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CHMBOIDl'ieCKOll U;MBIDlH3aIUm. ITOCKOJI.bKY

xapramr
A
CeMMOTIIKa

l.J;HBMJIH3au;ID1

scerna

If

seane

CBOH MO,neJm MHpa

.JlP'YI'HM.
H3Y'IaeT 3HaKH, If 3HaK013bIe CMCTeMbl,

OCHOBe ee ,nO.lDKHbI JIe)IffiTh

onpeztenaior

CO':leTaHHe Me)!Qzy

¢OPMbl ¢OPMbl, HHMH MO)l(eT

xoropsre, KaK MOl roBOPHJIM, coaepxaaaa, Korna MbI BbI-

rmuresr

ozraa PM see

a B .n:pyrOll M~ 6bITb

TO COOTBeTCTBHH CYMMa 3THX.

HaJblBaIOTCH

nee coztepxaaaa, ICOOOM. To ecrs 6e3

co-

cnocoeos nepexona
nOCKOJIbKY MO)l(eT

£}JoPMOH H co,nepXGUiHO,l(HOH ¢OPMhI MMeTh

eM If COCTaBJUIeT KO,n. He

nepxaaas,
a6cTpaIcr'Hlill( nOCKOJIbKY )l(eM

rorna
If

MOl 6y,neM

npocro
6e3

Ha60p

coseramra,
6bITb TaKYIO

spone crexnsmrex

B ,neTCKOM KaJIeit¢OPMbI,

.rr,OCKorre. He

omroro conepxaaaa
6y,z:J;eTHe'lTO 06pa30M,

HeCTpy:KTypMpOBaHHylO KOMY-TO 3To

He TOJIbKO

nepenars

Macey MbI He CMO.n:pyrOMY, HO If caMH 6y.neM

HeBhIpa3HMOe, '!TOOW MbIlliJIeHMe,

He B COCTOHHHM ee noIDl'I'D.

yposae nanra

OnzyII(eHHH,

HO He,nOCTm'QqHO TaKMM lfY)I\1l;aIOTCH B MHOXeCTBO

xerxoe,

na
If

C<PoPMY-

JIHPOBaTh,

':lTO MMeHHO.

M Harne

KOMMyHHKau;HH

xoaax,

lIT06LI

a,n;eKBaTHO ¢YHKUMOHMpOBaTh

Heo6xo.u;HMo

saars

KQ11;OB,

B oGllIeCTBe, He TOJIbKO

':leJIOBeKY KO,n

roro
OT-

H3hlKa, aa KoroPOM OH pasrosapaaaer C ,neTCTBa. KO,!J;bI no~ImSI, B KOTOpblX 3aIIHCaHO ;:wI My)I(':lHH
HOllIeHMe K )(eTIIM, )l(eHllIHHaM If CTapHKaM.

Hanpaxep,

ocoeoe

«MOJIO.rr,WM

aeaae

OCHOBbI

CeMHOTHKH CTapHKaM seane

15
Y
HaC noser-, 6blJIO sanacaOTB03HHKaJIO H oco6oe

Y Hac ztopora, HOllIeHHe K

HO B COBeTCKOH:MO,UeJlH MHPa. TaM)I(e

napraa «<Cnasa KnCC», «Ilapras - Ham pyneBOM», «l'Iapraa - asaarapn COBeTCKOro napoaa»). To ecrs 3TO CBOM KO,n, xapaxrepnsra .zum 3TOH I.J.liBHJIH3aI(HH, C C06CTBeHHblM IIOHHMaHHeM «':ITO raxoe XOPOlliO H ':ITO TaKoe ITJIOXO». B pasocax CeMHOTH'IecKoH cxesrsr COBeTCKOro BpeMeHH, 00COJIIOTHO MHq,01IOI1ftIHOH, HAPO,[( aansercz orrpenennouteri xareropaea, 0'I"KYl(a CJle,nOBaJIl'I )J.JISI BHY'J'PeHHeM cpezrsr ,UBa TIfIIIDKa: CJIYI11: HAPOM H BPArM HAPO,nA.. Bo BHellIHeM cpene cymecTBOBaJIH MMIlEPMAJU1CThi (<<BOHHCTBeHHble»,
<<aMepHKaHCKHe») qECTBO HAPOM MM, • H BCE ITPOfPECCMBHOE 6HHapm:.IH

.KaK

BH.[(HM, 3TO 'IHCTO

MHp,

CB.SI3aFIhITa.itm:.IMH

HIl'I'IDd1{

c HMTIEPl1AJIHCTAOOpasoM:

rne

qEJ]OBEBP ArM

'ITO MO)I(HO H306pa3HTh CJre~

BCE TIPOfPECCHBHOE
/ qruJOBEHECfBO

HAPO,[(

BPAmHAPO,M

/
HAPOM

lIMIIEPHAJIHC'lDI paspymenaoa

,[(aHHa5I COBeTCKaSI cxexa B HOBOH nOCTCOBeTCKOH ,UeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH OK83aJIacb TOJIhKO lJaC1WIHO. ECJIH

"

paasnre CJIYfH
6billH

HacToiftrnBo

pafose-xpecrsaacxoe npoacxozzemre, a
HHH CMellIaJIHCb. B03HHK

nozrrepxaaana
BPAfM

csoe

CBH3aHbI CBORM rrpOHCXO)K.[(eHMeM, TO

cerozma

HAPOM 3TH JIH-

noasnuemrsra

~pec

K ,UBOPHHCKOpeCrry6JIMK na C

MY

rrpOHCXO)K.[(eHHIO, JIlf,[(epbI

HeKOTOpbIX

6bIBlIIHX

Be.[(YT pea

csoe nasano
JI03yHra

OT 6ai1:cKHX IOpT H C

CMeHa

«Bnepea

r.n,
KOMMyHH3Ma»

K no6e.ne Bbl3BaJIa

-BneO,UHOH ero

K nooene cy6'beIcra,

KanHTaJIH3Ma»

K ,neHTeJIbHOCTH HOBbIM KaK «HOBhIM PYCCKHH», TaKHM 06-

ran

He rrOMaIOlUHHCSI

KJIaCCmpHKaI(HH.

croponsr, rropoxnaa

STOT cy6'beKT

0603Hat:IaeTcSI

6eCKOHet:IHOe KOJIHt:IeCTBO aHeK)l;OTOB. IIpHHHB MaCCOBoe C03HaHHe

KaK o6'beKT )J.JISI BhICMeHBaHHH,

16
pa30M Ho

I'T, ITOqerrUOB. xoscreacapver

60JIee CBOe He,UOBOJIbCTBO ero 3TO 3MOUHOHaJIbHbIH: KaK yrpO)!(aIOIUHM

CeMHOTlfKa

nonxoa, B

cyutecrsosaanesr.
rrOJIHTOJIorn 3TOT cyero «o.JUITap-

TO )Ke BpeMSl Ha3bIBa5I H

B CBoeM 6beKT XOM». To pO,UOH:.

paUHOHaJIbHOM HOBhIM cy6'beKT

nonxone 06JIa,uaeT .lI)UI ero

0603HaqalOT

If HeraTHBHbIM, O,UHOBpeMeHHO

ecrs
OH

aM6HBaJIeHTHOM

rrpnM5I

cYIUecTByeT

KaK

o60eKT

BhICMeHBaHlLSI, HO .lI)UI ero

H KaK 06'beKT

aanyrasaaas.
HapYIIIeHHe

ITPH 3TOM TOqHOe BbInOJIHeHHe HOCHTeJIeH: H HHKTO

xona npaxrmecxa
npauep: xorna
BHlfMaHIDI, BHHMaHHe

He3aMeTeCT

naurs

MO)KeT OCTaHoqeJIOBeK HO ec-

BHTb HX BHHMaHHe. HO)!(OM If BHlIKOM, JIM OH ,UpyroM 3HaK rrHaJIbHa5I B KYJIbTYPe

Xapaxrepmra

nasner ecrs sanaer

na

:')TO He 06paTJIT 3TO

PyKaMH,

npasneser

scex. B sapnaarrpHHUHHeT ECJIH

see

MO)KeT 6blTb

KaK pas Ha060pOT. aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX OTCIO,Ua ero H

O,UHH H3 B03MO)!(HbIX ¢OPMbI

TOB COOTBeTCTBIDI e,UHHCTBeHHO

H co,Uep)KaHIDI, ¢OPMhl

He 6HOJIOfHqHOCTb,

a COUHaJIbHOCTb, «HeT»

rrOCKOJIbKY

nepnoro

CoqeTaHIDI

conepxaaaa,

.rom

paxxax na 5I3bIKe
eroro

PYCCKOM KYJIbTYPbI MHMHKH O,UHHM rrpOTHBOrrOJIO)KHbIH:

H «,Ua» MOryT TO 60JIrapbI

ssrpaxarsca
rrpHMeH5IIOT

cnocofosr,
BapHaHT.

cneztyror ,UBe cyutecraennsre xeprsr 3HaKOB: • snaxa HMelOT aJIbTepHaTHBHYIO ¢OPMY, HO MOryT COBnanars na yposne co,Uep)KaHIDI, • snaxa - CHCTeMHbI, HeT CHCTeM, COCT05IIUHX H3 oanoro
OTCIO,Ua 3HaKa. ITPH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH B aHaJIH3e paansix o6'beKTa CeMHOTJ1qeCKoro KO,UOB. ncaxona MbI Ha6JIIO,UaeM TaIOIUero He,UapOM, ceMHOTHKH. B ce6e CTOJIKHOBeHHe B03MO)!(HOCTb

3m

MO)KeT 6blTb

3aJIO)!(eHO B CaMOM npnpone

HCCJIe,UOBaHH5I, KaK cose-

aanpaxep,
B
TaKOM peqH

,UByx KO,UOB. Bens YMOePTO3KO OTHOCHT JIO)!(b K 06'beKTaM cnysae MbI npocnexasaea CTOJIKHOBeHHe npHCyTCTBH5I If HenpaB,Ll,HBOH:. KO,UOB MO)!(eT np05IBHTb HaJIH'·me ero JIHlllb KaK YCJIOBHhlH: ceO,UHOro xona

nsyx

HOPM -

llpaB,UHBOM

ueJIOM,

TOJIbKO CTOJIKHOBeHHe 06'beKT, nOCKOJIbKY H paCCMaTpHBaTb npnponjst,

MHOTmeCKHM He .naer pen

B03MO)!(HOCTIf npocro

napane-

aHT CB5I3H Me)!(,1J,y ¢OPMOH HaMH 3aKOH ,UBY3HaqHOrO TOJIKOBaHIDI.

conepxcaaaea,

3TOM lie

cnyxac

KOTOPhlH

,UonYCKaCT

OCHOBbI

CeMHOTHKH )J,BYX KO)J,OB, xapaxrepnaa )')KeCTOqemrn xepra cmyaIJ,HH

17
cosercxoa
(aaeumea 3aTO C06bITHH. HeO¢HIJ,HHBaHOB on0<pHlJ,HaJIbHbIX H HeO<pID.UfaJIb-

CTOJIKHOBeHHe CHCTeMbl, llJIH nsnnno -

3TO nepecexeaae

HbIX ll)J,eOJIOreM. B nepaozrsr snyrpeaaea)

He0<pHIJ,HaJIbHbIit paspeurana

KO)J,

ynPOllIaJIC5I,

paCIJ,BeTaJIa 0<pHIJ,HaJIbHruI

HHTeprrpeTaIJ,H5I CYllIeCTBOBaHHe

XpYllIeBCKIDI penenaer

orrenens

aJIbHOrO KO)J,a B 3aqaTOqHOM nOJIHTJIqeCKHX

COCT05IHHH. B5J:q.

Be,

3TO KaK B03BpaJ.IJ,eHMe K craxan

YCTHOCTH B nepaoa

npeCJIe)J,OBaHHit B crpane [69, c. 571]. B IJ,eJIOM, QeJIOBeQeCKa5I IJ,HBIDIH3aIJ,H5I rrpenarcrsyernepecesemno pa3HbIX KO)J,OB:JIIO)J,Hpa3HbIX nporpeccaa OT)J,eJIeHbIpasHbIM KpyrOM ero noro 0611IeHH5I H pa3HbIMH MbI KaHaJIaMH peamrsanan CBO:" TBOpqeCTBa. Ha6JIIO)J,aeM He TOJIbKO CYIIIeCTBeHlIOe 6JIoKHpyrolIJ,He MHpa, B KOTOB OHM 0611IaJIHCb C na aHaJlH3 He¢opIDBapIJ,a, B

pa3)J,eJIeHHe MHpa «<pH3HKOB» H MHPa «JIHpHKOB», BHYJPH xaxH3 3THX MHPOB HMeIOTC5I CBOH cpeacrsa, OT O)J,HOit c¢epbI K ,lIpyroit.

nepexonsr
POM 3TH csoe xpyrou MaJIbHOe aoro rne scerna

B 3TOM IIJIaHe CeMHOTWH

xa nstcrynaer BpeMH

KaK HHHIJ,HaTOp HHOro nocrpoenaz

npHBeTCTByroTCH «<pOPMaJIHCThI» OTMeQa.mI, npOM3Be)J,eHMit,

nepecesenaa

nonnepxaaaiorcs.

sro

:>KypHaJIa «AnOJIJIOH»,

copnearapoaaaasue TO ecrs

M306pa3MTeJIbHhlX IIJIaHOB

npOH30llIJIO IIbeCbI

nepecesenae
npacyrcrsyer

MCCJIe)J,OBaTeJIeii: eptiansaoro n BCrrOMHMM BTOPOit IIJIaH, B nsece

M BM3YaJIb-

KOMM}'HlIKaIJ,HH.

nnorna

E.

peaJIM3yeMblit

)J.y6JIb-repoe, crpyxrypnsnr

KaK 3TO 6bllO

acnexrax

«Teas»,
BHMMaHHe K HMeHHO K OT xaoca nOCKOJIbKY na IIyTH

H3 3THX paCCy)l()J.eHMH CTaHOBMTCH rrOIDITHbIM rrpOM3Be)J,eHHH, npM3HaKOM M03r, OHM CJI)')KaT OTJImMTeJIbHhlM ynopMOqeHHOCTM. 06JIaCTHX snaaaa. 06beKI'OB, nonaraiomea CeMMOTMKa O)J,HHMH CrpyKTypHbIMM a xapaxrepnaa orpaxaer crenean

qeJIOBeQeCKHH B03MO)l(HO,

BepOJITHO, nonssyercs npMMeH5I5I HX B pa3HbIX CBOHCTBa caMHX qeJIOBeKa. M03ra

napasterpaxa, oco6eHHOCTh

3TO )J,roKe He

TY MO)J,eJIb MHpa, sanaaa CBOitCTBaMM

see

KOTOPruI B OCHOBOKaHaJIa KOMMYHUKaCHCTeMbI ran

IJ,MH. CeMMOTMKa,

rro CyTM, asysaer

B03MO)!{HbIe

B03)J,eHCTBH5I na qeJIOBeKa. HaM60JIee CIOAa CJIeAYIQT pa60ThI rnna:

pacnpocrpaaeansra

rrO)J,XOAa3a)J,aeTCH oco6eHHOCTSIMM KaHaJIa KOMMYHMKaIJ,MH, OTceMMOTHKa KMHO llJIM ceMHOTMKa CBOM ransr )KJ1BOrrHCM 11 T.)J,. B KIDIGJ,OM xaaane 06Pa3yroTCH

18
SHaKOB

I'T, I10l:lenUOB.
(csoa ran
COOTIIOllieHIDI

CeMI10TMKa

SHaKOB 11 .LJ;eHCTBlITeJIhHOCTI:!)

H CBOI1 3aKOHbI COl:leTIleMOCTI:! .LJ;aRHbIX 3HaKOB, T.e.

aJIbHO CBOH TI1II «rpaMMaTFIKH».

npaannrra-

B xasecrse ofu,eKTOB ,rvuI HCCJIe.LJ;OBaHlliI CeMHOTHKy anrepecyior mrreHCI1BHbIe KOMMYJillI(aTJ1BHble nponeccsr C aKTl1BHbIM aKUeHTOM na <pOpMe. Ilossnneaaoe BHliMaHl1e K <popMe, a He K CO.LJ;ep)KIDflllO, MO)J(HO o6'hlICHIITb rexr, TIO conepxanae no CBOeMY B03MO)KHOMY B TO BpeMH l:IeTIlHHe TI1BHbIX )[(aHM

pasnoofpasmo
H<PoPMhI l:IerrOBeKa

CTpeMlITCH roBOPlIT

K 6eCKOHel:lHOCTI:!, I10.LJ;06Hoe COKOfHl1CO.LJ;ep-

KaK <pOPMa, HeCOMHeHHO,

xonema,

Co.neP)KIDfl1H

0 B03MO)KHbIX

crpy:rcrypax

CIpyrcrypl1pOBaHHOCTbIO
HmpOPMan;IDI

C TO"!KH 3peHIDI lCOmumU(!HQJl MO)KH()

nepepaforxa
CeM1JOmUKLl. paCCMaTpHBaTh

lIerrOBeKOM

SaHI1MaeTCH

CeMHOTI:!KY CeMHOTW:IecKoe

B ztsyx B03MO)KHb.IX

ac-

nexrax; cmpytcmypnou

H lCOMMY1i.UlUlmU(!HQM.

B nepsosr cJIY'Iae

HCCJle.LJ;OBaHHe paCCMaTpHBaeT

rrpouecc

.LJ;BIDKe-

HIDI OT iPOPMbI K CQ,Zl;epEUmlO, reM caMbIM na nepsua MaR BblXO.LJ;SIT$opMaJIbHbre, CTpYKI'YPHhlC acIreIcrbL Bo BTOpoM CJIYxae H3yqaeTCH HaIIpaBJIeHHe .II.BmKemm OT e<mep)l(lUIIDl K <popMe, nOBTOpIDI nyTb nopO)IQl;eHHH CeMHOTI:IKH coo6meHHit l:IerrOBeKOM • COlf#lJJZbHD-

Erne 0JUlli acrrexr

nonyran aaasaaae
KOHTeKCTaX

ZO, B HeM H,l.1.eT pess 0 pa3Ho06pa3Hb'IX

<pyHICII;HOHH-

POBaHHH SHaKOD, HCIIOJlb3YeMhlX B 06mecTBe. CoI.J;llaJIbHaH CeMHOmKa)J;OCTa'I'O'IHOxopomo pa3pa6oTaHa Ira 3amme (HaJIpHMep, JIaCb pa60ThI B 6hIBllIeM

):(xc. <l>RCKe,
CCCP

KaK CTpYKTYPHaHceMHOTIIKa

Crpyxrypnaa oxaasrsaerca
aRaJIH3a 'lliCTO 006.JIeHHblX,rvuI npl1BMKJIH

ceMHOTHKa

P. XO,ll;)K3, f. Kpeeca), B TO BpeMH cepsesasra 06pa30M HCCJIe.LJ;OBa(aanpasrep, pa60TbI 10. JIoTMaHa). B 3TOM nnane Bhlrllif,UI1T KaK 60nee
ORa H36eraeT KOHI<.peTH.b1X KOHceMHOTHKa 3HaKOB. CoUHaJlbHaH qenoBeKa,

«pa<PHHI1pOBaHHaH», B

nOCKOJIbKY

TeKCTOB <pyHKl(HOHl1pOBaHHH

fonee

CJIO)KHOM DOJIQ)I(eHHH, HayqHbIX

TaK KaK Tpe6yer

cna60

6blTOiBbIX KOHTeKCTOB npl1BJleQeHHH HHX IIhlTIll1CH

npacnoHe

cxorpers aa
3JIeMeHTa.

MeTO.LJ;OB.Msr npOCTO TOl:IKH 3peHIDl. B ,lPKHHChl

C HayqHoH aHaJlH3I1pOBaTh

):(xc.

<DHCKe, HaUpHMep, THe 3HaKOBOro MO)KHO

xaxec-

BBeCTH TaIOKe nOHJlTHe

psma OJUIOTI1IIHb1X 3HaKOB.

cynepssaxa KaK oObe,zUiHeHHe Hanpaxep, Ponaa Bapr, aHaJIH3HpYH

':ITO Bee axrepsr
HMelOT

<p11JIbM .lOmtii Ilesaps»,

nO.LJ;tIepKHBaeT,

OCHOBhI 0,LUIy xepry BOJIOC

CeMMOTHKM ~MMCKOCTII» qe.mcy: «HaqecaHH<UI

19
aa JI06 rrp5.l;Z(b He OCTaeTC5I HHKaKO-

nonaanaer

CBOeH OqeBH;lJ.HOCThIO -

ro

COMHeHM5I,

KOM B TaKOM B 6hIBilieM

cnysae

1:J.TO Ml>I B ,l:(peBHeM PMMe» (18, c.73]. CynepsaaMhI 6y,n;eM onrran, nOH5ITHe «pMMCK~,
B ,n;aHHOM q,WThMe CoI03e: B BJme l£eJOOI. JIemmrpa,n;e, TapHCCJIe,n;OBaHIDl. CoBeTCKOM

xoropoe peanasoeanocs
1)', npoBO.n;MJIMCb

Mocxse,
3HaKOBhIM

MHTeHCMBHbIe

CeMMO'IW:lecKMe

Taprycxaa
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m,n;aBa1Inon
TUpIDK, CeMMOTMKa

P)'KOBO,n;CTBOM

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IOpIDI

«Tpy.n;r:.I no

CMCTeMaM», B

psre,

HecMOTpR:

na

MaJleHbKHH

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nearpsr.

crenena
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MHorne TBeHlIOH CCCP B

MO,n;HOH ,n;MCD;MTIJIMHOH, }'MhI.

3m

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5I3hIKH,

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KOO'op<UI Pa3BHBaJIaCb 60JIee

na ypoeae,

onepexaromeM

3ana,n;m.IH.

aacrosmee spesor

oxasanacs
B03MO)KHO, XOT5I cneaver

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3TO CB5I3aHO C ee IIpM3HaTh, BeJIH

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BOHHOit

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KOHrnHeHTe,

Coe.z:unreHHbIe

lliTaThl

npo-

3TO
CKa5I, HepoM. cynapcrsa;

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CTOJIKHOBeHHe

IIDlO rrocpencrsosr Ha60p rnna

repozxa,

CoBeTCK<UI

me rrpMCYTCTByeT
llo,n;o6Hhre

6h1JIa 60JIee

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rom xaxnoro CTaTh MHJIJIMOno cym CBOeH BhII'O.lnIhI rom

HH.n;MBH,ZzyyMa, CO:BeTCKHe MHCPOJIOreMhI 6hT.JIH BhITO,n;HhI

OHH 6hIJIM MOP030B,

.rom ro-

COD;M8.JJbHO copHeImIpOBaHHhIMIf. KOCMo,n;eMb5IHCKa5I ncerna peaJIM30BaJIC5I llO,n;BMF pana .n;eHCTBOBaJIH oc06M. faCTeJIJIO CTpOliT see To coB pasrxax MHTepeCaMM Bb!)KlfBaHIDI

11:
ecrs 3T0

llaBJIHK

spaspea

c 6MOJIOrntIeCKMMM

cynepsaax

nampuomusu
)Kepma,

BeTCKOH MH<pOJIOFIDI C03HareJIbH<UI He Mor 6JIara

llepe3 )KeprBOBaHMe.
COBepllIaeM<UI

COD;MaJIbHOro

B yrI..(ep6 mmMB:H,LzyaJIbHOMY.

