Introduction to Wireless Telecommunications Systems and Networks Gary J. Mullett National Cone for Tecoacicatons Tetoles ‘Sringld Techn Commit Cole ‘Spring, MA 63790 ete, 1ST Pee eoaS Mue AA Bice 021 se4s6 wu. Als» Canada « Meso « Singapore» Spa United King + Unied SetRASHTREEVA VIO YEAR... Preface ‘Chapter 1: Wirles Telecommunicatons Systems and Networks, LLL The History and Evelusion of Wireless Radio Systems 12 12 The Development of Modern Telecommunicasons Ifasctre 16 13 Overview of Existing Network Inastture 24 14 Review ofthe Seven-Layer OSI Mods 25 15, Wireless Nework Applications: Wireless Markets 31 16 Future Wirsess Networks 33 Questions and Problems 33 (Chapter 2: Evolution and Deployment of Cellular Telephone Systems 21 Diflerent Generations of Wireless Cellar Networks 35 22 1G CalllarSysems. 37 23 2G Calla Sysems 59 24-256 Calla Systems 53 25 4G Collar Sysems. 54 26, 4G Calllr Sysioms and Beyond 59 27; Witeless Standards Orgaizations 60 (uetons and Problems. 61 (Chapter 3: Common Cellular System Components 1 Common Celular Network Components. 64 532. Hardware and Software Views ofthe Cellular Network 76 33.36 Calllar System Components 78 534 Collatr Component eatiicaion 78 35 Call Establishment 83 Questions and Problems 87 ‘Chapter 4: Wireless Network Architecture and Operation PAL "The Calle Concept 89 42 Cell Fundamentals 90 AUN COLLEGE (OF ENGINEERING _ BANGALORE ACC NOMEIA C4. F bo os© Comin 43 Capacity Expansion Techniques 95 444 Clllar Backhal Networks 103 445 Mobility Management 105 46 Radio Resouces and Power Management 112 47 Wireless Network Secaty 118 (Questions unl Probleme 115 (Chapter $: GSM and TDMA Technology tte Part GSM System Overiow 117 ‘54 Ingoduction to GSM and TDMA. 117 5.2. GSM Network and System Architetare. 120 53 GSM Channel Concep 126 Part it GSM System Operaone 137 54 GSMdenties 137 55. GSM System Operations (Traffic Cases) 138 56 GSM Infastructure Communications (Um Interface) 157 Part l Other TDMA Systens 165 57 Nonty Ametican TDMA. 165 Questions and Probes 170 ‘Chapter 6: CDMA Technobgy m Partl CDMA Sytem Overview 172 61 ncoducion to CDMA. 172 62. CDMA Network and Stem Arcitsrue 177 Part Il CDMA Basie 185 63. CDMA Channel Concept 186 . 64 CDMA System (Layer) Operations 198 Part itt 3G CDMA. 211 65 IS.95R,cdma2000, and W-CDMA 217 ‘Questions and Problems 218 (Chapter 7: Celllar Wireles: Data Networks 25 and 36 Systems 29 71 Inrdtion to Mobile Wireless Dats Networks 220 72. CDPD, GPRS, nd EDGE Data Networks 227 73 CDMA Dasa Networks 232 74 Bvoltion of GSM and NA-TDMA 1036235, 7.3, Evolution of CDMA t03G_ 238 76 SMS, EMS, MMS, nd MIM Services. 242 (Questions and Problems 244 (Chapter 8: Wireless Modulation Techniques and Hardware 6 81° Transmission Charactedsis of Wireline tnd Fiber Sytem 247 82 Characteristics ofthe At Interface 248 83 WirlssTelecommunications Coding Techniques 25 84 Digital Modolation Tectaigues 260, 55. Spread Specum Modulation Techniques 264 86 Uiwideband Radio Technolgy 266 87 Diversity Techniaves 256 88 Typical GSM System Hardware 269 89 Typical CDMA System Hanae 277 8.10 Subscriber Devices 275, ‘Questions and Problems. 281 Chapter 9: Wireless LANGIEKE 802.11x 23 ‘91 Introduction o IEEE 802.11 Techaclogies 284 92 Evoluon of Wireless LANS 284 93 TEEE 80211 Desgo Ives 287 94 IEEE 80211 Servocs—Layce 2: Overviow 29! 95 TEEE 602.11 MAC Layer Operations 295 (9 IEEE 80211 Layer I: Details 301 97 IEEE 802.1afblg—Higher Rate Sandards 307 98 IEEE 802.1i—Wireess LAN Security 314 99 Competing Wireless Techaologies 318 910 Typical WLAN Hardware 319 ‘Questions and Problems 322 (Chapter 10: Wireless PANSTEEE 802.15x abs 101 Intoduction to TEEE 802.15 Technologies 324 102 Wireless PAN Applications and Architecture 325 403 IEEE 802.15.1 Physical Layer Deis 332 104 Bluetooth Link Conroe Basis 333 105 Blvetoots Link Conwoller Operational Stats 347 106 IEEE 802.15. Proocols and Host Conwo Inerface 3 107 Evolution of IBEE 802.15 Standards 