci'i, cycneasii, rsepnia cpa3i JlK 3 xaranisaropaua, B'JI~lJHX MaTepianiB BillTaK i Ge3 HHX. Y nepeaacaxenax 6YBalOTbcSI npoueca 110 KpHcTani3auiI

Ha3HBaIOTb 3'EJl.HaHHJI HH3bKOMOY

JleKYJlJlpIDlX npOJl.YKTiB - MOHOMepiB Mi>K c06010 6e3 YTBOpeHHJI noGilJHHX np0Jl.YKTiB. MOHOMepaMH, sacriure HHM) a60 UHKJli'lHi

peaxuiro noniaepaaauir,
nonixepaaauia

HaHBiJl.6y-

p03'lHHaX K p H C Tan

MiHepanbHHX i 3 a U i i'.

GYBalOTb CnOJlYKH i3 KpaTHHMH 3B'Sl3KaMH (noJl.BiHHHM, CnOJlYKH.

ncrpiti-

BOHH MO>KYTb npOXOJl.HTH 'racnonyx. 3Jl.aTHicTb noniuepia

nepWOMY

sananxy

KO>K i npu CTPYKrypOYTBOpeHHi

noniaepnax

BH3Haya€TbCSI i'xHiM XiMilJHHM cxnanov.

Crynins

KPHC-

50

51

ranisauir 6iJIhUJOCTi noniaepia CTaHOBHTh sin 10 )l0 90 %. KpHCTaJIiJauiHHi npoueca nozrinsrors aa eneverrrapai npoueca BHHHKHeHHJI aaponxis KPHCTaJIiB 'ra Ix pocry, 3a reopicro ri66ca - 3apO)lKH KPHCTaJIiJauii' MO)K}'Th yreoprosaracs, JlKI..QO B MeTaCTa6iJIhHiH CHCTeMi (nepenacaxeaaa P03'1HH, nepeoxonoJl)KeHa piznnra) e UeHTpH KpHCT8JIiJauii' (KOJIOi')lHi BKpanJIeHIDI, CTOPOHHi
lfaCTHHKH, cTiHKH .1OCY)lHHH TOI.l.{O).

36iJIbWeHIDI

MexaHi'lHoi'

MiuHOCTi 6Y./liBeJIbHHX MaTepiaJIiB KPHCT8JIi'lHHX 3POCTKiB. 3a

Y npoue-

ci TBepAiHHJI 3YMOBJIeHe yrBopeHHRM 6iHAepoM

IT.O.

Pe-

crpyxrypa

TBepAiHHR p03BHBaIThCJI Y ABa

erana: yraopea-

1) 2)

<}J0pMYBaHHJI

xapxacy

KPHCT8JIi'lHOi' CTpYKT)'PH 3

HJlM KOHTaKTiB 3pOCTaHHJI;

ofipocraaas

xapxacy

6e3 BHHHKHeHIDI HOBHX KOHTaKTiB.

KPI~CT8JIilfHi

KOHTaKTH Mi)l( 'IaCTHHKaMH BHHHKaIOTb, j(KI..Q0 BOHH

aa-

Biporinaicrs
HRHHJlM:

caxosaaaoro

yrsopemra saponxia p
,

onHcYIOTh

pis(2.15)

6JIH)I(a1OTbcj( OAHa AO O)lHOI CTaHb, He

p
L1.e

= e-MJ/kT

kT-

CT8JIa EOJIhUMaHa; a6COmOTHa TeMnepaT)'pa; BiJIbHOi'

nin 'lac TenJIOBOrO pyxy H )lH<pY3ii' aa BiAfiinsury ain TOBI..QHHHnOABOCHoro ancopfiuitiaoro wapy 3 MOJIeKYJI rinpary. Ha 3aJIHWKOBY MiuHicTb rsepnisoxax MaTepi8JIiB OC06JIHBO BnJIHBa€ BeJIH'IHHa H KiHeTHKa nepeHaCH'IeHIDI pinxoi <}Ja3H. Ilpoueca KPHCT8JIiJaui"i BiA6yBaKJTbCJI He TiJIbKH B nepeHaCH'IeHHX p03'1HHaX H

eneprii MbK TBep)lOIO i pi)lKOIO <}Ja3aMH. HaRBHicTb uenrpia xpacranisanii npHBO)lHTb no 3MeHUJeHHR I1U sa paxyaox 3HIDKeHHR eaepril nosepxui nO)liJIY <}Ja3.RKI.l.{O uearpia xpacranisauif nOpiBHJlHO He6araTO, TO yrBOPIO€TbCR KPynHoKpHCT8JIi'lHa CTPYK'rypa
MaTepi8JIiB, a JlKI..QO6araTO, KPHCT8JIiJauii' TO )lpi6HOKPHCT8JIilfHa. PeryJIIOBaHHR BBe)leHHR KiJIbKOCTi

flU - 3MiHa

npa TBepAiHHi B' JI)K)"IHX, a nin sac <popMYBaHHj( phHHX MaTepianis h p03nJIaBJIeHHX Mac - ripcsKHX nopia, CKJIa, wJIaKiB, MeT8JIiB.
KPHCT8JIhauiR 3 p03nJIaBiB HH)I('I01 npoTiKa€ BiA piBHOKPHBiH cnonJIO-

uerrrpis

aa

paxYHOK,

aanpaxnan,

cneui-

sa resmeparypa,

8JIbHHX 3aTpaBOK

nac

3MOry

BiAnOBiAHO peryJIIOBaTH

OC06JIHBOCTi CTpYK-

Ba)I(HO.... Ha TepMOAHHaMi'lHiH

rypa

MaTepi8JIiB. PiCT KPHCT8JIiB

satiesnevyerscs
V

AOCTaBKOIO

poasaaeaoro

MaTepiany.

npa reuneparypa KPHCTaJIhaui'" crepiraerscs rOpH30HTaJIbHa

lIae
OXOJlO~lKeHHH

Illaazncicrs pocry

KPHCT8JIiB

= (kDS /11)(Cn

CH)'

(2.16) Puc. 2.10.

MeTaJIy npa KpHBi

ne

kD - Koe<piuicHT AH<PY3i"j; S - nnoura noaepxai KPHCTaJIY; LI - TOBI.l.{HHa AH<PY3iHHoro wapy;

OXOJIO.lJ)KeHHR

xpucraniaanii;
OXOnOJIlKeHHlI;

V -WBIUlKiCTb
nepeHacHlf~Horo P03lfHHY i KOHueH-

T n-TeM-

uiansa, yrsopenna RKO'" nOJlCHIOIThCJI BHAiJIeHHJlM npaxosaaoi renJIOTH KpHCT8JIhaui'j (pHC. 2.10). 3a YMOB BiJIbHOrO pocry KPHCTaJIH MalOTI. npaBHJIbHY <P0PMY. 3BH'IaHHO nia 'lac
KPHCT8JIhauii' MaTepi8JIiB yrpyztaeaHJI BiJIbHOrO AOCT)'ny )l(HBHJIhHOi" pi-

Cn - CH rpauii

pi3HHQJI xoauenrpauii KPHCT8JIY. crpyxrypa

neparypa nnaaneuas.
)lHHH AO KPHCTaJIiB CnpH'IHHIOC KPHCTaJIH, 1.l.{0 yrBOPlOlOTb a60 3 e p HaM H. P03Mip

na nosepxai

'['{pi6HOKPHCT8JIi'lHa

MaTepiaJIY

MO)l(e yrBoplOBaTHCJI

sa

Ix

HenpaBHJ1bHY <P0PMY (pHC. Ha3HBaIOTb K p

raxor
ne

YMOBH: VI ~ VI - WBHAKicTb yrsopeana pocry )l06aBOK

MaTepiaJIH, sepen,

2.11). Taxi H C T a JI i r a M H ,
cniBBiAHOUJeHIDIM

v2'

(2.17)

RKHH BH3Ha'laITbCR

WBHAKOCTi yraopeaas CTHBOCTi MaTepiaJIiB. 3Ha'lHO aauii

3apOAKiB i HanpHKJIaA,

Ix

3pOCTaHHRM, CyrrCBO BnJIHBaC na BJIai nnacraxaicrs

saponxia;

AJIJI MeT8JIiB B'R3KiCTb CTpYKT)'pi.

v2
aicrs

-mBHAKicTb

KPHCTaJIiB. nOBepxHeBO-aKTHBHHX ancoptiuii cnoBiJIbHHTH pe'lOBHH pier nae MO)l(J1H-

npa Api6H03epHHCTiH

3acTocYBaHHR

3pOCTalOlfHX KpHCTaJIaX 3aB)I(,l{H C AHCJIOKauii". Ha noaepxai

rBHH-

BHaCJIiAOK BiA6ipKOBOi'

KPHCT8JIiB i MO-

TOBO"i AHCJIOKaui"i icHY€ CXOAHHKa, AO RKO'j JIerKO npHCAHYIOTbCj( aTOMH, BHaCJIiAOK -roro aa nosepxai KPHCTaJIiB 3' RBJIRIOTbCR cnipani pOCT)' 3a-

AH<piKYBaTH

ix. 52

53

,
Puc. 2.11. Cxexa xpacranisanit MeTany. SSIUIIKH Jl.0 KiJIbKOX THCRI.JaTOMis. KpHCTaJIiJal..(iR poannaais MO)l(e cnoaiJIbHlOSaTHCR i npaKTHI.JHO 3ynHHRTHCR aacavnepen npa SHCOKiH S'R3KOCTi posnnasy, a TaKO)l( npa SeJIHKHX posvipax MOJIeKYJI a60 CTpYKTYpHHX

rpyn, uto yraoprorors posnnas. B 060x aananxax JJ.JIRposnnaay xapaxrepaaa Jl.HCPy3ii" D, RKHH SH3Hal.JaCTbCj!aanezcuicrro: k

HH3bKHH xoediiuicrrr

kD
.n.e

= RT

/6trNr1/,

(2.18)

R - yaisepcansaa rasoaa CTaJIa; N - I.JHCJIO Asorapno;

r - paniyc MOJIeKYJI; 1/ - xoerpiuiear sayrpiumsoro TepTj! (S'R3KicTb).

51Kmo xoediiuicur Jl.HCPY3i·j HH3bKHH, a Mi)l( revneparypava, RKi sinnoaiaaiors iHTeHcHsHoMY~ yrsopemno aaponxis i 3HaI.JHiH WSHJl.KOCTi poe'ry KPHCTaJIis C SeJIHKa piJHHUR, TO p03nJIaS rsepnae Jl.0 C K JI 0 n o n i 6 H 0 roc T a H y. Haaxapaxrepaiuma Jl.JI$l cxnononifiaoro cTaHY TaKHH, uto yrsOPlOCTbCR npn WSHJl.KOMY OXOJIo.n.)I(eHHi cHJIiKaTHHx posnnaeia. CKJIO MO)l(Ha p03rJIRJl.aTH RK nepeoxononzcerry piJl.HHY, SOHa aa cTpYKTYpoio 6JlH)l(I.JeJl.0 posnnaais, Hi)K Jl.0 raepzmx TiJI. CKJIO C aecriaxoro CPOPMOlOcTaHY i npn neSHHX niax, nanpaxnan ainnamosauai, SOHO MO)Ke KPHCTaJIi3ysaTHcb. Ilpouec KPHCTaJIiJaui'j CKJIa C eK30n~pMiI.JHHM. KpHCTaJIiJauiHHa anarnicrs CKJIa 3aJIe)KHTb siJl. HOro XiMiI.JHOrOCKJIa.n.y. HanpHKJIaJl., xpacranisauii cHJIiKaTHOro CKJIa 3aSa)I(aC aaaaaicrs y HeSeJIHKHX KiJIbKOCTRXOJl.HOl.JaCHO MgO i Ah03, a npacxoproc - SBeJl.eHHRdrropy.

Ha KpHCTaJIiJauiHHiH 31laTHOCTi CKJIa nesaoro cxnany rpYHTY£TbcR oTpHMaHHR CKJlOKPHCTaJIil.JHHX MaTepiaJIis - CHTaJIis, uio MalOTI.. OC06JIHSO BHCOKi MeXaHil.JHi BJIaCTHBOCTi'ra criaxicrs. )lnR KepaMiI.J:HHX i pany iHWHX BHnaJIlOSaJIbHHX MaTepiaJIiB cTpYKTYpa q,OpM)'CTbCSI npa C n i K a H H i - 3MiUHeHHi H yiuinsaeaai MaTepiaJIY, LUO Bi.n6YBaCTbcR sa BHCOKHX TeMneparyp i cynposozosyersca ycanxoro. Cyrs cnixaaaa nOJIRraC y nOBiJIbHOMY sartoaaeui peI.J:OBHHOlOBHaCJIiJl.OK niJl.BHLUeHHR PYXJIHBOCTi eJIeMeHTiB HOro rparxa sa BHCOKHX TeMneparyp BiJIbHOrO npocropy scepenaai sepen i Mi)l( HHMH. Y npoueci cnixaaas 'raKO)K spocrae xinskicrs He3piBHOBruKeHHX sepen, 3MeHwYlOTbCR nediexr» 'iXHbOi" rparxa i 3HRTTR aanpyr, uio BHHHKalOTb aa KOHTaKTHHX Jl.iJISlHKax MaTepiaJIY. P03phHRlOTb cnixaans y TBepJl.iH ¢aJi H piaaaae. Mozee fiyra TaKO)l( 3MiwaHe (TaK 3BaHe mepnopinaane) cniKaHHJI. CniKaHHSI y TBepll.iH q,aJi MO)Ke 3Jl.iHCHlOBaTHcSIsa paxYHOK nepeaeceHHR pel.JOBHHHBHnaposYBaHHRM - xoaneacauieio i sa paxYHOK Jl.Hq,Y3ii". Y nepurouy sanaaxy (nanpaxnan, npa onepscauai Kap6iJl.Y KpeMHilO) ueuTpH sepea B3aCMHO He nepeaiutaiorsca, neperaaxa, uio CKpinJIlO€ sepua, yrBOPIOCTbCR aa paxYHOK sHnapOBYBaHHR peI.JOBHHH, 3 RKOi"CKJIanalOTbCR sepaa, uto cnixarorscs. Y npyroray sanaaxy, XapaKTepHOMY Jl.JIRcniKaHHSI pi3HHX BH.D.iBKepaMiKH, pel.JOBHHa nepep03no.D.iJIRCTbCJI aa paxYHOK .n.HCPY3ii". P03BHTKY .n.H¢Y3i"j cnpaators Jl.HCJIOKaui"ira isuri .D.e¢eKTH KPHCTaJIil.JHOi" 6y.n.OBH pel.{OBHHH. Y npoueci .D.H¢Y3Horo cnixaaas sepaa 3pOCTalOTbCR, nopn 3anOBHlOlOTbCR i CHCTeMa Mac ycanxy. OCHOBHHMH ¢aKTOpaMH, RKi BnJIHSalOTb ua cnixanas Jl.H¢Y3iclO, e paniyc sepea i TeMneparypa. Ha WBH.n.KiCTbcnixanus snnasae TaKO)K nnouia nosepxai B3aCMHoro KOHTaKTY sepen. ,[VIR noninacnepcaax nopouixia SOHa 6iJlbWa, Hi)K JJ.JIRMOHO.n.HCnepCHHX.

Haanoinapeuhue npa OTpHMaHHi BHnaJIlOBaJIbHHX MaTepiaJIiB cniKaHHSIroni, KonH e piaxa cpaJa. illBH.D.KiCTb pinxooaaoaoro cniKaHHSI nponopuiasa paaiycy aepen Ta B'R3KOCTi piaxot CPaJH.Ilpa 3MeHweHHi p03Mipia aepes Bi.D.50 .D.O 0,5 MKM WBH.n.KicTb cniKaHHSI 36iJIbWYITbCR B 100 pa3iB.

2.3. TeXHOJIori'lHi npoueca Bnacrasocri MaTepiaJIiB i BHp06iB, TexHiKO-eKOHOMiI.JHa e¢eKTHBaicrs Ix BHp06HHUTBa BH3HaI.JalOTbCROC06JIHBOCTRMH BHKOPHCTaHOi'rexaonorif, S1KaCTIlHOBHTb cyxynuicrs phHHX npouecis, CnpJlMOBaHHX aa OTpHMaHHR 3 BHXiJl.Hoi"CHPOSHHHroroaoi nponyxuii, 55

54

3ararrhHa CXeMa 'rexnonorif BHpo6HHUTBa 6y.niBellhHHX MaTepiarriB BKJIIO'-Ia€ .n06YBaHWI i rpaacnoprysaaas CHPOBHHH ninnpaeacrsa, nizino rOTOBKYpofioxo) cyuiuri Ta "ii o6po6KY, «p0pMYBaHHX BHpo6iB, Ix o6po6KY no OTPHMaHHR nOTPi6HHX XKicHHX nOKa3HHKiB.rOTOBi BHp06H TPaHCnOp'ryiors ua CKJIa,n roroaoi nponyxuir, ae Ix 36epiraIOTh i 3rO,nOMsizmpaana10Th cnozcaea-ry, 3arre)f(HO ain BH.uy MarepianiB neaai craaii rexaonori«HOrO npouecy "f(J~h BHKJIIOl.faTHCX (nartpaxnan, ,n06YBaHH$!CHPOBHHH, XKmO BOHanpaaisna, BHrOTOBJIeHHX potioxoi cysrimi - Y pasi OTPHMaHHR BHp06iB ia npapozraoro KaMeHIO, O,nHOKOMnOHeHTHoi" CHPOBHHHTOmO). Texaonorixni npoueca MO)f(HaKJIacH«piKYBaTH TaK: M e X a H i l.f H i - nonpifiaenna, nOMeJI, npociroaaaaa, «ppaKuionyBaHHR,3MirnyBaHHx, «popMYBaHHX, ymiJIhHeHHR 'routo; x i M i l.f H i - anracerrryaanas, aHTHnipYBaHHX, eKCTParyBaHHR,rinpo«p06ilYBaHHX. OKHCJIeHHXomo; T Ten JI 0 B i - CYlIIiHHR, annan, aanapoaysaaas, nponaproaaaaa, aBTOKJIaBYBaHHR route. Bi.upi3HRIOTh TaKO)f( r i n p 0 M e x a Hi l.f H i (TpaHcnOPTYBaHHRra30no.ni6HHX, pizncax, nopouncononifiuax MaTepianiB, ocinanas 3Ba)f(eHHX l.faCTHHOK rouio); Mac 006 M i H H i (nonin CHPOBHHHHXMarepianiB sa i"XHbOfOutinsaicrio, 3HH)f(eHHR BOJIOrOcTi)Ta inuri npoueca. Y .ueRKHXBHnazncax rexuonorisni npoueca MO)f(HaBBa)f(aTHKOMnJIeKCHHMH, Bi.u6yuto BalOTbCXonaosacso. Hanpaxnan, TenJIOBi npoueca xacro cynposozosyioTbCXMaco06MiHHHMH ra XiMil.fHHMHpeaxuisaa. P03rJIXHeMOnpoueca, HKi HaHl.faCTiwe BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbCHTeXHOB norii 6y.uiBeJIbHHXMaTepianiB. HaH6iJIbW nourapenna i eHepro€MHHH cnoci6 06p06KH CHPOBHHH ,uJIR BHrOTOBJIeHHH 6y.uiBeJIbHHX MaTepianiB - n o n p i 6 H e H HR. Hanpaxrraa, 6JIH3bKO 70 ... 75% saransaoro BHKopHcTaHHR enexrpoeaeprir npa BHp06HHUTBi 1 T ueuetrry eirrpasacrscs aa noztpifiaeans MaTepianiB aa pi3HHX craaisx rexaonorixnoro npouecy (Ta6JI. 2.2). f10.upi6HIOBaTH'rsepni MaTepianH MO)f(Ha,uJIRnpacxopeaaa Ix XiMil.fHoi' B3a€Mo.uii·,oTPHMaHHH6iJIbW onaopinnax cyviureti i nOJIerWeHHR IxHbOi"aacryrmoi o6p06KH.

TPi6Horo cryneas nonpifiaeaas BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb cnocofia p03.naBJIIOBaHHR,ynapy, cTHpaHHR,P03KOJIIOBaHHR Ixai KOM6iHauiY(puc. 2.12 i 2.13). Ta Ta6J1HIlH 2.2 BHTpaTa enexrpoeneprfl npa BHrOTOBJleHHi noprJlaH.z.lleMeHTY Bnrpara enexrBmpara eJIeKTOnepauia poeaepril, poeaepril, % KBT·ro.lllT 4 3,5 ,l.(o6YBaHHRCHPOBHHH nO.llpi6HeHHR CHPOBHHH

Ilouen CHPOBHHH Ilonpitiaeans rsepnoro

Banan KJIiHKepy

naJIHBa

12 18 14
9

Iloaen KJIiHKepy
CYlIliHHR .l106aBOK Bsrrpara y .llonoMi)l(HHX uexax lmni BHTPaTH

Bcsoro

38 6 8 6 115

f1i.n cryncaeu nonpifinenna i P03YMilOTb aiaaoureaas cepezmix 3Hal.feHh .uiaMe-rpiB KYCKiB saxinaoro H xiuuesoro nponyxris. 3ane)f(HO aia 3Hal.feHHRi poapisuarors xpynae (i=2 ... 6), cepe.uH€ (i=6 ... 10), .upi6He no.npi6HeHHR (r=l 0 ... 50) Ta nOMeJI (i=50 i fiinsure). 3ane)f(HO ain «pilHKOMexaHilfHHx BJIaCTHBOCTeH aTeplarry, nosarxoaoi xpynnocri sepea i noM
56

piana .uOU,iJIbHO nonpi6HIOBam P03.uaBJIIOBaHH$lM, a TBep.ui H ~f?~ B' R3Ki p03.uaBJIIOBaHHHM sa Yl.faCTIO cTHpaHHR. Kpynae no.upi6HeHHH M' RKHX I KPHXKHX MaTepianiB BHKOUYIOTb P03KOJIIOBaHHHM, a cepe.uH€ H PHC. 2.12. Cnocofin nonpitineaa« MaTepianiB: .upi6He - ynapou. Ilpa a-p0311aBnlOBaHHJlM; 6-YllapoM; B-CTHpaHHJlM; r-3rHHOM; TOHKOMY noztpifiaeani ll-P03KOJlIOBaHHJlM; e-piaanasu; E-BH6YXOM. - nOMeJIi HaHl.faCTiwe BHKOPHCTOBYIOTh p03.uaBJIIOBaHHR cTHpaHHR. ,llepeBHny, TOP«PTa imui i BOJIOKHHCTi MaTepianH no.upi6HIOIOTbynapou i piaaaasa. OCHOBHHMH BH.uaMHMalIIHH ,uJIHnonpifiaenaa e 1l.{0KOm (a60 utenermi), KOnyCHi, MOJIOTKOBi (a60 ynapui), sanxoai .up06apKH 'ra 6iryHH. ,l..V1R nOMeJIY MaTepianiB aacrocosyiors fiapafianai, MOJIOTKOBi,Bi6pauiHHi, CTpYMeHeBi'ra inuri BH.llHMJIHHiB.

~ 1~,!,,!

.~ Tsepni H KPHXKI MaTe-

10,5 15,5 12,0 7,5 34,0 5,0 7,0 5,0 100

57

ne

a - nHTOMa

noaepxnesa

euepria

TBep.uoro

rina, (2.20)
.uecpopMauii' (na O.uHHH-

Po60Ta nonpifiaeana ne

aa n.O.Pe6iH.uepOM:

A =aM + KfiV,
K - xoediiuienr,
uto nOKaJY€ nHTOMY pofiory UIO 06'€MY);

hV - lJaCTHHa 06'€MY, mo ninaaersca Ilepunni lJJ1eHpiBHHHHH e eaepricio,

HOBHX nOBepXOHb, a .upyrHH - eaeprno {j neui nonpifiaean» ocxinsxa BiH He3HalJHHH. ananisy

.uecpopMauii'. uio BHTpalJacrbcH aa YTBopeHHH BHCOKOMY cry-

.uecpopMauii'.

Ilpa

.upyrHM lJlleHOM y piBHHHHi

(2.20)

MO)l(Ha

snexryearn,

Y pesynsrari
MaTepianiB, nonpifiaeaaa 3aKOH xoro

.uecpopMauiH, uto BHHHKalOTb npa noztpifiaeani

6YB CCPOPMYllboBaHHH 3aKOH nponopuitiaa 06'€MY 3aCTOCOBYlOTb.ullH aaanisy

Kipnisosa-Kixa,
xpyrmoro

sa HKHM

pofiora
lJ,eH TOHnozipi-

a60 Maci nonpifimosanoro

xycxa,

xacriure

H cepennsoro

6HeHHH, a 3aKOH nonpifineaax,

Pirnorrepa

nouinsao

BHKOPHcToBYBaTH .ll.J1H aaanisy 3pOCTa€ B COTHi PaJiB. Till cyrreso

KOllH nosepxna

MaTepiany

Ilpoueca

.uecpopMauii' enepris

H pYHH)'BaHHH 'rsepnax nin BnllHBOM flAP

3MiHIOIO-

TbCH nin BnllHBOM cpi3HKO-xiMilJHOi' B3a€Mo.uii' i3 30BHiwHiM 51KlIlO nosepxnesa cepenosaurax cepenosauii UiH flAP rsepnicrs y 3MeHwycrbcH, HeHHH npacxoproersca.

cepenosaurea, TO rx rtonpifiB aKTHBHHX 3 i y nOBiTpHHOMY

3a .uoclli.uHHMH .uaHHMH no.upi6HeHHH PaJiB same nopiBHHHO 3 nouenoa

5... 7

i npa o.uHaKOBHX sarparax snarna

enepril,

IJ,i naai

nororosyiorscs no HKHX aacopfiMiuHicTb

TeOpeTHlJHHMH YHBlleHHHMH n.O.Pe6iH.uepa,

E

einnosiauo

3HalJHO 3MeHWYBaTH rpaHHUIO Knanonoztifini TpimHHH, urapavu

npY)l(HOCTi, flAP

Puc. 2.13. ,[{po6apKu:

a-uroxosa 3 npOCTHM Ka'laHHlIM moxa: 6- uroxosa 3 CKJla,nHHMKa'laHHlIM lllOKH (1HepYXOMa, 2-PYXOMa uioxa): B-KOH)'CHa(I-HepyxoMHii 30BHiwHiii KOHYC,2-PYXOMHii snyrpiumia KOHYC);r-BaJJKOBa(I,2-BaJJKH. uro 06epTIlIOTbCli xaaycrpiq OllHH OllHOMY); ll-MOJlOTKOBa;e-poropna (I-MOJlOTKH. 2-POTOP, 3-Kopnyc, 4-Bi1l6HBHi nJlHTH); c-6iryHH (I-KaTKH,2-'lawa). 3.uaTHicTb MaTepianiB no noveny MO)l(e OUiHIOBaTHCH xoediiuicaroa nOpiBHHHHHM. ,LVIH .ueHKHX MaTepia-

MaTepianiB.

uto p03BHBalOTbCH nin 'lac He 3MHKaIOTbCH, BHKOPHCTOBY€To6TO nOBiTain cnoco6y

.uecpopMauii' TBep.uHx Till, 3 a.ucop6uiHHHMH uto CnpHH€ i'XHbOMY p03BHTKY i speurri-peurr

PyHH)'BaHHIO. nonpifiueana

fiararsox a60

TeXHOllOrilJHHX coprysaaasa rinpaani-moro MaTepianH

npouecax

TbCH B xosmnexci posnoninov 3.uiHCHeHHH

3 K II a C H cp i K a U i e 10 3epHHCTHX MaTepianiB, 'IX sa

xpynaicno.

3ane)l(HO

P03MOll03.uaTHOCTi, uro BH3HalJacrbcH

xnacarpixauis
CHnKi

MO)l(e 6YTH MeXaHilJHOIO (npociroaanaa), H elleKTpOMarHiTHOIO. poaainmors rpoxora 6apa6aHHHMH - aepyxoui,

nia BiH CTaHOBHTb: BanHO - 1,64; BanHHKH KBapuoBlij1 nicox - 0,6 ... 1,0; rroprnaanueveirnma

0,8 ... 1,1;

onoxa -

xninxep

1,3... 1,4; 0,8 ... 1,1.

-

PHHOIO (cenapauis),

Ilpa

MexaHilJHiH MaWHH a60

xnacadiixauii
rparxaan

sa nononororo

Binrrosinao
pofiora

no 3aKoH)' nonpifiaeans,

scranoanenoro

PiTTHHrepoM,

YCTaTKYBaHHH (rpoxoris) a60 CHTaMH.

3 nllOCKHMH a60

~OllocHHKaMH, BOHH MO~b

no.upi6HeHHH

hS

nponopuiaaa

nnouii

HOBOYTBOpIOBaHoi' nosepxai

Haanpocriuri
'I

6YTH TaKO)l( XHTKHMH, o6epTanbHHMH, EcpeKTHBHicTb r pOX 0 THHOK HH)I(HbOrO xnacy

Bi6pauiHHHMH. HKHX MeHWHH Bin

A = aM,
58

(2.19)

e H H 1I OUiHlOlOTb Bi.uHoweHHHM MaCH -rac-

MH•

To6TO 4aCTHHOK. posxtip

59

p03~ipy

OTBOpiB na ~HTi, AO cpaKTH'IHo'i KiJlbKOCTi '1aCTHHOK UbOrO xnacy

BHXIAHOMY npOAYKTI

M, %: MH K r =-·100 M .
(2.21 )

Ilin 'lac nOApi6HeHHR, npociaanua Ta imuax BH)liB nepepofixa MaTepianis cnocrepiraersca BHKH.naHHR nHJlY B aTMoccpepy. Ile npH3BOAHTb AO noripurenns caairapno-ririeaixnoro crany RK 3aBO)lChKHX, TaK i npanerJIUX reparopia, po 60TH MexaHi3MiB, a TaKO)f( cnpaxamoe MarepiaJIbHi BHTpaTU i 3HH)f(eHHR rexHiKo-eKOHOMi'lHHX nOKaJHHKiB BHp06HUl{TBa. MeTO)lH MexaHiliHe 0 II H in e H H RBi

UeH r pOX

nOKaJHHK,

1lI0

HaJHBaITbCR

K0 e

0 'I e H H R , 3aJIe)f<HTb BiA

napasrerpis

BOrO CKJIau,y MaTepiaJIY CTaHOBHTb 50 ... 80%, 90 ... 95%.

ra

iHllIHX CP3KTOpiB.

JVUI

e npouecy,
<I>
i Lt i

H TOM

R K 0 CT i

BOJlOrOCTi, 3epHO-

Texnixai
2
4

6apa6aHHHX

rpoxoria

BiH -

n H J. Y MO)f(Ha nO)liJlHTH

na TaKi
(cyxe)

OCHOBHi rpyna: O'lHll{eHHR raMeXaHi'l-

.llJIR KOJlHBHHX -

70 ..• 80,

.llJIR Bi6pauiHHHX

I)
HHX CUJI -

3iB, KOJlH '1aCTHHKH ocinaiors HUX. .!VIR MexaHiliHoro nUJIOOcaA*YBaJIbHi

nia nicio

Ilin 'lac nOApi6HeHHR '1aCTHHKU Marepiany MO)f(Ha BHAiJlUTH 3 nosirpsaoro cepenoaaura nia Ai€1O CHJlH TR)f(iHHR 3
BepTHKaJIbHOrO a60 TOKY a60 3 ropH30HTaJIbHOrO noCHJIH

TR)f(iHHR, BiAUeHTpOBHX Ta

iaepuiti-

O'lHll{eHHR 3aCTOCOBYIOTb UHKJIOHH (puc.2.15),

xasrepa,

BiAUeHTpOBi nHJlOBJIOBJlIOBa'li

porauinaor

)li'i

'ra

nia

BnJlHBOM

ainuerrrpoaof
B

inepuitia]
2)

nHJlOBJIOBJIIOBalli; eJleKTpH'IHe

KPHBOJIiHiHHOro

nOTOKY.

iCH}'IO'IHX

KOHCTpYKuiRX HaH'IaCTilUe CniJIbHiH )li'i

nOBiTpRHHX

p03)liJIeHHR

Bi)l6YBaITbCR

cenaparopis npa
nOBiTpRHO'i

UHX CHJl. MeTOA

cenapauir
'lac

lUHPOKO BHKOPHCTOBYITbCR nOMOJlbHHX

p060TH

arperaria

nin aa

3aMKHeHHM LtHKJIOM, KOJlH nOTpi6HO Bi)l.ll,iJlHTH

ain

3araJIbHOrO a

nOTOKY MaTepiany

rOTOBHH npO)lYKT,

xpynaiuri

lIaCTUHKU

cnpasrysara aa )lOMeJlIOBaHHR Finpaanixaa xnacadiixauis

ITbCR B ropH30HTaJIbHOMY
PHC.

PHC.

2.15. Cxexa

OllHll{eHHR rasia, ocinarors B enexrpasaosry nOJIi BHCOKOi· uanpyra. EJleKTpH'IHe OliUllIeHHR 3)liHCHIOIOTb aa nonouoroio nJlaCTUH'IaTHX i Tpy6HHX enexrporpim.rpis (pHC. 2.16); 3) $ iJlbTpYBaHHR rasis - xepea TKaHi (pYKaBHi) $iJIbTpH, aacanai lIH Ha6HBHi H xepauisni $iJlbTpH, RKi 3aTpHMYIOTb t{aCTHHKH, ninaiureni B ra30BOMY noroui;

npa

RKOMY 'IaCTHHKH

.nil -

(pHC. 2.14). 3)liHCHIO-

4) rasoaoro

MOKpe OllHll{eHHR

3polUeHHR

UHKJIOUY:

a60 BHXi)lHOMY nOToKY BH-

2.14.

Cxeaa

p060TH 3 sinY

BOARHOMY noroui. 6HpalOTb

Illaanxicrs
ia

nOMOJIbHOrOarperary

TaKOIO, llIo6

KJIacHlpiKaTopa

uelITpOBHM cenaparopov 3aMKHeHOMY UHKJli;

l-eneaarop; 2-Bi.nueHTpOBHH cenaparop; 3-KynboBHH MnHH.

. xauuo llIHPOKO T06TO npa ainaineani )lOMilliOK

BHHOCHJlHCR aa 3JIHB lIaCTHHKU P03MipOM ... MeHllIe neBHOI KpynHOCTl, a B KJIaCUrl-iKa'f' ropi OCi)laJIH lIaCTHHKU 6iJlblUUX poaaipis (HH)f(HiH npO)lYKT). I'inpaanivay Bi)lMHBaHHR KJIacu$i)lOMilUO~ a 36ara'leHHi CHPOBHHHUX cYMilUeH

1-UHniH.npH'-IHa 'laCTHHa; 2-raJoxi.n; 3-naTpy6oK .nml BHXO.nyraay; 4-KPHWKa; 5-KOHi'lHa 'IaCTHaa; 6-BHBaHT!l)KYBanbHHH narpytiox.
E$eKTHBHicTb a60 p060TH

nOToKY pi)lHHOIO a60 npoMHBaHHR HOro urap pinaaa. I'inpaH MOKpi

nia sac npOXO)l)f(eHHR xpias BJIit{Hi nHJIOBJlOBJlIOBaLJiLtHKJlOHU; 5) ocinaana

ue cKpy6epu

lIaCTHHOK 3 BHKOpUC-

TaHHRM .llJIR Ix arperauii

ynsrpaaayxy.

nHJIOOCa)l)f(yBaJIbHOrO npHCTpOIO OUiHIOITbCR

KK.ll:

crynenea

OllHllIeHHR:

3aCTOCOBYIOTb npa

Krp
zte

= (M /M
2

I)

·100%

= [(CI -C

)/C1]·1Q0%,

(2.22)

i <ppaKuioHYBaHHi.

M, - KiJIbKiCTb
M2 CpC2

nHJlY, 1..l.I0 HaJJ,XO)lHTbY nHJlOBJIOBJIIOBa'l;'

3BH'IaHHO 3.rriHCHIOITbCR B CnipaJIbHHX KJIacH$iKaTOpax <l>p~K~iO:i)'BaHH~ nicxis - Y BepTHKaJIbHHX rinpaanisaax

i rinpounxnonax KJIacH$iKaTOp~x.

- KiJIbKiCTb YJIOBJIeHOrO nHJlY B nHJIOBJIOBJlIOBalli; - xoauearpauia

Y CI UI

cnocofia

H npoueca

rpyarysorsca 60

na 3aKOHax

rinponauaaixa.

nHJlY no i niCJIR OCi.u.aHHR,r/M

61

Crynins

O'lHllleHWI
C

nHJIOBJIOBJIfOBa'liB poasrip

aanexom,

Bi.Ll.fiararsox

<l>aK-

MorofO MawHH-3MiwYBal.fiB nOBiTpH (6ap60Ta)I(). TaK i 6e3nepepBHo. Mi~eHb ropis

i nHeBMaTH'IHHH
cystitni

- sa nonoaoroto aaneaorrs

CTHCHeHoro

TopiB, ane roJIOBHHMH

'1aCTHHOK nHJIY, uto nO.Ll.afOTbCRB xasrepy

3MiwYBaHHH

MO)l(e 3llii1cHfOBaTHcb TaK, HaHKpa~e

HK nepioznorso, 6eTOHHi Bi)lirpa€

.Ll.JIROCi.Ll.aHHR,i THn a60 KOHCTPYKUiR nHJIOBJIOBJIfOBa'la. BaHHR phHOMaHiTHHX BH.Ll.iBnHJIOOca.lVKYBanbHHX npacrpois poavipy '1aCTHHOK HaBe.Ll.eHOB Ta6n. 2.3.

Mezci

3aCTOCY-

Onnopinaicrs

ain KiJlbKOCTi nepe-

3aJIe)l(HO ain

'1aCTHHOK Ta 'iXHii1 -rpaexropii. 6eTOH03Mil:Jysa'la. sepen, npa HaRBHOCTi xpyrmax

cysdini
TpacKMO)l(e

T a 6JlHllS 23C ;TYDlHb

Arperar

3MiWYfOTbCH B uenrpi

Ba)l(JIHBY pons

O'iHllleHHS

raaia

llilHHMH nHJlOBJlOBJlIOBa'laMH C .'_ P03Mip "faCTH'I)IIIHb HOK,uio ocillaO"fHmeHHR, IOTb, MKM %

OCKiJIbKH npa

UbOMY cysiiur

poamapoeyaaracs nin nieio CHJIH TR)I(iHHH. ,UnR nepe60peHHR iuepuii HaHBHrillHiwHM pyx. nOpOWKOBi MaTepianH 3MiwYfOTb KOBHX, CTpi'lKOBHX, wYBa'lIB.

seazcaersca aifipo-

o6epTanbHHH WHeB HHX i nHeBM03Mi3MiwysaHHH

nHJIOOCamKyBaJIbHa KaMepa

5.,.2000 3.,.100 0,005 ... 10 0,01...10

sa nonoaoroio

6apa6aHHHx,

40.,.70 45 ... 85 85 ... 90 85 ... 95

KOMnoHeHTiB - WHXTH. HaHOCHOBHHMH npoHH aa MacofO.

UHPKYJIHUiHHHX, ainuemposax, 3MiwYBa'li umexoai HaHnpocTiwi,

Binnearpoaaa

nHJIOBJIOBJIIOBa"f (llHKJIOH)

Eapafianui

O)lHaK 3MiwysaHHH irrrencasuoro

si)l6ysacrbcH -ris uaneacars MaTepianH

nopiBHHHO nOBiJIbHO. llHPKYJIHuii1Hi,

EJIeKTPo$iJIbTP nll.paBJIi"fHHH nHJIOBJIOBJIIOBa"f

Anaparaxa

e O)lHO- i nsoaam.ai

3MiwYBa'li. ainuerrrposi

.no e<l>eKTHBHHXSH,llis 3Miwysara aifipoawiuryaaxi.

nepunrx CH-

3MiwYfOTbCR

iHTeHcHBHofO craai,

UHPKYJIRUi€fO 'ix Y p03nHJIeHoMY ainuearposoi

Ia
Ilpa

nt)lrOTOBJIeHHX

(nceB)l03pi)l)l(yBanbHOMY) JIH, 1Il0 poaaaeaerscs

B iHWHX - sa paxynox

CKJIa)lafOTbCR CHPOBHHHi cyxiuri OTt 'HMaHHi cyviun e uecaua TO"fHiwiM

npa 06epTaHHi

poropa, Y TpeTix - aa paxYHOK CTBOpeHHH pyxnasoro urapy na nosepxai, 1Il0 KOJIHBacrbcSI 3 BHCOKOfO '1aCTOTOIO.

C .Ll.03YBaHHR i 3MiwYBaHHH.

n 0 3 Y BaH

BO.Ll.aTa iauri

pi.Ll.HHH MOJKYTb .Ll.03YBaTHcb 3 O.Ll.HaKO06'€MHOrO p060TH aenaxe 3 KOnoxH6KH 'lac xepea

Ilia
P03'1HHiB

'lac

BHrOTOSJIeHHH sin-

RK sa MacolO, TaK i aa 06'€MOM BOlO TO'lHicTfO. 3Ha'lHi CHnKHMH MaTepianaMH JIHBaHHH Ixaso] JIHBO sonorocri. 6Y.Ll.iBenbHHX
'//

i 6eTOHHHX cyviuren, S pinxax cepenosaJIOnaCHHX, Ta ina 3Miwysa'lis aacocis, 3MiwysaHHH xapanO'laTKO-

eMYJIbCiH, nacr 3MiwysaHHH

.Ll.03YBaHHH BHHHKafOTb nin

2

Hac .. Hoi" ryCTHHH H ocofim

Anapara
MaTepianiB

MH ,ll03YBaHHH BHrOTOBneHHH MO)l(YTb 6YTH 3 aBTOMaHH

.Ll.03aTopH B YCTaHOBKax MH 6e3nepepBHHMH

///

i UHKJIi'lHHMH,

PHC. 2. I 6. Cxexa eJIeKTPo$iJIbTPa:

1-6YHK.ep; aeosauiesoro uaninap; Bill'(MHHM

po 60TH

THI.fHHM Ta PY'IHHM KepYBaHHHM. OCHOBHa MeTa 3 M i in Y BaH aafiesne 'IeHHH pieaoxipuoro KOMnOHeHTiB cyuiuri uieti TicHO nOB'R3aHi posnonirry cysri-

{~
J

@ 00
,

6YBacrbcSI max WHX (pHC.

6

sa

nonovororo

nponenepnax,

ryp6iHHHX conen,

MeXaHi'lHHX

2.17),

TaKO)l( npa 6ap60Ta)I(i. IHTeHcHBHicTb sanesorn, soro ain peOJIOri'lHHX

KTepHCTHK MaTepianiB, crynens

2-BXOll)KeHHll rasy; 3-11piT; 45-npOBill 3 sapanou; 6-BHXill

H .Ll.OCHrHeHHRnorpi-

PHC. 2.17. CxeMH 6eToHo3MiwYBa"fiB:

a-rpaairauianoi llil; 6-npHMycoBol llil; 1nepexanuaa: 2-HenepeKillHHH peaepcasHHH; 3-HepeBepCHBHHH 3 saaaurascyeansHI1M nOTKOM; 4-npoTHTo'lHOI llii' 3 06epTOBOlO xauroio; 5-3 llBOMa 3MiwYBaJlbHHMI1 npHCTpOllMI1; 6-11BOXBaJlbHHii.

HeO)lHOpi,llHOCTi Ta CP.iSBi.Ll.HOWeHHH KOMnOHeHTis. cryne-

xinsxicaorc
3MiwYBanbHHX

6HO'i O.Ll.Hopi.Ll.HOCTi. onaopinnicno 3

O'lI1IUeHOrO rasy; 7-11)KepenO crpyay BI1COKOI aanpyra; 83aJeMneHHll,

ixniianacraaocri , a TaKO)l( xxicrs MaTepianiB i BHp06iB na IxHiH OCHOBi. Ilounrpeui nsa OCHOBHHX cnoC06H 3MiwYBaHHH: '02" MeXaHi'lHHH - sa nono-

E<I>eKTHBHicTb 3MiwYBaHHH MO)l(Ha xapaKTepH3YBaTH HeM onuopinaocri cyuiuri

63

(2.23)
ne

CTi,

nepetiopeaus

TepTH MaCH 06 cTiHKH npec-rpopa

i nesxoro rouro.

H3.llJlHWKO-

x I"'X

l.JaCTKH3MiwaHHX KOMnOHeHTiB; 3MiwaHo'j

soro THCKY l.Jepe3 pi3HHUi BOJlOroCTi, sepaosoro

cxnany

m - xinsxicrs npofi.
13 nofipe
CH 6YlliBenbHi MipH, ? TaKO)l(

onaopinaoi cyuiuri

sanaaoro

cxnaay

<P0PMYJOTb-

BHp06H, 1110MalOTb BH3HaI.JeHi reOMeTpHI.JHY <P0PMY H P03-

norpifiai

BnaCTHBocTi. HaHXapaKTepHi'lIHM pianis 6iB

,WUI TeXHOJIOrii" MaTe3aCTOCYe

6YlliBeJIbHHX

BaHHH TaKHX cnoco<p0 P M Y BaH HK npecysaaH H,

Ilin 'lac aaniscyxoro npecyaaana nopOWKOBHX Mac npa THCKY 10... 200 Mila aanesoricrs Mi)l( nopacricno CHPUIO II H THCKOM npecysanHH P onHcY€TbCH <P0PMYJlOIOO.C.6~pe)l(HOro: tt =a-blgP. (2.24) 3Hal.feHHH a i b aanescars Bin cxnany H peonorixnax tlJlaCTHBOCTeH Mac. Hanpaxnan.zinx BOfHeTpHBKHX Mac nponOHYITbCH 6paTH 0=50, b=15. THcK, npa HKOMY 06'€M MaCH D,opiBHIO€ cyui 06'€MiB TBepD,HX 'ra
piD,KHX l.JaCTHHOK, Ha3HBaITbCH K p H T H 'I H H M. KPHTHI.JHHH, HaCTa€: neperrpecysaaaa, npH3BOD,HTb no KOJIH THCK nepeBHlllY€ npOTHD,iH, uto p03BHBaITbCH rtpyzcaa

HH, nnaCTHI.JHe <popMYBaHHH, Bi6pYBaHHH, JIHTTH, eKCTpY3iH (pHC. r

PYHHYBaHHSI KOHTaKTiB, HKi YTBOPHJlHCb, i BHHHKHeHHH

rpiuran.
OnTHMaJJbHHH THCK npeCYBaHHH HaHl.faCTiwe CTaHOBHTb 5 ... 3aJIe)l(HTb BiD, BOJlOrOCTi Ta sepaoaoro BOJIOrOCTi 3MeHWYITbCH MaCH nopourxia BHYTpiwH€ BHXOD,Y nOBiTpH H oTpHMaHHIO uiinsao] .llJlH naniecyxoro cxnany cyaiuri.

15

Mila,

2.18).
crtocofia

3acToTaKO)l( <popTpaM6yTOp-

3 niD,BHllleHHjlM

COBYIOTbCH imui MYBaHHH -

TePTH l.JaCTHHOK, OD,HaK ue 3aB3)I(a€ CTpYKTYPH. 3BH1faHHO aonoricn,

Puc. 2.18. Cxeva

Mac:
a-narrs

<j>0pMYBaHHJI sapofiia i3 nnaCTWlHHX

6-6e3nepepoHe npo<j>iJlbHe

npeCYBaHHH CTaHOBHTb YMOBH npecysaans

6 ... 12%. Kpanii

3a6e3neqylOTbcH

nia THCKOM (iHlKeKuill);

BHllaBJlIOBaHHlI (excrpysis):

B-BOJlbUIOBaHHlI; r-rtpecyaaans.

BaHHH,

uenrparpyry. 2

BaHHH, npoxar,

npa

fieanepepaaiti

rpaaynouerpir
sepen no

KperyBaHHH TOIllO. <l>0 P M Y BaH 'lac rsepni npeCYBaHHH

MaKCHMaJIbHOMY posvipi

i 3

H SI n p e C Y BaH H H M 3aCTOCOBYIOTb 311~61J1~wo~0

MM. <l>0pMYBaHHH rtpecyaaunmr aa BHKOHYBaTH wTaMnyBaHHjfM

MO)l(3 neHaBaHTa-

npa BHKopHCTaHHi MaJIOnJlaCTHI.JHHX, CHnKHX CHPOBHHHHX CYMlweH. npHMYCOBO nepeviuryiorscs

Ilin
P03-

B3a€MHO 36~~IOTbCH

peztaxero
BCIO nnouty i
4

npeCYBaJIbHOrO WTaMn,

KOMnOHeHTH cyaiuri,

1110npH3BOllHTb 110.HaHK~MnaKTHIWOr? OllHO- Ta llBOCTOP?HHiM,

)l(eHHSI xepes THJlbHY

1110 nepeKpHBa€ npeCYBaHHH sa

MillleHHH

Ix Y

neBHOMY 06'€Mi MO)l(e 6ym

H BHllaBJlIOBaHHH BIJlbHOI BO.n.H nOBITpH. Ta 6e3nepepBHH~

BHp06y i <P0PMY€ JIHUbOBY rtosepxai; KaTKiB, 1110 nepeuiuryroBi6ponpeCYBaHHjfM, $IKe

ilpeCYBaHHH

(onaocrynin-racraa) I)
T3)I(eHHH;

i npepassacraa

(fiararocryniavacrav).

Y npoueci
nioo HaBaH-

nortovororo
(pHC.

npeCYBaHHH p03pi3HHIOTb TpH craaii: nopiBHHHO nerxe 36J1H)I(eHHH l.faCTHHOK nin 3MiHa

TbCH no YKna.n.eHiH Y <P0PMY cyuiuri

2.19);

2)

crpafikononifiaa

oca.n.)I(YBaHHH MaCH

BHaCJlinOK . yuunsnosepxni

!Il
I·

no€.n.HY€ B co6i
r,

npHKna.n.aHHjf CTaTH1f-

uoro THCKY H Bi6pYBaHHH. Pi3HOBH.D.OM npecyaanas <j>0pMYBaHHSI aapofiy p060'iHM ro nOJlHra€ xnananni e TpaM6YBaHHH, CYTb HKOB 6araTOpa30BOMYD,O

KPHXKOi" H nPY)I(Hoi" .n.e<p0pMauiY l.faCTHHOK;

3)

.n.OCHrHeHHH KPHTHI.fHOrO THCKY 3 npHnHHeHHHM

Puc. 2.19. Cxeva

ulUliHD.pWlHOrO

npa-

HeHHH MaCH H nOCHrHeHHHM MaKCHMaJIbHoi" KOHTaKTHoY nnouti Mi)l( l.JaCTHHKaMH. OnTHMaJIbHHH THCK npecyaaaax nin6HpalOTb

l.faCTHHOK

MHTT€BOrO

opraaou ponaxosoro rany:

I-npHBollHHH BaJJ; 2-!jl0pMa; 3-ymiJlbHIOIO'lHH POJlHK;4-npHrJJlI.lI.lKY0aJJbHHH uanianp.

npecyroxoro
BHpo6H nan

THCKY. 3 nJIaCTH1fHHX (narrpax-

.n.OCJli.n.HHMWJIHXOM 3 uiinsao-

ypaXYBaHHHM THCKY, norpifinoro

.llJlSlnOBeneHHH MaCH no aanaaoi

rJIHHHCTHX) Mac BHrOTOBJIHIOTbCjf

64

65

n Jl aCT H Y H H M cp 0 P My BaH H ~ M ua CTpiYKOBHX npecax (pHC. 2.20). flIIacTHYHe cpopM)'BaHH~ nOJlRra€ Y MO)KJIHBicTi HaJ].aHHR BHp06aM CKJIaJ].HOI CPOPMHnpa nopiBHRHO HH3bKOMY THCKY npecyBaHHR. HeO.ll.MiHHOIO yMOBOlO nnacraxaoro CPOPM)'BaHHR BHp06iB e BHKOpHCTaHHR .lI.OCHTb B' R3KHX 87 Mac, Y RKHX CYMa CHJl aayrpiurusoro 3qenlleHHR (K 0 r e 3 i R) 6iJlbllla ain PHC. 2.20. CTpi'lKOBHH aaxyyw-rtpec: CHJl sxenneaaa 3 pofioaoro I-HilK; 2-BaKYYM-KaMepa; 3-pewiTKa; 4-rJlHHOM'lIJlKa; nosepxueio CPOPMYBaJlb5-WHeKOBHH Ban; s-npecyrosa rOJlOBKa: 7-MyHllWTYK; uoro 06JlaJ].HaHHR (a a8-rnHHlIHHH 6pyc.

r e 3 i R ),

aayrpiumsoro TepTR 6iJlblllHH sa xoediiuiear soeaiunrsoro. P06H. cdiopaosani TaKHM cnocotiov, MalOTb HIDKqy MiuHicTb, Hi)K npecosaui, .lI.JlRHHX xapaxrepni TaKi .lI.ecpeKTHCTPYKTYpH. RK 3aBHnbKYBaTicTb Ta S-no.ll.i6Hi TPilIlHHH. Ilnacrasse cpopMYBaHHR HaHqaCTillie B)KHBa€TbCRJJ.nR OTpHMaHHR xepaaixnax ra iaunrx BHp06iB. Y CTpi'lKOBHX npecax sa nonoMorolO umexoeoro MexaHi3MY Maca rpaucnopryerscs, YlIlinbHIO€TbCR i rtpoaaamoerscs xpiss MYH.lI.lllTYK, RKHH npH3Ha'leHHH MR nananas BHpO6aM TO'lHHX P03MipiB, CPOPMHH nonarxoeoro YlIlinbHeHHR fipyca, UlO BHX0.ll.HTb 3 asoro. EnH3bKHM .lI.OnnaCTH'IHOrO cpopMYBaHHR e e K C T P Y 3 i R (.lI.HB. pHC. 2.18, 6) - oTPHMaHHR MaTepiaJliB i BHp06iB 3 nonixepuax Ta .lI.eRKHXiaunrx CHPOBHHHHXcYMillieH npO.ll.aBnlOBaHHRM Kpi3b MYH.lI.lllTYK. TaK CPOPMYIOTb pi3HOMaHiTHi nnaCTMaCOBi npodiini, Tpy6H, nHCTH. nniaxa TOlIlO. ,llnR BH.lI.aBnlOBaHHRnnaCTH'IHHX Mac 3aCTOCOBYIOTbnepeaazcao umexoai excrpy3iHHi MalllHHH. <l> 0 P M Y BaH H SI n H T T ~ M nonRra€ Y 3anOBHeHHi aianoainnoro 06'€MY CHPOBHHHOIO cyaiuruno 'ra W yuiinsneuai nin nieio CHn TR)KiHHR 'IaCTHHOK. BHKOHYIOTb HOro is CHPOBHHHHX cYMillleH, uio MalOTb 1l0CTaTHIO TeKY'IicTb, sxa 3aJle)KHTb aia BnaCTHBOCTeHraepnoi CPa3H,sonoraepnoro ainnourenaa, HaRBHOCTi1l06aBOK enexrponrris i IlAP. Ilopan 3 nOTPi6HOIO TeKY'IicTIO (pyxnasicno) cyviuii .lI.nSlnHTTR nOBHHHi MaTH 1l0CTaTHIO 66

xoerpiuicar Cnpueai BH-

CTPYKTYPHY MiuHicTb Ta B' R3KicTb nns nporanif p03111apYBaHHIOsaacninox (OCi.ll.aHHR) 'IaCTHHOK rsepnor CPa3H. J1HTTR 3aCTOCOBYIOTb JJ.nRBHrOTOBneHHR rinCOBHX BHp06iB, a TaKO)K M~ OTpHMaHHR uianpiosaTHX 6eTOHiB, xepavisuax canirapno-Syniaensaax BHp06iB ia mnixepia. Meron urnixepaoro BHp06HHUTBa 3aCHoBaHHH aa 3.l1.aTHOCTirJlHH nasara cTiHKi sonui cycnexsii, a TaKO)K aa nOrJlHHaHHi pizncoi <t>a3HxaniJl~paMH rincosoi CPOPMH3 YTBopeHHRM aa W nosepxui TBep.lI.OrO urapy, Illsanxicrs Ha6HpaHHR CTiHKH BHp06y 3aJle)KHTb Bill ursanxocri nornaHaHHR CPOPMOIO pinxoi CPa3Humixepa, rpaaynoaerpavnoro CKJlaJ].y raep.lI.OI <l>a3HH cniaaizmoureuus raepnoi 'ra pinxoi <l>a3.Ilpa 3Ha'lHoMY sanepeJI.)KeHHi ursunxocri nornHHaHHSI BO.ll.H<l>OPMOIO nosepxneeovy urapi aa Bi.ll.1lHBKH YTBOPIO€TbCR HallMipHo Ylll.inbHeHHH uiap, uto npH3BO.ll.HTb .lI.O ainurapoeyaaaaa i nO~BH rpiuiax. Y pas Bi.ll.CTaBaHHRlllBH.lI.KOCTi nornaHaHH~ BOllH <l>OPMOIO MO)Ke Bi.ll6YBaTHcR "ij p03MHBaHHR H npHJlHnaHHR BHp06iB. OCTaHHiM 4aCOM 06JlaCTb BHKopHcTaHHR <l>0pMYBaHHR BHp06iB sa nonosrororo JlHTT~ p03WHplO€TbC~. Horo 3acTocoBYIOTb. HanpHKJIaJ].• .lI.1lR BHrOTOBneHHR 6eToHHHx i 3ani306eToHHHx BHp06iB h nHTHX 6eTOHHHX cyaiuiea, pospinaceaax cynepnnacradiisaropaaa, 1Il0 BBO.ll.RTbCJI 6eToHB HY cyuim aa crani ...3MilllYBaHHR. ,[(0 HaHnOlllHpeHilllHx cnocofiis cpopMYBaHHR aanexars MeTO.ll.HB i 6 p Y BaH HR. nOHaJ]. 90% scix BHpOGiB 3 6eTOHY H 3aJli306eTOHY saroTOBnR€TbCR3 BHKopHCTaHHSlMaifipaui ....Lle nO}1CHIO€TbCR THM, uto B npoueci Bi6pauiHHo'" .IIi"i Ha 6eTOHHi cyaiuri CTBOPlOlOTbCRYMOBH MR THKCOTPOnaoro poapinaceaas i HaHKOMnaKTHillioro p03MilIleHHR 'IaCTHHOK. Bi6pyBaHH~ - ue KOnHBaJlbHHH npouec, uio xapaKTepH3Y€TbCR BenH'IHHOIO 36yJl.)KYBaJlbHOi"CHnH, avnniryna, 'IaCTOTH ra iHTeHCHBHOCTi xonaaans. Ilizt 'lac cpopMYBaHH}1 6eTOHHHX cyviurea ecpeKTHBHHMH e CHHYCOI.ll.HiTa nepiO.IIH'IHi HeCHHYCO.lI.Hi (nonixacrorui) ... KonHBaHH}1. MO~b TaKO)K noeznryBaTHCRpisni BH.lIH Bi6pYBaHH}1. ,lJ;OCHTb Ha.IIiHHHM nOKa3HHKOM Bi6pauiHHoro BnllHBY e iHTeHCHBHiCTb aifipaui ....RKa MO)Ke 6YTH BH3Ha'leHa .lI.1lRCHHYCOI.IIHHXKonHBaHb sa <l>0pMynolO. CM2/C:

cenaverrrauir

1 =A2f3,

(2.25)

.lI.e

f -'IaCTOTa.

A - assnniryna

xonaaaas;

nOKa3HHK iHTeHcHBHoCTi Bi6pYBaHHR .lI.1lRfiinsurocri cyviurea, uio 3aCTOCOBYIOTbC~.IIJl~ cpopMYBaHH~ 3aJli306eTOHHHX KOHCTPYKuiH, CTaHO67

BHTb

80 ... 300 CM2/C. Ha pHC. 2.21 saurrpaxoaaaa nnouia ainnoaiaae nourapeaiuraa aa npaxraui asmrnrynaa aifipauiji.
A,MM
1=2800
Cllll/cl

HaIi-

AMnJ1iTyJla 3aJJe)l(HTb

KOJ1HBaHb

ain P03MipiB xacTHHOK sanoamoaaxa 6eTOHHOI cyuiuri. LtJUI xpynaosePHHCTHX BOHa Ba)I(KHX 6eTOHiB

nopiemoe W
Ii

0,3 ... 0,7

)l(OPCT-

Bifipauiilai MaWHHH noninston, aa TpH rpyna: fiesynapai, YJlapHOaifipauitini Ta pesoaancni. )],0 6e3y.uapHHx HaJJe)l(HTb fiinsuricri, 3aCTOCOsyaaaax si6pauiIiHHx MaWHH 'ra npacrpois - Bi6ponJ10UlMKH, sifiparopa, Bi6poBcTaBKH, Bi6pOUlHTH, aifipourrasma TOUIO. B yztapao-eitipauirtnax MaWHHax KOJ1HBaHHSI pofioxoro opraay 060B' Sl3KOBO cynpoeoztayerscs ynapavn 06 inuri eJ1eMeHTH MaWHHH a60 B CepeJlOBHLUe, sxe 06p06JIJI€TbCJI. Ilpaxnanov raxoi MaWHHH e ynapna Bi6ponJ10u{MKa, nnarrpopaa JlKO"i Pa30M 3 <pOPMOIO 6e3nepepBHo niD.HiMa€TbCJI i naaae, BD.apJlIO'IHCb 06 MeTaJJeBi 6aJJKH. B pe30HaHCHHX Bi6pauiiiHHX KOJ1HBaHb6J1H3bKa MaWHHax 'IaCTOTa npHMYCOBHX

MM, 3 niJlBHw.eHHJlM KOCTi UbOMY

1600 3000

36iJ1bWYIOTb.

npa

no

BJ1aCHoi'yaCTOTH CHCTeMH, LUOKOJ1HBa€TbCJI.

JlOUiJ1bHO 36iJ1bWY-

4500

6000
Mi)K aMnJ1iTyJIaMH

BaTH

sacrcry sifipauii.
BeJ1HKi

Puc. 2.21.
lJaCTOTaMH Bi6pauii".

3ane)KHicTb KOJ1HBaHb

ra

3aHMTO

asmniryzta
MO~b

piaaor

iHTeHcHBHoCTi

KOJ1HBaHb 6e3

BHKopHCTaH-

HJI HaBaHTa)I(eHHJI CnpH'IHHHTH

p03pHXJ1eHHJI

noripunrra BJ1aCTHBOCTi6eToHY. 3i 3MeHWeHHJlM xpynaocri 3anOBHIOBa'la BiJlnOBi.uHO 3pOCTae 'IaCTO'ra KOJ1HBaHb. HanpHKJ1aJl, Jlml xpynnocri 3anOBHIOBa'la 40 MM onTHMaJJbHa 'IaCTOTa CTaHOBHTb 38 Fu; 20 MM - 50 Fu; 10 MM - 100 Fu, BHKopHcTaHHSI pi3HO'laCTOTHHX pe)l(HMiB sifipauif nae 3MOry nonin6eTOHHoi' Ii WHTH ynaKYBaHHJI pi3HHX <ppaKuiii ,LVtJl KO)l(HOi" 6eTOHHO"i onTHMaJJbHOIO 3anOBHIOBa'la. npHiiHJlTHX

cyaiuri

cyuiuri aa

napaaerpis

KOJ1HBaHb

uio ninfiaparon, JlOCJ1iJlHHM WJ1J1XOM. CKOPOTHTH 'lac Bi6pYBaHHJI MO)l(Ha sa paxynox niJlBHw.eHHJI {JlO nesHOi" Me)l(i) iHTeHCHBHOCTi Bi6pYBaHWI 'ra CTBOpeHHJI THCKY aa nosepxai yininsnenoi aa JlOnOMOrolO .uOBaHTa)l(eHHJI cyviuri. Bi6poYLUiJ1bHIOIOTb cyuiuri pi3HHMH MaWHHaMH, cepen JlKHX rJ1H6HHHi, noeepxaesi, 06'eMHi aifiparopa Ta Bi6ponJ10lUa.uKH. Ilpa Bciii piaTPHBaJJicTb Bi6pYBaHHJI, HOMaHiTHOCTi KOHCTPYKuiii puiIiHi Bi6p036y.u)l(YBayi Bi6poYLUiJ1bHIOBaHHX MaWHH BOHH MalOTb iaea60 caM06aJJaHCHoro (pHC. nefianaacuoro c

rany. HaaHHX npo-

xapaxrepniurau

06J1MHaHHJlM

Bi6ponJ10LUMKH

<P0PMYIOTbCJI nOHM

80%

ycix

3aJJi306eTOHHHX

BHpo6iB.

2.22). Ha Binsuricrs

MHCJ10BKX Bi6poYCTaHOBOK Mae

sacrcry
BHp06iB

sifipauif

3000

KOJ1./XB (asmniryaa

0,25 ... 0,70

aacrocoaysara

MM). ilJHI 06'CMHHX

3Ha'lHoi' TOBlUHHH Haii.uouiJ1bHiwe

pe)l(HM HI13bKO"i 'IaCTOTH

(l 0... 15 Fu)

i SeJ1HKoi" asmniryaa

KOJ1I1SaHb(3 ...

10 MM).

Puc. 2.22. CxeMH

a-a ropH30HTaJlbHHMH KOM6iHOBaHHMH npY)KHHa; 3-paMa

B
Bi6ponJ1OluaJIOK: BepTHKallbHHMH KOJlHBaHHllMH; B-3

npllMOJliHiHHHMH

KOJlHBaHHjlMH; 6KyrOBHMH

3 npjlMoJliHiHHHMH KOJlHBaHHRMH; KOJ1HBaHb; 5-Bi6paTOp r-a

KOJlHBaHHjlMH; aifiponnouranxa:

l-aifiparop

cnpsaoaaaax

2-

4-<jJopMa 3 BHpo6oM;

KyrOBHX

KOJlHBaHb; 6-Bi6paTOp

KOM6iHOBaHHX KOJlHBaHb.

Bi6pYBaHHJI J1~HeHHJI BI6ponpOKaT).

'IaCTO 3aCTOCOBYlOTb Pa30M 3 iHWHMH cnOC06aMH Bi6ponpeCYBaHHJI,

yuii-

(aifipourraanyaaans,

Bi6pOBaKYYMYBaHHJI,

<I>

0 P M.Y BaH

H SI

Ue HT

H <pY r Y BaH nepepisy

H JI M 3aCTOCOBYlOTb npa (Tpy6H, CTOSlKH, onopa

BHrOTOBJ1eHHI KOHCTPYKuiii

rpytinoro

68

69

Tomo). Cyn, npouecy nonsrae B TOMY,uio cysriur, xxa MicTHTbC~ Y cpopMi, uio ofiepraerscs, nia nieio BillUeHTPOBHX CHJ1ainxanacrscs no CTiHOK CPOPMH, oanoninacrscs p aa HHX piBHOMipHHM urapou i yutinsmoerscs. UeHTpHcpyrH Billpi3H~IOTbC" onua Bill ozmoi KOHCTPYKUi€1O npasony cpopMH (pOJ1HKOBi, CbOBi,nacoai ra ia.), O Crpopaoaaai BHp06H 6iJ1bWOCTi eXHOJ1oril{HHXnpouecis Hal{XOMTb T aa TenJ10BY06p06KY, m06 aanara BHp06aM Y pe3YJ1bTaTicpi3HKO-xiMil{HHX nepersopeus nOTPi6HHX BJ1aCTHBocTeH. OCHOBHHMH pi3HoBHllaMH Ten J10 B 0 i" 0 6 P 0 6 K H e CYWiHH~, BHnanIOBaHH~,TenJ10B0J1oricHa06p06Ka. C Y W i H H ~ M Ha3HBaIOTbnpouec BHnapoBYBaHH~B0J10rH 3 MaTepiany 3 aacrynnav BHllaneHH~M Y HaBKOJlHWH€ cepenosaute yrsopeaoi napa. Y BHp06HHUTBi 6Y.ll.iBeJlbHHX MaTepianiB i BHp06iB cyuriaaio ninaarors CHPOBHHHiMaTepianH, HaniB<J>a6pHKaTH rOTOBi BHp06H. Hanpaxnaa, Y 'ra KepaMil{HiH npOMHCJlOBOCTi CYWiHH~ nposonsn, nna 0TPHMaHH~ rllHHHCTHX Ta iHWHX KOMnOHeHTiB3 BOJloricTIO, nOTpi6HOlO .ll.Jljj nopuansaoro nporixanna npouecy BHnanIOBaHH". CYWiHH" MO)l(J1HBe roni, KOJ1H THCK BOll~HHX napis 6iJl~ nosepxai sacyurysanoro MaTepiany BHmHH, Hi)l{ y HaBKOJ1HWHbOMY cepeztoaauri. THCK BO.ll.~HHX napis y MaTepiani 3pOCTa€ ai 36iJlbWeHH~M BOJlOrOCTiH reuneparypa CYWiHH~ H 3MeHwycrbc~ 3 nOCHJleHHjjM3B' JJ3KYsonora 3 MaTepianOM. 3a fI.O.Pe6iH.ll.epOM iCHyIOTbTpH <J>OPMH 3B'jj3KY sonora 3 MaTepiaJ10M: <J>i3HKO-MeXaHil{Ha, <J>i3HKO-xiMil{Ha 'ra XiMil{Ha. <l> i 3 H K 0 M e X a H i "I H aBO n a yrPHMy€TbC~ B xaninapax aa paxyaox xaninspaoro THCKY'ra nosepxaeaoro uarsry. Y MiKpOKaniJl~pax sonana napa nornaaaerscs aa paxynox ediesry xaninapaof xonnencauir, OCKiJlbKHTHCK Ha.ll. YBirHyTHM MeHicKOM MeHWHH, Hi)l{ napuiam.uaa THCK nasxonamasoro cepenosauta. Bona MaKponop nornauacrsca npa 6e3nOCepe.ll.HbOMY sanoBHeHi MaTepianiB i TOMYc BiJ1bHOIO. <l> i 3 H K 0 - X i Mil{ H aBO II a B MaTepianax MO)l{e 6yrH ancopfiUiHHOIO, OCMOTHl{HOIOH CTPYKTypHOIO. Ancopfiuiaua sona yrBOPIO€ 3B'~3KH sa Ha~BHOCTi Hal{JlHWKOBOro eaeprerasnoro pisns nosepxai rsepnoi <J>a3H, xapaxrepuo nns MaTepianiB 3 p03BHHyTOlO nosepxaero uto noztiny <J>fO rpenen, niarouir Tomo. fIPH OCMOTHl{HiH cpopMi 3B'~3KY BOJlOrH BOHa yrpaaycrscs aa paXYHOK OCMOTHl{HOrO THCKY, uto BHHHKa€ B opraaixnax MaTepianax KJ1iTHHHOronOXO.ll.)I{eHH~. aMKHyTa KJ1iTHHae 3 OCMOTHYHOIOOMipKOlO,i llH<J>Y3iH K pi.ll.HHH3YMOBJ1eHaiaaauero OCMOTHl{p 70

HHX THCKiB P03l{HHHOi"cppaKui"i scepenaai KJ1iTKHi 330BHi. CTPYKTYPHa B0J10ra MicTHTbC~ B 3aKpHTHX nopax. BOHa xapaxrepna, nanpaxnan, nns TOHKO.ll.HCnepCHHX 6eHToHiToBHX rJ1HH. X i M i Y H 0 3 B ' ~ 3 a H aBO n a noezuryersca 3 MaTepianOM Y TOl{HHX cTexioMeTPHl{HHX cniaainnourenusx i yrBOPIO€ HOBi pel{OBHHH.ITPHKJ1al{OM TaKHX yrsopess e MiHepanH: xaoniair

Al203
KaMiHb

• 2Si02

. 2H 20' MOHTMOPHJlOHiTA1203• Sto

rouio.