KOKOJIeiiKY CCCP He

rom

Ilasxa Kopsaraa
BhIMFphIlIIa. SareM uapCKOH

ys3TH

JIlll£HOCmoro (a ax

CllMBOJIMlJeCKHe noaseprnacs

repon

CJIe,n;OBaJIO BBeCTM, CMMBOJIMKOH

nOCKOJIbKY POCCHM) H;lJ.eOJIO-

n0J1b30BaThC5I

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3p03MM.

YH,wI

B 06JIaCTh

20
ran, CCCP. OHH nepecrann 6bITb K CHMBOJIOB npHBeJIO

f.f. peaJIhHbIMH.

I10'IenUOB.

CeMHOTI1Ka COBeTCKl1X H 6bIBiliera

Paspyureane
paspyuieaaio B passxax C.

nocreneaaoxy

Bee

3TO roBOPHT

0 npHCyTCTBHH

cesraoraxa
ro-

cyurecrseaaoro CeMHOTHKa HOBocTei1. BeHHe

npaxrmecxoro

KOMnOHeme.

Kypraaaa

BOPMJI 0 XOJIO,lU-IOH BOM:He KaK 0 BOM:He CHMBOJIH'IeCKOM:. TaIOKe MO)l(eT nOMO'Ih B Ka'IeCTBeHHOM aHaJIH3e CTOJIKHOnpa TOM,

B TeJIeBH3HOHHbIX HOBOCT5IX Ha6JIIO.n;aeTCH zrsyx MH<p0JIOrnH: MH<pOJIOIWI MHCTIfIYl.(HH,

nOJIHbI peunezocra, KaK He!3<p<peKTHBHaH, !3<P<PeKTIlBHa, a.n;eKBaTHO, nonaercs C 3a,LI;a'IaMH» npa rroaase B TO BpeMH peansna, xorna p.

'ITO OHH CHJlbHbI, MH H T ..n;., nonaercs <pOJIOIWI «qeJIOBeK necnocotiaaa

06JIa.n;a1OT B03MO)l(HOCTHKaK MHanexsaraa. OH HBJIHeTH nocMHTepeCna 0 npesanepBbIM: B cenonpasyBapHaHTbI H 3a.n;a1OT

HH.LJ;J1BH.n;a scerna MO)l(eT nocrynars CnpaBHThCH

naxe

CH COJI,lJ.aTOM apMHH, HO, 'ITO no.n;06H)'IO nenre

KOTOPaH

KaK

aeanexsaraaa

[236,

91].

.n;BoihzylO

Mo.n;eJIb MbI Ha6JIIO.n;aeM HH<p0pMau.HH xorna 'IeM aosocra VS. napnasrenre, npaBHJlbHhlM:, MH<pOJIOIWI B cornacaa. HaCHJlHH. p.

TCOBeTCKOM npOCTpaHCTBe

vs.

npesuepe, rpaxryerca

npesaneare
KaK 60JIee

3JIeMeHT

BTOPOH.

,L()K.
MeBaeT, T •n.)

BHmeJI 'ITO

nOITbITaJICH paxypce

npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTh

MHOTH'IeCKOM

oomecrso

[220].
)!(MBeT

HOBocTeH JII06ble

.n;HCCH.n;eHTCTBa (npecrynanxa, nOMell1.aIOTC5I B KOHTeKCT MHCTH'IecKYIO fecnopsnox HOPMY,

npOTeCTaHTbI,

TePPOPHCTbI

«HOBOCTH

B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOPOM: H3MepHIOTcH

H Pa3PYIIIeHHe»

[220,
BbI60PbI

127]. K

!3TOMY npastepy CHf, rne B TaKOM KJIlOqe. aHaJIH3 HBJIeHHM: 'ITO o6'heKThI H3-3a HX aHaJIH3HHe OTKYJIbK

MO)l(HO .n;o6aBHTh THnH'IHhle

aa !eppHTOpHH

scema

,n:)I(.

OnnOHeHTbI

BJIaCTH no.n;aIOTCH HMeHHO TaIOKe HHTepeCHbIM: nonsepxayrs,

<1>HcKe npennozorn poaa

MaCCOBOM: KyJIbTYPbI raxoro pyer 06bI.n;eHHOra Tame .n;OHHa.

(234]. Cnenyer

ropaaao CJIO)l(Hee nOMalOTCH aHaJIH3Y xapaxrepa, B TO )I(e BpeMH ,lJ;)I(. <1>HcKe

Pa3HOnJIaHOBble HBJIeHHH, H3 CBOHX H T .n.). B O.n;HOM npO.n;yKTOB B cnyxae

KaK .LJ;)I(HHCbI MJIH MaTBOpqeCTBa xy.n;O)l(HHKa nOBTopH'ITO CYTh

nOCJIe.n;HeM cnyrae HH (POJIHK, 06JIO)I(Ka MaCCOBaH

OH C':IHTaeT, 'ITO Ma.n;OHHa MaccoBoi1

paxaerca
IIOJIHOCTblO

TYPb! aKJJ;eHT CMell1.aeTCH OT TeKCTa, HCnOJIHHTeJIIO. KyJIbTYPa eMOCTblO H CepHaJIbHOCTblO. MaCCOBOM: KyJIbTYPbI cxeureaa

C006ll1.eHHH, xapaxrepasyerca

BepOHTHO,

B CBH3H C !eM,

K HCnOJIHHTeJIIO.

OCHOBbI

CeMHOTl1KH lITO MaCCOBruI mrreparypa B OTJImHe OT B CTOPOHY norpetiarena C03,lJ;aeTCH xax

21
ITH-

Y.
KOI1».

3KO OIHTaJI, 3TO

CaTeJIeM, TaK H 'lIITaTeJIeM, cveureaae

mrreparypst
-

«BbICO3TO HeCII;enKH

HHq,OPMaJJ;HH

KaK pas 11 C03,lJ;aeT aKI.J.eHT na TOM, KTO eM}' 6JIlDKe COMHeHHO l1CnOJIHHTeJIb, OT rnasnoro «aBTOp nOJIHHTeJIb 3JIHTapHruI JNIOIUHe, KOMIIOHeHTa TeKCT», 3pHTeJIb». To 3JIHTapHoi1: ecrs

a He aBTOp. ITPOHCXO,lJ;HJIO csrenremre

mrreparypsr

K KOMnoHemy KYJIbrypa

MaccoBoro aKII;eHTHPYIOT

HCKYCCTBa: «HC-

B KOMMYHHKaTHBHOi1:

nerrosxe
COCTaB-

H MaccoBruI

pasasre

lITO MO)I{HO npeacrasars

B CJIe.D;YIOmeM BM,l1.e:

aBTOp ~.

TeKCT

HCnOJIHHTem.

I
p.

spareas
xynsrypy
KaK orpaC03BbICTYxynsrypa

<1>HcKe Bo06I1..(e rpaxryer

MaCCOBYIO

II;aHHe KyJIbrypbI,lJ;OMHHMpYIOI1..(ei1:: ,lJ;aeTC5IB YCJIOBIDIX nO,L{'lHHeHH5I» naer KOHKpeTHbIM np05IBJIeHl1eM H nO,L{'lHHeHl15I. MaccoBoi1: 3JIo,lJ;ei1: B CBoeM

«norrynapnas

[234,

46].

HaCHJIHe

COI..J;HaJIbHOrO,lJ;OMHHHpOBaHH5I KOHq,.1IHKTe, scerzta see H306pIDKaeMoM 6l1TBbI, KpOMe

KYJIbrypoi1:,

nsrarpsreaer

nocnenaea, Kax BH,lJ;HM,

06'beKTOB, Ma scerna XOpOlllHM

CeMMOTHKa He oTropIDKHBaeTCSI MX B csoe nayseaae, npM3HaKOM, o60eKTOB, nOCKOJIbKY TeM CaMbIM

OT 06bl,lJ;eHHbIX Ha~ nnacr O,lJ;Ha-

H BKJIIO'laeT

'ITO 5IBJUIeTC5I aecsKJIaCCM'leCKruI anp06MpOBaH-

crpeMHTCH

MCKJIIO'lMTeJIbHO

K M3yqeHMIO

HbIX BpeMeHeM 06'beKTOB, KO

TeP5IH OrpOMHbli1:

OKa3blBaIOI1..(MX BJIMHHMe na COBpeMeHHMKOB. 060eKThI ceMHOTHKH aa esponencxoa aMepMKaHCKOM HeM36e)I{H0

nonotiasre
Pa3BHTHe

OIISITh BBO,lJ;HTC5I naysaoe B

MCCJIe,lJ;OBaHMe. Ha'-IaJIOCb C pa60T KOHTHHeHTe QapJIb3

zmyx

Bbl,lJ;aIOI1..(MXCH 06meii OH

JIM'lHOCTeii:

3TO 6bIJI «I>ep,llHHaIm

ne COCCIOP, na JIMHfBMCTHKM»

Ilapc, «Kypc

<l>ep,lJ;MHaH,lJ;a,lJ;e COCCIOpa (KCTaTM, 3TY KHMry MM JIeKII;Mii) 3a,D;aJI rrapaaarsry osepens

He nMCaJI, OHa BOCC03,l1.aHa no MaTepMaJIaM CneKTOB npO'lMTaHHbIX rapaoti xacrs eTC5I JIMHfBHCTHKH. MblCJIM B 3TOM CTOJIeTHM, B nepBYIO COCCIOP paCCMarpMBaJI CeMMOTHKM, M3yqaIOmyIO

cry,lJ;eH'-IeCKHX KOHryMaHM3TO xacaKaK

JIMHfBMCTMKY

3HaKM 5I3bIKa.

22
CoBpeMeHHbIH xep npe)l.JlO)!(J1JI HaYK: CBOH BJr.TISI,lJ;na

r.r. Ilosemroa.
MCCJIe.n,OBaTeJIb ceMMOTIlKM KapJI COOTHOIlleHMe

CeMMOTHKa AHMepMaM

CeMMOTMKM

xacraax

«CeMHOTHKa .IJ.eiiCTBIITeJlbHO60JIbUle 3aHMMaeTC5I 06mMMH OCHOBaMHcraryca 3HaKa, 3HaKOo6pa30BaHH5I M 3JIeMeHTapHbIX B TO BpeW{ KaK 'IaCTHble HaYKH aHaJIMCBoiiCTBa csoero 3HaKOBbIX nponeccoa,

3MPYK>TcrreumpH'IeCKIfe

rrpemrera,

qaCTHble

HaYKH OTKa3bIBaIOTC5I CJIHUlKOM06meii OT HMH. IIOMJIMO 3TOro, noxoxe, 3YJIbTaTbI 'IaCTHbIX HaYK He

$OPMYJlliPOBKH CBOpe-

HX Pe3YJIbTaTOB,OTJIWIa5lCbOT CeMMOTHKH H B 3TOM OTHOUle.n,eiiCTByeT rrpaBMJIO, noxa c$OPMYJIHpOBaHbI na 513bIKe

CeMMOTHKHuna, rro Iq>aHHeii Mepe, He MOryI' 6bITb npomrrep-

nperaposaasr aa

3TOM 513bIKe,OHM OKa3bIBaIOTC5IWUICeMHOTH-

KIf HPpeJIeBaHTHbIMlf JIH60 He .IJ.OCTaTO'IHOCHCTeMaTWlHbIMH», « 'ITo6bI OHM MOrJIM HX rrpMH5ITb» [5, c. To OTIlKa aasana ecrs CeMMOTIlKa scex CMemaeTC5I MMeHHO qeM-TO cxonnoe

72].
3aKOHOHo, no cyra,

B CTOPOHY o6mMX CBOeMY

MepHoCTeH

3HaKOB H 3HaKOBbIX

nponeccon,
firraro.n,apH 6MOJIOroM pasBMBaJI

cexa-

«nOKOpMJIa»

yaasepca-

JIM3MY, OHa BhIC'I)'IIHJIa PYCCKOH CTOPOHbI He'lTO eH «TeKTOJIOrnM».

CPO.n,HH 06rn;eH

KOTOPOH 6b1JIM 3aJIO)l(eHbI

TeoPHH cacresr, JI. Bepranandia. C A Bornaaos B CBOH l1C-

IOpHii
Ha':lHOCTIl. B H3bIKe

JIO'I'M3.H npeaaaran
5I3hIKM no EcTeCTBeHHbIH

pa3JIM'IaTb

eCTeCTBeHHbIe

K)'CCTBeHHhIe

HaJIM':IHIO/OTCYTCTBIDO 5I3hIK rrpamranaansao

B HMX Heo,n;H03MHoro3HaqeH. nanpanep, 'ITO xpacCTOJIb )l(e JiIMeHHo rrpoxreKOTOce6e, aa HeM

JiICK)'CCTBeHHbIH caerorpopa

5I3bIK He MO)l(eT 3TOro HeB03MO)I(HO n03BOJIHeT

.n,OnyCTHTb,

npeztcrasars
nopoxnars

HhIH

CBeT 6y.n.eT 3HaqMTb 5I3hIKa

TO O.n.HO, TO .n:pyroe.

MHoro3Ha'lHOCTb

eCTeCTBeHHoro MHoro3Ha'IHbIe aa 3TOM

TeKCThI xy.n,O)l(eCTBeHHOH

mrreparypsr.

CTpOMTCH B03MO)I(HOCTb BOCXHrn;aJIC5l CJIOroM TeKeT,

HX MHoroKpaTHoro

HHH, B TO )J{e BpeMH Tpy.n.HO ce6e phI:ti: 6hI MJIli liHCTpYKlUfeH MHOro3Ha':lHhIH HMH, Hero 60JIee KUliOHMPOBaHM5I, no axcnnyaranaa

npeacraaars ynora.

'leJIOBeKa,

Ta6JIM'IKM

«He BJIe3aH MHO)J{eCTBO

y6be~
nposre-

n03BOJU1IOIUHH

06JIa.n,aeT 60JIbIllliMM nOCKOJIbK)' TO, ':ITO 3Ha'lMMO yHliBepCaJIbHbIH

B03MO)J{HOCTHMH

.wrn:

caoero 06pasOM,

<PYHH3 3TO

KIDIQJ;blli

liMeHHO

.wrn: Hero.

qHTaTeJIb

MO)J{eT 6paTb

TaKMM

THn TeKCTa,

y,n;OBJIeTBOpmOrn;MH

ponasre sanpocsr,

paano-

a He O.n,MH sapaaar,

OCHOBbI 06 'IeCKOH KO,n:»

CeMHOTMKH

23
YM6epro 3m:
«C006ll.(eHHe C 3CTeTIf-

3TOM )l{e nMIIIeT

Q:>YHKUMeH OKa3bIBaeTC5I HeO,IUf03Ha'IHbIM c.

npexae
scerna

see-

1'0 no OTH01.I1eHHIO K TOH CHCTeMe 0~IDl:,

KOTOpruI Ii ecrs COBepIIIeHBOCnpHa

[211,

79].

IIo

cyra

nepen

HaMH B03HHKaeT

HO HOBbIH run ceMMOTHKa

ofu.ercra,

Be,lU> HeO,n:H03Ha'IHOCTh BH,lUIT B no,n:06HoH

HMMaJIaCb HaMH B Ka'IeCTBe OTpHUaTe.1IbHOH: xaPaKTePMCTHIOI, B ,n:aHHOM cnysae n03HTHB. 3TO CB5IJaHO C onpeaenemnra om.eKTOB. npoueccmax B03MO)I{HbIX.
3CTe'I'MlG[

opraaasanaa xaIIOHo
-

cymeCTBeHHbIH

Beposrao,

paxrepox
6~aeT M

xy.n;O)l{eCTBeHHbIX MCKaTh casroro -

Heo,n:H03Ha'IHOCTh M3 paaa

omry

MHTePnpeTalUiIO

sreaae

anessearapaoro

06:bercra C II03MUllli 6bI

nerexrasa

TaK)I{e ocyIUecT.B.IDIeTC5I pa,IUI 3Q:>Q:>ercra npacyrcCJIY'Iae lJHTaTeJlb HM5I

TBM5I, B rrpOTHBHOM Jle,n:HeH: CTpaHHUe

cpasy
caMbIM

CMorpeJI

na noc-

y6Hifin,J:

Ii reM

3aBePIlIIDl

npo-

uecc

'ITeHH5I.
O,n:HO 3aMe'IaHHe: 06bNHO B YCJlOBlliIX aeonpenerreapeIIOTeHUMaJIbCJIe,n:OBaTh O,n:HOMY M3 crepeOTMIIHbIX «KOHTpOJlMpOBaTh» ero no HarrpaBJIIDI ~OMY

11 ente
nsre
xorx

HOCTH MbI Ha'IHHaeM peaKUMM ztenaerca

1.I1eHHH, 'ITO TaIOKe II03BOillIeT 'IMTaTeJUI,

pycny,
nOHH-

'31'0 KaK 6bI BHe KOH'IpOIDI

HaIIIe1'O C03HaHH5I. B rrpMBbI'IHOM 3HaKOB. 3HaKa. 3HaKH,

HeO,IUf03Ha'IHOCTh, MaHMM oc06eHHO

aeonpeaeneaaocrs
Ii II. xona IIa30JlMHM

3Ha'IHMa

B YCJIOBlliIX BM3yaJIbHbIX B CJIY'Iae BM3YaJIbHOro

Y.

3KO

[211,

c.

137],

rrozrsepxaaaior
rorossre
«ECJIM BHa'IaJIe

11

OTCyrC-

TBMe sapanee cnysae nncarena 'IecKoe, C'IMTaeT ero

sanaaaoro rexcre IIHIIIeT

EcTO B

JIM B Bep6aJIbHOM sasyansaoro HO C03,n:aTh. -

MCIIOJlb3yroTC5I II. IIa30JIMHH: TBOp'IeCTBO

TeKCTa 3TH 3HaKH

KaK
TIO

cnenyer

npeaaaparerrs-

nesrexsaocrs
TO ,n:e5I3KO 3HaK JlMHI'BHCm-

'IMCTO xy,n:O)l{eCTBeHHOe Q:>MJlbMa -

TBOp'IeCTBO,

TeJlbHOCTb asropa

a yx<e nOTOM MKOHM'IeCKMe

xyncoxecraenaoe
KO,n:bI «CJla6bIMM», a ueJIOMY

[131,

c.

48]. Y.

HKOHM'IeCKHH

COOTBeTcTByeT rpymro

He cnOBY,

BbICKa3bIBaHHIO,

n03TOMY

Pa3JIO)l{J1Tb aa COCTaBJUIIOll.(Me

[210,

c.

85].
B cnysae pacxoznrrs-

TIPM 3TOM He06xo,n:HMO nocra Cpa3Y

OTMeTMTb, 'ITO nOTep5I Heo,n:H03Ha'Inorepto 6bIBaeT Ha'IHHaIOT 3CTeTM'IeCKOrO pa30'IapOBaH, CJIe.DYIOll.(MH npHMep: 'IaCTO repoen

ssrasraaer
posrana

onpezteneaayto 'IMTareJlb 06pa3bI

xapasrepa,
nOCKOJlbKY

MO)KHO

npasecra

3KPaHM3aU;HM

BH3YaJIbHble

24
CSl C ero eM}' C06CTBeHHbIMM OH PYXOBO,L{CTBYeTCSl CBOMM ,lJ;MKlYeT MX pexaccep,

I'T,

I10qenUOB.

CeM110TI1Ka nepBOM cnysae K

rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIeHIDlM11~B npe,lJ;CTaBJIeH11eM, qrO, 6e3

BO BTOPOM npMBO)J,MT

COMHeJiIDI raxxe no

paaao-rreaaax.
HeO,lJ;H03HaqJ-IOCTh MO)l(eT B03HMKaTh uraa BepoSlTHOCTb roro, xro pOJIb pesa,

npmaae

TO-

ro, qro qeM CJIO)l(Hee TeKCT ('!eM OH MJi,lJ;MBH.UYaJIbHee), TeM 60JIba He Sl3blKa (B CMbICJIe KO,lJ;OB.