350 Questions and Problems 357 (Chapter 11: Broadband Wireless MANGIBEE 802.16x {LT Ingoducton to WMANMEEE 802.16 Technologies 359 112 TEBE 802.16 Wieess MANS. 362 113. IBBE 802.16 MAC Layer Deals 364 114 TEE $02.16 Physical Layer Details 368 1S TBEE 802.16 Physical Layer Det or 2-11 OH 375, 116 TEBE 802.16 Common Sysem Operations 390 Questions and Problems 395 ‘Chapter 12: Broadband Satelite and Microwave Systems 396 12, Introduction to Broadband Satelite and Microwave Systems, 396 122. Line-of Sigh Propagation 399 123 Fundamentals of Satelite Systems 402 124 Broadband Satelite Networks 408 125 Broadband Microwave and Millimeter Wave Systens. 416 Questions and Problems 418, (Chapter 13: Emerging Wireless Technologies 20 131 Introduction to Emerging Wireless Technologies £20 132 New and Emerging Air Interface Technologies 422 133. New Wieless Network Implementations 428 184 TBEE 802.20/Mobile Broadband Wireless Access 423 125. Suelite Venture and Other Fare Posie 434 (usions and Probleme 435 Ic 26 RASHTREDYA vinvAL ESE OF ENGINEERING Liseairy RANGA, ACE No BRAID 1 jo. PECS YEAR . ISPreface to Indian Edition 3 AUDIENCE Tay, te welcomes indy connie Nobundvid tighspeat data anssion cpt tees cay cana ae iene, and wis ecologies wil vt ist omar demand. The ecology a shoe fn ‘nomic considerations and market Petar ‘echanopes in an effort to provide APPROACH tesa ng Cone a a a ‘standards-t wireless. is, a chap ein alae ed 2 creat meg i ti ce a ia 1y poor transmission quality of the air interface and the techniques used Ioan an rg a a ane macs er ing wireless air interface and netwotk tochnolog ‘ll be incon hence ake Sumer. In the end, a combintion of Pree 9 “This text is nique in that i proves coverage of both major cellar wireless technologies (GSM and COMA), provides he eae with a clesty defied path forth migration fom tse technologies to 3G cel- Jaan addesses the techni specs ofthe sic interface andthe seca technologies used o achieve high Unrate and combat bi ero, and lastly, provides a comprehensive coverage of all hee THEE, 802.05 ‘Sreless network techalogies and includes information about mobile satelite echnology. ‘Walng a text a covers all ofthese topice provides an opportu to point out smite between ystems nd to contrast systems Where appropri. The broad coverage of wiles topics will rovie the ate with the compreensive overview pede ose the big pictur of where various wireless technolo ‘ted systems are aplcable or nt Iti als this ethers opinion that inthe longterm these major les industry segments will eventually morph ino one indosty that offers ubiquitous high-speed wite- Tes newark access. ORGANIZATION i “Tie are to major technology seas that are covered a this took. ‘The fis seven chapters deal with the ‘epily expanding celular wireless industry. Coverage include an introduction and review of modern, {cheommunications infrastoctre, «shot iso) and review of wireless communications, te evoluon of {be collar telephone system, an inrodocton fo common clllar network components, the cellar con ‘Spl, GSM and CDMA wisless cellular systems, and coverage ofelllr wireless data networks. With Celular wireless systems now covered, Chaper§ kes step back and examines the wireless chanel oF Sealed “i inerface’ The effect tat areal poor-quality channel bas on wielsssytem hardware {ac thesis needed to provide igh-qualiy radio inks are examined, New digital modulation ecnigues {iu other esoteric encoding methods used to mitigtedevimeatl wireless propagation efects are presented jai chapter and lost the stage forthe newer wizless systems induced in he next four chapters that bake use of these new technologies. To wrapup the topic of cellular wiles, typical GSM and CDMA, System ardware i presented asthe last topic in this chapter “The hex thee chapters dsl wit the rpilyevlving IEEE standardized wireless extensions 19 LANS, PAN and MANs. IEEE 80211, 80215, and 802.16 ae ach covered in tet own chaper