2•

5H 20; rincosaa

caSQ,' 211;0

BiJ1bHa <J>i3HKO-MeXaHiYHa Olla MO)l{e 6yrH aaaanena MeXaHil{HHM B cnocofiov (THCKOM,BaKYYMYBaHHHM, cpiJ1bTpauklO, ueurpadiyrysaaaaa). Ilia "lac cyuiiuns anaerscs BH.ll.anHTH <J>i3HKO-MeXaHil{Hy <J>i3HKOH XiMil{Hy B0J10ry. XiMiYHO 3B'H3aHa aona sananaereca TiJ1bKHBHCOKOTeMneparypaoio 06po6KOlO a60 sa paxYHOKllii" XiMittHHX peareirris. CYWHTH MaTepianH MO)l{HaY 3BHl{aHHHXYMOBax, To6TO aa BillKPHTOMYnOBiTPi 6e3 1l0.ll.aTKOBOro aarpieaaas, i 3Hal{HOxacriure - urrysuo, Y cneuiansaax cyurapxax. Tennora 110MaTepiany MO)l{e nineonaracs: KOHBeKTHBHO-OMHBaIOYHM TenJlOHOci€M (rapsxaa nOBiTP~M a60 .nHMOBHMH raaaxn); aa paXYHOKrennonpoainuocri; BHnpOMiHIOBaHHjlM onpoaiaeuHjlM MaTepiany iHcppa4epBOHHMH npOMeHjlMH; nin niero cTPYMeHiB BHCOKOi" 4aCTOTH.Y .ll.ejlKHXaanaaxax MO)l(J1HBey6JliMauiHHe cyuriaaa aanapoayc BaHHjlM BOJlOrH 6e3 nepexony B pi.ll.KHH CTaH aa HH3bKHX rexneparyp i

rnafioxoro aaxyysry. Ilpouec CYWiHH" TBep.ll.HXMaTepianiB MO)l{HaBHpa3HTHKpHBHMH,uio MalOTbsaransuati xapaxrep i YMOBHO nonineai aa TpH .ll.iJl~HKH:1 - crania
nporpisaaas; 2 - nepiozi cranoi WBH.ll.KOCTi CYWiHHH(nepuraa nepion); 3 nepion nanaiouof WBH.ll.KOCTi CYWiHHH(.ll.pyrHH nepion) (pHC. 2.23). Marepiana, pisai sa xapaxrepov 3B'jl3KY BOJlOm, naiors piaay cpop-

I
l

My KPHBOi'WBH.ll.KOCTi ywiHHSI dW/ dt . 3a A.B.JlHKoBHM BOllOKHHCTi C MaTepianH (nanip, TOHKHHxaproa) naiors KPHBi 3 npjlMoJliHiHHHMH ziinaaKaMH, uio ainnoaiaac nepiony nanaiosoi WBH.ll.KOCTi (pHC. 2.23, 3a). ):VI~ TKaHHH, TOHKHX uncip xapaxrepni KPHBi, nosepaeai BHnyKJ1icTIOno oci opnauar (pHC. 2.23, 36), .ll.Jl~nopHCTHX KepaMi4HHx MaTepianiB - BHnyKJ1iCTIOno oci aficunc (pHC. 2.23, 3B). Cxnanaiuii sa cTPYKTYpolO sonori Marepiana naiors y npyroay nepioni H cxnaaniuri KPHBiCywiHH1I. . Teaneparypai KPHBi MalOTb BeJlHKe 3Ha4eHHjI .ll.JlSlTeXHOJlOri"i cyWIHH~, OCKiJlbKH4aCTOaxicrs aacyureaoro MaTepiany saneaorrs Bi.ll.TeMneparypa i rpnsanocri ·i . .ll.i·i, revneparypa MaTepiany B npoueci CYWiHH~ . 3HaYHOHH)I{4a Bill revneparypa HaBKOJ1HWHbOro oairpa, TOMYB nepuron
71

My nepioni MO)l{e 3aCTOCOBYBaTHCR TenJlOHOciH 3 BHlUOIO TeMneparypolO H HeBHCOKOIOBOJloricTIO. CYWiHH}l fiynisensuax T2 MaTepianiB i BHp06iB nposonHThC}l 3ne6iJIhWOrO aa paxyHOK KOHBeKTHBHOrO Tenno06MiHy Mi)l{ TennoHociEM i MaTepianOM. Ilpn UhOMY noTiK TenJlOTH Bin 'rennoaocia no MaTeplany MO)l{Ha BH3Ha~HTH aa cpOpMyJlOIO
W2

B H n a Jl 0 M Y TeXHOJlori'i 6yniBeJlbHHX MaTepianiB Ha3HBalOTb BHCOKOTeMneparyPHY o6po6KY CHPOBHHH H HaniBcpa6pHKaTiB, BHaCJlinOK SlKO'i B HHX Bin6YBalOTbCR aeotioporui Q>i3HKO-xiMit{Hi npoueca, iuo 3MiHlOlOTb CPa30BHHCKJIan, crpyxrypy i BJlaCTHBOCTi MaTepiany. Banan - OCHOBHa -rexnonorivaa onepauia OTpHMaHHSI MiHepanbHHX B'SI~t{HX pesoBHH i KepaMit{HHX MaTepianiB. 3ane)l{HO Bin BHny MaTepianiB nia 'lac sanaJIy nepeaaacarors nerinparauia (rinc, rJlHHHCTi MiHepanH), naconiauis (xap60HaTH), CHHTe3 canixaris, anIOMiHaTiB, cpepHTiB (ueMeHTHHH xniaxep). HaHBa)I{JlHBiwolO CKJIanOBOIO 6araTbox MiHepanbHHX cyaiurea, uto ninnaiorscs sanany, E KpHCTanit{HHH KpeMHe3eM. Ilin 'lac HarpiBaHHSI xpeaHe3eM 3a3HaE MonHcpiKauiHHHX nepersopens, uio cynpoaorosyiorsca 06'EMHHMH 3MiHaMH. Binovi TpH MonHcpiKaui'i i CiM Q>0PM xpacranixaoro KpeMHe3eMY (Ta6Jl.2.4.). Ta6J1HUH 2.4 KPHCTaJli'lHi MOD.HcjJilcauii 'ra cjJ'!P_MHKpeMHe3eMY Tesmeparypaa <l>opMa MOJlHlpiKauili rYCTHHa, Kr/M3 CTiHKicTb, °C Kaapu Kpacrotianir TPHJlHMiT p-KBapu HH)I('Ie 573

Q = a(tm - tn.

),

(2.26) TenJlO-

a - xoerpiuiear ne sinna~i;
II nepion cyurians

tm, tn,M - cepenas TeM-

err

dW

nepioa cyurians

neparypa

aizmoaizmo rennoMaTepiany.

HOciS! i noaepxai

Koediiuienr rennoainna~i aanesorrs Bin aeponanaMaHOro BJlaCTHBOCTeH, nHTOMOI nJIOuri nosepxai MaTepiany, 3 RKO'j BHnapOBYIThCSI BOJlOra, H pxay iHWHX cpaKTopiB. YMOBH rennoainna-ri BHBt{alOTh is 3aCTOCYBaHHSlMreopii nonifiHOCTi, BHKOPHCTOBYlOt{H KpHMi~HHX YMOB 06TiKaHH}l

c-xaapu
P-KpHcTo6aniT n-xpacrofianir Y-TPHJlHMiT P-TPHJlHMiT a-TPHJlHMiT

573...870
HH)I('Ie 200 1470 ... 1728 HmK'Ie 117

2650 2530 2320 2190 2260 2260 2220

repiany rennoaocica,

117...163 870 .. 1470

Puc. 2.23. Tanoai KPHSi:

I-B0J10rOCTi; 2-TeMnepaTypH; 3-11IBHllKOCTicyllIiHHlI MaTepiany.

repiansai aanexcaocri.
CYWHJlbHi YCTaHOBKH sa pe)l{HMOM p060TH noninmors na cyurapxa nepiona-moro H fieanepepeaoro T1my ni'i, aa cnocofioja nepenasanaa TenJIOTH na KOHBeKTHBHi, KOHTaKTHi, paniauiani, 3 BHKopHCTaHHSlM BHCOKOI t{aCTOTH -rouio, aa cxeMOIO pyxy rennoaocix ua nporsrre-mi, npxaoresni, 3 peUHPKYJHtL.nEIOTOlUO. aa KOHCTPYKUiEIO ua posnamoaansni nJlSl cycnen3iH, ,nJISIKYCKCl13HX CHnKHX MaTepianiB i3 CYWiHHSlM Y cpiJ1brpYBanhHOMY ra 3B8)KeHOMY i KHnJIRt{OMY urapax, 6apa6aHHi, WHeKOBi, rynensn! Ta KOHl,\e-

cpm.
72

Llleanxicrs ssaevonu KOMnoHeHTiB CHPOBHHHHX cYMIUleH nin 'lac aanany 3MiHIOITbC5I saneacao Bin 6YnoBH KpHCTaniB, uto Ix CKJ1analOTh (CTaH rparxa, THn nOMilloK i neQ>eKTiB, BHn 3B'Sl3KY rouio), cryneas IX nonpi6HeHH5I Tomo. BHCOKOTeMneparypHHH sanan MaTepianiB aasepuryeTbC5I cnixamrsa i oTpHMaHHHM KaMeHenoni6HoI CTPYKTYpH rina, ,l.VIH sanany MaTepianiB i BHpo6iB 3acTocoBYIOTb npOMHCJlOBi nesi (pHC. 2.24), HKi KJIacHcpiKYIOTb aa TeXHOJlorit{HHM npH3Hat{eHHHM, peaorMOM p060TH, KOHCTPYKTHBHOIOcxeMOIO, cnocofioa rennootiaiay i ,A)KepeJlOM BHniJIeHHH 'rertna (Ta6Jl. 2.5). Ilopan i3 cpi3HKO-xiMi~HHMH nepersopeaasaa Y BHnanlOBaHoMY Marepiani Bin6YBaIOTbC5I cxnaznii npoueca ropiana H ra3HcpiKauii' nanasa, pyx nponyxris ropinus B P060t{OMY npocropi nexi, renno- H Macoo6MiHHI npouecn, nOB'S!3aHi 3 enao- i eK30TepMit{HHMH ecpeKTaMH. ,[{OCJlrHeHHJI norpifiuux BJlaCTHBOCTeH BH3Ha'-laETbC5Iorrruvansaicno resmeperypaoro
73

pe:lIUIMY i XiMiYHOrO cKJ1aD-YaTMOC<pePHnexi (n130BOrO pe)l(HMY). Tesmeparypa BHnaIlY CTaHOBI1Tb Bi)1 180°C .ll.1UIrincy )10 1450°C .ll.1HInOpTJIaH)l,ueuearuoro KJ1iHKepy. XiMiYHHH CKJ1a)1niYHO! arsrocdiepa BH3Ha'la€TbCH Ha)lJlHLlIKOM KHCHIO B niYHHX rasax: )10 1% Y BiD-HOBJIIOBaHoMYcepenosauri; 1,5 - 2% - Y uetrrpaneuoay; nouan 2% - B OKHCJIIOBaIlbHOMY. Ta6J1HUH 2.5 KJlacHcJliKauiH DPOMHCJlOBHX Dellen J(JlH BHDaJlY 6 .. >YJ(IBeJlbHHX MaTeplaJlIB BHJl. nexi KnacH!fJiKauiAHa O3HaKa Texuonorisae npH3Ha'leHHlI
,[{.nll BHnamOBaHHlIKyCKOBHX CHnKHX MaTei

pianis
,[{.nll BHnamOBaHHlI >opMoBaHHX Hpo6iB Q B

Pe)l{HMp060TH KOHCTPYKTHBHa cxeva Cnoci6 rennoooviny

CniKaHHlI (OMOHOJ1i'leHHlI) CHnKHXMaTepianiB OTpHMaHHlIcHlliKaTHHX posnnaaia Ilepionauao (UHKlli'lHO) nilO'li Beanepepsno .nilo'li Illaxrni, ofeprosi, KaMepHi, xinsueai, TYHensui, BaHHi Ilpaaoro BorHIO, MYQ>ellbHipaniauiaai) ( nOJlYM'lIHi EJleI<!£_H'IHi

rania HaHBHmy TeMneparyPY nnaaneaus Mae BOJ1b<ppaM (3395°C), HaHHH)f(qy - PTYTb (-38,87°C). Tesmeparypa nJ1aBJ1eHHHMiHepaIliB CTaHOBHTb Bin O°C (nizi) no 3800°C (rpadiir), CHPOBHHHi cyuiuri MicTHTb KOMnOHeHTH 3 pi3HHMH TeMneparypaMH nnaBJ1eHHH. BOHH nJIaBJIHTbCRHeOnHO'IaCHO, B nepuiy xepry YTBOPlOlOTbCR p03nJ1aBH, uio ainnoainarors eBTeKTH'IHHM TeMneparypaM pearYIOYHX peYOBHH. HaH6iJ1bLlI J1erKODJIaBKi cnorryxa nnasni 3HH)I\YIOTb revneparypy nJ1aBneHHR ryronnasxax KOMnOHeHTiB cyuuui ainnoainno no Ixuix eKBiBaneHTHHX Mac (npaaano Pixrepca). Kinsxicrs TenJ10TH, norpifinoi nJ1R nnannenas 1 xr pe'lOBHHH nonepenaso narpiroi no reuneparypa nJ1aBJIeHHR,Ha3HBa€TbCR n p H X 0 B a H 0 10 Ten J10 T 0 10 n JI a B J1e H H H . .lJ.nR TenJ10BHX p03paXYHKiB nnaBHJIbHHX npacrpois npa BHpo6HHUTBi cHniKaTHHX MaTepiaIliB npHXOBaHY Tennory nnaBJ1eHHH6ePYTb npH6J1H3HO335 K.LVKJKrp03nJIaBY. Y npOMHCJ10BHX YMOBax nnaSJ1eHHH 3)1iHCHIOIOTb Y BinHOBJ1IOBaIlbHOMY, OKHCJ1IOBaIlbHOMYi HeHTpa,lbHOMY cepenosautax, a TaKO)l( Y BaKYYML

I ,[()I{epello Ten1l0BHniJleHHlI

,~~~
a
.l.

A; ("),.~
6
.. ~
L.I!I

iT

][,
I

1!1

~IDc:S
__s---t_
~

~~D?,¢Orl
~

e 5 )I{ PHC. 2.24. Flesi 3 pi3HHM YCTPOCM p060'l0'j KaMepH:

a-tuaxrua: o.Il-KaMepHi; r-ofieproaa: rensua: lK BaHHa: !... lll-aianoainno sanany, n-ryaem.aa: e-ri30HH ninirpiay,

oxonozoseuua:

I-BHBaHTalKeHHlI: 2-MaTepian; 6-BaIHla.

3-

6apa6aH; 4-BaraHeTKa: 5-Tireilb;

Ilin 'lac aarraJIIOBaHHR MO)l(YTb '1aCTKOBO nnaBHTHCR CHPOBHHHi CYM1III I. Ilpa OTPHMaHHi psny cHniKaTHHX MaTepiaJIiB i MeTaIliB nOTPi6He nOBHe 1lJla6JleHHJl. cYMiwei1. qHcTi KpHcrani-mi pe'lOBHHH MalOTb crporo BH3Ha'1eHY TeMneparypy nnaanenaa, llI,O Binnosinac TepMOnHHapiBHOBaJi, xona BiJIbHa eaepria TBepno'j i1 pizncoi CPa3 OnHaKOBa. Cepen Me-

nJ1aBJ1eHWIMY SinHOBJ1IOBanbHOMYcepenosami OTPHMYIOTb 'IaBYH, a TaKO)l( 6iJIbLlIicTb <pepocnJ1aBiB; B OKHCJ1IOBaIlbHOMY cepenosaun - crans Y MapTeHiBCbKHX i enexrponyroanx nexax; Y HeHTpanbHOMY - fiararo cneuiaIlbHHX cnnaeis (nanpaxnan, Y cepenoaauri aproiry), CKJ1a.IlnaBneHHRM Y BaKYYMi OTPHMYIOTb HaHlfHcTiLlIi MaTepianH. P03nnaBH 0TPHMYIOTb y nnaBHJIbHHX nexax . .lJ.nSlBHpo6HHllTBa Merania aacrocoayrors nOMeHHi, MapTeHiBCbKi, eneKTPH'IHi nexi; MR MiHepansuoi BaTH - sarpaaxa, BaHHi ra enexrponyroai nexi; MR cppHTOBaHHX rnasypeti - 06epTOBi nexi nepionasuoi ni"i i BaHHi; JlJlSlCKJIa- ropuncosi Ta BaHHi nesi. TenJ10BY 06po6KY, npa HKiH Y HarpiTOMY MaTepiani 36epiraeTbCH B0J10ra, Ha3HBalOTb Ten J10 B 0 JI 0 ric H 0 10 . Taxa o6po6Ka - OCHOBHHH MeTOn npacxopeuas rsepniuua 6eToHHHx i 3aI1i306eTOHHHX BHpO6iB, canixaruax ra iHLlIHX BHp06iB aa OCHOBi MiHepanbHHX B'H~'IHX rinparauitinoro TBepniHHH. 5IK 'rennonocif npa rennoaonoricnia otipofiui saCTOCOBYIOTbnapy, enexrpoeaepriio, nponyxra sropaaaa rtpapozmoro rasy, rapsxe rtosirpa, oprauixai H neopraai-nu Macna. HaHnOWHpeHiwHM rennoaocicv C napa. Ilocnnaaax B HbOMY rennoTH H B0J10rH, nOTpi6HHX nJ1S1 BepniHHH rinpaanixaax T B'H)I(Y'IHX, apofinno nponaptoeaunn ynieepcansuav aacofiov TenJ10Bo'j niL ~

Tennoaocia, uio KOHTaKrye 3 nosepxuero MaTepiany. 06MiHIO€TbCli 3 HHM TenJ10TOIO i MacolO. UeH npouec HaJHBa€TbCli 30 B H i W HiM Ten-

74

75

J10 -

if MaC 0 0 6 M i HOM. Tenno- if Maaco06MiH Mi)l( nOBepXHJlMH Marepianie i sayrpiuraiaa uiapaaa MaTepiany uaaaeaiors B H Y T P i W HiM. Pe)l(HM nponapioeauua xapaxrepasycrsca TpbOMa nepionava: ninBHmeHHJlM TeMnepaTypH, BHp06iB. Hi Ta i30TepMi4HHM BHTpHMYBaHHJlM i OXOJlOJl)l(eHHJlM Oi,LlBHmeHHR TeMneparypH B MaTepiani cnpH4HHIOC 'resmeparypsonoricui rpanicnra. Tevneparypai aanpyra sin p03WHpeHHJI KOMnOHeHTiB cyuiuri Ta 30BHiwHix urapis BHp06y Pa30M 3 BOJ1oricHHMH aanpyraua ain Ha6pRKaHHR npH3BO,LlRTb ,Ll0 CTBOpeHHJI Y CTPYK"rypi MaTepia-

pepsuci
'lac

,Llii'

(sepruxam.ai,

ryHeJ1bHi

'ra uiinaani
06po6Ka

KaMepH, pHC.

2.26). Ilia

nponaprosanas

TenJlOBOJloricHa Bi,LlHOCHiif

MaTepiaJIis

Bi,Ll6YBacrbCJI B

ysroaax HaCH4eHo'j a60 neparypi ,LlO 100°C if 100%.

6J1H3bKOi",LlOHei"

naponoairpaaoi cy Miwi npa TeMaonorocri, iuo ,LlOpiBHIOC npH6JlH3HO

)In)l BHp06iB
3

AI

(aanpaxnan,
KHX 6eTOHiB)

ny CKJ1a,LlHOHanpY)I(eHOrO CTaHY.
p03wHpeHHR W06 6YJlb6awOK nOBiTPR, yCYH}'TH ,LleCTpYKTHBHi RBHUla,

OC06JlHBO

HeraTHBHO

noauavaerscs

nernin-

uio

lOTI, Ha6YBaTH

norpifiuoi

KPHTH4HO"i

cysnuri. BHp06H nepen nponaproeaaaasa MaMillHOCTi (0,6 ... 0,8 Ml'Ia), npa JlKiH
MiCTHTbCJI B CHPOBHHHiH
A-A

nanpyru, UlO BHHHKaIOTb. .LJ;PYrHH nepion nporpieanua - i30TepMi4HHH, uio xapaxrepaayersca iHTeHcHBHHM Ha6HpaHHRM MaTepiaJIOM MillHOCTi, KOJIH BHHHKac "rennosa pisaoaara" Cepe,LlOBHlIle - BHpi6. OXOJlO,Ll)l(eH~ BHp06iB xapaxrepaaycrscs BTPaTolO BOJlOrH aaacniBOHH MO)l(yrb BHTpHMaTH ,LlOK ni,LlBHmeHHR TeMneparypH i 36iJlbWeHHJI THCKY
15
1&

'rennceonoricnor 06p06KH, uio narors

3MOry TOHiB. TOfO BH,LlaJIHTH qaCTHHY BO,LlH 3 6e-

3 uiero

Me-

napis
HiM ~KmO

Y MaTepiani

no-

3acTocoBYIOTb YCTaHOBKH nOBiTP)lHO-

piBHJlHO

is

30BHilIlOXo-· Ha.nTO HHX

Cepe,LlOBHmeM. BHp06H

Puc. 2.26. Illinaaaa xajsepa 306eToHHHx aapofiia:

i-30Ha narpiaanns: 1-3HH)I(YBa'l; nillHOMHHK. 2-HarpiBa'li;

TenJlOBO', o6po6KH 3aJ1i-

rennoai
.LlJIR cyxoro

1I-30Ha i30TepMi'lHOrO BHTpH-MYBaflHJI; 3-Bi30K

'j

nporpisan-

JlOJl)l(YIOTbCJI MO*YTb TpimHHH npyr, Tepiany. )lnJl

BHpo6oM;

4-

H)l, Jl)I(epeJlOM

eaep-

WBH,LlKO, TO Y

3'RBHTHCJI BHaciIi,LlOK HaManpHCKOpHTH eJl~KTpOnporpiBaHHRM rpIBaHH)lM TBep,LliHHR BHp06iB 6eTOHiB Y MO)l(Ha

rir B paxa,

HKHX C napa

enexra60 raa. '

rpsosra

cnocoriava:
enexrponpoTep-

P03TJlryBanbHHx

diopaax;

nonepenuiu
BHpo6iB

uio

nepesa-

fieroauof

cywiuii (r apsue

<popMYBaHHR)

3 HacTynHHM

mYIOTb MillHicTb

MOCHHM BHTpHMYBaHH)lM; HHMH eJleMeHTaMH.

06irpiBaHHjjM

eJleKTpOHarpiBanb-

nponapioMaTepiaJIY Ten(JlMHi

Puc. 2.25. Ilponaptoaansua

l-nizinora
3-KoHlleHcaToBillBillHi

KaMepa RMHoro rany:

4-CHCTeMa KOMeH-

BaHHJI JlOBi

KaMepH: 2-Tpan ).IJ1l1 BHBelleHHlI xouaeucary: npacrpoi:

3aCTOCOBYlOTb piO,LlHqHOI

YCTaHOBKH ne-

Ilpa enekrponarpieanni rsepninna 6eTOHiB npaCKOPIO€TbC)l 3aB,LlJlKH rennori, tuo auninaerscs nin sac npOXO,Ll)l(eHHJI enexrpaxnorc CTPYMY. Cave aa llbOMY 3aCHOBaHe enexrpopoairpiBaHHJI MaTepiaJlY npn "rapsvosry <popMYBaHHi" BHpo6iB. Lli sacofia He nOTpe6YfOTb cneuiansnax xawep. Ilia 4ac eJIeKTpOnporpiBaHH)l TenJIOTa, norpifiaa SM.OHTOBaHHX Y crnpaneii, <ppa4epBoHHx ,LlJIjj npHCKopeHHR raepninns 6eTOHY, Ha,LlXO,LlHTb si.n. eJleKTpOJIaMn,

caro-siasony; 5-CTiHH KaMCpl1: 6-0TBip llJ1l1 aaeneaas napa: 7-Tpy6onpOBill: 8-ncp!j>0poBafia rpytia; 9-oTBip llJ1l1 aerrrunsui] KaMepH npu OX0J10ll)l(CHHi; 10-KaHan llJ1l1 ainfiopy naponoairpsaoi BOp llJ1l1 BnYCKaflHII nosirpa: 16-KYTOBHK: 17-TenJ1oi301lIlUill,

nii

cyviuri;

II-repMeTI13YIO15-wBeJ1ep:

nponapioaansui xaMepH - pHC. 2.25 xaceTH, KosnaKH, i TepfieaneM0<p0PMH)

xawepi

eJIeKTpH4HHX (TEHiB) B cyxiii

aarpieuaxia

Tpy6HHX

aarpisa-us

TOmO, )lK! ( ,Ll)l(epeJlaMH ninnaiorsca cyaiun. paniauianc-

iu-

'1HH KOHYC; 12-'1epB' lI'1f1HH rBHHT; 13-npHnJ1HBHI1H 3aT14-KpHIUKa:

npoweaia.

DPH llbOMY BHpo6H noairpsuia

KOHBeKTHBHoMY

narpisamno

76

77

EJIeKTpOHarpiBa4i BHnpOMiHlOBa raai. TenJIOBa ...aMI1, uio ofipofixa

MOiKHa 3aMiHI1TI1 ra30BI1MH npauiotort, aa npl1pO.nHOMY npO.nYKTaMI1 3rOpRHHR

iurppa ...epBOHHMH a60 3pi.niKeHOMY rasy npo-

2) 3 MOMeHTY nillBHweHHlI
MaJIbHOrO 3Ha ...eHHSI. npHCKOplO€ nillSHmeHH5IM po ...eHHM;

rewneparypa
npOHI1Ka€

H THCKY no B nopa

MaKCHuio

npapozmoro cysiim

Flpu

UbOMY napa npa

BHpo6y,

BO.nHTbCR y KaMepaX. TeMnepaTYpU. llJIR aarpiaauaa TYP

Ky.n11 Ha.nXO.nHTb ra30nOBiTpRHa MaTepiaJIiB npaKTI14HO o6po6KI1

sananor reunepaHa ainpis-

TenJIoo6MiH

i CnpH5I€ uarpiaanmo aapofiis peiKHM

no BCbOMY nepepisy: H THCKY. 3 06p06KH MO)f(e 6YTH CKOMa€ aauty KOHMO)f(e cnpaMOiKYTb

3) BHTpHMYBaHHR

CTaJIHX 'resmepa'rypi

6e3 rpanica'ria

THCKY aBTOKJIaBHHH

i BOJIOrOCTi
iHWHX

npaaaa-ieai ueH sacif

CTPYMI1 BI1COKOi" 4aCTOTH TenJIOBo'j xirn.xic'n, TenJIOTH H

(CBq).

MiHY Bill acepennny HOMipHe

.na€ 3Mory ,[{ml

nepenasara aarpiaaaas

4)
neucarora,

n04HHa€TbCH

3 MOMeHTY 3HI1iKeHHR THCKY. BHpi6 ocxinsxa B nopax, 6ypXJIHBe napOYTBOpeHHJI, ain uio

MaTepiaJIY aarpisaaus

3Ha4HY MaTepiaJIiB

orpauyaarn

TeMnepaTYPY,

HiiK cepenoaaure,

3anOBHeHHX

no SCbOMY 06'€MY.

Bill6YBa€TbCH nepion

CBq

MaTepiaJI

nOMimYIOTb

B 06KJIallKH

KOH.neHCaTOpa, no JlKOrO ninP03rJIJlHYTi

lJHHHTI1 pYHHYBaHHH;

BO.nJlTb

CBlJ.

Sill reaeparopa.

5) aauie cnocofia rennoeonoricnor

06po6KH HlOlOTb npa OPH THCKY 3.niHCaTMO-

OXOJIo.niKeHHR BHp06iB xepea Ha.nMipHY

100

no

18... 20°C.

6YTH TpirnHHI1 4eHHR 'lacy .n6aQa€ BHMara€ repiany.

uraanxicrt,
BI1po6iB npa

OXOJIo.niKeHHJI. ,[{JIJI CKOpOua pi3HHX B'JliKYQHX nepe-

3MeHweHHSI THCKY BHKOPI1CTOBYIOTb BaKYYMYBaHHJI. BHrOTOBneHHJI i"x raepniuua acix rexaonori-max p03rJIR.naTH o.nHOQaCHoMY npouecis crania oTpHMaHHi raepniau» Maraepniaas MaTepian MOMeH-

Ilpacxopeue
MaTepiaJIY

inreucadiixauiro nOTpi6HO'i BpaxYBaHHR

C<PePHOMY THCKY· 3HaqHoMY SO.n5lHOi" Ha,wIHlllKOSOMY

12 11

CTPYKTYPH. IHTeHcH<piKal.{iJi

BHrOTOBJIeHHH cyuiur

He MOiKHa, uanpaxnan, KOMnJIeKCOM ycix OCTaTo4HHH

npHCKOpeHHJI BnJIHBis aa

6CTOHY nosa BaHHH 6eToH. aaneaorrs Ti. 30KpeMa, Miwi, ri,

.niH ua 6eToHHY pi3HI1X

Ta Bi.ll<pOPMOTa TpHSaJIOC6eToHHo'i

IP

napa

(0,9 ... 1,3

pesyns rar npHKJIa.naHHSI,

PRC. 2.7. Cxeua aBTOKJIaBHo'i CTaHOBKH: Y l-xoprryc; 2-KpHwKa: 3-MexaHi3M llJIR 3aKpHTTli H BillKpHTTli KPHWKH; 4-nOnepell)KYBaJlbHHH KJIanaH; 5-naTpy60K llJIli nepenycxy napa; 6-nep!j>0poBaHa TPy6a; 7naTPy60K llJIli BHBe)leHHlI KOH)leHcaTY; 8-PYXIIHBi ono-pa; 9-peHKoBHH WJIlIX; IO-BaKYYM-cHcTeMa; l l-uepyxoua onopa; 12-naTPy6oK llJIli saeneaxs napa; 13-Termo-

MOa) TenJIOSOJIOricay 06po6KY nposonars S a BTO K JI a S a x (pHC.

Bi.n MOMeHTy

Ix

iHTeHcl1BHoCTi

uio no 6eToHiB

BiH BI13Ha4a€TbCJI ainnoainaicno CTPYKTypoYTBOpeHHJI rouio

TY npHKJIa.naHHSI .ll.iH 'ra KiHeTHKH uto xapaKTepH3Y€TbCSI O. M4e.ll.JIoBHM 'ra npHnHHeHHJI xapaKTepH3YIOTb ofipofixa rouio) TenJIOBH.nineHHJI, WBI1.llKOCTi

cy-

2.27).

3a aSTO-

KpHBHMI1 3pOCTaHHJI nJIaCTH4HO'i Mil.{HOC-

ztonouoroio xnasa sHp06H

rinparauir

(npanunn cyviiu

sinnoainMOMeHTY uro

isonsuia.
BanHJlHO-KpeMHe3eMHCToro rsepnayrs rsepniuns nysce noairn.ao. ra iHWI1X S'RiKY4HX,

0TPI1MYIOTb na ocaoai yxosax

HOCTi aa O. npHKJIa.naHHR KPHBHX, xxi

- DeTpocSlHOM). .ni·i ua 6eToHHY RKicHY 3MiHY

DOKa3HHKaMH xapaxrepy

e TOQKH 3JIaMY npouecia, Bi6pYBaHHR, .nOCJIrnonin-

RKi B iHWHX

1lnH

oTpHMaHHR

MaTepianis

aSTOKJIaSHOrO Si.nXO.nH nposa

Bi.n6YBaIOTbcSI. aKTI1Bi3al.{iHHa TI1 ni.nBl1meHHSI weHHH

DpHKJIa.naHHSI MeXaHiQHHX MiuHOCTi 6eToHY B

.niH (nosropne pasa,

MO)f(Ha WHPOKO BI1KOPHcTOBYBaTH pi3HoMaHiTHi MOiKHa BHKoHYBaTI1 B n04aTKY 3anYCKy Ha

aa OnTHMaJIbHHH

'lac .na€ 3Mory cYTT€BOrO

MHCJIOBOCTi(WJIaKI1, WJIaMI1, 3PJII1 rouio). O.I.60iKeH09HM

PeiKl1M aBTOKJIaSHo'j o6p06KH no

1,5 - 2

5 eranis:
BCTaHOBJIeHH5I B aSTOKJIasi Bi.nlla€ TenJIOTY; ...I1M SHnap

iHWI1X BJIaCTI1BOCTeH

J)
revneparypa

ain

napa

100°C.

UbOMY erani

mHH TI1CK napa,

TI1M urreucuaniuroro

e TenJIOBill.na ...a;

78

79

3. TEXHNHI

BJIACTIfBOCTI
MeXaHiQHi

MA TEPIAJIIB

3.1.
BOCTi, uio xapaxrepasyrors TI1BOCTi.

BJ1aCTHBOcTi MaTepiaJIiB MiuHicTb e MeXaHilJHi BJlaCHICI1JlOBI1XBnJlI1BiB. pYHH)'BaHHIO BJlaC-

HaHBa)l(JH1BilUHMH !V1S16yniBeJlbHHX 110 MeXaHiYHHX xapaKTepHCTI1K uaneacars

fx BinHoweHHSI no 30BHiwHix
MaTepiaJIiB

Ta ne<}l0pMaTI1BHi BJlaCCHJI.

HanpY)KCHHSI. uio p03BHBalOTbcSI B MaTepiaJIi )KeHHSI, MQ)KYTb ziocararu npY)I(HOCTi nesaoro YHHalOTb npOSlBJlSlTHCb ueofioporui

nin "lac Horo

HaBaHTaxoro no-

rpaHHLJHOrO 3Ha'leHHSI, nicns (nJlaCTI1LJHi) nediopvaui).

Me)KY

'raxoi

BCTaHOBHTH Ba)KKO, TOMY -racriure no

KOPI1CrylOTbCSI YMOBHOIO cnocrepirae-

Me)KefO npY)KHOCTi - HaBaHT3)KeHHSlM, npa SlKOMY B MaTepiani TbCSI 3anHWKOBa nerpopaauis pianu

0,01%. Cnin

3a3HaLJI1TH,uio KPHXKi MaTe-

uro

BH3HayalOTb anaruicrs

lJl1HI1TH onip

PYHHyfOTbCSI, He nOCSIralOLJI1Me)Ki npY)KHOCTi

(pac, 3.2.).

"3 ne<jJOpMYBaHHIO nepesaxcuo

nin ztiero 30BHiwHix

Mexaaixni

fHBOCTi fieartocepennso xaui-rui

nOB'Sl3aHi 3i CTPYKrypolO

MaTepiaJIY, CHJlaMH axenMeCHCTeM Ha3HBaIOTb p eBJlaCTHBOcTi neSlKHX 6ynicnpaBinCHJI

T a 6:lIfl.{H 31M
Marepian

examsm

BJiaCTHBOCTI ,nCHKHX MaTCplaJIIB

!leHHSI Mi)K lJaCTHHKaMH, a TaKO)K OC06Jll1BOCTSlMI1Ix TenJlOBOrO pyxy. BJlaCTI1BOCTiCTPYKTypOBaHI1X nacnepcnax Ta6J1. OJlOrIYHI1MH.

fpaHI1UII MiuHOCTi, Mna HaCTa:K HaJXlIDlr 5,0 ... 6,5

Ynapna
Tsepnicrs,
Mna CTl1paHHSI, B'lI3-

rio,(
0,05 ... 0,1

iOCrb

3.1.

aaaeneuo

OCHOBHi MeXaHilJHi

BeJlbW1X MaTepianiB. . .ll.eljlopMaTHBHi HOBJlIOBaTH srpa-reui (pizuci ra rasononifini BJiaCTHBocTi. <}lOPMY i 06'€M MaTepianH) CHJlOBHH BnJlHB aa MaTepian 3naTHicTb MaTepiany (rsepzti nicns MaTepianH) lJHHlOf 36JlI1)KeHHSI, BHJlyyeHHSI a60 scya arovia.

a60 TiJlbKH 06'eM npyacaicrs

Fpauir, CiCHiT. P.iOPHT BallHIIK Beron Ba)l(l\lli1 YaBYH ripI1i1

100 ... 250

220 ... 1800 2000

Monym, npY)f(mcri,1<Y MIla 30 ... 60

3,5 ... 200 5 ... 80 800 ... 1000 40 ... 100

6.7 ... 7,5 1.1 ... 3,5

2 ... 5 0,6 ... 1,5

10... 60
19 .. .40 80 ... 160

npHnHHeHHSI niY 30BHiwHix MaTepianiB

2,0 ...4,5 10 ... 20

Ha311BalOTb n p y )I( H i C TID. TOPOBY rparxy. TKI1

,[VISI KpHCTanilJHHX

BHKJlHKaCTbCSICHJlaMH npl1TSlraHHSI Mi)K YaCTHHKaMH, lUO YTBOPlOlOTb npocP03CYHYTi nia BnJlHBOM MeXaHi'lHHX 3YCHJlb eJleMeHTH rpanonoMarepianpynanin nicio [(ICJlSl p03BaHTa)KeHHSI HaMaralOTbCSI nOBepHYTHCb y aaxiaae BJlaCTHBicTb

0,2 ... 0,4

)KeHHSI(pHC. 3.1.)

~- 'b_ dL_
a
PHC.

Ile rn a xniaxepua
COCHa B3LlOB)!,

21 ... 26

42

12

ny

Ha6YBaTH 3Ha'lHHX HeBeJlHKHX i <}lOPMY

)KHHX ne<}l0pMauiH nopiaaauo P03MipH CSI

BOJlOI\OH.

36,2 .. .48

70 ... 130

sonoricn,
12%) tKJlO BIKOHHe 600 ... 700 30 ... 35 4000 ... 6000 8100 ... 8400 200 ... 220

0,015

6 r' e 3.1. Monens ineansuoro

6-rpaqJiK C-T:

e
rina

BaHT3)KeHb i Bi.n.HOBJlIOBaTH nicns p03BaHT3)KeHHSI aasaaaerseJlaCTHlJHicTIO. MaTepiaBHCOKoeJlaCTH'IHi

2,0 4,5 ... 6 50 ... 116

48 ... 83

rsepnoro a-rpaqii«
O'-C.

(uio niLlI\OpIICTbCII3aKOHYFyxa):
a-MO:leJI!. IIpY)I(lIa:

WJlaKOCI1- 500 ... 650 TaJlH

110 ... 300

11...21 nilOlJHM

J1H(ryaa,

nOpOJlOH TOW.O) nicns

3HSlTTSIHaBaHTa)KeHHSI npaKTHlJHO MHTT€BO EJlaCTHlJHi ziediopaaui? MalOTb scxpaso

BinHOBJllOfOTb ¢OPMY

i P03MipH. xapaxrep,

BHpa)KCHHH aHi3oTponHHH

CKJlOTeKCTOJliT

)J,.nSlMaTCplaJlIB nc¢opMaUII HanpY)I(eHHSlM (saxou

... B npY)KHIH
E,

06J1aCTI nponopuiani

Fyxa):

cr=E

(3.1 )

80

81

rre c - aopsaansae HanpY>KeHHSI; Bi.[(HOCHa nediopvauia MaTepiany.

lL .t=.tL:~
t
6
CD

E - MO.[(YJIb nPY>KHOCTi

npa

P03TJlry;

E-

o, Mila
14,6 12,6

Marepiana,
nin ziiero 30BHiwHix caMot{HHHoro

uto

nepefiyaaiors

CHJI, 3.[(aTHi .[(0

3MeHlIIeHHSI BHYTPiwHix

t:r

I;

Puc. 3.2. CxeMH niarpaa necpopMau.iH I:: Bin nanpyra o: M

°.[(

a-CKIIa; 6-CTaIJi; B-6eTOHY; r-enacrovipy. Y JI b n p Y >KHOC T i BH3Hat{a€TbCSI Miu.HicTIO nJIaBJIeHHSI 'routo. Mi>KaTOMHHX

3B'Sl3KiB i nOB'Sl3aHHH.3 HiCTlO, TBep.[(icTIO,

MexaHit{HHMH

'ra cpi3Ht{HHMH BJIaCTHBOCTSlMH:Miu.p03TSlrOM (MOnyJIb IOHra) P03pi3HJI-

reuneparyporo

Ilopazi
Ti

3 MO.[(YJIeM npY>KHOCTi

aa

IOTb TaKO>K MO.[(YJIb npY>KHOCTi Mi>K .[(OTHt{HHMH

npa

3CYBi

(sa

Koecpiu.ieHTOM

rrponopuiilaocin,

aanpyraua

i Bi.[(HOCHHM 3CYBOM), MO.[(YJIb 06'eMHo'i 3 ycix 60KiB O.[(HOt{aCHO) Ta

npY>KHOCTi (B YMOBax CTI-1CKYMaTepiaIlY CniBBi.[(HoweHHSI 3Hat{eHb .[(ecpopMau.ii' Y

aanpyr 6e3 3MiHH JIiHiHHHX P03MipiB. 11,2 Ile SlBHllI.e nOSICHIO€TbCSI p e JI a K C a U. i e 10 - nocrynosaa poacirosaa9,8 HJlM npyscao) eaeprii .necpopMoBaHoro 8,4 nin HaBaHTa>KeHHSlM MaTepiany r-.. 7,0 (pHc.3.3) i nepexonoss iT B rennory, 5.6 o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Penaxcauieio nOSICHIO€TbCJI npanun't,Jlo6a noaa pi3HHl.J.jI B MeXaHiqHHX BJIaCTHPHC. 3.3. Penaxcauis aanpyr y BOCTJlX i noaeniaui nin HaBaHTa>KeH6eToHi aa nocriaaot JlecpopMauii' HJlM raepnax Ta pinxax TiJI. ,lLrIJI 360· 10.6. TBep.[(HX TiJI nepion penaxcanii, npoTJlrOM JlKOrO npysore Hanp)')KeHHSI cnaztae .[(0 nesaoro 3Hat{eHHJI, .ny>Ke BeJIHKHH, a .wISI pi.nHH - HaBnaKH. Ilepion penaxcauii aapaacaicrs ainaomeaHJlM B' Sl3KOCTiTiJIa .[(0 MO.nyJIJI npY>KHOCTi E. Ilia B ' SI3 K i C T 10 pinxax TiJI

""'"

nonepe-mosry 'ra

P03YMiIOTb

onip

i'x BHTiKaHHIO, a TBep.[(Hx - onip

yTBopeHHIO

3aJIHWKOBHX

n03.[(OB>KHbOMY

aanpaaxax Ilyaccona.
IOTb

Y npY>KHO P03TSlrHYTOMY MaTepiaIli

Ha3HBaIOTb Koecpiu.ieHTOM

EKcnepHMeHTaJIbHi

MeTO.[(H BH3Hat{eHHSI MonyJIiB

np)')KHOCTi

no~iJIJI-

aa CTaTHt{Hi H .nHHaMit{Hi. fIPH CTaTHt{HHX MeTo.nax 3Pa30K MaTepiaJIY ninaaiors .nil CTaTHt{HHX HaBaHTa>KeHb i BHMiplOlOTb .[(ecpopMau.i·i, uto BHHHxaiors. Y noumpenax .[(HHaMiqHHX MeTo.nax 3Pa30K BHnp060BYIOTb ismynscaMH BHCOKot{aCTOTHHX KOJIHBaHb i MO.nYJIb npY>KHOCTi BH3Hat{aIOTb XBHJIi

aa

nediopxauia. Ilepion penaxcauii aasaaxac TPHBaJIicTb penaxcauiaaax npouecis, B pe3YJIbTaTi SlKHX nocsrayre 3HaqeHHJI nanpyr 3MeHlIIY€TbCJI 6e3 3MiHH noKa3HHKa .[(ccpopMau.ii' B e = 2,718 Pa3iB. Kpiv nepiony perraxcauii B pospaxysxax BHKOPHCTOByIOTb xoetpiuieHT penaxcauii \II, 11\0 noxasye piseas cnananns aanpyr sa neBHHH "lac, \II = crt I o, , (3.4)
.[(e

WBH.nKicTIO p03noBclO.[(>KeHHSI JII,

npyzcaoi

V n.., uto

BHHHKae B MaTepia-

crt - aanpyra

B MOMeHT "lacy

't

npa

CTaJIiH .[(ecpopMau.i'i;

cro -

nOqaTKOBa

aartpyra,
51KllI.o TPHBaJIicTb .[(ii' .ne<p0PMYlOqo·i CHJIH

(3.2) ne p Hi rYCTHHa MaTepiaJIY. TaKO>K pe30HaHcHHH MeTO.[(, 3aCHOBaHHH 3acTocoBYIOTb

na

pi.[(HHY 3Hat{HO MeHlIIa

ua

BH3Hat{eH-

ain nepiony penaxcauii, SlK npyxae raepne TiJIo.

TO

rtpcrarou

.nil u.id

MmKHa

6 6YJIo,

anacnor

qaCTOTH KOJIHBaHb

apasxa.

SlK6H TPHBaJIicTb KO>KHOrO3p06JIeHOrO

51KllI.o 3pa3KH BHrOTOBJIeHi Y BHrJISI.[(i

pinana noaoznrn, ce6e aanpaxnan, CMiJIO XO.nHTH no aoni, . KpOKy He nepesaurysana 10 13 C, uio
CHJIH

TOHKHX CTep>KHiB, TO (3.3) ne / - .[(oB>Klflia CTep>KHSI;fn03 MaTepiaJIl.

ainnoaiaac nepiony penaxcauii .llJlSlBO.nH. ,lLrISi B'Sl3KHX pi.[(HH (nanpaxnaa, acdiansrie)

36iJIblIIY€TbCJI is 3HH>KeHHSlMrevneparypa.

nepion

penaxcauir

To My B3HMKY ac.<paJIbTe .nOCHTb

pe30HaHCHa t{aCTOTa n03.nOB>KHix KOJIHBaHb Y

TBep.[(HM TiJIOM i aa HbOMY Ba>KKO3aJIHlIIHTH CJIi.[(, a BJIiTKY, KOJIH B'Sl1KicTb

82

83

acdiansry "lacy SI1X

3MeHWYeTbCH, nin )].iClo CHJHl sara

npOTHrOM )].OCHTb

xopcrxoro

B acdiansri 3aJ1HWalOTbCH cniaa, cnpa-raaeui SI1HHKHeHHHM 3aJ1l111IKOnediopuauiti. )].0 )].Y)f(e S'H3KI1X pi)].I1H aanexom, i siKOHHe CKnO npa KiMHaTHHX reaneparypax, HKe nin HaSaHTa)f(eHHHM nOBO)].I1Tb ce6e HK iaeaJlbHO npyxcue rino axe )].0 cauoro MOMeHry P03PHBY. Tirn-xa nicns 3Ha4HOro ni)].SI1111eHHH reaneparypa S'H3KicTb cxna 3MeHwYETbcH HaCTinbKI1, IUO

)].HHi KPHCTaJlis, iHWO'j ()].I1S.

xona puc.Ll O).

O)].Ha 4aCTHHa KPHCTaJlY <DopMa KPHCTaJliB

nepeaiuiyersca

Bi)].HOCHO

npa

UbOMY 3MiHIOETbCH, BH)].OB3CYBH KPI1CTaJliB 3YMOBneHi

)f(YI04I1Cb Y neSHOMY HanpHMKY·

nnaCTI14Hi

nepev

illleHHHM )].HcnoKauiH. 3 ni)].SI1111eHHHM TeMnepaTypH nJ1aCTH4HicTb MaTepiaJIis

CTa€ SOHa TaKO)f(

ai

3MeHweHHHM WBH)].KOCTi )].e¢opMYBaHHH, 3

ain «osane-rrnoro
TH4HHX

no MeTaJleSOrO 3S'H3KY·

CTa€

cuiapoaaipuoio pinaua.

3 B'H3KicTIO pi)].HH, i CKnO n04HHa€

nOSO)].I1THce6e HK

MaTepiaJIiB

uacrae nepion,
He3Ba)f(a104H

KOnl1

spocrac. 3ponepexono« B Mipy HaSaHTa)f(eHHH )J.nH nnacnJ1aCTH4Hi nerpcpvaui) nponosaanpysceaaa.

HaHMeHwi

)f(YIOTb p03sHBaTHcH.

na

He3MiHHe

Buacniaox KPI1CTaJli4HO"i 6y)].oSI1 pisni MaTepiaJIl1 MalOTb pisni nepio)].11 periaxcaui ....Ilin "lac penaxcauii 3MiHa CTPYKryPI1 npaaomrrs )].0 nepersopeuna npY)f(HHX )].e¢opMauiH Y nnaCTI14Hi npa 36epe)f(eHHi cyvapao) ziediopaauii.

OnaCTI14HiCTb

ue

anacraaicrs
THICTb

MaTepiaJIiB,

nporane-

)f(Ha npY)f(HOCTi. BOHa 03Ha4ae MaTepiaJIis

ana-

run
poasiipa
-

BnnHBOM 6e3 PYH-

HanpY:)I(eHHH, npa HKHX MaTepiaJI nerpopvycrsca 6e3 nouiruoro 3pocTaHHH uasauraaceas Ha311BalOTb r p a H 11U e 10 T e K Y 4 0 C T i (pHc.3.5). TeKY-ricn, - aaxcuraa OC06nl1BicTb CTPYKrypoSaHI1X )].I1CnepCHHx CI1CTeM (ueMeHTHoro ricra, fieronaoi cyviuri, 6iTYMiB rouro). ,llnH Tsep)].I1X MaTepiaJIiB B3)f(flHBOIO MexaHi4HoIO BJ1aCTHBicTJo e nos 3 y 4 i C T b - noainsue 3pocTaHHH nporarov "lacy nnaCTH1.fHI1X necpopl\1auii1 MaTepiaJIiB npa Cl1nOSHX HaBaHTa)f(eHHHX, MeHWHX, Hi)l{ Ti, uio MQ)KYTb cnpH4HHI1TI1 3aJ1HWKOSY nerpopaauiro npa BHnp06YBaHH}1X 3BH4aHHo'j TPHSaJlOCTi (pHc.3.6). WSI1)].KicTb rypH nos3Y40CTi pi3KO 3MeHwYETbcH )].e<popMauiH 3i 3HH)f(eHHHM

aaaaaraaceas

3MiHIOBaTH

o
PHC.

GT

n
Tina

HYBaHHH ¢OPMY H raTI1

i 36epi-

'resmepaY

Ix nicns

3HHTTH HaBaHTa)f(eHHH HaHBa)f(-

3.4.

MO.1J.enbnnacnonroro

'ra

3MeHweHHHM

uanpyxceas. nan,

nOB3Y40CTi MaTepiaJIiB

CeH-SeHaHa (a) i

saneaoricn,

xanpy-

(pl1c.3.4).

OnaCTI14HicTb BnaCTI1BicTb,

fiararsox aanazncax aefiaxcaaa,

E
CywapHaJl.e lOpW8Uix

OCKiJ1bKH BOHa MO)f(e npH3BecTH, )].0 BI1HHKHeHHH 36inbweHHx npoeKTYI04H KOHCTPYKui"i

nanpnx-

)f(eHHlI (c) --lleQ>opMauill (E)

nnaiura

IUO BH3Ha1.fae <POp MY-

TexHonori4HicTb BaHHH MaTepiaJIiB.

npouecy

HiB.

ue

npornTpe6a

XapaKTepHHM

npnxna-

BpaxosYBaTH. Bi)].MiHHicTb Mi)f( nOB3Y4icTIO

cr_+-_..,..o.B

_/\ ~

)].OM nnaCTH4HI1X MaTepiaJIiB

BHCOKOKOH-

'ra

pe-

uenrpoaaui cycnemii rincy, rnl1HI1 Ta iHWI1X

uesreirry, MiHepaJIbHI1X pexoWHPOKO 3aCTO-

aanna,

naxcauicio aanpyxceas nonarac

YC8,IUCa

B TOMY, IUO

BHH Y BO,lJ.i. LJ.i MaTepiaJIH

COBYIOTb ,lJ.nH Bl1rOTOBneHHH 6y)].isenbHHx

eupofiie.

Flnacra-nricn,

cycneaaia

6araPHC. 'lacy

TbOX MiHepaJIbHI1X

cnonyx

TicHO nOB'H3aHa

1;
3.6.
npa SH.1J.H lleQ>0pMauiH MaTepiany, Ta)f(eHHi.

npa nos3Y40CTi 3MiHIOETbCH)].e<popMauiH, a aanpyzceuua a60 HaBaHTa)f(eHHH cram, roni HK npa penaxcauii 3MeHwYeTbCH Hanpyaceuus, a cyaapaa nerpopaauis 3aJ1HwaETbCH CTaJlOIO. OPH UbOMY 3Ha4eHHH MaTepiaJIY.

eapiuiansae

3 BnaCTI1BOCTHMH, HKi npOHBn}1IOTb TOHKi

urapa
PHC.

BO)].H ua OnaCHI4Hi

nosepxai

4aCTHHOK

nacnep-

uio aanexars
nocrinaoay

Bill

Mae TPHBaJliCTb HaBaHTa)f(eHH}1 OOB3Y4icTb MO)f(e

uasaa-

nporixarn

3.5.

AiarpaMa
IIPYlKHOCTi:

c-s

npa

CHO"icpa311 .. )].e<popMaui"i cnpa-urueui KPI1CTaJli4-

0)].H04aCHO 3 penascauieio. pH3yeTbCH rpanaueio

BOHa xapaxre-

p03Tl1rYBaHHi:
O"s-MeiKa
TeKY40(;TI:

nOB3Y40CTi - nOKa3-

O"r~lelKa

HI1X MaTepiaJIis

3CYSOM scepe-

O",,-MelKa MiuHOCTL

84

85

HI1KOM MaKCI1MaJlbHI1X TPI1BaJlO.uiIOLJI1Xnanpyxcens. .ueHKI1X .uonYCTI1MI1X 3HaLJeHb). )],eqJOpMaui"i repianis nOB3YLJOCTi cynposozoxyiorsca (YTBOpeHHH 'ra pier

npa HKI1X 'ii WBI1.uKicTb

6HO 3a6e3ne4HTI1 XOHb.

ainnoainuy

WBI1.uKicTb BI1Be.ueHH5I BOnOrH 3 ycix 'ra 3an06iITI1 TpimI1HOYTBOpeHHIO,

noaepni.u6Hpa-

Ha6JH1)!(aE:TbCRno HyJ1H (y npaKTI1LJHI1X BI1MiplOBaHHHX - He nepe6i11bWY€ 3MiHaMI1 CTpyKryPH Ma-

llJ.06 3MeHWI1TI1 ycanxy IOTb cxnan MaTepiaJliB

(uanpaxnan,

.u06aBJ1S1IOTbno rJ1HHH niCOK 'ra iuuri

- no.upi6HIOIOTbCH sepaa,

nepeposnoninarorsca
HOBI1X sepen),

.uoMiWKI1, Bi.u6YBaBI1.ui11eHHHHOBHX y Bl1r1151.uinop i

.uoMiWKI1), 3aCTOCOBYlOTb B0J10rHH pe)l(l1M TBep.uHeHHSI, a TaKO)f( cneuiansae nOKpI1TTR, 51KicnoBiJ1bHIOIOTb WBI1.uKe BI1CI1XaHH5I.

€TbCR pexpacraniaauis rpiuiau. parypn rpYHTiB, pianis

rpaa. B pe3YJ1bTaTi B MaTepiaJlax 'ra nanpyxceuua.

HaKonI14YIOTbC5I nerpexra MaTepiaJliB (aa

Ycaznca xpacraniaauir
<popMoBaHi npoueci

KepaMiLJHI1X MaTepiaJliB

Bi.u6YBacrbC)I

He TiJ1bKI1 B npoueci

Ix

WBI1.uKiCTb nOB3Y40CTi pi3KO 3MeHWYE:TbC5I3i 3HI1)1(eHH5IM TeMne6iJ1bWiCTb BI1HHTKOM 6eTOHiB, npaKTHLJHO He 3a.ueRKI1X MeTaJliB) npl1 KiMHaTHiH reuneparypi

CYWiHH5I, a H Bl1naJlIOBaHHH, ycazuca MaTepiaJliB 'ra cnnaais ra OX0J10.u)l(eHH5I. 3ane)l(HO sin poavipia ny 'ix aa p03MipaM11, BnaCTI1BOCTeH CHPOBI1HH Ta cnocofiy Bl1nanlOBaHHR 06'E:Mlia ycanxa npu sanamoaanui

BI1HHKaE:nia xac <p0pMYBaHH.l1 ain-

LJaCTHHOKi posnoni-

3HalOTb nOB3Y40CTi. llleHliRMH

Mexauiav

nOB3YLJOCTiCKJ1a,UHHH.],nH 6iJ1bWOCTi MaTe)

KepaMiLJHi BI1p0611 MicT5ITb no 50 06'E:MHI1X Bi.ucOTKiB nop. .uOpiBHIOE: 3MeHweHHIO 06'€MY

BiH nOB'513aHHH 3 KOB3aHHHM

nacnoxauiq,

.uH<pY3iHHHMH nepeuiTa 06'€MY MaTepiaJliB, a TaKO)f( i

nop.

aTOMiB Ta B'513KOIOTeKYLJicTIO. - 3MeHweHHR xpusa J1iHiHHI1X posvipie

Ycaznca

MO)l(e 6YTI1 3HaLJHO3HI1)1(eHa BBe.lleHHSlM B OCHO(rpa-

Y Ca n Ka
nopHCTOCTi. .uH - cranor

BHy Macy MaTepiaJliB.

1110He 3a3HalOTb ycamca.

Cnpl1411HeHa 3MeHWeHH5IM, r0J10BHHM 4I1HOM, Ix B0J10rOBMicry,

Ba)l<J1I1Bi nOKa3HHKI1 .ue<popMaTHBHHX BJ1aCTI1BOCTeH MaTepianiB 3BY)l(eHH5I nicJ1S1pospuey, aa CTI1CKaHHSIi 3rHHaHHR), (.uI1B. pHc.3.5). MexaHi4HHM a60 nHTOMa p060Ta nerpopaauii

Tanosa

WBI1.uKOCTi CyWiHHR MaTepiaJliB

Ma€ naa nepio-

HHui npY)l(HOCTi Ta TeKY40CTi, MO.uYJ1bnpY)l(HOCTi, Bi.uHOCHe BH.uOB)I(eHHSIi no pYHHYBaHHSI TOuio) BI13Ha4alOTbCH npu BI1np06YBaHHi ua p03TS1raHHSI(B OKpeMHX aartazncax niarpav HanpY)l(eHHSI -

WBI1.uKOCTi, sxa sinnoainac

BHJ1YLJeHHIOB0J10rH 3 MaKponop (30KpeMa rJ1HHa) na(ne-

MaKpOKaniJ151piB, Ta J10rl1 "3 nepexiaaux IOTb ycaaxy peauua,

nanarosoi
cranoi KaMiHb)

WBH.uKOCTi, 1110Bi.unOBi.ua€ BH11YLJeHHIOBOWBH.llKOCTi CYWiHHH, ycanxa naiori, ycazncy npHnHHSI€TbCSI

MiKpOKaniJ1HpiB. )..{eSiKi MaTepianH

nofiynoaoro

nerpopaauii
MaWHHax 3 -

B nepion

HaBaHTa)l(eHHSI CTBOPlOlOTb aa BHnpo6YBanbHI1X ri.upaBJ1i4HHM npaaonava.

npa !lOC5IrHeHHi zieaxoro ueMeHTHHH nopiauano

piBH5I KPHTH4HO'i B0J10roCTi. IHWi MaTepianH TiJ1bKH B nepioni

)],n51

BHMiplOBaHHSI HaBaHTaMe-

nanarosor
Ma-

)l(eHb BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb .llHHaMOMeTpH, a .u1151 BHMiplOBaHHSI .lle<popMauiH TeH30MeTpH4Hi .llaT4HKH, xxi npauioiort. 3a npHHUHnOM neperaopenns xaHI4HHX curuanis B enexrpauai. BJIaCTHBOCTi. 3aB.uaHHH peonorii 3 onnoro 60KY nOJ1S1raE: aimuyxanni Y 3 npyroro, i .uecpopMaui5lMH

WBH.llKOCTi CYWiHH5I, To6TO niCJ1H.llOC5IrHeHH5I piBH5I KPI1TI1LJHO"i B0J10roCTi.

Ilpa
repiany

HeBeJ1I1KOMY rpaaicari MaTepiany

B0J10rOBMicTY scepenaai

3MiHY J1iHiHHI1X poavipia

1 npa

3MeHweHHi

B0J10rOBMic-

Peonorlxui

Ty W onl1CYIOTb J1iHiHHOIO saneaoticno:

3B'513KiB Mi)l( uanpyrava CI1CH!MaX xaparcrepuuv piaxoro

SlKi

1= 10(1+ ~tw),
zie

BHHHKalOTb y CTPYKTypOBaHHX CHCTeMax y neBHHH MOMeHT xacy. xoediiuicar, uio xapaxreB ManOB'R3aHI1X 3 YTBopeHHHM CTpyKryPH He TiCTO. 6iTYMHi TI1HKH nucnepcuoj 3a

B TaKHX 3

III - poswip
Ilpa

a6C0J1IOTHO cyxoro

MaTepiany;

~t -

E: P03BI1TOK npY)l(HO-nJ1aCTHLJHHX BJ1aCTHBOCTeH, i MO)l(J1HBiCTIO <pa30BI1X nepexonis CHCTeM e ueverrrMaTepianl1. nin nieio 4acMi)f(MO'ra inuri CiTKY. aacnepcei CHCTeMH noLJ:opi.llHHOno.lli6-

pl13yf iHTeHcHBHicTb ycanxa, HepiBHoMipHOMY i uaeirs repiani rpiuunra

%.
posnonini B0J10rOBMicTY H TeMnepaTypH CTaH, TOMY MO)f(YTb 3'SlBHTHCSI K01111pa-

CTaHY B TBep.uI1H. npHKJ1a.uaMI1 CTPYKrypoBaHHX MaCH1KI1, P03411HH nonivepia <pa3H B TaKI1X CHCTeMax nepefiyaaion, i n.O.Pe6iH.uepOM - pinnno-

p03BI1BacrbC5I 06'E:MHO uanpyxceuufi

Bi.ll6YTI1CH nOBHe HOro PYHHYBaHwL Kop06J1eHHSlM MaTepiany, cpOpMH. Kop06-

Y caruca 4aCTO cynpoeonacycrscs

J1eHHIO ninnararors 6inbW cyxi nosepxui,

JleKYJ1HpHHX CHJ1,YTBOPIOIOLJHCYUiJ1bHY npocroposy

30M "3 .lle<popMaui5lMI1 06'E:MY Bi.ll6YBaIOTbC5I i nediopaauii

M B.MHXaHJ10BHM

yci

TOMY a611 3MeHWI1TI1 HOro, norpi-

.uiJ1RIOTb Ha nai OCHOBHi rpynu

i reepnononitiui.

86

87

HI1X HaJlC)I(aTb CnpaB)I(HbOB'Sl3Ki (H ell

(H blOT 0 Hi B C b K i)

H CTPYKl)'pOBaHi
SlK npy-

Ha BiJlMiHY ain HblOTOHiBCbKHX CTPYKTYPOBaHi pinHHI1 IOTbCli He JlHHaMilJHOIO B'1I3KiCTIO, a e<t>eKTI1BHOIO a60 (nJ1aCTHlJIlHX) B'1I3KicTIO .

xapaxrepusyCTPYKl)'PHOIO B MOMeHT,

s ro r 0 H i B C b K i ) piJlHHH. Teepnononifiai .llJUI

CI1CTeMI1 noziani

)f(HO-KPI1XKI1MI1, TaK i npY)f(HO-nJ1aCTl1lJHHMI1 TiJ1aMI1.

nepewiuryaaaua
eaeprii aa

6YJlb-SlKO'j piJlI1HH nOTpi6HO nOJlOJ1aHHSI CHJ1 snyrpiumsoro

BHTpaTHTH neany

Texy-ricrs
BaIOT!> rpaunueio

CTpYKTypOBaHI1X pinl1H

uacrac

xinsxicrt,

reprs

a60 3aKOHH TepTH

KO,lH 3CYBHi HanpY)I(eHHlI

nepeBHLUYIOTb neSiKi HanpY)f(eHHSI

o.,

)JKi Ha3H-

B ' SI3 K 0 C T i . sayrpiumsoro anepuie rOMOreHHI1X

TeKYlJOCTi

cr-ao=11dVld/,
piaaaa nosozurn, ce6e lIK npyxcae nocrynose

(3.6)
TiJ1o. ,llnll

C<t>OpMYJIIOBaB pinan. 3Ha-

51KWo HanpY)f(eHHSI MeHwi sa rpaH¥IUIO TeKYlJOCTi, TO CTpYKl)'pOBaHa

HblOTOH JlJ1S1 OJlHopiJlHI1X lJeHHSI B'H3KOCTi HblOTOHiBCbKHX (pl1c.3.7)

ruepne

pinauononitiaax

crpy-

11

Kl)'P xapaxrepae

3MeHweHHll Till npn

B'Sl3KOCTi B Mipy 3pocTaHHSI 3CYBHH)f(lJHX aa rpaHHUIO

nns Bin

uoro uanpyaceuas.
,llnSi rsepnononidnax i 3CYBHHX aanpyxcens CTpH6KOnoJli6Horo PYHHYBaHHll crae

pinaa

uanpyaceunax,

He aanezorrs 3CYBY WBHnKocTi

a
PIIC. 3.7. Monens plllllHI1:
a-pi;IHHIII1M C!ICMeHT:

6
ineansuo) (HbfOToHiBcbKo'j)
6-rpa(IJiK. uraposoro nOToKY:

nJ1HHHOCTi BHSlBJ111€TbCSI noainsaa

nJ1HHHicTb, a60 nOB3YlJiCTb.