Coccropa)

6Y,lJ;eT soapacrars. ecreCTBeHHbIM rne

Orcroaa

Sl3bIKM KMHO

onpenensror»cec¢OPMaJIb¢OHe

CSl KaK Sl3bIKM 6e3 rrpensaparensao BepoSlTHO,

.CYllIeCTByIOlUMX

Sl3bIK MO)l(HO rpaKTOBaTbKaK M3BeCTHbI

mxui; eapuaum,
Hble MexaHM3MbI, KUMU

sapaaee

onpeneaemrsre

Sl3bIKM MCKYCCTBa Bblr.JUJ,JmT na ero ,lJ;PyrMMM CJIOBaMM, nepea

eapuaumauu,

une3Ta pa-

HaM11 B03HMKaIOT

MSlrKMe 11)l(eCTKMe KO)J,bI. I1PM 3TOM na yposne yposxe ¢OpMbI. KO,lJ;bI

cozrepxaaaa

<<3a,LJ.aHHOCTb» CMCTeMOM CTMpaeTCSl, OHa coxpaaaercs

TOJIbKO aa

orrpenensror

3TOT 11HcrpYMeHTap11M, necer

60ra

CeMMOTMKa 3aKJI1<)QaercSl B,L{eKO,l1;MpOBaHM11 KO)J,OB. 3HaK (He apXHTercrypHblli) nOXO)l(11M aa B ce6e ,lJ;OIIOJIqrO pncyB0306'beKT. xapaxrepacrnxy 11 scrynaer nO,lJ;06Me:CqMTaeTCH, M306p<l)l(aeMbIM

BM3YaJIbHbrM HMTeJIbHYIO MO)l(HO,

HOK ,lJ;OJI)l(eH 6hITh 3TO

B rrporasopesae

C rpe60BaHIDlMM e)J,11HI1U.

xecrxoro
orvesaer, narrpavep,

KO)J,a 0 HaJI]1q11113JIeMeHTapHbIX aanpaxep, KaPTMH Man:yIO BepOHTHOCTb 11. I1MKaCCO no,n;o6IDl,

3. fOM6pMX
B cnysae, B03paTa11 KOhl)' 11KOHM-

nO,lJ;06IDl

[240]. Ilpaaaa,
,n;pyrOM TO, xro sonpoc,

MO)l(HO KaK

3MTb, QTO ,lJ;aHHaSI XY,lJ;O)l(eCTBeHHaSI llIKOJIB KOM 11HcrpYMemap11M 3TOT T11n no.u;o6IDl MO)l(eT HpaBMTbCSl. nomepxasaer

BBO,n;MT MMeHHO

M. Maiienoaa
MbI M Ha~eM 3TOro

C nOMOlUbIO

QeCKMX 3HaKOB HeJIb3H CTaBJISleTCSl, qTO 3aMeqaRIDl. paKTep11CTIIKa HMe 06'beKTa. I1KOHMqeCKMe CM¢MKaUMOHHyIO HbIX. na 3HaKOBbIM

asrpaxan,
CHMMYT

COMHeHIDl

MCKJIIOqeHIDl OHM He

113 3TOro

[246]. B03MO)!{H0, npasana, HO HaM npeztnpasorsr

xaIIJIaR

npMHUMnMaJIhHOM M

3,lJ;eCb CHOBa na nepBbIM xoropoe

ssrcrynaer

nO)J,06IDl,

rrpezmonaraer

CYlUccTBOBa«KJIac-

3HaKM KaK 6bI nOCTOSlHHO HapYllIaIOT

xpacory»,
MbI

C03,11,aBaeMyIO )J,JISl3HaKOB speaaa,

sepdansCMOrpCTb

110-BM,lJ;MMOMY, 3TO npaaener

M He ,1I,OJI)KHbI crpeaarscs C O,1l,HOM TOqKM

YH11BepCYM

nOCKOJIbKY a K ee

peansao

He K YJIyqllIeHMIO

TeOP11M 3HaKOB,

OCHOBhl

CeMHOTHKH nOCKOJIbKY C caMoii nO.n;06Hhle 0606ru;eHJUI BC'I)'IUIT

25
B

OCJIa6JIeHHIO, rrporasopesae ~OH • • •

cyrsro

HCCJle.n;yeMbIX 06'beKTOB.

<l>HCKe paaaenaer
3HaK CaM no ce6e;

CeMHOTHKY aa crre.n;yroru;He TpH crpepu: OPfaHH3YIOTCH 3HaKH;

KO.n;bI HJIH CHCTeMbI, B xoropsre KYJIbTYPa, BPaMKax

[233, p. 40].
JIeHHYIO

KOTOPOH peaJIH3yroTCH

3TH KO,lJ;bI

Paccaarpasaa
CBe!» BPaMKaX orraCHOCTIf, JIeHbIH» -

3JIeMeHTapHYIO OH

3HaKOByIO CHCTeMY, npencrasqro 3HaK «KpaCHbIH 0603Hal[eHHeM

CBero¢OPOM,

nomepxasaer,

KYJIbTYPbI .sIBJUIeTCHJIpHBbNHbIM nCHXOJIoroB -

310 CHMBOJI KpOBH H T..n;. MO)l{HO no MHemno 8KO

.n;06aBHTb, qro «se-

CaMbrH ycnoxaaaaiouura ceMHOTIIKH OH reopmo nsa

UBeT, UBeT paCTIITeJIl>HOCTIf YM6epTo paanena KO.n;OBH TeopHIO KOMMYHHKaUHH. xa npoaasoncrsa

OCHOBbI :>KH3HH. 06ru;eii: 3HaKOB

BH.ll:HT B cocrase ceMHOTHKY

[230].

asmenaer

ceMHOTHKH:

CHnIH<pHKaUHlf

H CeMHOTHKY He3aBH-

TIPH 3TOM CeMHOTHKa CHfHH<pMKau.HH HeB03MO)KHa 6e3 CeMHOTHKH BonpOCOM: ':ITO

eHMa OT CeMHOTHKH KOMMYHHKauHH, KOMMYHHKauHH -

B TO BpeMH KaK ceMHOTHCHfHHCPHKa-

lum. ~.
Hero

KYJIJIep TaIOKe oseas

saaaerca
sepaoe

nepsasao .u.ruI

CeMHOTHKH paJIH3Ma, npenefiperaa

KOMMYlfHKalUfH

HJIH CHfHH<pHKaUHH? 3aMel[aHHe no noaony H3yqeHHe

[227] Y
crpyxryKO.n;OB,

TaIOKe ecrs

nOCKOJIbKY nOCJIe.n;HHM npezmoxen KOMMYHMKaUHeM.

Ilepen
pal[HbIX»

HaMl1 B03HHKaIOT zrsa B .n;OCTaTOl[HOii acnexra CeMHOTHKH: CeMHOTHKa

crenenn «npos-

KOMMYHHKaUI1H

Teopna
CHzyaUI1IO npn

3HaKOB npaxrasecxa C03.n;aHHH 3HaKOR

KOMM}'HHKau.I1H. OTCyrCTBI1H

TeOpeTl1'-IeCKM

Cnyiuaromero.
scex

scerna onnpaerca na TeOpl1IO npeacrasars ce6e TOJIhKO co CTOPOHbI Iosopautero

MbI MO)KeM Ho TaKaH CHCTeMa HOCHT seesCHCTeMa npenno-

Ma YCJIOBHbIH xapaxrep.

<I>YHKUHOHHpyroru;aH KOMrrOHeHTOB.

naraer

BKJIIOl(eHHe

26
Fzte
WUI
B03MO)I{Ha

I'T.
3CTeTH3aI..Uffi CooTBeTCTBeHHO, MI.I HMeeM CeMHOI1IKa 3HaK,

ITOtIerrUOB.

CeMHOTIlKa

aa yposne

I1JUi Clinm¢HK3I.Ulli? nOCTpOeHIDI TaTe CHnm:¢MKaUHH

rne

KOMMYHHKaUlflf

33,1J.aIOTC5I OCHOBbI

XY,1J.O)ICeCTBeHHOIl KOMM)'HHKaUl:[l:[? B pe3YJIbTaTe np05IBJUleT ~e

pe3YJIb-

KOMMYHHce65I npn 06-

xauaa - cooemeaae.
HbI na aHaJIH3e naaars coofimemre. 3CTeTH3aI.(MeH II

Beptiansnsre

CTPyKTypbI

copaearaposaHatIMHaeT

XOPOIIIO

TeKCTOB. IIKOHHtIeCKaJI 3T0 nORJITHo: TBoptIeCKHM:

KOMMYHHKaUH5I

aa 60JIee HM3KOM yposae na 3TOM yposae ITo 3T0ti: xapaxrep,

na YPOB3HaKH

He 3HaKOB. MOry! ITPH non HbIX

)KMT

C03,1J.aTeJI5I3Hanpaxaae npacyrcrsyer COO6m;eHMH nO,1J.IIHcI.

KOB HeT 065I3aTeJI:bHOro HMeTh aJIbTepHaTHBHOCTh.

penepryapa.

nOCKOJIbKY H BM3YaJIbHOro EaPT

coe,1J.HHeHMH sep6aJI:bHOro

npOHCXO,1J.HT HX KapTHHOH 6am.Hoe

onpeneneaaoe

HaJIO)ICeHMe.

ITpHMep:

HJIH peIOIaMOH.

P.

nO)J.tJ:epKHBaJI, tITO nep-

cootiureaae npenarcrsyer B03MO)KHOCTH MHOr03HaQnpoqreHHii BH3yaJIbHoro co06m;eHM5I. KocBeHHO 3TO CJIYeme O,1J.HHM ,1J.OKaJaTeJI:bCTBOM roro, cnaeee OrpaHHtIMBaeTC5I H BH3YaJIbHbIX
qTQ

BH3YaJIbHOe saaaiomee KO,l1;bI

C006IlleHMe MO)I{Ho pasaany

sapaaee

33,1J.aHHbIM KO,1J.OM.

nOCTYJIHpoBaTb Bep6aJIbHbIX

erne O,1J.HO saxaoe a BH3YaJIbHbIe XY,1J.O)KHHKa -

npaBHJIO,

KO,1J.OB.Bepfiansmre

COxpaH5IIOTC5I HeH3MeHHbIMH, MeIDIIOTCJ.L Co3)J.aHHe csoero sapaaara 3HaKa

KO,1J.blKa.XGU>IH paa pe)J.KOCTb, C03,1J.aHMe HopMa. OT B HCCJIe,1J.OBaHlflf B a He rrO:HWIeCKasI

CJIOBa )J.JUl IIHCareJI5I

WUI

~eT3.11

TO,1J.OPOB BblBO,1J.HTHatIaJIO 3aIIa,1J.HOH CeMHOTHKH

onpe,1J.eJI5I5I pOJII. ceMHOTMKH 5IBJI5IeTC5I n03HaHHe, CeMI10TMKH 06'beKTOM

EJI. ABrycTMHa, KpaCOTa, 3HaKOB, HapHOCTh MMOTHKH 6)

,1J.ByxCJIyqaJIX: a) ueJIbIO

5IBJUUOTC5I

a He TOJIbKO CJIOBa ceMMOTHKIf.

1168, C. 3].

pasnsre

BH,1J.I.I

ITo)J.tJ:epKHeM

Ba)l{HOCTb ce-

nOCJIe,1J.Hero npasnaxa,

1160 OTCIO,1J.a CJIe,1J.YeT Me)J(,.1J;HCUHIIJIHHeMe:u:KHi1 HCCJIe,1J.OBaTeJIb PYCCKOH PC3YJIbTaTaM 3TY)ICe xapaKTepl1CTMKY CCCP: ,D;OCTI:DKCIIHitceMHOTHKH B POCCS.iH na CCMHOTH'ICCKHe xaB HCCKOJIbKO pa3BlfTH5I

K. AiiMepMaxep

HHOM paxypce

OTHOCHT K n03MTHBHbIM

CCMHOTMKH B 6bIBIIIeM

«Ozmo
reropaa

H3 BeJIH'IatillIHx H rarroressr,

3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, '!TO OHa, ormpaacs

06Hap}')KHJIa CBH3b Me:>K,lzy 3JICMeHTapl!bl,D;Hcrzyrruum If Coe,D;HHMJIaallaJIMTH'lecKHe

MH If CJIOJKHbIMH CTpYKTYPaMH B npe.D:MCTHbIX 06J1aCTIlx caMblX pa3JIH'IHbIX naynrsrx

OCHOBhlceMHOTHKH

27
narrpas-

JIeHHbIMH

accnenoeaaaa C rnnOTe'lWIeCKHMH nocrpoemennr, aa C!1HTe3 HX pe3YJIbTIrrOB» [5, c. 209-210].

3KO pasrpamorasaer CeMHOJIOmIO

Y.

KaK o6IUYIO

HaYKY OT
Teo-

qaCTHbIX eMbIX HbIX

ceMHOTHK.

CeMMOJIOI1fIO co06meHMH

OH 3MaeT

KaK «06IUYIO

pMIO MCCJIe)1.0BaHIDI cpeHoMeHoB KaK

KOMMYHM~MM,

paccvarpasaB xa[211, c.

nocrpoeaae

na

OCHOBe KOHBeHl,Ufa.,m,6Y)1.eM HMeHOBaTb

KO)1.0B, IDIM 3HaKOBbIX

CMCTeM, H MbI

«ceMHOTMKaMM»

ornensnsre

CHCTeMbI 3HaKOB B TOH Mepe, CPOPMaJIM30BaHbI»

KOH OHH OT.n:eJIbHbI M, CTaJIO 6bITb, Pa3pH)J.

386]. Hnrepecao, 'ITO pasaoofpaansrx

H nO)1.06HOe .n:aHHOro

BbI)J.eJIeHMe B OT)1.eJIbHbIH

CeMHOTMK KOCBeHHO BbI)J.aeT Me)l()J;MC-

II;HllJIMHapHbIH

xapaxrep

nonxona,
orrpe)1.eJIeHHbIH

Ilpaana,

KapJI

AitMepMaxep

0)1. PYCCKOH ceMHOTMKM TBOBaHHOCTM pa3HbIX

Becxpunmueuuu

Ha3bIBaeT

nepa-

HMeHHO H3-3a 3a,lJ;eHC-

sapaarrroa

HHCTpYMeHTapIDI.

BaIOT, 'ITO OC06blit,

npezonrx
JIOrnH, 'ITO O'lem

«CQ;>oPMYJIMPOBaHHbIeB 1961-62 IT. co06pruKeHIDI noxassr"pyccKIDl: nyrs" B ceMHOTHKe, OTJIWIHbrn OT

H nOCJIe.n:yroIIUiX (HOCHBIlIHX H

aanamroesporreitcxax

ceMHOTWIec-

KHX'lpa.n:Ml.(Hit

JIHHl'BHCTIfKH

HBHYIO rresars <llHJIOCOcjJIDI, ncHXOTJ(.), C casroro Ha'laJIa OTJIH'laJIC$I reM,

3TOI'O HanpaBJIemm
H He

npa <lloPMHPOBaHHH
pa3HbIX

B Hero BOllIJ1H MeHCCJIe~BaHHit reOpeTH'lecKHit,

ro;::r;0J10m<lecKHe COBeTCKrul

pa3MblIIIJ1emm HOCHJIa

pe3YJ1bTaTbI
CTOJIbKO

HayqHbIX ;::r;HCl.(HITJIHH, TaK 'ITO nepsoaaxamao

xaprucrep»

ceMMOTHKa

CKOJIbKO ;::r;eclqmIITHBHbIit

[5,

c.

153].
.n:pyrOH, 'ITO HeCOM.n:06aBHTb TaIOKe 'Il-ICnepaon '!T06bI CBoeH coxpa6JIaIf

B ynpoureaaox
aenae

BH,Ue 3TO MO)I(HO npe)1.CTaBHTb KaK npmre-

MeTO.n:OB O.n;HOH HaYKH K 06'beKTaM

HeHHO 06JIa,n:aeT HOBH3HOii. TO cy60eKI'HBHbIe HHTbCH If BbDKlITb, ronapa nOMOIUIf

Tyr

cnenyer

CPaKTOPbI: B onpe.n:eJIeHHbIH .n:oJI)l(Ha 6bma, non xpsmo

HCTOPMH COBeTCKaJI ceMHOTIlKa

«npsrarsca»
TaIOKe

KM6ePHernKH KOJIMOropoBa

aKMeMMKOB

K. Jlesa-Crpoc
HOCTb CeMHOTMKM:

A. Bepra, A. rromepxasan
K

np,

Me)[{,!l,MCll;YlllJIHHap-

«,l1;rrn

CeMHOJIOrn'leCKHX aH'lponOJIOnUI, )f(HBHTeJIbHblit JITpaTb

HaYK,

'lHCJIY

KOTOPbIX

ornOCHTC$I nepcnex-

COl.(HaJIbHa5I THB HMeeT BOJIb! MOryr OHH

KOHBepreHl.(H5I xapaxrep,

HayqHblx

nOCKOJIbKY B TOit

3HaKH

H CHMB

CBOIO POJIb nanrs CHCTeMaM,

CTeneHH,

xaxoa
sa-

npanaanexar

ynpaBJUIeMbIM

BHY'lpeHHHMH

28
KOHaMH CHCTCMe BOBJIeqeHlUI CBOHCTBCHHa H ycrpaneana;

I'T. Ilosernros.
H IlOCKOJIbKY HHaqe na TpaHCQJOpMHPYCMOCTh,

CeMHOTHKa
3HaKoBoi;1 roBOP5I,

rrepCBO.ll,I1MOCTb, CHCTCMbI~

rrOCpC.ll,CTBOM 3aMCmeHHYI

SI3.bIK .ll,pyrOH

[98,

c.

371].
BUOHa mOJlbKO c nosuuuii

ITOJIyqaeTc5I, qTO MbI MO)ICeM nocrynnpoaars

rrpasano: 3HaKOBClfl cucmeua

cnenyrouree opyzoii
O,n:HH

snatcoeoii cucmeuu.
MO)KHO npennoxorrs napaocru eute O,n:HO oG'b5ICHeHHe MC)l(,UI1Cll,HIIJIHCeMHOTHKH: qeJIOBeqeCKHM

paayxr

nopoxnaer

THn C'lpYKTYPHOCTHBO scex o6'beKTax rsopxecxoro, ryMaHJITapnoro nopaaxa. TaKOBO CBOMCTBO pa60ThI xenoaeaecxoro M03ra. Pa:3J1l11fHOropona ¢H3l11feCKHe reopan,

nanpnaep,

)0Ke onpe-

,n:eJIeHbI He TOJIbKO M03roM 'feJIOBeKa, HO H 06'beKTaMH HHOH npapoasr. KCTaTH, K. Meru CMO'lpHT aa KHHO C eute 60JIee xeJIOBe'ieCKHX n03Hll,HH, npHMeH5151 B xasecrae T01fKH OTC'feTa nCHXOaHaJIH3 [248]. B 3TOH )l(e IIJIOCKOCTH, Bep05ITHO, cnenyer HCKaTb OTBeT na

BOrrpOC, B03HHKalOIUHH B HCCJIe,n:OBaHIDIX no ceMHOTHKe: CJIyqaHHO JIH Ha6J11O,n:aIOTC5I cOBnMeHH5I Me)l(,Uy C'lpYKTYPaJIH3MOM H CeMHOTHKOH? K. AiiMepMaxep nomepxaeaa, 'fro CTPYKTYPaJIH3M B JIHHrBHCTHKe OKa3aJI cepsesnoe BJIH5IHHe na ceMHOTH1feCKHe HCCJIe,n:OBaHH5I c. 73], see )ICepa3,n:eJI5IeTc'lpYKTYPa(5, JIl13M H CeMHOTHKY. MbI ,n:OJ1)l(HbI raxxe 06paTIITb BHHMaHHe aa TO, '!TO Me)I(KO-

3Ha1fHMble ceMHOTHKH, scerna HBJUIlOTC51 H Me)ICC'lpYKTYPHbIMH nepexozasra. 10. JIOTMaH B csoe BpeM51 nHCaJI 0 rrenepeaoaaaoxr OCTaTKe Me)l(,Uy TeKCTaMH, C03,n:aHHbIMH B pauxax pa3HbIX KaHaJIOB KOMMYH.I1Kall,1111 (aanpnvep, KOfna no pOMaHY CTaBHTC5I6aJ1eT). Ho .113sroro cnenyer, qTO see OCTaJIbHOe 60JIee HJIH MeHee MeKBaTHO nepexonapyercs. To ecrs Ha6JIIO,n:aeTC5I BbICOKa5Icreneas C'lpYKTYPHOro no,n:06H51 ryMaHHTapHbIX 06'beKTOB. ,UpyroH HCTOqH.I1K3TOro no,n:06H51MO)lOlO Hai1TH B xonuenll,I1.11 <l>HcKe M XapTJII1, xoropue npn anannae TeJICBH,ll,CHH5Ior sopsr 0 nepexonaposxe a6C'lpaKTHbIX I1,n:CHB MaTCpl1aJIbHYIO ¢OPMY He TOJIbKOB cnyrae peJIl1fH03110ro paryana, 110 M Jl.JI5I CT JIe,n:paMbI. 31)' ¢YHKUl1lO OHM Ha3bIBaIOT pumyanuioii tcouoenca-

ztossre rrepexozrsr,

.nmr

uueii. B xaxecrse npaxepa nonofiaoro ¢CHOMCIlU 113COBCTCKOH npaKTHKl1 MO)KHOnpl1BeCTH nepaonaacxyro ,n:eMOHC'lpall,l1IO, me

OCHOBbI

CeMHOTHKH nrr,eH MHpa B03HHKaeT H ,nP)')KObI, sa cser

29
rrpHOPHTeTHOCTH YCHJIeHHe CTIJYK1YPHOCH3BeCTHOit BCeM BHe

CHMBOJIH3HPOBaJIHCb pa60qero rn naanoro O,nHoit HHMH. (yrr0pH.UOqeHHOCTH) CTIJYK1YPoit, 3To TaK)l{e

KJIaCCa H T ..n;. B 3TOM cnysae

pHTYaJIa CHMBOJIHKH. CrpYK1YPHOCTb a .n;BYM5I, xro .n;OJDKHO o6'b5lCHIITb CTOPOHbI, rropcxnaer ryMaHHTapHbIX HaM

nopoxaaerca

He

C03.n;aeT norpaaasse

Me.>IOlY

Cy.Il.(eCTBeHHYlO CTIJYK1YPHOCTb B

«'IYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb» CeMHOTHKH K CTIJYK1YPHOMy acrrercry. lJeJIOBeK, C O,nHoit C03,!J;aBaeMbIX 11M o6'bercrax, CTpYK1YPHOCTH B o6'bercrax 'ITO OTpIDKaeTC5I B rrpeOOJIa,ZJ;aHHH HaYK, B rrpOTHBHOM' H HeC .n;pyHaMH KaK xaQTHqeCKHe

CJIy'Iae OHH ObI paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb

ynopanoseansre
ron no cyrn

(K

npaxepy,

nee B OTJIH'IHe OT napxa). K npmrepy, TeCThI

CTOPOHbI, qeJIOBeK BmI,HT CTIJYK1YPHOCTb ,nCDKeTaM, H HeT (KaK rrOKa3bIBaIOT, nOIThrraJIC5I rrpl1MeHHTb H

X OJIKep B. Ilporma
3To CHJIbHbIMH Hblit

Popmaxa), [217].
B TO )l(e TOJIbKO C

me

ee

aapparasasre

MeTo,nOJIOIIDI

.np. K

aHaJIH3y COObrrnii raxoa 'ITO

MHPOBOit HCTOPHH MeTO,nOJIOIIDI. ee

pacurapaer

B03MO)I{HOcrn

BpeM51 Cy.Il.(eCTByeT MHeHHe, CTpYK1YPaMH rne HHbIX ¢eHoMeHoB, xapaxrep C pa3BHTHeM

CB5I3b CeMHOmKH

OCTaBHT sa

OOPTOM MHO)l(eCTBO

CTpYK1YPHOCTb HOCHT cnatio crenens MHpa.

ssrpaxeaCeMHOTH'IB03HHKHOKaK lJeHOC5I3HaeT

[257].
qeJIOBeqeCTBa B03paCTaeT

accra
BeHHe

(CHMBOJIH'IHOcm) TaKHX MOIIIHbIX

oxpyxaromero
KaHaJIOB

ero

nopoxaeaaa

3HaKOBocm MHpOM, nyqllIe

renesaneaae JIOBeK see lIlHM nonporiaocra

pe3KO YBeJIH'IHJIO MaCllITaObI 3HaKOBblit

3THX npoueccoa. OH

oOJIee OKpY:>KaeT ceo5I BHPTYaJIbHbIM xaparcrep. repoes, )l(H3HH BHpTYaJIbHbIX

npamranaansao

qeM CBOHX cocenen ¢YTYPOJIO-

rro .n;oMy. Ha 3THX TeH,ZJ;eHI.J;H5IX CTp05ITC5I pa3JIH'IHble

rasecxae npornossr, B qaCTHOCTH 3JIBHHOM TO¢¢JIepOM [173, 263]. B03pacTaHHe B oxpyxaroutesr qeJIOBeKa MHpe POJIH 3HaKOBOCTH sezter K rrOBbIllIeHHIO 3HaqeHH5I

cesororaxa,

CIIMBOJIWlECKMI
MbI sceraa DOPHC 06paIIIaeM

.n;EHCTBIITEJIbHOCTL
na 'I)')Koe. CB05I CHMBOJIHKa 5I3bIKOB

BHHMaHHe

BblrJIH,UHT eCTeCTBeHHoit

H rrOTOMy qaCTO He 3aMeqaeTC5I.