with varying levels of detail. The last two topics ace so new that ony limited numberof products have Ben introduced fmt the markeplace. However, it is this authors contention that these technologies will each play an inereainly larger role inthe fur of wireless data acess and tafe, For the sake of completeness, Chapter 12 provides an overview of yet another impending wireless technology: broadband satelite sys- tem, ial the lst chapter provides a bre glimpse ito the emerging technologies that will shape the ile systems and networks of the futur FEATURES 1. The text is writen fom a systems perspective with vory few dete system Block grams. 2, The mathematics wed inthe tx mite to algebra, the we of dB, and vacious exponentials mak ing this tent suitable for use at the to-year college level. The topic coverage hs ben chasen {0 ‘rovde the reader wih the necesary fondamentl concepts ad theories needed o understand the ‘Operation of cellar wireless systems, boaband satelite ecology and the TEEE standards based witless LANs, PANs, and MANS extension ecologies 13, This texte alinost toll devoid of any detailed circuit diagrams. Almost al he topics tha are pre= sented inthis text are basi fundamental wireless system and network concepts and therefore they transcend the changing technology that may be used fo implemen tem over the course of ime. Today. one must del with these systems from a block diagram pin of view—the same approach10 Pfs taken by this work: 1 i the isthe aubor’s toda athe foe wil be primary aes ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The Author and Cengage Delmar Learning wouk Ke re Pero Dee ieee nee Stk hej BV ey ce Fone io oy tery ap une a By ty eng ec ABOUT THE AUTHOR Gh ale i nti fe oe aty ment a “Massachusetts. For the past decade he has tans ‘Wireless ‘Telecommunications ‘Systems and Networks s upon completion ofthis chapter, the student should be abe: et he pneal history and evluion of wires thology from a North American viewpoint and fenplain the calla aio concept «+ Decusthe evltion of moder telecomeuricatlonsinkastucture 4 Discus the stucture and operation ofthe Public Switched Telephone Network, the Public Osta ‘Network, and the SS7 Network 4 api the base structure of broadband cable TV ster {apn the base concept and structure of th neret. $ Diba the urge of the varus telecornmuniatons networks and thet elationsip to one another. 1 sau the O8t mode and how it reltes to network communications {Discus wiles necwork applications and the fature of is technology racial let communications began in the United Sus over 150 ears ago with he invention of the felegnh by Morse. The invention of the telephone by Eel in 1876 brought with it the fist mansaly tue witelin network. Radio or wireless was fvested athe tum ofthe twentieth century, adn the Sphvenieace of mobile or unetered operation to leczenc communications. Foc many years wireless Communications peimanly rovdedenterainment and news to the masses though ado broadcasting et ‘joss Wiles mobility took the form of car radi with simplex (one-way) operation. Two-way mobile ‘Mueless communications wer Himied to we by various pble sevice departmens, government agecies Thu te military, and for feet communications of various industries. As technology decreased the sae of the mobile unit, became &hedeld device known asa *vaki-talkic ‘Further advance in integrated cc ecology o¢micoelectronics gave s cores telephones ding the lat 1970 that foreshadowed tenes wizlss advance Stating in 1983, the public had the opportunity tosabcribe to cella lephone systems. These wireless gates, whch rovide mobile acess othe pub fic snitch telephone network intastacire, have become immensely popular and in many cases have ‘ren replaced aemsibrs”eadiinal find landlines. Tecnology vances and network buld-ots have increased wireless system capacity nd fanetoelty “Tatay's cellular etworks provide acces tothe public lephone network fm almost