Ilinaauieana
JlO

HanpY)f(eHHSI rpaaicara

JlO nOKa3HHKa rpauaui

nJ1HHHOCTi npH3BOnHTb

(d V

3MeHweHHSI B'Sl3KOCTi, LUO sxasyc

na J1aBHHOnoJli6He B')J~KicTb TaK,

Id/):

CTPYKTYPH. aonuoi

a = 11d Vld I,
(3.5)

Ilpa

nOBHoMY PYHHYBaHHi CTPYKl)'PH Bin 3CYBHHX 6eHToHiToBoi

MiHiMaJlbHOIO ll" i JHOBY He saneaorn, cycneasil

uanpyscem;

nJ1S110%-Hol

ne

d 'Ii - 3MiHa

uraazncocri

d/-

aincraas

Mi)f( uiapava. i rpanicnra

~ npaKTHlJHO He3pYHHoBaHoI .. CTPYKTYPH CTaHOBHTb 110 = Tsepnononifiuicrt,

rJIHHH HaH6iJ1bWa B')J3KicTb

106H/2 ·C M

~ , a HaHMe-

llJ1S1 CTPYKTypoBaHHx WBH.J.KOCTi (pac.LB).

nucnepcaax

CHCTeM B'Sl3KicTb MO)f(e 3MiHIOBaaanpyzceaaa

aura B' ssxicn, pasceui

rpaHHlJHO 3PyHHoBaHo't· CTPYKTYPH 11m =

0,0 I 11M

H·c/M2.

THCb Y WI1POKHX Me)l(aX 3a.He)f(HO Bin scyauoro

TiJ1a i Ha)JBHicTb Y HbOMY npOCTopOBO'i CiTKH BHH lJHM BHLUa rpaMiuHicTb B'Sl3KOCTi. CTPYKl)'PH. i

de

dv

THM CHJ1bHiwe. lJHM 6iJ1bWa pi3HHUSI Mi)f( llo i rpaHHWI nJ1HHHOCTi SlBHO aapasceua

HHUSI nJlHHHOCTi, SlKa xapaxrepusyc MaTepianiB HlOe pisxe 3MeHweHHSI TicTO. npa uanpyxceuuax,

ri

,llJISi

nJIaCTHlJHHX cnpaxaSlK rJIHH)JHe 36epiraTH pi3HHUi

niaemuenss snarui

erpexrusuo)'

Taxi

MaTepianH, 3MeHweHHlI

BHLUHX Bin rpannui nnnanocri

nnanuocri,

6ynb-SlKY CPOPMYi SlK3aBronHO noaro.

3a paxyaox

110nepei

11..

H '3HH)KeHHSIrpanaui rin

MO)f(Ha JniHCHHTH

Gesnepepaaan

xin rsepnononifiuax
0

rin no pinnuononifiaax.

OPHKJ1aJ].OM raxoro MO)f(e 6YTH 6il)'M.

nepexony

Bin npY)f(HO-KPHXKHX peam.uux 3MiHa

no nJlaCTHlJHHX, a nOTiM no CTPYKl)'pOBaHHx LUO xapaxrepmyerscn

pinHH 3 ninBHLUeHHSlM revneparypa ecpeKTHBHo'j B'Sl3KOCTi MaTepianiB,

PHC. 3.8. 3MiHa B'Sl3KonnaCTHYHHXBllaCTHBOCTeH crpyxrypoB6HHXpillHH Bill aanpyra 3CyBy: a-crpyxrypna B' 1I3KicTb: 6-WBI111KicTb :ll!(IJOpMauii' resi),

crynesuol

neHeM PYHHYBaHHlI CTPYKTYPH saneaoro B YCbOMY MQ)I(J1HBOMYnianasoni peonori-iaof KPI1BO'i.

sin iHTeHCHBHOCTi MeXaHilJHHX niH )JKi 3i 3pOC-

MO)f(Ha npOCTe)f(HTH aa JlOnOMOrolO nJ1S1 nJlaCTHlJHHX MaTepianiB,

Hanpuxnan,

88

89

TaHHHM 3CYBY pi3KO

'3MiHIOIOTb e<peKTHBHY B'H3KicTb, piBHHHHHM WBe)lOBa - 6iHraMa

nOBHa

peonorixaa
Horo

Miuuicr s.
(TbCH MiUHiCTlo.

3aBepWaJlbHOIO

craaicio

canosoro

BnJlHBY

aa

MaTepiaJl

KpHBa MO)f(e onHcYBaTHcH

PYHHYBaHHH, 3)laTHicTb

MaTepiaJliB

'IHHHTH onip

PYHHYBaHHIO Ha:3HBa-

cr=cro+ll ..d'U/dl. (3,7) .LJ.nH fiararoxovnoueimutx CHCTeM peonoriuai piBHRHHR )lOCHTb cxnanai H TOMY BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb ineanisoaaui MO)leJli 8'Sl3KHX, npY)f(HHX 'ra nJ1aCTH'IHHX Till ra Ix CYKynHocTeH (pHc.3.9). BHB'IeHHH peonori-max 8J1aCTH80cTeH MaTepiaJli8 nac 3MOry HaYK080 06rpYHTOBaHo 8H6HpaTH OnTHMaJlbHi napauerpa TeXHOJ1ori'-lHOrO BnJ1HBY na HI1X. 30KpeMa, anacraaicrs TaKI1X CTPYKrypoBaHI1X cacrera, SlK 6eToHHi cyviuri ni)l BnllHBOM MexaHi4HHx 36Y)lHHKiB - aifipauii, crpyuryaaaus TOuio, 3MiHIOBaTH peonorixai xapaxrepncraxa WHPOKO 8HKOpHCT08ycrbCR B rexaonoril BHrOTOBJleHHH 6eToHHHx BHp06iB ua craaii <popMYBaHHR. .LJ.nH BH8'1eHHR peonori-urax 8JlaCTHBOcTeH MaTepianiB HaHnowHpeHiwi npanaaa (pHc.3.10) sacaoeaai ua: I) BI13Ha'leHHi WBH)lKOCTi BHTiKaHHH xpias xaninapa, Tpy6KH a60 OTBOPH neanoi <pOPMH H poswipy (xaninapai. W.iJlHHHi 'ra iuuii BicK03HMeTpH); 2) BHMiplOBaHHi rllH6HHH nponaxHeHHR B )lOCJli)l)f(YBaHe cepenosmne 2 I xoayca a60 inuroro TiJ1a (KOHi'-lHHH nnacrovip M,L{Y Ta ia.);
3)
BH3Ha'-leHHi WBH)lKOCTi 3aHypeHHR i a60 CnJ1HBaHHH KyJlbKH

Puc. J.l U. CXeMI1 npanams CTPYKTypooaHHX pinau:

'HI

B r .llJ1H OH3Ha'leHHHpeOnOn'lHI1X

anacraaocrea
xoayca; B-

u-aa WBHJ1KOCTIO BHTiKaHHlI '1Cpe3 OTBip: 6-3a rJlH6HHOlO nponaxauaa

aauypeuas KYJlbKH: r-sa ofiepraunx xoaxciam.uax IlHHiH11pio.

lUBHllKICTIO

CHJlOIO BHcMHKyoaHHlI:

11-3a CHJlOIO

P03paxYHKH

aa

MiuHicTb

eJJeMeHTiB KOHCTPYKu.iH, uio

CKJlruIHOMY Hanp)')KeHOMY CTaHi, rpYHTYlOTbCR

aa

neBHOMY

nepeoysaion, Y xptrrepii, OcHOBHi

MexaHi'lHi HOCTi:

.reopu Miureopis MaKCHHopManbHHX

ManbHHX

uanpyaceas

(Fanines),

neanoi MaCH posaipia (npanan Ilecosa ra iu.);

BHMipfOBaHHi

einnoeinno /I

no

RKOi'

4)

3YCHJ1b BHCMHKY-

He6e:me'lHHH 3Ha'lacrbCSI WHM

CTaH BHHaH6inb-

BaHHR i3 B' R3KO-nJlaCTH'-IHHX TiJ1 PH<pJleHHX nJlaCTHHOK,

HOpManbHHM Ha-

crepaotis H

a60

np)')KeHHRM B KOHCTpYKLJ.i'i;

Puc. 3.9. Siararaa:

1-llpYiK1lHH

Monens
CJICMt!HT

uaniunpia;
5)
2-CJlt!Mt!HT 3-Il'H"lKHH

reopis

MaKCH.n.01WIHHX (KYJ10Ha);

BHMiplOBaHHi

4aCTOTH

nOTPi6j50

ManbHHX Hanp)')KeHb

cyxoro

repra

I'yxa: (Ceu-Beuaua):

HHX 3YCHJ1b 06epTaHHR ro a60

soauiuuu.oro

aayrpiunu,oxoaxciansuax
Mi)f( RKHMH

a Puc.
I-Ha

I)

reopis ry6epa - Miseca

- Feuxi, sa
u.i'i RKOfO He6e3ne'lHHH CTaH KOHCTpYK-

C,~t!MCIIT (HI>IOTOlla),

(cniaaicuax)

UHJ1iH)lpiB,

M iCTHTbCH )J,OCJl i)J,)f(YBaHe TiJ10

(pora-

3.11.
CHiCK:

Craunaprui
a-llliJII>HHH

3pa3KI1 .llJ1H annpofiyaanus

npflp011I1HH KaMiHb: 6-nopHCTHH B-

MaTepianio:
npHpO,l1lHH KaMiHb: B-6eTOII: r-uerna nonoauuux): nepeauua: (Ky6. CKJlCrHHH 311BOX

uacrae

B MOMeJrr,

KOJlH B MaTepiani .n.OCH-

ll-ua
III-Ha

3rl1l1: a-Il<':MCHTIIHH P03'1HH: o-uerJla:

racrsca

FleBHHii piseas

pOJTlIr:

a-cra.n.;

6-11epeBHHa,

90

91

npyxoroi eaeprii,
-rpeT1O

~Ka

mrrpasacrsca

Ha "3MiHY <P0PMI1. Ilepuri nai

reopii

BHKOpHCa TeOpeTI14Ha MaKCI1ManbHHM MiuHicTb

TOBYIOTb .LJ)l~ p03paxYHKiB

ua

MiUHiCTb KOHcrpYKuiH Kpl1TI14HI1M

i"3 KPI1XKI1X MaTepianiB, KOJIH

i1 -rersepry -.LJ)l~ nJlaCTI14HHX. M iuuicrt, xapaxrepmyersca

MaTepiany. M i U HOC T i HaBaHTa)KeHH~,

onuopinuoro

MaTepiany

RT xapaxrepaayersca
nBOX

HanpY)f(eHHSlM,

Heo6xi1lHI1M

1lJIS! p03niJleHHS!

aanpyxceauar«,

nopy-

WYE:TbCSI CYUiJlbHiCTb U e 10

L1,e HanpY)f(eHHSI

Ji BI1"3Ha4aIOTb, SlK npaBI1JlO,

uaaasaersca

arowis.
TBep)lOrO

BOHa

nponopuiaua
(in

M01lYJlIO npY)f(HOCTi

E 'ra noaepxueein

urapis eueprir

r p a HHCTaTI1,{KiJIbKOX Horo

nicio ua
H

rina

i 06epHeHO

nponopuiaua

MaTepian npOTHrOM

aoro

WO "3pOCTa€ "3 neBHOIO WBl1nKicTIO "3pOCTaHHSI HaBaHTa)KeHH~

I,/
MiUHiCTb peaJ1bHI1X nJlSI

Rs
«pucranis

>

XBl1lH1H. 3MiHa

WBl1nKOCTi

xapaxrepy

FEeT
J~

Mi)f(aTOMHiH

sincraai :
(3.11)

_;_n,

npaxnanaaua (nanpaxnan, nOBTOpHO"3MiHHe a60 nl1HaMi4He HaBaHTa)KeHWI) npaeonars n01MiHI1 MiuHOCTi. BOHa MO)f(e CYTT€BO 3MiHI1TI1C~ saneaoro Bin Bl1ny nanpyxceuoro cTaHY (posrary, CTI1CKY, 3rHHY, KpY4eHHSI TOllJ.O).
rpaHI1UIO MiuHOCTi MaTepianiB B113Ha'{a1OTb ua cTaHnapTHI1X

spaaxax-

UI1JIiH.L(PI14HI1X. Ky6i4HI1X

'ra

iHWO"i <pOPMI1 (pl1c.3.II). 3 ycix cnocoois MexaHi4HHX BI1I1p06ynaiinounrpeuimi posrsr i CTHCK. Ix BI1-

'rsepnax TiJI Y COTHi H THCSI4i paais MeHwa sa reNaCI reopera-rue "3Ha4eHHSI MiuHOCTi na 3 p03pl1B CTaHOBI1Tb 2'10 MlIa, a nns MeTaniB - 104 ... 105 Mfla. O)lHaK eKCnepuveuransuo BH3Ha4eHa MiuHiCTb )lJlSI NaCI He nepeBHWYC 5 Mfla, a 2 nJlSI MeTaniB - 10 ... 10-' MlIa. Taxi p036i)KHOCTi reopera-uroi Ta peansnoi
opera-ray.
TaK. MiuHOCTi MaTepianiB "3YMOBJleHi THM, WO Y TBep)lHX TiJIax MiKPOTpillJ.HHH (pl1c.3.13). HanpY)f(eHHSI B MaTepiani

c pisai

)le<peKTH

BaHb

crpyxrypa,
3a

nacavnepen

nonouoroio cneuiansaax poapanpecis (pl1c.3.12). Fpamnno MiuHOCTi R nin -rac P0"3TSIry Rp i CTHCKY Rc BI13Ha4alOTb sa <P0PMYJIOIO,Mfla: Rp(c) = kP / F, (3.8)
BHI1X MaWI1H 'ra

KOHYIOTb sa

reopicio

rpl1<p<piTca,

aa

KiHUi TpilllHHH

<Jmax = 2<Jcep ~-;. ,

If

(3.12)

ne

k - xoediiuicar,

uio

BpaXOBYC P03MipH

spaaxa. HOro sonoricrs TOllJ.O; P - PYHHiBna CI1Jla; F - n04aTKOBa nnouia nonepe,{Horo

ne <J"~" - cepenuc HanpY)f(eHHSI B MaTepiani; I - )lOB)f(I1Ha rpiumna; r = (1. .. 4)'1 O·~ CM - paziiyc KpHBH3HH na KiH411KY TpiwHHH (fiepyn, cysrip2 3 HI1M KiJIbKOM arovaa). 5lKllJ.O / =::: 10. CM, TO OTpl1MaCMO <Jeep 2<Jmax '10. , =::: WO H cnocrepiracrscs ua npaxraui.
3a CTaTI1CTH4HOlO

nepepisy

spaaxa.

reopicio

MiuHMOBi-

f'paHI1USI MiuHOCTi

npa

3rHHi:

HOCTi KPHXKHX

rin

BeH6YJIJIa

RJ

ne MJ - Hai16iJIbWHH 3rHHaIIbHI1H MOMeHT; M, - MOMeHT onopy nepepisy spasxa.

Ilpa
3rHHaHHi

MJ / Mo,

(3.9)

paicrs
HiwHX weHHi HICTb

3HaXO)l)f(eHHSI

HaHHe6e3ne'{-

rpiuiau
06'CMY

3pOCTac

npa

36inb-

spanca,

nanpuxnan,

spaaxa. OCKiJIbKH Miu3ane)f(HTb aia HMOBipHOCTi

npauoxyruoro
)l)f(eHoY CHJlH

nepepisy nin nioo socepe(3.10) OnOpaMI1, M;

p03TaWYBaHHSI

rpiuiaa

3pll3KY,

BOHa Mac CTaTHCTI14HI1H xapaxrep,

Puc. 3.12. Cxeva rinpaani-moro

npeca:

RJ = 3PI2/bh2, ne /- aincrans Mi)f(

ainnoaiaao WHpl1Ha

Ilpoueca b, h Puc. 3.13. Kouueurpauia

aicrpi TpiLUHHH. JIiB

PYHHYBaHHSI MaTepia-

rOJIOBHHM 4HHOM 3BO)lSlTbCSI 3pOCTaHHSI rpiunnr i

no

l-crauuua: 2 fBHIITLlBHH npacrpiji:

3-Bepxll1l ouopuu nHHTa: 4-3PaJOK: 5-HHlKIHI ouopaa IL1HTa; 6-lIoplUeHb.

H BHCOTa rtepepisy

nanpyr

aa

nocrynosoro uii1,

ziediopaaaaxona-

spanca,

M.

yTBOpeHH~

4eHHSI JIOKanbHHX nerpexris.

92

93

P03pi3H~IOTb

KpHXKe H nJIaCTH4He pYHHyBaHH~

MaTepianiB.

OC06JIH-

KOBO"!nopHCTOCTi anura, MiUHil:Tb rylOTbC~ 30KpeMa,

dli

Hi)f( KpynHo3epHHCTHX. npRMHM MeTO-

BicTIO KpHXKOrO pYHHYBaHH~, npHpO)J.HHX KaMeHiB BaETbCR

uio xapaxrepae nediopvaui).

)J.JIR6eTOHY, MeXaH!4Hi

ra

iHWHX 6Y)J.iBeJIbHHX MaTepianiB

nosiiruo)'

nJlaCHI4HO"!

«epanixa, CKJIa, e re, uro He Bi)J.6yuanpyacenua, RKi

uto
WBH)J.KO

MaTepiaJ1iB MO)f(e BHMiplOBaTHCR He TinbKH

.LlOM, To6TO pyi1HYBaHH~M

spaaxa.

a H 6e3pYHHiBHHMH

MeTO)J.aMH, RKi

rpya-

ua

B3a€M03B'R3KY

MiuHOCTi 3 neBHOIO BJIaCTHBicTIO TBep)J.HX TiJI,

npa

UbOMY BHHHKaIOTb,

He BCTHralOTb peJlaKCYBaTH, TOMY TpimHHH, nepneH)J.HKYJlRPHiH )J.O )J.i"i UHKJIi4Hi

WBH.LlKiCTIO nOWHpeHHR YJIbTpa3SYKOBHX XBHJIb Y TBep)J.OMY TiJIi,

YTBOpIOIOTbC~ B nJlOWHHi, p03BHBaIOTbC~. MiUHiCTb KpHXKOMY

uanpyzceus,

TBep)J.iCTIO nOBepXH i MaTepiany

(pac.J. 15 ).

nO)J.iJIRIOTb ua KOpOTK04aCHY, BTOMHY i TJ)HBany. HaBaHTa)f(eHHR a nOTiM (Bi6pauiHHi, nOB'R3aHa 3 i MaKpOTPi-

PYHHYBaHHIO cnpHRIOTb

~. do ."

yziapai rouio),
HaKOIlH4eHH}lM

npn

RKHX

cnocrepiracrscs

BTOMa MaTepianiB,

1'"
\
i
I

Vn:lc

nOWKO.iDKeHb, BHHHKHeHHRM MiKPO-, KPHXKOCTi MaTepianiB

WHH. ni)J.BHweHHIO

CnpHR€ TaKO)f( 3HH)f(eHHR

revue-

1,2
l.K

parypa,

36iJlbWeHH~

WBH)J.KOCTi )J.e<jJopMYBaHHR, HaRBHicTb

nOBepXHeBO-

aKTHBHoro

cepenoaauia.
MexaHi4Horo PYHHYBaHHR HaBaHT3)f(eHOrO HaBaHTa)f(eHHRM i .llnR JlIB, cnpH4HHeHHX

WBH)J.KicTb

3ane)f(HTb Bi)J. uanpyxceus,

'reepztoro rina revneparypoio.

(MeTaMaTepianiB,

I:~

r-,
so

fiara'n.ox rouio)

MaTepianiB

1.:

"r....
.j.)

~
til)