Ilopumea

aooorne

CqHTaJI, 'ITO Pa3HOOOpa3He

30

f.f.

Ilo-rerntos.

CeMHOTHKa

B03HHKJIO H3 )[(eJIaHIDI 060co6HThc5I. Pa.3)J;eJIeHHble reorpadmqeCKH COUHaJIhHble rpYIIIIhI CTpeMHJIHCbHMeTb 5I3b1K, rrOIDITHbIHlJ.TI5ICBOHXH HerrOH5ITHbrnlJ.TI5Izy)KHX. Ilocneanee Tpe60t BaHHe H BeJIO K ,npOOJIeIDllO H H3MeHeHHIO 5I3bIKOB. H

ceronaaunraa
BHTh,

HOCIITeJIb5I3blKa .n;CDKe e MO)KeT ce6e H qro H pyccKIDl:, H aHI'mrncKHit, H HeMeUKHit, H MHorne

rrpencra-

.n;pyrne rrpoHCXO.D;5ITT onaoro 5I3blKa-rrpe.n;Ka. MbI H cerozna O CTaJIKHBaeMCSI COUHaJIbHbIMH rpyrmasor, xoropsre C03,D;aIOT C CBOH5I3bIKH,

rea

nanpanep,

BOPOBCKOitapro .n;OJI)KeH 6b1Th rrOH5I-

«HM» K HenOIDITeH

«HX» OT

crapurax noxoneaaa. )1;mI roro,

«HaM», MOJIo.n;e)KHblitxaproa OT.n;eJI5IeT

qT06b1 3a<pMKCHpOBaTh

3HaK IfJIH CliMBOJI, OqeHb BIDKHan03HUIDI BHEllIHEfO HABJIIOMTEJI.SI. ,Umr Hac eCTeCTBeHHOcaners JlliUOM K roBOP5ImeMY, roaopars, r.JISI,nS£ co6ece,rr;HHKa. Y HeKOTOpbIX napoaa .n;OB HeJIb35ICMOTpeTbrrp5IMO B rnasa crapurevy, nOCKOJIbKY3TO paCCMaTpHBaeTCSI KaK

npaaaax

HeyBa)KeHIDI. CKa)KeM, apM5IH-

CKaSIxeHunma

npH o6pamemm:

K cotiecemraxy

,D;OJDKHa b1JIa 6

rrpMKphIBaTh CBOit pOT. MhI )K}fBeM B CHMBOJlI{qeCKOM MHpe, me

xaxnoe peansrroe

q>H3WIecKoe .n;eitCTBHeMO)KeT lIMeTb cHMBoJIWIecKHH CMbICJI. CMOTpeTb rrpSIMOB rnasa - 3TO rrpnsaax HCKPeHHOCTH.11:JIH: He 6ernn. rJIa3aMH npa pasroaope. Ilpenomrecra XJIe6-cOJIb npH aerpese m.ICOKOro rocrz, Beran. npH n05IBJIemrn )KeHIUHHbI II TllK nanee, 3To Bee - CHMJ3()J'IHtJeCKoeosezeaae, rrpan
R'3 IrpOIIIJIoro. Ho MhI aKTHBHO II~MC5I ceronns 3AKOHOM IIPHCOMHHEHlliI CHMBOJIOB: R'3BeCTHa5I CHJIa, KPaCOTa, MOI.IJ;b 3aBHCHMOCTH roro, qTO HaM Izy)K(B OT HO) oznroro om,eKTa nepeHOCIITC5IHa .n;pyroit. TaK, KIITait HCnOJIb3YeTH,llepHYIO60M6y KaK CHMBOJI.BbI60pbl B POCCIDI CTHMYJIHPOBaJIH npaaneseaae B napTHII 60JIbmOrO qHCJIa H3BecTHbIXaKTepOB. 3HaMeHHTble axrepsr HrpaJIH Ba)KHyIO pons H B rrpesanearcsax BbI60pax B CIlIA B 2000 rony,

nrezmree

A. fop aa Bbl60pax 2000 r. B3M KaImWlaTOM B sane-npeaa.n;eHTblcenaropa JIH6epMaHa, qr06bI «aaxaararss espeacxoe saCeJIeHHe CIIIA.

Ilepea HaMH B ,lJ.eitCTBHHTOT )Ke caMblit 3aKOH nponaxa pexnaanoro nponyxra, ECJIII Y Rae ecrs CTOBH,I.J;OB cmPaJIbHOro nopOIIIKa, TO Pa3JIWUlTL HX MOryr TOJIbKOCneUHaJIHCTbI, H TO, B JI)rtIIrreM cnysae, II0Tpe6HTeJIb npaxrasecxa He paanaxa-

OCHOBhlCeMHOTHKH

31

er, ':ITO H IIO.rr:rnep,D:IDIHMHOro'lHCJIeHHble 3KCnepHMeJfI1:,l: XeHIUHHbI - THII IIOPOIlIIal, M)')K'IHHhI - THII earaper, IIHBa. Ho MbI BCe pasno IIOKYillleM csoe JIIo6HMoe. OrKy.n;a)Ke OHO 6epeTC5I? I1pO,llYKT HaM MO:lKHOIIpO,D:aTb TOJIbKD sa C'IeT roro CI1MBOJIWIECKOfO OEPA3A, KOTOPbIH B Hero BHOCHTC.5I,HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, era MM11,[()KA. .K3MeJI» pexnaxapyer CBOH caraperst O,l(HHM CIIoco6oM, «1IaKH Crpaax» - .zq>yrnM. To

ecrs,

B Ha60pe

OE'bEKTMBHhIE

XAPAKTEPI1CTMKM

CYE'bEKTMBHblE

nepsyio oxepem; pa» TpaHC<PoPMHPYeTC5I

XAPAKTEPI1CTMKM MhI IIOKYillleM, B cyfu.eKllfBHhle. B pe3YJIbTaTe IlIOKOJIa,n «Wis-

B cosepureaao HeIllOKOJIa,nHbrH 06pa3 «,1l;eJIaM TO, 'ITO xosenrs», a pexnana CTHpaJIbHOro IIOPOlllKa «Ta.if,n» Boo6IUe CTaHOBHTCH HenOHHTHOH ,IJ)UI HaC, llOCKOJIbKY 3Byqm «lfuCTO ~». OHa noaaraa TOJll>KO aHI'no.5l3bI'IHOMY '1eJIOBeKY, Be,n:b tide - 3Ha'nIT BOJIHa, Mope, IIpRlIHB, TO ecrs .5IBHble BO,D:Hble accorraanaa, lIpH'IeM BO.IU>I OTKpblTOH, «,IUiKOH». Ho CKa3aB IIO-pyCCKH «'IHCTO TIlH.D:»,,u;06HTbCH YCIIexa B03MO)!(HO JIHlllb sa cser 3aI'a,nO'IHOCTH. CHMBOJIH'IeCKHH opeon MO:lKHOcoaaars soxpyr scero, HarrpliMep, soxpyr aBTOM06IDIH. M3p EY,D:arrelllTa Tafop ,l1;eMcKH rrpeAJIOlKIDI BBecTIf 6ecrmann.m npoeaa B 06Il.(ecIBeHHOM rpaacnopre ,IJ)UI 2 MH.lJJIHOHOB)J(JITeJJeH, ecaa OHH 0'I'KID.KyI'CH OT HCIIOJIb30BaHHH BbICOKOTOKCH'lHbIX «Tpa6aHToB» II «Bapr6yproB». O,lJ;HaKO IIOMep)K3Jll{ ero JIHlllb TpH TblCH'lH ropoxaa, «Macrae

BeHIPhI paCCMctrpKBaIOT CBOH aBTOM06HJIH KaK CHMBOJI BHOBb 06peremroii CB060~, - nepeaaer CJIOBa onaoro 113 ropO,D:CKHX PYKOBO,u;meJIeit rasera &pKaJIO He,u;e;m» (1995, 9-15 cear.).
AMepHKaH,uhl .npo,u;aroT» CBOHX rrpe3H.ZleHTOB B COOTBeTCTBIDI C peKJIaMHOH MeTO.D:HKOHIIpOAIDIill TOBapa. EcJIH B AHrJIHH ¢YHK.uIDI CHMBOJIa Ha.uMH H rJIaBbI rocynapcrsa passeneasr Me)l()Jy xoponeaoit Ii npexeseposr, TO B AMepHKe Ii CHMBOJI, H rnasa CKOH,ueHTpMpOBaHbI B O,lJ;HOM JIH,ue - npesaneare. Kax,u;hlH pas Bhl6MpaeTCH KaKOH-TO CHMBOJIH'leCKHH rrponyxr, B c.rryqae Penraaa AMepHKa fOJIOCOBaJIa 3a ,D:06pble, crapue speMeHa B c.rryqae K1Iu:HToHa AMepHKa lIIJIa K CHMBony rrepexea. «CHMBOJI Ha,uHH» He MO)KeT ,nHpIDKllpOBaTb OpKecTpOM, ':ITO rrpH3HaJI ,D:3)I(e llle<P rrpOTOKOJIa npesaneara POCCIDI, KOTOPhlH, OTBeqa5{ na sonpoc «Bac 31'0 He Y.D:HBllJIO?», CKa3aJI: «,[(a, HeMHO)J(KO y,D:HBllJIO. MO)l{eT 6bITb, BOCTOpra npa 3TOM HHKTO He liCIIbITbIBaJI. 51 KaK llIe¢ IIpOTOKOJIa IIOIIaJI B CJIerKa HeJIOBKOe

32
nOJIO)KeHMe.

r.r.
Ho

Ilo-remron.

CeMMOTHKa HM-

KaK TOJIbKO 6bUI C)J,eJIaHHaMeK ("EOpMC

KOJIaeBHtI, rrocrroxoanee.

Ee3 3MOUMH"), see rrpeKPaTMJIOCb.

3MOUMM Y Hero KaK 6bI BbIIIJIeCHYJIl'ICb non anesarnerraea YBMneaaoros «<KOMCOMOJIbCKa5Inpaana», 1995, 22 cear.), CMMBOJIOMB rrOJIMTMKeMO)KeT CTaTh ... naxe CTOJI6. BOT KaK o)J,HYcirryamno CTaHMCJIaB IIIymKeBHtI: «Balli npe3H,lleHT 3asIBJI5IeT:JIMKBH,llMpyeM rpaHHUY Me)!Qzy Poccaen M EeJIapYCbIO, M aaxansraaer C lJepHOMblp,llMHbIM CTOJI6. Ho rpanaUbI-TO Her! He 6bUIO )J,eMapKaUMM M ,lleMMJIlITapM3aUMM, T.e. serxoro onpeneneaaa, Orrn:CaHIDI M 0603HatIeHIDI, me OHa rrpoXO.1lMT. e nOHMMaIO, nosexy lJepHOMbIp)J,MH ira 3TO nonien H susarrsrsars CTOJI6, KOTOPbIH nsepa BKOrraJIM ,lJ,JUI o603HalleHIDI STOH «rpanmrsr». 3aTo Ha3bIBaeTCH «rrOJIHTMlJeCKHH aICD>!» «<BceYKPaMHCKHe Be,llOMOCTM», 1995, 13 cerrr.), ITpaB)J,a, cax qepHOMbIp)J,MH ssnrec M3 BM3HTa B EeJIaPYCb TOJIbKOO)J,HO:«MeHH HMKTO )J,aBHOHe Ha3bIBaJI BMTeH». CMMBOJI M,nEAJIM3MPYET caryanmo. TaK, MH,llMBM)J,yaJIM3auHM JIa TOHM ,LQKeKcoH nonoraer ... ¢YP(l)!(Ka, B KOTOPOH OHa nOHBJIHeTCHseaae, nOHCHHH 3TO TaK: «MHe HpaBHTCH <pyP(l)!(KH, 51 MX rrOKYIIaIO Be3)J,e, rne 6bmaIO. Y MeHH MX MHoro. IIpoCTO CIO)J,aC C060H B3HJIa TOJIbKO )J,Be, BOT B O)J,HOHM3 HMX BbI MeHH nOCTOHHHOM BM,llMTe»«<BCeYKPaMHCKHe Be)J,OMOCTM»,

onacsrsaer

1995, 16 cenr.).
ITPM OTcyrCTBMM csoero CMMBOJIaero IIblTaIOTCH ofipecra BO lITO 6bI TO HM CTaJIO. B aMepMKaHCKOH KOMe)J,MM«YBa)KaeMbIH )J,)KeHTJIbMeH»na MeCTO yMepIlIero ceaaropa ,LQKeKcoHa npoxo,llMT COBceM npyroa lIeJIOBeK, ero O)J,HO<paMMJIeu, OCKOJIbKY M3n 6MpaTeJIM rrpMBbItIHO roJIOCyIOT sa ,lQKeKcOHa. CMMBOJI ,llOJI)KeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb O)KJJ,llaHHHM H36MpaTeJIeH, a He npocro HpaBMTbCH BaM caMMM. O,uMH M3 MMM,ll)KMeHKepOB B nporpascre «BOCKPeCeHbe» (OPT, 24 ceHTH6pH 1995 rona) yrrOMHHYJI 0 CYIUeCTBOBaHMM85 napaaerpos, rro KOTOPbIM OHM KOHTpOJIMpyIOT BHellIHOCTh, saenmee noseneaae 6Y.D:YIUero KaH.1lH,llaTa,B COOTBeTCTBMM O)KJJ,llaHHHMM ero caxoro, a xaC He KOH-HM6Y,llb TeTM Mania, )KHTeJIbHI1UbI ,llaHHOH MeCTHOCTM. MbI BH,llMM, sro M B cnysae CTMPaJIbHOro nopounca, MB cnyxae xaananara B npesanearsr ,lleHcTByeT O)J,I1HM TOT )Ke saKOH: nponarorca B nepsyio oxepea» MMM,ll)KCBblexapaxrepacraKH o6'beKTa, a He ero

peansasre

CBOHCTBa. 3ro XOPOllIO noaa-

OCHOBbI CeMHOTHKH MaJU1 C03,lJ,aTenHTOTaJIHTapHblX rocynapcrs. MeHHble HCCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIH:

33
KaK mUII)'T cospe-

«fe66eJIbC XOPOlllO3HaJI,'ITO coztepxaane nponaraaasr B repMHHax norasecxoa pan:HOHaJIbHOCTH, BHYf.PeHHCii: errpOTHBOH pesasocra apryaearos 6bmO ropaano MeHee BmKHbIM, 'IeM nCHXOJIOrJIqeCKaSI peaJIbHOCTb roro, ~O HMeHHOXOTeJIa YCJIbImars HJIH B qeM JIY)!(.[(aJIaCb aY,!!.HTOpIDI» ero [241, p. 7]. To ecrs xopouraa - C TO'lKH 3peHlI.SI ay,!!.HTOpI1H- 3TO xpaCHBbIH, C11MrraTJ1qHbIH,aBTOpHTeTHbIH 11T.,lJ,.KrrHHTOH nonyxan 43 npouerrra rOJIOCOB, 56 rrpouearos H3 HHX npaaanzexana )KeHmHHaM! B TO )!(e BpeW! 06 HMH,.U)Ke CBoeH crpansr aa py6e)KOM aMepHKaHU;bI rOBOpHT KaK 0 «CrryTaHHOM, nporanopesaBOM 11 HeY,lJ,OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOM»241, p. 210-211]. [

,l(mI sananaoro 06mecTBa xapaxrepno H 60JIee cnoxoaaoe OTHOllIeHHe K HeraTHBY B BH,lJ,exapaxaryp. Ecna npoxyparypa POCCHH B csoe BpeW! aanena yroJIOBHOe ,lJ,eJIOna rrepenasy «KYKJIbI», TO na 3arra,n;e, aarrpnxrep, BO <l>paHU;HI111 BeJIJ1K06pHTaHH11, TaKHe nepenasn BrrOJIHe )!(MByq11. B OTKpbITHH BbICTaBKH xapnxaryp MO)!(eT yqaCTBOBaTb nOpTYraJIbCKHH npe311)J.eHT MapHY Cyapeur 11 HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHO m060BaTbCH MHO)!(eCTBOM CBOHX H306pa)!(eH11H. IlpeMbep-MI1HI1CTp BeJIbrHH )KaH-JIIOK ,[(eaH naxe KO.JI.JIeKI.J;HOHHpyeT xapnxarypsr na CBOIO rrepcony, CBOH cnHCOK OTpI1u;aTeJIbHblX Ka'IeCTB M)')K'II1HbI ztaer aKTpuca AHacTacHH BepTHHCKaH (oopanrre BHHMaHl1e na TO, 'ITO 3TO raxxe H ee OTBeT na sonpoc «KaKHe Ka'IeCTBa BbI 60JIbllIe scero u;eHI1Te B M)')K'II1Hax?»): «Bo-nepssrx, YMeHHe MOJI'IaTb, HHKOr,lJ,aHe cnopnrs 11He HaCTal1BaTb na CBoeM. CHI1MaTb rtpn BXO,lJ,e cancra. )l(eJIaTeJIbHO caMOMY, a TaK)!(e XOPOIliO 6bI H ztaMe... He BKJIIO'IaTb rpOMKO MY3bIKY, xorna H HeB3)!(HO cefisr qyBCTByro I1.JI11 yqy POJIb... qTO eute? He Tpe60BaTb ofiena, xorzta ero HeT, MY H T •n, He HbITb, He nanpaurasarsca B rOCTH, KY,lJ,aH co611paIOCb rrOHTH oznra ... Torna sa 3TO ero MO)!(HO euie 11 noxaners. A )KaJIOCTb - 3TO Be,lJ,bH ecrs JII06oBb» (<<BceYKIJaHHCKHe Be,lJ,OMOCTH», 995, 13 cenr.). 1 1-13 nsnuecxaaaanoro MO)!(eM cnenars PM cyurecrseaasix BbIBO.u.OB.MbI )!(MBeM B TaKOM )!(e CI1MBOJI11'IeCKOMMl1pe, KaK H HallI11 npenxa, H B He MeHbllIeii: CTerreHI1 3aBI1CI1M OT Hero. B HeM pa3,lJ,aIOTCH narpaasr H rroourpnrensasre YJIbI6KH. 11 rrpaKTH'IeCKH HMeHHO' B HeM npexpacno 'I)'BCTByroT ce6H pex2
CeMHOTHKa

34
JIaMa H rra6JIHK pHJIeihlIH3,

I'T, Ilosermos.

CeMHOTMKa

rrOCKOJIbKY B nepsyto osepens npo-

,lJ,alOT CMMBOJlMQECKIU1: IIPO,l1.YKT. B3pOCJIble KypHT, lff06bI Ka3aTbCH MOJIO)l(e, MOJIO,lJ,ble qT06bI Ka3aTbCH crapure. TaKOB CHMBOJI, CBH3aHbIH C KYPeHHeM. BCrrOMHHM peKJIaMy Me,lJ,HUHHCKHX nperraparos, KOTOPyro ssutaer C sxpana HeKTO B 6eJIOM xanare, CHMBOJlli3HpYH aBTOpHTeTHOCTb H ysenocn, Me,lJ,HUHHCKOrOMHpa. ECTb xerxae reorpadnrsecxae CHMBOJIbI. YOJUI-CrpHT H

Be-

JIhIH ,lJ,OMBXO,lJ,HT CHMBOJIHKYAMepHKH, a KpaCHaH 1lJI0IUa.D.h B H KpeMJIh OIlHChIBaIOT POCCHIO. B ornaxae OT HHX CHMBOJIHKa raxoro pona erne He uapaeorana YICpaHHOH. BpM JIH cnezryer

npaaaars

(1998, 31,lJ,eK.), HJIH o6pameHHe K H,lJ,eaJIH3HposaHHbIM speveHaM Iorons B HOBoro,lJ,HeM cioxere «Bexepa na xyrope 6JIM3 ,l(HKaHbKH» (OPT-llHTep, 2002, 1 HHB.) Ecrs TaKHe xe xerxae rpruPmeCKHe CHMBOJIhI. K HHM OTHOCHTCHlISITHKOHe~aH 3Be3,lJ,a,IJ.lUI CCCP. fHTJIep 3aHMCTBOBaJI CBaCTHKYeme M nOTOMy, lfTO ee JIerKO MO)I(HO 6bIJIO nncars ,lJ,~e aa IlbIJIhHhIX crexnax aBTOM06HJIeH. Tpesytiet; CTaJI serKHM CHMBOJIOMHe3aBHCHMOH YKPaHHbI. POCCIDI BepHYJIaCh K craposry ,lJ,BymaBOMy OPJIY B xa-recrse csoero rep6a. IlpHBe,lJ,eM nexoropue npaxepsr CHMBOJIH3aUHH rro cyuiecTByromHM CJIosaPHM CMMBOJIOB.
P03A «OrnoIIIeHMe 6eJIOH P03bI K KpacHoH KaK 3TO ycnlHOBJIeHO COOTBeTCTBYB aJIXHMIUi. er OTHOWeHMIO ,IU3yx nseros, aa -

HHTepeCHhIM 3KCIlJIYaTaumo HMH,lI;)Ka 6bIJIO C,lJ,eJIaHO HOBOCTIlHHOM npeanoaoromrex B

cana,

KaK 3TO

croxere

HTB

f0JIY6ruI posa HBJISleTCHCHMBOJIOMHeB03MO)I(HOro. 30JIOTruI poCliMBOJI a6COJIIOTHoro ycrrexa» KOCA

«Co

BpeMeH

cpenaeeexonsa

[80, c. 440].
otiuteeaponeacxaa arrrOJIO)KeHHe cyurecraosaxoca He BOIIIJIa B 'lHCJIO

pH6yT csrepra. JIM anneropmo

Psniaps C KOCOH HJIH crapyxa C KOCOH osaasaCMeprn. AHaJIOIWIHoe 3TOH np~He

JIO H B POCCHH. no

OPY)J;HHTPY)J;a, xoropsre psie ssecra

6bIJIH HCrrOJIb30BaHhI )J;JIH COBeTCKOH

3M6JIeMaTHKH, XOTII aa npOTIDKeHHH XY)J;O)I(HHKH, HarrpHMep KOCY KaK 3M6JIeMY -

1918-1921 ro)J;OB nCKOTOCeprea fepaCHMOB, nbITaJIHCb KpeCThlIHCKOro TPY)J;a» [143, c. 104).