anywhere end provide foces to the pic data petwork ox letret. Ino decades, cll phones hae beoome indspenst- fie commonicatons devices and Internet appliances. Dring the same time pciod, wireless oval areaoe ation operation ofthe ned public networks nope idea of how th fred public Brie cmeriew how wiles syseas connect to hs wane struct, revi of | oath ae ew of th OS model an overview of wie ese NewUks fi together, ‘Addon topics covered ork applications, anda bit thenidof any modem “elect electronic devices Historica Note: For another view of whe ‘oss acount of he development of witless nda ate Eatly AM Wireless Systems aap ad ek net Fessenden/Belrose. pdf. Bet tore yp Ne acne pin Dae tears te pokey 2 teal atin rl Sn usual fer bg an ie The wed signal tr des Wines Tecoma Spe ad Necks 13 sent i Fir 1 Tp ecw nmi (BASH, whichis essentially the same 36 OOK. The Poulsen transmiters used form of requency-shit ‘ying (FSK) totansmi signal tht was received ad inepeted asa BASK signal by the datactor ofthe rio recever. ‘The First Broadcast Beginning in 1905, Reginald Fessenden confucietexpeinents with contiavous wave (CW) wieess tans- mission at Bratt Rock, Masschuses, using SOM high-frequency aerators bul by General Elect. “The ouput oft typeof generator was much move sable than that of a spark gap or Pauses tsmite, llowing him to experiment witha continwos form of amplitode modulation, His experiment culminated fn Christmas Ee of 1906, when he sete with transiting the rst ever radio broadeas.This broad ‘st ws repeated on New Years Eve the following Week. rior to this tine, is repored tat Fessenden, nile expeimeting with witless spark-gap tansmiter at an experimental ston on Cob Island oa the ‘Maryand side ofthe Potomac Rives, had sucessfully boadcat voice message over a distance of 1600 meters on Deere 23, 1900 ‘Dating the 1910s, the US. Navy led major efoto develop wireless ato fo tipo ship and ship- to-shore comminicatons. Historical accounts ofthe sinking ofthe Tuanle onthe night of Api 14, 1912, tel ofthe transmission of fale "SOS" dress messages by the ship's witeless operator. The start of ‘Weeld War I ding the ast pr ofthe decade was aso mor diver af the developnet of radio technol- gy bythe US. tary "The 1920s might wel be characterize a he desde of hgh requency or short wave rao development. Ding this era Maron's esarch on rho wave popagton revealed at tars ado transmission ‘was feasible at equencies mach higher than had peevouly ben though possible these tine, vacuum tube technology a improved to sch an exeat ao inrease the upper frequency lit of thir operation, Radio wave proagson studies had demonstrated that ionospheric layers cold be sed to elt high-fe- quency waves back and forth Between the ea's surface and tbe ionosphere, hence allowing for the ‘ropagiton of rio wives around theearh.Otber technological advances in antenas and thet aplication helped make tansilantic communications a practical reality. By 1925, tansoeanic telephone cals were svalabe vi high-fequency radio transmission: The 1930 and 1940s saw more advancement in radio tech- nology with he invention of television, rad, and vacuum tubes with he ably to generate "microwaves"nadie o Wr Tema ikeomonetins Sms cd eters Winks Tecmo, Sper end Nets 15 Modern ‘ml AM achieve higher data rates and better noise immunity. Today, the television broadcasting industry 's in the tude modula is mow wed for low ener roses of transitioning ts high dfnson ein DIV) snr fr oer thea tne at wes bexinings ater Word War shennan, whic dt ago] il tans sy oral» ceo contr tt FM Woden mp ‘tnsnision;umatw and CB rai, and arene abe on pan OTSC) tlevisionvideosge] low sit inthe ottoo iste te All bt the olet alg cellar systems hese systems in the {een pli ee OARS MO ten. Never an tA poe eg edo eat ao ere aces Late aad PAN os de Power of 2). QAM is a hybrid form q use complex digital modulation schemes. It may be that analog modulation schemes, with