~~

~~~~~~~~~~~LL_~
I.~ )0)

I)

nOJIiMepHHX

to

2£, a-ni.i

~I)

R.~n!l

:s
'i
cd

-< t::

CKJIa

xapaxrepaa

raxa (3.13)

Puc, 3.15. fpaQ>iKH aanexsocri

lli;UIUIIICllIllI .aiaMeTpa ua cranoui

MiuH0CTi 6eToHY:
CTaJlbHO'i KYJlbKIt

0,8

3ane)l(HicTb

MiuHOCTi Bi)J."lacy:

Bi1l6HTKa

aa

6eTOHi

as

= t-

A,exp(-acr),

ac:

6-Bill

WBltllKOCTi

nOXO;DKCHHlI

Y,lbTP03BYKOBItX

XBItJlb.

.D.~

'x ::r
0

t; 0,6

xac Bi)J. MOMeHTY npHKJIa)J.aHHR cranoro MexaHi4Horo

HaBaHTa)f(eHHR )J.O pYHHyBaHHR

ne

L{o pi3HOBH)J.iB MiuHOCTi Ha3HBalOTb

aaneacars anresia i xoreais.

a60 pi)J.KHX TiJI,

A)J. r e 3 i

10

3YMOBJIeHe Mi)f(aTOMHHMH )J.BOX pi3HOpi)J.HHX 4aCTHHOK

CHJIaMH npHTRryBaHHSI,

3l..fenJIeHHR KOHTaKry-

(npHJIHnaHHSI)

:r: 0,4 o :r:

I::l:

spaasa: Ao, a - crani xoediiuicnTH, uio BH3Ha4alOTbCR BJlaCTHBOCT~MH MaTepiany H

IOTb. 34enJleHH~

rsepnax scepenaui TiJIa

uio

a60 Mi)f( o)J.Hopi)J.HHMH sa XiMil..f-

HHM CKJIa)J.OMTiJIaMH Ha3HBa€TbCSI K 0 r e 3 i

c 10 ,

KiJIbKiCHOIO MipOIO

aare)J.O

i:6

reaneparynoMiunop. pi3KO

0,2

poro; cr -

HanpY)f(eHHR.

nOpR)J.

i3 saransuoio
i

xoreaii C nnouii 3B'Sl3KY, anreais

3i'i Ta O)J.HHHUi

nHTOMa p060Ta, KOHTaKry.

BHTpa4eHa

Ha p03)J.iJI TiJI, HeMa€ XiMi4Horo

eianecena

CHCTeMaX.

ne

Mi)f(<pa3OBoro CH-

3YMOBJIeHa rOJIOBHHM 4HHOM SlKi

aan-nep-eansciacsxauu nonapaiuii
6iJIbWa

PHCTlCTIO

(pHC.

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 06 €MHa xacrxa nop
J

aicn, BnJIHBa€ Kpynaiuri nopa

4HCJIeHHi

3.14) aa posaip fiinsm

Hi)f(

JlaMH (Mi)l(MOJleKYJlSlpHHMH),

aanexcars

Bi)J. eJIeKTpH4HO"! npHpO)J.H TiJI i nOJIiB, 4HM

B3a€MO)J.i"iYTBOplOBaHHX HHMH eJIeKTpH4HHX BHHH, THM 6iJIbWe 3iHHa B3a€Mo)J.iSl, XOPOWHMH KJleSlMH, re3iHHi BJIaCTHBocTi.

pexo-

3Ha4eHHSI eJleKTpOCTaTH4HHX CHJI i,

orxce.

azireTa

3HH)f(YIOTb MiuHicTb, )J.OCJIi)J.Hi

zipifiai.

nOpHcTICTb, %

nani

ninrnpifiO)J.Ha-

uio

nOBHOIO MipOIO BHSlBJlSlIOTbxoresitlai

an-

3.14. 3ane)f(HicTb repiania Bin nopncrocri.

PHC.

MiuHOCTi Ma-

Bep)J.)f(YIOTb, uio H03epHHCTHX

MiuHicTb

c, HanpHKJIa)J., nOJIiMepH,

SlKi MicTSlTb r~.llpOKCHJIbHi

MaTepianiB

94

95

(OH): JUIPHI

Kap60KCHnbHi

(COOH),

aMi.LlHi

rpyna.
P03PHB no KOHTaKTHiH CHnH

(NHCO),

aMiHHi

(NH2)

Ta

iuuri

no-

cranesy ropa
3Horo

xynsxy niaverpoa
- 6e3p03MipHa Ha 0.002 MM.

1,587

MM

POKsennOM

BenHlfHHa,

RKa

(urxana B). O.LlHHHUR rsepnocri aa sinnoainae nepeaunemno inaen-

nosepxni

.LlBOX TBep.LlHX Tin

MO)I(JJHBHH TinbKH B3aCMO.Lli"l KO)f(-

no oci

TO.Lli,

xona Y pan

a.Llre3iHHi

uafiararo

MeHwi

ain xoreaiiiao]
MaTepianiB

uoro crac

3 HHX '. 4aCTO p03pHB

Mae 3MiwaHHH

a.Llre3iHHO-Kore3iHHHH a.nre3iHHa

xapaxrep.
B3a€MO.LliH

KOHTaKTY TBep.LlOrO H

pizncoro

curn.uiuroio, Hi)f( npa KOHTaKTi .LlBOX rsepnax Tin, ocofinaso aa YMOBH nofiporo 3MOYYBaHH$! pi.LlHHOIQ nosepxui TBep.LlOrO Tina. nOBHoTa 3MOYYBaHH$! aaneaorrs Bi.Ll B' $!3KOCTi pinxor <jla3H, THCKY i anacraaocrea rsepnor nosepxui. 3MOYYBaHHIQ cnpusc Ha$!BHicTb Y rsepnia noaepxai aa3HaYHO rnH6neHb. OC06JJHBO KOHiYHO', a60 npH3MaTHYHo', Mac <jlOPMH.

B.LlaSnIQBaHHRM Y 3Pa30K anaanpaaansuoi YOTHPHKyrHOi" nipaaiaa nin .lIiCIQ HaBaHTa)l(eHHR P i BHMiplQSaHHHM niaroaani si.n6HTKa HV=O,189P/d2, (3.15) ,Jln$! TOHKHX nOKpHTTiB, oxpevax CTPYKryPHHX CKJJa.nOSHX crtnaais SH3HayaIQTb M i K pOT B e P.lI i C T b, B.lIaBnIQIQlfH anMa3HY nipastiny aa 3a BiKepCOM Y BH3Haya€TbC>I HaKOHeYHHKa

Tsepuicrs

aarnaai

.LliJUIHUi,

nnouia

l'IKO',

ua

.lIeKinbKa

nopanxis

MeHwa,

Hi)l(

npa

3SHlfaHHHX

BHnp06YBaHHl'Ix. nOKpHTTiB, a ro

Anresia
. OKpe~HM BaHHI) MiuHOCTi, TaKo)K

aenuxe

3HayeHH$!

npa e

KneCHHi, .

aaueceaui
(MiuHicTb

Ilopsn
nac aa

3 MeTO.LlaMH BHMiplQBaHHR

TaKO)f( 3Bap1QBaHHi.

JIY.LliHHi H

nasuui

MaTepianiB

HaBaHTa)f(eHHl'I nOBepXHIQ

3aCTOCOBYIQTb .LlHHaMiYHi

rsepnocri aa .nonOMOrOIQ CTaniYHOMeTo.nH, xona iH.lIHKaTOp nepenaziaroxa 3 .neRKo"l SHCOTH. nopin 'ra inumx KPHXKHX

BH.LlOM MiuHOCTi

TB

P.Ll i C T b

ornp MaTepiany PYHHYBaHHIQ )f(OPCTKOIQ CHnOIQ. raepziicrs - ue CTPYKryPHO YYTnHBa BnaCTHBicTb, ain BH.LlY 06p06KH nosepxui, TeMneparypH ra iHWHX <jlaKTopiB. Tsepnicrs BHMiplQ€TbC$! HaTHCKaHH$!M HIQ BHnp06ysaHoro

npa aaasmoRK H iuuri BH.nH BOHa saneaorn,

ynapae

HaSaHTa)l(eHHR. BH3HayeHHl'I

,Jlnl'l MaTepianiB

npH6nH3Horo

TSep.lIOCTi

Ha nOBepxMaTepiano HiH HaKOHec<jlepHlf-

ny

a60 nepeMill.(eHHHM HasaHT~eHHRM

nin

BHKOPHCTOBYIQTb MeTO.lI Mooca, l'IKHH nonsrac y npsnaaui nosepxai .lIOCJJi.lI)I(YBaHoro MaTepiany aa .lIOnOMOrOIQ eranouuoro MiHepany. Ilpn UbOMY raepnicn, BHMiplQ€TbCl'I B YMOSHHX O.nHHHURX, RKi ainnoslnaIQTb HOMepy MaTepiaJJY sa .neCRTH6anbHOIQ WKanOIQ: 'ranssc - I; rinc - 2; KanbUHT - 3: <jlJJIQOPHT - 4: anaTHT - 5; OpTOKJJa3 - 6; Ksapu - 7; TOna3 - 8; KOpYH.n - 9: anMa3 - 10. Tsepnicrs .neRKHX onaopiznrax MaTepianiB nponopuiaua MiuHOCTi sa P03TRr i CTHCK. uio .lIa€ 3Mory MeTO.LliB MeXaHiYHHX SHKOpHcToBysaTH BHnp06YBaHb. MaTepianiB UIQ SJJaCTHBicTb

YHHKis,

uio MalQTb
a60 MipOIQ,

.D.JJR

6e3-

HY, KOHilfHY

iHWY <jlOPMY a60 lfHC-

PYHHisHHX ):VIR TBep.LlicTIQ SHMiplQlQTb

17J!77-T!1l 6
PHC.

(pHc.3.16).

fiinsuiocri
nOB'l'I3aHHH

6Y.LliseJJbHHX "Ix onip

(sa

SHHRTKOM nJJaCTMac) Horo

is

n?M, rsepnocri
BI13Ha4eHWI TBepJlOCTi aa:

npn

UbOMY C

cTHpanbHHM

.niRM - C T H P a H H IQ.

3.16. Cxeva

BI.LlHOWeHH$! .Ll0 3a

HaBaHT~eHHR si.n6HTKa.

sa

Bi.LlHOWeHHRM

3MeHllleHWI

MaCH MaTepiany

Llm nicns npo-

a-npiIlCJI;I':\C

U-I'OKHC;UOM:

H-BiKKCpCOM.

nnouii nosepxui
MeTO.nOM

Be.LleHHR .lIOCJJi.ny .Ll0

nnouii

CTHpaHH$!

F:
MalQTb

nicrs

Bpiuenns 'raepBHCOKY (3.14)

C=Llm/F, crilixicn,
.lIO cTHpaHH$! JIHTTH, KepaMiYHi MaTepianH rlCM2.
• •

.LlOpiBHIQC

(3.16) neaxi ripcsxi nopona,

CTl1paHHR
?

KaM'RHe

H nJJaCTMaCH. HanpI1KJJa.n, KepaMiYHHX

.

xsapuary
O.lIHO-

ne

P - HaBaHTa)l(eHH$!: 0 - .LliaMeTp
5 a60
2.5MM):

crpepa-nroro si.Ll6HTKa.

iunearopa
Y nOBepXHIQ

CTaHOBHTb 0,06 ... 0.12 zriaveruraposoro

.

nnHTOK .D.JJR ni.lIJJOrH - 0,08,

(KynbKH

POM 10:

d - zriauerp

nOnlBIHIJIXJJOpl1.LlHOrO MaTepianiB

JJ1HOJJeYMY - 0,06

r/cM- . .aJJ$! .lIeRKI1X noRKi

P0)l(HbO-6Yf-liBeJJbHHX MaTepiany sztaai 120°' (uncana

SCTaHOBJJlQlQTb MapKH aa cTlfPaHH$!M, MaCH nin

BH3HayaIQYH motors anMa3HHH

rsepnicrs

aa POKBennoM,

KOHYC i3 KYTOM 6in$!

BepwHHH

C)

nOB'H3aHHi

3 MaKCHM3.JlbHO .LlOnYCTI1MHMH BTpaTaMI1

'lac CTHpaHHR

a60

96

97

Y aincorxax. 114

TaK, llMI we6eHIO i rpaaiio MaCH ainnosinuo

MapKH sa CntpaHH5IM HI, 25-35, 35-45, 45-60%.

H2, 113 i BH3HaTepTH. HaBaH-

MaTepiaJIiB XOllY 3

3MiHIOCTbC5I CTpI16KOnOlli6HO,

36inbWYlO411Cb y npoueci

nepe-

npa arparax

110 25%,

4alOTb CTHpaHH5I aa CneuiaJIbHHX HHX 6apa6aHax, Onip

MaWHHax - xpyrax

CntpaHH5I a60 n011H'·I-

piania
TOUlO.

pinsoro CTaH), B TBepllltH. Bona, a TaKO)K 4aBYH 'ra pSill iHWI1X MaTenpa 3aTBepJlHeHHi CTalOTb MeHW UlinbHI1MI1. rYCTI1HY MaTepiaJIY
MeTOJlOM, riJlpOCTaTI14HI1M y 3Ba)l(YBaHH5IM

llC MaTepiaJI PYHHycrbC5I B pe3Y11bTaTi

iureacaauoro
yziapuoro

BI13Ha4alOTI> niKflOMCTPI14HI1M ,QIISI 6yniBeIlbHltx BiJlHOCHY rycrnuy ro HOro 06'CMY

MaTepiaJIiB pYHHYBaHHIO nin sac npaxnananus

Ta)Keml51 Ha3~lBaCTbC5I Y II a p H 0 10

M i U Hi C T 10, a60 B ' 513 K i C T 10, a - C n p a U 10 BaH H 51M . PYHHYBaHH5I 3Pa3KiB

MaTepiaJIiB

psni sanamcia
MaTepiany

BI13Ha4alOTb TaKO)l( B 3pa3KY no nOBHO-

nin -rac
MorolO

OJlH04acHo"l ;.ti·l·CTHpaHH5I i Yllapy

Ynapna

PHI;1 -

BiJlHOWeHHSI 06'eMY

MiuHiCTb OUiHIO€TbC5I HItX cTancBHMIt

sa

BeJHI4ltHOIO p060TIt

aa nonoaanosae-

xonpia, a cnpauroaauua - sa BTpaTaMH MaCIt B 6apa6aHax,

KYJl5lMIt.

PSI)! = (Po I p). 1 00%,

PerY!HOIOTb OJlI1Hl1ui 06'('MY

(3.19) 06'eMY nop 8 BI13Ha4HTI1

cepezuno
MaTepiany.

rycTI1HY

3MiHOIO

3aranbHY

nopacrocri nopacricrs MO)KHa

(3.20)

sa

3.2.
<l>i3H4Hi BJiaCTItBOCTi

<l>iJlPlHi BJlaCTHBOcTi

¢opMynolo

xapasrepasyrori.ca

anis

a60 Bi1.l.IiOWeHH5IM 'IX no lli'i ¢i31t4HItX

rtapaverpava CTaHY MaTepl¢aKTopiB: sona. reuneparypa,

¢i3114HI1MI1

Il

(1 - Po / p} 100%,

enexrpu-moro

Flapasserpa

CTPYMY, MarHiTHoro nOIl51TOUlO. CTaHY. HaHBa)f(JlHBiwHMI1

T a 6JIHUH 32 X a napaaerpaxn
no Horo MaTepi3JI ICTHHHa ryCTHaa, Kr/MJ

..

:JaKTepHCTHKa MaTeplaJIIB

Cepenas rycrnua, Kr/M3

CTaHY MaTcpianiB C rYCTItHa i nopacricrs. f Y C T It H a BI13Ha4acrbcSI BinHOWeHH5IM 06'CMY . .uJlSl 6YlliBeJlbHI1X

3ar3JIbHa nopnctiers, %

MaCH MaTepiany

Fpauir
BanHHK 6eToH B3)KKItH

MaTepiaJIiB p03pi3HSlIOTb iCTHHHY (a60

rycruuy.
MaTepiallY

ICTItHHa
B

rycruua

npocro

rycraua)

OllltHl1ui

06'CMY 6e3 nop Ta nopO)I<HI1H

P i cepezuuo Po xapaxrepasyc Macy m MaTepiany V, a cepenas

(3.17)

Iliuofieron
L{epeBItHa: COCHa

2650 ...2700 2700 2600 2600 1500 1500 2400 ...2650 7800 ...7850
MaTepianiB

2600 ...2700 1800 ...2700 1800 ...2400 300 ...600 400 ..500 610 ...750 2450 ...2650 7800 ...7850

0 ...2 11...13 8...31 77...85 67 ... 73 50 ...60

. 3 nYCTOTaM11H nopav It

V 1: p=mN, Pll=mN1,
nopsn i3 51Kaspaxoeyc 6inbiliOCTi

.uo CltnKI1X M3TepianiB 4alOTb aacunuy ICH1HHa 2200 ... 3300 Kr/M'. rycruuy, rYCHlI13 crani

(3.18) cepeznu.oro rycrauoro

n-e
sepea BH3HaCTaHOBHTb 3MiHIOCnopucrax Kr/M
J

CKJlO aixouue

Mi)K3epHOBY nopoxoracricrs. MaT,epianiB amouiuito cnnasie - 2600 ..2900

Crans

HeopraHi4HltX

Kr/Ml,

- 7600 ... 7900,

Flopucricrs
30KpeMa rennopacricrs

CyrrCBO annasae

aa pan iHWI1X BnaCTI180CTeH, nponaxaicrs. BinKpl1TY (y5l8HY) no-

1I0JlicH1JH:HY - 910 ..970 Kr/M '. Cepenus uanpmcnan, Kr/M', BOHa CTaHOBItTb 10 ... 20 M3TepiaJliB ryc'ruuy

rycraua

MaTepianiB - 2000

H enexrponpoainuicrs,

MiuHicTb, nopacricrs.

TbC5I B WItPOKI1X Me)J(ax (Ta611.3.2.),

.ll.JI5IHaHIIerwHx urim.nax

P03pi3HSlIOTb BinKpl1TY i 3aKpltTy Cl1nKI1X MaTepianiB saransue

nnacrwac

a nns

MO)!<Ha BI13Ha411TI1sa 06' eM HIt M BOnOHaClt4eHHSIM MaTepiaJIY. )ln51 3Ha4eHH5I nopncrocri xapaKTepl13YeTbCSI

fiinsuie. Fycruua
MaKCItMa:lbHY

cry-

16iJlbWycrbC5I, revneparypa. 4"C.

SlKUlO 36inbwycrbcSI ¢a30BItX nepersopeunax

THCK, i 3Merycraua

neHeM 3anOBlleHH5I 1I0paMI1 51KOKpeMI1X sepen. TaK i Mi)K3epHOBHX nYCTOT.

HWYCTbCSI., nillBItUleHHSlM

BHHHTOK CTaHOBI1Tb BOlla, sxa Mac

Ilopucricrs
Ta6Jl.3.2).

6yniBeJlbHI1X

MaTepianiB

KOJII1Ba€TbC5IB WHPOKI1X Me)KaX (nHB. •

npu

Ilpu

98

99

PerYJlIOBaHHSI 1I0PHCTOCTi - e<f>eKTHBHHHTeXHOJlOrilJHHH

sacif uinec10%) 6iJlb-

npanouauor T\liHH B!13CTHBocTei1 MaTepianiB,

.ne r - paniyc

4aCTHHKH.

Ilpn
paai

nOpiBHSlHO HeBeJlHKHX 3HalJeHHSlX nOpHCTOCTi

(Il ~

WiCTb nOKa3HHKiB iHUJHX <f>i3HlJHHX BJlaCTHBOCTeH J1iHiHHO 3HH)f(YIOTbCSI Y

RII Mna

13
MOY spocrac

36iJ1bWeHHSlM nHTOMaTepianiB enetXHSI suyrpiunrs nHTOMY

noaepxui

Ix

3pOCTaHHSI:

Y = Yo (I - kll),
ne Y - nOKa3HHK BJlaCTHBOCTi nOpHCTOrO MaTepiany; Hoi' BJlaCTHBOcTi 6e3nOpHCTOrO MaTepiany; OC06JlHBOCTeH CTpyKTYPH MaTepiany perae 3HalJellHSI (uanpaxnan, nns 3Ha4eHHSI k = 3/2: MiuHOCTi - 3,.,6),

(3.21 )

pria

i peaxuiaaa

snaraicrs
noaepxMaTepianiB BH3HalJalOlJH

(pHc.3.17). Bin BHMipIOIOTb, on~p

Yo - nOKa3HHK i.lleHTHlJuio saneaorn,

HIO .nHcnepcHHx

k - xoediiuicar.

i Mac .llJ1S1 KO)f(HO'i BJlaCTHBOCTi KOHKenexrpoi TenJ10npOBi.llHOCTi cepennc

npOXO.ll)f(eHHSI noairpa

200
nOB'Sl3aHa 3 nOKa3HHKaMH (3.22) (3.22) raxi <f>i3HKO-

300

400

500

600
S""T M2/KI"

UH1POKHX Me)KaX nopacricrs y=

MexaHi4HHX

BJ1aCTHBOCTeH 6iHOMiHanbHOIO <f>YHKUiclO:

Yo (I -

rn '.

3Ha4eHHSI xoediiuicara (3.21 ).

k Y diopayni

cawi,

SlK i Y <f>opMYJ1i

EHeprenf4HOIO xapaxHO uin nurojao] noaepxui MaTepiany, TepHcTHKOIO cTaHY MaTepia. nis C nOBepxHeBa e H e p r I SI - Ha.llJlHWOK eaeprii nosepxueaoro wapy Ha Me)f(i noziiny .nBOX

PHC. J.17. 3MiHa IlP0.LlYKTHBHOCTiMllHHa Ilp ( I ) i aKTHBHOCTiueMeHTY Ru (2) sanexc-

Kpl3b wap nopOWKY, a TaKO)f( aa a.ncop6uiHHHM Ta iHWHMH MeTo.naMH.

BnJlHB nop aa BJlaCTHBOcTi MaTepianiB Bi.llHOCHHM 06'CMOM, a H sanexom, saxpa'roro ranblliH xapaxrepy nopOBHX nopHCTOCTi MaTepianH 36iJlbWeHHSI 06'CMY xauania.

nOB'Sl3aHHH He TiJ1bKH 3 'iXHiM <f>OpMH, ainxparoro npa a60 O.llHaKOBiH 3a3ByKO-

rpaa.
650

3Ha4eHHSI rtoaepxueaor
2

eaeprii

aa Me)f(i 3 nOBiTpSlM 30KpeMa .llJlSl Mi.lli canixaruoro MaTepianiB, MaTepianiB CKJ1a - 0,3 .LQK/M2 (npn eaepris 3HH)KY€TbCSI, BOHa i KOHueHTpaui'i nOB'Sl3aHe ia nepexony aTOHOBoi' nosepxaiaaay nosepxueea eaeprii

Bi.ll 'ix posvipy,

CTa~OBHTb 1,43 1l)f(/M

(npa

IIOOuq,
cxnaziy

Hanpaxnazi,

C). b

3~oCTaHHSlI\1TeMneparypH MlpOIO '3aJle)l(HTb ein aarary,

'3 6iJlbWHM 06'CMOM 3aKpHTHX nop MOp030Bi.llKPHTHX nop cnpHSIC ninaauienmo 36iJ1bWYC XiMilJHY aKTHBHiCTb MaTepia-

3Ha:HolO

criiixiuri.

.nOMIWOK. 3Ha4eHHSI noaepxaeaoi 3~alJ.eIiHSlI\1 ~oBe~xHeBoro M.'B 13 BHyTplWHIX urapia

HI.

npauo

nOrJlHHaHHSI.

Bizncpnra

nopucricrs

uio xapaxrepasyc

nia i '3HH)I(YC KOP03iHHY CTiHKicTb

ix.
nOJlinWYIOTbCSI nop. npa posnonini

ua nOBepxHIO npa yrsopeaai U.SI rpyna

pofiory I CM]

Bynieensuo-rexai-uti

BJlaCTHBOCTi MaTepianiB H piBHOMipHOMY

npifiuonopacriii
TiCTb MaTepianiB pryri y nopa. Bi.nKalJYBallHi

fiynoai

Binxpary

nopac-

fi.np~cpi3H~lHi

BJlaCTHBOCTi,

BJlaCTHBOCTeH MaTepianiB

BH31lalJalOTb '3a MeTo.naMH, 3aCHOBaHHMH ua B.naBJ1IOBaHHi 3 uacrynaaa nopacricrs P03ClIOBaHHSI 'ii BHTicHeHHSlM, BH3HalJalOTb sa peHTreHiBCbKHX CTaHY C n HlJaCTHHOK. 3 nop rouio. 3aKpHTy

nofipaxcac
nosepxuejo

IXHC BI.llHOWe,HHSIno BO.nH. Baacuonia raepaoro

BO.nH(SIK i iHWHX pi.nHH) 3 3YMOBJ1eHOMY CH-

npOCOLIYBaiiHi 3pa3KiB pinaaoio nouirps MiKpOCKona, ManoKyToBoro

TIJla, BHSlBMICTbCSIy 3M04YBaHHi,

nonouororo
npOMeHIB.

JlaM~ MOJleKY~SlpHO'i B"3aCMo.ni·jTBep.nHX rin 3 p034HHaMH. BOHa CnpH'IHHIOC P?"3TIKaHIISI plllHHH ua nosepxui H npoc04YBaHHSI nopacrax TiJ1 'ra nopouiKIB. ~~104YIOTb rsepny nOBe~XHIO JlHWe Ti pi.nHHH, SlKi 3MeHwYlOTb nosepxuanpaxnan, 3M04YC MaTepianH ripcuci noponn 3 3B'Sl3KOM: 6eTOH, xepavixy, HeBHH HaTSlC'ua Me)~(1."3 nOBITpSlM. BOlla, BHCOKOnOJlHpHHM XIMI4HHM T~WO, rneio

)lnSi
TOM a nHTOMa

nncnepcuux

MaTepianiB 06epHeHO

Ba)((JJHBHM napaverpoa nponopuitiaa

nOB e p x H SI• aianeceaa nOBcpXHSI

no O.nHHHUi 06'CMY a60 MaCH MaTepiany.

S"11I

poswipy
(3.23)

)lnSi

He

3MOLlYlOTbCSI MaTepianH wapi

i3

CJla6KOIO Mi)KMOJleKYJlHpHOIO B3aCMO6iTYMiB TOWO.

lJaCTHHOK ((YJISlCTO'iCllOPMH

noeepxuesovy

- psn nonivepis.

100

101

Brracruaic-n,

MaTcpiany

3M04YBaTHClI BOnOIO Ha3HBalOTb

in

P 0 cp i I
.~

nofiirru

3BOJlO)l{eHHIO rpYHTOBI1MI1 BO.ll.aMH HI1)1{Hix LfaCTHH 6yniBeJ1b,

B11a-

J1b H i C T 10 , HC 3M04YBaTHClI - r i n p 0 cp 0 6 H i C T 10 . M i pOlO 3Mot{YBaHo-

cri C KpaHoBHH KyT e, LUOYTBOPIOCTbClI KpanJ1CIO pinHHH aa TBepniH noaepxni. )J.J111 rinpo<piJ1bHHX MaTcpianiB KYT e rocrpati, nJ1l1 rinpo<p06HHX - rynHH. C'rynim, r inpodiofiaocri MaTcpianiB MO)l{Ha CyTTCBO 3MiHHTH BnJ1HBOM ua "lXHIO nOBcpxHIO !lAP, LUO a.llCOp6YIOTbClI. XapaKTcpHHM npaxnanox rinpotpotiiaauir C oTpHMaHHlI rinporpofinoro UCMCHTY nOMeJ10M Hoeo npa naasaocri D.06aBOK )KHPHHX KHCJ10Ta60 rxnix COJ1CH. Ilopacri rinpodiinsui MaTCpianl1 rirpocxoni-rui, T06TO snarni nor~HHaTH Bony 3 noairps. r i r p 0 C K 0 n i 4 H i C T b 3YMOBJ1CHa a,llCOp6UICIO sona aa nosepxui Ta B MiKpOKaniJ1l1pax MaTepiany. BOHa B.I1Mip~CTbCJI Bi~HoweHHlIM KiJ1bKOCTi nOrJ1HHeHo'i B0J10m no B0J10rOCTi MaCH MaTeplany 1 3pOCTac 13 36iJ1bWeHHlIM

WTOBYIOTb rinpoi30J1l1uiHHl-IH

urap,

HKHH Bi.ll.OKpeMJ1IOC<PYHnaMeHT. E<peKT

KaniJ1HpHOrO BCMOKTYBaHHH MO)l{Ha BHKOPHCTOBYBaTH .ll.JIJI npOC04YBaHHJI

nopacrnx
.ll 0 nor 06'CMOM

MaTepianiB

3aXHCHHMH cYMi~aMH.

CTyniHb

3anOBHeHHH

nop

MaTeplany

sonoro

xapaKTepH3YCTbCJI

B 0Bm i

Ii H a H H H M.

P03pi3HHIOTb

BOnOnOrJ1HHaHHH

sa

MacolO

Bv:

[(m1-m)/m]'100%, B =[(m1-m)N]'100%,
Bm =
V

Bv=Bm'Po,

(3.24) (3.25) (3.26)

'ra

3MeHweHWIM

reaneparypa
Kepa.MI4HH:

HaBKOJ1HWHboro ~in OC06JlHBO~C:fI~OBHX Ma-:epI-

cepenoaauia.

Firpocxoni-nra

B0J10ra KOJ1HBaCTbClI3~e)l{HO nJ1l1~iCKY

TeH CTpYKTYPI1 MaTepianiB:

4...9%;

anis 5 ... 7, nepeBI1HI1 - 12... 18, HI3.ll.pIOBaTHx 6eToHIB - 20 Yo I 61J1bwe. Firpocxoni-ure 3B0J10)l{CHHH npH3BO.ll.HTb no uecnpuarnueor 3MiHH PH.ll.Y BJ1aCTHaocreii 6yniBeJlbHHX MaTcpianiB, soxpeaa no 3HH)I{CHHH aKTHBHoCTi ueM~H'ry, Ha6yxaHHH nepeBI1HI1 H 3HH)I{eHHH "Ii MiuHOCTi, 3pocTaHHH TenJ10npOBI.ll.HOCTi TenJ1oi30J1HUiHHHX MaTepianiB.

uaca-reuoro aonoio; m - Maca cyxoro spasxa: V 06'CM spaaxa y npaponaoay CTaHi; po - cepenus rYCTHHa MaTepianiB. B01l01l0rJ1HHaHHlI sa 06'CMOM xapaxrepinyc BinKpHTY a60 TaK 3BaH)' yHBHy 1l0PIiCTicTb. Ha Bi.llMiHY sin BOnOnOrJ1HHaHHH sa MacolO nopacricrs 3aB)I{.lll1 MeHwa Hi)l{ 100%. )J.J1HMeTaniB, cxna, <pap<popy BO.llOnOr11HHaHHJI nopiBHIOC Hy11lO, rpauiry - 0,5 ...0,7%, wiJ1bHOrO 6eToHY - 2...7, KepaMit{Hoi" uerna 8...20, PH.ll.Y BHCOKonOpHCTI1X Ten11oi30J1HuiHHHx MaTepianiB - noaaa .JOO% (sa MacOIO). OCKiJ1bKH BO.ll.OnOrJ1HHaHHHnOB'Jl3aHe 3 pllnOM iHWHX ne m I
-

Maca 3pa3Ka.

BJ1aCTIiBOCTeH MaTepianiB

(MiuHicTIO,

MOP030CTiHKiCTIO,

npOHI1KHiCTIO TO-

uio),
3 BO.ll.OIOBOHH 3B0J10-

paai

nOTpe6H BOHO HOPMY€TbClI. LUO sacrocoayrorsca ..'XJ1H 6Y.lliBHHUTBa

Ilin -rac

6e3noccpcnHboro

KOHTaKTY MaTepianiB

)J.ml MaTepianiB,

rpefiens, pe-

)l{YIOTbCH 3aBnHKH KaniJ1l1pHOMY BCMOKTYBaHHIO, .ll.H<PY3i"lTa HOMY '3anOBHCHHIO

rinpocraraxnornaI

sonoio

BinKpl1THX nop. HH

K
IIaMH

a 11 iII

SI

uC

B C M 0 K T Y BaH

(anaruicrs aa

MaTepianiB

HaTH pi.ll.HHI1 BHaCJ1i.ll.OKni.ll.HiMaHHH "Ix no KaniJ1Hpa~)

cn~HlfHHIOCT~.C~ ~H-

nosepxuesoro

HaTHrY, LUO BHHI1KalOTb

Me)l{l nO.ll.JJ1Y TBepnOI

put-

KO"l<pa3, i xapaKTepH3Y€TbCH MYJ1010 (1,9).

BHCOTOIO ni.uHHTTH

h,

HKy BH3HaLfalOTb

aa

<pop-

Ilpn

rinpodiofiisauii

MaTepiaJ1iB COS

HHKac

KaniJlHpHHH

THCK, HKHH MaTepian 3

ri.ll.po{po6i30BaHHH 4HHHTb Mna. MO)fG1HaicTb nOTpi6HO onip

rinpOCTaTI14HOMY

i h<O, T06TO BHnporaaie ni.ll.HiMaHHIO BO.ll.H. Hanpaxnaa, KaniJ1HpaMH niaverpov 6J1H3bKO 10 MKM THCKY, HKI1H CTaHOBHTb npH6J1H3HO 0,03
3MiHIOC 3HaK

nanipaux cnopyn, Ba)KJlHBOIO BJlaCTHBicTIO nponycxara BO.llY nia nieto THCKY. B o n On p o H 11 K H i C T b xapaKTepH3YCTbCH xoediiuiorroa cpiJlbTpaui"i Kp, lIKHH nOKa3Yf KiJlbKiCTb BO.llH V., LUO npOTHrOM -racy t npOCOLfHJ1aClI xpin, oztaHHUIO nJ10LUi F BHnp06YBaHoro MaTepiany 3aBTOBWKH 8 npa pi3HHUi rinpoCTaTH4Horo THCKY P1- p} = 1 M BOn. CT.: = V.8/ F (PI-p}) r, (3.27)
C BO.llOnpOHHKHicTb,

sepayapis.

KOJ1eKTOpiB 'ra iHWI1X

snaruicrs

x,

B01l0npOHHKHicTb,

a60 BO.llOHenpOHHKHicTb

BHMiplOCTbClI TaKO)l( rpa«piss 3Pa30K. 3ane)l(HO ain BCTaHoB11eHi

HH4HHM THCKOM, npu SlKOMY eona He npoxonars 3Ha4CHHSI rpaaa-ruoro THCKY

(I OxMOa)

30KpeMa nJ1l1 6eToHiB

MapKI1 3a BO..'XOHenpOHHKHicTIO(W2,

W4, W6, W8, W12).

MO)l{YTb CYTTCBO 3MiHIOsaTHclI YTBopeHHSI P034HHHI1Ka Ixui ancop6uiifHo-aKTHBHoro (edietcr n.O.Pe6iH.llepa),

caM03BOIlO)J(eHHH MaTepianiB CKcnnyaTYI04H

'sa

Ilin -rac
paxyuox BCMoKTYBaHHJI TaK, LU06 saMexaHiclHi cepenoauura

3B0J1ml(CHHlI MaTepianiB paxyaox

SJ1aCTHBOcTi 3a

BpaxoBYBaTH.

6Y.ll.iBni Ta cnopynu.

i P03KJ1I1HIOBaJ1bHO'ini'i

102

103

p03Yl1HCHHH

ua

KOHTaKTaX 3pow,eHHSI MaTepiaJlY

KPI1CTaJIIB, Ha6yxaHHSI

WapYBaTO'j

3naTHicTb 3HaK03MiHHoi' KicHO

HaCHyeHOrO TeMnepaTypH

B01l.01O MaTepiaJIY Ha311BafTbCSI MOp

He PYHHYBaTHCSI nin 0 3 0 CT i

nicio
Kins-

CTpYKTYPI1 ;leSlKI1X MiHepaJIiB TOW,O. 311.anlicTb 8011.010

HK

i C T 10.

sfiepirara

MeXaHiYHi

BJlaCTHBOCTi Y HaCHlJeHOMY

MOP030CTiHKicTb

OUiHlOfTbCSI MapKaMH,

1110 nopiamoiors a60 MaCH

KiJlbKOCTi

craui

8011. 0 C T i H K i C T

s,

XapaKTepl13Y€TbCH (3.28)

xoediiuicarou

UHKJliB n04eprOBoro KI1 MaTepiaJIY

3aMOpO)l(YBaHHSI H BinTaBaHHSI, S1KY 3aTpHMYJOTb 3Pa3-

P03M'HKWeHHSI: 1I.e

x, = RH /
spanca.
P03M'lIKWeHHSI

6e3 3HH)I(eHHSI MiuHOCTi

nonaa

5 ... 25%

noaaa

5%.

Re,

MaOKI1 3a MOP030CTiHKicTIO cyxoro

MO)l(YTb KOJlI1BaTI1Cb y WI1POKI1X Me)l(aX 3aJIe-

R" -

MiuHicTb

HaCHyeHOrO B01l.01O; Re

MiuHicTb

spaaxa.

KoecpiuirHT

MO)l(e 3MiHIOBaTI1CSI Bill. HYJlSl (aanuo,

zte,Uo

»oro Bill. npaxna.a.

6eToHY

BHllY MaTepiaJIY, llJlSl

Horo

cxnaay,

xapaxrepy

nopHCTOCTi TOUl,O. Ha)J,Jl1l

uernu

BCTaHOBJllOlOTb MapKH

F 15 ... 50, na

rinporexuixnoro
Y XOJlO)J,H-

lIKi BH1I.HrJlHHI1 TOUl,O) no 01l.I1HHUi (CTaJIb, CKJlO, cpapcpop, B01l.0CTii1KI1X HaJIe)KaTb MaTepiaJIH, He MeHwe 'HlHHOCTi HK 0.8. lIKi MalOTb

rpaair rouio).

xoerpiuiear

P03M'lIKWeHHSI P03-

F50 ..500. Boztouacn-reui

-20 ... +20°C.

3pa3KH BHnp060BYIOTb

MOP030CTiHKicTb

ni1l.BI1w,eHHSI B01l.0CTiHKOCTi 1I.0CHralOTb 3HH)I(eHHlIM MaTepiaJIiB,

JlbHI1X KaMepax

nOCJlinOBHHM 3aMOpO)l(YBaHHSlM i Bi)J,TaBaHHSlM npa

resme-

'ra nopucrocri

ix rinpotpofiiaauicio
OC06JlHBO 3HaYHHH

a60

npOCOlJYBaH-

parypi
Bona

HaHxapaKTepHiwHx

xaninspaax

nopax

MaTepiaJIY

HSiM ra nOKpHTTSIM B01l.0CTiHKHMH cYMiwaMH. PYHHiBHHH BnJlHB

no-unrac

KPl1CTaJIi3YBaTI1CSInpa TeMneparypi MOP030CTiHKOCTi MaTepiaJIiB 1l0CHralOTb

-10 ... -20°C.

noposof sona

nia

'lac nii" none-

riinBl11lleHHSI

uacasmepen sa

pesiinaoro 1aMopQ)I(YBaHHlI H 3HaYHHX suyrpiumix nanpyxceas

uio
3aMep3ar B nopax BaHHSI i

BinTaBaHHSI.

LJ.e nOSICHIO€TbCSI P03BHTKOM T11CKYBO)J,H

paxynox

3MeHweHHSI BillKPHTOi" 3aKpHTHx nop.

BHaCJlinOK KPHCTaJIi3auiHHoro B Mipy

HSI P03MipiB

3aKpHTi

xaninspaof nopacrocri, a TaKO)l( 36iIlbweHnopn, sanoaueai nOBiTpSlM, BHKOHYIOTb

MaTepiaJIY.

-reprysaana

UHKJliB

sajaopoacyIH~eH-

ainraaauua

B MaTepiaJIi

HaKOnHlJYIOTbCSI 3aJIHWKOBi

nediopvauif',

mci

CnpHYI1HlOlOTb

PYHHYBaHHSI BTOMJlIOBaJIbHOrO

runy

(pHc.3.18).

CHBHicTb PYHHYBaHHSI nOB' S13aHai3 1pOC TaHHSlM BonOHaCHlJeHHlI MaTeplaJI.Y

-iepea

BinKpHTY

36iJlbWeHHSlM 06'fMY

LI ~,..,~ •• ..»:
..;,':: .. ...... - ~
_

nopucric'rs, a TaKO)l( i3 3HH)J(eHHSlM reuneparypa, yrsoproaauoro JlbO)J,YB MaTepiaJIi.

To6TO 13

pons 6ycpepiB, S1Ki nocIIa6I1IOIOTb TI1CK yraoproeanoro I1bO)J,Y.MOP030CTiHxicrs 3.pOCTaf. SlKUl,O niaaauiyersca BO)J,OCTiHKicTb MaTepianiB, i"XHSI Miuaicrs ua P03TS1r. TcnJlo$iJu'IHi BJlaCTHBocTi. Bi)J,HoweHHSI 110 annasy rennora BH3Ha4ar TeXHOJlori4Hi ra excnnyarauitiui xapaxrepacraxa MaTepianiB. M ipa rennosoi eaeprii, 1110 norpifiaa )J,JlSl ni)J,BHllleHHSI resmeparypa
MaTepiany Ha 1°C, Ha3HBaITbCSI Ten II 0

.;.·<·~···\·:.;·

M H i C T 10.

i BH3HalJalOTb ....

eKC-

nepl1MeHTaJIbHO

sa

nonoaoroio «anopaaerpie.
CI1CTeM. Tennocuaicrs hHbOi'

BHKOPHCTOBYlOlfH piBHSlHHSI

:'';

rennoaoro
H 6ynoBH

fianaucy

MaTepiaJIiB,

revneparypa
1,047 0,921

saneaorn, Bill XiMilfHoro CKJlanY 'ra BOJlOrOcTi. Ilaroua rennocanpaponuux

H WrylJHHX MaTepia-

10·

""'-'1.:.....:.._ ..

uicrs

CKJla CTaHOBHTb 0.035 - 0.754

K,U)J(/(Kr-K),

KaM'HIfI1X MaTepiaJliB

K):l)J(/(Kr·K).,UnSi

opraui-ruax

~,,~-]J; ..

I1iB BOBa 3HalfHO BI1Ula, Hi)l( f1illBl1llleHHH

nns aeopraai-nrax,

TenJlOfMHOCTi

npn

3POCTaHHi

resmeparypa
(3.29)

BI1p3)l(aITbCSI

~.

JliHiHHOIO

aanexoricrio C == C,,(I

+ aT),
O°C;

PII~. 3.18. Ouinxa CTaHY 3pa3KiB

socrutxicri,

sa .1lecRTI163JlbHOIO WK3JlOIO

npa BI1npo6YBaHHi aa C.S. Illecronepoaa.

MOPO-

ne Cu

nl1TOMa

'rennocanicn,

npa

a-

KOHCTaHTa;

T - aficornorua

TeM-

neparypa.

104

105

)lml

MaTCpiaJliB,

~Ki

narpisarors
B-T

LlO LlY)I(C BHCOKHX

revneparyp,

KOPH-

CTyIOTbC~ 3aJ1C)I(HicTIO:

C=a +
LlC a, B, C - cMnipHlfHi Iloy.HHalOy.H Bill TaK

C'

T1,
.nc6a~,

(3.30)

xoediiuicura.

axa BiLlnOBiLla€ MaKxpacranixaoi rpaTKH 6e'3 'il pYHHyBaHH~ i CTaHOBHTb 0,2 ... 0,5 Bill revneparypa nJlaBJICHml, niLlBHwcHH~ TCnJlO€MHOCTi 3 nonansuiaa '3pOCTaHH~M revneparypa CTa€
CHMaJlbHO MO)I(JJHBiH y.aCTOTi KOJlHBaHb aTOMiB

asauoi revneparypa

B MIPY yCKJlaLlHCHH~ XiMi4Horo cxnany MaTcpianiB i rx npoc'roponof rparxa, nepexony Bill xpacranixaor CTPYKryPH LlO axroprhno]. OLlHaK HaHlfYTJ1I1Biwa BOHa LlO 1MiHI1 nopHCTOCTi (pl1c.3.19). )lJl~ nopisusuua HaBeLleMO renncnpoaizmicrt, LlC~KHX MaTepianiB 'A, 3 BT/(M·K), uio MalOTb cepemno rycruay Po, Kr/M : nicri, 1MeHwy€TbC~ 6YLlOBI1 J

BY3JlaX

HC3Ha4HHM.

Ilpa
MKy

pi3HHUi

revneparyp
(xepaaixa,

y MaTcpiani

rennora
a
n

nepenacrscs
H i CT b CKJlO) a60

nanpsai-

MCHW

narpirux
PYXOM

nOBcpXOHb.

C n Jl

o Bill

3YMOBJlCHa PYXOM

Fpauir Cocua

2600 ... 2800 530 7860 200 .. .400 1900 1200

2,8 .. .3.4 0,17 58,00 0,06 ... 0,08 0,80

.~

Crans Miuepansna sara Lle rn a

KOJlHBaJlbHHM JlbHI1X 3poCTaL

npHpOLlHHH

KaMiHb, MaTcpianiB

CJ1CKTPOHis (McTaJ1H), ~KWO TCMncpaTypa

6iJ1bWOCTi

TCnJlOnpOBi.nHiCTb

ni.nBHWy€TbC~,

ane

y .nC~KHX

(ripcsxax

nopin,

MCTaJliB) - 3MCHWYE'TbC~,

A.BT/(",K)

11, %
50 60 70 80 90

Mipoio TenJ10npOBi.nHOCTi 'A e KiJ1bKiCTb eueprif, WO nepenacrscs

aa OLlHHHUIO -racy -repes nosepxui MaTcpiany npa
TCMncpaTypH 1°C. bHO, OLlHHHUIO pi3HHUi

I
)1

0,44
Bi.nKPHTi

Mipy

3pOCTaHH~ nopHCTOCTi ~Ke Ma€ HaHMCHWY

MaTepianiB

nopa

HaCHlfYIOTb-

0, 7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3

,......~__,.-T--,...__,r---,-....,

40

cepen BinOMHX pexoBI1H A= 0,023 BT/(M·K). )lJlSl MaTcpianiB 3 HI13bKOIO rennonpoaiznricno 6a»caaa npifiaorropacra 6ynoBa, OCKiJ1bKH npa UbOMY nepeaecenan TenJlOTH sa paxYHOK KOHBeKui'i, T06TO nepeaiureuua narpiroro noairpa BinHOCHO
C~ nOBiTp~M, TCnJlOnpOBiLlHiCTb XOJlOnHOrO, npaKTI14HO 3anponOHOBaHO He3HalfHe.

Y'i

BH3Hal..falOTb rpYHTYlOl..fHCb

fiararo

!jJOpMyJl

LlJ1~ BI13HalfCHH~

TenJlOnpOBi.nHOCTi

excnepavesran

sanexcuo
pHCTaIHl~

ain
LlO

nopHCTOCTi.

Haiinpocriura

3 HHX, PCKOMCHnOBaHa .lI.J1~ BHKO-

na pianaaai, Q = 'AFtDo T / 8, (3.31) zie Q - xinsxicrs TCnJlOTI1, ).VK; F nnouia nepepisy, nepnennaxynspHoro TOKy, .no M~: Hanp~MKy TenJlOBOrO no-

revneparypu 500°C. raxa: A" = Ao(I-Kn), (3.32) .ne A" - rennonpoeinaicn, rropacroro MaTepiany; A 0 - TC cave, nopacricno: n - saransaa nopacricrs B 4aCTKax onuuaui. 3ane)l(HicTb A Bin reuneparypa nJl~ 6iJlbWOCTi MaTcpianiB
HiHHHH .•xapaKTep:

3 HYJlbOBOIO

HOCHTb

ni-

rpasanicrs
nOTOKY,

npoxo-

Ll)l(CHH~
PItC.

TenJ10BOrO

ron.;
ne A" 1Ha4eHH5I MaTepiany. TenJ10-

A A npn

Ao( 1+f3t),
O°C;

(3.33) crana,
6epyTb

3.19. Tennonpoaiaaicn,
BOrHeTpl1BiB

pi3HI1X
3aJJelKHO

DoT -

pi3HHUg

revneparyp,
M. 06cpHeHY

DC; 0 -

f3 A

uio

3ane)l(HTb

Bin

BJlaCTI1BOCTeH

JlerKOBalKHI1X

TOBWHHa MaTcpiany, BCJlHlfI1HY,

Bill:

l-cepc.ursoi

rycrnun:

2-nopl1cToCTi.

nposinuocri.
If H HMO

Ha3HBalOTb n0pov ,

iTennonpoaiaT CP M

TeXHi4HI1X

pospaxyuxax

CTanHM y LlaHI1X

i TaKHM, Me)KaX

uio

.nOpiBHIO€

cepeznu.osry

apHcpMeTHLIHoMY

3Ha4eHHIO

BI1MiplOBaHHg

revneparyp.
Tennonpoainuicrs
i30Jl5luiHHI1X MaTepiaJliB,

Onl1H '3 BH3HalfanbHI1X sxi

nOKa3HI1KiB

$iKOCTi TCnJlOcria i no-

BI1KOPHCTOBYIOTb Y KOHCTPYKUi~x

106

107

xpiaens

6YJ1iBeJ1b. 5IKLUO eonoricri,

3pOCTac TO TenJ10npOBiJ1HiCTb MaTepiaJ1iaMeTpoM 0,027 ... 0, I MM TenJ10npo-

J1iB 36iJ1bWY€TbCSl. J1bOJ1Y 2.326 weHWI pO'3 W

BJlaCTI1BicTb

MaTepiany

npOTI1CT05IT11 Jli'I' BHCOKHX 'resmepa'ryp, BOHa xapaxrepn<pOPMI1nediopvyei resmeparypa

He

nopax

BiJ1HicTb nOBiTp51 npu BT/(M·K).

ooe

MaTepianiB

CTaHOBHTb 0,024 ... 0,031

BT/(M' K), BOJ1H- 0,58, a

CnpH'·IHHIO€ 36iJIb- Ten JI 0 B e TenJIOBOrO P03WH-

p03nJlaBJlIOIOYHCb. Ha3HBaCTbC5I B 0 r H e T p H B K i C T 10. 3YETbC5ITeMnepaTYpolO. nJlaBJleHH5I xapaxrepni npn 51KiH3pa30K nipavinansuoi'

llJl51

TbC5I, lliCTaIOYH BepWHHOIO OCHOBI1. BHCOKa aoruerpnaxicri, Mi)J( aTOMaMH i, HK nacninox, TiJI . .D.JI5IxapaKTepHCTHKH xoerpiuicnr

36iJ1bWeHHSl aMnJ1iTYJ1H KOJ1HBaHb npn aarpiaaaai cepeznrix

11

OllHOKOMnOHeHTHHX CI1CTeM (HanpHKJIaJJ., lfHCMaTepianiB noasa p03nJIaBY i Billnpn nOpiBH5IHO Hl13bKHX TeMnepaMaTepianl1 uravorui 3 BOrHeTpl1BKicTJO BHCOKOKap60snpia60 xpovirosi,

aincraueti

P e H H 51 'raepnnx

THX OKCl1lliB) . .D.Jl51 6araTOKOMnOHeHTHHX nOBiJlHO P03M'51KWeHH5I cnocrepiracrsca Typa.'... BorHeTpHBKI1MI1 Ha311BalOTb xaapuoai, I 770°C

peHH5I BI1KOPI1CTOBYIOTbTeMnepaTYPHHH

TenJIOBOrO p03WHpeHWBH, HaHOCRLJH3aXHCBiH xapaxaa 1°C. CKJIa

6 ,

H5I, 51KHHBpaXOBYIOTb, BJlaWTOBYIOLJHreuneparypai TepI13Y€TbCH BillHOCHI1M Bl1ll0B)J(eHHHM apasxa JliHiHHOro npn

Hi nOKpHTT}I, ni1l611palOLJI1 CKJJalll1 KOMn0311uiHHHX MaTepianiB. aarpiaaaui

1580 ... 1

nooe

(naaacosi.

BOrHeTpl1BI1 TOIllO),

Teuneparypuati

BOrHeTpl1BKI1MI1 - nouan
.D.Jl51

(BHCOKOfJlI1H03eMHcTi, npn

xoediiuicar
6

pO'3Wl1peHH5I opraHiLJHHX

MaTepiano-

PYHllOBi BorHeTpHBH TOLUO). MaTepiaJIiB. HKi npamorors BHCOKI1X revneparypax, lle<p0pMYBaHHIO MaTepianiB WaJlbHHMI1 MQ)KYTb 6YTH BnaCTI1BOCTi YHHHTI1 onip i
)f(

JIiB '3HaLJHO6iJIbWI1H. BiH CTaHOBI1Tb 0.5-10. J1ien1JlCHY

Hi)J( HeOpraHiLJHHx. TaK, HKLUOllJI5I xaapuoaoro rpazi.",

·6

TO llJI5I nOJ1iBiHiJll(JlOPHJ1Y - 80 ... 90.10. rpan ..

·1

160 ... 239·10

pYHHYBaHHIO i npOTHCTOHTH XiMiYHOMY pYHHYBaHHIO - )J(a p 0 M i u H i C T b p03WI1peHHH spocrae T e pKOa p o C T i H K i C T b. ra iauri Ilpl1KJIaJJ.aMI1 i K06aJIbTOBiH xepaui-rui,

IlPI1 '3MeHWCHHi xoedriuicirra M 0 C T i H K i C T b - snaruicn,

JIiHiHHOro

xcapoviuaax

C CnJIaBH

MaTepiany

BHTpl1MYBaTH revrteparypni HarpiBaHH5I MaTepiany. saneacaocri, reuneparyp;

ua 3aJ1i3HiH. HiKeJleBiH MeTaJlQKap6illHi P03pi3H5IIOTb noninunrrn

OCHOBax, CKJIallHi MeTanooKcHJJ.Hi, xepauixo-aeraneai, ayrnerparpiMO)J(Ha i nOJIiBJIaC-

JIHBaHH5I 6e3 3HI1)KeHH}I MeXaHiLJHI1X i lle<p0pMaTHBHI1X BJIaCTHBocTeH.

KOMn0311uiHHi MaTepianH.

Tepaocrifucicrs
uisunxe aiaoopaacaro'n, uanpyru

BI11HaLJalOTb revneparyporc, MiuHicTb

110 51KO'"i

MeTaJleBi,

OXOJIOll)J(CHH5Ipi3KO 3MeHwyc

Tepvocritixicre
HanpHKJIaJ1, y

TOBi, CKJIOKPI1CTaJliYHi

»capocriaxi

MaTepianl1.

Ixui

BnaCn1BOCTi

TaKQ)K y <popMi xparepiansxoi

apMYBaHH5IM sa nonovororo MaTepiaJIiB

HI1TKOnOlli6HI1X xpacranis <pi3I1Ko-MexaHilfHl1x

BHrJIRUi BiJ1HOWeHH5I MiuHOCTi MaTepiaJIY .11,0 TepMiLJHI1X aanpyr, MO)J(YTb 6YTH cnpa-nnreui: xoediiuic-rra I) rpanietrraua JIiHiHHoro TOLUO. POlliCIO restneparypaoro XiMiLJHHMI1 peaxuiaun, MOllynb npyxcaocri,

Tepaisni
2) aaisor36iJIbwye-

KpHCTaniYHHX BonOKOH a60 HaHeceHHHM )J(apocTiHKI1X nOKpI1TTiB. 3llaTHicTb TI1BOCTeH nin T 10. xpias He 3MiHIOBaTI1 csoix fiynisensaol

p03WHpeHH5I, JIOKaJIbHHMH

nicio ainxpirroro
BOrHeCTiHKoCTi npoamcarors

nonYM'51 Ha3I1BaIOTb B 0 r H e C T i H K i cKOHCTPYKlli'l BI1MiplO€TbC5I B rolfl1 soroas. 220°C

lIoJliMOp<pi3MOM

Tepaocriaxicrs
i MiuHicTb, MaTepianiB.

Mexca

TbC5I. HKLUO nillBI1w,YIOTbC5I .D.o MaTepianiB 45·10

·7

rennonpoainuicrs onnopiaaicrs

3MeHwycrbcH

lll1HaX lli'l BiJJ.KpHToro nonYM'51 110 nOHBI1 HaCKpi3Hl1X Tpiw,I1H a60 OTBOpiB, HKi sinsao npoJJ.YKTI1 ropians

sfiinsurycrsca

Mead

BOrHena ueo-

BI1COKO'1 TepMocTiHKOCTi niuiHHoro B 51KHXKTP

HaJIe)J(aTb MaTepiaJIH, HKi Ma(KTP)

·7

CTiHI«)CTi JJ.OC5IraIOTbTaKQ)1( TOJJ.i. KOJIH nillBI11lleHH5I revneparypn 6naJIlOBaHiH nosepxai KOHCTPYKUi"i CTaHOBI1Tb nouan BTpaLJaC HecYLJY 3llaTHicTb. Me)J(a aoruecritixocri

IOTb TepMiLJHI1H xoediiuicirr rpaa ..

. ·1

p03WI1peHHR nepesaurye

MeHWI1H Hi)J(
·1

i KOHCTPYKlli51

Marepianu,

80·10

°C

, xapaxrepa-

[(n51

He3aXI1LUeHI1X MeTaJleBI1X KOHCTpYKlliH

1YIOTbC5I HH3bKOI0

TepMocTiHKicTIO. Hanpuxnan, BHp06H 3 nnaBJIeHOrO 7 l KpeMHt:"3eMY (KTP<7.IO· rpall· ) He PYHHyIOTbC5I npa TepMilfHOMY ynapi

CTaHOBI1Tb 0,5 ron .• 3aJ1i306eToHY -

1 ... 2,

6eTOHY -

2 ... 5 ron.
ronoBHHM nOKa3HHKOM nO)J(e)J(Ho'" 6e3neKl1 MaTepianiB 6YlliBeJIbHi MaTepianl1 C "'XHH C n aaa TpH

6Yllb-HKOI iHTeHCI1BHOCTi.

11M i C T b.

3a CrlaJIHMicTIO

noninaxrrscs

rpynn:

108

109

- uecnannjai cxnaziy:

- MaTepHUlH, He 3.naTHI roprrn

B noairpi

aopaansaoro )l)Kepe1la HOPMar:tbMaTepiaTaK i MaTe60PHO-

THYBaTe 3a6apBIleHHH, cnpli4HHIOIOTb Ha xonip ,lloMiwKH, opraHi4HHMH, .nHcnepcHi aaairs

6Jli.nHiwe,

Hi)l( iOHH

Fe

3T .

Cyvicaicn; Fe +

Fe2+

CHHbO-YOpHe 3a6apB11eHHH MiHepaJIiB. MiHepaJliB CYTTfBO BnJlHBalOTb TaKO)J( YMOBH Ix }TBopeHHH, H cepenosaure. TBep.llHMH, pillKHMH i r33ono.lli6HHMH.

- Ba)J(KOCnaJIHMi - MaTepiar:tH, HKi

ropinus.

ane aracaro n, nicna

- cnanawi

- MaTepiaJIH.

snarui 3aHMaTHcH nizi zricio Horo aananeua»; snarui cavocrijiuo ropiru y noairpi npaponui
i

rOJlOBHHM YHHOM TeMneparypa opraHiYHHMH.

uio BHKJlHKalOTb 3a6apB11eHHH MiHepaJIiB, MO)J(}Tb 6}TH He-

aorc cxnany.
jJ.o HecnalH1MHX aanexcars
1IH, no Ba)J(KOCnaJIHMHX - 'raxi,

Fpyfioj(K

urrysui ueopraaiuui

.noMiwKH

YTBOplOlOTb He nyace YHCTHH i HCKpaBHH TOH, roni

uio CKJla.naIOTbCH HK 3 aecnanavax, rinCOBi TOll.W), no CnaJIHMHX - opranixui (aMOHiHHIiMH Cn01lYKaMIi,

He3HaYHa xinsxicn,

TOHKO.llHCnepCHHx .noMiwOK 31laTHa CnpH'IHHHTH K011bOPOBIiX cYMiweH nepeaaxoro 3aCTocoBYIOTb OKCH.llH H COJli

CnaJIHMHX KOMnOHeHTiB (accpaJIbT06eTOH, raHiYHOMY 3anOBHIOBaYi, cpi6pOIliT pianu. He saxauieui aarunipeuava CPOCCPOPHOKIiC11HMH C011S1MH T.n.), i OUTH'IHi 6y.niBeJlbHIiX xonip, anacraaocri. MaTepiaJIiB.

i 6eTOHHi BHp06H aa op-

IHTeHCHBHe 3a6apB11eHHH MiHepaJIiB.

.llJllI oTpHMaHHH pi3HoMaHiTHHX

<l>ap6H MiHepaJIbHOrO

nOXO.ll)l(eHHH (nirveuru), cyviuri.

pi3HHX MeTaJliB a60 Ixai OC0611IiBO onopanacyaansuax nac. xuicro nornai (no P03pi3HHIOTb nai rpyna xonsoposoro Bi.nTiHKH,

,QnH fiararuox.

Ba)f(J1I,1Be3HayeHHH MalOTb OnTHYHi B11aCTHBOCTi:

B 11101 K C Kinsxicuo

- BJlaCTHBicTb MaTepiaJIiB BiH sapaacacrscx

Bi.ll6HBaTH CBiTJlO, uio aa HHX naBi.ll6HTTH,

xoediiuicarov

KBi1l6

j(KHH e CPYHi xoerpiuic-

6IlHCK, nposopicrs.

nOKa3HHKa 3aJ10M11eHHHn, a nns nenposopax MaTepianiB

[( n-I

MaTepianiB

0 Jl i p

MaTepia11iB cpi3liYHO MO)J(Ha nOHCHHTH BH6ipKOBHM axpOMaTHYHe (uopuo-fiine), HKe Mac nepexinui fiapaa. ,llo

HTa nOr11IiHaHHH k,lOr". ,QnH Henp030pHX

HaHHHM BH.nHMO'i 0611aCTi cnexrpa. 3a6apBJleHHH: xpOMaTH4He 3 uicio a60

iHWOIO HaCli4eHicTIO

K011bOpy, T06TO cryneaev OCHOBHHX CneKTpaJIbHO npovens, HKHH

k 16 = Cepezt MiHepaniB. 70%) rpannscrscs

HI:

)2+n2kuOI'JlJ / [(n+ I )2+n2kllornJ.

npaponai

(3.34)
yaCTO

uro cxnanaxm,

KaM'HHi MaTepianH,

CKJlHHHH 611HCK (n=

Ha6JlH)l<eHHH no YHCTIiX xonsopis, npOXO.D.I1Tbxpias

LIHCTO'i cnexrpansuoi nposopy

BHWHH aJIMa3HHH i MeTaneBIiH r1131lKOCTi noeepxai n011ipY104H ..-, a60 KY nOBepxHIO. MaTepianiB.

WO OTPIiMYIOTbCH 3 p03KJla.naHHH fiinoro npH3MY, aaneacars

1,5 1,8), piaure (no 1-2%) _ 611IiCK (n=2,7 3,4). IiJlHCK 3ane)l(HTb sin Bacoxoro 6JlHCKY noaepxai nocararors,
ra evani, HKi p03TiKalOTbcH, i YTBOPlOlOTb PiBHY nponycxaru

YepBOHHH, OpaH)I(eBHH, )l(OBH BorHIO, a60 xononni (.nOBrOXBHJlbOBi -

BIiKOPHCTOBYIOYH rnasypi

THH, 3eJleHHH. 6JlaKHTHHH, CIiHiH i cpiOJleTOBHH. Y 3B'H3KY 3 acouiaraanav cnpHHHHTTHM KOJlbOpiB p03pi3HHIOTb Bi.nTiHKH rn.ony (KOpOTKOXBIi11bOBi - 6JlaKHTHi, YepBOHi. opauxceai, )KOBTi). MiHepaJlbHIiX MaTepiaJIiB 3YMOB11eHHH xapaxreposr .necpeneXpOXpO(yepCHHi. cpiOJleTOBi) H rerini

p03n11aBJlIOIOYIiCb npu BHCOKiH

reaneparypl,

rnaneus-

n p 030

pic

Tb

- BJlaCTHBicTb MaTepiaJIY c «oediiuicnr HKe ainnoaiaao

CBiTJlO 6e3

p03cilOBaHHlI. ne

Mipoio nposopocri
cairna,

nposopocri:

Konip

npnpcnuux

knp=L'/Lo, L', Lo iareacaauicrt, BHXO.llY i naaac ua axiznry nosepxaro.

(3.35)
npOHWJlO Kpi3b nOBepxHIO

e11eKTpOHHO'"B3acMo.ni·, CK11a.nOBHXe11eMeHTiB, a TaKO)l( CTpyKryPHHX 'KTiB i Ki11bKicTIO MeXaHiYHHX nouiurox. XPOMOCPOPHi B11aCTHBOCTi,T06TO snaruicn, sxoro K011bOPY. MalOTb iOHH nepexiaunx aanaaara

MiHepaJlaM Micue cepen

Cuirnonponycxauua
nOrJlHHaHHH

6Y.llb-HKO"i peYOBHHH nOB'1I3aHe 3 KoecpiuifHTOM wapy

MeTaJliB - THTaHY. aaaaniio, 3a6apBJleHHH nac

knor.,

i TOBlilHHOIO nornuxansaoro

CniBBi.llHOWeHHHM

MY, 3aJ1i3a, MapraHl.{IO. Ko6a11bTY, HiKeJlIO H Mi.lli. 4iJlbHe MocpopiB nanexorn, 3aJ1i3Y. HaHiHTeHCHBHiwi

Fe

3+

(aa 3aKOHOM Jlavfiepra-Eaepa):

BOHIiH. 6YPI1H. )I<OBTHH, 3eJleHHH). IOH

Fe-

J+

klip

e -k norn 8 ,

(3.36)

BHK11HKaf 3eJleHYBaTe H 611aKH-

lle e - OCHOBa HaTypaJIbHOrO norapadiaa.

110

III

5lKWO

knr=O.

TO MaTepiaJl

Henp030pI1H.

Koeqiiuiear

np030pOCTi np030pOCTi

sa

3BYKonOrIlJ.1HaJlbHi B a II i C T b 06'cMax npHMiweHHSI (opI1MiLUeHHSlx).

MaTepiaJlH 3a6e30elJYfOTb TaKO)K nOTpi6H)' U i'l -

Tp H-

3HalJeHH5IM Ha6JlI1)I<aeTbC5Ino O)lI1Hl1ui )lJl51 TOBJl5lIDTb JliH311, CBiTJlOBO)l11TOLUO. 3aMicTb BI1KOPI1CTOBYIDTbTaK 3BaHY OnTl1lJHY

OnTl1lJHOrO CKJla, 3 5IKOrO Bl1fO-

P e B e p 6 epa

nocrynoaoro

3raCaHH5I 3BYKY B 3aKpHTHX

xoediiuicara (3.37)

qaCTO

rycrauy
MO)KHa 3acTocYBaHH5IM pi3HI1X

3MeHwf1TI1

POnT = -19 knp , npoaopicrs MaTepiaJlY

nosriuros, YTBOpeHH5IM MiKPOTpiI.UI1H, Bi)lHOCHO xpynuax nacnoxauia. Brpara npo30poCTi CKJlOM - rnyuriuns, 3a6e3nelJY€TbC5I yTBopeHH5IM BI1COKOJlI1Cnep~HO'(nsodraauof CI1CTeMI1. Y p03nJlaBJleHoMY cxni yTBOpIDIDTb CPa3Y "3 HaH)lpi6HiuJI1x KPI1CTaJlI1KiB, uanpaxnazr, OKCI1)liB OIlOBa, TI1TaH)', Ul1pKOHilD. flOf\a3HI1KI1 3aJlOMIleHH5I nucnepciaaoro cepenosauta H )lHCnepCHO"lcpa311)lIl51 rnyuiiuua MalDTb 3HalJHO Bi)lpi3H5ITI1CSI. LJ.eH npHHUHo BHKOPHCTOBYfOTb TaKO)l( )lIlSI fJIYWiHH5I cpap60BI1x nOKpI1TTiB, sxi MicT5ITb nnisKOyTBOPfOBaJlbliy pelJOBI1HY 'ra AKyCTH'IHi BJlaCTUBocTi.

peaepfiepauii 3aJle)KHO Bi)l iirrep'cpy ... 2,0 c. )].0 Bi)lOMHX 3BYKooorJlHHaJlbHI1X MaTepiaJliB naneacars MiHepaJlOBaTHi Ta CKJlOBOJlOKHHCTi OIlI1TI1, LUO MalOTb sinxpirry nopacricrs He MeHllIe Hi)K 75%.
TPHBaJlicTb H lJaCTOTI1KOJlHBaHb CTaHOBHTb 0,2 )J.JlSIni.ll.BHLUeHHSI3BYKonOfJlHHaHHSI B 06J1aCTi HH3bKI1X lJaCTOT sfiinsBIlawToBYfOTb

WYIOTb TOBllIHHY MaTepiaJliB,

pianavu.

BI1COKe "3BYKonofJII1HaHHSI B

npouiapxa noairpn Mi)K MaTeWI1POKOMY nianasoui lJaCTOT 3a6e3nelJY€TbCSI TaKO)K UICfO IlOM. KOM6iHa00-

nepthopoaaaoro

Kpl1TTSI3 nopHCTHM MaTepia10·

nirweur.

Bpaxouyrors xapaxrepaaye onip

onip

i 3BYKonofJIl1HaHH5I

6y-

EneKTpocJlhH'Iui CTUBOCTi.

ana3 OCHOBBJlaCC

niaern.uux MaT~piaIliB. A K Y C T Ii lJ H 11H

0 nip

Bi)lHOWeHH5I aMoIliry)l

THlJHOrO THCKY. H KOIlHBanbHo'(

WBI1)lKOCTi lJaCTI1HOK MaTeplaJlY

axycnin ziiero

usoro ne A,

" :;:.

i"

10~

Onaicio

HHX eJleKTpocpi3HqHHX THBOCTeH MaTepiaJliB

,

THCKy. nl1TOMI1H aKycTl1lJHI1H

z
T"

= A aT/ A c,

(3.38)

.::c:

Ac -

KOMnJleKCHa

aunni'ryna

ainnosinno

aKycTHlJHOrO THCKY I JII-

..
0

107 10"

e n e x r p o n p o n i ji
Hi C T b -

snarnicn,

npoBO-

=:

HiHHO"l KOJlI1BaJlbHo'l WBH)lKOCTi lJaCTHHOK Cepe)lOBHLUa. 51KLUOHe)(TYBaTI1 BTpaTaMH TOMHH aKYCTHlJHI1H onip 3BYKy B )laHoMY aKycTHlJHOrO .ll.OBHLUa. W06 THlJHHH THCK Y

npa noumpeaai
uiinsuicrs.
onip

1BYKOBHX XBHIlb, TO OH-

=: ...

:I; 0 l-

.ll.HTH eJleKTpHlJHHH CTPYM. BHMiplOlOTb rycTHHH

I"i

lOS
10~ 10J 102

Si.ll.HOWeHH5IM

CTPYMY

no aanpynposi-

MO)KHa 3HaHTI1 51K)l06YTOK WBI1)lKOCTi

nourapeans

)KeHOCTi eJleKTpHlJHOfO nOIlSI

Cepe)lOBI1LUi Ha Horo

Ha 3HaqeHHSI OHTOMOfO

(naroua
nnicn.).

eJleKTpHYHa

OhOpy CYTTCBO BnIlI1Bar 13H3HalJHTHaKycTHlJHHH

qaCTOTa KOJlHBaHHSI qaCTHHOK cepeMaTepiaJliB, BHMiplOlOTb

LJ.eH nOKa3HHK .ll.JlSI MaTepiaOM -I

axyc-

eIleKTpOnpOBi.ll.HI1X

'rpyfiui,

"3aKpHTiH "3O)lHOrO 60KY "3pa3KoM. xapaKTepH3Y€TbC5I MaTepiaJliB

rria
-I

)lOpiBHIOC

104 ••. 106

'.. -I

3 By K 0 nor a60 KoecjJiuicHroM

II H H a H H 51 MaTepiaJliB nOrJlHHaHHSI 3ByKY.

cryneaev
nOfIlI1HaTH

CM , -

3)laTHicTb

10-10 ... 1040

I

HantSnpOBI.ll.HHKIB M CM,
-I

eIleKT-

3BYK 3YMOBJleHq "lXHbOfO

nopncricno,

BOHa "3pOCTaC"3ni.ll.BHl.UeHH5IM KiJlbKO100 90

POi30Il5luiHHHX

MeHW

10-10

cri Bi.ll.KPHTI1X riop, cepenuix lj.aCTOTaX

MaKCI1MaJlbHHH MaTepiaJll1

niaverp SlKHX He nepeBHI.UY€ 2 MM. Ha snarui nornauaru no 40% 3BYKOBO"l eneprir

3BYKonOrJll1HaHHSI 6Ill13bKO

._

811

70 60 Si01B%

so
CKJla B

OM·

CM-I. ):VISI

rtpoaiznraxie

XBHJlb. T06TO M<lIDTb

xoediiuicur

0,4.

Puc. 3.20. Enexrponpoainnicrs cacreui Na20-Si02.

ra HaniBnposi.ll.HHKiB xapaxrepna eJleKTpOHHa npoainHICTb, .ll.IlSI pl3HHX sania

112

113

eneKTpoi30JUITOpi

B (nieneKTPI1KiB)

- nepeaaacao

iOHHa. 10HHa enexrporrpo(pac.

oynb-51KI1H nieneKTPI1K He nepeaauryio'nyMoBax.

MO)Ke 6YTI1 BI1KOpHCTaHI1H npu uanpyrax, Iln51 asoro MaTepianiB nacrac 51BHlUenp060ID nienexrpaxie

RKi

BiJlHiCTb 3pOCTa€ 1 ninBl1lUeHH5IM 'rextrteparypa BI1Il.lYIDLJI1xoediiuicar Bi)lHOCTi MaTepiaJliB enexrportpoainnicri, Ha xinsxicri, npoaiaaicrs 3 iOHHOID enexrponpoaiaaicno. noni6HI1H no

3.20)

,L{oMiwKI1,

nin-

rpaHI1LJHHX 3HaLJeHb, xapaxrepnax

B neBHHX i nOBHa BHTpHMyBa-

nl1cpY1i'i, TaKO)J( Cnpl151IDTb 36inbweHHID

enexrponpoHe3HaLJenexrpo-

Ilpa

Bl1lUl1X nanpyrax

Bnnaa nopHCTOCTi sa

BHTpaTa HI1M i30n5luiHHHX BnaCTHBOCTeH. 3IlaTHicTb TI1 uanpyry (enexrpa-ma MiuHicTb) xapaxrepasycrsca nons. BHOi' HanpY)KeHOCTi enexrpaxaoro

..-i

Bnnl1BY aa TennOnpOBi)lHicTb.

BeJII1LJHHOIDnp06H-

iaonsoaauxx

piBHOMipHO P03MilUeHI1X nop 3MeHwye 3POCTaHHID nopacrocri. 3pOCTae. MaTepianH - MeTanH

MaH)Ke nponopuijiao rsepni

13

36inbWeHH}lM Ta Ixai

nopl1CTOCTi ''-'' annua

Ha enexrponpoaizmicn, enexrponpoainai - xepavixa, cxno,

Xapaxrepni
BnaCTI1BicTID. H H H 0 nip. KryPI1, AI20, WYIDTb. XapaKTepHI1M rpyna nienexrpaxis. opicurauis sonorocri. ninBl1lUYIDTb

Pantauinno-dnaaxai BJlaCTHBocTi. Pi3Hi MaTepianH HeO)lHaKOBOID MipOID nornaaaiors ioaiaauiiini BHnpOMiHIDBaHHR. Ten.JJOBi HeHT}lOHH erpeKTHBHO nOrnl1HaIDTbC5I MaTepianaMI1, lUO MiCT5ITb aTOMH fiopy, Ka.D.MilO,
caaapiio, radiuiro 'ra in. ,L{nR MaTepianiB, sxi

CnnaBI1; enexrpoiaonauiaai

crnona, a36eCT. e en e K T P 11LJMgO, 'ra XiMiLJHOrO cKJla.D.Y, crpyH20, Fe203, FeO - 3MeHlUO BXOnl1Tb .D.O sapanis a60

norrmnaxrrs

BHnpoMiHIDBaH-

06epHeHOID no enexrponpoainaocri, THCKY H revneparypa. eneKTpl1LJHI1H onip, npouecov

HR, LJaCTOBHKOPI1CTOBYIDTbeneMeHTapHI1H 6op. HiTPHIl a60 xapfiin TaKO)f( 60pHCTy crans. ,L{nR nocnafineuus CTOBYIDTb nerxi eneuerrra nOTOKY WBHIlKI1X HeHTpoHiB y MaTepianax (aoneus. niria. 6epl1niH, 60p, syrneus) HeihpOHH.

fiopy,

BiH 3ane)KI1Tb Bin MiHepanbHoro a Na20,

HanpI1KJ1a.D., OKCH.D.HSi02,

BHKOPI1pa30M 3

eneMeHTaMI1, 51KiecpeKTI1BHO nOrJIHHaIDTb rennosi nn51 6Y)lb-liKOro MaTepiany, nOrnHHaHHH anie. TOMY Iln51 4aBYH, crans,

Y-

Bl1npOMiHIDBaHH5I niIlCHnIDeTbCH y lUinbHHX MaTepiusoro BHnpOMiHIDBaHH5I BHKOPHCTOBYIDTb '3BHLJaHHHH6eToH. TO '3aCTOCOBYIDTb Kr/M

J

c nonapaaauia

- 06Me)KeHe

3MilUeHHli

nornaaauu»

)ll1nOJlbHI1X MOJleKyn.

Ilpo

51Bl1lUa, 3YMOBneHi

nOJI5IpI13auieID, .D.ieJIeKTpHKa .D.ieJIeKnoxasyc

CBI1HeUb, CBI1HUeBi CTeKIl a, a HaHlfacTiwe '3MeHWI1TI1 TOBIl.lI1HY '3aXI1CHOrO urapy, axoro CTaHOBI1Tb JIerKHX enevenris

MO)KHa CY.D.I1TI1 sa 3HaLJeHHliM .D.ieJleKTpI1LJHO·" pOHHKJlI1BOCTi, a TaKO)K sa n BeJIl1lfl1HOID xyra )lieJIeKTpI1LJHHX BTpaT, RKlUO nonapasauia cynpOBO.D.)f(Y€TbC5I p03ciIDBaHHRM

51Kll.lo nOTpi6HO

OC06nl1BO Ba)«KI1H 6eTOH, rycruua ni.D.Bl1lueHH5I BMiCTY B fieroni aoro Bl1npOMIHIDBaHHR.

eueprir,

6000 Y -,

i fiinsure.