KaK OlI 6hIJI aarnan )!(CHCKHH acrrexr, H3 PaR.

KPECT

«CIdMBOJIH3HPyeT 06be)J;HIICI-IHC npOTHBopet:IHH,

npCO)J;OJIeHHC,D;yaJIHCTWleCKoro B3rJIH)J;ana MHP, KOTOPhIH CTaJI Y)J;eJIOM'leJIOBeKa C TOM nopsr, PH30HTaJIbHalI JIHHHH KPeCTa -

Fo-

3CMJIH, MaTC-

OCHOBhlCeMHOTHKH PIDI, eepraxansnaa JIO, He60 n xe M)')KCKOHacnexr, TBOplJeCKOe naxa-

35
3'ro nporasopesae MOXeY 6hITh nOIDlTO H KaK

nyx,

e,lUiHCTBOBpeMeHH, CHMBOJIOMKOTOPOro HBmleTCH ropH30HTaJIbHruI JIHHIDI, II BelJHOCTH, rrpe.D;CTaBJIeHHOH sepraxaauo, rrpwrcM Be'IHOCTb MO)!(eT nepecexars BpCMH B JIl060H TO'IKe~

[22, c. 185-1861.

Msr
yMHPaIOT, 30IllJIO

npOlUIJ1lOcTpHPOBaTIH CKB03b sexa. He ssmepxas

aexoropsre
,[ij>yrne

CHMBOJIbl,

xoropsre
Ha060pOT, nponHo caTOT

.n;OIllJIH )1;0 Hac

)J(e CHMBOJIbI, BpeMeHeM.

HCIIhITaHlffi

C MaCCOBOR CHMBOJIHKOR cosercxoro

TaK sro nepaona,

Moe Y)1;HBHTeJIbHOe TO, 'ITO O,lJ;HOBpeMeHHO HCQe3 H «(aHTHCOBeTCKHM: CHMBOJlli3M». opeon, OHH H reneps KOTOPhIM He MOlYI'

TaK,

,lI;HCCH,lJ.eHThIBO MHOrOM yrpaTHJIH Olq))')KeHbl B np01II.JIOR

OHH 6hlJIH Haifm

CHCTeMe. C

O)1;HOBpeMeHHO KaK 61>1RB.1UlJIHCb CHMBOJIOM TOR CHCTeMbl ce6e npHMeHeHIDl. CoJDKeImIU>IHbIM.

Anexcannposr
BHe aarepecos MH HMeHaMH, IIHCaTeJUI rsopsecrae, Jl:e5lTeJIbHOR H 6e3 roro -

Tenefecem«

Tax CJIY'lIDIOCb
ero H semaer 60JIbIIIOro

OKa3aTIMCb Bel.UH CBOHKPH3HC HB

orpoxaoro
IIHIIIeT

60JIbIIIHHCTBa BaKYYMe.

HaCeJIeHIDI «Ha3oBeM KpH3HC.

OH KaK 6bl B TeJIeBH3HOHHOM H BeJIHKoro

KOHCTaHTHH nOJIHTHKa 3T0

Kenpos. - Y
MY'lHTeJIbHO

ceasac
oxeas

H B IIOJIHTMKe.

narypsr,

.n;mr

TaKOM:

HO rroxo-n,

3Jl:eCb HHKTO He B CHJIax: HH

3eMCTBO, HH .n:}'Ma, HH npe3H,1J.eHT, HH reM 60JIee MhI, OrJIOXIlIHe B IIO):(MeTKH He rOJl:HbIX AneKCaH,llPY MCaeBH'lY»

rpeunure,
H

OT nOJIH.TWleCKOH TpeCKOTHH narveea, «<M3BecTIDI», 6oroc-

1995, 20 ceirr.).
CHMBOJI B COOTBeTCTBHH C «TIOJIHbIM JIOBCKHM 3HUHKJIOne,mRecKHM 3Ha'lliJI cern Y rpexos cOBMeCTHoe pbI6aKaMH. JI~. 6pocaHHe TaHHblR npaBOCJIaBHbIM CJIOBapeM»

(141,

c.

2056-2057]
nanpnxep, ecoT,UeJIbHOH

Qero-JIH60, CMbICJI

n03)Ke OH CTaJI 03Ha'IaTh HMeIOILUili

onpeneneaasra

TeCTBeHHbIH

3HaK,

.n;mr

rpynnsr

CooTBeTcTBeHHo

CHMBOJIH'IeCKH xpacrnaae

TpaKTYeTC5I BeTC03Jl:aJIH

XHH 3aBeT,

rrOCKOJIbKY rOHHMbIe

.n;mr

ce651

OC06bIM: CHMBOJIH'leCKHH

J!3blK. BH'IeCJIaB aarrac

MBaHoB

III1CaJI TaK:

«I10.L( CHMBOJIl1KOIO $I pa3)'MeIO KPI1CTaJIJIliJOBaHHbIX

CTaTWICCKl1..XH KaK 6bI

CllMBOJlOB, I1CTOPH'lCCKI1 CBR3aHHbIX C 113-

BCCTHbIMI1 BCJlWIHHaMI1 orrpC.L(CJICHlIOH .n:orMUTIT'ICCKOH CHCTC!\Ibl. TaKOBbI, HanpHMCp, KPbIJIbR EmKCCTBCIlHOH TH, pbI6a,

Ilpexrynpoc3TO He

JIO.L(Ka H T..L(. B CHMBOJUIKC XpI1CnIallCKoH.

36
npOCTO 3M6.iIeMbI, TOC. Her, PbI6a nO,[(CTIlBHTh H3BeCTHOe snasenae, HeKaJ.! 3BXapHCT1fqeCKaJ.I» [71, c.

I'T.

I10tIenUOB.

CeMHOTHKa

IDIH HepOrJIH<j;lbI, BMeCTO KOTOPbIX MO)f(HO nanpanep, Pbl6a XPHCTaJ1Ha

Xpacrosa

TaJ1Ha, nanpmrep,

168].
«CHcTeMbI COUHOJIOrnH» I1HTH-

Macrae

CTpaHHUbI

csoea

pHM COPOKHH nOCB5ITHJI CHMBOJIaM: «CKOJIbKO JIlO,[(eH "rtepepccxnanacs "Ero roro, npeBocxo,[(lfTeJIbCTBa", "rparpa" npOCThIX CMepTHbIX HaQIlliaJIHCe65I TOPaMH". KaK npH5ITHo JIacKaJI: Mb1H lIIBei!:uapoM-nCHXOJIoroM. ;ZYXOBI-IO", nOJIY'IHB THryJI HJIH "KH5I35I". KaK MHoro qyBcTBOBaTb HHaqe, nOCJIe HJIH "rytiepaa-

KaK OHH CTaHOBHJIHCb "ro<j;lMeHCTepaMH"

CJIYX MHornx qlfHOBHHKOB THryn; "Baure npeaocxomrrenscrao", nosrarerrsac npOH3HOCH( ... ) Ha OCHOBaHHH CKa3aHHOrO ",lJ;a, BJIH5II-IHe Mb1 MO)J(eM cnOKOJ1HO OTBeTHTh na nOCTaBJIeHHb1J1sonpoc: CHMBOJI1fqecme npOBO,[(HHKH OKa3bIBalOT pnxonreruoe na rrcaxnxecxae nepe)J(HBaHH5I"»

[159,

c.

185].

Bee

3TO rOBOpHT TaIOKe H 0 TOM, tITO tIeJIOBeK )I(J1BeT peansqyBCTBHTeJIeH K H3MeHe-

HO B CHMBOJIHtIeCKOM MHpe H oxens HIDIM HMeHHO B HeM. I1HTHPHM xecxax

COpOKHH BBO)J;HT3aKOH <!:>eTHIlIH3aUHH CHMBOJIH-

npOBO)J;HHKOB. OH roBOPHT:
,[(JI5I

«B03bMeM

npmrepa

CT5Ir nOJIKa IDIH KPaCHbIH <j;lJIar.

8T0,

no CBOeM:npapone, ro B xasecrse T.,[(. -

npOCTOM:npenxerao-useroaoa

npOBO,[(HHK:

KYCOKMarepHH, npHJ<penJIeHHbIil: K B KaQeCTBe 3M6JIeMbI peBOJIlOU;HH OH HenpOH3BOJIbHO aasnnaer HbIM, CB5ITb1MH caMO,[(OBJIelOIUHM.

rranxe,

Ho, <j;lmYPHPY5I ,[(OJI-

3M6JIeMbI nOJIKa, ero qeCTH H ,[(OCTOHHCTBa,IDIH ee u;eHHOCTH, CB5ITOCTHH Ka3aTbC5I qeM-TO caaouea-

Bnasane

<j;lnar caM no ce6e

fecuenex, Ho, "smrrsrsaer",

BIfTC5I

qaCTO BbIC1)'I1aJ.! B pona "B6HpaeT B ce65I"

CHMBOJIa, OH KaK 6b1

u;eHHOCTb Tex nepe)J(HBaHHM:,

CHMBOJInqeCKHM npOBO,[(HI1KOM KOMX OH 5IBJI5IeTC5I;OH CTaI-IO-

caaoueaaocrsro,

CaMO,[(OCTaTOqHbIM <j;leTHIlIeM. B HeM U;CHHOCTb.

nepecraior

BH,[(eTb npOCTO Tp5InKY, a HaQmJalOT npanucstaars

eMY, KaK TaKOBOMY, ocotiyio paxaae, YMHpmOT, qr06bI

3TO

nO,[(TBCp)!(,[(aCTC5I

reM, sro JIlO,[(H YMHpalOT sa <j;lJIar -

na rrone CProKCIIHll, na 6ap-

ne OT.Ll.aTb ero sparys

[159,

c.

185).

MbI paccvorpena
TeJIbHOCTH:

)J;Ba 3aKOHa

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37
CUM60Jl08, B
COOTBeTCTBMM C KOTOo6beKTa nepeaocrrrcs ssnue cenr.); CBOMCTBa onaoro Be,n:OMOCTH»,

3a"01l npucoeouuenus
«<KHeBCKMe

CllMBOJUl'IeCKMe

na npyrorl.

1995, 22

6) 3a"01l ¢emuUlU3au,uu CUM80Jla, oTMelleHHbIM

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JI.HlJ:HOCTeM.TaK,

«IIpecc-KJIy6a»

1995

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M BJIa,nMMllP )Kn-

PMHOBCKMM, rronysana

CJIe.n:yIOIIUIM pearnnr

6,5%

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no Mocxse: 7,3% 1995, NQ 61). II naoriopor: BHHMaHMe K Anexcaaxe

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1996 r.
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8Ta
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aanpasrep, necyr B

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1995,29 anp.). nonanaa

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ax

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1994, NQ5).
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To ecrs, TaK

CllMBOJI ace )!(e Hy)!(Aa11 saxea? ECTb no

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CKa3Ke B PC3YJIbTaTC MHoroBeKoBoM TOJIbKO TaKMe 3JIeMeHTbI,

KOTOPbIC JICrKO nepenaiorcs

38

r.r.
Bo-emopux,
see PH<pbI•

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CeMHOTHKa 3aTeM

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if

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OCHOBhlceMHOTHKH

39

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40
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41
C nOMOru;bIO

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42

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43
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H T.,LI.. BceMI1

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MbI BJ1a.D.eeMHMH aa HJ1H rra6JIHK nOHHMaHH5I HX 3HUHHIO H ,LI.OJ1)!(HOCnon

nporpeccaoaan
,n;OJ1)!(eH nepeara

B 06JIacTH OT

pCKJIaMbI

HHTYHTHBHoro

3TMX 513bIKOB K yrny631eHHoMY npHMeHeHHIO. THoro ero.

npaKTHlJeCKOMY

Hanpasrep,

UBTOpl1TeTHOCTb suciuero

31Hua MbI nO)J,lJepKHBaCM MHO)!(CCTBOM TC31CQ)OIIOB, oxpaCBOC paC0I1CUtlI1C 31I1UI1, OlUICaHHa5I

HOM, HC06XO,LI.I1MOCTbIO noncrpanears

BOT KaK CHMD031H3HPYCTC513HU IHMOCTb ' KoppeCnOH)J,eHTOM «KOMCOMOJIKI1»:

OCHOBhl

CeMHOTHKH ,n:eCHTOKTeJIe<iJoHHbIX anrraparos HaKJIeHKa "IIpe3H,D;eHT") npHHa,rJ)Ie)!(lIT K (aa O,n:HOMH3 KOTQC re-

49
nOKa3hIBaeT, 'ITO X03SlHH ,n:eKOpaTHBHaSl rransaa

..rIHllIb Ka6HIleTa MOHcrepa,

PbIX xpacnaa

xoropre

"KaP.ll:HHaJIOB". PMOM

JICCPOHHbIM BCJIWIHCM pasvecranacs

pa36pOCaBIlIaSi aa ,n:epeBSlHHYIO Ka.!U<Y CBOH B03,lJ,yllI-

nsre
IIpH

KOpHH-JIHaHbI» (<<KOMCOMOJIbCKaSl npaaaa», HCKYCCTBeHHOM 06JIa,n:aIOlUHe Mo.n;eJIHpOBaHHH BHeCm Heo6xo.ll:HM.bIM ran TaKoit

1995, 15 cerrr.).
cmyru:um sana-

qa COCTOIIT B TOM, lfl'06.bI KHe 3HaKH, HOCTh sexa 5I3.bIK BpeMeHH

B HMeIOJlJ,HitC5I KOHTeKCT qeTHa6opOM KOHHOTaUHit. «TOqB 513.bIKa. IIoMHlITe: H3MepeHH5I

TO)Ke OC06.blit KOpOJIeit».

Be)l(JIHBOCTh

JIIO)J.H, K npmrepy,

Cpenaae
no-

He HMeJIH TOqHOro

HHCTpYMeHTa

BpeMeHH, «IIOCJIe

STOMY n0JI.b30BaJIHC.b MH BapHaHTaMH xona COJIHua». En:.bUHHa ce6e

npHpO.n;H.bIMH

OTChlJIOK

opaearapaxra. CTaHOBHJIHC.b «Ha sape-,

nonooasrx roBOPHJI, MHHyIy. na lliITb-ceMb JIIO.n;eit. «illeIP

B03MO)l(H.bI-

3a-

B.bIITOJIHeHHe C ropnocrsio HH na "lJaCaMH

norosopeaaocrea
npOTOKOJIa HH lITO npe3H,D;eHT eute KaK HHOCTPaHubI MHH)'T. ITPH STOM

JlBJUIeTC5I OCHOBOit

B3aHMo.n;eitCTBH5I

Bopnca
pasy

He onoanan

oznry

Toraa

n03BOJI5lIOT

On03,l1.aHHe

OH .n;o6aBJUIeT: Ka"»

npesanenra
npaaaa», TPe6yeT

5IBJUIeTC5I CaM npe3H,D;eHT. 5I .n;JI5I no.n;.n;ep)l(aHH5I rparpa-

)l(e B.bIITOJIHSllO STY pOJI.b KOCBeHHO: «<KOMCOMOJIbCKaH BpeMeHH npn CeMHOmKa

1995, 15 cenr.).
)l(eCTKoro ce6e ecrs B.bIITOJIHeHH51 pacno(HeSKBHBaKaK OHO JIHua. O:>KH.ll:aHH51B npHeMHoit BpeMeHeM B STOM cnysae

panxa,

STOM MbI n03BOJI5leM

B.bICOKOnOCTaBJIeHHbIX JIeHTHOCTH 51BJUIeTC5I TeMnOpHTM CTaJIHH lIT06.bI sceraa HOlIbIO, H3-3a patiorars OTBeTlITh 6.bI rrpaaannexar

mnr,

To

ztayx nosmraa)

npaso

pacnopaxarsca nepapxaxecxa
TeMITOPHTM HO%IO,

B.bIllIeCT05IlUeMY, )J.HKzyeT

a He HH)l(eCTOSllUeMY,

npanaanesnocrsro
HaqaJIbCTBa

nsrcurero

nomaaeaaoro:

6eCCOHHHIJ;.bI pa60TaJI co

a OTCbIITaJIC5I .n;HeM. H HO'lbIO, lIT06bI

ibuKeCT05IIIJ;eitHoMeHKJIaTYPe

npHXO.n;HJIOC.b TPy.n;HTbC5I ,D;HeM,

CBOHMH nO,U'IHHeHH.bIMH, nOBe3JIH na

aa 3BOHOK X035IHHa. He MOrJIH noasrs, CHCTeM.bI 3HaKOB scex

M5I IPHHCKYIO neneramno OHM HHKaK OIIHCaHH5I

Korna B zroaoeaaoe speneperosopsr co CTaJIHHbIM

3HaKOM xero 3TO RBJrneTC5I. KOH COHCnOJI.b3yeTC5I nOHSlTHe 5I3hIKa,

,LVm
nopoxnars

na: STO KaK 6'&1 cYMMa .n;epxaHHeM.

COOTBeTCTBHH Me:>K,Uy IPOPMOit IDIH anoro . .Ee3 3HaHH5I

3Ha5I KO.n; roro

MbI B COCT05IHHH KO)J,a y Hac HH-

na HeM BhlCKa3bIBaHH5I

50
sero He no.rryqJITC51. Kaxaas MM co6cTBeHHbIM MMrrpeCCMOHMCTOB rpaMMaTI:IKa CM. TIPM ecrecreenaoro KMHO,

I'T.
IllKOJIa

TIOqem.(OB.

CeMMOTM.Ka CBOsroro )I(l1BOnMOT MhI

B )I(l1BOrrMCM 06JIa,naeT nanpavep,

KO,L(OM, 'ITO n03BOJUIeT, OT peaJIMCTOB. rpaMMaTI:IKa B HallieM MCrrOJIb30BaThC51 rearpa,

OTJIM'laTh

Erne ,L(JUI 0603HaqeHIDI

TepMMH rpaMMaTI:IKa

COOTBeTCTBM5l MO)KeT 3TOM 5l3bIKM 5I3bIKa.

«rpaMMaTMKa»: OTJIM'lalOTC5I 06meHMM rpaMMaTI:IKY. CKroKeM,

MCKYCCTB cymeCTBeHHO nOBCe,L(HeBHOM 3HasI ero rrpe,L(BapMTeJIhHO

nOJIb3yeMC5I 5l3bIKOM, 3HaIO, 'ITO 3Ha'IMT xa KMHO, asrop paCCKa3hIBasI 06hJ,L(eHHoM

51

TO MJIM MHoe CJIOBO. B cnysae,

5I3bIB 5I3bIMbI

O,L(HOBpeMeHHO BBO,L(MT M TeKCT, M rpaxesaraxy,

BaM, 'ITO 3Ha'IMT TIl MJIM MHasI <popMa. naxano oseas

Beas

xe MCKyCCTBa TBOpqeCKOe He npM)zyMbIBaeM sooonre KOMbIM.

BeJIMKO. BeJIM B 5I3hIKe Bhlpa)KeHIDI, TO B 5l3hIKe

HOBhIM ,L(JUI Hac 5lBJUIeTC51 TOJIhKO CO,L(ep)KaHMe, rpaMMaTMKY ,L(JUIero

MCKyCCTBa HOBbIM 5lBJUIeTC51 M CO,L(ep)KaHMe, H <popMa. onpe,L(eJUIIOT MCKYCCTBO MMeHHO BcnoMIDIM Ho AHToHa TIaBJIOBM'la 0 qeM JIH'lHOCTh TIlK, KaK HOBM3HY 06h1,L(eHHhIM qexoBa, yronao, raxoro me conepxaaae MO)KeT 6bITh ,L(a)Ke CaMbIM

Maorne
<pOPMbI, M 3Haro0

KOTOPbIH narrpaxep,

BOPMJI, 'ITO OH MO)KeT nanacars qepHMJIbHID.(e. urer paCCKa3 TRIO. OH npeztcraser paanaer TBOpqeCKa5I 3TOro B 0 qepHMJIhHMue nepea HaMH

YPOBH5l nann-

'ITO TOT Boi1:,L(eT B xpecrosra<POPMY, 1fI'O qepHMJIhHMI.(a

HaMeT,L(JUI ee nonanaaae KaK 5lBJIeHMe 6MJIery. 6bITb

TaKYIO

COBepIlleHHO

no-occfovy, H 3TO

on3Ha-

MMP

BMpTyaJIbHbIH. npMKJIeeHHOMY na Pa3HbIX na JII060M EeJIbIe H3 K KapTHHe ceMMOTRKaHaJIOB npa MbI <POPMY.

Karx

MCKYCCTBa COCTOMT B coe,L(MHeHMM nO,L(06Ho CMeCb coo6meHMH

KOB M3 pa3HbIX TpaMBaHHOMY qeCKMX 5l3hIKax 3HaKM BocnplUITIDI. qMe osens qepHOM MOIyr

5l3bIKOB,

M C03,L(aeT KMT'I KaK cBoe06pa3HYIO pacnOJIO)KeHhI roJIOBOH.

KJrnOK

Ilouenya. Pyxonoxarae, HanaHOCKM To ecrs 3HaHMM KOHTeKCTa COO6meHM5l. KOMMYHMKaI.(MH )Ke nepenaex YnOTpC6MM paccxaxer C OKP~-

(OTcyrCTBMe) KOCTIOMe xaoroe 06

rancryxa

MJIM 6a60qKM. nO,L(06Horo

see 3TO npa

asrope

nOCT05IHHO IOmMMM,

HaxO,L(MMC5I B rrpouecce cpasy

XOTMM MbI 3TOro

MJIM HeT. TIOJIb3yeMC5I 0 cefe.

MJIM He nOJIbOKP~IOIl.U1M CJIOBa «MOH

3yeMC51 HO)KOM sa 06e,L(OM -

onpeneneanyro
CHOBa nouma

MH<popMaUMIO KOCBeHHasI

JIO,L(e)Kb» MJIM enoprtpens»

C Y,L(apeHMeM rrepenaxa

He na TOM cnore

HH<popMaUHH.