thei inefficient anplitude and phase modulation (PM) used for highspeed da consid a digi nodulation weniger Toy, CAM i es ne se of radio spectrum, might disappear etrey for ove-he-air applications in he noon ue! ‘ess systems wo achiev: budwith effceny. “The De ‘The Cellular Telephone Concept velopment of FM ‘The cxllar telephone concep evolved om eater nail radio networks. The Fist mobile rains were Major Ewin Armstrong, ri pioeer who invent it the vst primarily by police departments ore nw enforcement agencies. The Det Paice Doane i ‘extrin th 1910, ore on bh ingles o en tee thn he ape tn for cry woof oe radon (ging in 1721) by merous ference, These oer soe 2 ot unl the 1950, however, hat he nally competed mek eon sting i he 192084 rad stems, operating at about 2M, were basically wed to page the police car, They did notterome orton pct tcniqy fo wideband fe] operation! twosway (open sytem tl mic aera 1933. Thee wat no toaght at etme ft hese ‘ystems tobe connected tothe pu telephone system. twas na taser World Wae Tl tha the Fderat Communications Commision (FCC), atthe request of ATA, located a small numberof equesces for mobile telephone service. ATAT mace a request for many mobil frequencies on behalf ofthe Bell le~ plone companies a 1947, bu the FOC deere any acon om this request unl 1949. Atha ime, the FOC the ir TV-broadcasting sun] only provides a limited numberof frequencies tat were tobe split becween the Bell companies aad ober trnsmision,detsate TV serve ctlloe wlohe ant motile iio service. FM is capable of uch mene s dj tot ever ‘on-Bell service providers. The FCC apparently fel that since these frequencies were used by th: police rom sig mola, unty han AM, tnd ie (public sevice) depute hat public nest wou be est serie by ing te nua of i gr crm poe ert etree fare eh tom ccs or ye anh aera ects incr Et gn ie svt na Raters etet etal endpmeetraeiarat crear sci Taare igh mn ea mu hc in hoe ‘inst in ficrowave radio ‘systems. ce te 480 tee. nec ne FeUse same frequency within ar as ive-mil jus. Due tothe lim- ‘Sonate aoc nats ence st a] Met i eo ieee ne he w aankto 2st microwave radio relay system was in place by 1951, Mice ce ek these systems was quicly exhausted in the major cites bythe mid-1950s. Customers of the service paid tod lower oason ad maine rs Mesonse iy e| Sueady ge mead ays ad am eeepc e ie tas baee as mentees bese erauy marca can] seme aphamay ea mm mtbr eto ne *% ofits broadband tele. Jocated in the car trunk due to its bulk) offered no way of reusing the frequencies within the same general ei cree ca to rh a aa er yy ou lr ightal radio ‘proposals for a high-capacity, efficient mobile phone system. AT&T proposed a cellular system, In this cist Sear | Sse hate i Jr Ae no ‘Proved to be disruptive tichnologies as far asthe ae of eee Cabs Fansite. Each tower would cover a “cell” or smal icular area several mils in diameter. Collectively, ‘The Evolution of Digital Radio {207 wires stg on poles. The Ft expen fits operational L. ay ema Many of te slo and gl microns en ay oe | tetas would cover ct mopolin se. Sch tower ocel le woul re nly afew ofthe tp ene oy tad ter apis rns aa SHY SEO ae | al ma eae shane ae abe n,n sah ove ee ane ta panos it Sena joey nen tenons | Salcedo cea) bos ssh eer et aa Se the ost main dgta oeamne Bicone an ili wave ao wanes ea | vy possible ths inceing he al poeta ube of sllanceswseswithi he ei 8 ‘ing economia por tepoin miscens s itin high dt rate nk. Cellar oporsens ne Adon, a ile ue (ct) moved wine mewoplian ae it woo be “handed of” from fre nton ei: ot fom bee md sem oo ea ge See os | yal eh arses no come Tere mw ens tet Nees pal 1p forthe sevice and cells became too congested, te cells could be split into several smaller cells to scure( Pois-o-nulipoint systems that, oj inctease ther capacity. In thor, this process could be repeated many limes yielding an amos infiite nveoet comecton tote customers, Condes tl Dra atau high bisa f 2 