lUO Cnpl1'-IHHIDe poairpis MaTepianiB nons £11

(eoneus.

60p) nac 3MOry TaK i HeHTpoH-

rpaxa.
,L{ieJIeKTpl1LJHa CKiJIbKI1 pasia MaTepiani fiinsuia uanpyxceaicrs npOHI1KHiCTb enexrpa-moro

BI1KOPl1cToBYBaTI1 Horo OIlHOlfaCHO IlnR

nOrnl11-1aHHRRK MaTepianiB

B eJIeKTpoi30JIRUiHHOMY

Paniauiilna
Bl1npOMiHIDBaHH5I.

cTiiildcTb.

Ile

criiixicrs

no )li'i ioniaauiauoro KOHCTPYKuiH 'ra cnoTa in. sa MaTepianH, iouisauijl-

MeHwa sa uanpyaceuicrs aosuiunn.oro eneKTpl1LJHOrO nOJIR. HaH5 )lieJIeKTpl1LJHa npOHI1KHiCTb (.D.O I O~... I 0 ) xapaxrepaa .D.JIR CefHeTO(TI1TaHaT 6apiID, uirpar HaTpiID TOlUO), HaHMeHwa 3 HeihpanbHI1X

1'1 cnia

BpaxoBYBaTI1 npn saeneaai ninnpacvcra diaxropie,

PY)l aTOMHI1X enexrpocrauuiti.

'3 BI1po6HI1UTBa iaoronia uio niiors

enexrpaxis

(1 ... 10) - .D.1IR

MoneKyn. ,llnR

Cepen

ycix

BiIlOMI1X excnnyarauianax ( HaHcHnbHiwl1M. c uiinsuicn,

TBeY,.D.I1Xnienexrpaxia,

RKi cKJiaIlalDTbCli

onpouineaua noro

Crynias

i rnl16HHa RKicHHX '3MiH MaTepia-

TBepIlHX IlieJIeKTpl1KiB 3HalfeHHR 1l0piBHID€ xsanpary nOKa3HI1Ka 3anOM- . 2. ,L{o nienexrpaxis neHHR cairna £.7 == n 3 1l0piBHHHO HH3bKOID .D.ieJIeKTpHLJHOlD npOHI1KHiCTIO aanexcars MepiB (nns CKIlO (zina nY)KHOrO CKIla £.'1 CMOnl1

rtis 3ane)KI1Tb Bin .110311 npouiueaus. o onpoviueaua IOHi3auiHHe i HeHTpOHaMI1.

OCHOBHHMI1 rtapaaerpaua

nOTOKY lfaCTI1HOK a60 KBaHTiB 'ra 'iXHR eae-

6,5),

pria.
BHnpOMiHIDBaHHR MO)Ke '3YMOBJlIDBaTHCR3ap}lJl)KeHHMH LJaCTl1l-1KaMH enCKTpOHaMI1. npOTOHaMI1. Me'30HaMH, -

pR.D.noni-

cpeHOJlcpopManb.D.eriIlHo'i

sJ

==

4,5,

nOJIiCTHPOJIY £11= Bi.D.

Y-

Bl1npOMiHIOBaHH}lM aa

2,4 ...2,6).
revneparypn

,L{ieJleKTp114Ha npOHI1KHicTb MaTepianiB H LJaCTOTI1 npaxnaneaoi uanpyru.

3ane)KI1Tb nepeaaxao

peansnax

YMOBax MaTepianl1

eKcnnyaTYIOTbCR npa KOMnIOHi3aui51 nic

neKCHiH .D.i·"BHnpOMiHIOBaHH5I pi3HI1X BI1IliB.

crpyxrypy

114

115

MaTepianiB,

U(O np113BO.uI1Tbno p03pI1BaHH5I XiMi4HI1X 3B'5I3KiB 'ra ioaiaauii ra "(Inediopvauh. OPI1 MaTepiany BeJl11 KO'!'KiJlbKOCTi eueprii BiH MO)l(e

MOneKYJl, 3MiU(eHH5I aTOMiB y Kp11CTani4Hii1 rparui UbOMY aa paXYHOK nepena-ri uarpiaaraci., 06nanIOBaTI1Cb i nepexoznrra

Paniauiiiua criiixicn, Ix. Hanpaxnan, paniauiiina

MaTepianiB spocrac, Ta 3MeHwycTbClI P03Mip

MaTepianiB criaxicn,

3aJle)f{HTb ain ripcsxax nopin

cxnany

i1 CTpyKryPH

'ra iHWHX KaM'5IHI1X

>lKWO 36inbWYCTbC5I B "XHbOMY cxnani KpI1CTaniB. ,Unll 6eToHiB

3 Kpl1CTani4HOrO CTaH)' B auopU(O BI1HI1KaIOTb, np113BOTpiU(I1H i aapeurri XapaKTepHCTHKH, no TeM-

asroprpaa <pa3a i P03lJHHiB n03HTHBHe xpyn-

<pHI1i1.
Paniauiaui
ne<peKTI1 CTpyKTYPI1 MaTepianiB, uanpyr, .u5lTb no p03BI1TKy aayrpiumix neparypna nerpopuaraaaicrs,

3Ha4~HH>I Mac 36inbWeHH5I 06'CMY ueraeirruoro HOCTi 3anOBHIOBa4a. ni.uBHU(eHY paniauijiay CHO 3MiUHeHi cnnasa. cnnasa critixicrs

KaMeHIO, 3MeHweHWI crani,

nOBHOrO pyi1HYBaHH5I. 3MiHIOIOTbC5I TaKO)f{ BOCTi MaTepiany.

neoopaauia, npyxcai

MalOTb aepacaauoxi ra BHCOKY paniauiriuy

nucnepMalOTb

XpOMy. UHPKOHilO, aaaaniio MaTepianH.

aiofiiro.

rennonpoainuicrs, peaynsrarn

rYCTI1Ha 'ra iauri

BJIaCTI1-

Cepen

HeMeTa.,1eBHX MaTepianiB

criiucicn,

6eTOHH 'ra iruui ucopraai-rai BnJlHBY onpouiaeaaa ua BJIaCTHBO-

y Ta6J1. 3.3 aaseneno

cri .ue5lKHX MaTepianiB.

3.3. Kopoaiaaa cTiuKicTb

K0
p 0 3 i >I (Bin JIaT. corrosio - p03'· ... JlaHH5I) - pyi1HYBaHH5I MaTepianiB 3a cryneaev aa aearpecasai BnnHBY na 6yniBeJIbHi
n, CTlHKICTh MaTepJaJIlB
Pe3YJlbTaT BnJlHBY

Ta6JIHUSI

3.3. Paniauitiaa
nOTiK HeHTpoHiB, 2 HeiiT/(CM . c)

nin BnJlHBOM arpecasucro KOHCTPYKUi', cepenoauuia Hi

BJlaCTH-

cepenoauuia.

IHTerpaJJbHHH

noninaro
(CP)

(H), CJIa6KOarpecHB-

Marepian

WBHllKHX

(CJl).

cepenasoarpecaaui noxnaneno ainnocue oznroro

i CHJlbHOarpeCI1BHi (CI1).

OCHOBY xnaB 30Hi KOpO-" KOH-

Bl1npOMiHIOBaHH5I 3MiHIOIOTbClI BOCTI HaniBnpOBi.uHHKOBi

carpixaui]

3HH)f{eHH>I MiuHOCTi MaTepiany

3i'j i 30BHiwHC

np05lBneHH5I 03HaK KOP03i'i B pesynsrari pOKY (Ta6J1.

excnnyarauir

CKJlO MeTaJJH

Byrneuesa
CTaJTb

1014 19 14 10 ..• 10 1018 ..• 1019 10~()

CTPYKUii1 nporxrov
3POCTaC ynapua Me)l{a B'H3KicTb nJlHHHOCTi

3.4). arpecnanoro
CP

3a6apBJllOfTbClI nOMiTHO

3MeHWY€TbCH

T a 6JIUUSI 34 C 'ryrnus
nOKa3HI1K KOP03i'l 3HH)I{eHHll Ti,% 30BHiwHi 03HaKH MiuHOC-

BUJlHBY

cepenoaaura
CI1

Crynius arpecasuocri H Heaac Heaac

CJl

cepenoaauia 5...20
> 20
5IcKpaBo BHpa)l{eHe pYHH)'BaHH5I MaTe-

Kepauixa
Byrneuesa
CTaJTb

3MeHWYfTbClI aa,

rennonpoainaicrs,
nnacru-i aicrs,

ryCTHCTPYKrypa

a~lOpcjJi3YfTbC5I

<5

3MeHWYfTbClI cs Me)l{a

nOllBOIOCTbTeM-

nJlI1HHOCTi, nepexozty !lO

36iJlb-WYfTbClI Bill B'1I3KOro

Cnafixe

no-

nOWKO!llKeHHil KYTiB

neparypa

Hepscaairoua
CTaJJb CnJlaBH aJJlOMiHilO 3MeHwycrbclI

spocrac

Me)l{a

pyiiayxpaxxoro nnaaaocri
P03PI1H>lIOTb ra30no,Ul6HI,
nosnoro CTaH

aepxuese
pYHHYBaHHll MaTepiaJJY

a60

BOJlOCllHi TpilllHHH

piany
3a-

pl.uK! H raepzn rasonoeirpani

arpecasm

cepenosmna.

nJlaCTH4HicTb B

6e3

nexcuo

Bin BH.uy i1 «ouueurpauii y soni,

cepenosauia

YMOBHO noniarpecuauicrs

nepeTBopeHHll

KPI1XKI1H

Jl5IIOTh aa 40THPH rpyna: HOCTi rasia rocri ra30flOBiTPllHHX

A. B, C. D (rafin. 3.5). B
spocrac. rpynu

Mipy 3pOCTaHH5I P034HH-

Hepxcaaito-ra
CTaJTb

Te cave

ninBHU(eHH5I revneparypa

H sonorocri

cepenoaaui cepenoauure

W < 60%

Hanpuxnaa, 5IKWO sa BinHocHo'j BOJIOBi.uHOCHO6eToHY i1 a36eeToueMeHry e

116

117

CJla6KOarpeCI1BHI1M, 'rortpa

61 ... 75%

BOHO CTaE: cepenuso-,

npa

Mi)f( Horo

KOMnOHeHTaMH PYHHYBaHHH

W > 75% -

CI1J1bHOarpecHBHHM. 030HY p03BI1BaE:TbCH OKHCJlIOBaJlbHa

Y BOlli;

ueweu'raoro uesreuruoro

KaMeHIO KaMeHIO

P03L1HHHHMH pel{OBHHaMH B HaH-

Ilill
CTPYKuiH

BnJlI1BOM KHCHIO a60

zre-

nopax

MaJlOp03l{HHHHX

COJleH -

auacninox xpacranisauii npoayxr ia B3acMoLli'l.

MaTepiaJliB BH3HaLlalOTb LlO

no.nivepi

s. UbOMY UbOMY

Cnpl1HE: TaKO)f( CBiTJlO,

aonor-icrs.

LliH Ten-

KOP03iHHY

crinxic'n,

MiHepaJlbHHX

JlOTI1. 3MiHI1,

51Ki npa

cnocrep irarorsca,
BnJlI1BY piLlKHX

Ha3HBalOTb

cTapiHHHM. BH3Ha'.fa€TbCSI

cnafixiuri

KOMnOHeHTH,

LUO

sxonars

ixuuoro

CKJlaLlY (liK

npaauno,

Crynius
WBHLlKicTIO

KOHueHTpauiE:1O

arpecaeuoro arpecneuax
PiLlHHH p03L1HHeHHX

cepenoaaui
MaTepiaJlY.

ueMeHTYBaJl bH i pel{OBHHH). CTiHKicTb HiB MiHepaJlbHHX Bill 3a MaTepiaJliB i CTPYKTYPH CKJla.uOM LlO JlY)KHHX i KHCJlHX P03l{H·IX.

pexo
n06J1H3Y Y

aaa,

revrteparyporo, naneacara

pyxy

nosepxai
MO)f(YTb

uanopov a60 L{o arpecasKHCJlOTH, YLlKi BnJlHB

HHX peLlOBI1H,

soni,

MaTeplaJlH

sanexorn, .
r ia«

cxnany

XIMILfHHM

nonatu

Heveraneai

KHCJlOCTiHKi KHCJlOTHHMH,

nepeaaxcuo

nyru,
BMicTY

coni.

30KpeMa

LUO.uO ueMeHTHHX LlHHOM Bill

6eTOHiB,

TO arpeCHBHHH iOHiB

BOLlH 3aJle)I<HTb

rOJlOBHHM

xonueurpauii
COJleH

BOLlHIO pH, ie.

BiJlbHO'1 ByrJleKHCJlOTH, Ta6J1HLUI3.S.

MarHe3iaJlbHHX

ra cynsdiar
arpecaaaax

Knacmpixauia
HopMaTHBHa

rasonoai'rpauux
rasy,

ce-

pellOBULU

xoaue-rrpauis B
> 2000 0,5 ... 10 0,05 ... 5 0,01 ... 5 0,10 .. .5 0,10 ... 1 0,05 ... 5

Mr/MJ, y C

cepeaoaauri D

ra3

rp~ na

A
)J,iOKCH.n syrneuro CiPLlI1CTI1H anrinpna <l>ToPHCTI1H noneus

no

2000 0,05

10 ... 200 5 ... 10 5 ... 100 5 ... 25 1...5 5 ... 10

i - OCHOBHHMI1 OKCHLlaMH. Hanpnxnan, cHJ1iKaTHi MaTepiaJlH xsapu, asfiecr TOLUO), xxi MicT5ITb r0J10BHHM LlI1HOM OKCH.u xpeMHilO, cTiHKi no .uiY KHCJ10T, ane snarui aaacuoniara 3 nyrawa, a ueMeHTHHH xav ius , BanH5IK, MapMYP, no CKJ1a.uy HKHX BXOLlHTb OKCH.u xam.uiro. - nyroc rijlxi, ane J1erKO PYHHYIOTbCli nin zriero KHCJlOT. .no HaH6iJ1blli XiMiLlHO CTiHKHX uanexcart, nonivepni MaTepiaJlH, O.uHaK ps n '3 HHX aa neBHHX YMOB TaKO)f( ninnaiorsca XiMil{HOY necrpyxuii. nOpiBHlIHO nerxo poananaio'rt.ca Y rap5ll{iH soni, KHCllOTax i nyrax rereponamnorom nomvepa. 51KI MICTlITb Y rOllOBHOMY naauiory
nyroc
(CKJ10,
J ••• •

.no 0,5

> 200 >10 >100 >25 >5 >10·

no

aTOMH

KHCHIO.

a30TY,

CiPKH

TOLUO

(noniaainu,

TiOKOJlH,

CHJlOKCaHH,

Cipxoaoneas OKCl1n asory

XIIOP XIIOPI1CTI1H B011eHb

.no 0,01 no 0,10 1100,10 1100,05

noniediipa 'ra iu.), Jlerxo pearyiors ia KHCllOTaMH nonivepa, LUO MalOTb no.uBiHHi 3B'1I3KH, nanpuxnan, nesxi BHLlH CHHTeTHLlHHX non iB iH inauerar.
CepH03Hi nOWKOLl)f(eHH5I pi3HHX MaTepialliB

y CTPYKTypi KaYLlYKiB i

MO)KYTb CTaTHCSI KOP03ilO

xe-

ArpeCHBHi

BJlaCTHBOcTi

BO.uH BH3HaLlalOTbCH

cryneuev

II MiHepa-

pea fiionor i-nri

i

diaxropu.

Hanpuxnan,

iHTeHCHBHY

6eTOHY L{HHiT-

niaauii, )!<OPCTKOCTi, a TaKO)f( KHCJlOTHOCTi H oaep MaE: CJla6KOJlY)f(HY peaxuiio. 3araJlbHI1H

JlY)f(HOCTi.

BOlla

pi-rox

cnpa-nuuoron,
pO<piKYIOLli CTiLlHHX TH.

LlHHiTPO<PiKYIOLli, OKHClllOlOTb

YPOJliTHLlHi CiPLlHCTi

ra inuri fiaxrepi].
cnonyxn,
lIKi

BMiCT COJleH Y piLlKOBHX

6aKTepiY

MiCTHTbCSI Y KHCllO-

aortax

He nepeBHLUY€

0,3 ...0,5 rl n .

fpYHTOBi

'ra

nimeMHi

npapozmi

«insxicn, MiHepaJlbHHX COJleH ra iuurux noMiwOK. Mopcsxa (oxeaacsxa) aozta MO)f(e MicTHTH LlO 35 Mr/Jl COJ1eH, 3 HHX LlO 78% xnopaay narpiro. 6J1H3bKO 11 % cynsdiar ia MarHilO, xansuiio, xaniio. B.M. MOCKBiH CTOCOBHO MaTepiaJliB ua OCHOBi uewearuoro KaMeHIO, lIKi eKCnJlyaTYIOTbcli Y soni. BI1.uiJlHB TpH OCHOBHHX BHLlH xiuiBOLlH MicTlITb ni.uBHLUeHY l{HOY KOP03i'l: p03L1HHeHH5I

eoziax, cnOLfaTKY no CiPKOBOLlHIO. Yponiru-rai fiaxrepii )lilOTb rOllOBHHM Eaxrepu

TaKO)f( MO)!<YTb aKTHBHO Hai16iJlbWe BnJlHBalOTb

a nOTiM 110 cipxanoi LfHHOM Ha ceLfOBHHY, i

rinpo-

Jli3YIOLlH '1'1.OPH UbOMY BH.ui1l5l€TbC5I aMiaK

ayrnexucnora. BnJlHBaTH na MeTallH.

Hanpax-

nan, ua crans
TH. OCHOBHi rpH6H.

6aKTepi"i,

LUO YTBOPlOlOTb KHCllO-

fiionor

iuai

cpaKTOpH, LUO BnJlHBalOTb )lJlll

ua

LlepeBHHY, fPH6H

ue

ueveuruoro

KaMeHIO Y

soni:

peaxuii

06MiHY

OO)(I1BIIHM

Cepe)lOBHWeM

HI1X C ueJ1IOJl03a.

BH.ui-

118

119

nlllOTb

OC06m1BI1H cpepMeHT - UI1Ta3Y. llKI1H nepe

reoproc

Hep03411HHY Y Mac eJ1eKMeTaJ1 aafiy5lKicTb cnO)KHBaYa. J1i MeT norii pianis: pill. Horo Bill

4. HKICTb

I>Y.lUBEJIbHIIX MATEPIAJIIB
i KOHTPOJlb HKOCTi aianoainnocri nponyxuir BHMoraM MeTono1aHMaE:TbCll HaYKa K B a-

BOlli uenlOJI03Y )lnll TpoxiMiYHHH aac

(C6HIO05L
KOP03ill xapaxrep,

Y p03411HHy rrnoxoay nin Bnnl1BOM pinxux iv

(C6HI206)n.
cepenosaur a no sepxaa 3ane)I<I1Tb

MeTaniB

4.1. Ouimca
xapaxrepasyc
BI1MiplOBaHHllM

3 enexrpox y p03YI1Hi

ii

BillOMO.

LUO 6Yllb-llKI1H

crynias

n0411Hac P03411HllTI1Cll eJ1eKTpI1YHOrO

enexrponiry. sxoro

llKOCTi nponysuii

aapaziy,

3HayeHHll

aKTHBHo"i CTaJ1b C

h npenverov

e p03p06KIoI HaYKOBO 06rpYHToBaHo"i

xouueurpauif
TBeplll1M HilO

iOHiB MeTaJ1Y B p03YI1Hi. 3aJ1i3a 3 ayrneuev Bi1l6YBa€TbCll

Meraneai

MaTepiaJ111 cxnanaio30KpeMa, MapraHUIO, BHHI1KHeHHll Mi)K

BI1MiplOBaHHll 'ra Ki,1bKicHO', OUiHKI1 llKOCTi nponyxuii.

Kaaniverpia

TbCll 3 OKpeMI1X cpa3 i MalOTb MiKpOHeOllHopillHicTb. p03YI1HOM i 1l0MiwKaMI1 ie. KOP03ill auacnino«

BHKOPHCTOBYE: iauovanirui p

MeTOnl1 BH3Ha4eHHll nOKa3HHKiB llKOCTi MaTe-

xpew6araKpHCTaXiMil.f-

excnepawetrransuati

BI1MiplOBaHHll xinsxocri

BJ1aCTHBOCTeH npananasnr )leQJeKTiB 'ra fipaxoaannx na nlOnCbKHX 3 eTanOHOM; eKCllKi KOPI1CTyIO-

CipKI1. rpocrpopy 'ra iHWI1X eneuear e;leKTpOJ1iTiB enewea ri a, llKi pi3HHMH

MeTaJ1iB y BO)lHHX

(iHcTpYMeHTanbHHH) Bi)ll.f}'TlliX

a60 ninpaxyaxov

p03YI1HaX

BHpo6iB (p036paKYBaHHll): 'ra nopiBHIOBaHHi nepTHHH - nonarar Hll 'ra aHaJli1nYMOK CTpyKTypH, CHpOBHHH.

OpraHOJ1enTHl.fHHH - rpyaryerscs

TbOX MiKpOraJIbBaHi4HHX J1aMH OJ1HOrO H roro HHH cxnan 3ill nin niflO

YTBOPlOlOTbCll

nocninxyeanoro

MaTepiany excnepris,

y' BpaXYBaHHi OUiHOK rpyna MeTOllaMH; cnoacaaauia

cavoro

CnJlaBY, llKLUO BOHH MalOTb pi3HHH

TbCll npl1 UbOMY llBOMa norrepenaiaa

couionori-uraa

36HpaH-

i xaparcrepaayiorsca llK nocritinoro, CnpHl.fHHIOIOTb 3

CPi311YHI1MH BnaCTHBOCTllMH. crpyuy. 6eTOH. BOHa nic He TiJ1beJ1eKTllKHX MO-

nportyxuii;

p03paXYHKOBHH - 06l.fHCJ1eHHll napauerpia HOro CKJ1any i

Pi1HOBI1110M eJ1eKTpOxiMi4HO'1 KH Ha MeTanH, POKOP03ilO a H ua ueMeHTHHH

KOP03i"i E: TaK 3BaHa eneKTpOKOPOKaMiHb,

nOKa3HHKiB llKOCTi MaTepiaJ1Y 3ane)KHO Bin TeXHOJ1oril.fHOrO npouecy,

TaK i 3MiHHoro MaHllpiBHi

a TaKO)K BJ1aCTI1BOCTeHaaxizmor OCHOBHHX

Hatixacriure
TOUlO. XiMil.fHa raaa xopoaia),

CTpyMH.

ll)KepeJ1aMH

nOKa1HHKH llKOCTi MaTepiaJliB rpyn.

nOI(a3HHKH rrpuana-renaa

MO)KHa nOniJlHTH na n'llTb

)KYTb 6YTI1 TpaMBaHHi

J1iHiL aanisuaui.

MeTpononiTeH

Flopsn
My.

enexrpoxivixuoro
cynpoaonscycri.ca
KOP03i'l aa BHCOKHX llKi

MO)Ke Bi1l6YBaTHCH BHHHKHeHHllM MeTaniB

KOP03ill crpyi napa, a TaCTpyM

BH3Hal.faIOTb npaaansuicn; (MiuHicTb, rennonpoaiziaicrs,

BHKopHcTaHasyxono-

MeTaJ1iB. llKa He

eIleKTpHYHOrO niiort,

Hll MaTepiany, rexuisui

06J1aCTi Horo sacrocyaauas.

BOHH BH3Hal.faIOTb nepeB3)KHO 'ra CTpyKTyPH, rpaacnopratiens36epe)KeHHll npOTRrOM

Ilpa

XiMiYHii1

aa nOBepXHIO He

BJ1aCTHBOcTi MaTepianiB

LUO cnocrepiracrsca KO)K pinKi (cnHpTI1. MiHcpanbHi coni,

rewneparyp
npoaonars

(r asoaa

rJ1HHaIHiH TOLUO), nOKa3H I1KH 'IX cxnany HICTb TOLUO.

nOKa3HHKH

ueenexrponiru, arpeCHBHHX aeposoni.

eJleKTpl1l.fHHH

aanitiuocri

xapaxrepaayrors

MaCJla TOLUO). cepenoauui, nHII TOLUO. llKi annaaaio

n, ua MaTepia-

xacy

BJlaCTI1BOCTeH MaTepianiB. excnnyarauiio yaCTKOBO arpa-rac nporarov nesxoro

y 3anaHI1X Me)KaX, SlKi 3a6e3nel.fYIOTb CTaH, npa npauesnarnicn, 6e3 peMOHTy npauesnarnicrs, -racy

Ix

,Uo TBep,lHX I1H, aanexcart, ro BnnHBY

uopvam.uy

(npauesnaraicn.), sfiepiraru

llKOMY MaTepian sa neBHI1X YMOB

Crynins

Ixusoro

arpecasuorirpo-

nOBHiCTIO a60

Ha311BalOTb B i n M 0Ha311BalOTb 6 e 3 p060TH 3MiHIOOnHHHulO

BH"!Hal.faE:TbCll llHcnepcHicTlO,

p03YHHHicTIO

y soni,

BOlO • BJlaCTI1BicTb MaTepianiB

cxoni-uucrio.

excnnyarauir
Bin erscs

MOB H i C T 10. BHaCJ1inOK CPi311l.fHOrO cnpaUIOBaHHSI, 3MiHH CTpyKTyHMOBipHicTb 6e3BinMoBHo"i Bin ozuuraui no HynH. HMOBipHicTb 36epiraTI1 BillMOBH MaTepianY.3a npaueanaruicrs

pa 'ra BJiaCTI1BOCTeHMaTepiany

sacy Ha3HBalOTb i H T e H C 11B H i C T 10 B i J1MOB 11. BJlaCTI1BOCTi MaTepianiB CTaHY '3 Heo6xillHI1MI1 Hi C T 10. )loBrOBiYHicTb no rpauaxaoro rOB i l.f nepepaavu aa peMOHT Ha3HBalOTb nOB

BI1MiplOCTbCll TepMiHOM cnY)K611 MaTepianiB.

120

121

nOKa3HHKH nepeporinaracs »cars ¢opMyeMHicTb, EprOHOMilJHi

TCXHOJlorilJHOCTi

BI13Ha4alOTb

snaruicrt,

MaTepiaJIiB

Ilpa
nOKa3HHKiB

opraHOllcnTH4HOMY

MCTOJli BH3Ha4CHH5I 5IKOCTI MaTepianiB, (xareropiii) BHWO'"

Y BI1p06H i KOHCTPYKui .... Llo TaKHX BnaCTHBOCTeH HaJIe3BaplOCMicTb ra iHW. nOKa3HHKH 5IKOCTi nOCJlHYIOTb r ir icai-rxicrs. nOKa3HHKI1. aHTpOna 'ra ncaxonorixai nOKa3HHKH

TaKO)l( '3a JlaHHMH CKCnCpl1MCHTanbHI1X JlOCJlIJlIB, sxuro JlJl51 OKPCMHX rpanauiti MaTcpianiB 6anbHi OUiHKH. Llnll .Ilo BHlllO'j 'ra BHp06iB

C HOpMH 3Ha1.JeHb lIKOCTi BCTaainnosinae uio aa-

SlKOCTi, 3aCTOCOBYlOTb

xareropii
sxa

nOMCTpH4Hi, Q>i3ionori4Hi TexlliKO-CKOHOMi'lHi p03po6KY, xinsxocri cypcis

HOBJ1IOIOTb5 fiania, BI1TpaTI1 HI1X aanexcars BiJlHOWeHH5IM peTa in. a60 ncpeeuuiyc

nepuroi - 4 6anH. npyroi

lIKOCTi aanexom,

- 3 fiana. nponyxuia,

xapaxrepasyrors

xareropii

BHroToBneHHSI ra

TaKO)l( MaTepianOMicTKicTb

excnnyaraniro MaTepianiB. Llo nponyxuir, 5IKa BI13Ha4a€TbC5I

sa CBO'IMHTCXHi4HHMH i TCXHiKO-CKOHOMi1.JHI1MH nOKa.3HH...- nponyxuix, BHMoraM 4HHHI1X CTaHJlapTiB ra TCXHi'lHHX YMOB i WO HC ainnosinac cY4acHI1M BI1MOraM, MopanbHo BH3Ha4alOTb

KaMI1 KpaWI1M CY4aCHHM 3pa3KaM; JlO nepuio ... xareropi nOBHicTIO ninnoaiziae Jlpyro'j - nponyxuia. ATCCrylO411 Q>°PMYjJOIO

a60 BapTOCTi BHTpa4eHHX aa 'Ij BI1p06HHUTBO MaTepianbHI1X .no 06'CMY, eaeproevuic'n., TPYJlOMiCTKicTb. MeTanOMicTKicTb JlO pi3HI1X rpyn 'ra ninrpyn, nOKa3HHKiB SlKOCTi MaTcpianiB

K;13cH¢iKaui51

YMOBHa: OJlI1H i TOH 3a cyxynuiMapKH 'ra inuri

crapina.
MaTCplaJlH 'ra Bl1p06H. iHJlCKC 51 KOCTi sa

caMHH nOKa3HHK MO)l(C aanexcaru 5IKicHi

CTIO nOIGi1HI1KiB 5IKOCTi RH3Ha4alOTb COPTH, KnaCH, rpynu,

rpanauii
PiBCHb

MaTepianiB. HKOCTi a60 MaTepianiB MO)l(e ouiHIOBaTI1C5I JlI1Q>epeHuiHHHM, 3MiwaHI1M MeTOJlOM.

(4.3)

KOMnlleKCHI1M HaBeJleHllMH

Ilpa

JlI1Q>epeHuiHHOMY MeTOJli 3 6a30BHMH nOKa.3HHKaMH, (6a.305IKOCTi

JlC

beep -

CcpCJlHiH fian

ouimosaaoi

nponyxui

... ;

b, -

cepenaia

fian npoztyx-

nOKa3HHKI1 ouiHIOBaHHx

BI1p06iB nopiBHlOlOTb

ui], B3S1TI1H fiaay nopiBHlIHH5I. 3a Ba)I\J1I1BOIO 4aCTHHOi0 BHp06HI140rO HI1X MaTcpianiB Ta 3aCTOCYBaHH5I 'jx npa KOHTPOJIb 5IKOCTi. P03pi3HlIIOTb KOHTPOJlb. B X i Jl H H H K 0 H T P a J1b nonxrar y nepesipui BiJlnOBiJlHOCTi na ninnpapi3HOBI1p HBCTaHOBJlCHHM BHMoraM MaTepiaJliB Ta Bl1p06iB, uto nanxonsn, (MCTBO a60 6yniBHHuTBO. npouecy nianaraiort, JlOM 5IKOrO c onepauirinnii KOHKpeTHHX H Mall b HOM Y PC)I(HMHi 'ra npouecy OTpHMaHH5I fiyniaemi cnopyn Ta 06'(KTI1 e 3BeJleHHi fiyniaens

y CTaHJlapTaX. Hanpaxnan. p03paxoBYIOTb

5IKWO npH aannauoaaaiji MapKy 250. TO piseas

BiH) Mapui 6eToHY 200 BJlanOC5I3a6e3ne4HTH

250/200= 1,25. Auanoriuao

51KlllO piaeas

i BiJlHOCHi nOKa3HI1KI1 sa inOJlHHM ysaransae-

Ta6J1.

4.1.

HaBCJlCHO lIK npHKJ1aJl erana KiHueBHH ra

WI1MI1 HopMOBaHI1MH BJlaCTHBOCT5IMI1. 5IKOCTi nOTpi6HO oxapaxrepmyeara HHM nOKa·3HI1KOM. TO 3aCTOCOBYlOTb KOMnJlCKCHHH MeTOJl. BI1KOPHCTOBYIOTb iurerpansui nazi. 5IKHfi KOPHCHI1H erpexr ne K, JlOBOJlHTbC5Iua 1 rpu, BHTpaT, (4.1) B< - BI1TpaTI1 ua cTBOpeHH5I npo....rpu, rn, JlJl51KO)l(HOrO 3B3)I(eHoro 3Ha4YlllOCTi

KOHTPOJ11O 3aBOJli 36 i puoro aa

san i306eToHY· npHHManbHI1H

BxiJlHHH. TeXHOJlori'lHI1H.

UbOMY pasi

nOKa3HI1KH 5IKOCTi. axi nOKa3YIOTb, uanpax-

nr - CYMapHHH

K,=no:/(S<+S",). KOPI1CHI1HeQ>eKT, rpu.;

iuuii

nOKa3HI1KH TeXHOJ1ori'lHOrO K 0 H T p o n 10, B0 MY Tan

T e x H 0.'10 r i 'I HOM Y onepauia.

KOHTPOJlb, 5IKHH npOBOJl5lTb nicJ1513aBepWeHH5I K i Hue rOTOBi BHp06H. KOHTPOJ1bi3 BHKOPHC-

JlyKui ....rpu.:

Bell - BHTpaTI1 ua CnO)l(I1BaHH5I nponyxui

511·auo MO)l(Ha BCTaliOBI1TH xoedriuicur

TeXHOJlori4HHX

OKpeMOlO 4aCTKOBoro nOKa3HHKa q, y CI1CTeMi nOKa3HI1KiB, TO KOMnJleKC-

KOHTpOJllO ninnaraiors

uy

OU1HK) MO)l(Ha BI1KOHaTH MeTOJlOM p03paXYHKY cepeznn.oro n

.lJ.o eQ>eKTHBHHX MCToniB KOHTPOJlIO aaneacars TaHH5IM sacofiia 6ipKY. sxicrs TH4HOMY KOHTPOJ1i nepeeipsrors vcic ... naprii (reuepansuol MaTepiany.

aBTOMaTH3aui'j ra CTaTI1CTH4HHH KOHTPOJ1b. Ilpa CTaTI1CHC sci BHp06H, a neBHY w06 cyxynuocri). aa cxnan

Q = Lmjqi
i=1

(4.2)
Pier - 6a-

Ix

'1aCTI1H)' - BH-

>lKO'j Mac 6YTH 1l0CTaTHbO llJl51 Taro. stca uaniiuuna

MO)l(Ha 6YllO CyJlI1TH npo

Ilaprioo

BBa)l(alOTb nesny

Jle

q,

= I~/

P'eT:

P, - nOK33HHK SlKOCTi OUIHIOBaHOrO MaTepiany;

xinsxicn,

a60 BHp06HHUTBO OJlHO'laCBH3Ha'iaIOTb BinnOBiJlHHMI1

30BI1H (CTallOHHI1H) nOK331H1KSlKOCTi. KllcCI)iUiCHTH 3Ha4YWOCTi OKPCMHX IIOKa3HHKIB BH3Ha4alOTb sa JlOnOMorOIO CKcncpTHHX OUIHOK. 122

HO. BeJlH'IHHY CTaHJlapTaMH.

nap'ri ...1lJ1S1 O)l(HOrO MaTcpiallY K

I")~ _.J

Ta6JIuUH

4.1.

Bupo6HH'Iuii 06'(KT

. 3aJI130 6eTOUY

KOHTPOJIb

na aaaoni

sfiipuoro

np06ysaHH5I.

Ilin -rac npHHMaJIhHOrO KOHTPOJlIO 6YAise11hHHx MaTepiaJIiB

BH6ipKI1.

Eran BI1po6HHYOro npouecv

npHHMaHH~ Ma-

KOHTPOJIIO

Eran KOHTPOJIIO
BH3HayeHH~ cpi3HKo-MeXaHiYHHX BJlaCTHBOCTeH Ilepesipxa niawerpa, BH3HayeHH~ MiuHocTiapMarypH KOHTPOJlb aa TOYHiCTlO l103YBaHH~. rpusanicno nepeviuryaanaa ra cryneuev PYXJlHBOCTi (lKOpCTKOCTi) Ilepeaipxa P03MipiB xapxacia, MiuHOCTi lBapHHX CTHKiB Ilepeaipxa npaBHJlbHOCTi 3611paHH~ cpOPMH. ~KOCTi onanytixa ra '3MaWeHH~ CPOPM Ilepeaipxa nOJlOlKeHH~ apuarypHHX xapxacia i '3aKJlallHHX YaCTHH. KOHTPOJlbcrynens HanpylKeH~

3a3Ha4alOTb oficsr nJlHTKI1 Bi}1 naprii

Hanpaxnan,

111151 KOHTPOJlIO~KOCTi ornsny

xepaaixaof

Bi}16HpalOTb }1JI5Isosniuiasoro

50

n11UTOK, nepeJlHCTiB ain

repianis
BHpo6HHUTBO HaniBQ)a6pHKaTiB

Ll,eMeHT. nOMiwKH. 3anOBHIOBayi

BipKH P03MipiB - 10 nJlHTOK, BH3Ha4eHH~ B0}10B6I1paHHlI ra MOP030CTiHKOcri - 5 ilJ1I1TOK.)].Jl5I npHHMaJIhHOrO KOHTPOJ11O rincoxaproaaax KO)l(HO', nap'rii Bi}16HpalOTb

Apuarypua crans
DeTOHHa cyviur

0,5%

JlHCTiB. rule He MeHwe Hi)l(

WT. KpHBi P03-

Ilpa
BO', Fayca, nesuof

BH3Ha4eHHi BJ1aCTHSOCTeH6Y}1iBeJlhHHx lIKa ainnoainac

MaiepiaJIiB

nO}1iJlY Ha6J1(1)1(a1OThClI a xapaxrepou, 3 TaK i Bi.1·CMHI1X BillXI1JleHb BH6ipKH BKJlI04aC n cnocrepexceus. apHCpMCTI14He 'ra cepenuc Bi}1

lIK npaBI1J10, }10 HOPMaJJhHOI KpH(pHC.

O}1HaKOBiH HMOBipHOCTi nOllSI1 lIK }10AaTHHX,

ueurpa

4.1).

JJ.n1l

xapaxrepacrmca uto

ApMaTypHi <t>OpMYBaHH~ BHp06iB

KapKaCH

411CnOBI1X 3Ha4eHb

nOKa3HI1KiB 51KOCTi MaTepiaJIis,

<t>OPM ra onanyfixa II

BHKOPI1CTOBYIOTb cepeaui KsaApaTH4He Bi}1xl1J1eHHlI.

3Ha4eHHlI - Cepe}1H€

n inrOTOBKa 1106eTOHyBaHH~
DCTOHYBaHH~

apvarypn
KOHTPOJlb aa BKJlalleHH.~M, TPHBaJIICTIO Ta cryneuev yWIJlbHeHH~ 6eTOHHO') cyuiuri KOIlTpOJlb reuneparypa, BOJlOrOCri ra TpHBanOCTi TepMo06po6KH KOHTPOJlb CPOPMHi P03MipiB BI1pofiy, ~KOCTi 0'3n06JleHH~ B~nHa4eHH~ MapKH 6eTOHY, BO.llOIIc.npOHIiKHOCTi ra MOP030CTiHKOCTI

Tepuouonoricua
o6po6Ka P03naJly6Ka BH-

PelKl1M repuoofip06KH I'orouun BHpi6 KOHTPOJlbHi Ky6H

pofiis
npHHMaHH~ BHpofiia BTK ua cxnan rOTOBoi' nponyxuii ra BHnaxa CliOlKHBa4eBi

12N '5 18202221, 1628 JOn ~

PIIC. 4.1. Excnepuaeuram.ni
UHOCTi 6eToHY· Cepe}1HE" apl1CpMeTH4He BI}1XHJleHHlI

I ["OTOBi BHpo6H
I

Miunicre 6eTOHY, Mfla

(I) ra reoperji-nri

BH3Ha4eHH~ MiuHOCTi 6eTOHY npunanavu 6e3 pyHHYBaHH~; MiuHOCTI. /I,OPCTKOCTi HaTypHHMH BI1npo6YBaHH~MH: TOBWHHH 3aXHcuero wapy BJlaCTI1BOCTi scici

(2) KPHBi pomonirry Mi-

U Iof T06TO 6yJla

sinifipar« iurepaan.

BI16ipKa

ainofipaxcana

naprii

X=
MaTepiaJIY, 4Hcen, ce-

2:>\"; / n,
;=1

(4.4)

penpe'3eHTaTI1BHOIO, 06'CKTiB

..-i

Bi1l611palOTb 3a neBHI1MI1 npaaunava, Bl1nallKOBHX

n,

Hanpaknan, MO)!(Ha CKJlaCTI1 BH61PKY sa rafinuueio

4aCTI1HY scix nonepenuso reaepam.uoi no OllHO~l) nO;liJlI1H1 reuepam.uy cyxyruric

- cyMa '3HaHAeHHx 3Ha4eHb; n - xinexicrs

cnOCTepe)l(eHh.

cyxynaocri

-repes neBHHH na ounaxoai nns BH-

pi"! H Bin.i6paTI1 Bill KQ)KHO( cepii

a60 KiJlbKa 06'CKTiB

124

125

Cc

p e II H

K Ba

ar

H4He

Bill

3Y€ Me)I\Y MIHJ1HBOCTi, WO BH3Ha4a€TbCSI, HO.O 3HU4eHb WOllO

x H J1e H H 51 (cranaapr) BKaT06TO crynun, P03KHJlY oxpewax

Kim.xic

n,

cnocrepeaceus.

flOTpi6HHX

)1J1S1 OTpHMaHHSI JlOCHTb llOCTO-

BipHHX pe3YJlbTaTIB:

cepeznu.oro:
11

n
_x)2 (4.5)
S1KHMP03YMiIDTb KiJlbKiCTb 4J1eHiB

= (\,1

.2 2/

C.

(4.9)

L(Xi

ne

t - KpHTepiH

HM0BipliOCTi )1151

ra

KiJlbKOCTi

Crsioneura. SlKHH BH"3Ha4afOTb npn BiJlnOBiJlHiH JlOBip4ii1 cryneaia BOJ1if aa ll0BiJlKOBHMH llaHHMH.
"3aCTocYBaHHSI CTaTHCTH4HHX OUiHOK f10MHJlKH nOTpi6HO

s=

i=1

npaBHJ1bHOIO

n-l

BHKJlI04HTH MOiKJlHBi .py6i BipHTI1

ne n-I =1" - xinsxicrt, cryneuis BOJ1i, nin cyxynuocri. WO BiJlbHO BapiIDIDTb. IIpH 11>25 Y rpopuyni (4.5) sauicrt,
. 51KllI.o CepellH€ KB.allpaTH4He MIHJlHBICTb BJ1 aCTHBOCTI, TO 3Ha4eHHH K 0 e <p lui €HT

cnuopinuicn,

nin -iac excnepawenry, cuocrepeaceus. !!JUI usoro MOiKHa

B i Jl X f1 11 e H H 51 :

T06TO nepeBI1KOpHCTaTH

M a K C II M a ;1 b H e

B i .J HOC H e

11-1 MOiKHa

BHKOPHcToBYBaTH

n.

(4.10)
ole

BillXHJleHHSI xapaKTepH3Y€ u i "i

a6COJlIDTH)'

nns

BHpaiKeHHSI BiJlHOCHo"i MiHJlHBOCTi

npa-

X-

KpaHHiH

eneveur

BI16ipKH. S1KHH cnin

rtepeaiparn. (t-xprrrepiro) npa

3aJlaHii1

B a pia

51KWo "3Ha4eHHSI MaKCHMaJlbHOIO lliKYBallii1 BH6ipui a60 6iJ1blUe Bill

BiJlHOCHO'O BillXHJleHHSI Y JlOCJli-

C, =(Slx)·100%.
Illof
6iJlbW ro IDTb C t: 3a T04HO npo

(4.6)

llOBiJlKOBOrO

cepenaiv apH<pMeTH4HHM nauor o6MeiKeHo"i BH6ipKH CYJlHTH cepezn«: 3Ha4eHHSI BHMipIDBaHo"i BJlaCTHBOcTi, BH3Ha4aII 0 X H

HMOBip"OCTi

pieui

3lia4YLUOCTi

(uaseneno

HH)J(4e). TO KpaHH€ 3Ha4eH-

HSIBillKll11a€TbCSI SlK rpyfio

nOMHJ1KOBe.

e ,L.l H Kl

KY

Ce

P e II H b 0 r

a p H <p MeT

H4 H0-

.Piaeas
3Ha4y-

3Ha4eHHSIr-xparepiio

npn
13

KiJlbKOCTicnocre )e)l(eHb

11

16

17

18

21

23

25

m=±SIJ";z.
Bi;J.HoweHHSI cepenusoi' noxH6KH JlO cepenusoro Ha3HBalOTb n 0 K a "3H H K 0 M E T 0 4 HOC T i

(4.7)
apH<pMeTH''lHOIO
I

uiocri, %
1 5 1.41 1.41 1.98 1.87 2.27
l.U\)

2.46
7.2-t

= (±m/

X)·100%
peaynsraria
BHnp06YBaHb, KpiM nOKa3HHKa S1KOCTi'ra T04HOCTi i1MOBipHOCTi

2.61 2,34

2.71 2.43

2.g0 2-19

2.87 2.55

2.93 2.60

2.98
7.64

3,03 2.68

3.07 2.72

(4.8)
BH3Ha4eHHSI

('I aTHCTH4Ha o6p06Ka MiHJ1HBOCTi BHMipIDBaHoro nepenfiasac OUiHKY

4.2. C'rannaprmauis
3aoe3nC4HTH craanapruaauis. norpifiay

6YLliBeJlbHHH MaTepiaJliB.
MaTCpiaJliB JlOnOMara€ £1paBHJl BHp06HHUT-

JlOCJliJliKeHHSI,

S1KicTb 6YJliBCJlbHHX

orpaaauoro

noaip-roi pesynsrary.
"3H a 4

(I-P)

a60 piBHSI 3Ha4Ylll.OCTi

~1cra S1KO"l nOJ1S1.acB ynopazncyaauui

aa 'ra BI1Kopl1CTaHHSI (a60 BiJlCOKa3HHKill

nponyxuii,

nOCJliJlOBHOMY niJlBHLUCHHi BHMO' )].0 £10-

i B HeM

W 0 C T i Ha3HBaIDTb TaKY xiru.xicn, npu nepeaauieaui

"I, S1KOCTi.
C OCHOBIIHM HopMaTHBHo-Te-':Hi4HHM CT a Hn a p r H JlOKYMeHTOM. JlJ1S1 3aCTOCYBaHxpai-

TOK) Ma.JlOHMOBipHHX BHflaJlKiB, CSI, BH"3l1aBWH OTpHMaHHH

SlKO',MOiKHa nOMHJlHTH-

Craunapr

pesyrn.rar

npaBHJ1bHHM.

Kinucicri.,
3Ha4eHb Bi p u

a60

BiJlCO-

!t e P)I( a B Hi

(.LI.eT)

060B'}l3KOBi

TOK, JlOCTOBipHHX (LUO He BHKJlHK3fOTb CYMlliBiB) SlKa BH311a4afTbCSI, Ha"3~lBaIOTb Jl 0 B i KTHUi IHmp06YBaHb 6YlliBeJ1bHHX

BJ1aCTHBOCTi, fO .

HSI BcirvlU niJlI1pHCMCTBa~111 B ycix HH.

r(lJl),,3S1Xuaponnoro

rocrtonapcrsa

4 o 10

HMO

i CT

npa-

Taxi

CT3HJlapTH p0"3p06JlSlfOTb nCpCBa)I(HO aa nponysuiio BHpo6HHUTBa, 06'€KTH a T3KOil( H3 HOpMH.

MaCOBoro 'ra BHMorH,

MaTepiaJliB

sacrocosyjo-n,

nsa

noporn

xpynuocepiauoro nOHSlTT}l ra iuuii

npasuna,

JlOBip'IO'I' IAMOBipHOCTi -

0,05 (5%)
lJ)'wOCTi, IOTb.

0,01 (1 %).

0,99 ra sinuoainui "M piaai sua-ryurocri 3Ha4eHHSI noaip-roi HMOBipHOCTi, a60 piseas 3Hai Bill cryneas T04HOCTi, "3 S1KOIOBHKOH)'BHCHOBKiB. SlKi "3 HbO'O BHTiKa-

0,95

MiiK.aJlYleBoro

3Ha4eHHSI. OCHOBHi~ BHJlH 6YJli-

BCJlbHH:\ MaTepiaJliB

WOlaCTOCOBYIOTbCSI il0J1S1uii1Hi.

pi"3HHX 06J1aCTSIX6YJliBHHllTBa

BCTaHOBJlfOlOTh sanescno

(B'S1)K),'1i. 6eTOHI1. criuoai,

noxpieensai.

onopsnxyaansui)

fOTb BHllp06YBaHHSI.

'ra IlIJlllOBillaJlbHOCTI

06'€KTClMH Ilep)1(3BHO', craunapruaauii.

126

127

JI Y 3 e B i

CT

H II a p r 11 (rCT)

060B'll3KOBi

llJlll

acix ninnpa,

KOJlOH. paM. BHCOTY noacpxis) HHX BHp06iB TomO). (cTiHOBHX MOllYJli,

Ta HUMiHaJlbili i OJ10KiB.

PO·lMi~H. xpynuax

6YlliBeJl~nepeKpHTTIB

E:MCTBnauor COBYIOTh

ranysi, a TaKo)K zinn ninnpaevcrs iHWHX ranyseii, uro 3aCTOUIO nponyxuiro. Lli CTaHllapTI1 3aTBep.a)f{YIOTb ra BBO)].llTb Y ziiro
ztepacasne8HOKOHKpeTl1'lYIO"I11 BI1MOrl1110 0KpeMHx 8H)].iB MaTepiani8, TiJlbKH

naueneii

nauenen

nnur

ranyseui
Hi

MiHiCTepCTBa i1 Bi.aOMCTBa, BOHI1 MO)f{YTb )].onOBHIOBaTH T 11 n i II n p H E:M C T B 0608' ll3K08i yCTilHOBJllOlOTb Ha

[loxinni

)IKi E: lIaCTHHOIO OCHOBHoro,

. Ha3HBalOTb II p t 6-

crau.tapru.

H H M H.

PeKoMeHllYI{)Tb

C T a H nap ro

nns

ninnpaeucrsa. Ix ocnauieanx, ai, rOTOBa nponyxuia

pHKaTI1. Hai16iJlbW HHX
H 11M 0

(1/100M).
MaJHIX

2 (1/50M),

texuonorixai

npa811J1a, HaniB¢a6ni)].npHE:MCT-

HOI3i1HH Ta /l.pi6Hi

'3aCTocoBYB3TH raxi /l.pi6Hi MOllYJli, MM: I 5 (1/20M), 10 (1110M), 20 (115M), 50 (1/2~), Oc~Oll) ni BHKOPHCTOSYIOTb llJIll npH3HalleHHll 131...{HOCHO

iHcTPYMeHT, mOBI1KOpl1CT08YIOTbCll He MO)f{e 6yrl1 06'E:KTOM

ua crannapruaauir

ua nianpaT e x Hi 4-

6afJOK i

CMCTBI. n08HHI\H1 'ra Bce6i"lHI1MH (' C T a H II a p r H

posvipia KOHCIP;' KnmW1X e!let-.lcHTiB ra ,'leTaneH (nepepisy KOJlOH, ueperoponox, TOBUJ.HHH nJ1l1TOB~lX"111J1UCTOBUX sapofiie). tJalOTb HOMiHanbHi P03MipH 6Y.lliBeJlb3<1 nonoaoroio MKPC npH3Ha

flUX eJlCMeHTiB. UIO llOLlaTKOBO HHX PO'3Mipill. (HaTypHoro lUBH

r.

BOHI1, HK npaBI1JlO, BKJlIO"IaIOTb BI1MOrl1. npl1HMaHHll, 36epe)KeHHll,

raxi posnina: xnacadiiMeTollH BHnp06YBaHHll, BHrOTOBnlOBalla,

exmosaiors.
BiLlXHJleHHll

aa ra

BiLlMiHY

ain

KOHCTPYKTHBBHp06iB

ra

1,nopH.

<j>aKTI14HOrO posaipy npOeKTHOrO

xauis,

TeXHi"lHi

MapKYBaHHll.

npaaana rpaacrtopryaauua 'ra

p01Mipy)

lli.1 KOHCTpYKTHsHoro

He nOBHHHe KOHCrpYKUii1

rapaarir

nepeBI1UIYBaTH ;lonYCKll

norrycruxioro.
Bin pnlMipiB

Flpn

SHrOTOBJleHHi 36ipHH~

nponyxuii, 'ij 30BHiwHii1 aarnan. BCTaHOBJlIOIOTb rapaHTii1HI1i1 CTPOK, xounnexruicrs nocravauas BHp06iB, BI111aIOTbCll TaKO)f{ oxpevi craunapra aa THnH
CTaH)].apTI1 TeXHi4lfl1X BHMor HOPMYIOTb nOKa3HI1KI1 llKOCTi i1 OCHOBHi

saneacart, Craunaprmauis

eneueura 'ra xnacy T04HOCTI. xrarepianis ra BI1p06iB noa'aaaaa '3 neotixianicno

1acTocYBaHHSI GtHHHX 3ac06iB HaYKa npo BHMipfOBaHHll. 3ac06H

T04HUX i ;'lOCTosipHHX IlIlMipIOBaHb.

napaverpa

McrrepianiB

i Bl1p06iB.

MeTOlll1 BHnp06YBaHb,

npaaa-

nis

BHl\liplOBaHb

ra

BHllp06YBaHb.

i MeTOaa-

na
Hll,

npHHMaHHll,

MapKYBcu'Hll.

ynaKYBaHHH.

rpaucnopryeaaus

ra sfiepiraa-

6e'3ne4CHHll
1\1 e T p 0 JI

i'x

C'lHOCTi ra

nocarueuus

nOTpi6HO'j

TO"lHOCTi Ha3HBa€TbCll

o-r i c 10

• .llep)f{aBHa

Me1poJ1ori"llta

cJ1Y)f{6a 3a6e1ne4YE:

norpifi-

Y
(SHim.

6YlliBHHUTBi

KpiM CI1CTeMH craanapris Y 6 Y II i Ben acix opraanauia bHi i

nic
HOp

CHCTeMa HopMaTHBHHX MH n p a BHn a (B),

fly

sxicr»

BHMipIOBaHb.

'ix 1l0CTOBip"icTb ra nopiaaauaicrs. sndCTIO MaTCpiaJ1is.

1-.laTCpianiB )lOCSIralOTb

.nOKYMCIITiB. 06'r.nHaHHx 060B'll"3KOBi llJlH

JlbHi

I-Ia OCHOBi 61-1in pospodnmors HOpMI1 '(61-1) ra iuury 1l0KYMeHTauilO.

SHrOTOBJleHHi 6YlliseJlbHI1X

nianpacracrs. iHCTPYKUi'j (I), BKa3iBKH

B llKili

Bynise3MicT

4.3. Kepyaauaa
Kepvaauua sxicn«
uiliHUl\1I1. TeXlli4"I1Mll,

6Y;'liBeJlhIHlx CKOflOMi4HI1MH

opraaisa-

p03BHBaeTbCll MaTepianiB,

oxpeaux Ilpa
M

rJ1aB 61-1in 3 IHlTaHb BHKOPHCTaHHH 6YlliBeJlbHHX

on

Y :J b H

BHpo6iB

3aCTOCYBaHHH C H C T eM H (MKPC)

'j

K0 0

Pn

H H a U i 'j

o '3 M i p i B

nac

ErbesTHBHOIO MeTO/l.OJlori€K) xepyeauus HKiCTIO xrarepianie, sunycxy Ix ia sanaHOIO sxicrto npu MiHi~IaJlb"HX BHTparax niuirosaaux pecypcis C C H cCOUia:'bHHMH 3aXOllaMH. TeMHHH Jh;icTh 11aTH HI' aUaJ1i3. 6Yilh-SiKOn) MaTepiany. 1'06TO

ra

3MOry

YHicpiKYBaTI1

xinsxicrs

Tl1nOp03MipiB.

safieane-nrru

B3a€M03aMiHfOBaHicTb '3 o.nHaKOBHMH

sapotiia

'3 pi3HHX

MaTcpianiB.

BI1KOPI1CTOBYBaTH BHp06H

THnopO'lMipaMI1

o C H 0 S H H Ii

Y 6y.niSJlHX

piaaoro

np-uua-renna.
6epYTb TaKHM.

C";lallH)

CI1C 1\.'\')'.

i Hom rexaonorito MO)f{Ha P03fJUIuinicsy MIlO)lWHY B3aCMonOB'R3aHHX

SlK cHCTeMI1. B TOMY 4Hcni TaKOr,

MM.

Iloxiziai

MOllYJli,

(M) uio nepesauiyrors

M 0/1. Y JI b PeKOMeHllYIOTb

uio .nOpiBHIOE:
YKPynHeHi

100

eJ1eMeH'J'iB. E;leMCHTaMII

6ynb-llKo'i

uio xan03HuiH BXOllOM,

paxreprrsyc
Ki6epHCTl1Kll BHXOllOM. (pHc.4.2).

axicrt,

6Y;1iBenbHoro

MaTepiany. 06'(1(1'

'ij BJlaCTHBocTi.

'la 'lHa4eHHllM

OCHOBHHH, Ha3HBaMo.nyni,

6Y/l.b-llKUJ.'t cHcTeMHHH

xapaKTepH3YeTbCSI

IOTb YKpynHeHHMI1.

'jacrOt:ysaTI1

raxi

<PYHKUioHYS<1HHSlM. '3BOPOTHHM 'iB'Sl3KOM

200 (2M), (60M).

MM: KpaTHHMH

300 (3M),

600 (6M).

1200 (12M),

3000

(30M),

6000

ra

oQMe)f{eHHRMH <fJaKTOpiB, 3Y!f>aK-

BXOLl.OM /1.0 MclTepiaJ1Y llK CUCTeMH (' cyxynnicrs

MOBJlelll1X BnJ1l1BOM 30BHiUlHboro YKpYIII,ellHMI1 napaverpis MOllYJlHMI1 6YlliBeJlb npaaua-raiors (!llHpI1HY nponsoris, p03MipH KpOK TOpH rouro. MitlHHX BHXO.nOM r cyxynuicrs

CCpeJWBHlua. 1'exHiKo-eKOHOMi4Hi

nOKa1I1Hk:iB BJ1aCTHBOCTeH Ta eKOHOe(IJeKTllllflicTb Horo 4>YHKUioHYBaHHSI

06'(MHO-IIJlilIIVSaJlbHI1X

napasrerpis.

!lIO 'UntlallafOTb

128

129

~-~
h

i
I

I
I,

__t__ __

! z~

KOHCTPYKUi~x

cnopy-

51KicTb 6Y,lliBenbHllX HSI Bl1xi.aHHX

MaTeplanlB

CToxaCTHlfHOIO

(iMOBipHicHOIO)

nax.
4010 SlK

CTpYKTYPOYTBOPIOIOOCHOBOIO MaTepianiB CHCTeM KOMnneKC

CHCTeMOIO. DJ1Sl lKO'i MOI!\Ha BCTaHOBHTH3 BeJlHKOIO HMOBipHicTIO S

saaxeanose-

napaxrerpiu

npa

3a,llaHI1X YMOBax.

arre

3p06HTI1 a6conIOTHO

T04HI1H nporH03

HeMOII(JII1BO. CToxaCTH4HicTb

nOKa3HHKiB SlKOCTi

~ ~
~-------.---, i x , ...

npouecis,
~KHX C

peaynvrarov neperaopeuna BXlY BHXi.u.Hi iH3a nOnOMOrOIO 3B'~3KY npo BnaCTHBOCTi

HIOCTbCi! Bnm-160M

cxnany,

CTpyKryPI1 nnll

zieaxux Bl1nanKOBHX edrexria. H napaverpis rexaonori ....Y

3YMOBneHHx MiHnl1BicTIO 3B'1I3KY 3 UI1M B3)I(J]HBOrO C'TaTHCTl1lfHi

'! I

.----~yn
; xn
I

nHHX

¢aKTOpiB

3Ha4eHHlI

KepYBaHIIlI M H 11 H

nOKa3HHKaMH SlKOCTi Ha6YBalOTb II ani 3

napasserpa.
1BOpOTHOrO cpOpMalli~ MaTeplanlB,

3aKOHOMipHOCTi.

11 C T

Hi! MOiKJlUBI1X

ediexraeuicn,
aa
nOnOMOrOIO 3HalfeHH~

sunanxv

Ix

CPYHKllioHYBaHH~ MOII\t! Ha.u.XOnHTH aa aBTOMaTI14HHX npHCTpO'iB, WO

sxin, uanpaxnan,
3Mory

X.
6ym

lIKi 6

exruoxac acefiixae xinsxicue nopisnanpiureas, Y sararn.noay 1aS.'laIlHlI KepYBaHHlI - ninfiip TaKHX 1Ha4eHb napaverpia "BXOJlY" sariemesysanu OnTI1ManbHi 3Ha4eHHlI napaverpia "aaxony'' Y. aapiaar
ie

ra

BI16ip onTHManbHHX

pi3HHX

nac

peryrnoaara
X, Z, h.

Kpnrep iswu
KepYBaHHi

onTHManbIH)CTi i1

npa

KepYBaHHi

lIKicTIO

MaTepianiB

MO)f(yrb

annaearoxax
fpyna

diaxropie.
Ha TpH

piaui rexui-rui
MillHicTIO

rexuiso-exouovixui
xiiuaocri

napaverpa.

Hanpaxrian,
MO)f(yrb

npa
6yrH:

BXO,llH YMOBHO MQ;.I(Ha noninuru

rpynu:

6CTOHY KpHTepiSlMI1

orrravansuocri sanaaoi

06'€nHYc

diaxropn,

SlKi KOHTpOnIOIOTbC~ Ta

perymororscs.
Ha3HBalOTb

Bi,llHOUleHHlI

.rocxruyrol

no HopMaTHBHo'i; BI1TpaTH M3 6eToHY

ueveary

ua 1

Lle ni .... lIKi nis,

3MiHIOIOTb, 1I106 KepYBaTI1 CHCTeMOIO. TOMY KepYBaHHi ~KicHHMH

Ix

xe-

Mfla

MillHOCTi: IIpH

anrparu ueveary aa I
Y

MiuHOCTi TOWO.

PYlO411MH qlaKTOpaMI1. IlPH

nOKa3HHKaMH MaTepiacYMiwe;;, Ta

KepYBaHHi lIKicTIO MaTepianiB

30KpeMa THX. WO BI1l0TOBnSlK1TbClI 3 6alaTOKOMnOHeHTHHX cpaKTOpaMI1 ('

orrrnsmaui

....axe nonaru«

KepYlOlfHMH pe)f(HMH

raxi.

WO xapaKTepH3YIOTb

CKJ1an cYMiweH

MiHiMaJlbHii1

Hai1pallioHanbHilllHM e 3aBnaHHSI nocar.renui nOTpi6HHX nOK33HHKiB SlKOCTi npa MO>KJ1HBii1IlHTpaTi pecypcy, WO niMiryCTbCSI, a60 MiHiManbHOpi\laTHBHiH BHTpaTi BHJliJleHHX

Ix rexuonori-moi 06p06KH. Fpyna Z BKJ1104ar (llaKTOpH,

,no HHX

Hii1 BapTOCTi. ,nOCSlrTl1 ~raKCI1ManbHO MO)f(JlI1BHX SlKicHHX nOKa3HHKiB MaWO KOHTpomOIOTbCSI, aJle

-racro

He

pe-

repiany

MQ)I(Ha TaKO)l( IIpH nOBHiH a60 '3<lflalli MOIKYTb M 0:1

rymororscs.
pe)f(I1Mlli

uanexcars
lito 06p1l6KH.

XiMi4HHH

cxnan,

cpi3l1KO-MexaHilfHi

anac-

pecypcis.

TI1BOCTi KOMnOHetlTiB.

BXO,llSlTb no

CKJ1a}lY

cyuiuri.

TaKO)l( neSlKHX

Onruuisauiaui
T e Mar H 4 H 0'1 peTIIo'I' CI1CTeMH.

Gyra

PO'3B'lI3aHi

npa

n06YIlOBi

M a-

napaverpn
h
"WYMY") qlaKTopa

JI i • T06TO

diopaansuo-aaaxoeoro ormc

onHCY KOHKCPYHKUioH)'-

Jln rpynu
(cpaKTopH

Hac1l'il\:1Tb

diaxropa,

uio ncpefiyearort,
KOHTponIOBaTH. BHB4eHicTIO B

noaa

KOHTponeM

3ara.lbHOMY

BHrJIlIJli MaTCMaTl1lfHHH

'!B'Sl3KY 3 Bi.u.HOCHO cna6KHM

BnJlI1BOM KO)l(HOrO

BaHHlI CI1CTeMH Mac BHrJllIIl CHCTeMI1 pisaaas:

oxpevoro
BaHHi,

a60 lIeBMiHHSlM a60

Ix

sincyruicno
06'(KTa.

norpine y, - napauerpa
CH.

6HI1X TeXHillHHX

sacodiu

uanpaxnaa,
BHXi!lIIHX

norauoio aKTI1BHiCTIO ueweury

ra

npoueci

Horo

xepyBHp06mll..{TBa raYMOBH

Ilpn

)~ = cp(XI,X2,x3

... ·xn)' - rpaxropa.

(4.11)
uto
KOHTponIOIOTb-

BI1XO..'l.Y;x(, x2' x3 , ... xn

KHMI1 (l)aKTOpaMH MQ)I()'Th 6YTH KOJlHBaHHSI OC06nl1BOCTeH TOHKO'i CTPYK-

'rypa

MaTepianiB

uanierpafipaxary npa

- KJ1iHKepy, nesxi aunamoeaaui

XiMi4HUX

T3 (IJi3HKO-Mex31-1i4HHX npouecis

CHPOBHHH,

Y fiyniBenbHOMY \1aTepiaJY01HaBCTBi Hai1Wl1pWe 3aCTOCOBYlOTbCSI excnepuveuram.no-crarucuomi Moneni. Flpuxnanou HaHnpocTilllO'i MOneni usoro THny E.'nOUH1peHa npa p03paXYHKax CKJ1a.uiB6eTOHY ct>opMyna D0J10MClI:

cnpauroaanua cpaKTOpu. Cnin

cnpasnara

YCTaTKYB3HIISI ,llJlSl BHnaJlIOBaHHSI i p03MenlOBaHHSI Ta iauri 3a3Ha4HHI. wo xo-ia BnnHB KO)f(HOrO 3 cpaKTopiB, SlKHH He HeBeJH1KHM. cyxynnicrs 'ix MO)f(e

KOHTPOJlIOCTbCSI. O)f(e 6yTU nopiausuo M ,llOCI1Tb3HaliHY niio.

(4.12)
ne

R6 - MillHicTb 6eTOHY; R" - aKTHBHicTb aiaaoureaua: A i C - Koc(IJiuiE.'HTI1.

131

ueMeHTY;

U/B -

ueMHTHO-BOJlHe

130

DYllYI0411 TopaMI1

cxnanuuui MOlleni, LUOxapaxrepaayro n, 3S'H30K X, (xinsxicn, diarcropia k ) 'ra lleHKI1MI1 nOKa3HHKaMH

tllYHKUilO MO)f{lla p03KnaCTI1 S psn
• I.

Mi)f{ cpaKS1KOCTi Y, re, uio 'ra no-

MO)f{Ha CKOpl1CTaTI1CH l~illOMI1M y MaTeMaTl1ui 6Yllb-HKY 6e3nepepSHY naru MOllenb Y SI1rl1S1lli uoninoxra:

nOnO)f{eHHHM npo

Teiinopa

y=
ne

q + I b.x, + L b,/x7
,,,,,I

L blfx,x,
I~.J

+ ...,

(4.13)

bO' hi' hijhii -

OUiHKll Ila

xoerpiuictrria npaxruui

MOlleni.

HKi 3HaXOlISlTb MeTOlIOM noniaowawa npyroro

HaHMeHWw\

xsaaparia.

06Me)l()IOTbCli

cryneua.
LJ.:lll n06Y;10BI1 110;1 illoMiHallbHl1x MO.llenei1 BI1KOPI1CTOBYllHb perpeCiHHI1H TeopiYeKcnepl1MeHTY· 3a noncaoroio 411TI1auanis cpaKTopiB. 3Ha4eHHlI p03B'snan1 TeXHIKI1. 3Gl1pallHlI. o6po6:1l'lIl1l1 ra lll)J.allHlI iHCllllPMaui'j npo rexaonoriro Ta BnaCTI1BOCTi MaTepianiB. KepYlO411X ,'liH ainnoai.mo 4aCHI1X ninnpacvcraax pysauua TCXHOllorillHH\lll npHHHlITrll '!:liHCHIOK)Tb npouecaua piureru, 'l KepYBaHHH Ta npn MO,'lcneH MO)l(Ha BI1KOHaTI1 pisui Ha Bl1xilIHI1H napaverp, neaui. p03paxYHKH, SH3HaKO)l(HOrO tlwKTopa 3HaHTI1 xovfiiaauif orrravansai Ta eKCnepI1MeHTanbHo-cTaTHCTH1fHHX ananis ra MeTOlIH MaTeMaTH'{Hoi'

lIKI1X 3aoc3ne4YlOTbcli panscyaar» II0S'lI'3aHi

B TOMY '-IHclli

ocraausoro. iHUJi 1a.'lalli.

cpaKTOpl1 sa cryneaev

Ix annasy

'3 KepYBaHHlIM lIKicTIO MaTepianis.

Ilpa

UbOMY ecpeKTI1BHe

urupoxe

sacrocyeaaua

eneKTpOHHO-o61fI1CnIOSanbHoi'

peaniaanii

1I0 1aLl<IHOIO KPI1TCpilO OnTI1ManbHOCTi aa cyaBTOMHTI1'30BaHI1MH CI1CTeMaMH xe-

(ACKTrl).

I~J -'-

P03JliJl II.

OCHOBHI

BII.llH 6Y.l1JBEJIhHHX

MA TEPIAJIIB

5. Knacmpixauia
Y
nocr iiiao po6J1eHO, 6Y.lliBHHUTBi 3pOCTa€. €.llHHOi"

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb

6YJliBeJlbHHx MaTepianiB pan MaTepianiB, xinsxicrs

6y.niBeJJbHHX MaTepianiB 03HaK

}1KHX He P03-

KJIaCH<piKaui"i

iCHYIOTb .nY)I(e 6araTO Mi)l( OKpeMHMH 03HaKH

KJIacHQ>iKauiHHHX MaTepianiB.

i CKJIa.nHi CTpYK-

'rypa
3HlJHL

3B'}13KiB

rpynava

Knacadiixauiaui
XiMilJHi. 1>YHKuiomll1bHi.

6y.niBeJlbHHX MeXaHilJHi,

MaTepianiB cTpYKTYPHi,

noninaiors

na

Q>iTa

Q>i3HKO-xiMi'lHi,

TeXHOJJori'lHi

'ra nepesana, 6y.niBeJJbHi Marepiaurrysai np011.YKTH, B OCHOBio11.ep)I(aHHR RKHX neacars xisdxo-rexuonor isui npoueca. HaHBIDKJIHBil1la KJIacHQ>iKauiR 6y.niBeJJbHHX Marepianis sa npH3HalJeHH}1M. MaT e pia JJ H n n R K 0 H C T P Y K U. j H , uto aecyrs naaairraaceaHR, ninfiapaiors 3 ypaxYBaHHHM OC0611HIlOCTeH KOHCTpYKTHBHHX enesreaTiB H rex.rixo-exoaoai-raax otirpysryaaus. 3 Uie:1O MeTOlO WHpoKO BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbCR CTaneBHH i anIOMiHiE:BHH npoxar, 6eTOH i 3ani306eTOH, uer3a BHH}1TKOM npHp011.HHX KaMeHiB JlH - ue J1a, KJ1eE:Ha 11.epeBHHa TOl1l.0.

Marepiana
MOHecYlJHMH p011.)I(YBanbHi )l(eHHH,

j]JIH BHrOTOBneHHH

oroponacyaansaax
aeJJHKHX

KOHCTpYKUiH 30BHiWHi

E: caoro-

i He 3a3Ha1OTb

snnasy

aaaaaraacens.

KOHCTPYKUiY MO)i{)lTb cnpHHMaTH

cairoae

eirpose

HaBaHTIl-

oro-ryroxoro cepenoaauta. npocrip Mi)I( HecY'IHMH eneMeHTaMH, nOBHHHi 6yrH J1erKHMH H MaTH HH3bKY rennonpoaimncrs. MaT e pia J1 H 11. J1Ron p R 11. )I( e H H R naaaion, nOBepXH}1M KOHCTpYKUiH 6y.niBeJlb i cnopyn 3aXHCHHX i aexoparaanax 8J1aCTHBOCTeH. P03pilHHIOTb onopanacysarn.ni H OnOpH11.)I(YBanbHO-MOHTa)I(Hi MarepianH. Ilepuri BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb D.J1R BJ1al1lryBaHHR 3aXHCHO-11.eKOpaTHBHHX noKpHTTiB aa nosepxui KOHCTpYKuiii (urryxarypxa, J1aKH, Q>ap6H, umanepa), npyri nO€.nH)'IOTb y cofii ilK031106moBanbHY, TaK i KOHCTpYKTHBHy Q>YHKUii' npa anaurryaauai noxpnrrie (CKJ106J10KH, np0Q>iJ1bHe CKJIO, nepesocrpyacKOBi 'ra 11.epeBOBOJlOKHHCTi nJ1HTH. aafiecroueraetrrui H amoainieai BHpOa TaKO)l( 11.i'i

ninaaaarnca

arpecaaaiii

Marepiana,

uio

3aHMalOTb

KOHCTpYKTHBHHH

6H). <I>YHKuioHanbHe pia 11 i B nonsrac npH3Ha'leHHH 3Melll1leHHi Ten JI 0

i 3011
nin

JI U i H H H X 'lac

MaT

e-

BTpaT TenJlOTH

excnnyarauir

6y.ni-

133

SeJ1b i cnopyn,

a TaKO)l( TenJ10SHX arperaris

i rpytionpoaonis.

TenJ1oi30J1ji-

MaTH BHCOKi MeXaHil.{Hi BJ1aCTHBOCTi- MiuHicTb, uicrs. HeCHJ10Bi KEM TaKHX KEM cnpHHMalOTb aenra-rai

)l(apocTiHKicTb, MexaHi4Hi

.lJ.OBrOBi4-

UiHHO-KOHCTPYKTHSHi MaTepiaJIH SHKOPHCTOSYIOTb .D.J1ji aMOHeCY4HX KOHc CTPYKUiH 6Y.D.iseJ1b i ManonosepXOBHX uio), HeCY4HX KOHCTPYKUiH nepesaacao .D.J1jiCiJ1bCbKOro 6Y.D.iBHHUTBa (Hi3.D.pIOBaTi 6eTOHH, ap60J1iT, <l>i6poJ1iT TO-

HaBaHTa)I(eHHji. niHOCKBHTa

Cepen

- rennoisonsuitori

MaTepianH

na OCHOBi pi3HHX B0J10H ra306eTOHH,

KOH (cpi6p0J1iT, MiHepanOBaTHi 110, niHOnJ1aCTHKH. KEM cneU:1J]bHOrO

nJ1HTH TOWO), nino-

Zlo
1 H 4 HiM UiHHi.

TenJ1oi3oJ1jiuiHHHX a r e pia

MaTepianiB

aa CTPYKTyPOIO 6J1H3bKi a K Y C-

npaanaseuua

MO)l(yrb npaQIOBaTH B yvosax XiMi4HOi"

J1H , npaaaaseni

.D.J1ji 3HH)I(eHHji

eaeprir

3BYKOBHX KOH 3BYK0i30J1ji-

COKHX reuneparyp

(acapocriaxi,

BOrHeTpHBKi),

arpecii

(rryro-

J1HBaHb (piBHSI wYMiB). llJ1S1saxacry .D. oi p

Ix

nO.D.iJ1S1IOTb 3sYKon0rJ1HHanbHi ua

KHCJ10TOCTiHKi), enexrpu-rao)' aanpyra

(eJ1eKTpoi30J1jiQiHHi,

eJ1eKTPonpOBi.lJ.eKOpaTHBHi, rincoai, xe-

6Y.D.iBeJ1bHHXKOHCTpYKUiH cnopyn a r e pia

i 6Y.lJ.iBeJ1bain WKi.lJ.r iTaKi MaTepianH e noxpise-

.D.Hi). llo HHX aaneacars TaKO)l( 3ByKO- H TenJ1oi30J1jiQiHHi, 6e3yca.D.0l.{Hi, P03wHpIOBanbHi Ta inuri K6M. 3a MaTepianOM MaTpHQi KEM paMil.{Hi, MeTaneBi TOWO. HanOBHIOBa4i BOCTjiMH KEM KEM nepcnexrusai pisai nO.lJ.iJ1jiIOTbua uevearai,

J1HBOi" .D.ii"BO.D.H BO.lJ.HHX H P034HHiB arpecasuax 30 J1ji u i H HiM nO.D.iJ1jiIOTbaa aaradiinsrpauitiai, aHTHKop03iHHi

CnOJ1YKaacrocosyiors H repMeTH3YlO4i.

J1H . 3a npH3Ha4eHHjiM

.lJ.OCHTbpi3HOMaHiTHi. 6a3anbry

3a MexaHi4HHMH

BJ1aCTHB0J10K-

Bepxuiv

BO.lJ.03aXHCHHMuiapov MaTepianH

Y KOHCTpYKuii" noxpisens

B0J10KHHCTi H urapysari

HanOBHIOBa4i 3

J1bHe nOKpHTTSI. lleSlKi Hi J1HCTI1,xepenaua,

(PYJ10HHi MacTHKH) MO)l(Ha BHKOPHCTOa iauri (a36eCTOueMeHTap n0-Tex crans) J1HWe .D.J1ji noxpisens. TaKO)l( C a HiT noniaepis

MeTaniB, CKJ1a,nepesa,

asfiecry,

TOmO. ApMYBaHHSI KEM

By BaTH jiK .D.J1ji oxpieens, n

TaK i .D.J1ji inpoisonaui), r nanexcars

noxpisensaa

HaMH MO)l(e 6yrH SlKOpi€HTOBaHe (3ani306eToH, KH), TaK i .D.HCnepCHe(cpi6p06eTOH). OC06J1HBO nounrpeai P034HHH, MaCTHKH). KEM

CKJ10QeMeHT, CKJ10nnaCTH-

.no 6Y.D.iBeJ1bHH\' MaTepianiB

is 3epHHCTHMH HanOBHIOBa4aMH (6eTOHH, HanOBHIOBa4a (3anOBHIOBa4a) cyrrcao

H i l.{ H i BHp06H - BaHHH, paKOBHMH, MHHKH, npHJ1a.D.H.lJ.Jlji onaneaas XOHb, YCTaTKYBaHHSI caHBY3J1iB 3 xepavixa, .no i MeTaniB. e pia

xyJ1H

Ilpa

ManOMY BMicTi HanOBHIOBal.{a

BJ1aCTHBOCTiKEM KHCJ10-

BH3Hal.{aIOTbCSIB OCHOBHOMY BJ1aCTHBOCTSlMH MaTPHQi, a

ospevor

rpynn