OCHOBbI

CeMMOTMKM KaK

51 nayxa
Beas
M3)'lIaeT B BOHHe no.n;06Hh1e

CeMMOTMKa 5I3bIKM, na6.rmK .n;pyrOH, 6peH.L(a CH B

paaaooopasrrae
M )I.IDI nepBblM

M nOTOMY pJiJIei1:IIIH3. n06e)iQ:(aIOT

OHa BeCbMa

3HatffiMa

M ,n;JUI peKJIaMbI,

CMMBOJIOB, KaK M B mo60H

npo<PecCMOHaJIbI. B EOJIrapHIO

Hanpaaep,

XO.n;OM uapH

CMMeOHa

CTaJIO HCn0Jlb30BaHMe

npaero

ua 6yn,illKe PaKMH, B pesynsrare uaPCKHH rep6 TI05IBHJIcrpane na BnOJIHe 3aKOHHbIX OCHOBaHillIX C 1992 rona,
HKOHWlecKOro peKJIaMHbIH POJIaHa

3HaHHe BaRO B

CKOMTIOHOBaTb

patiore
KOHelflIO,

Bapra

5I3bIKa n03BOJIMT .n;OJDKHbIM 06pa30M nJIaKaT, KaK 3T0 nponexoircrpapo«PHToPHKa KaK

3TOM cpoTOrpaqmro

OH paCCMaTpHBaeT

06paJa» [17]. Ilpa cooomeaae 6e3 K0-

na

('ITO,

5IBHbIM

co06meHHeM,

(<PHCYHOK He

crropao), B TO BpeM5I KaK PHCYHOK 5IBJUIeTCH rrocrpoeaasrx na onpeneneanoa xone: cnocofea BOCTIpoM3BecTH sees 06neKT; 06bPIHO OH
oseas HeMHOme
coo6meHHeM, .n;eTa.JIH M

BOCTIpoH3BO,L(MT .JIMlIIb OCTaeTCH nOJIHOueHHbIM

rex

He MeHee

(ecmr
fope

TOJlbKO 3T0 He ¢OTOTpIOK), CIO)I(eTa,

rorna pacnonaras

KaK ¢oTOrpa¢H5I cB060.n;0M: B BbIHe B CJiJIax BOnJIOTRJI

nocrpoenaa
Izy)KHhlM

xanpa, yrna
aBTOP,

3peHH5I,

npOHHKHYfb He HMeeT

enymps

06'6eKmCl»

[17, c. 309].
TaKOH

PHCYHOK

TO, lJ.TO CqHTaeT

B TO BpeM5I

KaK ¢OTorpa¢H5I

B03MO)I(HOCTH H3bIK

ocynrecrsars
KOTOpoM)'

orfiop,
CBOH

Eute ecrs
THna 3eHIIITeifH MaJIbHbIMH 06'bHCHHH )l(HBaIOTCH H

raaanaa,
3HaqeHHH, .n;OMa».

npzcyunr
nHCaJI,

rpasoaaMMp 3H-

THKa, CBOH Ha60p

«KaJeHHOro

Mo.n;emipyrorn;HX

BHeIIIHHH KaK

B5{q. MBaHOB

Ceprea

Jlea BblrOTCKHH HHTepeCOBaJIMCb no.n;06HbIMH aHOTMTIaMM nOBe.n;eHH5I Y cospesremroro qeJIOBeKa, HX OTCbIJIKaMH na TIpoIIIJIyro snoxy, «B rroneneaaa
senoaexa, pacxaaaaseionrero
TOM: snoxa, naCbHHC, 06Hapynepe)I(HTKH

xorna 6pocaHHe )K_pe6H5I 6bIJIO O.n;HHM H3 BIDKHeHIIIHX cnocotios peIIIeHH5I HaH60JIee Tpy.n;HbIX sa.n;aq» [68, c. 43]. Oseas HHTepeCHO na 3TY reM)' paccyxnaer KapJI fYCTaB !ORr, paccxarpasaa npesaexaraacxoe rananae no 11-ll;3HH. OH roBOPHT 06 aKaY3aJIbHOH napannensHOCTH (CHlIXpoHH3Me) 3YJIbTaThI raaanaa, C06hITHM:, HenOH5ITH1>Ie CBH3H TIbITaHCb 06'bHCHHTh ,n;JUI MHpa, 3THM pena nocrpoeaaoro roro, nosexry

cospeaennoro

npHqHHHO-CJIe.n;CTBeHHOM:

11 noxa
TbI, KaK KaMHH, HaYKM

[214]. onpeneneana
0 BTOPHqHbIX

3TO e.n;HHCTBeHHOe KOCTH He 3BytlaJIO rne

06'bHcHeHHe

spyr,

xap-

O.n;HO M3

CeMMOTHKH H3bIK.

T3K:

Ha)'Ka

Mo.n;eJIHpyromHX

cacreaax,

nepBHqHOM:

HBJI5IeTCH

eCTeCTBeHHbIM:

52
3J1eMeHTbI 3bIBaIOlUl1X nOJIJiTHlIeCKl1X 11 3KOHOMM'IeCKl1X B cpencrsax

I'T.

ITO'IemJ,OB.

CeM110Tl1Ka Ii

TeX .uaBHl1X ra.uaHl1i1 npncyrcrayror nporaosax. MaccoBoi1 na liH<p0pMaUl1li

ceroaaa
npOCKaJIh-

11 li3

C006lUeml11 onpe.ueJIeHIDI nOl1CK rtpezrcras;

CTaHOBHTC5I nOH5ITHhIM, OT CTaPbIX, 3aMeIIlaHHbIX 6Y.llYlUero.

'ITO cneUCJIY)K6bI rrpouecce rananaa

TaIOKe He OTKa3aJIHCb nponcxomrr Ml1pa,

Ml1CTHKe crrocofiax Cl1CTeMOll

caMOM

«crrerroxs

Me)lQ(y

CeMI10TH'IeCKOH 3Ha'IeHl1i1,

JIeHHOH B crmcxe noro 'IeJIOBeKa.

CBOMCTBeHHbIX .uaHHOMY BH,Uy raMl1pa C TO'IKH 3peHJi5I COBpeMeH~ JIe)KJ1T Ii l1HTepnpeTaUIDI OT-

,naHM5I, Ii Mo,neJIbIO peansnoro CHOBJi.lI;eHliH, me ecrs JlM'IHbIMH OT 3Ha'IeHMi1 cnosapa, IOHr BO CHe nOKOM:HHKa -

B 3TOM: )ICe llJIOCKOCTl1

06bmeHHoro

CBOIi 3HaKH co CBOl1MH 3Ha'IeHJi5IMH, 5I3hIKa

(nanpavep,
06Pa3bI B

BJi.lI;eTb OC060M <Dpe~, r.n,e

K .uO)l()J,IOIi T.n.), COCTaBJIeHbI MHOro'IHCnacana 3HrMYH.u

.neaasre Kapa

pearrrepnperapyioume Ii 3pl1X cDpOMM.

CIiMBOJIH'IeCKOM KJIIO'Ie, 0 'IeM MHoro Iycras 3KO

Y.

onpenenan

CeMHOTH'IeCKHM
JI)KH

06'beKT

KaK TaKOH,

B03MO)KH0 B03HHKHOBeHHe

[230,

p.

58]. 1:13 sroro

BbITeKa~ csoe 3TO

er O'IeHb Ba)KHhIH BbIBO.u: cesraoraxa

3aIDITa MI1pOM HJlJII03HM.

Ha

Ka)l()J,OM li3 KaHaJIOB BOCnpJi5ITH5I MbI MO)l(eM C!pOHTb B03MO)KHbIX MHpOB. Oc06eHHO KaHaJIa.

C06CTBeHHOe MHoro06pa3He KaCaerC5I Bep6aJIbHOrO JleKaHaJI nopoxnaer

Bem,

JII060M pOMaH npn nOMOlUH

3TO Ml1p

co CBOHMH HeCYlUeCTBYIOlUHMH B peaJIbHOM MHpe rep05IMH. CBOH MliphI IIOJlJiTHKH MelliI TaIOKe «MbIDbHbIX cexmoraxa li60 sroro xoe

Te6y.n,y-

MHO)ICeCTBa

onep».

aanarsr

«npo.ua)l(eM»

lUl1X MliPOB: H36epere

see 6y.ueT rryrute. npencraer

IT03TOMY pOJIb pHJIeMIIlH3, OCHOBe se<DJIO-

CTOJlb Ba)KHa .lI;JI5I peKJIaMbI Ml1pOB 3HaKOBbIMH

H na6JIHK

CeMMOTHKa B 3TOM paxypce MHO)l(eCTBa B03MO)KHbIX nOH5ITlie «3MnaTHIi».

KaK HaYKa 0 nocrpo-

eH1i1i B03MO)KHbIX

cnocoeaua. B

Ml1pOB JIe)KJfT crrocoeaocrs CBHlUeHHHK c. ITaBeJI

JlOBeKa BXO.uJiTb B Hl1X. ECTh COOTBeTCTB)'lOlUee ncaxonorasec-

Korna-ro

peHcKHi1 roBOPl1JI 0 no.u06HOM cpese: (,IToHI1MaTh tly)l(YJO zrytuy 3TO 3Haql1T nepeaonnomarscm MbI CHOBa orrpeaenana

[182,

31].
TO ecrs 3TOM rosoITPH

liMH.lI;)I( KaK CHMBOJIJ1l1eCKI1M06pa3, CliMBOJIH'IeCKI1C OCHOBmU1H. npH6JIH)I(eH K qCJIOBCKY.

rrpasnexaex paccyxaaa

liMH.lI;)I( HaH60JIee peHcKHM, PHJI:

TOT

)l(e ITaBeJI <DJIOHe C nOH5ITl1-

0 60JIee npl1Ml1THBHOM MbIIIlJIelIl1e

MhIIIlJICHHH,

«Herrocpencrsemroe

onepapyer

OCHOBbI CeMHOTHKH

53

HMH, a C )K11BbIMH, COqHbIMH, rrOJIHbIMH KPacOK H sanaxos 06pa3aMH. 3rn 06pa3bI He 6blBalOT pe3KO o60c06JIeHbI OT COnpanexaurax. Kpa5I IiX qaCTO paCIIJIbiBlIaTbI, KllK H B CaMoif ,lJ,eifCTBHTeJIbHOCTH»182, c. 50]. IfMM,!1;)K- 3TO H ecrs OCHOBO[ nonararoutas emmana, rr03BOJI5IIOma5ICTpOHTbpeKJIaM}' II rra6JIHK pnneaums. If IIMM,!1;)K ecrs ra e)J.HHHUa,KOTOPaR: 6mDKaeT C 3TH nsa nanpasneaaa aa rrpo¢eCCIIOHaJIbHOif OCHOBe.JIHTepaTYPa, rearp TO)Ke pa60TaIOT C 06Pa3aMH. Pa3HHIzy B 3THX ,lJ,Byx noaxonax fYCTaB Illner BH,lleJI B TOM, srro B JIHTepaTYPe 06pa3 C03,lJ,aeTCH nOCTerreHHO, mrpacraa B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe K cepenaHe HJlII K KOHIzy npOH3Be,lJ,eHH5I;J.JI5I axrepa )Ke 06pa3 ,lJ,OJI)KeH ) 6bITb 3aKOffieHHbIM ~e C caMoif nepsoa MllHYTbI. Ho JIHTepaTYPa 11 rearp pa60TaIOT C 06'beMHbIMII rrpOIl3Be,lJ,eHH5IMH,pasBepHYTbIMH B 60JIblllIiX BpeMeHHbIX IIpOMe)J(}7KaX. B CJIY'Iae peKJIaMbI H rra6JIHK pHJIeHlllH3 see aaase. B 3TIiX CJIyqaJIX CYutecrsyer 60JIee pesxoe orpanmenae H B acnexre MaTepHaJIa, H B acnexre speaeaasrx B03MO)KHOCTeH. 10 ceKYH.LT. peKJIaMbI ,lJ,OJI)KHbI bI.LT.aTb H¢opMaUllIO, KOTOPa5IB ztpyrora cnysae 6yB H zter paCT5IHYTa aa nonropa xaca. OTCIO,lJ,a cnenyer, xro CHMBOJIH3aUH5I .n,oJI)KHaHOCHTb eute 60JIee HPKHH xapaxrep, MbI BH,lJ,HM, lITO BPEM5I CTaHOBHTCH O,lJ,HOHH3 CeMHOTH'IeCKHX xoopnanar II B acnexre sneuraero orpaHH'IHTeJI5I. Bee KYJIbTYPHble aprerpaxrs; orpamoremr BO BpeMeHI1, TOJIbKOTaK 11MynaeTCH .n,OCTH'IbTOM KOHueHTpaUliH CHMBOJIH'IHOCrn, KOTOPaR:11 zrenaer 3TY CTpYKTYPYrrp0113Be,lJ,eHHeM llCKYcCTBa. ,lI,ruI 6bIBillero CCCP cnenyer OTMeTHTbeuie O,lJ,HY xapaxrepHYIO oc06eHHOCTb, KOTOPyIO AJIeKCaH.LT.p Ilsraropcxaa Ha3BaJI «3aCl1JIbeM KYJIbTYPbI» [151]. 3To ncenornoutaioutee BJlH5IHlle KYJIbTYPbI, xorna He TOJlbKOH He CTOJ1bKO )K113HbB03.n,eMCTByeT na KYJIhTYPY, a cxopee Ha060pOT: xynsrypa B03.n,eMCTBYeT aa )K113Hb, noncrpaasaa )Kl13Hb non re HJ1H ansre 06pa3UbI, sa,lJ,eifCTBOBaHHbleB nepsyro oxepens HMeHHO B KYJ1bTYPe.CaM )Ke AJIeKcaH.LT.p IImHroPCKHH HaIIHCaJI:
«POCClli! pa B HeM 3TO cauaa TOT KYJIbTYPHillI H mo6oe crpana na CBeTe. KYJIbT)'HH,LIHBHEep)1,H0 )!(CHCB BH,L\Y

acenornouraromaa
noveuraa
,LIYXa, TO,

<paI<TOP, KOTOPbIM: .L\eJIaeT C03HaTCJIbHOe roBOPHJI OH HMeJI

HH,lJ,HBH.L\YaJIbHOe MbIllIJIeHHe .L\YaJIbHOe YCHJIHe TBeHHOCTH es, KOTOPblM: caM 6blJl PYCCKoro

.L\eHH,LIHBH.L\YaJIH3HpOBaHHbIM. aa KYJIbTYPe, 51 ,UYMaro,

Korna

54
ycneno O<POPMHThC5I,a ~e

r.r. ITOtIenUOB.
HMeHHO 31'0 06CTOHTeJThCTBO. ecrs To KYJIhTYPY»

CeMI10THKa euie He B

xorna

MhIIIl1!emrC

XOqeT BhIHeCTH ce65I B

ztpyroe,

[151,

c.

276].
3TO KaK 6hI 06pameHHa5l OH aerrocpeacrsenno C TOtIKI1 3peHIDI npHKJIa,n:HhIM B PCl3HbIe C03,n:aHHe KyJIb1YBXO.ll:5IIllI1H B TeXHOJIOfIDl

MMlf,LOK
cropoasr

B STOM nnaae 3JIeMem,

e,n:MHHUa. C O,n:HOH cropoasr, tIeJIOBeKa. pHJIefuliH3 era

psi, H60

C .n;pyroH

.n:ymy

cospesrennoro H na6JIHK orsesaer peMeHHO

peKJIaMbI O,n:HOBOCKOJIMO)J{HO B OH BOB

OH ,n:OJDKeH 6bITb

CKOHCTpYHpoBaHHhIM, 3a,n:atIaM. Ho

onpe,n:eJIeHHbIM ycneIIIHOCTb

nOKOHTCH na HeCKOHCTpYHPOBaHHOCSIBlliIeTCH onpeneneaasnr BO~eHCTBH5I. EPIOCOBe <pPa3Y, KOTOPyro KOropYIO CJIoBa npouecc MaKCHMI1JIHaH

TH, na TOM, qTQ OH mrryHTHBHO KOM, OTITHMH3I1PyromHM BoJIOIIDlH npHMeHHTb 06JIacm CKa3aJI 0 BaJIepHH K tIecTOm06HBOMY pHJIeihIIH3: na6JIHK

peKJIaMHC1Y

HJIH cnetraanncry H Me'ITbI»

«CBOIO HMnepHIO, B 06JIaCTII H3bIKI1,

JIeH c,n:eJIaI'b BCeMHPHOH,

OH CrpOlIT

[47,

c.

369]. Pasaootipasasre
B pesynsrare eute pas

0 KOTOPbIX MbI roBOPHM

3TOM naparparpe, TOporo HanoMHHM CMOTpeJII1. J/3bllC CH na Hoe H3bIKe.

H npenocraansror CIIHCOK

TOT HHCTpYMemapHH,

H3 KOMbI pac-

6y,n:eT nOCTpOeH

MMM,[OK.
KOTOpbIe

nOHJITHH, H3bIKI1 I1Hhle,

ecmecmeennuii,

OCHOBe pa3HbIX

KaHaJIOB BOCnpH5ITH5I.

xoropsre KoO KaK

CTpOHTCMCTeMM CO-

COOTBeTCTBHe ncex

co.rr.ep:JKaHHH BCeM <PoPMaM

B ,n:aHHOM

3HalC

KaK HH,II;HBH,l1yaJIbHOe COOTBeTCTBHe <PoPMbI sePOHTHO, sacran. ,n:OIDKCH paCCMaTpMBaI'bCH KaK M3BeCTHO, MMeer IIMH,lI;)K 06pa3 M3 Ha60pa no

,n:ep)l{IDfH5I.
qTQ HMlJ,ll;)K,

lfMUO:JIC KaK CHMBOJIWIecI<:HH: 06pa3.

Ilomepxaea,
aHaJIOI'HH npapexB

co CBCTOM, KOTOPhIH,

H BOJIHOByro «c.rr.eJIaH

pony,

H npapony

TaIOKe MOIKeT TpaIcrOBaThCH

KaK CKOHCTpYHPOBaHHbIH JIaMI1CTa l1JI11 cnenaanacra CroPOHbI, OCHOBY HpyeM nneany, «60JIeBOH» TOJIbKO ra I1MH,lI;)Ka,

case-

no na6JIMK HBJUIeTCH

pHJIeHIIlH3, orpaxenaev

HO, C .n:pyroH peaJIbHOH KOHCTpyy,n:aq-

xapaxrepacraxa

MO)f(eT aaxnaasrsarsca nyure.

KOTOPa5I

TOtIKI1 B tIeJIOBeqeCKOH H rroeena

Msr

KaK 6hl

TO, qro J)!(e ecrs, K KOTOPOMY

COCTOHT B HaH60JIce npHMH3HTbCH

HOM npH6mDlCeHI1H C03HaTeJIhHbIM, MeTo,n:OM rrpo6

K y:>Ke cyutecrsyioutesry qaCTO naxe rryTeM,

CHMBOJIWICCKOMY HCB03MO)f(HO

paUHOHaJIbHbIM H OIIlH6oK.

a TOJIbKO HII1YMTHBHO,

OCHOBbl

CeMHOTHKH

55
H3bIK 3AIlAXOB
CKopeii co CHa, <[eM C KpbIW; <[eM p06KIDl:,

cxopea

3a6bIB'lliBhlH,

TOmaJICH ,D;oxmm< Y,D;Bepeii

II naxno

BHHHOii np06Koi1:.

TaK naxrra IIbIJIh. TaK nax 6yphHH. TaK naxmr

o paBeHCTBe

II,eCJIH pa306paThCH, nponaca .n;BOPHH

H 6paTCTBe.

Bopuc Ilacmepuax. «Ilemo»

MHP sanaxon KaMH ce6e, xoropoe

YXOMIU;HH OT Hac Mnp.

C O,L(HOHCTOPOHhI,
xpacK PaI.UIOxa-

Mbl nOTep.SIJIH 60JIee )KllB()H H 60raThIii

pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH

MHP. C ,L(pyroii OIDlTb-Tam

MbI TaIOKe nOTep.SIJIH TO BHHMaHHe 6bUlO npHMeTOH

npouoioro,

HaJIH3lfpOBaBllI11Cb, HaJIbI socnparrras, no nax OHlf CnyxOBOMY. naxaers HOBHOii utero repoen HblM

MbI rrOCTeneHHO OTCeKaeM Te KaK 6bI YXOM paU;lfOHaJIbHbIM,

rum lfHbIe

OT KaHaJIOB 3MOU;HOHaJIbHbIX K BH3yaJIbHOMY H «CBH3KH» saMeHTaJIbHOCTlf

nanpaaneamo K KaHaJIaM K. Jlesn-Crpoc

MOpaJIbHOe

IIp11BO,L(lfT IIpMMep:bI

COCTOHHHe:

[98,

c.

1631. B

«apouar

CBHTOCTlf», <<::lTO zrypao

Hall!eH naer

CerO,L(HHllIHeH

HaxO,L(HTCH B sane

cnysaanoro

OCTpOBKa, nOCKOJIbKY ocK HaM no ,L(pyrnM KaHaJIaM. «llap¢IOMep», rae O,L(HH ns

nOTOK HH<popMau:nn

He TaK 6bIJlo B IIpolllJIOM. poaaaa

TIpHBe,L(eM OTphlBOK 113 HaIIIYMeBCaMhlM Hlf3MeH-

nassreaer
H3 qyBCTB.