pumberof potenti sinulances ses for slid oun of svalble frequencies. In 1970, he FCC | fr leased 75 MH of adional spectrum for We bythe cen system and authorized AT&T's Bel Labora- {ores to test the cellolr concep under urtan traffic conditions. In 1971, Bell Labs reported that the test16, demon Wd Tcmaniatins Ses nd Netwrks Sac boon sccssfu. The cellular cones woke! In 1974 he FOC released 4 Mile moe of spc. the development of celular systems. Ina farseaching decision, the FCC also determined ter atk ‘ncambsat Bell Telephone Conpsny andthe nonvretineeaies would sar the newly te srt ‘pes. By late 1982, the FOC stared o award constuction permits for eeulr syns Br 1983 and early 1964 mos major metropolitan areas had fonctonng systems tal sarge ie iy toa bten systems. The rests story. Twenty years late the ell phoe has become sw Information appliance with well ver on lion wers worlwide 1.2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE isc networks and systems that have been rap eveving over oly he past to decals be 25 a into of oaneeting srs te published tleponeneterk (PSTN oe me {epi data network (PDN). Therefore is instuctive to examine enacly whl ec te etl works ate and how they have evolved over the coue of tne, (Ore the ls four decades, sever othe: telecommanicatons networks have evolve. The $87 ewer BS apacet data network wsed in conjunction wit the PSTN to esablsh, manage and tena no GREE lepton cl. Broadband abe wlevition networks have bee developed fre delve i serves and more cently high-pod data services (atrnetcomeciviy) and tluony ee ‘ie ltrc, which is the worl’ lest emputer networ, has experienced phenomend! evi oa a ito decades and commis to expand Both is reach and high peed data capacity aly ted Stes, cella telephone networks have become nationwide poviding ittbos une, neg ‘The Early Days ar teane te the lpraph in 1837 and ferme a elegraph company based on is se echnolgy in te TiLIEat The Wester Union Tecgaph Company wa abled in 1856 and within a decade feogh ey mat of competitors al log -stace legrph systems rue many ly pois bee oe Gita mite main age In 186 an inroved wera clay was nected y Elsa Gee, eet eof al the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) andthe long-digunce elecomumunening veh became deteguld her allowing cometton, These events, coupled with the ne men toe ‘munitions Reform Act of 1996, have helped shape ou preten-ay lecomamuticadons nieenueae ‘The Public Switched Telephone Network Eke Uae Ses nd most oer insane ations, he psn dy PSTN has evolved oer ie to. Sone cine aly gal ator. Deregulstin fs alowed other eomptosto lla ‘aves bey al eset te sme tec. Inan far expan te py aaa or | Wines Taconite Sens od Neto V7 a Ma iil Ceetany Tap eat (essorpmsian z Figure 12 ASIN isis callsoogh lal exchange . rected to the exchange in sev: "ew ape ieee ee a SATS iy Sena ect i ae este aires Chenoa tianceeyzemt ate ns Scuctene Pats tr cect ee Zenit dee msec ce eee Shoe hcetineera aerate aoe Shien ad seyusbuties memney te eee fey Arter tt ce meg age een ey ms pee punk edt a es Sian Sa porta cso ne Se ceca ata eaapioe eemmeranaes ris cate cy crn erm SOT Sop ee pnt Srarete utuciatecaterteenmnsatianee rasan Sigs uhamshsiesnarateitcn cetioe SEILOURRRSTL a yatta tesa aust ueFewe 1-3. ASIN rofl over nine De setupin te cals Wd Tecan Sys and Neeths 19 Signaling System #7 ‘The carly PSTN wed “naa” signing to set up an cr down interac and log-dsance telepbone cals By is, we mean that the same ase wet anspor th al were fist used teeta psa cai forthe cal be eat over. big dsavanage of hs pe of stem a» woke 9 Ineroficefciity) or possibly many uur hal toby seized order od th ining nessay ts tte cl Ifthe calls nonchargebl (he cle pay navalabl orth ines by, the cages forte ‘tir of be Uk ius must be pid orby De sevice provider towns he eal exchange. Pre. tors this ype of system was very prone fo fasnce the signaling wa performed by sending exiy regrocblesudio tones over