MO)l(Ha Bi.D.HeCTH 6Y.lJ.iBeJIbHi MaT »capocriaxi, Tpy60npOBi.D.Hi ra in.

B Mipy 3pOCTaHHji BMicry My BH.D.YKEM.

Ixui

BJ1aCTHBOCTiMO~b

C n e U i a J1b H 0 ron

p H 3 H a 4 e H H SI - nopoxcai, naneacars

3MiHIOBaTHCSI, Ha6YBalOlJH cneuadii-norx

03HaK, npHTaMaHHHX J1HWe .lJ.aHO-

TOCTiHKi, eJ1eKTpOTexHi4Hi, 6i03aXHcHi, 6Y.lJ.iBeJ1bHi MaTepianH Qi H H HX MaT e pia 3HBalOTb npaponni yrBOPIOIOTb·. HjilOTb nepury a60 urry-mi

HanpHKJ1a.D., .D.J1jiQeMeHTHJ.1X6eTOHis 36iJ1bWeHHji BMicry

3.D.e6iJ1bWOrO .D.O K 0 M n 03 H K 0 M no 3 H Q i H H H M H aaMaTepianH, CniJ1bHOIO 03Ha-

J1i B (KoMn03HTiB). rereporeuai

HanOBHIOBal.{a .lJ.0 neaaoi Me)l(i cnpJ.1S1€3POCTaHHIO MiQHOCTi na accpaJIbTOBHX - xa 50 ...80%. Pi3HOBJ.1.D.OM KOMn03HQiHHHX J1b Hi K 0 H r J10 M epa T J.1 (W MaTepianiB 6 K ). e W T Y l.{ H i 3a I.O.PH6'€BHM

20 ...30%,

6 y n i Be 6y-

KOIO SlKHX e iCHYBaHHSI Me)l(i nO.lJ.iJ1YMi)l( KOMnOHeHTaMH (cpa3aMH), uto

Ix

Wry4HHMH

KOMn03HuiHHOMY

6Y.lJ.iBeJ1bHOMYMaTepiani

(KEM)

pospia-

.D.iBeJ1bHHMJ.1 OHrJ10MepaTaMJ.1 Ha3HBalOTb MaTepianH. K

B SlKHX 3anOSHIOsa4

CPa3Y,a60 MaTpHUIO, - 6e3nepepBHHH

3B'Sl3YBanbHHH KOMno-

3QeMeHTOBaHHH B'SI)I(Yl.{HMH pe40BHHaMH a60 nepBHHHHMH 3s'Sl3KaMH (xiMi4HHMH, eJ1eKTpHl.{HI1MH, MeTaJleBHMH TOLIlO) y MOHOJ1iT .no npHpO.lJ.HHX . K?HrJ10MepaTiB uaneaorrs pan ripcsxax nopin, .D.Owry4HHX WEK - aacasmepen sanponoaosauo rsepaiaOX0J10-

HeHT, WO nepe6YBa€

S TBep.D.OMY KpHCTani4HOMY a60 aMopcpHOMY CTaHi, i B 6Y.lJ.b-jiKOMY arperaruovy craui. 6eToHH rouio) nOBHHHi

ztpyry

iioro

CPa3Y- O.D.HYa60 KiJ1bKa pe40BHH, .lJ.HCneprOBaHHX y MaTPHQi, nO.lJ.iJ1S1IOTb CHJ10Bi, HeCHJ10Bi H cneuiansua

sxi MO)l(yrb nepefiysaru Hi. CHJ10S; KEM

piaaovanrrai 6eToHH H P034HHH. Y xnacadiixaui]

BH.lJ.iJ1HTH .D.BaTHnl1 TaKHX MaTepianiB cs BHaCJ1i.lJ.OK HH3bKoTeMneparypHHx HSI B'SI)I(yl.{HX pe4oBHH,

3a npH3Ha4eHHSlM K6M

- 6e3BHnaJ1lOBaJ1bHi, uio yrSOPIOIOTbCPi3HKO-xiMil.{HHX npouecis LIlO yrBoPIOIOTbcSI'npH .

(CKJ10nJ1aCTHKH, astiecrcueaetrr,

i aanamoaansni.

.lJ.)I(eHHi 3 p03nJ1aBiB a60 KOHTaKTHOMY cnixaaai

• Y nireparypanx
MaTepianiB.

Jl)f(epeJlax TpanJlSlIOTbCSI iuuri BI13HalJeHHSI Ii KOMno3HuiliHI1X

134

135

CHPOBHHHHMH pinxi

KOMnOHeHTaMH 6y.uiBenbHHX pelJOBHHH. Einsuia

MaTepianiB

C .raepni, (WJIaKH, XiMilJH xa-

6. IIPJlPO,llHI

KAM'SIHI MATEPIAJIJI.

Ii rasononifiai
nopoziava,

lJaCTHHa raepnoi CHPOBHHH rroziana

ripCbKHMH 30JIH, aincis

.uepeBHHOIO 'ra npOMHCnOBHMH ainxonasra pinxi sinxona BO.uHi P03lJHHH.

6.1. 3araJlbHi BmoMocTi.

Il p
HP0 n HHMH K a v ' SIH H M H MaT e pia JI a M H Ha3HBaIOTb MaTepianH, RKi onepayiors SlK fieanocepenaso npa nonansuria MeXaHilJHiH ofipofiui ripcsxnx nin xac BHLJ.o6YBaHHR,TaK i nopin. WHPOKO BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb npa nOKpHTTi nonJISI 1MiUHeHHR 'ra 06JIHOc06-

TOLUO). Pi.uKHMH pelJOBHHaMH C aadrra, nicrarors raaononiou i nponyicra, MaTepianiB.

HHX ni.unpHCMCTB, sona ra M'SiHe syrinns,

c

Ilepepofinmoxa

nadrry

sxi MO)l<Ha BHKOPHCTOBVHaHnOWHpeHiwi 3eMHoi" KOpH. CHJIi-

BaTH .uJISIBHpo6HHUTBa noniaepaax

Ilpapoznri Mine-

KaM'RHi MaTepianH 3aBnSlKH BHCOKiH MeXaHilJHiH MiuHOCTi, nasen MaTepianH B 6yniBHHUTBi

Cepen
pansuoto

HeOpraHilJHHX CHPOBHHHHX MaTepianiB 3HalJHe Micue (66.5%) noponu, niCKH.

.uoBrOBilJHOCTi, neKopaTHBHOCTi 3 nasaix SlK cTiHOBi 'ra 06JIHUIOBanbHi pir, ssenenai rinpOTeXHilJHHX UIOBaHHSI sinxocis,

KaTH, SlKHM nanezorrs MH C rnaua, Ta imui

y cxnaai

CHPOBHHOIO 6araTOuiJIbOBOrO Kap60HaTHi cHniKaTHO'" rexuonorii

npH3HalJeHHSI 3 BeJIHKHMH oficsra-

Ta iHWHX cnopyn,

6y.uiBHHUTBi WHPOKO BHKOpHC- ueMeHTH, aBTOKnaBHi 6eTOHH SlKi BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb .uOUiJIbHO xnaH CTanenJIaBHJIb-

aafiepeacnux

TOIUO. Ha HHX B naHHH lJac npanaaac y 6y.uiBHHUTBi MaTepianiB. aepynnax 6yniBeJIbHHX MaTepianiB IUO ):(0

TOBYIOTb nponyxra MaTepianH. IIo6ilJHi cH$iKYBaTH 1. no6ilJHi nponysra 2.no6ilJHi

6nH3Ko 50% MaCH scix

aacrocoayaanax

npo~yKTH sanexoro

H Bi)lXO.uH BHpo6HHUTBa,

JIHBO BeJIHKHM C nornrr na nponyxuiro - LUe6iHb, rpaaiii 'ra nicox,

SlK CHPOBHHY nns BHrOTOBneHHSI 6y.uiBeJIbHHX aia ranyai MeTanypri"l: nponyxra

MaTepianiB,

Ilpaponai
BHp06nSllOTb nepuroi rpyna 6H, no ztpyroi

KaM'SiHi MaTepianH aaneacars

nOniJISIIOTb aa nai rpyna nenpaeinsao!

- urrysai, $OpMH.

npOMHcnOBOCTi, ne BOHH YTBOPIOIOTbCSI: .uoMeHHi, $epOCnJIaBHi nJIaBJIeHHi

y BHrJISIni 6JIOKiB, Ta MaTepianH - nepesaaoro psani, nonpi6HeHi

nHJIeHi, KOJIOTi, WJI'i$OBaHi ra nOJIipOBaHi BHpOTa coprosani. pi3HHX BHpo6iB 3 xaC

Hi WJIaKH, LUO YTBOPlOlOTbCSI npa nponyxrn

pyn

KOJIbOPOBHX MeTaniB, npOMHCJIOBOCTi: Ha$TO-

36aralJeHHSI pya, He$eJIiHOBi 'ra iuuii TenJIOBo"l enepreraxa nopozta, WJIaKH, uraxrni ainxozia

WJIaMH. ayrneafiara-reaaa, i

Ii nanaaaoi

OCHOBHi HanpSlMH 3acTocYBaHHSI y 6yniBHHuTBi MeHIO naseneao y Ta6JI. 6.1. CHPOBHHOIO LJ.JISI Hpo6HHUTBa B ripcsxi nopoaa Hawa - MiHepanbHi arperara pecypca npOnYKTaMH reOJIOri'lHHX xpaura THM, HHHi ace 6iJIbWOrO rrpouecia rrpaponaax nesnoro

30JIa, nanasni 3.no6ilJHi xona,

KaM'SlHHx MaTepianiB cxnaay Ta 6ynoBH,

BHH nex, KHCJIHH ryzipoa. npoziyxra XiMilJHO"l npOMHCJIOBOCTi: saniaacri urnava i cononponyxru, nponyKTH.

RKi C

rincowicrxi
$oc$opHi

BinWJIa-

y 3eMHiH KOPi. npapoaaoro n06i'lHHX KaMeHIO. P3.30M 3 n6aHJIHBOrO BHKOnpOnYKTiB TOIUO.

COJIe- Ii rinpoxcanouicrxi nponyxra nponyxra conova

Mac 3Ha'lHi

KH, BTOPHHHi noniMepHi 4.no6ilJHi 5.no6ilJHi xononni, 6.no6ilJHi MeHTHoro, 7.BinxonH

3Ha'leHHSI Ha6YBac np06JIeMa KaM'SiHoro fiopouma,

ripHHlJOno6YBHO'" nepepotixa niruiu,

npowacnoaocri.
ra iHWO'j CHPOBHHH POCJIHHHOo6pi3KH, KOCTPHUSIJIbOHY i rapca,

pHcTaHHSI npaponaoi

CHPOBHHH, YTHJIi3aui'j

i"i

nepe-

nepeanna

P06KH y BHrJISIni sinciaia,

aerafiapary

ro nOXOn)f(eHHSI: xopa, crpyxoca, TOIUO. npoziyxra

6.2. I'ipcsxi nopona

MaTepianiB: nOJIiMepHOro sinxonn ueKJ1acH«piKauia. CKJ1a~, CTpyKrypa, nopia. 'rexcrypa. Ha csoronn] aiaovo KepaMilJHOrO, i CKJIRHOrO BHKOnpoaacnoaocri. WMa1TSI, nanepoaa rsepni MaKYJIarypa, asronoxpaurxa, 3anHWKH CTilJHHX ?JIH3b~O THCR'Ii BHniB ripcsxax IX nomnstors aa TpH KnaCH: Mar MaT H lJ Hi, a60 3a YMOBaMH YTBopeHHSI (renesacy) YTBOpeHi BHaCJIinOK OXOJIO-

BHpo6HHUTBa 6yniBenbHHX

a36ecToueMeHTHoro, MicbKoro rocnonapcrsa: MaTepianH,

BHpo6HHUTBa, nepynuor pHCTaHi nonivepui BOn, CMITTSI.

B H Be p )f( e Hi.

n)f(~HHSI y aaztpax 3eMJIi lJH na 'jj nosepxai naBIB; o can 0 B i • yrsopeai opraaisvia aa rrosepxai ra rrpoztyxris peTBope.HHSI nponyxria 3anHwKIB

MarMH, To6TO CHJIil\aTHHX posn-

3eMJIi BHaCJIinOK HaKOnH'IeHHR Ta nenopin, axi BHHHKJIH paaiure,

pyliHYBaHHSI ripcsxax

fx )f(HTTCniSlnbHOCTi; 137

136

MeT

a MOp

cp

i "I Hi,

yrsopeai nopin

aa BenHKI1X rnl16HHaX

aaacninox

3MiHH M 3 MarMH,

HaHBa)J(J1HBiwHMH

CKJlallOBHMH "IaCTHHaMH MarMaTH"IHHX 'ra cHJliKaTH.

nopin

OCallOBI1X i MarManf"lHHX ra raps-rax P03"1HHiB.

nin niero BI1COKO'jresmeparypa pe"lOBI1H, uio saninmorsca

H BeJ1HKO-

i H epa

J1a M H e xsapu

Ilinpaxoeauo,

uio cepennin umarn

BMicT

ro TliCKY. nin BnnHBOM ra30nOlli6HHX

MiHepaJIiB Y MarMaTH"IHHX noponax

TaKHH, %: nonsoei

- 60, xsapu

Ta6J1H"SI

6.1.

3acTocvBaHHSI

6Y.lOBHH"TBI pl3HHX BH~IB KaMeHIO

- 12, aMcpi60JlH Ta nipoxceaa - 17, CJIlOllH - 4, iuuri cHJ1iKaTH - 6. Ocanoni nopona aa cnocofiou 'Ix YTsopeHHH nO.D.iJ111IOTb TpH rpyna na: Y Jl a M K 0 B I - OCa.D.HMeXaHi"lHOrO nOXO.LJ.)KeHH1I (BaJIYHH, ransxa, nicox,
rnana);
xi M i "I H i - OCa1lH XiMi"lHOrO rtoxonaceana (cynsdiara, Kap60HaTH, raJloi'.D.Hi CnOJ1YKH); o p r a H 0 r e H H i - ocana HHCTi, syrneuesi nopona 6ioxiMiYHorO noxoziaceaaa (Kap60HaTHi, xpesrrouio). nopin nin nicio resmeparypa, BO.D.H, 1bO.ll,OBHKiB J - nponyicra ainxna-

Ilpnaaaseans,
<l>YHllaMeHTH CTiHH Onopsnxeuas 30SHiWHE:

Marepiann i Bl1po611.
bYTOBHHKaMiHb, KaMiHb nHJleHHHra KOJlOTHH. Criaosi (nHJIeHi) KaMeHi, xpyrmi CTiHOBi 6JIOKH,recaHHH KaMiHb. 06JlHUJOSaJlbHi nJJHTH 'ra KaMeHi, npo<J>iJIbHi eneMeHTI1. 06JlHUJOBaJlbHinJlHTH, npocj>iJlbHi eJleMeHTH. CXOllHHKH, nJlHTH .ll.Jl1lnnouiaaox, croenis Ta CTiHOK,06JlHUIOBaJlbHinJlHTH. CXOllHHKH, nJlHTH.ll.Jl1l nnouianox, cxonis Ta nianor.

YJlaMKOBi nOpO.D.HYTBOPHJlHCH BHaCJlillOK pYHHYBaHH1I (BHBirpIOBaHH1I) BHBep)!(eHHX ripcsxax 'ra iHWHX 30BHiwHix areuria, XiMi"lHi - YTBOPHJIHC1Inpa OCa.LJ.)KeHHi BOll3

SHYTpiwHE: 30SHWHi CXOllH ra nnouianxa, napanern Ta oro-

Onopsnacenaa

HHX P03"1HHiB MiHepaJIbHHX XiMiKO-MiHepaJIoriYHI1H

pe"lOBI1H, a opraaorenai CKJlatJ. oca.n.OBI1X nopia

posci
BHYTpiwHi CXOllH 'ra nno-

lleHH1I aa .n.Hi BO.D.OHMiB 33.J1HWKiB BO.n.opOCTeHTa TBapHHHHX oprauisaia. pi3HOMaHiTHiuIHH, nopin Hi)!( MarMaTI1"1HI1X. nOp1l11 3 MiHepanaMI1 Bl1xi.n.HI1X IMaTepHHCbKHX" 60PTosi, fipyuiarxa, KaMiHb KOJlOTHH mera (Kap60HaTI1, apofineni, KOJlOTira recani, aarryaa Ta meMiHepanbHi (rHeHcH) ripcsxax COJli rouio). nopia BI1.ll,iJl1llOTbnai rpyna: (aanpaxnan: 3MiHeHi MarMaKBap"HT, rllHH1IC'ra 3MiHeHi ocanoai rtepersopeaas, nopia

uranxa, nianorn
nOKpHTTli aSTOM06iJlbHHX

Kaveni
6iHb.

nopir Finporexuivui cnopynn

BOHH MO)!(YTb BKJllO"IaTH i p1l11 iHWI1X, YTBopeHHX BHaClli.D.OK OCa.LJ.)KeHH1I

Kaveui
6iHb.

Cepen
TH"IHi noponn ri cnaaui).

MeTaMopcpi4HI1X Y npoueci

3anOBHIOsalli fieronis Sa)l(KOrO nerxoro

a60 MeTaMopcpi3MY XiMiKo-MiHepano 500°C Ta THC-

Kaveni npofineui, KOJlOTira recani, SanyHI1 ra me6iHb. D.p06JleHI1HKaMiHb, aiaxonn aia nofiyeanas noro KaMeHIO. nopin BXO.n.1ITb nOBiJlbHO ropasoarax WTy"I-

JIOri4HHH cxnan

saneacao Bill .n.ilO"IHX 3Ha"leHb rexsneparyurapysari cHJliKaTH, 1IKi Micresmeparypa pi3HHX CJlIO.D. i

pn ra TI1CKY sasnac neBHHX 3MiH. TaK, npa reuneparypi

xy 40 .... 90 Mfla YTBOPlOlOTbCH pi3HoMaHiTHi

rxrs aauia, ri.D.pOKCHJlbHi rpyna, xapxacni

anIOMOCHJliKaTH. RKlllO

a THCK HH)!(4HH, TO BHHHKalOTb KPHCTaJIH aM¢i6011y, I'ipcsxi noponn

)),0

cxnany

MarMaTH"IHHX nopoznr, route.

oxonozeseai 3eMHoi' KOrpani-

TOllIO. Bi.D.pi3HHIOTbCHCPOPMOIO 3anHfaHHH, CrpyKTyPHHMH P03YMilOTb OC0611HBOCTi.... BHYTPiwKpHCTani4HOCTi,

- cysynuicn,

r Jl H 6 11H H i TH, cicaira,

(iHTpy3I1BHi)

'ra YTBOpeHi y aepxnix

pa B H JI H T i (ecpy3HBHi) cpiPHTH, neM3H TOmO. XiMi"lHHH CH.n.iB xpevui:«, HIO. cxnazi

)),0 rJlH6HHHHX nopia

naneacars

TeKCl)'pHHMH

03HaKaMH (pHc.6.1 ... 6.3). p03MipaMH 'ra diop-

.n.iOPI1TH, ra6po

)),0 BHJlHTHX - 6a3aJIbTH,aH.D.e3iTH, nopnopin MO)!<Ha BHpa3HTH BMicTOM OKKaJIbUilO, aarpiio, 59,12 ..... 64,3%; xaniio, BO.D.A1203-

Ilin

C T P Y K T Y p o io noponn

MarMaTH"IHHX Si02

HbO'" 6y.n.OBH, 3YMOBJleHi cryneaev

MOIO KpHCTaniB, a nia T e K C T Y p o io HHMH npocropi.

03HaK, llle> BH3Ha"lalO-

aJIlOMiHilO, 3aJIi3a, MamilO, BMicT

Ilpa

TbC1I Bi.ll,HOCHHM p03TaWYBaHHHM CKJla.ll,OBHXyaCTHH nopoznr y 3aHMaHOMY

UbOMY

CTaHOBHTb

15,34 ....... 15,71 %.

138

139

3aJ1e)f(HO ain P03MipiB MipH sepea p03MipaMH, -

sepen CTPYKryPH nOLliJI~IOTb na xpynao (2 .... 5 MM) Ta Llpi6H03epHHcTi uto CKJ1aLlalOTb nopony,

(p03-

nouan

5 MM), cepenaso

(MeHwe

Hi)f( 2 MM). 51KUlo sepaa TO CTpYKrypa

MiHepaJIiB,

6JIH3bKi aa

e piBHOMipHO-3epHHCTOIO, Y npOTHJIe)KHOMY pasi THnOBHMH pi3HOBHLlaMH HepiBHOMipHO-3epH~BHicTfO CTPYKTYpH, ~Ki xapaKTepH3YIOTbC~

HepiBHOMipHO-3epHHCTOIO.

HHCTHX e n 0 p <i>i p 0 B i noponi

CKJ1YBaTo'i a60 TOHK03epHHCToi' OCHOBHoi' MaCH, Y SlKiH posciaai KPHCTaJlH - BKpanJIeHHSI. OCHOBHHMH THnaMH rexcryp e -D)1.Hopi)1.Ha,a60 MacHBHa, 3BH'IaHHa Y BHBep)f(eHHX noponax, (CJIaHUIOBaTa). BHp06HHUTBa npHpOLlHHX KaM'SlHHx MaTepiaJIiB cepen MarMaTHHaHBa)KJ]HBimi rpanira, cepea OCa)1.0BHx- Kap60HaTHi nOpO)1.H

6
nopin:

xpynai rexcrypa rronifina

PHC. 6.1. CrpYKTYPH BHBep)f(eHHX ripcsxax

a-3epHHCTo-KPHCTaJliqHaCTpYKTYpa rpaniry (K-KBapu; O-OPTOKJlaJ; C-cJlIolla); 6-noptPipoBa CTpYKTypa (Ms-aaca llpi6HHX sepen; B-"BKpanJleHHx"); a-nopacra CTpYKTypa(rtesiaa).

ueonnopi

nna (TaKcHTOBa) ra

raeaco.-

,llJI~
lJHHX nopia

(BanHSlKH Ta LlOJIOMiTH), MeTaMop<i>i'lHHX Ha LlOJIIO rpaniris BHna)].a€ 6JIH3bKO 30% - KHCJIi (Si02~65%) npH6JIH3HO 'raxa cava

rueaca,

KBapUHTH 'ra MapMYp.

pO)1.0BHm HepYLlHoi' CHPOBHHH, nOpO)1.H, Y SlKHX JIerKO

r p a HiT

nHTOMa aara pO)1.0BHm Kap60HaTHHX nopia. rJIH6HHHi

p03pi3HHTH

6
nopin:

xsapu (20 ... .40%), nOJIbOBHH umar (40 ... 70%) 'ra CJIIO)1.Y MYCKOBiT a60 6ioTHT (5 ... 20%). Cepen iHWHX MiHepaJIiB TpanJHIIOTbC~ aM<i>i60JIH ra nipoxcena. ,llJISi rpaniria xapaxrepaa 3epHHcTo-KPHCTaJIi'lHa 6Y.D.OBa. KOJIip rpaarry BH3Ha'lacrbc~ 6apBaMH
(pHc.6.1) MiHepaJIH: uio BXO.D.~Tb)1.0 Horo cKJ1a.D.Y,i HaH'IaCTiwe 6JIH3bKi LlO rpaairia MiCTHTb xsapuy 6YBa€ cinOpO.D.H. _ TeMHO-'1epBoHHM. 'ra CKJ1a.D.alOMiHepaJIiB

xapaxrepui

PHC. 6.2. CTPYKTYPHOCa.u.OBHX ripcsxax

nOJIbOBHX umaria,

a-niuiasax (l-ueMeHTYJOQa peQOBHHa; 2-3epHa nicxy); 6-BanHJIK-paKywHHK; B-lliaTOMHT.

pHM, 6JIaKHTHYBaTo-cipHM,

i e HiT

H.

Ha Bi)1.MiHy ain porosoi

.11. 0 P H T H. r a 6 p o i rpauiria BOHH npaKTH4HO He asriry rouro. HaH'IaCTHWe

TbC~ nepesaxcuo 3 nOJIbOBHX umaria 06MaHKH, TeMHO-3eJIeHe 3a6apBJIeHH~. nOpO.D.H rpyna BOHH nofipe rpaairy nOJIipYIOTbC~.

'ra TeMH03a6apBJIeHHX

ui nOpO.D.HMalOTb cipe a60 MiuHHX

Ix 3aCTOCOBYIOTb Y

nanezcars

.11.0HaH6iJIbW

i CTIHKHX,

6Y.D.iBHHUTBi )1.JISI 6JIH1.\IO0 rouio). nOpO)1.H rpynn

BaHH~ 6Y.D.iBeJIb 'ra cnopya, ra CTHpaf04HX rpaairy nepepofinarori, 6eTOHy. aaHaHnOWHpeHiwiMH HHX MiHepaJIiB.

30KpeMa KOHCTPYK1.\iH, sxi 3a3Ha1OTb ynapaax i BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb SlK 3anOBHfOBa'l )1.JISI c 6 a3

HaBaHTa)KeHb (ni)1.JIOrH, nsonopisn aa llle6iHb

PHC. 6.3. CTPYKTYPH MeTIlMop$i'lHHX ripcsxax

a-MapMYP; 6-KBapUHT; a-ruenc. 3a cryneaest niaxpacranixai paxrepai crani-nri KPHCTaJli'lHOCTi p03pi3HfOlOTb

nopin:

nOBHOKpHCTaJli'lHi,

BHnHTHMH noponava

an

b T H-. llo

i'XHbO-

ra CKJ1YBaTi CTPYKTYPH. I10BHOKPHCTaJli'lHi YTBopeHHx

CTPYKTYpH xa-

ro CKJ1aLlYBXO.D.~TbnonbOBHH umar

'ra 3Ha4Ha xinsxicn,

TeMH03a6apBne-

)1.JUIrJ1H6HHHHX nopia,

BHaCJIi)1.0KnOBiJIbHOrO OXOJIO-

Crpyxrypa

6a3aJIbTiB CKJ1YBaTa a60 npHXOBaHOKpHCTaJli'l-

.lJ.)KeHH~MarMH, a TaKO)f( )1.JI~6iJIbWOCTi MeTaMop<i>i'lHHX nopin. 'ra CKJ1YBaTi CTPYKTYpH 6YBalOTb Y BHJIHTHX noponax. 140

Hanisxpa-

aa. BHCOKa 'reepzncri,

ra KPHXKiCTb yCKJ1a.uHIOIOTb 'iXHIO 06p06KY.

Konip

141

6a3aJIbTiB TeMHO-cipHH KaM'SiHoro .Ll i a6

a60 40pHHH.

Da3aJIbTH SlK i

PHCTOBYIOTb SlK 6Y.LliBeJ1bHHH KaMiHb.

Ix

rpaairu

WHPOKO BHKO-

THnOBi

MeTaMOp¢i'lHi

nOpO.LlH - r H e H C H

sa MiHepaJIbHHM

CKJ1a-

3acTocoBYIOTb

Y npOMHCJ10BOCTi

J1HTBa, SlK eJ1eKTpoi30J1S1UiHHi 'ra KHCJ10TOTPHBKi MaTepiaJIH.

THX caMHX raJIY3S1X, uio H 6a3aJIbTH, 3aCTOCOBYIOTb iHWY BHJ1HTy

Y nopony p q, i -

.LlOM ainnosinarort,

as. Ilourapeai
51Kmo SiOl),

BHJ1HTi MarMaTH'IHi 6a3aJIbTH

nOpO.LlH - a H .Lle 3 H T H Ta no

H T H.

(40 ... 50% Si02).

'ra niafiaaa aaneacars .LlO' OCHOBHHX nopin TO aH.Lle3HTH 'ra nopdiipara -zto cepenaix nopia (52 ... 65%
Ta aH.ue3HTH BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb .uJ1S1 HrOTOBJ1eHHSI6pyB

noponav rpanirucro 'rarry. ,UnSl HHX, SlK 1 .LlJ1S1 iHWHX MeTaMopq,i'lHHX nopin, xapaxrepna KPHCTaJIi'lHO-3epHHCTa CTpYKTYpa Ta CJ1aHUIOBaTa (meHCOBa) rexcrypa. fHeHCH 3aCTOCOBYIOTb B OCHOBHOMY SlK U1e6iHb .LlJ1S1 uiocetinax nopir Ta .LlJ1S1 6aJIaCTyBaHHSI 3aJIi3HHxaoro n0J10THa.
MarMaTH4HHM K Ba p UHT H niCKOBHKiB. 3aJIe)f(HO YTBOPlOlOTbCSI BHaCJ1i.uOKMeTaMopq,i3auii" KBapUOBHX

ain

.LlOMiWKiB BOHH MO)f(YTb MaTH 6iJ1HH, )f(OBTyBaBHKOPHCTOBYIOTb SlK 06J1HUIOBorHeTpHBiB.

OOpq,iPHTH

uiarxa,
MiT

KHCJ10TOTPHBKHX BHpo6iB

rouio.
OCHOBHOMy Ban 3 KaJIbUHTy H SIK H Ta.A 0 J10 B CaC03, SlK .AOMiWKH

THH Ta 4epBOHYBaTHH

KOJ1bOpH. KBapUHTH

BaJIbHHH, KHCJ10TOTPHBKHH MaTepiaJI, .uJ1S1 BHpo6HHUTBa BJIaCTHBOCTi

Kap60HaTHi . BanHSlKH

nopona - ue B cxnaneai nepeaaacno

ripcsxux

nopin.

06J1aCTb 3aCTOCYBaHHSI npapozmoro BJ1aCTHBOCTSlMH, 3YMOBCKJ1a.uOM, XiMiKO-MiHepaJIori'lHHM

HHX C .u0J10MiT CaMq(C03 HSI CaC01 M'SiKa

h,

KaMeHIO BH3Ha4aCTbCSI Horo

q,i3HKo-MeXaHi'lHHMH

rJ1HHHCTi Ta

iuuri

MiHepaJIH.

Bynosa

Ta

anacTyq, -

THBOCTi BanHSlKiB 3YMOBJ1eHi YMOBaMH

Ix YTBopeHHSI.

BHaCJ1i.uOK

aanaaaa-

J1eHHMH OC06J1HBOCTSlMH YTBopeHHSI, CTpYKTyPOIO i THBOCTeH

rexcrypoio.

3Ha4eHHSI nOKa3HHKiB OCHOBHHX 6a30BHX BJ1aC-

3 .u)f(epeJ1 ByrJ1eKHCJ1HX BO.u YTBOPIOCTbCSI BanHHCTHH J1erKO p03nHJ1IOCTbCSI. Pi3HOBH.u C pe3YJ1bTaTOM BHna.uaHHSI CaC03 .upi6H03epHHCTy

nopacra nopozia, uio ryrpy - T P a a e p T H H, IUO

.Ll)f(epeJ1. TpaBepTHH Mac

sanaacroro 3 rapaxax

pany

6y.uiBeJ1bHHX

ripcsxax nopia naseneao

B Ta6J1.6.2.

uiinsiry,

6Y.AOBY i BHKOPHCTOBY-

a T6 DopolIH MarMaTH'lHi:

JIH~H

CTbCSISlK.ueKopaTHBHHH 06J1HUIOBaJIbHHH KaMiHb. ,UeSiKi pi3HOBH.uH BanHSlKiB MalOTb opranoreane nOXO.Ll)f(eHHSI. BOHH yrsopeui BHaCJ1i.uOK ymiJ1bHeHHSI Ta ueMeHTyBaHHSI CKeJ1eTHHX 3aJIHWKiB npocriumx TBapHHHHX oprauiauie (paKOBHH, MOJ1IOCKiBTomo). ,Uo BanHSIKiB opranoreuuoro noxoroseaus aanexcars Ban H SIK - 'I e pen a W H H K Ta

621> a30BI BJIaCTHBOCTI npCbKHX noplJl Cepenas rye- rpaHHWI Mi- MOlIYJ1b npyx- MOP030CTiHKicTb, raua. Kr/M3 UHOCTinpa HOCTi, UHKJ1H 104 MDa CTHCKY,MDa 2500 2800 2500 2200 ..... 2700 ..... 3000 ..... 2700 ..... 3100 100.....260 100.....350 60 ..... 150 110..... 500 10.....200 100.....250 5 .....200 10.....250 5..... 10 9..... 11 6 ..... 8 8..... 8,3 6..... 7 7.....9 100..... 300 100..... 300 59 ..... 200 50 ..... 200 25 ..... 200 100..... 300 3.... .300 15.... .300 npa

rpauira
ra6po

peaa a. ~iJ1bHi BanHSlKH BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb .QJ1S1 OTpHMaHHSI 06J1HUIOBaIlbHHX

nopdiiparn
6a3aJ1bTH

.AeTaJIeH, lUe6eHIO .uJ1S1 a)f(KHX 6eTOHiB, a B i 6J10KiB, me6eHIO .uJ1S11erKOrO 6eTOHY. J

nopacri - .QJ1S1 CTiHOBHX sarnra,

KaMeHiB

BanHSlKH WHPOKO 3aCTOCOBYlOTb nOpTJ1aH.AueMeHTy

Meraaoprpixai:
rHeHCH KBapUHTH

SlK CHPOBHHHHH MaTepiaJI .uJ1S1 TpHMaHHSI O WHX WTy4HHX 6y.uiBeJ1bHHX MaTepiaJIiB.

'ra in-

2000 ..... 2500 2500 ..... 2700 1700 ..... 2700 2000 ..... 2500

Ocanosi:
Kap60HaTHi nicKoBHKH

KOBi

Ilopsn 3 BanHSlKaMH SlK npHpo.uHHH KaMiHb BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb YJ1aMnopona - n i C K 0 B H K H , sxi c 3epHaMH xaapuoeoro niCKY, aueveaBanHHCTHMH Ta

TOBaHHMH rJ1HHHCTHMH, KpeMHe3eMHcTHMH, BHHaMH. HaH6iJ1bW KH. BHaCJ1i.uOK Map M MiuHi

'ra

iHWHMH

peso-

0,2 .....9 1,4.....5

HaHBa)f(J1HBIWOIO BJ1aCTHBlCTIOnpHpO.LlHOrO KaMeHIO C MIUHicTb CTHCKY. lI,eH nOKa3HHK HaH6iJ1bWHH .uJ1S1 opin, SlKi MalOTb n CTaJIi'lHy 6Y.LlOBY. 51Kmo B

'ra

CTiHKi KpeMHe3eMHCTi

aannacri

niCKOBH-

onnopinno-xpa3MiH. BHaenpasinopin

noponax nepesazcac
noponn.

CKJ10, TO 'iXHSI MiuHicTb

nepexpacraniaauii

BanHSlKiB 'ra .uoJ10MiTiB YTBOPlOlOTbCSI SlK 06J1HUIOBaJIbHHH MaTe-

3HH)f(YCTbCSI, BOHH 6iJ1bWe nianaiorsca IUY MiuHicTb J1bHO'i, nopacricrs, MalOTb .upi6H03epHHCTi cpOPMH. 3Ha'lHO i3 3MeHbweHHSlM

BnJ1HBY revneparypnax csnaneni ia sepea

PH,

SlKi BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb nepesaacao

pian.

saayfipeuof

BnJ1HBae Ha MiuHicTb

ripcsxax

SlKO'j36iJ1bWY€TbCSI nnouta

KOHTaKTy Mi)f( se-

pHaMH. 51KU10, HanpHKJ1a.Ll, nopucricrs

BanHSlKiB 3MeHbwYCTbCSI aia 40 J],O

142

143

2%, TO "iXH~ MiuHicTb CbKHX

Ha CHICK 3pOCTa€ Bin 5 no 180 Ml'Ia. Miuaicrs ripnopin npa p03THy y 10 .... 20 Pa3iB HH)!(4a Hi)!( npa CTHCKY. Y ripcsxax nopoziax, OC06J1HBO ocaaoaax, TpanJJ~IOTbCjI CJJa6Ki pisHOBHnH Ix, uto MicTHTbC~ y aarnsni oxpevax urapis a60 npomapxis. Onuopizraicn, BJ1aCTHBOcTeH nopona e HaHBa)!(J1HBiHWHM nOKa3HHKOM 'ixHbOi' lIKOCTI.

06p06J1IOBaHicTb HicTb) 3MeHI.UycrbclI TaJIi4HiH

ripcsxax B Mipy

nopia (I.UJ1iCPYBaJ1bHicTb, nonipysansspocraans rxasoi MiuHOCTi, npa xpynuoxpac-

crpyxrypi,

TaKO)!( HMBHOCTi BKJJlOtIeHb.

sany KaMeHIO cYTT€Be 3HalJeHH~ Ma€ Horo cepezms ryeTHHa, nJ1~ ripcsxax nopin nesaoro MiHepaJ1bHOrO CKJJa.ny Ta crpYKTYpa MO)!(e 6yrH xapaKTepHCTHKOIO "iXHbO'i MiuHOCTi Ta D:OBrOBitIHOCTi. Y Mipy 36iJJbI.UeHH~ xiMi4Ho'i OCHOBHOCTi nopin (ainaotueans BMicT)' OCHOBHHX
BH60pi OKCHD:iBno KHCJ10THHX) rYCTHHa nopia 3pOCTa€. MOP030CTiHKicTb 6iJ1bWOCTi

Ilpa sxa

6.3. BHLlH BHpo6iB 3 npnponnoro

Ilpaponai rpaaiii,
HHX 6y.niBeJJbHHX MaTepiaJIiB.

KaMeHIO

KaM'jlHi MaTepiaJ1H BHpo6J1l1lOTbCjI npOMHCJ]OBicTIO HepYD:OCHOBHHMH BH,UaMH

npozryxuii e

lUe6iHb,

ripcsxax

nopia MO)!(Ha BH3HatIHTH aa

BOnOnOrJ1HHaHH~M. BonOnOrJ1HHaHHSI W.iJ1bHHX MarMaTH4HHX He 3a3HaJ1H ni"i BHBiTpIOBaHHlI, He nepeBHw.y€ llOBHX 0,7%,

nopin,

xacneuiansnoro npH3HatIeHHjI (pHc.6.4). Y 3araJIbHOMY 06ClI3i BHp06HHUTBa aepyzmax MaTepiaJIiB MaH)!(e 40% npanana€ aa lUe6iHb Ta 25% - aa nicox .nnjl 6y.niBeJ1bHHX p06iT. Texaixni BHniCOK, 6yrOBHH KaMiHb, 06JJHUIOBaJIbHi BHpo6H, CTiHOBi nHJIeHi MeHi, .nopO)!(Hi Ta iHI.Ui BHp06H Mom .n~ UHX MaTepiaJ1iB p03rJJjI.nalOTbCjI y rJJ.8. 3

~Ki

BOD:OnOrJJHHaHHjI oca-

nopia CTaHOBHTb 10% i 6iJ1bI.Ue. ,Un~ noaroai-raocri npHpOD:HOrO KaMeHIO cYTT€Be 3HatIeHHjI Ma€ criaxicn, no BHBiTpIOBaHH~ MiHepaJ1iB, uio CKJ1analOTb HOro nopony, CTiHKHM llO BHBiTpIOBaHH~ c xaapu, MaJ10CTiHKHMH - OPTOKJJa3, MiKPOKJJHH. HecTiHKHMH - OCHOBHi nJ1ari0KJ1a3H. aMcpi6oJ1H, OJ1iBiH KaJ1bUHT, D:oJ1oMiT. KaMeHIO MO)!(yrb HeraTHBHO BnJJHBaTH XiMitIHO rinc TOW.O. Ha 36epe)!(eHH~ cynsdiinie tIHHIO€ 6ypi y uiefieai TOHY. Y pasi BHKopHCTaHHlI npaponuoro Ba)!(J1HBHMH BJ1aCTHBOCTlIMHnopsn KicTIO no BHBiTplOBaHHlI HiCTh. Yci lJHHOM nopHCTicTIO ui BJ1aCTHBOCTi nos'ssaai nopozta. KaMeHIO jlK criaosoro MaTepiany 3 nopHCTicTIO, MOP030CTiHKiCTIO, CTiHnoairponponaxHa sinnonipoaauia rtpaaaonars

liyrOBHH
Minb.

xa-

,-:--\
l ~

1>y.niBeJ1bHHH

MaTepiaJ1, W.OCKJIa.na€TbClI 3 I.UMaTKiB KO'j nopona

ripcs-

uenpasa-

JJbHO'i CPOPMH p03MiPOM 150 .... 500 MM, naaaaaerscs KaMeHeM. rpetia pa Y rpaaaxai 6yrOBHM pasi nop03MiKaMeHIO 6yrH MM. Horo

aKTHBHi MiHepaJ1H - cyJ1bcpinH,

cynsrpar»
nosepxai

TOW.O. HanpHKJJaD:, OKHCJJeHHjI

06J1HUIOBaJ1bHOrO KaMeHIO cnpa-

nJJ~MH ra npH3BOnHTb no pYHHYBaHH~, OKHCJJeHHjI cyJJbcpiD:iB no 36iJ1bI.UeHH~ 06'€MY 'ra 3MeHI.UeHHjI MiuHOCTi 6e-

6yroBoro

MO)!(YTb 70 .... 1000 7

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb .nnjl KJJa,UKH CPYH.Zl.aMeHTiB, ninseaaax niaem., BHX, '1aCTHH 6y'ra CTiH He)!(HTJ10nonoxiacaax

e TenJ10- Ta 3BYKonpOBi.nHiCTb,

Mi)!( cofioro Ta 3YMOBJJeHi rOJJOBHHM lIK T)'cp, aanaax-vepertaumax. KaMeHiB Ba)!(J1HBe3HatIeHHjI MalOTb

EcpeKTHBHHMH CTiHOBHMH MaTepiaJ1aMH c BH-

p06H 3 TaKHX BHCOKonopHCTHX nopin,

,Unll

06JJHUIOBaJ1bHHX npaponnax noponn critixe

Ix nesoparuauicrs
KOJ1ip ripcsxoi

ra MO)!(J1HBicTb 06p06KH. BH3Ha4a€TbCjI KOJ1bOPOM MiHepaJ1iB, lUO

Puc. 6.4. BHJlH KaM'~HHXMarepianiB i BHpo6iB: i"i

1-6yrOBHli KaMiHb; 2-CTiHOBHli KaMiHb; 3-6pyKiBKa;

BHp06HHtIHX 6y.niBeJ1b, .nnjl 3MiUHeHHjI 3eMJJgHHX Bi.ll.KOSiB Y .ll.OPO)!(HbOMY 6y.niBHHUTBi, TaKO)!( y rinporexaixa

CKJJa.naIOTb. HaH6iJ1bW MeHI.U criiixe - ocanoai

3a6apBJ1eHHlI MalOTb MarMaTHtIHi nOpOD:H.

nopona,

Ta MeTaMopcpi4Hi

4-o6JIHUIOBaJlbHa nJIHTKa; 5-nUlBiKOHHa nJIHTa; cxizieus; 7-CTiHOBi 6JIOKH.

6-

HOMY jlK 3anOBHIOBatI .nn~ 6yr06eToHY. 6yroBoro KaMiHHlI asonars

Y ri.ll.pOTeXHitIHOMY 6Y.ll.iBHHUTBi 3 CKJJa.ll.KaMeHIO aa xpynnicno

HaKH.ll.Hi rpefini.

144

145

npaauaxaiors

is YMOBH OTpHMaHHH MiHiMaJIbHOI

nOpHCTOCTi 3 ypaxysan(3 OllHi£1O aefiyrpacroio <P0PMY. 6YToM800,

HHM OC06JIHBOCTeH rpefiens. bYTOBHH KaMiHb nOlliJIHIOTb aa nocrenicraii rpaHHIO) Ta nJIHTHHKOBHH (3 nsossa npH6JIH3HO napaJIeJIbHHMH rpaHHMH). Pi3HOBHllOM 6YTOBOrO c 6YJIH)I(HHH KaMiHb, HKHH Ma£ oxpyrny

BY, 60P03HHCTY. T04KOBY) <paKrypy. Haanouiapeuiuri 6.... 80MM 3aBTOBWKH, 200 .... .400 MM 3aBwHpwKH.
LleKopaTHBHi rOTOBJIHIOTb, BHKOPHCTOBYlO4H oxpeui 6eHIO Ta niCKY, a TaKO)l( aeoprani-mi P03MipH nJIHT, MM: wMaTKi npaponnoro

naneui

nnara

nJlHTH 3 M03a'i'lHOIO ra opHaMeHTHOIO nOBepXHHMH BHKaMeHIO, utea60 cHHTeTHt{Hi B'lI)f(Yt{i pexoeuaa. 200 .... 600; Ta

Miuaicrs
HO'j ripcsxoi soro

6YTOBOrO KaMeHIO OUiHIO£TbCH rpaaaueio Mila): MI00, M200,

MiuHOCTi auxinM400,

I THn

- 1l.0B)I(HHa 200 .... 800, urapana 200 1200;

IITHn
urapaaa

nope llH aa CTHCK y HaCHlJeHOMY BOllOIO CTaHi. MapKH M300, M1400. KaMiHHH 3 MeTaMop<pilJHHX nopia a 3 MarMaTH'lHHX FI5 .... F300.

Bi,ll.nOBiL.HO 200 ..... 1500.

III

run

- ztoszcaaa

KaMeHIO aa MiuHicTIO (xl0

200 ...... 600. TOBlL(HHa nJlHT 100

400 MM. ilJIHTH noanasarors MapKaMH, B 'ra rafiaparui P03MipH. KaMeHIO

MIOOO, M1200,

nOBHHHO MaTH

lIKHX BKa3YIOTb nm, BH,ll.JlHUbOBo'i noaepxni BHTPaTH sa 'iXHIO excnnyarauiio 51K cTiHOBi MaTepiaJIH

MapKy He HH)I('le Hi)l( M400, soro

- He HH)f(lJe Hi)f( M600.

3aBll.lIKH BHCOKOl1l.0BrOBi4HOCTi 06JlHUIOBaHb 3 npnpozmoro y 5 .... 8 Pa3iB MeHwi, sacrocoayrcrs 6Y,ll.iBeJlb <pap6aMH, KOJlbOPOBHMH p03'lHHaMH ra 6eToHaMH. n H Jl e H i

MapKH 6YTOBOrO KaMeHIO sa MOP030CTiHKicTIO KaMeHIO 1l0nYCKa€TbCH He fiinsm xoediiuicar MiHHHMH aia rpaHH'lHHX. BaTH 2% aa MacolO,

naprii

6YToaia-

Hi)l( npa 03,ll.06JIeHHi W T Y t{ H i uernn. Ka-

HK 15% wMaTKiB 3 p03MipaMH,

BMicT rJlHHH Y KaMeHHX He nOBHHeH nepesauryP03M'HKweHHH Ma£ 6YTH He HH)f(t{e Hi)f( nJIHTH Ta xasreKaMeHIO.

Me H i ra K p Y n H i BO noumpeao psni nisneuaax ripcsxi nopacri rpaHHUIO

6 Jl 0 K H . nHTOMi xaniransai

BKJIall.eHHlI aa i'XH£ ztoOC06JIHY

0,7.
06J1HUIOBaJlbHi 'ra cTiHOBi xasreai. 06JlHUIOBaJIbHi Hi BHrOTOBJlHIOTb p03nHJllOBaHHHM 6JIOKiB 3 npaponaoro
HI.

6YBaHHlI 3Ha4HO HI1)K4i, Hi)l( na BHrOTOBJleHHH KepaMit{Hol BHKopHCTaHHlI npapoznroro paiioais noponu, HaWOI xpaiaa.

KaMeHIO .llJl1l 3Be,ll.eHWI cria

pasi

llnH
Mfla

crin

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb nerxi 900 .... 2100

3 Kr/M ,

BHKopHCTaHHH HeKOHll.HuiHHHX 6JIOKiB OTPHMYIOTb KOJlOTi nJIHTH Ta xaxellJUI OTpHMaHHlI 06JlHUIOBaJIbHHX BHp06iB IOTb nopona rpyna rpaairy Ta MeTaMop<pit{Hi nopoaa HOBH,ll.HKBapUHTiB. BepTHHH 'ra rinca MeHWY - MapMypH, HaH6iJlbWe BHKOPHCTOBYph-

HKi MalOTb cepernno 3Ha4eHHlI

rycTHHY

MiuHOCTi aa CTHCK 0,4 .... 50

Ta MOP030CTiHKiCTb He MeHW P03M'lIKWeHHlI cTiHO50%, Ba-

HK 15 UHKJIiB. MiHiMaJIbHi nHlIKiB ra iHWHX nopia CTiHOBi xaveni 30%.

xoediiuienris

- MapMypH i 3a6apBJIeHi nns atryrpiumsoro

BHX MaTepiaJIiB i 6JlOKiB 0,6. BO.llOnOrJlHHaHHlI .llJlH ry<piB Ta onox Ta 6JlOKH MalOTb raxi OCHOBHi P03MipH, MM: 190, 240,BHcoTa 820,

Ocanosi

- BanHHKH, niCKOBHKH, .llOJIOMiTH, TPa06JIH3Hat{HO MalOTb KBapUHTH 'ra rpanira, cnopyn, npHHMalOTb,

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb nepeaazcno noeroeiunicrs noaroai-micrs lIKi ua BillKPHTOMY nosirpi

UIOBaHHlI. HaH6iJlbWY THClI. P03paXOBYIO'lH

KaMeHi - .llOB)I(HHa 390, 490, iuapana 6JlOKH - 1l.0B)I(HHa 400, 500. umpana 2860,3020. 3a npH3Ha4eHHlIM cTiHOBi xaueni

188, 288; 2520,

MO)l(YTb WBH,ll.KO pYHHYBalL(0 KBapUHTH - xe-

1000. BHCOTa 2360,

nO'lHHaIOTb pYHHYBaTHClI xepea 650 pOKiB, rpaHHTH 'ra nafipaztopara pea 220 .... 350, MapMypH - 4epe3 20 .... 130 pOKiB. I'ipcsxi HHX BHpo6iB, noponn, sxi 3acTocoBYIOTbCH .llJIlI oTpHMaHHlI

nO,ll.iJIHIOTb aa JIHUbOBi Ta paaoai. ourryxa6JIOKiB

06JIHUIOBaJIb-

Psnosi KaMeHi rypioeanua«.

MapKH M25 .... M400.

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb.llJlll 3BelleHHlI CTiH 3 HacrynHHM CTiHOBHX KaMeHiB aa MiuHicTIO M4 ..... M400,

nOBHHHi MaTH rpaHHUIO aa n'ars rpyn.

MiuHOCTi na CTHCK He MeHW lIK rpynn MalOTb HaH6iJIbWi

Mfla,

MOP030CTiHKicTb

- He MeHW HK 15 UHKJIiB. 3aJIe)l(HO aia poavipia bJlOKH nepuioi (0,01.. ..0,4 M\

6JlOKH noztinxtori,

Ilpa

YMOBHOMY n03Ha4eHHi p03MipaMH, na CTHCK.

CTiHOBHX KaMeHiB BKa3YIOTb THn KaMe- . HOro BH.ll aa npH3HalfeHHlIM KaMeHIO MalOTb rapny ra MapKY

P03MipH (4,5 .... 8 M\ rpanxx,

a n'lITO') - HaHMeHwi

finoui

ztorryc-

HIO aa reOMeTpH4HHMH aa MiuHicTIO

Ka£TbClI He 6iJlbWe onuici 3aB.llOB)I(KH MeHwe

Tpiw.HHH, lL(O npornaaaersca norrycxaersca

na .llBOX cYMi)f(HHX aa nnarax y TOMY

3aB.llOB)I(KH MeHwe TpeTHHH BHMipIOBaHHH. Tpiw.HHH TpeTHHH WHpHHH 06JlHUIOBaJIbHi

CTiHOBi BHp06H 3 npaponuoro 6J111IOTbCH.

<paKryPY (poofipo-

paai,

KOJIH

)l(eBi, 6JIaKiTHi, )f(QBTi ry<pH; 6iJ1i )l(OBTi CBiTJ10-cipi BanHHKH), nerxo

nJlHTH BHrOTOBJIeHi 3 KOJlbOpOBOro MapMypy. IOTb a6pa3HBHY (nOJlipOBaHY.

BHpo6H Ma-

WJIi<poBaHY, nouteay)

a60 CKOJIOry (padirre-

146

147

3 oxpesrax

6JlOKiB, BHnHJleHHX 3 JlerKHX ripcsxax C K Jl a Jl e H i niJlBHlIlHTH 6 Jl 0 K H innycrpiansaicrs

nopin, Tan

MO)f(Ha BHa H e Jl i , BH-

rOTOBHTH aa P034HHi xpynui KopHCTaHH~ ~KHX nac 3Mory sepx", aoro sxi BHrOTOBJl~IOTb is KaMeHIO E: xpynui

6.4. Bupo6HUlJ,TBO npnponanx

TeXHOJloriR BHpo6HHuTBa npapozmax

KaM'HHux MaTepiaJIis
KaM'jjHHX MaTepianiB nopona, BH3Ha'laYMosaMH

6YLliBHHUTBa. "aa no-

E<peKTHBHO BHKOPHCTOBYBaTH cxnaneni

6JlOKH 3aBBHlIlKH

eTbCR 'iXHiMH OC06JlHBOCnlMI1, SJlaCTHBOCTHMHripcsxoi

6.... 8

3BH4ai1HHx 6JlOKiB, 3a30pH Mi)f( HHMH saBHpo6aMH 3 npapoa3 OKpeMHX eneueaBHKOpHCTOBynaneni, cxnecni

nOBHlOlOTb ueMeHTHHM P034HHOM. nepcneKTHBHHMH uinsaonaneai nopir TiB nonivepana.

ri sanarauna. POLloBHUle, ninroroanene LlO p03po6KH nopia, aaaasacrscs xap'epox. Flinroroaxa POLlOBHlIla no-nraaerscs 3 BHJlY'leHHjj eepxaix P03KpHBHHX nopin Ta OrOJleHH~ KOPHCHO'j KOnaJIHHH. Kap'epa poapofinarors
O.uHHM (a60 KiJ1bKOMa) ycrynaua, BHCOTa RKHX He nepeaautye e .up06J1eHe KaMiHHjj aa nonovoroio no 300 cenirpa, wMaTKiB 20 M.

.lln~ 6YJliBHHUTBa
Ka v

y snrnsni ,

Wry4HHX

BHpo6iB

Haafiinsu;
nopia. Horo

MaCOBOIO npoziyxuicio BHpo6Jl~IOTb umypis

CKeJlbHHX pofiir, no 5 5 M),

IOTb 6 0 P T 0 B e He Ka

iHHs

6 p y tu a T K y, Bill rporyapis.

K 0 Jl 0 T e Ta 6 y Jl H )f( 'laCTHHH BHMOlilYIOTb MOCTOBi, rpanOpOJlH MiuHiCTIO He

6YPOBH6YXOBHX nouaa

w iHHs

, UHMH BHpo6aMH

BiJlOKpeMJllOlOTb npO'j)f()l)f(H

nOB'R3aHHX 3 6ypiHHRM p03TaUIoBaHHx

(niauerpoa

no 75 MM 'ra 3asrnH6UIKH MM Ta 3aBrJlH6wKH p03MilIleHHjjM

BYJlHUb 'ra aBTOM06iJlbHHX nopir

M) a60 cBep.uJlOBI1H (niaaerpou pe40BHH (aMoHiTY, HjjM aa nonovororo npofiiuas. aMia4Ho'i BH6yxy

Msai1Hi nOJlOTHa, 3MiuHIOIOTb BillKOCH 3eMJl~HHX nOKpHTTiB i OCHOB. BaxiJlHOIO CHPOBHHOIOllJl~ HHX E:BHCOKOMiuHi Ta ripcsxi MeHW ~K

Y3.uOB)I{ <PPOHry sacryrty;

HHX BH6YXOBHX

60 Mfla,

MOP03CTiHKicTIO He MeHwe Hi)l{ 25 UHKJIiB, xoediiuica0,6 .... o,9, BOLlOnOrJlHHaHHRM 1...4%, onoposs KaMeHi rpancnopryiors fiyziieem, i cnopya aa ninnonax npaponui

aMMoHany

TOUIO) Ta sinoxpeanea-

TOM p03M'~KweHHR

yztapy

15

nOpOJlH, RKi nOTiM HaJlXOJlRTb na ra YCTaHoBKax (pHc.6.5) 3Jlii1-

KI1a. lllry-rui Y
npoueci npuponui a60 oxpevo, MaTepianH saaa npH3Ha4eHH~M, 3HalOTb noairpauoro THnaMH Ta MapKaMH. excnnyarauii pyi1HYBaHH~ - BHBiTplOsaHH~. W.o6 yHHKHYTH BHBiTMeTOJlOM, nepearea<POPMH P03'lHrx <pJl 10 -

Ha npotiarn.uo-copryeansnax HH.

saeonax

CHlOlOTb O.uHO-, LlBOX- a60 6araTocTyniH4acTe

.upo6iHHR BHXiJlHO'" CHPOBHBOHO .ua€ 3MOry OTpHonuocryniuxacroay nonpifinenus, npn T06TO HaH-

Eararocryniu-racre
rax He anacrsca

Llpo6iHHH HaHnoUIHpeHiwe, i .upi6Hi <ppaKui ... me6eHIO. 3a6e3ne4HTH BHCOKHH crynias

MaTH RK xpynai, .upo6iHHi cxeua BiLlHoweHHR

Ilpa

pIOBaHHR, 'ix 3aXHUlalOTb KOHCTPYKTHBHHM a60 XiMi'lHHM .uYCiM i30Jl10104H ain Jli'j BOJlOrH, reuneparypa TiB. KOHCTPYKTHBHi MeTOJlH ra rnaneasxoi HiB. nosepxui,

Ta iHWHX arpecaanax BHpo6aM uiinsaocri

poswipia

WMaTKiB JlO i niCJ1R LlPo6iHHR,

Onnocryrriaxacry

nonararors

y nananai

nesaol

BI1KOPHCTOBYIOTb ua niLlnpHE:MCTBaX Manor norysorocri wMaTKiB f10POLlH 400 .. .450 MM. nOLlpi6HeHHR MaTepiany nOBepXOHb (npofiapxa MaTepian copryerscs npofiansue 'ra 3a cnocofiov

uio sanofiirac

npoHHKHeHHIO arpecasuax rropin aacrocoeyiors

6iJlbUIHX posstipax 3 nepiOJlH'lHHM KOBi Ta pOTOpHi). .ll.p06neHHH Jli'lHHM

Cyrs

XiMi4HHX

MeTOJliB nOJlHaE: y ninaaureaai p034HHaMH xpesmerpropaztia

xasreaia,

06JlaJlHaHHjj 6YBa€ HaTHC-

rinporpofiisaui a r y BaH H ~

....)ln~ nOpl1CTHX Kap60HaTHHx - o6po6KY

(UlOKOBi 'ra KOHYCHi npofiapxa)

nns sasynopiosaaTaKO)f( npocoHOro noniuepasauicnonyxa, sxi zta36epiralOo6po6ui CMOJlH

fiemepepsnaa

HR nop Hepo34HHHHMH 'lYBaHHR napadiiuov, €IO.

npo.uYKTaMI1 peaxui ....3acTocoBYIOTb

KaHHRM Jlp06ml4HX

BanKOBi ra yziapaof JliY - MonOTno <ppaKUiJiM MexaHi4HHM, rinpasKaMiHHJI

CiPKOIO, CTHPOJlOM 3

nacrynuoro

.lln~ rinpodiofiiaauii

ecpeKTHBHi KpeMHiHOpraHi'lHi saxacai

Ta nOBiTp~HI1M cnoco6aMH. sa JlOnOMOrolO rpoxoria. HaHnOWl1peHiwi

Ilpa

MexaHi4HOMY

cnocotii

IOTb 3Mory nosepxai

CYTT€BO 36iJlbWI1TI1 cririxicn,

KaM'~HI1X MaTepianiB,

copryrors

Ha niJlnpH€MCTSaX aifipauiiixi

HepYJlHHX 6YJliBe~

'lH 'iXHIO cpaKTYpy. CTiHKi 'ra iHWHX nonisrepis.

nOKpI1TT~ YTBOPlOlOTbCjj npa

JlbHHX MaTepianiB

rpOX01'H, B JlKHX YCTaHOs-

KaMeHIO BO.uHI1MH p03411HaMH ce-roaaaorpopvansner-inaoi

JllOlOTb onae a60 nsa CI1Ta. KaMiHHJI MQ)KHa llP0611TH aa BillKPI1THM Ta 3aKpHTHMy UHKJIaM. BillKPHTOMY uaxni LlHTb Ha copryaaaus, MaTepian OJlHH paa npOXOJlHTb Kpi3b npofiapxy, rOTOBOr npoayxui a nOTiM ua cxnaa

Ilpa

HaJlXO-

....Ilpa 3aKpHTOMY

148

149

UHKJli KaMiHHH, uio He npOHlIlJIO BepXH€ CHTO, 3HOBY H~XO,nHTb 6iHHH, uio ,na€ 3MOry ,nOCRITH 6inblII0"i mOBaTH BHXi,n Ta xpyrmicrs npo,nYKTHBHOCTi npofiapox, rOTOBHX nponyxria.

sa npopery-

-ropasta. COBYIOTb

rIOP~I.113 CYXHM cnocofiov

aa niutauo-rpaaiauax

xap'cpax UHM

3aCTO-

rinpovexaaiaoeaae nopona npn .uHHaMi4HiH .ui·i

na nepepotixy.

Ll06YBaHHH. P03p06nlOBaHa

cnocofiov
a60

BO.uH Bi.Ll)liJlH€TbCH, P03PHxnlO€TbCjJ i TPaHC-

nop'rycrsca "3eMJleCOCHHM06JlaLlHaHHHM Y sarnani

rIHTOMi KaniTanOBKJI~eHHH JlHH rinpoaexauiaauioo Wry4HHH nH5IKY, HaMH

rrynsna

na CKJl~

Ha .u06YBaHHjJ nepynnax

xona-

nopisnano

3 iHlllHMH cnocofiava ripcsxnx nopin

MeHlIIi npH6J1H3- MapMYPY, aap060'laMH opra-

HO na 20 .... 25%, a cofiisapricrs

- na 30 ... .40%. MalllHHaMH,

KaMiHb "3nerKo.u06YBaHHx

rydiy onepxcarors KaMeHepi"3anbHHMH 51KHXc ropuaouransui 'ra sepnncarn.ai

Y xap'cpi 3Mory MalllHHH

.llHCKOBi nHJlKH, BCTaHOBJleHi Y3.uOB)f( 3a601O.

na Bi3KY, uro nepecyaacrsca pisansni nonorabsai

no peiixax

Kaaeae-

narors

MexaHi3YBaTH

HK pi3aHH5I KaMeHIO, TaK i Ta rpancnopryMalIIHH CTaHOBHTb

onepauii,

nOB'H3aHi 3 HOro lllTa6eJllOBaHH5IM

BaHHjJM i3 3a601O. npO.uYKTHBHiCTb xaveuepiaansaax 3 0,75 M /ro.u.

Kpia
Puc. 6.5. Cxeua Jl06YBaHIDI me6eHIO:
I-KaMiHb; zipofiapxa; 2-1ll0KOBa npofiapxa; 3,5,9-KoHBecpH; 4,7-ryPKOTH; 6-KoHycHa 8-6YHKep; IO-CKJl3JlH cppaKlliH llle6eHlO.

MalllHH

3 .uHCKOBHMH pi3anbHHMH sfiinsurycrscs HacaJJ.KH . Y

iHCTPYMeHTaMH 3aCTOCOBYpaais, axiuo BHKOPHCTOBY-

IOTb MalllHHH 3 JlaHUlOrOBHMH nHJlaMH. npO.uYKTHBHiCTb MalIIHH aa noponax

cepenasor

rsepnocri piaansui

4 ....5

IOTbC5I anvaaai H5IM aia

06J1HUIOBaJlbHi KaMiH-

BHp06H "3 TBepJJ.Hx nopia

OTPHMYIOTb BiJJ.oKpeMJIeH-

rIHnYBaTi

Ta rnaaacri

,noMiIIIKH, MjI

uto 3a6py,nHIOIOTb ztpofineae

MacHBY xpynaax

MOHOJliTiB, 51Ki p03noJJ.iJlHIOTbCjI na 6J10KH ra MalllHHH.npH 6YPOKJIHHOBOMY rmenaaa60 MeXaHi'lHi BiH 3acHoBaHHH neDJlOKH p03nHnIO-

HH, BHnY'IaIOTb npoMHBaHHjlM, 6aHHi a60 Bi6pal..{iHHi npovaeui rano'ra eaeprosricrxi,

xoro

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb JIOnaTeBi, 6apaMalIIHHH MeHIII MeMeTo.uH sfiaraCHPOBHny na 3aCHOBanopin.

nJlHTH . .nnH BiJJ.oKpeMJleHHH MOHOJliTiB BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb 6YPOKJIHHOBHH, 6ypOBH6yxOBHH cnocofii l:nOCo6H. YJJ.apHi Bpy60Bi i B uinypa BiJJ.oKpeMJlIOBaHHH q6'€M KaMeHIO 06YPlOIOTb no xourypy BBOJJ.Hb

MaIIIHHH. Bi6pauiHHi

nOTpe6YIOTb MeHlIIe BO,nH. BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb cneuiansni rIepep06nHIO'IH cnoci6 HH3bKOHKicny BH6ipKOBoro

Ilopxn
me6iHb, rauiaae

3 npOMHBaHHjlM MaTepianiB.

TH'IHHMH nepdioparopaau nopin rpyna rpauiry MiHepaniB

riapaanivni

'IeHHH nepyznrax HHH na 6inblII HOIO nopona. cneuiansnax MarHeTHry rycTHHaMH

KJlHHH, 51KiPO"3KOJlIOIOTbnopony na PYHHiBHiH JJ.i"iBHYTPiwHix <popMauiHx 10Th aa nJlHTH a60 diacouui

no "3aJJ.aHiH nnounrni.

,lVi51 KBapueMicTKHX

3aCTOCOBYlOTb 30KpeMa 36ara'leHHH rpyaryerscs

.up06iHHjI,

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbTepMi4HHH cnoci6. uanpyr. nin JJ.i€1OBHCOKO"irevneparypu. nerani

iHTeHCHBHOMY PYHHYBaHHi IIIMaTKiB cna6KHX aa aanexcaocri MalIIHHax rycraaa

Fpasi-

51Ki BHHHKalOTb npa TepMi'lHHX

Mi)f( MiuHicTIO

'ra ryCTH-

Heonnopinai
aincaxyaansaax

sa ryCTHHOIO aepna MaTepiany y nonepevinao

p03.uinHIOTbCjI y BHcxi,nHHX 'ra HH-

paMHHMH 4H anMa3HHMH nHJlKaMH.

3xi.uHHX CTpYMeHjlX BO.uHa60 y Ba)f(KHX cepenoaautax a60 <pepocHniuilO), <ppaKuiH, HKi nopona (rpaaia,

(BO,nHHX cycneaaisx 3Ha'leHHH Mi)f( .u06YBalOTb

HKHX Ma€ npoxriacae cyaiuii)

poaainarorscs.
niCOK, rpaeiaao-nunaai O.uHO- a60 6araTOKOBlIIOBHMH eKCKaBa-

Paxni

Bi.uKPHTHM cnocofiosr,

nepeeascao

150

151

7. METAJIEBI MATEPIAJIH I BHP06H 7.1. 3araJIbHi

,[(0 MeTarriB

7.2. MeTaJIeBi MaTepiaJIH Y 6y.uiBHHUTBi

3ani3oBYfJleneBi CnJlaBH. cnnaeis OCHOBHHMH KJIacHQ>iKauiHHHMH 03HaKaMH 3aJIi3oByrneQeBHX e CKJIa.n; a cTPYKTYpa, npH3Ha'leHHR 'ra HaHT noninmors aa nni OCY 3naM sin

BmoMocTi
cneuurpi-max
ocofi-

aanexcars
rexniui,

pe'lOBHHH, uio MaJOTb pan

nHBOCTeH: 6nHcK, BHCOKY TenJIO Ta enexrponpoainnicrs.

cyqacHiH

30KpeMa B 6y.n;iBHHUTBi, HaHwHpwe cnnasa CTaJIi (no 2,14

BHKOPHCTOTa 'IaBYHH

xapaxrepniuri rexaisai snacraaocri. 3arre)f{HO aia CKJIa.uy Ta CTPYKTYPH 'IaBYHH HOBHi rpyna: cipi i fiini. Y CipHX 'IaBYHax syrneus
BHrnR.n;i rpadii'ry, reaaociporo 6inoro, ryuenie nirep C iPHH Y 6inh-X' - QeMeHTHry. a ,UJIJInpyrax 'I a B Y H Mae .u06pi xorrsopy, - MaToB06inoro. nnsapai

MicTHTbCR nepeaascno XapaKTepHHH Bi.n;MiHy TlO6iHrH

BYJOTb saniaoeyrneueai (2,14 ... 6,67

C)

,[(JUI nepunrx

C). nHTOMa

sara IX Y 3araJIbHoMY 06CR3i MeTaJIeBHX KOH-

cTPYKQiH CTaHOBHTb 95 ... 97

%.

llaBYHH Ta CTaJIi e OCHOBHHMH npencrasMeTaJIiB HaJIe:>KaTb: aJIJOMiHiH, Y

RKOCTi aa

HHKaMH 'IOpHHX MeTarriB. ,[(0 xonsoposax MarHiH, QHHK, a TaKO)f{ IXHi cnnasa. MeTaJIeBi nepnax

uto Mae BHCOKY TBep.n;icTb i KPHXKicTb. 3 ciporo 'ra inuri BHp06H.

'IaBYHY BHrOTOB-

nRJOTb carrrexaixae KYTHKOBHX, naoraepoeax i WBe-

06na.n;HaHHR, TPy6H, nnHTH MR nianor, MapKYJOTb CiPHH 'IaBYH nirepaua

MR

MaTepiaJIH Y 6y.n;iBHHlJ.TBi BHKOPHCTOBYJOTbnepesaaoro BHp06iB: nacris, TPy6. BHp06HHUTBO rrerxax npoxary

C'L Ilicns MfIa).

BBO.n;RTb BHCO-

BHrnR.n;i pi3HoMaHiTHHx

3a3Ha'laJOTb QHq,PH, RKi BKa3YJOTb cepeznno 51Kl.l.{o zto pizncoro ciporo 'IaBYHY nepen

rpaHHQIO MiuHOCTi ua p03JlHBaHHRM

nporpinia,

p03TRr, HanpHKJIa)];, Cll 20 (rpaHHQJI MiQHOCTi na p03TRr 200 CTaJIeBHX KOHCTPYKQiH 3 eKOBHCOKOMiuHHX craneii. CTaJIeBHMH KOHia 3BH'IaHHHMH npH6nH3Ho Ta HH3bKonerOBaHHX, cneuiansai aJIlOMiHieM »capocritixoro aa crans ciporo nicraiors reuneparypi Y aincorxax,

36inbwYITbCR HOMi'lHliX Maca

nporpinis

.n;06aBKH, TO 0TPHMYJOTb MO.n;H«piKOBaHHH, 30KpeMa neryiors XPOMOM, nixeneu, 3 MeTOJO OTPHMaHHR 'IaBYHY 3:pc06nHBHMH aHTHq,pHKQiHHOrO, aHTHKOp03iHHoro

nerxax

KOHCTPYKUiH nopianaao

KOMiQHHH 'IaBYH. Horo

Moni6.n;eHOM, THTaHOM, BnaCTHBOCTRMH: HOro Horo TOl.l.{O.

CTpYKQiRMH MeHwa Y 4 ... 6 Pa3iB, sapricrs

IX CKOpOqyfTbCR aa 30 .. .40 WYJOTbCR.rpynoar BHTPaTH. POWHPIOITbCR BaHHS! nerxnx HOBi cnnasia aJIJOMiHilO xonsopoaax 3 aJIlOMiHieBHx naneni, crens xcamoai

%,

aa TPeTHHY 3MeHsacrocyna ocMeTarrlB, (pHC. cnnaeis 30BHiwHi KOHCTPYKQil i neperopopaMH, naepi, no 3

3

E i n H H 'I a B Y H npH3Ha'leHHH B OCHOBHOMYMR nepepofixa

niasmueaoio nJIacTH'IHicTJO, 3.n;aTHicTJO nerxo MapKYJO'IH Bll 60-2, Kll 06p06nRTHCR.

i OTPHMaHHJI KOBKoro 'IaBYHY. KOBKHH 'IaBYH Bi.n;pi3HRITbCJI sin TPHBaJIHM uarpisaansa 760 ... 980°C. nanpaxnan (Bi.n;naJIIOBaHHJlM) fiinoro 'IaBYHY npa

6 a

ocofinaso

BHCOKOMiQHi (B'I) Ta KOBKi (K'I) 45-6. llaBYHH is cneQiaJIbHHMH anaBiMHBKa, KpiM MiuHOCTi, Mae

7.1).

qaBYHH BKa3YJOTb rpaHHlJ.JO MiuHOCTi na p03TRr ra Bi.n;HOCHeBH.n;OB)f{eHHR CTHBOCTJlMH BHKOPHCTOBYJOTbTo.n;i, xona 6YTH CTiHKOIO no 3HOWeHHJI, KOP03ii" TOl.l.{O. 3a CKJIa)];OM CTaJIi Qe B i C Tan enevearia, i , KpiM 3aJIi3a Ta

BHrOTOBnRIOTb CTiHOBi ninsicnux airpaxci,

.n;OK, BiKOHHi
B

TOl.l.{O. Ha6y.n;iBenbHHX MaJOTb cejic-

noninsrors aa syrneueai 'ra nerosaui. B Y r n e syrnemo, MiCTRTb .n;oMilliKH pany XiMi'lHHX

BHp06HHlJ.TBa. P03pi3HJlIOTb i sacoxosyrneueai HH3bKO (no 0,5 0,3

6nH)I(alO'IHCb CTaJIeH, aJIlOMiHieBHX

aa MiuHicTIO KOHCTpYKQi"i cnnaaia

uto BHOCJlTbCRBHXi.n;HHMH CHPOBHHHHMH MaTepiarraMH a60 3Y-

KOHCTPYKQi"j 3

MOBneHi oc06nHBOCTRMH

C), JI e
(M),

cepezmso rOB aHi

(0,3 ... 0,5 C Tan (B),

% C)

(noaan

% C)

CTaJIi.

i MicTRTb nopaa eneverrra KpeMHiH

is 3BH'IaHHHMH i neryioxi - XpOM (X), aixerrs (H),

.n;oMiwKH, Moni6.n;eH

PIIC. 7.1. Amouiniea! xapxacui KOHCTPYKUii":

a-onopa

MeHWY Macy (2,7 ... 2,9 T/M ) 'ra xpauti BOrHeCTiHKicTb, MOCTiHKicTb, xononocrifixicrs

T06TO cneuiansaoaaeneai Bonbq,paM

811; 6-KapKac MOCT)'; a-rpsoxrtoacaaa xapxac aposuoro nOKpHTTlI; r-xapxac 6Y.llHHKY·

THTaH (T), BaHa.n;iH (<1», a30T

(C), (A).

MapraHeQb

(f),

Mi.n;b (,[(), q,ocq,op

(Il),

i nonroaisnicrs.
152 153

3a

npH3HaqeHH~M 6Y.11.iBeJlbHHX By

iHCTPYMeHTaJlbHi

crani nO.11.iJl~IOTb 'ra cneuiansaoro npasnaveaaa.

KOHCTPYKQiH 3aCTOCOBYlOTb r Jl e Q e B Y KiJlbKOCTi

na

KOHCTPYK~iHHi, K0 H% BY-

)ln~ rneuro.

nepeBIDKHO 0,65 ... 0,70 .11.0 1,35%

CT P Y K Q i H H Y ITPH

C T a Jl s , uio MicTHTb

36iJlbWeHHi

eyrneiuo

Bi.11.0,65

i BMicTi

MapraHQIO 3MeHweHHi K H, 3

.11.0 0,4

% 0TPHMYIOTb

i H C T P Y M e H T a Jl b H Y .11. SI r Jl H 6 0 K Jl

C T a Jl b ,

npa
Hy

crans, sasaavarors KpiM ii nosrepa rpyrry (sa BHHSlTKOM A), CTYniHb p03KHCJleH~ i xareropiio. HanpHKJla.11., CT3nc2 03Hasac, uto crans MapKH CT3 naniscnoxitiaa, npyroi xareropii, Miac iH.11.eKCOM,SlKHH BKa3YC aa CTYniHb P03KHCJleHH5I, Ta HOMepoM MapKH MO)f(e CTOSITH rrirepa F, uto oanaxae ni.11.BHmeHHH BMicT MapraHQJO, HanpHKJla.11., BCT3fnc2. 5lKlllo spocrae MapKa crani, TO 3pOCTac "ij MiQHiCTb i raepziicrs,
MapKYlOqH rpyrnr 3MeHwycrbcSI Bi.11.HOCHeBH.11.OB)f(eHHSI. KOHCTPYKQiH BCT2, OCHOBHOIO .11.Jl~ 6Y.11.iBeJlbHHX 3BapHHX (Ta6Jl. BCT4, 7.1). BCT5.

syrneuro

.11.0 0,2 % - C T a Jl b BMicTOM CiPKH B

oI

R~H T SI )f( -

ni.11.BHmeHHM

'ra

<pOc<popy

a B TOM

ar

e crans rpyna
BCT3, BCT3fnc,

C T a Jl b , KpinHJlbHHX cr.,Mn.

xxy

BHKOPHCTOByJOTb

OCHOBHOMY

.lJ.JlSl BHfOTOBJleH~ BY-

)lnSi

He"i BCTaHOBJleHi

raxi

MapKH:

.11.eTaJleH(BTYJlOK, raHOK, fBHHTiB

rouio).

1000 I----T-....,..--""T"

800 600

1--4--f--...,c..--+--+----<!~~_---4--l_I_-4
I

Ii
c,~{

Ia 36iJlbWeHHSlM BMicTY rneiuo spocrac MiQHicTb

TBep)].icTb C~

)f(eHi 0,04

Byrneueai sxicai crani MalOTb ninsmneay rpaaaui BMicTY ayrneino, BMicT ciPKH He