Ilarpnxa

3IOCKlfH,l(a

HIOX CaMbIM npHMHTlfBHbIM,

«KaK ,[(a 3TO apesrea,

6y.n;TO aa BOHHeT cepoa,

a paM -

JIa,naHoM H MMppoii! ,n;MKHXH3bJl[eCKHX speuae I1X

canoe
xorna

resraoe

cyesepae,

nocroanoe

JIIO,D;M :xamM KaK )KI1BOTHble, xorna

6hIDO HaCTOJIhKO CJIa6hIM, 'ITO OHM He Pa3JIWIaJIM UBeTOB, HO Cl[I1TaJIM, 'ITO CJIbIWaT sanax KpOBM, 'ITO MOryI' no sanaxy OTJIH<[11Thspara OT npyra, 'ITO HX qyIOT BeJIMKaHhI-JIIO,D;Oe,n;bl 060H POTHH-BOJIKH, 'ITO

aa

HI1X OXOTHTCHapMHHH, -

H nOTOMY npaaa xocrpax BH.n;HTHOCOM" -

HOCHJIH CBOHM OMep3HTeJIbHhIM 60raM

cxaraeaue

BOHIO<[MC<[MHlUMe )J(eprBbI. Y)lffiCHO! ",[(ypaK ,D;OJl)J(eHCBeTI1Th erne ThICH'IY JIeT, noxa rrepB06bITHbIX

60JIbWe, <[eM rJIa3aMH, H, BepOHTHO, CBeT 60ro,n;aHHoro BepOBaHMH He paCCeIOTC5I, KaK rrpaspaxa».

paayua

rrOCJIe,n;HHe OCTaTKH

56
B
3TOM poxrane repoti POM sanaxos:
«OH He 6bll

TT, nocreneano

TIOlJehUOB. CeMHOTVtKa y<IMTC5I BJIa,LI;eBaTh O MH-

npl1:Bepe.II.JIl1;B. Mexrry TeM, 'ITO nOBceMeCTHO

0603Haqanocb, KaK XOPOIIIMH sanax lUIM .llYPHOH sarrax, OH He nenan pa:3JImMH - ITOKa He nexan. OH 6bll amea. IJ;eJIb ero oxornmbMX sunaaox cocroana B TOM, 'ITo6bI npocro-irarrpocTO OBJIa,n:eTb BceMM sarraxaaa, MMP, M e.llMHCTBeHHOe ycnosne

xoropue

Mor npe.II.JIO)!(MTbesry 03HaQan .llJU! Hero 6yro-

3aKJIIOQanOCbB TOM, 'ITo6bI aa-

naxa 6bIJIM HOBbIMM. 3anax KOHCKoro nora aa, OCTPa5I OHb xnona B

CTOJIbKO )I{e, CKOJIbKO He)I{HbIH aposrar pacrrycxaiouierocs JI5ITMHbI,npOCaQI1BaBllIMHCSI 3 rocnoncxnx M KYXOHb».

He MeHbIlle, tIeM nap )I{apKoro M3 re-

POMaH TIapIDKa:

aasaaaercs

onncaaaa paaaootipasasix

sanaxos

«YJIM[(bI BOHSIJIM HaB030M, .llBOPbI BOHAAMMOtIOH, JIeCTHHubI BOHAAM fHMJIbIM

nepeso«

M KPbICHHbIM nOMeTOM, KYXHH -

CKBepHbIM yrJIeM M 6apaHbMM

canox:

He

npoaerpenasre

rocra-

Hble BOHAAM CJIe)l{aBIlleHCSI IlbllblO, ITPOCTbIH5IMM, JIa)l{HbIMM nepanaaa B peHMSIMMHO'fHbIX ropurxos. 6lU1eH pra

CnaJIbHM -

rpSI3HbIMH H3,LJ,y1130 CTa-

M OCTPOCJIa,LJ,KHMH acna-

Ha

KaMHHOB aecno cepoa,

e.llKHMH lll,eJIO'faMH, CO CKOT060eH -

aarrymemroa
nyKOllbIM

KPOBblO. JIIO.llM BOHAAH nOTOM M He CTI1paHHbIM nnarsea;

HMX rraxno CrHHBIllI1MM 3y6aMM, M3 )!(MBOTOB-

COKOM,a HX TeJIa, xorna

OHM CmpeJIH, Ha'fMHaJIH rraxnyrs

pbIM CbJpOMM KHCJIbIM MOJIOKOM,M 60JIe3HeHHblMM onyxOJISIMM. BOH5IJIH pexn, BOHAAMnnoutamr, KH, rronaacrepss H )I{eHbI sracrepos, KaK BOHAAM[(epKBM, BOHAAO BOHAAO see .llBOp5IHCKOe OH BOWIJI, KaK XHlll,HbIH non MOCTaMHM BO nsopuax, BOH5IJIH KPeCTb5IHeM CB5Illl,eHImCOCJIOBl1e, OHAA.lla)l{e cax KOPOJIbB aseps, a KOpOJIeBapa3yMeeTC5I, B Ilapaxe

crapas

K03a, 3HMOH M JIeTOM. <l>paH[(I1I1».

<...>

VI

croana

CaMa5I 60JIbIlla5I BOHb, 1160 I1a-

PI1)l{

6bll

caMbIM 60JIbIllMM roponox

Peansno B npOllIJIOM sanaxa nrpana 60JIblllYIO pOJIb B )I(I13HH lJeJIOBeKa.Jlerxo MO)f{HO ce6e npencrasars, sro B )J(H3HH,
rne yposeas onaCHOCTH 6bIJI ssmre, HCCOMHCIlHOaoapacrana pOJIb BHelllHHX ¢aKTOpOB, B TOM ~IMCJIC aanaxa, He YJIOBMB M ero, TbI Mor rroratinyrs. O.ll.HaKOsanax IIC cran .ll.Jl~ tICJIOnCtICCTBa TeM xaaanov, rne Mor B03HMKHYTb 5I3bIK .ll.Jl~ nUnI1CaHM5I «BoilHbI M MMpa». Ha ceronaa na 3TOM 5I3bIKCnCT TCKCTOB,XO-

OCHOBbI TH ecrs

CeMMOTHKH OTAeJIbHbIe cooomeaas. I1POH3BO,nCTBO sanaxos c¢epa -

57
3TO C MHOrOMHlIJIHOH-

O,UHOBpeMeHHO COXpaHMJIa, K

npO¢eCCMOHaJIbHaH

HbIMH npH6bIJIHMH. JIH':IHO 0pHeHTIIpyeTcH

lJeJIOBeK nOTepHJI CnOC06HOCTh K TOMY, 'ITO cofiaxa, oc060. KOTOPaH X)?Ke BM,1J;HT, O OTH JIIOHMeHHO B :;)TOM KaHaJIe. HeKOTOpbIe

rrpanepy,

,nH BbI,ll,eJIHIOT 3TOT KaHaJI

Bepasea, nacaanraji:
py sanaxos. MHP I103TOMY 'lT06bI

Cpeaa

HHX 6bm

HHKOJIaM K MHc.

«51 HCKJIIO'lHTeJIbHO y MeHH CTpaCTb K B CHM¢OHHIO MBaHoBa

qyBCTBHTeJIeH

npeBpaTMJICH

sanaxosr

.lJYXaM.

51 XOTeJI 6bl,

[27,

31].
co-

I103TOMY 6aKa

B xpyry c.

Baxecnaaa

B ero «6aulHe

H3 CJIOHO-

BOH KOCTII)

CMMBOJIOM lfuKOJIaH

Bepnaesa
na 06Pa3bl,

KaK paa H 6bma

[148,

180].
OTCbillKH CBH3aHHble C sanaAxMaToBoH: 06paTHMcH K AHHe

MHoro'lHCJIeHHbIe

XOM, HaxO,n:HM Mhl y n03TOB. I1axHeT

rapsio,

lJeThIpe sanax

He,nenH

Topdi

CYXOH no 60JIOTaM JIeCOB JIeTIIT.

ropar,
CJIa,rr;KHH

MO)K)KeBeJIbHHKa

Or ropauiax
(JIJOJlb 1914)
UBeToB I1pHHTeH

H He)KHBbIX Bern:eH sanax B 3TOM ,nOMe.

(I{eemoB

U HeJICUebLX eew,eii)
P)KH. MopeM

KroK.n;bIH ,n:eHb nO-HOBOMY TpeBO)J(eH,

Bee
Ha

CMJIbHee sanax

(KaJICobl/1 oeHb nO-HoeOMY mpeeOJICeH)

CBe)J(O H OCTpO naxna 6JIIO,n:e YCTpHUbl CMJIbHee sanax EO JIb.ny. TeTIJIbIH

Bee

(Be'/epOM)

MepTBOHJIe6e,lJ.bI.

(IJecemca)
Cyn:(CCTByIOT apOMaTII'leCKHe I1aBeJI

casnrennsre

aanaxn.

XPHCTHKaK HaJIH':IHe

aHCTBO HCnOJIb3yeT

TaKHe CMeCH apOMaTH':IeCKHX ClmopeHCKHH 3JIeMeHT pirryana «CTOJI6

neurecrs,

nanaa

H MHppa.

rromepxasan
H nOJIIOC

6JIarOBOHHH TeJIbHOCTH.

KaK 06H3aTeJIbHbIH

JIM 3TO nOJIIOC nOJIO)J(HTeJIbHOCTH, TO 6bm

[186]. M ecorpnua-

npHMe'laHHH

K crarse

H YTBep)K)J;eHHe

58

I'T, Ilosermoa, CeMllOTllKa

llCTllHhI~ OH rranrer, qTO crapsre 3K30P:U;llCTbI CBll,l1;eTeJIbCTBYlOT - 6eChI BOHlOqK [184, c. 705}. MbI npo,uOJDKHM Hallie paCCMOTPeHlle na psne rrpasrepoa, qro6bI ,uaJIee nepeara B ITJIOCKOCTb SI3blKa/Ko.n;a ,UJUI sanaxa, HaqHeM C roro, qTO B peansnocra sanax 5IBIDIeTCSI 3JIeMeHTOM cpensr 06llTaHKSI, patiorsr, orpaca. 06 Aaepnxe KaK-TO Hamlcana, qTO TaM orcyrcrsyer eCTeCTBeHHbIM: aanax aMepllKaHCKOM: xeHlll;llHbI. 3TOT cnexrp 3anOJIHeH zteaonopanraaa II )zyXaMll. BepoSITHO, TO xe MO)l{HO CKa3aTh II 0 M)')K'IHHe. CJIe,uOBaTem.HO, TYT B03HllKaeT npo6JIeMa 6ll3HeC-3TllKeTa, ecrs onpeaeneaHble TPe60BaHKSI K HOPMhI. 3anax B nOCJIe,UHee BpeMSI unrpoxo llCnOJIb3yeTcSI K .wrn peKJIaMHbIX :u;eJIeM: (see saure MO)l{HO scrperars TaKOM:ran peKJIaMhI, xorna crpamma xypHaJIa 6JIaroyxaer B COOTBeTCTBllK C peKJIaMKPyeMOM: na HeM: npo,z:J;yKIJ;HeM: - .n;yxaMH). COBpeMeHHble TeXHOJIOrnH n03BOJISIlOT BKJIlOqHTb B peKJIaMHbIH KHCTPYMeHTapml K 3TOT KaHaJI. B MY3ee urseauapcxoro ropona Ba3eJUI 6bIJIa YCTPoeHa BbICTaBKa sanaXOB «<BceYKPaHHcme Be,uOMocm», 1995, 7 cear.). Y BXO,l1;aapoxar, C03,l1;aHHbIM:.nmr <poM:e COJIll,l1;HbIXyqpe)!{)l;eHllM:, B nocJIe,nHHM:3aJI no TPy6aM nO,l1;aeTCSI 03,l1;yx C YJIll:U;bI. B

«Eute

O)J;lIH 3KcnOHaT: KaK OHM

.n;eMOHC'TpHpyeTCH I.J;BeTHOl1: JIail'.n: C c

H306proKemleM BbI ourymaere,

pa3HbIX 6.JIlo.n;,M

naxsyr, Moxere T8lOKe OTKPbITb 6yTbmKH H n03HaKOMKTbCH C B03.n:yxOM Toaonyny, CH.n;HeH, JIOHnoaa. OC06bIl1: CTe.H,!l; T.n;aHnon nyxa "IIIaHeJIb N2 5". YnoMHO nynae nyxa "IIIa:HeJIb N2 5" npo-nro BOlllJlH B "KYJIbTYPHbIM:
penepryap" rnsre cospesreimoro MHpa MHpa. liIMH n0JIb30BaJIlICh H3BecMOO xemnaasr .n:ll"aHa POTllI~, POll-1MIllnaaaep. nyxes, fO.n;OBOH OHH C03,n:aBaJUICbB npOTl1BOBeC I.J;BeTO'IHbIM HmaM COCTOHT H3 BOCbMH,n:eCHTHHCKYCCTBeHHbIX sanaxos. ,n:OXO,l(fa6pHeJIb

TYT

)ICe aa KaKYJO-TO cexynny

Illaaens

K KOHIzy ee )l(H3HM COCTaBH.JI 160

MHJIJIHOHOB .n;OJIJIapOB»«<TeJIeHe.n;eJUI»,

1995, N2 18).

H3BecTeH <paKT, qTO xorna B 1921 rony OHa nOCeTHJIa JIa6oparopmo rrapdnoxepa 3pHcTa 00, eM: nonpaaanacs IlSITb <pJIaKOHOB )zyXOB, O,l1;HaKOsee BbmYCTHTb na PbIHOK He npencrasJISIJIOCb B03MO)l{l1bIM, K fa6pHeJIb OCTanOBHJIaCb na «1I0Mepe ITHTb», nOCKOJIbKY .n;eMOHCTpal.(HSI6bUIa naaaaxena na MaM: (naTbIM: MeCSIl.( rona).

OCHOBbl CeMI10THKH

59

peutana

MaKCHM qmam cootiataer, sro no 1760 rona nepxoss 3aI1MbITbCH, yrsepxnaa, lffO BCe 60JIe3HH OT BO,l(bI. Ii lffO-

6bI 1136aBHTbCH OT sanaxa, CTaJIl1HCnOJIb30BaTb CTOi1Kl1:e npa11 IDHble sanaxa, 3aJI0)KHB TaKHM 06pa3oM OCHOBbI 6y.zzymeH

nap<PIOMepHOH llpOMbIlllJIeHHOCTH [200]. Ceronna UI1<PPbIJ(pyme: na C03,l(aHHe zryxoa «I13llIH» 3JIH3a6eT Teanop 3a'TpaTHJIa 17 MHJIJIHOHOB ,l(OJIJIapOB. Korna xe OHa pelI1HJIa OTIIpaBHTbCH

BO <l>PaHUHIO co CBOllMH.zzyxaMl1, OKa3aJIOCL,lITO )zyXH C TaKHM Ha3BaHHeM yxe cymeCTBYJOT. Cy,l( peIlIHJI He B n0JIb3Y Teanop, B nsannarae rona cnysanacs HCTOPIDI HHaSI. HOBbIe .n;yxH «Illanaaaps HHIcrO He nOKYllaJI BO <l>paHUilH. A BOT asrepaxaaUbI nOJII06HJIH 3TOT sanax, Ii TOJIbKO lJeTbIpe rona CnyCTII )zyXH, OKOmaTeJIbHO nOKopHB AMepHKY, sePHy.lIHCL BO <l>paHUHIO. Ha peKJIaMY .zzyxOB3a'Tpa'!HBaIOTCH orpoaasre cyMMbI. JIaHKOM BJIO)l(l1J.[ .Tpe30p» 26 MHJJJmOHOB.n;OJIJIapOB. B ,lVIop sarpaTHJI aa peKITaMHyIO KaMIIaH:HIO «IIYa30Ha» 40 MHJIJIl10HOB,l(OJIJIapOB 11 CTOJIbKO xe na «,nIOHY», )I(ru{ Tepnea - 50 MHJIJIHOHOB ,n;OJIJIapOBnpa sanycxe «CaMCapbI». JIytilime pe)KHCCepbI ,n;eJIaJIH pexnauasre POJIHKH nyxos; .l1.. JIHH'I «OnH)'M» Cen-Jlopaaa, A KOH'IaJIOBCKHH - «DH3aHC» POllia, M. Cxopcese - <<ApMaHH», K. JIe.rrIOIlI - «CI06JIHM» )!(aHa Ilary, PH,lJ)IH CKO'IT -.n;Ba nOCJIe,n;HFIX pOJIHKa «Illaaens NQ 5», TOHl1 CKOTT - «3PHTIDK» Tpeneaa. ,[.(yxH H306peTIlJIH MHorne H3BeCTHble JIIO.n;H: Bsepn Bopr «6-0», Ilpacmora TIpecJIH - «Mmoaenaee, XYJIHO Hrnecaac «TOJIbKO TbI», MafuoI ,ll)KeKcoH - «3M )])KeH», MeH .l1.eJIOH <A,n. )J.JI5I M)I)K'lliH», «A.,U.TIJIIOc», «BpeMH JII06HTb», «JIHPa», Karpan ,neHeB - «Ka'TpHH ,neHeB». Ha3BaHHeM,llJI5I BTOPblX CBOFIX zryxoa Mo,n;eJII>ep)l(aH-TIOJIb Forse H36paJI <JKaH-IIoJIb 2». Harepecao, xro TO'IHO TaK xe 3ByqHT rro-rppaanyscxa l1MH naTIbI PHMCKOro Hoaana TIaBJIa II. Korna CeH-JIOPaH BbmyCTHJI noasre nyxa «lllaMllaHb», cy,n;oman IIpHOPHTeT B Ha3BaHHll npo113BO,D;HTeJIHM <ppaHIJ,y3CKOro uraunaacxoro, 11 reneps 3TH .rr,yXH MO)KHO scrperars TOJIbKOsa llpe,l(eJIaMM Eaporreacsoro COI03a. Ha CJIe.n;yroIUMH,l(eHb nOCJIe 31Oro nparosopa MB CeH-JIopaH .n;an BO <pPaHIJ,y3CKllXraserax peKJIaMY 3THX HOBbIX nyxes, HO 6e3 Ha3BaHIDI. Hannacs )I(e na pexnaxe maCIDIa: «ECJIH )I(eHIUHHa XOlJeT xopounre .JlYXl1, TaK JIH }')K Ba)KHO, KaK OHM Ha3bIBaIOTCJI?»

60
3HaKOMbIe HaM

f.f. Ilosemton. sanaxa

IDlH MH)'IO HCropMIO. TaK, .l(yXlI «KpaCHM c03AaHbI B

CeMMOTHKa

TO)Ke, OKa3bIBaeTCH, MMeIOT sa C060H MOCKBa» aa ca-

TY

MOM AeJIe 6bllM

1913

r. K TpeXCOTJIeTMIOAOMa Po-

MaHOBbIX <pPaHU:Y3CKMM rrap<PIOMepOM MMllIeJIeM ABryCTOM H MMeJIM rorna Ha3BaHHe <JII06HMbIH apouar MMrrepaTpHU:bI». B03poAIDlH MX C l1pHXOAOM nsna, rrOHHMaHHe «KpaCHBM» (<<TpYA»,

1996,2

BJIO:>KHB CJIOBO «KpaCH3H» B asr.). A O,n;HYM3 nep-

BbIX rrap<PIOMepHbIX <pa6pHK B POCCHH orxpun TaK)Ke <ppaHU:Y3 Feapax Bpoxap. OH rrpoassonan MbllO, cpemr xoroporo 6blla Aa)Ke «MbillbH3H a36~>, me I<lDIQJ;bIM KYCOK HMeJI CBOIO 6YKBY. 3aTeM OH nepeuren K npoH3BOACTBY AYXOB H O,n;HffiK,l.I;bI nonapan AOtIepH HMnepaTopa .AJIeKCaHApa II 6YKeT, rne 6bllH <pHaJIKH, aapnnccsr, pOMalIIKM, MHM03bI, XpH3aHTeMbI H P03bI, M Ka)KAbIH U:BeToK 6JIaroYXaJI no-cacesry, Ho U:BeTbI 6bllM BOCKOBbIMM, a apovar - HCKYCCTBeHHbIM.B ApyrOM cnysae C nOMOmbIO apostara eMY ynanocs H36aBHTbCH OT conepaaxa. )KeHHX ero 6y.uymeH )KeHbI fisrn H3BeCTHbIM B Mocxse renopoxr. II na OAHH H3 ero KOHu:epToB

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61
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45

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1994, 21

ca ,lJ;)KO,n;M <l>ocTep sanaxe

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1995, 1

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62

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63
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65
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M, BbI CHrHaJIH3Hpyere

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69
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QTo6 BOHrn He BO BceM OTKpbITblH, Ilporecrairrcxaa, rrp116paHHblH pail:, A ry,n:a, rne pa360itHMK, Mbrrapb 11 6.rry,n:mrn;a KPMFrnyr: «BCTaBaii!»

(JI U eu)
,[(pyroe paBJIeHHeM onacasae BOT nO,lJ;06Horo 3Ta )Ke KOHTeKCTa CB5l3aHO C H3JIO)KeHliH

ynC

«C» BHellIHeH

paaseaxa KrB,
11CTOPH5l B

KOTOPoe pa60TaJIo

neneranaaa,

«1l3BeCTHH»: "C" 6bIJIa C03-

«Korna
:>KYPIiTb
1fI'O aa

Py,lJ;OJIb<pA6eJIb

YMHPaJI

OT paxa

11 eMy rrOCTO.SIHHO na-

BaJIM 6oJIeyrOJI5lIOllUle ,lJ;aHa rpynna

aexapcrsa, 60JIbHoro.

B ynpasneaaa TaK BOT, B

mo,lJ;eH, B 38,I(aqy KOTOPbIX BXO.zumO noxorars nOCTeJIM 6bllM rancryxax

)J,e3THX

"nOMOmHHKOB" npasnaerca,

cnpsraasr

MHKpO¢OHbI,

M OHM )K)J,aJIH, (<<ybBeC-

CMepTHOM

onpe,

B rrOCJIe)J,HHH MOMeHT )KH3HM A6eJIb

1fI'O OH KOr,lJ;a-TO 6bIJI nepeaepfioaaie

Tllil»,

1994, 2 cear.).
KOHTeKCTa

A BOT OTI11CaHHe zrpyroro

HHKOJIa5l fYMHJIeBa:

He rro 3aJIaM M rro CanOHaM TeMHblM IIJIaTb.SIM 11 IIM,IOKaKaM .sI qlITaro crMXH npaxoaaa, Bononaaaa 11 o6JIaKaM.
To ecrs mo6oe Hallie ,lJ;eHCTBHe CeMH01WIeCKlf n03bI, HarpJ')KeHO,

)l)I5l Hero BJUIeTC.sI. 6bITh

Cy:I.UeCTByIOT HopMl1pOBaHHbIe

)KeC'ThI 11 CTOJIb MO)KeT

)ICe HOpMMpOBaHHbIM

TIm KOHTeKCTa, B KOTOPOM OHO ocyutecrmo60ro H3 3TH){ TIapaMeTpOB KaK )l)I5l peKJIaMHCTa, TaK 11 ,lJ;JI.sI crre-

II aapynremre

BeCbMa 3HaqHMblM

72
Ul1aJIl1CTa no na6JIl1K KOMMYHl1KaTl1BHblH Ha60p n03 paneiinras. KOHTl1HyyM,

f.f. Ilosenuos. Ilepea

HaMl1 KOTOPbIH,

CeMIfOTIfKa 60raTbIH

oseas

O,L(HaKO, He CTOJIh nepenaer 0 IDIac-

qeTKO ,L(l1¢¢epeHUl1pOBaH

KaK 5I3bIK eJIOB. BOT Kame BOCnOMl1HaHIDI

11 )!(eCTOB ,L(OCTaTO'IHO cepsesno

rnsre

xapaKTepl1cTHm.

Ilerpe

Illenecre

OCTaJIl1Ch Y JIeOHl1.L(a

Kpas-ryxa:

«Fposal Ero 605I.JII1Cb. Bee 11 BCH B UK. Y-y!.. Korna Oil noJIBJUlJICH, KOPI1)l:OPbI MOMemaJIbHO nyCTeJIl1 - see KaK MbIWI1 nparanacsl A OH uren.; Tposa rposoa! fIOTOMY KaK naps! H BepWl1TeJIb cy,a:e6! JIMIIO raxoe ... BeJIlf'IaBO ssrpeaamroe. KpacHoe raxoe., fP03HO KPaCHoe. fuM eute: yrpoxaroute KPaCHoe. EbIJI JIbICbIit, rOJIOBY 6pl1Jl H OT 3TOro eme 60JIbwe crpaxy aaroH5I.JI - rrOqeMY-TO ,a:roKe caoea MaCCI1BHoit 6pl1Toit rOJIoBoH. A KaKaH MOryqaH qmrypa! IlIararr BJIaCTHO H COJII1)l:HO: Ton, TOn! .. KaK 6y,a:TO He men, a npaneaarsraan KroKil:bIH cBOH war: BOT TaK ... BOT TaK ... TaK, a He no-npyrosry. [196, c. 125].

B coserax [267, 21].

If,

no npIfeMy

na pa60TY roBOPHTCH: «He

TOJIbKO TO,

'ITO Bbl rOBOpHTe na mrrepsno, arpaer POJIb, BroKHO H TO, KaK Mbl rosopna 3TO H KaK Mbl Cl1.L(lfM, KOr,L(a Mbl roBOPIfM 3TO»
p. Hner nocToHHHbIH B cnysae nOTOK HH¢OpMaUl1If KpHTl1'leCKOH no

acex
3TOT

KaHaJIaM,

KOHeqHO,

CHTYauIfIf H3-3a

nOTOK cnenyer THbIH cnysaa, ,L(eHl15IKaK

KOHTpOJIl1pOBaTh B,L(BOHHeBHl1MaTeJIbHO. 113BecKOr,L(a pa3Be.L('IIfKlf 3THM BapIfaHTOM npOBaJIIfBaJIl1Cb H3bIKa. OTHOIlleHIfH 06yqaBllleH MO)!(HO EapCKOH, HeIDIa-

paa

xasecrse

npaxepa

113,L(pyrOH c¢ephl

npl1BeCTH peKOMeH,L(aUl1If KHMlfHIf CaHTOB meBCKOH apTl1JlJIepIfHCKOH

KYP-

IlIKOJIbl ,L(OBOHHbI:

«ECJ111nneun, C 3aM)')KHeli )J(eHUJ.I1HoH, TO ,n:OJI)J(eHHIDW,n:l1TbCH CJICBa H npn Heo6xo,n:HMOCTH no,rmep)J(HBaTb ee aa JIOKOTb. C He3aM)')KHcit - cnpasa, M BeCTM ee no,n: PYKY. lImr )J(e - npHfJIaCHTb aa TaHeII O.D:HYM3 zrayx 6eCe.n:yIOIlIHX ,n:aM H MOry TOJIbKO, ecnn Hai1,n:eTcH napruep .D:JU! sropon» (<<BCeYKPaHHCKMe Be,n:OMocrn», 1994, 26 HOH6.).
To ecrs 'IeJIOBeK ztpyroa KyJIbTypbI ~e If

nsrcrynan

B Ka'ICCTJ3e HO3TI1M 3HaHl1eM I1H-

CHTeJIH 3HaHM,

K TOMy speveua

QaCTl1qHO yrpasenaoro.

Msr

Bl1.L(l1M, 'ITO B cpese

ananeaae

ynpannenae 06w:emUI

CTOJIb )!(e Ba>KHO, KaK If 'IIfCTO CJIOBeCHOe 06W:CHl1C. fIOTOK ¢OpMaUI1If ay,n:mopl1l1 HeBep6aJIbHOrO BOJIHeHl1e Ii HCpeIllHTeJIbHOCTb nOJIHTliKa, 'ITO

MO)l(CT nepeaars

ay-

OCHOBhlceMHOTHKH )l;HTOpIDI Ou:eHHT HeraTHBHO, TePHCTHKH. IIOJIHTHKH KHBaHIDI TPH6:yHbI. csoea scerna HCnOJIb30BaJIH npocrpancrso BcnoMHHM nanepa BOKPyr 3Ha'lHMOCTH. a MO)KeT Hero

73
BJIaCTHble xapax-

orposmsre
IIITaTOM

.rom nomepKa6HHeThI,

Ilpocmpaucmeo
epeun -

KOHTPOJIHpyeTC5I ero

oxpaHHHKaMH,

MHOrO'lHCJIeHHbIM

noxouum-

KOB II cexperapen. nJIOCKOCTb. Bep05ITHO, raps, IIHCb

TeM caMhlM na npHeM

BpeM5I H npOCTPaHCTBO JIH)J,epa 06hl.ll:eHHOCTH B caKpaJIbHYIO K JIH.lI:epy 3TO scerna PHTYaJI, CTaJlunep

KaK 6bI nepeBO.ll:5ITC5I H3 paspzna

Ilonacrs
IIMeIOllU1ll:

KOpHH B )J,aJIeKOM npoumosr,

paeTC5I 06IUaTbC5I C IIOCeTHTeJIeM He B p5I,LIe cnyxaea nznepa n03TOMY

cax,

a C nOMOIUbIO cexpecaxoro. CKpbITOCTb KaK He sa-

MO)!(HO JIH:u;e3peTh TOJIbKO nonMO.ll:eJIHpOBaTb ero

aa

.lI:OKYMeHTe, HO He ero n03BOJIHeT

JIH.ll:epa OT HaCeJIeHH5I HMeIOrn:ero 3a6OTaM Me'laHHe 3eMHbIX

3a6oT,

OH IIOCBHIUaeT CBOIO :>KH3Hb TOJIbKO B 3TOM

0 CBOHX IIO~bIX.

Potiepra

Xonxa

nnaae

cnpaseanaao xoropue

II Itonrepa n03TOMY

Kpecca, BTopmHYIO

nHJ.IIYT:

«CJIOBeCHblll:

5I3bIK nrpaer

64].

POJIb>) [242, p.

ECTeCTBeHHO JIMep 5I3bIKOM.

II .lI:OJI)!(eH CTPeMHTbC5I OBJIa,LJ,eTb nepnpOCTPaHCTBOM TaK-

BWIHbIM )[(e necer

CoOTBeTCTBeHHo,

YMeHHe OIIepHpOBaTb HH<popMa:U;HIO:

orrpenenemryto

«ToT, KTO Ca,rJ,l1TC5I Hepellll1TeJIbHOCTII, )leMOHCTpHpyeT 3THM, B 'ITO

Hero He)lOCTaeT MJ)!(ecrna CTYJIa.

IDIH YBepeHHOCTII 3aH51Tbsees

CTYJI, n03TOMY no csoea )lOCTaTO'lHO Ii xpaemxa Mepe xoser 'ITO

(H3JIHIIIHei1)

<...> ECJIH

CKpOMHOCTH eMY 6Y)lCT cH)l5ImHi1 3aHHMaeT 'ITO OH B nOJIHoi1

sees CTYJI, TeM CaMbIM OH )leMOHCTPHpyeT,

BOCIlOJIb30BaTbC5I C)leJIaHHbIM eMY npe)J)IO)J(eHHeM, )lOCTaTOqHO YBepeHHOCTH B ce6e, 'IT06bI He orpaanCTYJIa» [156, c. nOJIb30BaTbCH IIoTOM II cerozraa

Y Hero

qHBaTbC5I TOJIbKO KPaellIKOM B .lI:eTCTBe MbI yqHMCH

170].
HO)KOM II aaranxon BHJIKOM, pona B nene OH npopasnoro

CMOPKaTbCH B HOCOll: nJIaTOK. )KeCTOBbIM peaK:u;H5IM. B <Dopoc, KCTaTH,

Hac ysar

fK"tJII
K

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npHJ1eTeJ1I1

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TO nOCJ1e CJ10)!(Horo pasroaopa

IUaJICH C HHMH C Ka)!(.lI:bIM sa HaKOM O.ll:06peHIDI n03bI QeHHoro

PYKY,

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CJ10BapH. Ho TO'lHO TaKHM )Ke HBJ15IeTCHCJIOBapb Ka)!(-

74

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I10QenUOB.

CeMHOTHKa

noro H3 Hac, naura KIDKYIUWICH csoeoaa B nopoaneaaa xasaJIOCb 6bI JII06w{ n03 H )KeCTOBosem, YCJIOBHa. MbI roBOPHM na H3blKe, KOTOPblH ,n:aBHO~e nponacan, B HeM see ~e sanano sapaaee, I103TOMY <pPa3a «R B B03.uyx qeWIHKR 6POCaJIH» BnOJIHe HaM rrOIDITHa ,n:IDKe6e3 KOHTeKCTa.

.H3bIK O,I(IDK,IJ;bI
O,n:e)lQ1;a aIOKe qeTKO T

orcanaer

Hac na RHble ceMHOTHtIeCKHe

KO.D:bl,nomonesaer K HOBOMY Ha60py co06w:eHRH. «KOlKaHM 'fY)KYPKa» nOCJIepeBOJIIOUROHHOHsnoxa CMeHMJIaCb cero,n:IDllUHHMH sapRaHTaMH KOCTlOMOB«OT KYTIOP» HOBbIX pyccrrnx/YKpa11HueB.

Ecnn pansnre naaaoro BJIRHHRH

co «CTHJIHI'aM.H» KaK npOBO.n:H.HKaMH3a60POJIHCb scea MOlll;bIO coaercxoro rocynapcrsa, TO ceronna 3TO npOTHBOnOCTaBJIeHHe «BOCTOK-3ana,u» B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH creneaa OKa3aJIOCb HeHTpaJIH30BaHHblM.

I1paB,LLa,see 31'0 npoasoumo HeCKOJIbKO O,IUlOCTOpOHHe. IlpocTO «BOCTOK»nonyxan npaso CTaHOBHTbCH«3aTIa,n.OM»,HO He aa060pOT. Korna Ilerp I1epBbIH YHHtITO)K3JI 60po.LU>I.H BBO.IJ;HJI HeMeUKHe KOCTIOMbI, OH He yqHThIBaJI roro <paKTa, 'ITO xepra B xpaxax KaK pal H H306pIDKaJIHCb 6e36OPO,n:bIMH R B nO)J;06HoM TIJIaThe.I10,ll;06HWI HeHTpaJIH3aro:m, xoma He yqHThIBalOTCH OCO6eHHOCTH BOCTOtIHOM:MeHTaJIbHOCTH npOHCXO,ll;HT H coronas. Eme O,LLH.HM BapHaHTOM HeihpaJIH3aUHH cran nepexon MHornx

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75
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2001, 23

«B CBOHX

76
CBHTCPax H 1060'lKax 3y6HOW

FT.

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nornrranacs

C03.n;aTb no.n;o6Hbli1:

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CJIMCKa, Amra

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Mensurosa, Permra .D:y6POBHUKa5I, Tanana BOJI'lCK, Barypmra, JIlO.n;MIDIa Ilyrana, CBeTJIaHa CopOKHHa, Xaxaaana. 3m enHCOK ztecara eaMbIX .llYPHO onersrx
no sepcaa )!()'pHarra aHaJIH3 «KOMMepCaHTb-BJIaeTb».

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TIO)J)I11HHO CeMMOTl:I'leeKlli1:

5I3bIKa o.n;e)K.IJ:bI caena» Bapr (CM. [16]). Pa3IpaHl:I'lMBM ssu« (KaK xononsre npaH pes» (KaK KOHIq)eTH)'lO pearrH3aU111O 3T11X npasan), OH

YEH.n;eJl,

aanpaaep,

B )K)'PHarre

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BH.n;e, pe'lb

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«<l>OTorpaq,IDI JUteT nonyCHCTeMaTWIeCKoe ,n:bI: C O,n:HOM cropomr, MaHeKeHIIIHua SI3bIK MO.D:bIB03HHKaeT ncea.n:opeaJIbHOM o,n:e)I(.D:bl;C .n:pyrOM THBHbIM HH.D:HBlI,LI;OM, bl6paHHblM B CBoeM KaHOHWIHOCTH; CTaBJUleT C060M KaK 6bl 3aCTbIBwylO
KOM CBo6o,n:bI KOM6HHaUHM»

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xa OCHOBe

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[16,

c.

122-123].

peansaon

o.n;e)!Q:(e OH ~e 5I3bIK -

BH.n;HT

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nporasonocraacnocof HO-

JIeHHe H3bIKa H pesa: llIeHHH KOCTIOMa.

3TO KOCTlOM, pesn, -

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6cpeT

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2)

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B KOTOPOM HaxO.n;HTCH OT.n;eJIbHble llJIH KOTCJIOK xa OT.n;eJIbHbIX neranea, nansro. 3aKOHOMepHocTei1:,

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coseranaa oners nosepx peanasanaa

paavep, crenens H3HOlliCHHOCTH, 3arp5I3HeHHOCTH, JIl:I'lHble rrpncrpacraa BJIa,n;CJIbua, Mepy csotiozraoro CO'leTaH115I OT.n;eJIbHbIX neraaea,
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[15].

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77
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[33].

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[33,

308].

naurer

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[234,

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10]. BH.lI.HMo,
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78

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Cevaoraxa

3)J,eCh, KOHeqHO, TIHTMPMM CoPOKMH He ynOMMHaeT CMeRY COUlIaJIhHOro KOHTeKCTa )J,etiCTBIDI, KOTOPa5I BJIIDIeT aa Hero 60JIbllle, qeM M3MeHeHMe ero srreunrero sana. ,n;etiCTBMTeJIbHO, ran O)J,e)l()J,bIsanaer orrpeaeneansre rrose)J,emeCKMe rrapaxerpst Ka)I()J,Oro M3 Hac. OH BbICTYIIaeT B POJIM onpenenemroro «rparrepa», paapeuratoutero Te MJIM MHhle TMIIbI nOBe)J,eHIDI. fuM sarrpemaionrero. Hanpiorep, npencrassre ce6e KOMWIeCKYIO carvanmo B sane qeJIOBeKa B CMOKMHre, CTPMryurero KYCTapHMK. TaKMM 06pa30M onexna HBJUIeTCH B orrpe)J,eJIeHHoti CTeneHM KOMIIOHeHTOM caryanan. Onpeneneaasre TMIIbI I(epeMOHMti cyutecrsemrsra cnoco60M CBH3aHbI C 06H3aTeJIbHbIM MJIM npe,UIIOl.JTHTeJIbHhIM TMIIOM O)J,e)l()J,bI.Cero,UHH MhI qaCTWIHO aapyunora 3TH rrpasana, Pa3peIIIa5I nocemeaae, K rrpmrepy, orrepnoro rearpa B ,lJ)KMHcax M KPOCCOBKax.

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OCHOBhlceMMOTMKM qeCKM .u.aM HO

79
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[78,

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[85,

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[225,

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82

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JIeHbll1:, KaK MOJIO,n:aJI TPaBa. 3TM TPM UBeTa rr03BOJUI1OT'leJIOBeKY 'l)'BCTBOBaTb ce65I C'laCTJIMBbIM, He naror 'lepHOMY BXO.D.MTb B ero .lJ.YllIy» «<<l>MHaHCOBaJI KPaMHa», 1995, 29 MlOH5I). Ho 3TO Y

Teoprua

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aJIhrn

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1994, 22

Coorsercrsyioume

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[259] HMeHHO H3bIKY o.LJ.e)J(,[(hl. Oaa npHBO.LJ.HT cnenytouree pacnpenenenae nocrynneana HOBOH HH<popMa:UHH no KaHaJIaM: 3peHHe 75%, CJIyX 13%, npHKOCHOBeHHe 6%, sanax 3%, BKYC 3%.
«¢aKTOP HMH,lJ;)Ka» OrcIO.LJ.a H cneayer ee CTHJ1IO, ee KOHTpaCTOM TaKOBa, I1MeHHo xoropsre no nanre npacransaoe TeMHbIX BHHMaHHe K o,u;e)!(.LJ.e, CBeTJ1bIMH, Me,u;cecrep. H YHHcf;>oPMbI.

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r.r. Ilosenuoa.
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crapaasoa lIOCYJJ.bl 6wxa B TaKOit o6bItIaH 6h1Jl <pOPMOH neH

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[86,

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150].

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noro

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11

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[153, c. 126-127].

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1994, 26
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1995, 30
KaK

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npaana», 1995, 22 cear.),

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92

I'T. ITO'lerrUOB.

CeMHOTlfKa

MbIX na CBOeM yposae. Hanpnxep, acrpesa na xoxreane npennonaraer cnenyioume Heo6xo.rr.HMble napaxerpsr; 1. B rtparrraurenaax .rr.OJDKHO 6bITb 'leTKO orosopeao BpeMSI aaxana H KOHua xoxreans, H 3TO .rr.OJDKeH6bITb crporo orpamr'leHHbI:i1: oTpe30K BpeMeHH (aanpavep, C 18.30 no 20.30). 2. KOKTeillIH npenocraanmor npexpacnyro B03MO)!(HOCTb B03PO.rr.HTbOCHOBbI xopnoparasaoro rocrenpmcrcrsa - OHH He .1J.]UITC5i ztonro H rrossonsror npaaars 6oJIbllIoe KOJIH'leCTBOmo.rr.e:i1:. 3. EOJIbllIHHCTBO MOJIo.rr.e)I(HMO)!(eT nposecra rrapy 'laCOB aa norax, onnaxo )J)l5l 60JIee ncxanax rocren CJIe)JyeT rrpe)JyCMOTpers HeCKOJIbKO C1}'JIbeB. 4. KOMHaTbI, rne rrpOXO.IJ.HTKOKTe:i1:JIb,6bICTpO HarpeBaIOTCH. 06H3aTeJIbHO CJIe)JyeT CJIe.IJ.HTb resmeparypoa sa B noxreureaaa. 5. ECJIH nanarxa rronaiorca C nomrocoa - npexpacao. EcJIH ecrs 6ap - ero .rr.OJDKHbI06CJIY)!(HBaTb rrpo¢eCCHOHaJIbI. 6. DOJIblllliHCTBO coopasnraxca O)!(li.IJ.aer KaKYIO-TO e)Jy aa xoxreane - 6e3 paaaooepaansrx 6yrep6po.rr.OB He 060:i1:rnCb. 7. Opraaasaropsr .rr.OJI)!(HbI CJIe.rr.HTbsa TeM, '!T06bI y scex rOCTe:i1:OKa3aJIHCb cotiecenaaxa. 8. Ha KOKTe:i1:JIeMO)!(eT npomoara nee, 'ITO yromro, n03TOMY CJIe)JyeT sarracracs cpencraasor )J)l5l 6bICTpOro aaseaeaas 'lHCTOTbI. 9. Haseneaae 'lHCTOTbI H nopanxa .rr.OJDKHO ocyurecrnnsrsca THXO H He3aMeTHO. 10. fOCTH .rr.01DKHbl rroxaayrs KOrcre:i1:JIbB reseaae nsraanuara MHHYT rrOCJIe 0603Ha'leHHoro BpeMeHH ero OKOH'laHHH, eCJlH He 6blJl0 06"bHBJIeHO 0 .rr.orrOJIHHTeJlbHOM npo.rr.OJDKeHHH KOTOPOMY Hy)!(H0 CJIeztosars HeYKOCHHTeJIbHo: «KaK 6bI npeKPaCHO HH 6blJl opraaa30BaH seaep, sceraa MO)!(eT HaHTHCb KTO-JIH60, KTO rronsrraerCH BbI:i1:rn as-non KOHTpOJIH H yCTpOHTb cueay» [267]. ITpe)K.IJ.e 'leM nepeara K 3aKJ1IO'lHTeJlbHOMY CeMHOTH'leCKOMY aHaJIH3Y nannr, 06parnMC5i K n033HH HHKOJlaH OJIe:i1:HHKoBa: IToTepH annerara CB5i3aHa y Hac C OC06bIM COCT05iHHeM: TIoTepIDI 51COH, Ilpexpaner mrraHHC, Oxens 51BJIJo6JIeH B He)!GIOe coanaaae.
(JIuiJuu)

xoxreana, II erne O.rr.HOoxeas Ba)!(HOe npasano,

OCHOBbI

CeM110TMKl1 annenrra CBl1)J.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 60JIe3HH,

93
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a pa,uOCTH M yx<peIIJIeHM5I HamID{ naurero

DOry If K qeJIOBeKY, IlpOCBeLUeHMH acero CB5ITOH

Tpoattes [194,
rne

c.

146]. Ho

B JII060M o6'beKT

3Aecb HaJImeCTByeT TO MJIM anoe

CMMBOJIM3M, nepeBO.L(Hl.UM:H peaJIbHbI:H MHp Ka)IQJ;bI:H peaJIbHbI:H oueHMBaIOT

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94
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6mo.rr., HX pa3H}'IO cepsaposxy, pa3HbIM ran IlOBe.rr.eHIDI sa CTOJIOM (rnna npososrnaureana TOCTOB). He TepID! csoero racrpoHOMmeCKoro Q:>YHKu:HOHHPOBaHIDI,eaa nonysaer H .rr.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIM CeMHQTHqeCKHM CMbICJI. qTO xacaercs nMrn;H KaK assrxa, TO POJIaH Bapr BbmeJIIDI raKHe cpessn

1) mnueeue Ta6y; 2) rraureasre onn03HIJ;HH THIla COJIeHbIM/CJIa,n;KHM; 3) COqeTaHIDI «ropasoaransnsre», nanpaxep, ropsana coseTaeTCH C COCHCKOM, HO He C IlHPO)KHbIM, H «sepraxansaste»:
KOMilOT He MO)KeT nonasarsca paasure fiopura; 4) npHBbNHbIe cnocotisr npaexa IlHIIJ;H, 0603HaqeHHble «paropzxa IlHTaHIDI» [16, c. 123}. B CHHTaKCHC MOryI' nonaers 3aKOHhI COqeTaHHH roro KaK IDIM

aaoro rana mrna C BH,I:UlMHTIHIu:H: KpaCHOe BHHO - C MHCOM, ferroe - C PbI6oM, .rr.ecepTHble - C !l>PYKTaMH. BHHO nootime C03.1l.aJIO CBOMoT.rr.eJIbHbIMTHIl MHQ:>OJIOrnHB COBpeMeHHOM MHpe. Hexoropsre CTpaHbI (spone C!>paHIJ;HHIDIH MTaJIHH) !l>HKCHPOBaHhI B MaCCOBOMC03HaHHH KaK CTpaHhI BHHa. 3.rr.ecb C oco6eHHbIM rpenerou OTHOC5ITCH «xapre BHH» H HX BbI6opy. K flHIIJ;a
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