%; TaKHM caMHM Mac 6YTH BMiCT

qHCTOTY, nOBHHeH

.11.Jl~HHX 3By-

CTaJleH, ane 3HH)f(ycrb-

<pOc<popy.

nepesmnyaara 3aJ1e)f(HO Bi.11.cryneas

MapKYBMicT

400 r200

-A~----+--+-----:---jlI
_...J...__ -'-_"____',

_jI
1,1

nnacraxaicrs (pHC. 7.2) 'ra aaapioeanicrs. Byrneuesi crani, nOBHicTIO P03KHCJleHi nicns BHnnasneuaa, Ha3HBaIOTb
C no KiHHHMH qaCTKOBO (ITC) (CIT), p03KHCHan J B-

p03KHCJleHH~ IOTb

ui crani
0,5;

MO)f(YTb 6YTH cnoKiHHHMH

a60 KHnJl~qHMH. BKa3YIOTb

"ix

QH<ppaMH

8;

10;

20 .. .45 TOmO,

~Ki

cepeaaia

ByrJleQIO

y COTHX .11.OJlSlX Bi.11.cOTKa.

L-__...l _

0,2

0,1,

0,6

0.8

1,0

T a 6.rIIIQH 71 X apaKTepHCTHKa
Kare- Mapxa crani ropis scix crynenocTaBKH HiB P03KHCJIeHHSI KiJIbKicHHH CKJIaJl THM-

Byr.rIeQeBHX 3fHHY HOMY CTaHi

cranea
rpaMiuHOCTi

rnvna

B
TIiCJIlI MexaHi'IHOrO

neai

BiJlHOCHe BHJlOBlKeHHSI

YJlaPHa B'113KicTb TIPH TeMneparypi

.10

20
10

'"
crani

0,%

Cn 0 Ki HHHM H Jl SI q H M H

i KHn -

xacoBHH onip

XOJIOJl- HHun

(KTI).
6e3

Cnoxiiiai

-,
(cr.)

crani rsepnnors
BH.11.iJleHHSI

noairnoro
3

rasia.

ITOpiBHSlHO 'ra KHnJlSlqHMH

crapi1
2 3 4 BCT2 ... BCT5 BCT2 ... BCT5 BCT3,BCT4 BCT3, BCT3rnc + + + + + +

r-, ......
0,6

HaniBcnOKiHHHMH CTaJlSlMH "iM

nparauaaui
BHXi)].

~
0.8

I-.

MiQHiCHi HOqaC 1,2

BJlaCTHBOCTi, MeHWHH

xpauii ane BO.11.MeTaJlY

Puc. 7.2. Bnnas

MiUHicn.

0,2

0,1,

BMiCT)' BYrJIeU,JO aa

1,0

C,y.

i BiJlHOCHe BHJlOB)!(eHHSI

(8) crani,

npa npOKaTYBaHHi H sapricrs. 3a SlKicTIO syrneuesi

6YBalOTb 3BHqaHHo"i BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb.lJ.JlSl TPy6 TOmO.

aauia crani

5 6

+ + + +

+
+

+ +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+20°C

-20°C

HWI

+ +
+ +

+
+

~KOCTi

ra

sxicai.
TOBJleH~ IOTb

C T a Jl b

3BHq aHH

oi

SI K 0 C T i

BHfO-

IT p H MiT K a: nopvycrscs.

"+"

03HaqaC,

uto xapaxrepacraxa

aopvyersca,

""

- He

6y)].iBeJlbHHX TPbOX rpyn:

KOHCTPYKQiH, rpyna

apvarypa,

3aCTOCOBYHopMOBaHH-

A-

3 HopMOBaHHM

CKJlMOM;

E-

MH BJlaCTHBOCT~MH; XiMiqHHM

B-3

HopMoBaHHMH KO)f(HO"i

MeXaHiqHHMH

BJlaCTHBOCTSlMH

ra

CKJla.11.OM.Crans

rpyna

.11.O.11.aTKOBO nO.11.iJl~IOTb

aa xare-

ropii 3aJ1e)lCHO Bi.11.aopvoeaaax nOKa3HHKiB. na E - .11.Bi,rpyrra B - WiCTb xareropiii.

154

Crans rpynn A

Mac TPH, rpy-

Mapxa nerosaaoi crani 03HaqaC ii Ha6JlH)f(eHHH XiMiqHHH CKJlM: QH<pPH nepen nirepaaa - cepenaia BMicT ByrJleQIO, 36iJlbWeHHH y~ 100 Pa3iB; QH<PPH nicns 6YKB - BMicT neryroxoi )].06aBKH y Bi.11.cOTKaX, HanpHKJlM, MapKa 09f2C.n: posuneppoeyerscs TaK: ayrnemo 0,09 %, MapraHQIO )].0 2 %, xpesmiro )].0 1 %, Mi.11.i)].0 1%.
155

~ml

HH3bKOner08aHHX

KOHCTpYKUiHHHX CTaJIeH 3aJIe)f(HO

ain

rapaa-

T08aHHX XapaKTepHCTHK BCTaHOBJIeHi xareropii, MH BHnp06Y8aHb BH6HPaf04H

xxi BiJl.pi3HlIlOTbClI YMOBa-

ua

YJl.apHY B'H3KicTb. MapKH CTaJIi Ta xareropii

"iXHbO"inOCTaBKH, Bpax08yK>.~b CTaJIeB.~ KOHCTpYKUlH. npa HH3bKHX a60 KOHCTPYKUIi

crynius
Y

Bi,lJ,nOBi,lJ,aJIbHOCTi a YMOBH eKcnnY~TaUi'i T yuoaax

HaHBa)f(4HX

npaurotors

3BapHI

Bi.n.'€MHHX resmeparypax,

a TaKO)f( nin aicio

Jl.HHaMi'lHHX Bi6pauiHHHX

PYXOMHX aaeaaraaens. COJlaBH 3 KOJlbOPOBHX MeTaJliB. cnnaais, IOTb aJIlOMiHiH TeXHi'lHo"i

,LVI1I 8Hp06HHUTBa

.. aJIIOMIHI€BHX BHKOPHC:rOBY-

)t(

..,

11

CPOJ1bfH,Ka6enbHHX Ta CTPYMonpOBiJl.HHX BHpo6iB '1HCTOTH, $IKHH MiCTHTb 0,15 ... aa .llBi rpyna: BHpo6H cnnasa, I nHBapHI, 3 aJIlOMiHilO

Puc. 7.3. CopTaMeHT cranen:

a-xpyrna; 6-KBaapaTHa; B-nonOCOBa;r-nepionaxaoro npocjlimo; n-padmeaa; e-XBHJIJlCTa;€-KYTOBapisuofioxa; lK-KYTOBaaepianofiosa; a-uraenep; H-.llSOTaSp;K-.llSOTaBp 3sapHHH; n-peaxa xpanoai; M-peHKi 3ani3HH'IHi; H-UlnyHTOBa nana,

1%

,lJ,OMIWOK.

Cnnasa

noninsrors

IUO Jl.ecpopMyK>Tb-

ClI, 3 lIKHX nyBaHHlIM

npoxaryaaansa,

npeCYBaHHHM, BOJ1~'1eHHHM,.KYBaHHgM i ~TaM-

0TPHMYIOTb pi3HOMaHirni .llIOPaJIIOMiHilO),

rtpaauaveur

rnluri

rparxacri

Ta cyuinsai

KOHCTPYKUii: K0J10HH, 6aJIKH, 6YHKepH, utorTOIUO. MaCOBoro nonary (KpYfJIY, xaanpanporpini cneuians-

J].J111

J1H,6awTH, TPy6onpOBOJl.H, pesepayapa

BHrOTOBJIeHHR BiJ].J1HBOK.HaHTImOBiwi IOThClI (rarry

aJIlOMiHi€Bi CnJ1a8H, uto .llecpopMY-

MiCTlITh 2,2 ... 5,2 % Mn. MapKH

Cu,

~o. 1,75 % Mg, ,lJ,O1

Coprosa
TfI)',

CTaJIh BKJIIO'Ia€

nporpini

KYTHKOBY CTaJIb, ursenepa, (peHKH Ta ia.).

Jl.BOTaBpoBi 6aJIKH) Ta

Si, no

Fe Ta no

Jl.IOPaJIIOMIHIIO n03Ha'lalOThCH

HOfO npH3Ha'leHHH KOBi

nirepoio .D. 3 aacrynaoio UHCPPOIO - YMOBH~M H~M;~OM cnnasy, 3 niJl.BHIUeHHHM gKOrO 36im,WY€ThC$I HOro MeXaHI'IHa MIUHICTb. Cepen J1~BapHHX aJIIOMiHi€BHX cnnaain HaHnOWHpeHiwi CH11YMiHH - cnnasa aJI1OM1. . MIJl.HI eJ1e~eH: aiio 3 KpeMHieM, xxoro .l106aBJIHIOTb 4 ... 13 ~o'. Kpia aJIIOMiHi€BHX cnnasia, Y 6YJl.1BHAUTBI sacrocoeyiors cnnasa - n a r Y H I. i 6 P 0 H 3 Y .

3 COPTOBO'i CTaJIi Y 6YJl.iBHHUTBi HaHUIHpwe

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb KYTHMO)f(e 6YTH ,lJ,BOX KYTHKOBi a HaHBa)f(4i -

nporpini,

.llBOTaBpH, umenepn.

KYTHKOBHH npodiim,

THniB:

piBHOnOJ1H'IKOBHH Ta HepiBHOnOnH'IKOBHH. MalOTI. P03MipH 20x20 250x250 Ta 30 MM (250x30). HOMepH naoraspia

Haiinertni

nporpini

MM Ta TOBIUHHY 3 MM (20x3),

sinrroaiauo

naryai

OCHOBH~M_ ~ef)'lO'IH~

TOM e UHHK (Jl.O 45

%),

.D.BoTaBpH Ta WBeJ1epH BH6HpalOTb aa HOMepaMH, IUO ainnoainaiors i"xHiH BHCOTi B MiniMerpax. ursenepia nepa - no 18 M. 3CYHYTOIO ,no xpinneaaa 3MiHIOIOTbClI aia 10 no 60, 3a8,nOB)f(KH no 19 M, UIBe- sizt 5 Jl.O 40. ,[(BoTaBpH npoxaryiors

a Y 6POH3i - on080, aJIlOMlHlH, IUO MicTHTh 8 ... 10 naryni

KpeMHIH Ta IHWI

eJ1eMeHTH. MapKYIO'IH

nan

6pOH3Y ra naryns,

8Ka3YIOTb 'iXHiH CKJIaJ].. Hanpax-

aJIlOMiHi€8a fipoasa,

Al Ta 2 .. .4

Fe, MapKY€ThJI70 rouio),

CH ;aK EpA39-4.

Ix sacrocoayrors
xpaio noaaus noxpisens

8 OCHOBHOMY JlK 6aJIKH, IUO CTiHKOIO. <l>opMa uraenepia

nparnorors
cnpoIUY€

npocriii

BKa3Y~Tb BMicT Mi.lli (JI80,

na 3rHH Ta OCbOBe HaBaHTa)f(eHH$I. WBeJ1epH Bi.llpi3HJlIOTbcg ain ,nBOTaBpiB .llO Ixnix CTiHOK iHUIHX enesrearie. npoMHcnOBHX ronosaoio

a Y nerosania - TaKO)f( nerylO4HX. eneMeHTIB.. . . . ~o HaHnerWHX KOHCTPYKUiHHHX MaTeplaJI18 HaJIe:"aTb M.a.r ~ I c B I 3 C n n a 8 H (rycraaa MarHilO 1,7 r/cM ). TaK cavo, RK I aJI1OM1H1€81cnna8H

Illsenepa
cnopyn,

UIHPOKO BHKOpHC-

Ix

T08yK>Tb RK nporoaa TH nonerureai fiinsur

noninstor» rycraua

aa cnnasa, Y

IUO Jl.ecpopMYfOThClI (M.lJ.) Ta nasapai Ta

~MJI).

OCTaHHiMH pOKaMH MeTanypriHHa ,nBOTaBpOBi 6anKH, TOHKi CTiHKH.

npoaucnoaicrs

nosana nocraans-

H~3bKa

nO€Jl.HBHHi 3 BHCOKOIO MiuHi~TIO TaKO)f( i J].J1g THTaH08HX CnJ1aB1B. i 3BapHHX

KOP031HHOIO

ai,nMiHHOIO PHCOIO JlKHX e aa TOBC-

CTiHKicTIO xapaxrepaa BHpo6iB,

BHpo611 ia CTaJIi. CTaJIeBi KOHCTPYK~i'~'BHfOTOBJIglOTh 3 npOKaTHHX

a T~KO)f( 3 fHYTHX

nporpinis

3aJIe)f(HO ain TOBIUHHH nHCTiB nHCTOBY CTaJ1bpoanoninaion, KOnOnH'IKoBY (4 ... 60 MM), C]]g6H TOHKonHcToBa

(pHC. _7.3). B H P 0 6 H '.

v

TonHCTOBY (4 ... 160 MM), TOHKO]]HCTOBY (0,2 .. .4 MM), YHiBepCaJIbHY UIHpOgK~

HaH6iJ1hWe

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTh

n P 0 KaT H I

(60 ...200

MM), PynoHHY Ta pmpneay. 3aBwHpwKH 8500 MM Ta aaBHKOPHCTOBYIOTb CTaJIeBi

nOJl.inglOTb ua 40THPH rpyna: COPTOBY CT~b,. nHCTOBY CTaJIh, C~eUlaJIb~1 BHJl.H npoxary, Tpy6H. 3 npoKaTHHX npodiinis 36HpalOTb HaHpI3HoMaHI-

crans

Ma€ BHfJIR.ll nacria

B,nOB)f(KH no 12 MM. HaHWHpUIe

Y 6y,niBHHUTBi

156

157

J1HCTH3aBTOBllIKH

no

40 MM. JIHCTH TOHKOJ1HCTOBOi" CTaJIi MalOTh ~OB)I(HH)'

TPH3axi~H1H npo$iJ1eM M A

rBHHTOBIH

J1IHII.

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTh

TaKO)l(

apssarypy

rnynpodnnis Ta npodiinsoaanoro HaCTHJ1Y. BHrOTOBJ1eHH»: rHYTHX nporpinia nac 3MOry cyrreso CnpOCTHTH TeXHOJ1orilO BHp06HHl{fBa ~eTaJIeH Ta 3eKOHOMHTH no 10 % MeTany. Ilpodiinsoaaaaii HaCTHJ1 BHKOPHCTOBYIOTh ~J1»: BJ1allIryBaHHJI nerxoi Ta 3PY'IHOi" npa MOHryBaHHi
THX TOHKOCTiHHHX nOKpiBJ1i.
A-A

no

4 M, IlIHpHH)' - 600 ... 1400 MM. Ii" 3aCTOCOB)'lOTh npa BHrOTOBJ1eHHi

Apuarypy nOCTaBJ1J1IOTh npyrxax 3aB.L{OB)I(KH6 ... 12 Y (TepMi'IHO 3MiQHeH)' - Y npyrxax 5,3 ... 13,5 M). Apvarypa KJ1aCiB A I Ta II niaxerpoa zto 12 MM, a TaKO)l( xnacy A III .L{iaMeTpoM .L{O10 MM MO)l(e
"JlJ1HHKa". ApMarypHHH

nOCTaBJ1l1THC»: MOTKax. y $OpMOIO

npir aarrycxarors niasrerpoa 3 ... 8 MM nonepesaoro nepepisy na npir rnaaxoro (B) morn,
onop BJI, iHIlIHX

Ta nO.L{iJ1l1IOTb aa i

nepioztasaoro
KOH-

OCHOBHHM CneQiaJIhHOrO 6y~iBHHQTBa Hac T a J1h 6YBaE: TaKHX HhOBa apMarypa - B, cnoci6 'IeHH»:

BH~OM ~J1»: BOHa

np0<piJ11O(Bp). ,[(JIJI 3Be.L{eHHJI 6a1lIT, BHrOTOBJ1eHHJIIX rpaT'IaCTHX cTPYKQiH IlIHPOKO BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbMeT a J1e BiT P Y 6 H . 3a

npoxary
(pHc.7.4). - KJ1ac A; KaHaTH

E: a p MaT Y p KJ1aciB: CTep)I(-

cnocofiov

noninsrors na

6e311IoBHi

rapaxo- 'ra

X0J10.L{HO<popMoBaHi

H eJ1eKTp03BapHi 3 n03~OB)I(HiM npllMHM a60 CnipaJIhHHM IlIBOM.

apvarypai

zipir - K.

T a 6J1HQH 72B
Knac CTaJIi Al All AclI AlII AT

J1acTHBOCTlcTeplKHboBoiapMaTVPHOiCTaJli THMQaCOSHA

.n:o~aTKoBo MO)l(e 3a3Ha'iaTHClI BHrOTOBJ1eHH»:, J1HBi BJ1aCTHBOcTi a60

rpaHHUlI

ocofinpasna-

rexysocri,
235 295 29_ 390 440 540 590 590 590 590 785 785 785 780 980 980 1180

MITa

onip, MITa
375 430 440 590 590 590 885 785 835 785 1030 980 980 1225 1180 ... 1230 1180 ... 1230 1370 ... 1420

Binnocne SHJlOS)I(eHHlI nicns p03PHBaHHlI, %

25 19 25 14 14... 15 9 ... 10 8 9 ... 10 9 ... 10 9 ... 10 7 7 ...8

apuarypa. TepMi'IHO 06p06J1eH)' crepaorsoey apaa'rypny CTaJIh

CTaJIh ~1I niBHO'Ii 6J1eH)'

.-

noauasarors

AT,

KOHCTpYKQiH,

sxi

mc

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTh B 3BaplOBaH)'

pakoaax
o6poCTaJIh

A Ills AIV AT IV ATIVC ATIVK AV ATV ATVK A VI AT VI ATVIK AT VII

- Ac, TepMi'IHO

®;k;;&@AWN
r.

ianexcoa "C" (HanpHKJ1a.zJ.AT IV C), a TaKY cavy CTaJIb 3

ni~BHll.{eHOIO CTiHKicTIO npOTH KOp03iHHoro P03TpicKYBaHWI -

Apxarypna CTaJIh: a-xnacy A-II; 6-Knacy A-III; a-npir

PIIC. 7.4.

nepio-

nia

Hanpy*eHHlIM

"K"

(HaBH"B"

.llH'IHOronpocpimo; r-ceaaaporsae
naCMO.

apxarypae

npHKJ1a~, AT

IV K).

,[(JIll CTaJIi,

3MiQHeHoi' BHTJlryBaHHlIM, KOPHCTOB)'lOTb iH.L{eKC OCHOBHi

7... 8 6 ... 7 6 ... 7

6 ...7 5 ...6 B Ta6J1. 7.3. CTaJIeBHX KOHCTpYKQiH Tpy6H. BHpo6H 3 i npeCOBaHHX

(A IIIB). Be~eHO

nopxosaai

xapaKTepHCTHKH BHroTOBJ1l1IOTb

crepacasoaof apvarypa

aa-

a Ta6J1. 7.2.

xpyrnoro nepepisy 3 rnaaeasiHIlIHX KJ1aCiB MaE:nepiO.L{H'IHHH npodiins. ApMarypHa CTaJIb nepiO.L{H'IHOrO nporpimo MaE: BHrJIJI.L{KPYrJIHX crepxoria 3 ~BOMa n03.L{OB)I(HiMH pe6paMH Ta nOnepe'IHHMH ancrynaaa, uto H.nYTb no
158

Apvarypy xnacy A I KOIO nosepxaero, Apaarypa

OCHOBHi p03MipH CTaJIeBHX Tpy6

aaaeneni

Ilopaa Kpia
aJIlOMiHieBHX

3 KpyrJ1HMH 3BapHHMH Tpy6aMH CTaJIeBHX, y 6Y.L{iBHHl{fBi

~JI

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb xaaziparai Ta npJlMOKYTHi rHYT03BapeHi

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTh

cnnaais

y BHrJ1l1.L{i JIHCTOBOro 159

npoxary, ruyrax

KOByJOTb npo<pi.niB. <pOPMH. ~~ecYBaHHR nae 3Mory oTpHMaTH amoviaieai npodiini, He TIJIhKH CXO)J(I 13 CTaJIeBHMH, a H pR.Q iHlUHX, Y TOMY

arnoaepauieto
MalUHH a60

cniKaHHJlM

xacni

.QOCHTb CKJIa.QHoi·

pauiHHHX cYlUiHHRM KOKC, JlKHH UIOBaHHi

06KoqysaHHRM

Ta BHnanIOBaHHJlM.

. Meran,
36eplralOTh Y

npH3Ha"leH~H

~JI

3Be.QeHHJI 6Y.QiBeJIhHHX

KOHCTpYKl.{iH,

npO<pineM, P03MipOM ra Mapnepes'sai ni,llKJIa,QKH 3aBlUHplUKH He MeHl~e HI)J( 15 c~. ~~ 36eplraHHR amoainieaax BHp06iB p.m.opHcTOBYIOTh TlnhKH zrepes RHI nl,llKJIa,QKH. Il{06 sanofiirra BHHHKHeHHIO enexrpoxi~i"lHO'i KOP?3ii' MeTaJ1Y, ztepes'aai ni,llKJIa,QKH npoco-ryrors cneuransaoro CYMIUIlUlO Ta <pap6YIOTb JIaKo<pap60BHMH MarepianaMH. WHpHUY UITa6enlO npa BKJIa,QaHHi K)'THKOBOi' CTaJIi, uiaenepia ra ,llBOTaBpoBHX 6anoK fiepyr» 2,0 ... 2,5 M, BHCOTa B ycix aananxax He nOBHHHa nepeBl.QnOBl.QHO 3 Horo MeTaJ1~Bi a60 KOIO. BKJIa.Q~IOTh HOro

urrafiensx

aa

e ,ll)J(epeJIOM renna aanisa. <l>JIIOCH (BanHJlKH, ,llOJIOMiTH a60 niCKOBHKH) 3aCTOCOBYIOTb .llJIJI 3HH)J(eHHJI -resmeparypa nnaBJIeHHJI rrycroi nopoznr Ta CnOJIyqeHHJI 'fi 3 30JIOIO nanaaa Y UIJIaK. ,n; 0 M e H Han i "l - ue sepTHKanLHa uraxra si cTiHaMH i3 aorneTPHBKO'i uermr, p03MimeHHMH Y CTaJIeBOMY xoscyci (pHC. 7 .5). 3Bepxy Y 3aBaHTaJK)'IOTb nourapoao
ni,llrOTOBJIeHi CHPOBHHHi MaTepianH.

peurirxax arnoxerpasynsropi 3 aacrynnaa OCHOBHe nanaso npa nnaaneaai "laBYUY Ta 6e3nOCepe,llHbO 6epe yqacTb Y nasyrneKOJIOCHHKOBHX Y

na

BHUZYBaTH 1,5 M. ,lVIJI' 36epiraHHJI' MeTaneBi

crenazci,

RKi

Tpy6, xpyrnoi ra xeanparaor crani aanofiiraiors p03pHBaHHIO WTa6enR. 7.3

OCHOBHi P01MipH niauerp,

Baacniaox
BCTaHOBnlOlOTh HOCTI

ropiaax
KHCHIO

KOKCY

aa

HaJlB-

noairps,

uto

narpiaaerscs
Bi,llHOBJIlO€ l{OB)f{H-

Y HH)J(HiH

YTBOPIO€TbCR OKCH,ll CTaJIeBHX Tpy6 30BHiwHiR MM

sacraai nexi, ayrnemo, RKHH

PY,llH i MO)J(e

Ta6J1HQB Tpy6H

Tostnaaa
cTiHKH, MM

aaniso

Ee3WOBHi rapRlfolle<popMoBaHi Ee3IUOBHi xonollHollecl>opMoBaHi ocotinaso TOHKOCTiHHi TOBCTOCTiHHi WBOM TOHKOCTiHHi TOBCTOCTiHHi TIl ocodnaso npRMOWOBHi enexrpoaaapai EneKTp03BapHi

25 ...820 2 ...250 5...250 6...250 8... 1620 159... 1420

2,5 ...75

na, M 4 ... 12,5

4 ... 12,5 4 ... 12,5

XiMi"lHO "lac 3

B3a€MO,lliHTH 3 HHM. BO,llHOBi,llHOBJIeHHJlM KpeMHiH, ,llOMillJKH. npa

sanisa
<pOc<pop,

Bi,llHOBJIIOIOTbCJI MapraHeUL Ta inuri

0,3 ...9
0,6 ...20 1,6...24 3,5 ... 14

P03nnaBJIeHi 1380 ... 1420°C

revneparypi
i llJJIaK BHnyCp03nHBa-

h cnipansansr

4 ... 12,5 5... 12,0 10... 18,0

"laBYH

xaiors xepes
P06KY.

JIeTKH. qaBYH

€TbCR Y <pOPMH, a UIJIaK H,lle ua nepe-

,llOMeHHHX

nexax

aannas.llJIR BH.llJIJI "laBYH"laBYHH JlKi

o T p H M a fI H R
,ll06YBaHHR PY,ll3 "lOPHHX

7.3. TeXHOJIOru.
"l a B y H Y

MeT8J1eBHX CnJl8BiB
T aCT ani.

JIRIOTb "laBYH, npouec PHC. P06HHl.{TBa

npH3Ha"leHHH JIHBapHHH

Texaonorivaati
"laBYUY

crani,

MeTaJ1iB BKJIIO"lac Horo

BHnnaBneHHR

ia sanianax

7.5. Cxeaa

lloMeHHoi

nexi:

oTpHMaHHR HHX BHp06iB,

pi3HOMaHiTHHX cneuiansai

aacrynaoro
OCHOSHHM

nepepofixoio

B crans. "laBYUY e ,ll 0 M e H H H H . .L{oMeHaanisa 3 OKCH,lliB CHPO~

cnocoooa pyni,

OTpHMIlHHJI

HHH npouec

CKJIa,Qa€TLCli 3 TpLOX CTa,QiH: Bi,llHoBneHHJI HasyrnelUOBaHHJI e sanisai no aanisa

uio MiCTJlThCR B

ra UIJIaKoYTBopeHffJl.

1-3acHnHHIi arrapar; 2-K01JOWHHK; 3-waxTa; 4-po3nap; 5-3an1Je'lHKH; 6-noBiTpliHi cfJYPMH;7-roPH; 8-1JeTKa .111lll BHnYCKY W1JaKY; 9-1JeTKa .111J1I BHnYCKY'IaBYHy·

(<pepOCHJIiUiH,

<pepoMapraHel.{b), Y

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb crani

BHp06HHUTBi a60

RK P03KHCJIIOBa"li

neryroxi
KOHBepC Map-

BHHHHMH MaTepianaMH 3aniJHi ,llp06iHHIO, HaH"laCTiUIe PY,llH

PY,llH ra <pJIIOCH.

,ll06aBKH. OKHCJIeHH"M MapTeHiBCbKHM,

nnaBJIeHHR

niaaarors

nonepenaia

06p06ui

Ta PY.llY

Crans

BHnnaBJIRIOTb

3 qaBY"y

36ara"leHHIO MarHiTHOIO

i rpy,llKYBaHHIO. cenapauioo.

36araqylOTb

nO,llpi6Heuy

TOpHHM Ta eJIeKTponnaBHJIbHHM

cnocotiaaa.

OCHOBHHM cnocofioa

)VUI BHJIyqeHHR niuraaax BO,llOIO. .L{pi6Hi

'ra rJIHHHCPY,llH orpya-

THX "laCTHHOK PY.llY npOMHBalOTL

ra

nHJIYBaTi

160

161

TeHiSCbKHH, ane OCTIlHHiMH pOKaMH nOWHpeHHH cnoci6, RKHH MaE: cyrreai TeXHiKo-eKOHOMi1IHi

KHCHeSOKOHBepTopHHH BHnnaBJIRIOTb Y naJIHBO

p03nnaBJIeHHM CTOTH.

MeTaJIOM, Y iHJzyKlliHHHX -

aa

paxYHOK CTpYMiB BHCOKOI 'ia-

Ilpa

Map

T e H i BCb K0 M

C n 0 C0

nepeaara, 6 i CTaJIb
i

MapTeHiBcbKHX

nexax,

B JlKHX CnaJIIOcrbCJI no a60 Ma3YT, a Y CneLtiaJIbHHX HarpiBaE:TbCJI

KaMepax-pereHepaTOpax paxYHOK aKYMYJIboBaHol MicTHTb 'iaBYH

nosirpa
Ta

raaonoziifine

aa

Ilporpecaaaasr E: cnoci6 OTpHaa nonouoroio zrynnexc-npouecy, KOJIH pmKHH 'iaBYH neMaHHJI CTaJIi pep06JIJlIOTb Y CTaJIh Y xoasepropax, a nOTiM 1:.

renncra

BmxiJ{HHX

npoJ{YKTiB

ropiaas. Illaxra
onep-

i MeTaJleBHH

6PYXT -

cxpan

aanisny

PYJ{Y. CTaJIb

enexrponesax

CTaJIb .u,OBOCTIlUY.

)f(}1OTb BHaCJIiJ{oK nnaBJIeHHJI WHXTH, npa JlKOMY YTBOPIOE:TbCR BeJIHKa

,WITh )].0 3a.D.aHOrOXiMi'iHOrO CyqacHHMH

xinsxicrs saxacy

3aJIi3a, OKHCJIeHHJI syrnemo Ta iHWHX J{oMiwOK 3aKHCOM

MeTo.u,aMH OTpH-

3aJIi3a Ta P03KHCJIeHHJI-BiJ{HOBJIeHHJI 3aJIi3a CHJIiLtiJl, <l>epoMapraHLtIO a60 aJIlOMiHilO.

is saxncy

J{06asKaMH

<l>epo-

MaHHJI CTaJIi E: eJIeKTpOUlJIaKOBe Ta nJIa3MeHHO-npOMeHeBe

nepennasJI a K 0 -

KOHBepTopHHH Cn 0 Ci 6 nOJIJlraE: y sHp06HHl{fBa CTaJIi

JIeHHJI. B0 MY 10Th

Ilpa

e JI e K T pOW

n e pen

JI a B JI e H H

BH-

nponysanui noairps a60 KHCHIO xepea 'iaBYH, aaJIHTHH Y KOHBepTop (pHC. 7.6). niCJIlI 3aKiH'ieHHR npouecy KOHBePTOp nOBe:;:raIOTb ropa30HTaJIbHO, TJI,

COKOJlKiCHi JIerOBaHi

CTaJIi OTpHMYCTaJIi, JlKi

ia

3JIHTKiB 3BHlfaHHoi

nnaBJIJlTbCJI sa paxYHOK renJIOTH, uto BH.u,iJIJlcrbCJI npn npoXOJI.)KeHHi HUX BJIeHHH MeTaJl

xpiss

npanaanors

J{YT-

Ta BHJIHBalOTh nourapenail TOpHHH

nepesipaxrrs i"i
cnoci6,

CKJIa.D.CTaJIi Y KiBW. HHHi npa JlKOMY

PIiC. 7.7. t(yroBa

enexrpmea

nill
Mil

llJHI nnaBJIeHIDICT3Jli:

enexrpasnom CTPYMY. Fosnnanpoxoznrn, xpiss wap pinxoro IUJIaKY Ta OlfHmyE:ThCJI BiJ{ WKiMHBHX )].oMiwOK Ta rasia. Ilpn
nna3MeHHo-npOMeHeBOMY nepennaaneaai nOTiK Jl.)KepenoM Tennyra, a npa e uio

KHcHeBo-KoHBep-

l-enexrpona; 2-BaHHa; 3-MeXaHiJM

nepesepraaas BOJl.

BaHHH; 4-eneK1pOnpH-

nyrrs
Puc. 7.6. Cxesra xoaaepropy:
)·06ep1'oBHR 6apa6aH; 2..q,yrePOBKll; 3'q,ypMH Mil nO.l1a'fHnOBiTpII; 4-nOBOpoTHHA MexaHi3M.

3)].iHCHIOE:TbCJI 'iHCTHM

nOTH E: nnasaoea

neBH-

KHCHeM.

Kacneao-xoaeepropxapaKTepH3YE:TbCJI BeJIHKHX xanirans-

KT P 0 HH0 - n p 0 M e He B0 M Y npoMiHIOIOThCSI K063JIhTOBOIO rapMaTOIO rrpocropi rJIH60KOro BaKYYMY.

enexrponia,

HHH cnoci6 norpedye

3 YTBopeHHJlM Y nnaBHJJbHOMY

BHCOKOIOnpOJ{yKTHBHiCTIO, He

E<I>eKTHBHHM E: OTpHMaHHJI CTaJIi npJlMHM Bi)].HOBJIeHHSlM3 PYJ{, MHHalO'iH J{OMeHHHH npouec. LthOMY cnocofii E:ry6'iacre HHX nexax pasi HaniB<I>a6pHKaTOM MSI BHp06HHl{fBa saniao, sxe OTpHMYJOTb B 06eproBHX CTaJIi npa a60 uraxr-

HUX BHTpaT i naJIHBa. cofii

Koednnieirr CTaHOBHTb 6JIH3bKO 70 %. Y

eJIeKTpH'iHUX nexax

BHKOPHCTIlHHJI TennOTH npa LthOMY cnoC n 0 C i 6 OTpHMaHHJI CTaJIi E:HaHcyCTaJIb, sxa MaE: BH. iH)].YKLtiHHHX uto

E JI e K T P 0 n JI a B H JI b H H H 'iacHiwHM.

i niJ{J{aJOTb .lI.po6iHHlO Ta BiJ{J{ineHHIO aia OCHOBHOMY npa )].OMeHHOMY

nyCTOI nopona. uto

BHnJIaBJIJlIOTb sxicsy

npaxoro

Bi.ll.HoBJIeHHJI 3aJIi3a 3 PY.lI.HeMaE: n0Tpe6H Y KOKCOxiMi'iHOMY npoueci, CyrrE:BO

COKY 'iHCTOl)' TIl J{06py po3KHCJIeHiCTb. OCHOBHHM MaTepiaJIOM MJI eJIeKTpOnJIaBJIeHHJI CTaJIi E:CTaJIeBHH 6PYXT. EJIeKTponnaBJIeHHJI senyn, Y .lI.YrOBUX (pHC. nexax.

BHpo6HHUTBi ninamuye

npo.ll.YKTHBHiCTb BHp06HHLtTBa CTaJIi. 3 ne'ieH, 3aJIHBaJOTh Y cneuiansai 'iaSYHHi <l>0PMH 6e3nepepBHOMY )].0 nOJ{8IOTh

7.7)

a60

CTaJIb, sanyineny - i3JIO)KHHUi a60 P03JIHBaHHi CTpYMiHb

nyrosnx

nexax

MeTaJl HarpiBaE:TbCJI aa paxYHOK TennOTH,

ua

6e3nepepBHe

nHTTJI.

Ilpa

BH.u,iJIJlE:TbCJI eJIeKTpH'iHOIO nyroto,

sxa YTBOPIOE:TbCJIMi)K eJIeKTpoJ{oM TIl

p03nnaBJIeHOrO

MeTaJIY Ha.D.X0.ll.HTb cnosarxy

KpHCTaJIi3aTopa, uio oxononxyerscs

BOJ{OIO, a nOTiM no 30HH BTOpHHHoro

162

163

OXOnO)VKeHH}I Ta aBTOMaTH'IHO p03pi3Y€ThC}I HH.

na

3nHTKH

norpifiaoi

.nOB)f{H-

Besnepepsae

nHTT}I, nOpiBH}lHO

ia llIT}"IHHM,

.na€ 3MOry

ni.nBH~HTH

npO.nYKTHBHiCTh 6HHUTBa.

npaui,

lIKiCTh

crani,

CKOPOTHTH ainxonn nHBapHOrO BHpO-

KO)f{eH MeTan KpHcTani3Y€ThCJI npa crporo BH3HaqeHiH TeMneparypi. y paai utaazncoro Bi.nBe.neHHJI TennOTH YTBOPIO€ThCJI6araTO uerrrpis KpHCranisauii Ta Bi.n6YBa€TbCJI IX iHTeHCHBHHH pier. B pesynsrari aaninacrsca 3HaqHa xinsxicrs .renncra, sxa .na€ 3MOry ni,nTpHMYBaTH MeTan y pi,nKOMY CTaHl.

Onepseanaa aJlIOMiHilO. Ci1POBHHOIO An}l BHp06HHUTBa amosrinito e ripcsxi nopozra 3 BHCOKHM BMicTOM Ah03 - 60KCHTH, HecpeniHH, anynir TO~O. Ilpouec onepscanna amouiaito cxnanaerscs 3 TphOX -rexnonorisanx

Metana
TeMneparypi

npa pi3HiH
MalOTh.

crania:

OTpHMaHH}I qHCTOrO rnHH03eMY,

HOro

enexrponisy
OqH~eHH}I

Ta BHnyqeHH}I nepBHHHOrO 06p06n}llOTb

xpacranisny
(pHC. 7.8). TeMneparypH KHM

nepBHHHOrO

amoxiairo

i pacpinyBaHHjJ,

T06TO

pisay crpyxrypy Hanpaxnan, no

768°C CTiH-

amouiniro.

,L(n}l O,nep)f{aHH}I rnHH03eMY

amossinieai pyna

nyrax a60 xncnorax aanexcao Bi.n cxnazty .noMilliOK. ITpH nY)f{HOMY cnocofii aanyseaas .noMilliOK YTBOPIO€ThC}I BO.nHHH P03qHH amosriaary narpiro, lIKHH rrerxo poananaerscs 3 YTBOpeHH}lM rinpoxcnny amosriuito, a nOTiM nicns npO)f{apIOBaHH}I i Ah03. ITPH KHcnoMY MeTO,ni CnOqaTKY YTBOPIOIOTbClI coni amoaiaho, sxi TaKO)f{ nocninosao nepersoprororsca Y Al(OH)3
'ra Ab03.
MeTaneBHH anlOMiHiH

1J""
1711"

e u-Fe, axe npn 910°C nepexomrrs y y-Fe, a npa

1390°C - a-Fe. KPHC-

v
e.; """

onepxysors

MeTO,nOM enexrponisy Na3AIF6.

rnHH03eMY Errexrponis

y pi,nKOMY

enexrponiri - p03J]J1CBneHoMY xpaoniri 3,niHCHIOIOTh y eneKTpOni3HHX sannax, }lKi nocninosao

no 80 ... 100 lllT. Pi.nKHH anlOMiHiH KOBllIi oxmnarcrs a60

cnonysators

y cepii

.. '"'''' ~ e=

~rm~ -~~

ITPH cYMicHiH

ranisauil nexinsxox eneMeHTlB YTBOPlOlOTbCjJ

cnnaaa
xaaisaoi
P03qHny cnoJIYK.

sarnani
a60

Me-

cyssiuri,

TBep.noro XiMiqHHX

parpiayiors y
750 ... 770°C.

3aKpHTOMY OqH~eHHH

~ ...

nponyaaansa

xnOPOM

npn

reemeparypi

MeTan p03JIHBaIOTh y qyllIKH.

i'''0
"'0
6"0 .

91111

Bnacrasocri cnnaais,
uto e MeXaHiqHOIO
1lI1O

cysriur-

7.4. CTPYKTYpa, CKJIa.z.i BJIaCTHBOcTicnnaaia

CTpYKTYpa MeTaJleBHX

spoutenax xpacranie, cepenaiun Mi)f{ BJlaCTHuio IX Ta

cnnaaia, Metana - ranoai

oc06nHBOCTJlMH

xpacranisai IX

pe-

qOBHHH, BJlaCTHBoCTi JlKHX 3YMOBneHi CTpYKTYPH. ,L(nJl KO)f{HOrO MeTany 3qenneHHJI Mi)f{ .nil cpiJHKO-xiMiqHHX

xpacranixaoi

.1,,"'---

BOCTJlMH eneuearia,
._"lac·

YTBOPIOIOTh.

xapaxrepaa neana xpncranixna rparxa. enesrenraau xpacrani-moi rparxa MeTaniB e pesynsraroa

CHn, HaH6inbllI Cyrr€BHMH cepen rparxy, lIKHX e CHnH Mi)f{ Ta OTOqylOqHMH

Puc. 7.8. ,[(iarpaMa OXOJIO.ll)l(eHHlI sanisa,

MaTH BnaCTHBOCTi, sxi cyrreso

Tsepni
XiMiqHi

P03qHHH

cnonyxa

MO*YTh cnOJIYK,

Bi.npi3HJlIOTbCJI aia

BJIaCTHBOCTeH ene-

n03HTHBHO 3apll)VKeHHMH iOHaMH, ~O cxnanaiors

MeHTiB, ~O IX YTBOPIOIOTb. XapaKTepHHMH lIKi TpannJlIOThCJI y cnnasax THT, Fe3C, y crtnasax Ha parypaovy Bi.nMiny inrepsani Bi,n6YBa€ThClI He npa Bi,n aanisa 3 syrneuea, qHCTHX Mi)f{ crany

3pa3KaMH XiMiqHHX

Ix BinhHHMH
ranis

eneKTpOHaMH (MeTaneBHH 3B'Jl30K). Teoperasna i CTaHOBHTb, nanpaxnan, MeTanH MalOTh cpaKTHqny MiuHicTb

.nOCHTb sennxa

MiuHiCTh Me4 AnJl aanisa npH6nH3Ho 10 y fiararo Pa3iB HH)f{pisai BKnIO-

c Kap6i.n sanisa a60 ueMeHxpacranisauia KiHueM cxnany cacreui y saniai; cnnaais

arnosriniro crporo

3 Mi,n,n1O- CuAI2. MeTaniB, Ta a y .neJlKOMY reaneKpHCTani3aUII. Ta 'resmeparypa, aaniao-syrneus cpepHT - raep-

MITa. O,nHaK pisni

-ry

Bi.n

qeHHJI

reopenoraol xepes .necpeKTH KpHCTaniB, i oc06nHBO znrcnoxauii,

sxa Bi.n6YBa€TbCJI npa nepexoni

MiKpOTpi~HHH,

BH3HaqeHiH resmeparypi, nOqaTKOM (pHC. saneacao Bi,n

BnaCTHBOCTi MeTaniB 3HaqHOlO MipOIO 3YMOBneHi oc06nHBOCTJlMH IX

PiBHOBa)f{HHH CTaH cnnaais, BHBqalOTh sa .niarpaMaMH

xpacranisauii,

MeTaniB 3 pinxoro

crany

Ixasoro 7.9). Y

TBep.nHH. KpynH03epHHCTi

MeTanH MalOTb HH)f{qHH onip yziapy.

YTBOPlOlOThCj! .raici CPa3H: pi.nKHH P03qHH syrneuro

164

165

3a nonouoroio niarpau eraay BH6HpalOTb cnnasa TaKOrO cxnany i CTPYKTYPH, RKHM nparassaani He06xi.n.Hi BJIaCTHBOCTi. BJiaCTHOOCTi cnnania. BH6ip cnnaeia AJIR 6y.n.iBenbHHX KOHcTPYKuiH rpyaryerscs B OCHOSHOMY aa OUiHlOBaHHi lfOTHpbOX ronosxax xapaxrepacrmc rpaaaui TeKYlfOCTi crT'rpanaui MiuHOCTi npa P03TR3i crb (THMlfaCOBoro onopy), ainaocaoro BHAOB:>KeHHll 0 Ta ynapnoi B'R3KOCTi npa Bi.n'eMHiH rearreparypi. Bci crani, JlK H imni cnnaaa .D.JIR MeTaneBHX KOHCTpYKuiH, aa piBHeM OCHOBHHX MexaHilfHHX BJIaCTHSOCTeH, BCTaHOBJIeHHX npa aanpofiyaaanax na p03TJlr, noninsiorscs ua KJlaCH MiuHOCTi (Ta6n.7.4).

Ta6J1BQH 7 4 KJlaCB MillHOCTi CTaJleR Knac

MiUHOCTi

Mexaaixai BJIaCTHBocn npa

P03TI13i (He MeHUIe)

Fpanauis
MiUHOCTi 3BH'laiiHa TIiJlBHw.eHa

o,

MfI.

O'b Mn.

0,%

Puc. 7.9. ,l{iarpaMa CTaH)' aaniaoayrneueaax

cnnaais.

.n.HH P03lfHH syrnemo Y a.- a60 o-Fe 3 06'eMHO ueHTPOBaHOIO Ky6ilfHOlO rpaTKOIO; aYCTeHiT - TBep.n.Hf;i poaxaa syrneruo y r-Fe 3 pOM6ilfHOlO rparKOIO. <I>epHT 6nH3bKHH sa SnaCTHSOCTJlMH .n.o lfHCTOro sarriaa, SiH nnacras HHH, HOro rsepnicre HB = 80 ... 100, BH.n.OB:>KeHHSI ... 50 %, rpaHHUSI 30 MiuHOCTi npa P03TJlry 250 ... 300 Mfla, AYCTeHiT Mae sauiy TBep.n.iCTb, Hi)K <l>epHT(HB = 170 ... 200), HOMY TaKO)f( npHTaMaHHi nnacrasaicrs TaHH3bKi MiuHicHi anacraaocri. L{eMeHTHT - o.n.HH 3 HaHTBep.n.iwHX (HB = 800) Ta KPHXKHX KOMnOHeHTiB sanisoayrneueeax cnnasie. Ilpa oXOnO.D.:>KeHHicnnaais rsepni P03lfHHH MO~b poananarucs (eBTeKTO'i.n.HHH posnan). npO.n.yKTOM TaKOrO posnaay aycreairy npa TeM-

C C C C C C C

38123 44129 46/33 52/40 60/45 70/60

85170

230 290 330 400 450 600 700

380 440 460 520 600 700 850

24 21 21
19

Iliaeameaa
Bacoxa Bacoxa Bacoxa

16 12 10

Bacoxa

n p H MiT K a:

c, - rpaHHUSI TeKyqOCTi; crb- rpaHHUSI MiuHOCTi (THMlfaCO-

rreparypi 727°C Ta BMicTi ayrneiuo 0,81 % e 30KpeMa nepnir - cyxim <l>ePHTY 'ra ueMeHTHTy. Y npoueci xpucranisauil saniaoayrneueaax cnnaais yTBOptOeTbCSI TaKO)K ne.n.e6YPHT - eBTeKTHlfHa cysritu aycreniry Ta UeMeHTHTY. Baacniaox posnany aycreniry npa reaneparypi 250 ... 450°C KpHCTani3YeTbCR 6eHHiT - sacoxozmcnepcaa cyuitu <l>epHTYTa xapfiiny sanisa. <I>a3oBi neperaopenas y npoueci xpacraniaauii cnnaaia - OCHOBHe RBHme, uto BHKOPHCTOBYeTbCR.D.JIJI MiHH Ix CTpYKTYpH Ta BJIaCTHBOCTeH. 3 Pi3HoMaHiTHicTb BJIaCTHBOCTeH cranea piWYlfHM lfHHOM BH3HalfaeTbCR nepeTBOpeHHRMH aycreairy.

ro Ta rsepztoro ueMeHTHTy, 36inbWYeTbCJI (npa C s 1 %) rpaHHUSI MiuHOCTi rrpa P03TJlry i 3MeHWYeTbCJI einsocae BHAOB:>KeHHJI.Xapaxrep BnnHBY OCHOBHHX KOMnOHeHTis aa BJIaCTHBOCTi crani naaeneno y Ta6n.7.5. Crani .D.JIJI MeTaneBHX KOHCTpYKUiH 3BaplOIOTbCJI .nOCHTb .n.o6pe, JlKuto BMicT ayrnetno B HHX He nepeaamye 0,17 ... 0,18 %, a cYMapHHH BMiCT

BHH onip); 0 - BHAOB)f(eHHJI. XapaKTePHHMH 6y.n.iBenbHHMH CTanJlMH 3BHlfaHHOi' MiuHOCTi e crani BCT3Kn, BCT3nc, BCT3fnc, BCT3cn; ninanutenol - 09f2, 09f2C, 14f2, 10XH)U1; BHCOKOi'- 16r2A<I>, 18r2A<I>nc, 15r2C<I>. 3 ni.nBHmeHHRM BMicry syrnemo y crani 3pOCTae xinsxicn, KPHXKO-

neryioxax enessearia nopiamoe 4 ...5 %. Hassxoneroaaai crani 3 BMicTOM neryrosax

eneMeHTiB no 3 %, sxi BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb Y 6y.niBHHUTBi, MalOTb BHlUY rpaHHUIO TeKyqOCTi, MeHwe -ryrnaai no CTapiHHJI ra MeHwe aaarai no xononnonasncocri, Hi:>K3BH-

166

167

qaHHi syrneueai CTa.1Ii.~O cneuiansaax nerOBaHHX CTaJ1eH aanezcan, >KapOCTiHKi, KOP03iHHOCTiHKi, 3HOCOCTiHKi Ta MarniTHi CTaJ1i.
TaOJlHI(a

7.5.

HH3bKOJIerOBaHi CTa.1Ii, nparHYTb OTpHMam ron-racry CTpYI<TYPY Map-reHcH1)'. Map T

BDJlHB OCHOBUHX KOMDoHeuTiB

aa AeHKi BJlaCTHBOcTi

HCHT

ue nepenacnsenaa

CTaJIi
fpaHHWI KOMnOHeHT MiUHOCTi

FpaHHWI TeK}''IOCTi

BUlHOCHe BH.ll.OB)I(eHUll

Y.ll.ap-

Tsep-

Ha B'CKiCTL

38apioaaHicTL

XOJIO.ll.KiCTL

qepJIaMKiCTh

KopoCTiAKiCTL

TBep.uHH P03qHH syrnemo

o

HOJIaM- BOHO- 3iAHa

npa POlT1I3i

nicrs

y aFe. Ilpa oxonozoeesai Y soni aycrenir 36epiraE:TbcJI AO TeM-

Byrneus Mapraneus
KpeMHiA Hi KeJIL XPOM

++
+ + + +
0

+ + + + +
0

-0 0 0

++
+ + + +
0

0 0 0 0

+ +
0 0 0

Mins
BaH3.ll.iit MOJIi6.ll.eH THTaH <I>oc<bop CipKa

+ + +

++

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + +
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-0 0

0 0 0

+ + + ++ + +
.0()

neparypH npH6nH3HO 200°C, a nOTiM MHTTeBO nepersoproersCJI y MapTeHCHT. CYpYTYpa MapTeHCH1)' - HaHTBepAiwa Ta KpHXKa cYpYKTYpa CTaJ1i. ~ YCYHeHHlI

aayrpiumix
HHKalOTb

aanpyzceas, WO BHnpa aarapryaauni

++
0

+
0 Puc.

IT p a MiT K a:

"++" - CHJIbHO 36inbWYE:, "+" - 36inbWYE:, "--" 3MeHWYE:, "-" - 3MeHwYE:, "0" - He HaAaE: nosriraoro snnaay,

- CHnbHO

CTaJIi npn aarpisaaai

KpHTH'lHi TO'IKH).

o6po6Ka Ta o6po6Ka MCTaJIiB TIfCKOM o6po6Ka MeTaJIiB. E<lJeKTHBHHM cnocoooa uinecnpaaosaaol 3MiHH CTpYKTYpH MeTaniB 3 MeTOIO OYpHMaHHJI nOYpi6HHX snaCTHBOCTeH E:TepMiqHa 06p06Ka. Tepsrisaa 06p06Ka MeTaneBHX MaTepiaJ1iB nonsrae Y uarpiaaaai IX AO npoexraoi 'resmeparypa, BHYpHMYBaHHi Ta oxonozosenai i3 3aAaHOIO WBHAKiCTIO AO nen HOI 'resmeparypa. Ilpouecu TepMiqHOI 06p06KH noninmors na BnaCHO TepMiqny 06P06KY nin AiE:fO rnnue TennOTH - 3araPToBYBaHHJI, BmnaJ1fOBaHHR, aianycKaHHJI, HOPMaJ1i3auilO; TepMoMeXaHiqny 06p06KY npa KOM6iHoBaHiH .uiY TennOTH ra nnaCTH'IHOrO .ue<l!opMYBaHHJI; <lJi3HKO-TePMiqny 06p06KY npa nocnaanai AiY TennOTH Ta 3MiHH XiMiqHOrO CKnaAY MeTaJ1Y. 3 a rap T 0 B Y BaH H JI MenniB nonarae Y narpiaaaai IX no TeMneparypa He HH)f(qe KPHTHqHHX TOqOK (pHC. 7.10), T06TO TOqOK na niarpaui craay, npa RKHX JlKicHO 3MiHfOeTbCJI <lJa30BHH CTaH cnnaais, nacrynaosry BHYpHMYBaHHfO Ta WBH)l,KOMY oxononseenui. 3arap-roBYf04i syrneueai Ta

7.5. Tepsriuaa

Tepsrisna

HH3bKOMY einnycxaani

i AOCllrHeHHlI HaHKpawOI KOM6iHauii" MiuHOCTi Ta nnacraxaocri IX niaaaiors BiAnycKaHHIO HarpiBaHHIO no reaneparypa HIDKlfe HIDKHix KPHTHlfHHX TOlfOK. P03pi3HJ1fOTb HH3bKe, cepe.uH€: ra BHCOKe ainnycxaaas. Teaneparypa HarpiBaHHJI npa CTaHOBHTb ISO ... 200°C, a npa BHCOKOMY -

cnnaais,

600 ...6S0°C. Ilia sac ainnycxaaua crani MapTeHCHT nepexoznrrs y fiinsm CTiHKi CYpyK1)'PH. RKlUO rtorpifiao 3MeHWHTH rsepnicrs, ni.uBHlUHTH nnacravaicrs i B'~3KicTb MeTaniB, IX 06po6nlOBaHiCTb, TO 3aCTocoBYIOTb B I n nan io BaH HR. XapaKTePHOIO ocofinaaicrro Bi.unan1OBaHH1I C nOBiJ1bHe OXOnO.1l)f(eHHlI, 1IKorO .uOCJlraJOTb nia urapou nicxy, noneny, umaxy TOlUO. Ilpa aianamoeanni cranea niCJ1R nonepeaasoro HarpiBaHHJI YTBOPfOE:TbCJI aYCTeHiToBa CTpYK1)'pa, RKa, noainsao oxonozosyiosncs, nepexonars no piBHOBa>KHO"iCYpYKTYpH aizmoaiznro zto niarpavacraay. ~JI .uOCRrHeHHlI .upi6H03epHHcTo"i O.uHOpi.uHOI CTpYI<TYPH 3 aeuio M.eHWOfO nnacraxaicno, ane 3 6inbW BHCOKOIO TBep.uicTIO, Hi>K nicns BI.unanfOBaHHJI, 3.uiHCHIOIOTb HOp Man i 3 a U i 10 cnnaais, Bi.uMiHHOIO OC06J1HBicTIO JlKOl E:OXOnO,ll>KeHHJI a noairpi, Hopvanisauia E:npocTIWHM n
169

168

BH,ZJ.OM 06p06KH

nOpiBlUIHO

3 Bi.AnamOBaHHJlM. nOBepXHIO CTaJIi

BOHa ni.ABHnzy€

rsepnicrs

TaJIeH, BHrOTOBJIeHHX 3 6Y.ll.b-JlKHX MarepianiB POBUX i TBep.llHX

(qaBYHiB

Ta CTaJIeH, KOJIbO-

.lI.a€ 3MOry OTpHMaTH qHCTiwy

npa pisaaai. nnacrax-

cnnasia,

nopOWKOBHX

MeTaJliB);

BHCOKa

ursnnxicn,

npoMO-

Tepsrosrexaabma

o6po6Ka

MeTaJliB BKJIlOqae HarpiBaHHJI,

uecy

TOWO. 3aCTOCYBaHHJl 06po6Ka MeTuio

cysacnnx

JIa3epHHX YCTaHOBOK 3a6e3neqy€

noennaai B €.AHHiH reXHOJIOriqHiH cxeai. CYTb noenaaaoro npouecy nonarae B TOMY, IQO 3arOTOBKH ainpaay nicJIJI 3aKiHqeHHJI rapaxoi 06p06KH THCKOM (K)'BaHlUI, npoxaryBaHHJI) 3arapTOBjIOTb. Ilpa QbOMY 3arOTiBKH cneuiansno He narpisarorscs, a BHKOPHCTOBY€TbCJI 3aJIHWKOBa reMOTa nicJIJI rapaxorc <popM)'BaHHJI. BHaCJIi.llOK usoro eKOHOMHTbCJI naJIHBO Jl1lJl narpisaaaa nin 3arapT)'BaHHJI, 3MeHWY€TbCJI norpetia Y HarpiBaJIbHHX nexax, CKOpOqy€TbCJI 'lac na BHroTOBJIeHHJI neranea Ta C)'TT€BO nOJIinW)'lOTbcJI MeXaHiqHi
He .lI.e<popM)'BaHHJI Ta OXOJIO,ll.)KeHHJI MeTaJIy, BJIaCTHBOCTi. XiMiKo-npMilfHa BHp06iB ByrJIeQeM, o6po6Ka a30TOM, MeTIU1iB nOJIJlra€ Y HaCH'leHHi Ta iHWHMH

)KJlHBiCTb nOBHOI MexaHi3auil

Ta aBTOMaTH3aQii'

npouecy,
3.lliHCHIOIOTb

THCKOM. 06p06K)'

MCTaJIiB mCKOM

npoxaryaaanxa, BOJIOqeHHJlM, npecyaauasv, KYBaHlUIM ra WTaMnyBaHHJlM. Lli cnocofia rpyHT)''O.bCR aa SHKopHCTaHHi nnacrasaol .Ae<p0pMau;! XOJIO.AHOrO a60 aarpiroro MeTaJIy nin nioo BaJIKKiB, urraanis, 60HKiB TOmo.

Ilpa
HR

nnaCTH'IHoMY

.Ae<popM)'BaHHi -

MeTaJliB 3MiHIO€TbCJl He JIHWe BHTnYBaHHJl

<popMa,

ane

CTPYKT)'pa

Bi.ll6ysa€TbCJI

Ixsepen,

nO.llpi6HeHHJI

IX. 06p06Ka

Mera.niB y XOJIO.llHOM)' CTaHi

npaaoaars

.AO H a 3HH)I(eHHi

nosepxai
lJ,bOMY

K JI e n y

- ni.ABHIQeHHIO Ta

rpaaaui
B'Jl3KOCTi. HKmo

Mil.(HOCTi Ta 3HaqHO

raepnocri npa
aa
ni.ASHmY€TbCR,

a.rnoMiHi€M

eJIeMeHTaMH.

nnacrasaof
3MiQHeHHJI TH'IHiCTb Mipy

ynapaol

annaaae

.lle<PopMaQiHHe TO

na CTHpaHHJI Y KOM6iHaQil 3 Y.AapHHMH HaBaHTIDKeHHJlMH, T06TO Y THX sananxax, KOJIH BOHH nOBHHHi MaTH BHCOK)' TBep.AiCTb nOBepXHeBHX urapis npa .AOCHTb B'1I3KiH CepQeBHHi. 3aJIe)l(HO ain Oc06JI -socren .lle<popMOBaHoro eJIeMeHT)' MO)l(Ha BnnHBaTH TaKO)l( aa MiQHiCTb Bi.A yroMH, ninsauiysara onip nosepxni MaTepiaJIY .z;.il30BHiwHix arpecusaax Cpe.AOBHIQ TOIQO. Haasacriure BHKOPHCTOB)'IOTb Q e M e H T a Q i 10 - HaCHqeHH1I CTaJIi ByrJIeQeM. nOBepXHesHH wap HH3bKoBymeQeBHX CTaJIeH nin 'lac QeMeHTaQil HaByrJIeUbosY€TbCJI .AO 0,8 ... 1, I % C i ninaaerscs repMiqHiH 06p06Qi, BHaCJIi.llOK 1IKOI aafiysae CT)JYKT)'PH MapTeHcHTy. Ilpa nasyrneusoayaanui BHp06H posaiuryiors Y CTaJIbHi 1IIQHKH, 3aCHnaJOTb uexexTaQiHHOIO cYMiwWIO, JlKa CKJIa.D,a€TbCJl3 aKTHSOSaHoro ByriJIJIJl Ta syrneKHCJIOI COJIi, narpisaiors no reaneparypa 900 .•. 950°C. Kacens noairps, aarpisarosacs 3 syrneuea, yrsopsoe OKCH.D,ayrnetuo, JlKHH y paai HaJlBHOCTi saniaa .AHcoQiJOe 3 yrsopeaaaa syrnetuo. Kpia uexearauu BHKOPHCTOByIOTb aaoryeaaas, QHanyBaHHJl, anirysaaas, xpOM)'BaHlUI, Ta iauri BH.D,H XiMiKO-repMiqHOI 06p06KH MeBH.lI.Y 06po6KH BHp06H, .llJUI p060TH

niaaaiors

npasaaxeni

reMneparypa.

reaneparypa

nnac-

6e3nepepBHO

3POCTa€, a onip

.Ae<popM)'BaHHIO

3MeHWY€TbC1I.

aarpiaauaa
cTpYKT)'pa

si.ll6YBa€TbCR Ma~piaJIy.

penns

nepexpxcranisauia, Bi.llHOBJIlO€TbCJI noneOnip MeTaJliB nediopsryeaatno spocrae, sxuto

Ha3HBalOTb 06po6K)' MeTaniB THCKOM,

36iJIbWY€TbCJI

WBH.D,KicTb .Ae<p0pMauii. Y BaH H "M

Il p
MH)

0 KaT

npa
Ma-

RKiH .Ae<popMauiJl

3.lliHCHIOE:TbCJl 3.llaBJIIOBaHHJlM Mi)l( QHJIiH.ApaMH (BaJIKa06epTalOTbCJl (pHC. 7.11,a). Buxi.D.HHMH

npoxaraoro craay, uio B0

repianaau .llJlR OTpHMaHHJI npoKaTHHX BHp06iB e BOlO npozryxuicio - pisaoaaairai npodiini.

JI 0 'I i H H Jl -

JIHTi 3aroTOBKH,

a rOTO-

ue

06po6Ka

MeTaJliB THCKOM npOTJlf)'BaHHRM

npoTpY-

.' ~

ry, npyrxa
6H

a60

xpias OTBip MaTpaui 3 nepepisou,

MeHWHM

a Puc. 7.1I.
06p06Ka MeTaniB THCKOM:

HHH KH.

aa BHXi.Anepepia 3arOTiB3a

nonouoroio
SHp06H 3a.o:aHoi ~opCTaHKax

ranis.
B OCTaHHi POKH P03WHPlO€TbCJl noaoroio iHIlIHMH P06KH OnTH'IHHX KBaHTOBHX noaepxaesa 06p06Ka (nasepia). BHp06iB sa no3 06reaeparopia nOpiBlUIHO MO)KJIHBicTb

BOJIoqiHH" Ha6YBaKnD reOMeTpH'IHOi BOJIoqiHHJI

a-npOkaTyBlUIHJI;
MH, TOqHHX P03MipiB, nepeB8)I(HO (pHC. 7.11,6).

6-BOno'liHHJI.
"fHCTO! nosepxai. sa

BH.AaMH nasepae Ba)l(KO.AOcT)'nHHx BmC)'THicTb

HarpiBaHHJI MicQb

Mae TaKi nepesara: Ta nosepxoas Ta

MeTaJIiB 3.u.iHCHIOIOTb BOJIO'lHJIbHHX

.lleTaJleH

CKJIa.lI.HOI MO)l(ne-

Y XOJIO.llHOMY CTaHi

cneuiansaax

KOH<pirypauii'; JIHBicTb

Kop06JIeHHJI

.lle<popMaQil

nerarreil;

nepenasannx

eaeprii

npoueua
170

na BeJIHKi Bi.ACTaHi Ta 06p06Ka

171

Il p e C y BaH H j( - nponaamoeaans nnacraxaax MaTepiaJIiB, uio MicTUbCj( Y KOHTeHHepi, xpiss BHXi)].HHH OTBip MaTPHQi. lJ.eH MeTO)]. 06p06KH THCKOM 3acTocoBYIOTb nepeaaacao )].JIj( BHrOTOBneHHj( BHp06iB pi3HoMaHiTHHx npodiinia 3 xonsoposax MeTaJIiB, a y )].ej(KHX sananxax 'raKO)!{ ia CTaJIi. K y BaH H j( Ta W TaM n y BaH H j( - ue npOQeCH 06THCHeHHj( MeTaJIeBOl 3arOTOBKH 3 MeTOIO OTPHMaHHj( BHp06iB saaanoi <pOPMH Mi)!{ )].BOMa 6iHKaMH a60 y urrasmax. Ilpa KYBaHHi Ta WTaMnyBaHHi nerani OTPHMYIOTb, )].e<popMYIOqH rapsxi (a npa urrasmyeaani H xonozmi) 3arOTiBKH HaBaHTIDKeHHgM ia 3aCTOCYBaHHgMMonOTiB a60 rrpecis,

AKTHBHOMY npoTiKaHHIO npouecy xoposii cnpase ByrneKHcnHH Ta cipqHCTHH rasa, XJ10PH)J. O)J.HIO XJIOPHCTi coni. B Ta KOp03iHMY cTiHKiCTb pi3HHX MeTaJIiB nopiBHlOlOTb sa E:)].HHOIO WKaJlOIO (Ta6J1. 7.6).

T6 a
rpyna cTiAKOCTi

JlHnH

76m

KaJla KOP031HBOi CTI KOCTi MeTaJlio

UinKOM CTij;iJci BeJlbMH crinxi CTiAKi

lliBHlUCiCTb KOP03ii, MM 38 pix Memne RK 0,00 I 0,001 ...0,005 0,005 ...0,01 0,01 ...0,05 0,05 ...0,1

San 1

rpyna CTiiiKOCTi nOHIDKeHo cTiAKi ManOCTiAKi HeCTiBKi

Illaanxicn,
KOP03ii, MM 38 piK 0,1...0,5 0,5 ... 1 1...5 5... 10 nOHM 10 San 6

7.6.

KOP03iSl MeT3J1iB

X i M i q H a K 0 P 0 3 i j( MeTaJIiB cnocrepiraerscs Y CyxHX rasax Ta aeenexrponirax. Y nepWOMY BHna)J.KY MeTaJIH PYHHYIOTbCj(, B3aE:Mo)].iIoqH 3 ra3aMH 'ra napaaa npH TeMneparypi nonan 100°C (oxacnenns MeTaJIY nin xac narpisaaas, KOP03ij( nixnoi apvarypa, rronareii napoaax i ra30BHX ryp6iH), Y npyrossy - KOP03ij( Bi)].6YBaITbcj( Y Ha<pTi, 6eH3HHi, MaCTHJlaX
TOlll.O. HaH6inbwe MeTaJIH PYHHYIOTbCj( aaacninox e n e K T pox i M i q HOI K 0 P 0 3 i i ,T06TO nin )].iE:1O enexrponiria - BO)].HHXP03qHHiB coneii, KHcnOT i rryris, lJ.eH BH)J. xopoaii Bi)].6YBaITbcj( B aTMoc<pePHHX YMOBax, npa )].il MOPCbKHX, piqKOBHX, rpYHTOBHX Ta iHWHX BO)].. I Y aaniaosyrneueaax cnnasax aHO)].OM 3)].e6iJIbworo E: <pePHT, a KaTO)].OM ueMeHTHT a60· HeMeTaJIeBi BKJIlOqeHHj( (pHc.7.12). Ocofinaao iHTeHcHBHo nporixae enexrpoxxmxaa KOP03ij( npa nepio)].HqHOMY 3aHYpeHHi MeTaJIY )].0 enexrponiry, HanpHKJIa)]., Y paai nonepennsoro PHC. 7.12. Cxexa enexrpoxi3BOnO)!{eHHj( Ta BHCYWYBaHHj( MeTaJIeBHX MiqHOi KOP03ii crani: l-aona; 2-npo.aYKTH KOP03ii; 3-KOHCTPYKuiH rinporexai-nmx cnopyn, ueuearir: 4-dleOHT. KOP03ij( MeTaJIiB npHCKOpIOITbCj( nia )].iE:1O eneKTPHqHOrO cTPYMY. Ene K T P 0 K 0 P 0 3 i j( MeTaJIiB Bi)].6YBaITbCj( npa ni)].KJIlOqeHHi KOHCTpYKUil )].0 )].o)].aTKOBOrO )J.)Kepena cTPYMY, HanpHKJIa)]., axuto npOXO)].HTb TPy60npOBi)]. aecysax TPaMBaHHHX peHOK.

2 3 4
5

7 8 9
10

Boporsfia 3 KOP03iE:1OMeTaJIOKOHCTPYKuiH Y 6y)].iBHUQTBi - HaHBIDKaaaasa. Y BCLOMYCBiTi 6J1H3bKO 10% BUWlaBJUlE:MOrO MeTany lIlOPOKY BTpa'iaITbCJI BHaCJli.ZJ.oK OP03il. Y npoMHCJlOBO K p03BHuyTHX xpaiuax BTpaTH Bi.ZJ. xoposil CTaHOBJIUb 6iJlJl!.~ % nauioaansaoro npH6YTKY. ,lVIJi saxncry MeTany eia KOP03ii 3aCTocoBYIOTb pisai MeTO)].H. Haile<peKTHBHiwe ni)].BHlIlYIOTb KOP03iHHY CTiHKiCTb CTaJleH Jl06aBKH HiKeJlIO, xPOMY, <poc<popy i OC06J1HBOMi.ZJ.i;HeraTHBHO BWlHBaE: MapraHeUb. flOWHpeHHM Mero)].OM niJlBHlIleHHJI KOP03iHHOi' CTiHKOCTi 6YJliBeJlbHHX cranea (' JleryBaHHJI Ix 0,2 ... 0,4 % Cu, npa UbOMY CTIHKiCTb npora KOP03ii' spocrac Ha20 ...30 %. MeTaJIH saxauraiors BiJl KOP03ii, 3acTocoBYIO'IH JlaKo<pp60Bi, aeopraHi'lHi HeMeTaneBi Ta MeTaneBi nOKpHTTSI. Ect>eKTHBHi JlaKoct>ap60Bi noKPHTTJIp03p06J1eHi na OCHOBi CHHTeTH'IHHX nonixepis . .no MeTaneBHX Heoprauixaax nOKpHTTiB aanescars HaHpi3HoMaHiTHiwi 3axHCHi WliBKH: OKCH)J.Hi,<pocct>aTHi,uexetrrai, a36eCTOueMeHTHi, exaneei re inuri. MeTaJIeBi nOKpHTTJI P03pi3HgIOTL aa MexaHi3MoM 3axHCHOi' )].i·j (aaonai Ta KaTO)J.Hi), a TaKO)!{ sa cnocotiosr HaHeCeHHg (ransaaaixai, MeT8J1i3auiHHi, aaaeceai 3 posnnaay a60 BaKYYMHHM HaCHqeHHJlM TOlIlO). AHo)].He nOKpHTTJI xapaxrepae TUM, 1110 Horo eJleKTpoJlHHH norenuian 6iJIbW BiJl'CMHHH, Hi)ICY MeTaJJi, JlKHH BOHOsaxautae. Y paai nOWKO)J.)KeHHJI nOKpHTTJI PYHHYITLCJI 3 6iJIbWOlO WBH,llKiCTlO, BHKOHYlO'IH nporexropMY ports 1ll0Jl,0 OCHOBHoro MeTaJIy. ,lVIJi aHO)].HHX nOKpHTTiB crani npasnannsiura.uaponorocnonapcsxa
173

172

lJeHi nepeaaacao

l{HHK i a.ruoMiHiH, nOKpHTFiB

.nml

KaTO.llHHX - Mi.llh, OJlOBO, aixern,

Ta

ia.

RKlUO

nopyuryiorscs Tepssia CJI}')K6H

aHO.llHi nOKpHTTJI, TO IXHSI 3aXHCHa .lliJi 3HHKaE:. CTaHOBIfTI> i

8. KEPAMf'IHI

MATEPIAJIB
BmOMOCTi "Ki OAep)f()'lOTb 3 MiHepanbHOi'

25 ...50 poxis.

BOHH .llalOTb ; KepaMitfHHMH TYPi.

3MOry 3a6e3nelJHTH 3aMiH)' BHCOKOJlerOBaHHX CTaJIeH HH3bKOJlerOBaHHMH

8.1. 3araJILUi
CHPOSHHH q,0pMYBaHHJlM, CymiHH"M 3ane)f(HO Bill 3acTOcYSaHH" BOrHeTpHBKi,

Cepen KOJIbOPOBHX MeTanis NUl nOKpHTTiB HaHnep~neKTHBHiWHM E:anIOMiHiH. Haaocsrs 3axHCHi nJliBKH 3 amossiaiso Ta HOrO cnnaais aa .llOnOMOrOIO enexrpoztyroaax MeTaJli3al{iHHHX anaparis, sanapOBYBaHHJlM Y BaKYYMi, eJleKTpOJliTH'IHHM OC8Jl)KeHHJlM, nJla3MOBHM Ta naTOlUO. 3epHHM HanHJIeHHJlM. AKTHSHHM MeTO.llOM 3axHCTY Bi.D. xoposii E: eJleKTPOXiMi'lHHH BiH rpYHTYE:TbC" S.ll"KH MeTO.ll.

crani MOPCbKiH soni

3axHCT

Y aTMoc$epHHX

YMOSax

npa

SHCOKiH TeMnepaTYpi,

Ha3HBaIOTb MaTepianH,

Ta cniKaHHJIM

npa

BHCOKiH TeMnepa-

JliSeJ1bHi,

aa 3MiHi errexrpoxiaiuaoro noreauiany KOHCTpYKl{ii' 38nonspaaanil Ix nocTiHHHM CTp)'MOM Bi.D.30BHiwHWro .lJ.)KepeJia a60 BiA nporexropa. Ilpa npOTeKTOpHOMY 3axHCTi (pHC. 7.13).ll0 MeTany, 1IKHH 3aXHlUalOTb sin KOP03ii', ni.ll'E:.llHYlOTb l{HHKOBi npOTeKTOpH-aHO.llH, "Ki naIOTb 3MOry 3axHCTHTH KOP03ii' MOPCbKHX

nO.lli11"IOTb na 6ycneuiansaoro npH3HalJeHHJI (rexaiuaa xepasdxa), XiMilJHO CTiHKi, rocnonapcsxo-noeyroal. P03pi3HJ1IOTb r p y 6 y K epa M i K Y , lUO MaE: ueonaopiaay 6YJlOBY, ra TO H K Y K epa M i K Y 3 llpi6HOKPHCTaJlilJHOIO OllHOpillHOIO 6YAOBOIO. ,llo rpy60i' xepaaixa Hane)KlfTb 6iJ1l.wa lJaCTHHa 6YAiBeJ1bHHX xepaai-max MaTepianiB i BOrHeTpHBiB, KI1cJlOTOCTiHKa uerna Ta in. OcHOBHHMH npenKepaMitfHi MaTepianH eJleKTPOTeXHitfHi, CTaBHHKaMH TOHKOi' KepaMiKH MaTepian, nOKpHTHH

q, a " H C - Api6HOnOpHCTHH

KepaMilJHHH

sin xoposii uiaay

KOHCTpYKl.{ilO. ~11

3axHCZY BiA

nposopoio

J1erKOnJIaBKOIO rJ1a3YPplO, i q, a p q, 0 p KOJ1bOPY3 BOAOnOfJ1HHaHHJlM MeBHPOMaTe-

ra

iHWHX

rinporexaisaax cnopyn, MaricTpanbHHX Tpy60npoBOAiB ainnoaiaamaurx KOHCIPYKl{iH BHKOPHCTOBYJOTb KaTO.llHHH aani.ll'E:.llH)'lOTb AO no.lJ.)Kepena CTJ>yMY i CTaJlL BHKOH)'E: pOJIb 6PYXT, ni.D.'E:llHaHHH no n03HTHBHOro

CnetfeHHH KepaMitfHHH

MaTepia11 6iJloro

XHCT.

l{bOMY BHn8.llKY KOHCTpyKl.{ilO, JlKy 3axHlUaIOTb, AHO.llOM E: MexaHitfHHH

nure "K 0,5%. l1.0 TOHKOi' KepaMiKH Hane)KlfTb TaKO)K M a H 0 JI i K a 6H 3 KOJIbOPOBOi' sananeaol rnHHH, nOKpHTi rnaayppio, BorHeTpHBH,
piana
eneKTpOTeXHi"lHOrO MaTepianis npH3HatfeHHJI. E: rnaaa. BHp06H 3 aananeaoi 5 THC. pOKiB

aeraraaaoro nomoca nocriaaoro

xarona.
moca,

OCHOBHHM CHPOSHHHHM KOMnOHeHTOM .ll11" OTpHMaHHJI 6inbWOCTi KepaMi'lHHX mHHH 3HaH.lleHi y AO H.e.; 11KnpOMHC-

posxonsax, SiK JlOB"H nponyxr

3 Tp8.llHl{iHHHM

"KHX CTaHOBIfTI>6J1H3LKO t

fJ1HH)' BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb3 4-ro THC1I"IOJliTT" AO H.e.

Ilopsn

aacrocysaaaaa
KepaMitfHi MaTepianH.

cysacny xepauixy
paaioenexrpoaiui

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb S TOlUO. p03pi3HBIOTb

aTOMHiH, paKeTHG-KOCMi"lHiH TeXHil{i,

Byniaensai
JlbHi 'ra

MaTepianH IUinLHi

K11acH4>iKYJOTb sa CTyTIeHeM

KaHH1I Ta npH3Ha'leHH"M.

3ane)KHO Bi.D.cryneas KepaMitfHi

cnixaaas

cnimi-

nopacri

MaTepianH M8IOTb MaTepianH

sozronor-

Puc. 7.13.
4-11lkCpeJlO

3axHCT MeTIlJIeBHX1pyOOnpoBO.lliB Bill KOP03ii':

J1HHaHHJIMeHwe JlK uerna, uerna, raxi KaHani3auiHHi nonaa rrornaaaaas ll06aBOK npouec y

5% . .no
Tpy6H.

HHX Hane)f(8Tb IDIHTKH .ll11Rnianor, K11iHKepHa nOpHCTi KepaMilJHi M8IOTb BO.llOTOlUO. nOlliJ1B1OTb na 0 6 J1H U 10 -

a-nporexropaaa;

6-KaTollHHR; I-Tpy6a; 2-laCHnKa; 3-npOTClCTOp; ClICKTpH'lHOro CTpYMY; 5-MCTaJI. MeTaniB 3HIDK)'IOTb sa .llOnOMOrOIO KOP03iHHHH iu.).

5%.

,llo rpyna

nopacrol

KepaMiKl1 BXO.llJlTb 6YAiseJlbHa MaTepianH

Illaanxicrs
iurifiiropis HeiITpanbHI1X

KOP03ii'

q,ac8.llHi llJIHTH Ta BHp06H, .llpeHaJlCHi Tpy6H, xepennus 3a npH3HalJeHHRM 6Y.lliseJiLHi KepaMi"lHi KepaMi'IHi KaMeHi Ta naneni;

'ra naCHBaTOpiB. MeTanis

Y CniWHO

ranbMYlOTb

T3 ny)f(HHX cepenosauiax

CI111bHioxncmoaaxi HiTpaTH ra

- c011i JI)')KHHX BHKOpHCTaHHJI

BH.llH: C T i H 0 S i - uerna,

'ra JlY*H03eMeJIbHHX

(XpOMaTH, xansuiio)

B a 11b H i - 11Hl{bOBa uerna, tra uerna; C a HiT

nJ1HTKH .ll11R4>aC8.llHoro Ta

sayrpimasoro 06-

.u06aBOK (30KpeMa HiTpHT-HiTpaT posif CTaJIbHOi"apMarypH

eq,eKTHBHe npa 3aXHCTi ain KG-

11Hl.{IOsaHHRTa ia.; n 0 K P i Be JI b H i - sepenaus; a p H 0 - T e x H i 'I H K0 MYH .ll11Rn i A 3 e M H H X

.ll 0 P O)K H i - K11iHKep-

S saniaofieroai.

i - )'MHBa11bHHKH, YHiTa3H, route; i K a u i H - xaaaniaauian] ra .llpeH8)f(Hi TPY175

174

6H; Ten JI e r K i TiHKi Ta

JI 0 i 3 0 JI j( u i H H 3 a nOB

i -niaroesiroai
.l.I.J1j(6eTOHiB

Ta iauri

BHpo6H

nerxoi

sara;

30HTaJIbHO 250x200x80MM.

p03TaWOBaHHMH

nycTOTaMH

250x250x120

Ta

H 10 B a 'I i

- KepaM3HT

Ta arnonopar;

C n e U i a JI b H 0 ron

p H 3 H a 'I e H H j( - BOrHeTpHBKi. BHCOKOKHCJIOTOC-

iauri.
3araJIbHOM)' 06CR3i CTiHOBHX MarepiaJIiB aB

xepasdsna uerrra Ta xacinscsxovy 6y.u.iBHHWBi i"M HaJIe)f(HTb OCHOBHe Micue sx MicueBHM MarepiaJIaM. Kepasrixai MarepiaJIH noumpeai 3aB.u.j(KH ziocryrmocri rnaaaaoi CHPOBHHH, npocrori TeXHOJIoriqaoro npouecy, .u.oBrOBiqHOCTi. Tpaacnoprysaaaa xepaaisaax MaTepiaJIiB
MiHHR CTaHOBJIRTb 6JIH3bKO 40%, nOTpe6YE: MeHWHX BHTpaT nopiBHRHO 3 iHWHMH CTiHOBHMH MaTepiaJIaMH, BOHH satieanesyrors .u.OJIiKOM xepaui-mol HHMH BHTpaTaMH .u.06PHH MiKpOKJIiMaT y npHMilIleHHRX. E: i"i .u.pi6HOwry'IHiCTh, 'lac OCHOBHHM He-

uerna npaui nia

IIlO nOB'R3aHe

saeneaas

CTiH 6y.u.iBeJIb. lJ,eH

aarors npa

3aBo.u.CbKOMY BHrOTOBJIeHHi YKpynHeHHX HanpRMKOM

ia saaxnenonix ycyeJIeMeHTiB - naaenek, xepasaix-

KpynHHX 6JIOKiB TOIIlO. HaHBa)f(JIHBimHM HHX CTiHOBHX MarepiaJIiB ni.u.BHlIleHHR ecpeKTHBHOCTi E:3HIDKeHHR i"XHbOi"MaCH aa paxYHOK 36iJIbWeHHj(

Puc. 8.1.l.{ema xepaxixna: a-noaaorina; 6-3 KpyrnHMH nyCTOTaMH; B-3 npgMOKyTHHMH nyCTOTaMH.

BHp06HHUTBa nOpO)f(HHCTHX i nopHCTHX BHp06iB, 1Il0 )laE: 3MOry 3MeHWHTH TOBIIlHHy CTiH, CKOPOTHTH BHTpaTH CHPOBHHH Ta naJIHBa.

8.2. OCHOBHi
Crinoaa aa uerny, xasreni,

BJmH KepaMi-rHHx MaTepiaJIiB KepaMhca. Cepen KepaMiqHHX BHpo6iB HaH6iJIbm

3HaqHH-

MH .l.I.J1j( 6y.u.iBHHUTBa E:CTiHOBi MarepiaJIH. 6JIOKH Ta

Ix noninsiors aa

BH)lOM BHpo6iB

naaeni; sa npH3HaqeHHj(M - sa panoai (.l.I.J1j( yM pYBaHHj( 30BHiwHix Ta snyrpimaix cria) i JIHUbOBi (.l.I.J1R06JIHLUOBaHHj( CTiH 6y.u.iBeJIb Ta cnopya); aa cnocotiou BHrOTOBJIeHHj( - na BHpo6H nnacTHqHOrO Ta aaniecyxoro npecyaanas; aa renJIOTeXHiqHHMH BJIaCTHBOCTj(3 MH Ta ryCTHHOIO - aa ecpeKTHBHi 3 Po<1400 Kr/M (.l.I.J1R uerna) Ta Po<1450 3 (.l.I.J1j( aMiHHj(); YMOBHO ecpeKTHBHi 3 cepenasoio ryCTHHOIO aianoaiaKr/M K 3 HO noaaa 1400 Kr/M3 i 1450 Kr/M3 •.. 1600 Kr/M ; 3BHqaHHy uerny 3 M i 'I H a i

Po<1600 Kr/M3.

K epa paneneninena
KO)f( 288x138x63

e r JI a (pHC. 8.1) MaE: CPOPMYrrpxssoxyraoro MM. BHrOTOBmllOTb 250x120x88 K aMi MM Ta H H j( (138

naTa-

poaxip nOTOBlIleHy uerny

MM. K epa

(250±5)x(120±4)x(165±3)

uerny

MO.u.yJIbHHX

posaipia aia
8.2. Bana KepaMiqHHX KaMeHiB 3 piaaosraalraoro nyCTOTHicTIO,%: a-25: 6-27: B-32: r-33: 11-37: e-35: (-56: )1(-53: 3-17.

Psnose
uerna

M i 'I H e

(pHC. 8.2)

Bi)lpi3HRE:TbCj(

Puc.

THM, 1Il0 MaE: 6iJIbWY TOBIIlHHy

MM). MO)lYJIbHe

KaMiHHR MaE:

P03Mip 288x138x138

MM, nOTOBlIleHe - 250x250x138 176

MM, KaMiHHj( 3 ropa177

Ilerny
TinbKH a60

BHrOTOBJl1l1OTb nOBHOTmolO nOpmKHHHH HaH6inbwiH

i nopmKHHCTOIO,

a KaMiHH1I

nopmKHHCTHM.

P03MiuzyroTbC1I

nepnennaxynspno BOHH MO)l()'Tb 6ym

napanensao

rpani

BHpo6iB

(nocreni),

HacKpi3HHMH i HeHaCKphHHMH. IJ,ern1lHi crina 6YAiBenb 3 nOBHoTinOI QerJIH cepenasol ryCTHHH 1700 ... 1900 KrIM3B YKp3iHi 3BOA1lTb, 11Knpaeano, y 2,5 QernHHH 3aBTOBWKH 64 CM. .sIKIIlO 3aCTOCOByroTb noposoracry uerny cepenasor ryCTHHH 1300 ... 1450 Kr/M3, TO 3MeHlll)'JOTbclI TOBmHHa criua aa nisuernana Maca aa 35%, saeneaa sapricrs aa 20%, BHTpaTH p03lfHUY aa 45%. Ilpa sacrocyaaani xepauixaoro KaMiHH1I BHTPaTH MaTepianiB Ta npaui 3MeHwyroTbC1I na 20 ...30% nopiBHJIHO 3 PJl)lOBOIO KepaMilfHOIO uernoto, 3a MiQHicno uerny ra KaMiHHJI noainsrors ua MapKH: M 300, M 250, M 200, M 175, M 150, M 125, M 100, M 75. QHcenbHi 3HalfeHHJI MapKH aianosinason, cepenasoxy JlJIJI n'JlTH 3Pa3KiB 3HalfeHHIO rpaaaui MiQHOCTi ua CTHCK (MfIax l O). ,UnJl KO)f(HOI MapKH HOPMY€TLC1I TaKO)f( rpaHHQ1I MiQHOCTi

I
~__ 4
.:IJ8n;;_ ~ ___

npa

3rHHi. BOHa KOnHBa€TbC1I,

nanpaxnan,

JlJI1I noaaorinor

uernn

I1J1aCTH'IHOrO q,opM)'BaHHJI Y Me)f(ax BO)lOnOrJIHHaHHII

1.8... 4,4 MfIa, noroameaoi

ue-

I:

rna 1,2... 2.9 Mna.

PO)f(HHCTHX BHp06iB He MeHW JlK

nosaorinof uerna MaE 6)'TH He MeHW 11K 8%, no6%. 3a MOP03OCTiHKiCTIO cTiHOBi xepassi-

Puc. 8.3. Onaouraposa naaens 3 e$eKTHBHOi uerna a60 KaMeHiB: 'l-BCpnuclIJJI>HHA JBllpHHA KllPKllC 3 nillAoMHOlO nerneso; 2-roPHJOHTlIJJI>HHA 3BapHHA xapxac; 3-JaKnaztHa aeram; 4-na3)lJU1 mea, KPY
uerna paa nHi 6 n 0 K H BHfOTOBJUIIOTb 3

lfHi BHp06H nO)linJlIOTL sa MapKH:

F15, F25, F35, F50. 15, 25, 35

Ta

Y aacaseaovy

BO-

noaaorinol

a60 nOpO)KHHCToi"

)l01O CTaHi BOHH MalOTb BHTpHM)'B3TH 6e3 6Y)lb~K'HX WKOJl>KeHb BiAnOBi)lHO He MeHwe Hi)f( aoro 3aMopo>K)'BaHH1I ra Bi)lTaSaHHlI. ,lVUI uerna P03Mip rpaaeii,

npolBiB

BH)lHMHX no-

Ta KaMiHHlI na cneuiansnax

MexaHi30BaHHX

YCTaHOBKax 3 3anOB-

50

QHKniB nonepeuia-

TIl KaMiHH1I HOPM)'€TbC1I TaKO)l( pll)l iHWHX nOKa3HHKiB: P03MipiB, Henp1lMOniHiifHicTb xinsxicrs BHp06iB uerna rpiutaa pe6ep Ta ra IX xapaxIX BH)l,

nyCTOT, Bi)lxHJleHH1I8i)l

P03lfHHOM. ,lVIJi roro, 1Il06 po3lfHH Ha6norplfinor MiQHOCTi, 6nOKH nponapsoiors. Bnoxa BHrOTOBnJlIOTb 33BBHWKH 890 Ta 580 MM, 3aBTOBWKH 380 Ta 520 MM. MaKCHManbHa )lOB)f(Hua IX MO)f(e 6)'TH 3500 MM. 3aCTOCYBaHHJI CTiHOBHX 6nOKiB nae 3MOry 3MeHeHHJlM waiB QeMeHTHo-nilIlaHHM H~HTH CYMapHi BHTpaTH npaui ua 3Be)leHH1I CTiH, a T3KO)l( CKOPOTHTHTepnOpiBHJlHO ia Ul'I)'lfHOIO KnIl,JlKOIO. aa

KinLKrCTb BiJl6HTHX KYTiB ra pe6ep,

rep.
B YMOBHHX n03Ha1feHHJlX KepaMilfHHX MapKY, ryCTHUY, MOP03OCTiHKicn.. Ta MapKH HanpHKna)l, 3a3HalfalOTb panosa, nOpO)f(HHC-

MIH 6Y)liBHHUrBa xicrs

10... 15%

OCHOBHi nenonixn THnopo3MipiB, Haif6inbw paMilfHoi n a Hen noninstors uerna e H,

BHKOPHCTaHHJI KpynHHX 6noKiB - ue BenHKa xim3acTOcYBaHHJI xe-

CKnIl,JlHiCTb MOHTa>K)', 36inLWeHHJI BHTpaT ueMemy. BHroTOBneHHJlM 3 HHX aa saaoni CTiHH. 3a KOHCTp)'KQielO naaeni Ta 3 npopisaua; ra neaecyvi sa rrpnanaCTiH; sa BH.lJ.OM HaBaH'f3)l(eHb, lIKi (aasicai). Ilaaeni (ropaaotrram.noj) P03Jlfl" Ta HaBaHT3)I(eHH"

M150,

ryCTHHOIO

1320

Kr/M3, Mop03OCTiHKiCTIO F35-QPn KepaM'ilfHi

15<Yl320-

P3JlHKanbHO 3aB.n.aHHlI ianycrpiansaoro ra KaMiHHJI BHpiwY€TbClI 3 lIKHX nOTiM MOHl)'lOTb Ta BuyTpiWHix

35.

Henonaneai

Ta nepenaneai

BHp06H, a TaKO)f( BHpo6H, 1Il0 BHnp06YBaHHlI rrponapioBH.lJ.H nOWKO,!l)KeHb, nOBHHnaneacars xpy-

MalOTb Bamf1lHi BKnIOqeHIDI (JlYTH'KH), JlKi nicns BaHHJlM cnpasamoxm, Hi 6ym 3a6p3KOBaHi. KepaMilfHHX (pHC. .no ianycrpiansaax Bi.n.KomoB3HH1I ra imui

na O)lHO-, 6araTowapoBi, - aa aecysi, naaenea

cyuinsai

lfeHWlM - JlJI1I 30BHiwHix BOHH cnpHHMalOTb, pI3KH. THnop03MlPH "KOI BOHH npmaaxeni.

caaoaecysi

cTiHOBHX MaTepianiB

B~rOTOBnJllOTb 3a~BHWKH na nosepx

Ta CTpilfKOBO"j

nui CTiHOBi 6noKH Ta naneni

8.3).
178

BH3HalfalOTbC1I KOHCTp)'KQielO 6Y)liBni,

3anexCHO Bi)l KinbKOCTi nosepxia

179

axe CnpHHMaITbCJI,

Ix

npoexryiors

3aBT08WKH apM)'lOTb

B O.D.H}' (270 MM),

nisropa

ua

JJarH,

sa sxi

BOHa YTPHMYITbCJI MaTepiaJJH

lllHnaMH

no

JlKHX

npaa'

Jl3YITbCJI

(400

MM) Ta

nai

QerJJHHH.

Ilaaeni

rOpH30HTaJJbHHMH KepaMitfHHX MeTaJJe80rO CTit'08HX

TIl 8epTHBKJ1JO4l0pMY3 YlUiJJb-

.nPOTOM.

KaJJbHHMH 38apHHMH TeXHOJJoritfHHH

CTaJJbHHMH KaPKaCaMH.

Kepasdsni naaenea
KapKaCY, 06JJHQI08aHHJI )1;0 BHp06iB,

npouec
P03tfHH}'

8HrOT08JJeHHJI

4laca.QiB Ta

xae
K! rs

npHrO'I)'BaHHJI

1'8 ni.nrOT081<)' KepaMitfHHX

BaHHJI, 03.n06JJeHHSl

naaenea

1'8 ix TePMOBOJJoricH}'

06p061<)'.

3aCTOCOBY-

nezcars

JJHQbOBa

,IlJ1J1 03.n06JJeHHJI noninaiors aa BHp06H MJI aayrpiumsoro 06JJHQIOBaHHJI. npmnaseaax MJI 06JJHQIOBaHHJI 4laca.QiB 6y.niBeJJb, aauerna TIl KaMiHHJI, 4laca.QHi DJJHTKH, KHJJHMOBa xepauixa, BHp06aMH sr MJI 03.n06JJeHHJI

rexaonoriro

8HroT08JJeHHJI Bi6pYBaHHJIM

naaenea

TepaKoToBi.neTaJJi. HaH6iJJbW e$eKTHBHHMH Qe

HeHHJlM p03l1HH}'

1'8 6el

8i6pysaoWl.

JJ H Q bOB

RKIUO 3aCTOCOBYJOTbCJIKepaMitfHi .neHHJI CTiH CKOpOqyJOThCJI HOJJiTHiH QermlHiJ:i

naaeni,

TO 8UTpaTH

npaui na
npaui npa

3BeMO-

K epa KQii'

M i tf H a

r JJ a 'ra K a

i H H JI ,

JlKi BHKOH)'lOTb

soznroxac

$YH-

na 70%

nOpiBHJlHO 3 8UTpaTaMH

crinosoro ra

06JJHQIOBaJJbHoro

MaTepiany.

Ix BHnycKalOTb

CYQiJJbHH-

KJ1a.QQi.

MH Ta nOpO)l(HHCTHMH Ta o3)lo6J1eHHR: MaTepianOM I I

j

THX caMHX MapOK, 1U0 H 3BHtfaJ:iHi CTiHOBi MaTepiaBHKOPHCTOBYlQTb 6iJJi a60 38H-

Kepasdxa
I_

)lJUI DOKpiOeJIb

,.;_;;,..--~ l

BE'C! ..
•

OCH08HHM

KepaMitfHHM e qepe-

JJH. )1;JJJIBHrOTOBJJeHHJI JJHQbOBHX BHp06iB tfaHHi rJJHHH. Bo.nonOrJJHHaHHJI - He BHp06iB

n HQ

s,

ti rOJJOBHa

,IlJ1J1

noxpisens

n03HTHBHa

ocofi-

is

3BHtfaHHHX

JJHBiCTb - BHCOKa .nOBrOBiqHicTI •• TaK, SlKIUO HOpMaTHBHHJ:i PYJJOHHHX MaTepianiB TepMiH C1I)')K6H

KaMiHHJI CTaBJIJlTb

6... 12%, fiinsure Hj)(( 14%. )1;0 BHP06HHQTBa JJHQbOBOi" QerJIH ra ztonarxoai BHMorH utono onaopinaocri CHPOBHHH, pie3 6iJJHX rJJHH CTaHOBHTb

HOCTi KOJIbOpy BHnaJJeHHX BHp06iB

ra

npaBHJIbHOCTi

i"xHbOi $OpMH.

CTaHOBHTh

15

Ilopaa

ozmourapoeoio
3aBTOBWKH nOBepxHIO

BHrOTOBJJJlJOTb

poxis,

25, a36ecTOQeMeHTY - 30 poxis, TO xepennui - .80 poKiB. He.noJJiKaMH qepenHui e i"i 8eJJHKa Maca (35 ...70 Kr/M\ KPHXKiCTb, HeooJJHCTOBOi CTaJIi

THBH}' JIHQb08Y

3...5 MM. 3 6iJJHX uerna Ta KaMiHHJI o.nep)l()'lOTb aHr06ysaHHSlM a60 rnaaypyaaaaaa ix. [JIa3YP aa Bi.nMiH}' ein aHr06iB nin sac aanamoBaHHJI DJ1aBHTbCJI i yrsopioe 6JIHCKyqHJ:i cKJ1ono.ni6HHJ:i wap. AHr060BaHa
JIHQbOBHH wap nOBepXHJI - MaTOBa.

naouraposy uerny.uno Mae Ta KOJIbOPOBHX mHH nexopa-

xinaicrs
6 •...
"J.

BenHKOrO

HaXHJJY 1'8 pyqHHJ:i

CTpiXH. cnoci6

,Api6HOP03MipHiCTb yKJJa.QaHHJI

<l> aa

aC

an

Hi

n JI H T K H (pHC.

xepenani

3YM08JJ1O£ BeJJH8JJawZY8aHHJI.tfe36iJJbWeHHJI

BeJIHKO- Ta.npi6HOP03MipHi,

8.5) 3aJJe)l(HO Bi.D.poasripia noninsxm, ain cnocofiis 3aKpiDJ1eHHJI - na 3aKJ1a.QHi,

.,

I<)' TPY.D.oMiCTKicTh

sxi

BCTaHOBJIJOIOTb OAHOtfaCHO 3 MYCTiH, Ta npHCTaBHi, JlKi

penaxaoi

nOKpi8JJi.

aanyMaBH-

pYBaHHJlM .neHHJI CTiH.

cxy ianycrpiansaax nOKpiBeJJbHHX repianis npHBeJJO AO 3MeHWeHHJI KOPHCT8HHJI xepenaui.

BHnyCKaJOTb H}' i CTpitfKOBY, na30BY

BCTaH08JJIOJOTb

aa

P03tfHHi

nicJIJI 3Be-

llnHTKH

BHnycKalOTb

6araTbOX

WTaMnOBaTIl

ranopoaxipie,

OCBOEHO BHp06HHIlTDJ1HTOK xaanpa-

Puc.

8.4.

npHICJlaJJ)f nOJcpiBJDO: a-urraancaaaa naaosa; 6-crpi'lKOaa rraaoaa; a-crpisxoaa nnocsa; rKOHLKOaa.

THnH xepenaui i i"i YkJUUlKH sa

nnocxy

CTPitfKOBY

BO BeJIHKOp03MipHHX

KOHbKOBY qepenHUJO

(pHC.

8.4). Haaxepe-

nasoaa nHUSl 3aB.D.OBlKK.H400 220, 200 1'8 165 MM.

qepenHQJI Mae H,

nomapexiura

CTPitfKOBa

MM, 3aBWHPWKH

BUTpHMYBaTH

PyJ:iHiBHe MeHwe

HaBaHTIDKeHHJI

800 ... 1400

ii"

MOP03OCTiJ:iKiCTb CTaHOBHTh He YKJIa.QaIOTh

HOK

25

QHKJIiB. BJJamroB)'IOl.(H

nOKpi8JJJO, xepenmuo

180

\1.--~!1b::~==----!
Puc. 8.S. IlJIHTKH
MaJIora6apHTHi.

.:'f~i;~~
', ..: .. ._ : :~
"::$aclUlHi

THOi" Ta

npassoxyrnoi $OpMH 3 AOBcropia 490, 990 Ta 1190 MM, 3aBwHpwKH 490 Ta 990 MM re 3aBTOBWKH 9 ... 10 MM. JIHQbOBa nosepx)l(RHOJO HJI DJ1HTOK MO)l(e 6yTH WOPCTKOIO a60 ma.QeHbKOIO, O.nHO- Ta pH$JIeHOIO, 3

6araTOKOJIipHOIO,

.neKopaTH8HHM

181

MamOHKOM, rm13ypOBaHOIO ra Hern33ypOBaHOIO. MOP030CTiHKicTb nnaTOK CTIlHOBHTh aa MeHW HK 50 u.HKJ1iB, eononornanaaaa - He 6inbwe Hi)f( 4%. .[LnH 06nHlJ.lOBaHHH 6y.niBenb aacrocoayrcrs npHMOKYTHi Ta xsaztparHi xepavixai nnHTKH. ,lloB)f(HHa TIl umpaaa Ix 3MiHIOeTbCH sin 292 no 21 MM, TOBlll,HHa MO)f(e 6YTH 4, 7 Ta 9 MM. Lli nnHTKH nOCTIlBnHIOTh TIlKO)K Y KHnHMax. Y usosry pasi Ix HaKJ1eIOIOTbnHu.bOBHM 60KOM aa nanip i nOCTaBnJlIOTb sa niAnpH€MCTBa Y BHrnJl.ni KHnHMiB, P03MipH JlKHX MalOTb 6YTH nOB' H3aHi 3 p03MipaMH CTiHOBHX naaeneit. Il n H T K HAn H B H Y T P i W H b 0 roo 6 n H U. 10 BaH H JI sarryCKaIOTb KBa.npaTHHMH (100xl00, 150x150 'ra 200x200 MM), np1lMoKyrHHMH (150x25, 150x75, 150x100, 200xl00 'ra 200x150 MM) TIl cpacoHHHMH (AnH K)'TiB 06nHUIOBaHHH, KapHH3iB i nnirrrycis). Haitnomapeniuri nnHTKH 3 CPlUlHCOBHXMac, nOKpHTi nposopoio a60 Henp030poIO (rnyxoio) rnasyppio. OnHTKH AnJi aayrpiurusoro 06nHu.IOBaHHH 3acTOcoBYlOTb y )f(HTnoBHX i rpOMa.nCbKHX 6YAiBnJlX TIl npOMHcnOBHx cnopynax 3 BenHKOIO BonoriCTIO a60 3 niABHmeHHMH canrrapao-ririenixnaau BHMoraMH. Iln H T K HAn H n i n n 0 r H (ssernaxcsxi) nOBHHHi MaTH BHCOKY utinsnicrs, Miu.HiCTb, niABHmeHHH onip mono crapanas. ,[VIJI i"x BHpo6HHtrrsa BHKOPHCTOBYlOTbrnHUY, mo A06pe CniKaeTbCJI 3 A06aBKaMH nnaanis i nirsseirrie. Bononornaaaaas aernaaypoeaanx nnHTOK MaE:6yrH He 6inbwe Hi)f( 3,5%, rnaayposanax - 4,5%, BTPaTa MaCH npa CTHpaHHi He fiinsure HK 0,06 r/cM2. OnHTKH MJI ninnora 3a CPOpMOIO(pHC. 8.6) 6yBaIOTb xaanpaTHHMH, np1lMOKYTHHMH, TPH-, n'sra-, weCTH-, BOCbMHrpaHHHMH Ta cpiryPHHMH. Jlausosa nOBepXHH nnHTOK MO)Ke 6YTH rnanensxoro, pHlflneHOIO, THCHeHOIOTa fiararoxonipnoso, Bi3epYH'IaCTOIO, MapMy~no.ni6HolO. J1.0T epa K 0 T 0 B H X aanescars Hern33YPoBaHi, npaponaso aafiapsneai KepaMi'lHi BHp06H 3 BOAonornHHaHHRM 8 ... 10%. 3 repaxora BHrOTOBnJiIOTh 6apenbt:cpH, KapHH3H TIl imni nerani apXiTeKTYpHOrO ocpopMneHHJI 6araTonoBepxoBHx 6YAiBenb. KepaMi'lHi Tpy6H. BnawToBYIO'IH 3aKpHTHH .npeH8:lK-CHCTeM)' BOAOBmBeAeHHJI is rrepeasonoaceaax TIl sationoxeaux 3eMenb, BHKOPHCTOBYlOTb ApeH8:lKHi TPy6H u.HJ1iH.nPHqHOi"CPOPMH3 aayrpiumia AiaMe-rpoM 25 ... 250 MM npn TOBmHHi crinoeeinnoainao 8 ... 24 MM Ta AOB)f(HHi 333 ... 500 MH. BHnyCKaIOTb TIlKO)K TPy6H 3 urecra- i BOCbMHrpaHHHMH 30BHiWHiMH noBepXHJIMH. .[LnJl YKJIa.naHHJI TPy6 BnpHTYn Ixai Topu.i MaIOTb 6YTH nepneuaaxynJlpHHMH .no n03.nOB)f(Hboi" oci H He nOBHHHi MaTH aiaxonis TIl BM'UHH 182

fiinsure Hi:lK na OAH)' TPeTHH)' CTIHKH. ,llpeH3)f(Hi TPy6H BHnycKalOTb Hern33ypOBaHHMH, 3 rnaneasxoio aayrpiurmoro nOBepXHeIO, sononornaHaHHHM 12 ... 18% TIl MOP030CTiHKicTlO He MeHme Hj)f( 15 uaxnis. Ilin 'lac
BHnp06YBaHHH TPy6H MalOTb BH-rpHM)'BaTH riApaBni"lHHH THCK He HH)K'Ie Hi)K 0,05 Mfla TIl PYHHiBHe 3YCHnnJl He MeHW JlK 1,5 ... 2,0 Mfla.

Puc. 8.6. KepaMilfHi

a-THnH KepaMi'lHHX nianoru 3 nepeMiHHHX

MHTKH Jl1UI nJlHTOK.

nianor:
6-4lpaI'MeHTH

rtJ1HTOK Jlllll nianor;

E<peKTHBHiCTb ApeH8:lKHOi" TPy6H BH3HaqaeTbCR KinbKiCTIO BOAH, uto BiABOAHTbCJI aero sa OAHHHUIO 'lacy. Ha BiAMiuy aia ApeH8:lKHHX K a Han i 3 a u i H HiT P Y 6 H nane)f(aTb AO utinsaoi anexeaof xepasaixa. Ix aanycxaiors Y BHrnJlAi nOpO:lKHHCTHX IJ.HJ1iHApiB 3 P03TPy60M, sayrpiunria AiaMeTpoM 125 ... 600 MM Ta aaBAOB)f(KH 300 ... 1200 MM. ,[VIJI niABHweHHH BOAOHenpOHHKHOCTI TIl XiMi"lHOi' CTiHKOCTi, a TaKO)K 3MeHweHHH onopy npoTiKaHHIO piAHH xaaanisauiaHi TPy6H nOKpHBaiOTb 330BHi Ta scepenaai rnasyppio. • OCHOBHi sxicai nOK33HHKH xananiaauiltnax TPy6: ztonycrave 30BHiWH€ HaBaHT8:lKeHHH 2 .. .3·}04 H aa 1 M; riApasniqHHH THCK He MeHwe Hi)f( 0,2 Mfla, BOAonornHHaHHJI - nepuma copr AO 9%, ApyrHH cOPT AO II %; KHcnOTOCTiHKicTb He MeHwe 11K90%. 183

BorHeTpHBKa MarepianiB KHX -

Ta KHCJlOTOTpRBKa

1770...2000oC,

BOrHeTpHBKiCTL CTaHOBHTb

1580... 1770oC,

xepasdxa.

,lVUI BOrHeTpHBKHX

BHCOKOBOrHeYpHB-

HaHBHlllOi· BOrHeTpHBKOCTi - nonaa

2000oC.

BHMiplOBHrO-

Y KOHTeHHepax OKpeMO sa MapKaMH, BH.lI.OM'ra xonsopoa sepxons. 36epifaJ01.fH MH O.ll.HHaa .lI.pyrHH BHLUe .lI.BOXpAAiB.

JIHUbOBHX no-

BHp06H, He MO)I(Ha BCTaHOBJIIOBaTH ninnoua 3 HH-

IOTb BOrHeTpHBKiCTb sa reMneparypolO TOBJIeHHX 3 KepaMi1.fHO! MaCH nipocxonis,

P03M'SlKWeHHlI cneniansno

1110MaJOTb <pOpM)' YpHKyrHO! OnTH1.fHHXi elleKTpH1.fHHX nipoE: .lI.HHaCOBi, KBapUOBi

spiaanol nipauina,
MeTpiB.

a TaKO)l( aa nonoaoroio BOrHeTpHBKHMli

8.3 . CHpOBHHa i OCHOBHinpouecn BHpofiiB

CHPOBHHHi MaTepianH aennacravni. lOTI. mHHH.

TeXHOJlorii KepaMiqHHX
na nnacraxai H

KepaMi1.fHHX Mac noainasors

Xapaxrepuaaa
Ta waMOTHi

MarepianaMH

BOrHeTpHBH. BOHli

Bi.npi3HJlIOTbCR BHXi.ll.HOIO CliPOBHHOIO Ta 0 B i BOrHeTpHBli OYpHMYIOTb sanamoHa BanHJlHiH, a HaniBKHClIi - na rna-

Pons nnaCTH1.fHOfO MaTepiany y KepaMi1.fHHX Macax BHKOny)VIR <paJlHCOBHXTa <paptPOPOBHX Mac nnaCTH'IHOIO CHPOBHHOIO

cnocofiov

BHrOTOBlIeHHR. ,[{ H Hac

E: K a 0 JI i H H (pi3HOBH.lI. fJlHH), LUO CKJla.LJ.aIOTbCR nepeBIDKHO 3 MiHepany

BaHHJlM KBapUOBHX nopin, HRHiH 3B' R3Ui. poaaoro

JlK npasano

xaoniniry.

B a p u 0 B i BorHeTpHBH BHrOTOBJIRIOTb nllaBJIeHHJlM npnw a MOT H i - BHnaJIlOBaHHlIM BorHeTpHBKHX fllHH. .lI.ii·6iJlbWOCTi W1IaKiB.

r JI H H H

- OCa.LJ.OBi ripcsxi

noponn,

JlKi CKJla.LJ.aJOTbCJI OCHOBHOM)' B BJIaCTHBicTb yrBOPIOBaTH 3 BOHaH6inbw ronxonacnepcai

xsapuy,

3 mHHHCTHX MiHepaniB .lI.OIOnnacrasne

(BO.ll.HHX anIOMOCHlIHKaTiB) 3 XapaKTepHOIO wapynpsrraaaana

OC0611HBOCTRMH.lI.HHaCOBHXBOfHeTpHBiB E: HH3LKi TepMOCTiHKiCTb i CTiHKiCTb npora

BaTOIO CYpYK1)'POIO. rllHHaM

,l{J1R

<pyrepYBaHHR TonOK !X He BHCKJlOBapHHX, cranenna3acTocoBYIOTb rpadiiroai. 60pH.ll.iB, xarna-

TiCTO, sxe nicJIJI BHnaJIlOBaHHJI MaE:MiUHiCTb KaMiHHJI. MiHepaJIH yYBOplOlOTb y rnaaax

KOpHCTOBYJOTb,a 3aCTOCOBYIOTb.lI.1IR cnopynxenas BHlIbHHX, KOKCOBHXra iHWHX nesea.

Fnaaicri

BHcoKoBorHeTpHBKHx

MaTepianiB

HaHwHpwe

H03eMHcTi, .lI.OJlOMiTOBi, XPOMHCTi, Kap60PYH.lI.OBi BorHeTpHBH; HeTpHBKOCTi - MarHe3HTOBi,

BHLUO! BOf-

xpoucaarneaaroai,

uapxoaiesi,

BHLUY BOfHeTpHBKiCTb Ta imui pfiiaie, piaaoi CHlIiUH.lI.iB TOLUO. BOfHeTpHBKi

UiHHi BlIaCTHBOCTi MalOTI. soraerpa-

0,005 MM, 1.faCTHHKH0,005 ...0,05 MM CTaHOBJIJlTb nanyeari <ppaKui"i, a nOH?JJ.0,05 MM - nicox. 51KlllO BMicT fJlHHHCTOI pe1.fOBHHHnepeBHLUYE: 60%, TO CHpoBHHa Hane)l(HTb .lI.Oxareropil Ba)I(KHX mHH, 30 ...60% - .lI.OmHH, 10...30% - no cyrJIHHKiB i 5... 10% - no cynicxia,
<ppaKuiI - MeHwe Hi)l( )VIJI BHfOTOBJIeHHR KepaMi1.fHHX BHpooiB pHCTOByJOTb Pa30M 3 ):t06aBKaMH. moo fJIHHHCTi MarepianH BHKOnoninunrra Bi.nHoWeHHR BHp06iB ):t 0 6 a B K H (nicox, nnacrnvnicrs npa snnamoeauai
Ta nosi-

BH 3 1.fHCTHXOKCH.lI.iB,a TaKO)l( HeKHCHeBHX cn01lYK - nirpinis, KepaMi1.fHi MaTepianH

BHfOTOBJIRlOTb Y BHrllR.lI.i uerna pe6PHCTOfO xnaay,

.nO CYWiHHJI, BHKOPHCTOByJOTb 0 n i C H 10 B a JI I. H i UJaMOT, nerinparoaany YpRHy yCa.LJ.KymHH. nnaaxi rnany TOLUO), JlKi 3H~ ,[{06aBKH, 1110yrBOPlOlOTb umara,

<pOPMH Ta P03MipiB

(npsvoro,

TOpueBOfO ra

rpaneuelnaol <pOPMHTa ia.), )VIR 3axHC1)' 6Y.lI.iBellbHHX

B YMOBax KHCJIHX arpecasaax MOBHX Ypy6, npauoxyrnoio, WOK rincy, paniansaoro cipxanoro

JIefKO-

KOHCYpYKuiH Ta anapaTit, II

LUO npaUIOIOTb .lI.Ha60 BHfOTOBJIRIOTb

cnOJIYKH Ta 3HH)I(yJOTb reMneparypy nonsosi

cniKaHHJI, Ha3HBaIOTL n JI a B BYfiJIJIJl nOJIinWYIOTb YMOBH BH-

cepenoaaui,

30KpeMa npa <pyrepYBaHHi

H JI M H (xpeaza,
.11. 0 6 a B K H -

.I1.oJloMiT, TaJlbK Ta ia.). B H r 0 p a io q i

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb KHCJIOTOYpHBKY uerny. XiMi'lHOfO Kap60HaTiB. cxnany,

onanxn,

KaM'JlHe Ta 6ype

Ta <paCOHHOIO3 nnaCTH'IHHX ryronnaaxax

naJIlOBaHHJI Ta CnpHJIIOTb ni.l1.BHIUeHHIO JlKOCTi BHpooiB. Ta 6ype ayrinns, sxi asonsrs

BOfHeTpHBKHX fllHH einnoaianoro xonvenasy, KHCJIoYpHBKa uerna xicrs (xinsxicrs Tenn03MiH)

LUOHe MiCTSTb .lI.OMi-

no CHpOBHHHOI WHXrH Y MKOCTi

AIrrpauHT, KaM'me 2...2,5% ain

06' E:MY fJlHHH, 35 ...55

Mila, CTiHaansai TepMi'lny

CTBOplOlOTb Bi.uHOBJIJOBaJIbHeepenosmne c n a K 0 BiB i .n x 0

y BHI13JDOBaJIbHOMY

MaE: rpaHHUIO MiuHOCTi na CTHCK He MeHwe Hi)l(

Ma:repiani, 3aB.I1.RKH.fOMY 1 iHTeHcH<piKYCTbCJI npouec

cniKaHHJI KepaMiKH. KepaMilJHHX BHpo6iB, HaA6inbw a

KHCJIOTOCTiHK;CTb 96 ...98%, BO.ll.OnOrJIHHaHHJI

5,5 ...8,5%, 2...3.

30

now

nH T E C

3aCTOCOBYJOTbJlK oniCHIO-

a60 naJ1HBOMiCTKi .lI.06aBKH y BHp06HHUTBi

Ilepeaoasrs
aatieane-rye HR.

KepaMi1.fHi BHp06H Y KOHTeHHepax a60 B iHWiH Tapi, 1110 3aBaHTa)I(eHHlI Ta p03BaHTa)I(eHaa niaxnanxax, ninnosax a60 Y xnirxax

TaKO)l( JlK OCHOBny CHpOBHHy .lI.1IJI HfOTOBJIeHHJI B POKO BHKOPHCTOByJOTb nMHBHi

xepauixa,

WH'ra no-

IX 36epe)l(eHHJI, MexaHi30BaHe Ta KaMiHHR 36epiralOTL

WJlaKH Ta 30JlH JlK .nooaBKH npa BHp06HH-

Ilerny

UTBi CTiHOBHX KepaMi1.fHHX BHpooiB. ,LVIJI BHfOTOBJIeHHJI

noaaorinoi

184

185

xepaaixaoro KaMiHIDI 3aCTOCOB)'IOTh nacasmepen nerxonnasxi 30nH 3 reaneparypoio P03M'RKWeHIDI ,lJ.0 12000C. 30nH ra mnaxa, RKi MiCTRTh ,lJ.0 10% nanasa, BHKOpHCTOB)'IOTb RK onicmosansai ,lJ.06aBKH, a 10% i 6inhwe - RK nannaossdcni. B OCTaHHbOM)' BHna,lJ.1{)' MOPO)l(HHCTOi· Ta )l(Ha

uerna

nannsai

30nH Ta urnaxa,

MO~b

6ym

He TinhKH nanHBOBMicHOIO WHXTH.

,lJ.06aBBH,lJ.iJlH-

KOIO, a H OCHOBHHM KOMnOHeHTOM KepaMiqHoi·

cyrreso

TH

Cepen OCHOBHHX npouecis xepaaixaoro BHp06HHUTBa cnin raxi: ,lJ.06YBaHHR rnHHH Ta ni,lJ.rOTOBKa CHPOBHHHHX MarepianiB;
WHXTH, $opMYBaHIDI 4ac p03p06KH BHpooiB, CywiHIDI Ta BHnanIOBaHHR.

nparo-

CKOPOTHTH a60 BHKJllOlIHTH BBe,lJ.eHIDI,lJ.OWHXTHTeXHOnorill-

noro nanasa. Y aonax, uto BHKOpHCTOB)'IOTh RK ,lJ.06aBKH npa BHp06HHUTBi xepaaixmrx BHp06iB, xinsxicrt, S03 He nOBHHHa nepeaauiyaara 2% ain aaransaoi MaCH, a mnaxosux BKJllOlIeHh P03MipOM noaaa 3 MM 5%. He norrycxaiorscs BKJllOlIeHHR P03MipOM noaaa 1 MM Y BHmR,lJ.i uiinsHHX KaM'RHHcTHX sepea. OnTHManbHHH BMiCT 30nH Y WHXTi sanesorrs Bi,lJ. i"i renncraopuor 3,lJ.aTHOCTi i nnacrasuocri rnaaacroi CHPOBHHH, uto BHKOPHCTOBYeTbCR.
cTiHOBHX .[VIR

ryBaHIDI

Ilia

mHHRHHX

TOKOBWOBi eKCKaBaTOpH, jjKi ,lJ.OB)I(HHi $poury

xap'epis CJIi,lJ.BHKOPHCTOBYBaTH 6araspiaarors mHHRUY CTP~KY no BciH BHCOTi Ta

MaTepiaJIH HaHqaC-

,lJ.06YBaHHR. nO,lJ.pi6HIOIOTb mHHHCTi

riure

BanKOBHMH ,lJ.p06apKaMH, iHO,lJ.i- 6iryHaMH.

Iliarorosaai
P03pi3HRIOTb CTH':lHHH,

KOMnOHeHTH

KepaMiqHOi

MaCH

perensno

3MiwylOTh. MaCH -

TPH OCHOBHi

cnocofin

npHrOl)'BaHHJI • 0 C 06 i

KepaMiqHOi

nna-

aaniacyxatt

Ta wniKepHHH

cepenasonnacraxsax
P03p06neHo

mHH

OpieHTOBHO

BBO,!J.$lTb30nH -

sa

06'CMOM

30 ...40%, nouipao
30JlOWnaKOBi

20 ...30%, ManonnaCTH4HHX pR,lJ.rexaonorisaax crtocofiis OTpHMaHIDI

nnaCTH4HHX -

10...20%. ne
a OCHOB-

Ilpa n JI aCT H q HOM Y C n ricrs 18...23%. Ii MO)l(Ha onepscara

BOJloricTIO, 3MiwyJOlIH 3BOnO)l(eHHRM.

KepaMiqHa

Maca

Mae Bono-

6e3nOCepe,lJ.HbO 3 mHHH

i3 Kap'epHOIO 3 HacrynHHM

KepaMiKH,

Bi,lJ.xO,lJ.H TEC

3 ,lJ.06aBKaMH, a60 3 CyxHX

noponrxis

B)I(e He ,lJ.O,lJ.aTKOBHM MaTepianOM, npH 3BHlIaHHOM)'

HHM CHPOBHHHHM KOMnOHeHTOM. TaK,

nRHHX 3aBO,lJ.iB MO)l(e 6YTH BHrOTOBJleHa

mnax

Ta

3% aa

06'eMOM

HaTPieBOrO

06na,lJ.HaHHi ueruerna 3 MaCH, uio MiCTHTb sony, pinxoro CKJla, $IKe aaxoayc pons nnaBHp06is 3 MiuiMaJIbHOIO BOJIOriCTIO.

Ilpa
nOHeHTH.

Han

01'pHMyIOTb,

i BCY x 0 M Y Cn 0 C0 nonepenaso nincyuryiosa,

6 i Maca Mae

sonoricrs

8... 12%.

Ii

nO,lJ.pi6HlOlOqH Ta 3MiwyJOqH

KOM-

CTH$iKaTOpa,

336e3neqyJOlIH

OTpHMaHIUI

Kepasrixy is
3 MaCH,

30nH BHnyCKaIOTh TaKO)l( Y BHmJl,lJ,i npeCOBaHHX BHpo6iB

mo

MiCTHTb

60 ...80%

30nH-YHocy,

10...20010 rJIHHH

Ilpa W n i x e p HOM Y C n 0 C 0 6 cneaaii (mnixepy) sonoricno 30 ...35%.

IInacTHqHHH cnoci6

xepaaixaa npa

Maca Mae BHrJIR,n cy-

TIl iHwi ,lJ.OOasKH.

Kepasrixa ia
Mae CTa6iJlbUY

30nH MO)l(e 6YTH He TinhKH

CTIHOBHM MarepianOM, BOHa

uio

HaHe$eKTHBHiwHH

BHKopHCTaHHi

mHH

MillHicTb

Ta BHCOKY MOP030CTiHKiCTb.

xapaxrepasyeuio ,lJ.ae 3MOry

BHpooH, RKi

ThCR BHCOKOIO KHcnOTOCTiHKiCTIO Ta HH3bKOIO CTHpaHicTIO, BHrOTOBHTH 3 Hel TPoryapHi MaIOTb BHCOKY XiMi4UY

ra

,nopo)l(Hi

nnHTH, a TaKO)l(

inuri

ninsaureaoso Kap'epHOIO sonorieno, JlKi ,lJ.oope P03MOK3IOTb y BOD.i, a Hanpa minbHiH cTPYKlYpi mHIDIHoi CHpoBHHH Ta HH3bKiH BHXi,lJ.HiH sonorocri. Illnixepaaa cnoci6 BHKOPHCTOByJOTb TO,lJ.i, KOJIH nOTpi6HO ,lJ.OCJlITHoc06nHBO perensaoro 3MiwYBaHHJI BuxmHHX KOMnOHeHTiB ($apniBCYXHH $OpO-$3JlHCOBe Cnoci6 BHp06HHUTBO, BHrOTOBJIeHHjj ooJlHUIOBanbHHX KepaMiqHHX BHpooiB nnHTOK). $opM)'BaHHJI

Ta repMillUY KepaMOOt

CTiHKiCTh. 33JlC)IQf~i.n BMiczy 3MeuweHi

Ilpn Y

BHp06HHUlBi

ia 30JIH

TIl YMOB BHnanIOBaHHJI BHIpaTH namma MO)l(}Th 6ym BHp06HHUTBi

Y 30JIi syrnemo B 1,5... 4 pasa,

i

sanexorrs

BiD. KOHCHCTeH-

xepaaisnax
3a XiMi4HHM

e$eKTHBHO TaKO)l( 33CTOcoBYBaTH 36ara4eHIDI CHPOBHHH, Y KepaMi4UY KOCTi

nopacrax sanoamoaaxia 10...30% ,n06aBoK ainxonis JJ;06YBaHHjj

MarepiaJIiB Ta CKJla,lJ.OM BOHH 6J1H3bKi ,lJ.0

uii xepaaixnol
BHX npecax, M)'H.nWl)'Ka

MaCH. 3 nnaCTHlIHUX Maca

Mac BHpooH

$OpM)'lOTb

aa

CTPillKO-

ne

yunnsmoersca

WHeKOBHM MexaHhMOM

i BHXO,lJ.HTb3 BHBH-

ayrinns.
Ix
WHXl)'

rnaaacroi

y BHmR,lJ.i CTPiqKH

p06H 3a,lJ.aHHXP03MipiB. pOOH, TPy6H Tomo.

TaK OTpHM)'IOTh 3BHqaHHy

rennoTBopHa

3,lJ.aTHiCTb 3360

... 12600

nesaoro nepepisy, uio posplsaerscs na uerny, nOpO)K}fHcTI

~Kr.

,D;o BBe,lJ.eHHR

sinxonn

nO,lJ.pi6HIOIOTh. BBe,lJ.eHHR OnTHMaJIbHOi

uiei

,lJ.06aBKH BHaCni,lJ.OK 6inhW nOK33HHKH BHpooiB

uiye

MillHicTh

piaaovipaoro (,lJ.0 30 ...40%), nesea.

BHnanlOBaHHR eKOHOMHTb

xinsnoninnanaeo (,lJ.0
RK

30%), a ayrinna

TaKO)l( BHKJllOlIae Ta

He06xi,lJ.HicTb

BBe,neHIDI ,lJ.0 WHXTH KaM'RHOro

nineaurye nponyxraaaicrs
186

Byrnesxicni

nopona,

uerny, oc06nHBO 3 BHKOPHCTaHHJlM HH3hICOnnaCTHqHHX mHH, e$eKTHBHHM c )I( 0 P C T K e $ 0 p M Y BaH H JI npa aonorocri MaCH 14... 16%. H:oro 3,lJ.iHCHIOIOTb aa ,lJ.OnOMOrolO npec-excrpyaepa, JlKHHpo3BHBae THCK y MYH.ll.Wl)'Ky ,lJ.0 10 MTIa, uio aae 3MOry nOninWHTH sxicrs BHp06iB, cnpocnmr rexaonorisay cxeay Ix BHpOOHHl{I'Ba (pHC. 8.7).
BHrOTOBJIJl104H

187

reaneparypsaa
TIolIIHpeHi ne-ryiors

pe)l(HM, sa R:KOrOCYIIIHJlbHHH a repuin cYlIIiHUj{

npacrpiii

Mae MaKCHMaJIb~ii", LUO 3a6e3-

MY npo,nYKTHBHiCTb,

Ta KiJIbKiCTb 6paKY MiHiMaJIbHi.

BHCOKY nponyicraaaicrs

...

rynensai

Ta KOHBeepHi CYlIIapKH 6e3nepepBHoi"

ra nOTO'IHicTh BHpo6HHUTBa .

PHC. 8.7. Texuonorisna cxejaa BHpo6HHUTBa xepaaisao) uerna cnoco6oM )l(OPCTKoro lPopMYBaHIDI: i-6araTOKOBlIIOBHA eKCKaBaTOp3 BarOHeTKaMH.llJlll TpaHCnOpT)'BaHHlI CHPOBHHH; 2-JlWHKOBHH .l103aTOp; 3-6iryHH; 4-3MiUlYBa'l; 5-npeC-eKCTpY.llep 3 piJaHhHHM anaparou; 6-BarOHeTKa-nJlaT"'OpMa 3 YKJla,lleHHMcapuess; 7-T)'HeJlhHa CYlIIHJlKa; 8-nOBOpOTHe KOJlOByJhKOKOJliAKH; 9-T)'HeJlhHa nis; lO-CKJla,ll rOTOBHX BHpo6iB; Il-TPaHcnopT)'BaHHJI BHpo6iB B KOHTeHHepax.

PHC. 8.8. Texaonorisaa cxeMa'BHpo6HHUTBa KepaMi'lHOi nJIHTKH: l-caposaani MaTepianH; 2-BarOHeTKa; 3-KYJlhOBHHMJlHH; 4-BH,llaJIeHHJI.lloMiUlOK na enexrpoaarniri; 5-6aceAH .llJlJl MaCH 3 MilIlaJIKOIO; 6-HacOC; 7-p03nHJlIOIO'Ia CYlIIapKa; 8-KOHBecp; 9-npociB nopouixy; lO-BHTPaTHHH 6YHKep; Il-npecYBaHHJI nJlHTOK; 12-CYlIIapKa; 13-rJlaJypYBaHHJI; 14-ni'l .llJlJl aanany; 15-copT)'BaHHJI i naKYBaHHJI. BHpilIIaJIbHOIO CTMielO TeXHOJIorii" xepaxixaax BHp06iB, 'lac npa R:KiH

naniacyxax

nopourxononifinax

Mac BHp06H ct>OPMYIOTbna npecax TIPH aaniecyxouy npecysaaai

BHCOKoro THCKY (10 ... 30 MTIa Ta 6iJIblIIe). cxoposycrscs Kono~i6HHX pisni uieio criaxa Illnixepn xepavixa Mac BHrOTOBJIR:IOTb CTiHOBi (puc.

cYlIIiHHR: CHPWl - TPHBamlH Ta CKJIa,nHHH npouec.

nopour-

ct>OPM)1OTbCR: JIaCTHBOCTi xepaxixa, B

0

e BHnaJIIOBaHHR:. I1m nerinparauia

BUnaJIlOnoa'srJIHHHcToi" i B aaBH-

xepaai-mi

BHp06H,

BorueTPHBH,

BaHHR:CnO'IaTKY Bi~BO~HThCR: 3 mHHH MeXaHi'lHO 'ra rirpccxonixao sana sozta, a nOTiM npa 400 .. .4S0 C Bm6YBacrbcJI pe'lOBH~H ra BH~OPR:HHj{opraai-max 8Hmj{~1 cryrmosry nouiurox.

TOHKOCTiHHi Bup06u

8.8) ..
nexoparasaa, XiMi'lHO na BJIaCTH-

BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb )lJ1R:Bi.WIHBaHUj{ CKJIMHHX sa KOHct>irypa(canirapno-rexaixna, B ce6e TOLUO). IJ;eH MeTO~ ct>0pMYBaHHR:rpyaryersca ct>OPM 86HpaTu

YTBOpeHHR: pi~KOi" ct>33HY 6JIH3l>KO 700°C

TOHKOCTiHHHX BHp06iB

p03DJIaBlB nOt{HHaE:TbCj{ npa resmeparypi

iHTeHcHBHO p03BHBacrbCR: y Mipy ni,zUIHlUeHUj{ TeMneparypH MaCH. CmKaHUj{ y TBep~iH BUnaJIlOBaHHi KepaMlt{HHX KepaMi'lHHX

BOCTi rincoaax IIIJIiKepy.

t{acTHMY 80~U ia 3aJIHTOrO B HHX

naJIIOBaHHj{. ~KJI~no~i6Hi aepaa KepaMl'lHOI paXYHOK peaKuiH YTBOpeHH~M npa

p~3DJIaBH CKJIeI?IOTh y e~HHHH MOHOJIiT OKPCMi Mac MO)l(e Bi~6YBaTHCb aa KPHCTaJIi'lPHM e MiHepaJI HOBOTeMMac M y JI i T ct>a3i. HaHBa)I(JlHBiWHM

Binrpcpuoaaal
JIIOBaHHi MiuHOCTi.

Bup06H cyuiars,

LUo6 HMaTH i"M nOTPi6Hoi" npa sanapaniauitine cYlIIiHHR:. Bi,n TeDJIOHOciR: - ~HOnTHMaJIbHHH

P03pi3HR:IOTb KOHSeKTHBHe ra

TIPH KOHBeKTHBHOMY CYWiHHi TenJIOTa nepenaerscs MOBHX r33iB a60 nOBiTPR:, a npa pMiauiHHOMY uarpirnx nOBepXOHb. AJIR: cYlIIiHHR: BHp06iB

- BOHa BHnpOMiHIO€TbCR: Bi~ ninfiapaiors

3Ah03"2S102, j{KHH HaH6iJIbIII neparyp 1000 ... 12000C.

iHTeHCHBHO YTBOPIOE:TbCj{B iarepaani

188

189

,LVIJl BHnaJUOBaHHJl BHp06iB

KO)l(HOrO BH.LzyBCTaHOBJ1IOIOTbneBHHH

lliHPOKO

BHKOPHCTOB)'1OTbpi3HoMaHiTHi CKJIgHi 6noKH,

BHp06H apxirexrypaoMarepiaJIH ,nng 30BHiwHix

6yTa

reM~~parypHH~ pe)f(HM. RKlllO xepasrixy BHnaJIJOJOTb npa 'resmeparypi, HH~qlH sa nOTpI6H)', TO BOHa Mae ninaameay nopacricrs TIl HeBHCOKy MiUHICTb, a npa BHCOKiH reMnepaTypi, Ha cyxacaax KepaMiqHHX ,nii", axi XOq i 3pOCTIle MiuHicTb, BHpo6H MO)KyTb .ne<popM)'BaTHCJl TIl OnnaBJIHTHCJl.

.niBeJIbHOrO rrpaaaaseaas:

cxnonporpinir,

CKJlOnaKeTH. Ix

3aCTOCOBYJOTbgK e<peKTHBHi cBiTJIOnp030pi

suyrpimaix

oroposc

Y )l(HTnOBHX, rpOMa,nCbKHX i npOMHCJIOBHX 6y.niBJIgX. CKJIgHi KHJJHMO-M03ai'qHi CKJlOMaCH, CTeMaJIiT <pap6aMH, Bi3epYH'IaTa 'rennoiaonauiani CKJIOKPHCTIl-

,lVIg 06JIHUJQBaHHJI 6y.niBeJIb npaaaaxeai, nJIHTKH, Map6JIiT - KOJIbOPOBi nJIHTKH CTe KOJIbOpOBe CKJIO.

ninnpacacrsax
ain

BHp06H BHnaJIlOJOTb y neTIl

h aenposopof

xax 6e3nepepBHoi"

aanescno

KOHCTpyt<THBHHX OC06JIHBOCreH 3 H'epYXOMHM MarepiaJIOM

JIHCTOBe CKJIO, nOKpHTe 3 O)1.HOrO60KY KepaMiqHHMH

noninsiors

na nsa OCHOBHi THnH:

xinsueai

PYXOMOIO 30H01O BHnaJIIOBaHHJI; TyHeJIbHi TIl ll.{iJIHHHi 3 PYXOMHM MarepiaJIOM TIl HepYXOMOIO 30H01O BHnaJIJOBaHHJI. . TYHeJIbHa niq - ue ,nOBrHH KaHaJI, Y $lKOMY npOKJIa,neHO peHKOBY KOJIlIO ,nn$l BarOHeTOK 3

Ilourapeui
MarepiaJIH.

CKJIgHi Tpy6H, CKJlOBOJIOKHHCTiriapo-

P03BHBaeTbCX BHp06HHUTBO JIHCTOBOro TIl npecoaaaoro niqHOrO Marepiany HH TIl aacoxovexauiaoaaaa BHCOKHMH excnnyarauijiaaaa HaH6inbw ,l{o nporpecnaaax COBOIO nnisuoto; rexHOJIorig

nponyxuioo,
30HH.

uto

BHnanJOeTbC$I,

nepecyaarosacs
3 )f(apOBHM TIl

- wnaKOCHTaJIY. HeBeJIHKa BapTICTb BHXi)1.HOi' CHPOBHoTpHMaHHg WJJaKOCHTaJIy Pa30M 3 XKOCTgMH BHCYBae ueH MaTepiaJI O.nHHM 3 MaTepiaJIiB aaneaom, CKJIO 3 Ha-

xpiss

nOCTiHHi rennoai

Kinsueaa

niq Mae 3aMKHeHHH BHnaJIJOBaJIb-

HH3 xaaan,

JlKHH YMOBHO noainsrors

na KaMepH, 3' cnnaai

,nHMOBHM KaHaJIaMH. BHpo6H

BHnaJIIOIOTb B Mipy PYXY 30HH BHnaJIJOBaHnOK33HHKaMH nOCTynaIOTbC$I

e<peKTHBHHX 6Y)1.iBeJIbHHX MaTepianiB. KOMn03HuiHHHX

HJI. Kinsueai nesi aa rexHiKo-eKOHOMi~HHMH TyHeJIbHHM i BHKOPHCTOBYIOTbCJIpinure.

nHJIeHOJO na Horo nOBepXHIO TOHKOIO np030poJO MeTaJIeBOIO a60 nnacrssaWapKYBaTi CTeKJIa, cxneeni npo30pHMH ":HHTeTHqHHMH nepe-

Ha nOTOqHHX aBTOMaTH30BaHHX JIiHiJlX BHrOTOBJIeHHJI KepaMiqHHX BHp06iB BCTaHOBJIIOIOTb O,nHO- TIl 6araTOKaHaJIbHi CTIlHOBHTb CywiHHJI ll.{iJIHHHi nexi. B!'COTIl nepea KaHaJIY Y TaKHX nexax KHX nesax npoueca

nnisxava.

2...3

BHCOTH BHp06iB, JlKi MO~b

Hanaronsceao pisy,
KaHHgM ,nng scix

BHpo6HHUTBO npO¢iJIbHOrO

CKJIa xopotiuacroro

cYBaTHCJI na ni)1.CTIlBKax, BarOHeTKaX, POJIHKOBOM)' xonseepi TIl BHnaJIJOBaHHJI MO~ TpHBaJIicTb npouecy 3HaqHO 3MeHwY£TbCJI.

TOll.{O. Y ra-

KOJIbOpOBOro apaoeaaoro

CKJIa, CKJIa 3 BH6ipKOBHM cairnorrponyc-

cYMilIlaTHCJI,

)1.ian330HiB .nOB)f(HH XBHJJb, KOJIbOpOBOro npoxarnoro uio aaBHpOTa nie-

CKJIa TIl iHWHX HOBHX nepcneKTHBHHX ,nng 6y.niBHHUTBa CKJIgHHX BHp06iB. OJIH3bKHMH )1.0 CKJIa aa CKJIa,nOM ra CTpyKTyPOJO MaTepiaJIiB, HOCHTbCJITOHKHM

uiapou

aa nOBepXHJO MeTaneBHX TIl KepaMiqHHX BOHH

9. CKJIO I CKJIOKPHCTAJIIlIHI MATEPIAJIH

9.1.
3araJlbui MarepiaJI, Bi,nOMOCTi JlKHH nicns OXOJIO)J.)f(eHHJIMiHeTina. BJIaCTHBOCTeH TBep)1.0ro TOll.{O. OCTaHHiMH npodiinsnoro,

6iB, e eM a JI i

Ta r JI a 3 y pi.

npasnaseai

,nnx Ha,naHHg BHpo6aM

.neKOpaTHBHOCTi, 3aXHCTy IX Bm KOP03ii', nOJIinWeHHJI MeXaHiqHoi' JIeKTpHqHOI MiUHoCTi.

C K JI 0
pansaoro

- aMopqmHH Ha6}'Bae

po3nJIaBY

MeXaHiqHHX

9.2.
PHo-6YAiBeJIbHoro

CKJISlui Bup06u

6YAiBUUllTBi

OCHOBHOJO nponyxuioo

CKJIJlHOi"npoMHCJJOBOCTi e JIHCTOBe CKJIO: aenonisaxaneae pOKaMH

oYAiBeJIbHe CKJlO nO)1.iJIgJOTbna JIHCTOBe CKJIOTIl BHpo6H apxirexrynpH3HaqeHHJI. i apsrosane, is cneuiansaaaa npoaeai, BJIaCTHBOCTJI3 aanisnpoaoJIHCToBe CKJlO. ACOpTHMeHT JIHCTOBOro CKJIa pi3HOMaHiTHHH: BiKOHHe Ta BiTpHHHe, aisepyaxacre MH, uio nponycxac poaiase, TIl nornanae ynsrpodiioneroai

poaaae,

nOJIipOBaHe, 6araTowapoBe, KOJIbOpOBOro,

3HaqHO P03WHpeHO aCOpTHMeHT i OCBoeHO BHnyCK PJI.llY HOBHX BHp06iB CKJIa, 30KpeMa 36inbweHHJI apaoeanoro, nnomi CBiTJIOBHX OTBOpiB BHMarae 36inbweHHJI

i3 airpnaaoro.
BHnyCKY ainOJIO-

KOHHoro CKJIa 3aBTOBWKH BHHH Bi)1.ycsoro 06cgry.

3.. .4

MM, gKOrO HHHi BHpo6JIgJOTb 6inbwe

pHM A3epKaJIbHHM nOKpHTTXM, 1Il0 nOrJIHHae qH Bi.n6HBae renJIO, CTPYMon3MiUHeHe 3aKaJIJOBaHHgM.

190

191

Ta6JIHQH

9.1.

P03MipH

JIHCTOBOro CKJIa OCHOBHHXBH.z.iB 'ra nora

1f

>IKII.{O nOTpi6HO

yHHKHyTH

nposopo-

CBITJIonponYCKaHHH TOBUlHHa CKJIO BiKoHHe JIHCTiB, MM

cri
<{

CSiTJ10BHX oraopis a60 CKJIaHHX nepeTO JaCTOCOBYIOTb B i 3 e p Y H C K J10 ( «MOP03», «3aMeTiJ1b» i nac JMOry OC06J1HBO
'ra J1i-

Illapana 'ra
JIHCTiB, MiHiMaJIbHa

.llOB)I(HHa MM MaKCHMaJIbHa

roponox,
CBiTJIOnpOnycKaHIDI,

aCT e

TOIl{O).

Ile

CKJI0 Mae CBiTJ10P03CiIOBanbHY

2,0 2,5 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 6,5 6,5... 8,0 3,0... 6,0 5,5 6,0

4U'Ox500 400x500 400x600 400x600 400x600 400x600 1700x1950 1340x1380 400x600 300x500 300x600

750x1300 750x1550 1200x1800 1300x2200 1600x2200 1600x2200 2950x3950 2950x4450 1600x2200 1400x1800 800x1500 cairnonponycxaaaa,

87 87 85 85 84 84 84 84 40 ... 60 60

'JAaTHicTb, BOHO nexoparaese CTBoplOBaTH BHpa3Hi «ysansaoro

iarep'cpa,
Horo

Y 6Y.lliBJ1HX KYJ1bTYpHO-n06YTOBoro npH3Ha'leHHa.

BHrOTOBno-

J1alOTb HeKOJ1bopOBHM ra KOJ1bOPOBHM. ,[(.rIa YTPHMaHHa OCKOJ1KiB npa

BiTpHHHe HenoJIiPOBaHe BiTPHHHe nOJIipOBaHe B isepyusacre

;;Jij~!I:'; ::J :: 2
1
PIIC. KeTiB:

lllKO,A)l(eHHi

CKJIa B asoro

BnpeCOBYIOTb CKJIO BHKOpHC6anKO-

CiTKY J ,ApOT)·. ApMOBaHe roponox HiB, ne MiuHicTb

TOBYlOTb MSI OCKJIYBaHHJI J1iXTapiB, nepeT8 BJ1alllTYBaHHH oroposc norpifina MaTepiany. CKJ10, JlK i Bi3epYH'IaTe, KOJ1bOPOBHM 6e36apBHHM. Ta CKJ10 3aCTOCOBYlOTb nepeaax6anKOHiB, .Anll anatnninaaiueaa MexaHi'lHa

Apxosane
6e36apBHc KOJIbOpOBe

9.1.

KOHCTPYKUiY CKJIOna-

ApMOBaHe aarrycxaiors oe36apBHe

JIHcToBe CKJIO Mae BHCOKHH Koe<!JiUHeHT KHH nianasoa B i K0 HHe C K J10 noninaiors

lIIHpO-

a. 6 - KilecmlX; 6. ? - naIlHKX; 0 ssapuax: )-CK.10: 2-nosiTpIlHKA IJpOWapUK; 3-po3nipHa paaa; 4K!leJO'IKH i repMeTH3YIO'IHl! wap: 5-wTa6a i3 cenuueeorc cnnasy: o-M.:ra.j1ijullaIHIH wap ua cx.n; 7Micuc naauua: BaHHII cxna, 8-BY30n rsapio-

HO MH CKJ1iHHlI CBiTJ10BHX OTBOpiB, a KOJ1bOpOSe- B oropoxci ryB8HHlI euyrpiumix BepXHH apvoaaaoro 'IaCTOIO.

3Ha'leHb J1iHiHHHX P03MipiB Ta TOBIl{HHH (Ta6J1.9.1). na ,ABa COpTa saneacao Bi,A HaaBHOC3BHJ1HH(HHTKOBi CMY(HepiBHOCTi aa nosepxai), BKJIIO'IeHb Ta nO,ApSlnHH. C K J10, 1l{0 aarrycxarors HenoJ1ipOBaHHM 'ra

'ri

neperoponox,

00-

,Ae<!JeKTiB:csryracrocri

CKJIa MO)f(e 6YTH rna-

ra), 6YJ1b6alllOK, imuax J1HKOP03MipHe BiT

.ll.eHbKOIO, KOBaHOIO, pH<!JJ1eHOIO,Bi3epYHMeXaHi'lH)'

0

,[(.rIg CKJIYBaHHa BeJ1HKHX nOBepXOHb 6Y,AiBeJ1b BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb BePHHHe 11106 niABHll{HTH T06TO aarpiaaiors MeTO,AiB npa n a KeTH. 3 a r 8 p T 0 BaH e 3arapTosaHOMY nOJ1ipOBaHHM, 1l{06 yHHKHyTH OnTH'IHHX cnorsopeas. ,[(.rIa aanofiiraaas Bi,A 3anOTiBaHHa 'ra 3aMep3aHHH CKJIa, a TaKO)l( )J,J1H Ta BHKopHCTaHHa ianycrpiansaax Ta BiTPHH 3aCTOCOBYlOTb C KIlO CKOpO'leHHa BUTpaT npaui CKJIiHHi BiKOHHHX npopiais C060l0 AO 550 ... 600 n
Ii

MiuHicTb

cxna,

HOro

3arapTOBYIOTb.

ra lllBU,AKO OX0J10.ll.*YIOTb Ha nosirpi. C K J10 BHKOPliCTOBYIOTb.Anli saroxapaxrep PyHHYsaHHlI . .ll.ony6anKOHiB Ta CXO.ll.iB, JlicpTOBI1X uiaxr. TeMnepaTYP AOClIra€ 270°c.

CT 0 B e

TOBJ1eHHlI CKJ1S1HHXsepea, n CTHMHH npa excnnyarauir sixoaaoro

oropcx
nepenaa

CKJ1YBJ1aCTHSHH6e3ne'lHHH

BOHH CKJIa,AaIOTbCH3 ,ABOXa60 ,AeKmbKOX nnOCKHX CTeKOIl, 3'e,AHaHHX Mi)l( 3BaplOBaHHaM a60 CKJIelOBaHHaM TaK, 1l{0 Mi)l( HHMH YTBOPlOeTbCH 3aBTOBlllKH 15 ... 20 MM, 3anOBHeHHM CyxHM nOBiTPHM TenJ10- ra 3By3aMKHeHHH npocrip (pHc.9.1). pauax

Fpaaaua

MiuHOCTi aa 3mH y 5,5, a aa CTHCK Y 1,35 pasu aauia, CKJ1a. 3arapToBaHe CKJIO He ninnacrscs 'ra iHlllHM BH.LlaMMeXaHi'lHoi" 06p06KH. 3a6apBJ1eHe KOJ1bOPOBHMH KepaMi'lHUMli saraproaaue J1HCTOSe CKJIO - C T e M a J1i T saHHSI cpac8Ais 6Y.ll.iseJ1b.

Hi)f( y 3SH'IaHHOrO

pi3aHHIO, caepnninmo

pasi BHKopHcTaHHH CKJIOnaKeTiB aeuae nOTPe6H Y nO,ABiHHHX

npa BJ1alllTYBaHHi BiKOHHHX 6J10KiB, noninuryerscs

J1erKOnJ1aSKUMH <!Jap6aMH 3aCTOCOBYIOTb .DJHI 06J1HUIO-

xoisonsuis.

192

193

•
Ha BiJJ.MiHy BiJJ. 3BH'laHHOrO aKTHBHi cneuiansae MaTepiaJIiB, Y B i 0 JI bOB e C K JI 0

passerpy rpaaamo
1,5 MIla,

60p1',

uto

3MeHwye

BHJJ.HMYTOBmHHy nOBHHHi MaTH Hi)K

nponycxae
HhK 0,03%

6ioJIori'lHO

ynsrpaqiionerosi

nposreai,

BHroTOBJIJlIOTb

WBa MhK 6JIOKaMH. MillHOCTi onip

CKJI060KH

HOrO 3 OC06JIHBO '1HCTHX CHpoBHHHHX OKcH,lJ.iB 3aJIi3a. ll(06

UlO MiCTJlTb He 6inbwe e$eKTY, 3acTO-

npa

CTHCKy He MeHwe

JJ.OCJlITH MaKCHMaJIbHOrO

Y.D.apHiH .D.i"i0,8 TaKHX MM.

Mfla, HaanoTHnop03MipiB:

COBYIOTb YBioJIbOBe

Y npoueci excnnyarauii BOHO crapie, 3JJ.aTHiCTb nponycxara ynsrparpioneroay paniauno BiJJ.HOBJIIO€TbCJI, JlKU{O aarpira yeionsose CKJIO JJ.O300 •••450oC. YeioCKJIO MiHiMaJIbHO JJ.OnyCTHMo"i roBUlHHH.

urapeaiuri
244x244x98

CKJI06JIOKH

Ta 194x194x98

nsoae CKJIO 3acTocoBYIOTb JJ.JIJI KJIiHHJI BiKOH Y JJ.HTJl1.fHX JIiKyBaJIbHHX saC i xnaaax, Y 6YJJ.iBJIJlx KypopnlO-03JJ.opOB1.fOrO npH3Ha1.feHHJI. Y 6i6JIiOTeKax, M}'3eJIX, Kap1'HHHHX ranepesx, 6IDKaHo 3acTocoBYBaTH CTeKJIa, JlKi nOrJIHHaIOTb ynsrpaeionerosi npoueai, UlO
PYHHYJOTb nanip, TKaHHHH, $ap6H, JIaKH TOUlO. 3

M'JlKe

Koacrpyxuii ia CKJI06110KiB YTBOPlOlOTb poscisne oCBiTJIeHHJI i MalOTb ninamne3JJ.aTHicTb. (pHc.9.2) BJIaW-

ay

TenJIO Ta 3BYK0i30JIJllliHHy

Oropozrsci is CKJI06JIOKiB
TOBYIOTb 6e3nocepeJJ.HbO Ho-niUlaHOMY TO H H ina P03'1HHi H e JI i • a60

B OTBOpi

aa uessesrr-

uieio

MeroIO

JJ.OCKJIa,lJ.y

BCTaHOBlIlOlOTb KOHC-rpYKBH-

CKJIa JJ.06aBJIJlIOTb 30KpeMa BYIOTb 3a6apBJIeHe ,n.rtJl

OKCH,lJ.HxPOMY,

ceneay,

BaHa,lJ.iIO, BHKOPHCTO-

3aB1.faCHO BHrOTOBJIeHi

C K JI 0 3 a 11i 3 0 6 e -

CKJIO 3 OKCHJJ.HO-MeTaJ1eBHM nOKpHTTJlM. OCKJIYBaHHJI BHKOPHCTOBYIOTb CKJIO 3

Taxi naneni aa

soaaiunrsoro

nanienposo3aJIi3a,

THBHHMH OC06JIHBOCTJlMH Ta TeXH01l0rieIO roTOBJIeHHJI nOJJ.i6Hi JJ.O36ipHHX HHX KOHC-rpYKlliH. BiKOH'fi

pHM JJ.3epKaJIbHHM nOKpHTTJlM. KOJIbOPOBi Ta He3a6apBJIeHi KPHTTJI O-rpHMYIOTb HaHeCeHHJlM K06aJIbZY, A6H nJIOUlaMH MiJJ.i. yHHKnyTH

JJ.3epKaJILHi no-

3aJIi306eTOH-

na

CKJIO nJIiBOK OKCH,lJ.iB THTaHy,

Ix MO)KHa BCTaHOBJIIOBaTH Y 3aMicTb nO.D.BiHHOro 3acKJIiH-

npopiaa

neperpiaaaas

npHMiUleHb,

B 6YJJ.iBJIJlX 3 BeJIHKHMH CTeKJIaMH.

HJI, HaBiWYBaTH

6e3nOCepe.D.HbO

na xapxac

6y-

OCKJIYBaHHJI 3aCTOCOBYIOTb CKJIiHHJI 3a6apBJIeHHMH CTeKJIa 3HIDKYIOTb

.D.iBJIi, YTBOPIOIOlJH

sirpaad,
npa

6e3nOCepe.D.HbO CHC-

Hearpansai

nponycxaaas

no BCbOMY OnTH'IHOMY

niana-

BKJI8,l{aTH Y nOKpHTTJI

BJIawZYBaHHi

30Hy COHJl1.fHOrO cnexrpa. pBJIeHe OKCH,lJ.aMH 3aJIi3a, Mae

3JJ.aTHiCTb JJ.OTenJIOnOrJIHHaHlUI

Mae CKJIO, 3a6aCKJIO, JlKe

uaaxy,

Mi.D.i Ta iHWHX

MeTaJ1iB, a60

nosepxaesi

rIDUl csirnosol npoitMu, aanosaeaoi CKJIJlHHMU MaCTHKa; 2enacraxaa npoxnansa; 3YllliJlbHIOJO'Ia nposnanxa 60KOBHXaasopia; 4-6eTOHHHif nOIiCOK naaeni; 5CK!lIlHHA 6JlOK; 6-ueMeHTHi ursa: 7-apMaTypa.
THHM

Puc. 9.2.

3araJIbHUA BU-

aepxasoro cBiTJIa aassicrs -rp8JJ.HlliHHHX nixrapis is 3BH'IaHHHM 3acKJIiHHJlM. BpaxosyTeM I01.fH 3Ha'lHHH peHHJI, Koe$iUHeHT TepMilJHOrO P03WHCKJI03aJIi306eTOHHi

nJIiBKOBi

OKCH.D.HO-MeTaJIeBi nOKpHTTJI. Ix

BCTaHOBJIlOlOTb 3a6e3-

Y 30BHiwHbOMY

pany

OCKJIyoaHHJI Ta JJ.JIJI HTeHCHBHOro i

TenJI03HOMY

6noKaMu: 1-6iTyMHa

naaeni

i301l1OIOTb WBa-

ne1.fYJOTb norpifiny

eearansuiio,

a JJ.JIJI CYHeHHJI He6IDKaHHX Y npoKJIa,lJ.KH.

nanpysceas

Bi.D.HeCYlJHX

nanenea n p0

KOMneHcauiHHHMH

3aCTOCOBytOTb eJIaCTH1.fHi 3aMa3KH Ta ryMOBi

MH, 3anOBHeHHMH enaCTH'lHHMH npoKJI3,lU(3MH.

Bopo6u h CKJl8. ni.D.BHUlHTH MillHiCTb Ta 30pHX oropox, 3MeHWHTH sarpary .D.epeBHHH ra

nyarauiaai
$illbHHX JlKOCTi 3acKJIiHHJI MO)KHa BHJJ.iB CKJIa.

.D.OBrOBi1.fHiCTb cairnonpoMeTaJIy, nOJIinWHTH

K JI 0

$ i 11i T

ue

excni npo-

CKJIO WBeJIepHOrO,

Kop061.faCTOrO

a60

npotpinsae iauroro

aa

.D.OnOMOrolO nopo)KHHCTHX

nepepisy
npo-

(pHC. 9.3).

3aB.lI.JIKH BellHKHM npo<tJiJIbHHM

rafiapa-

HHX CBiTJIOBix

Ili BHp06H npaanaseai JJ.JIJI3anOBHeHHJI piaaoaaarrOTBOpiB, BJIaWZYBaHHJI caaoaecysax 30BHiwHix Ta sayrpioropoxc

Y 6Y.D.iBJIJlX i

posaipav

(JJ.oB)KHHa JJ.O8 M)

npa

3acKJIiHHi

CKJIOM He-

Mae nOTpe6H Mi)KHi

3acTocoBYBaTH

uraix ceirnonponycsnax
1.feHHJI. CKJI06110KH KpymHMH

cnopynax pisaoro npasaa(MO)f()'Tb 6YTH TaKO)K

paaa.
,n.rtJl

noninureass
BHJJ.YnOBepxHIO

CBiTJIO-

BHrOTOBJ1J1lOTb npJlMOKYTHHMH

p03ciIOBaJIbHO"i

3JJ.aTHocTi Ta 30BCKJIa 3

Ta KyTOBHMH)

i3

6e36apBHoro

a60 3a6apBJIeHoro

CKJI8. nOBepx-.

niunrsoro
$lIeHOIO.

HJI JIHllbOBHX

CTiHOK np030pHX uio

CKJI06JIOKiB

rnanensxa,

CBiTJIOP03CiIOBaJIb6110Ka Mae no ne-

60KY nOpO)KHHHH BHKOHYJOTb PHCKJIonpo$iJIiT apMYIOTb

HHX - padmena,

BHKJIlOlJae BH,lJ.HMiCTb. Ei1.fHa rpaas

Puc. 9.3. npo41inbHe CKJIOuraenepaoro (a) i Kopo6'1aTOrO (6) neperaay. 195

194