the ning cits. Aste PSTN eld ino digital etwrk, for eo nomi son an fr both ciency and security an nil separate ewok was cet forthe purpose ‘of ating long istanee cls alls erween fee exchanges or vices). This temo sng 4 tnt faty or chanel o perform he cal outing fiction i known a “out of tan signaling. APA's Cal otf-band sytem scaled Comm Cano! nerfice Signaling (CCS) With avanes ec nology this cman chanel signaling syst hasbeen adopted by the itera lsommenicaons comunity fr se with bth PSTN public noble etwoks (PLMING), Today, tis Known as CIS ‘or sinply Sisaing Sytem #7 (SS ‘The S87 system isa pocket network at consis of signal eases points (STP an asso i ites linking the signal nse point a shown io Fg I-A. The igo tase poets cones to service switching points (SSP) a the lel exchange and interface wit the local exchange switch or mobile Sitchin eaten the case of « PLMIN. The Servi: sithing point conver signaling inferaon foe {he exchange voice switch into S57 signaling messin he form of data pakee that ae set ovr te s~ Opa ppm SSP Seo Pe gure 1-4 The eta clone of the SST ayeWinds Tecan Sys ond Needs 21 fre ASS a cht tel om ne ese siching pitt. snoter trough signa ans- caer Mt see He newark 8 route, diecing te poten eae oper destination, Thee a inatignanee. Te end! ks beeen the spa ease pa ‘rove th S57 necwork witha bigh degree of realy, mses WMA Babine ra 1 mt zy "clon apa tat ely show oe eo fies (rem ao lt i hat he nets many itera ee fant ues paleo ane relay ISDN, ATM ec) ange pain er ae 2 Plt © nd pin. The comectons to rough leased lines (copper C Poy We Farteme ate oink rato ls wing ny one of a technolo Ses Seow Figure 15 A depson ofthe pol dita network: ng proc at tively tonal. be PDN cay suport may dienes pes of service structures, the public data network, maintsining privacy though the use of @ nial 4ihtun be pb cet cement il ts pets ig mae Srnec he pst seer aad cal selina atin gb newark The PON ai eg te vie fet eet of of servi trnsmison packets Tyialy. uth ney ipod esa LaPeer do al irnenision asin nee rove SRE et te or Ts eo da ener Nose clr telson yom ae ure n h vlihryspre idly advancing technology forthe impe- subsribers with high ped connetviy ote PDN, Rap On, Te mbes ms oo cal, th Sytem eect tk Tek tes te mbes ee inate aman acon hme) o¢ |, eile Tak Ort Tem Jon When te mobile sbseer dese inate aca, -ystem and then lock. ome ate Pang channel Wiha tee seconde ‘mobile must receive le Mode Tsk Ca a nao Fos SS nd vey crain ores intense this portion ofthe ask anger be cone ‘TE pen moton vil ports eneratmore capyles of AMPS opens te eral Wl > oe et song pg #2006 compe wrk wy “Ths nett eon wl rove ever oe exp second ‘ie eral Dig sk ee ca tome system 1D (SID) 0EEE heeded o complete this ask. Fists ie sats to tansmit a sevice request massa write he mosiesaton's tnd te pe ation's MIN, ESN, and the phone numer 9 Mob ave Reg eg cum Sp ie Stoned cen eps pectenntetse | treme | : (iat pansies ral | Sp: i mt Moe Sts vi Te ‘sip te ese #5: Maio mesg SA) 2 aie nee FU Re Sp: Consmetn messes SA is ‘escort VCS Sct _ a RETO | SPM i ni ere a Se9 1: Calisto ‘Sten 5) Fire 2-6 AMPS obdecxgned alt Mette itn on) eee she motile setsrbe ni subse want to make a ea sve ” tee mobile plone sd the ae sin ovr ie anos aoe a ge : ‘mnie ee eater Some Shon eee yee ay ere tin tec eatin Gey oe es Station over the RECC (Sep #2), Ths moa nnn ond Dept of Cllr Talon Sens 45 apa) (ep #5). As exlined efor, he mobile station sponds fo this message ovr the RVC wit the EET apna, which confirms the radi link (Step #6). The mobile station now avats completion ofthe call he resulta signal coming from the nework (MSC) Step #7). Finally, the conversation tas place rip #8), To disconnect or complete the call, either the ase station Sends release order mosue or the tite sends a signaling toe GT) for 1.8 steonds, at which poin the base and mobile sation drop the re ebannel ado link (Step #9), dnd Melle and Moble-o-Noie Calls ‘The mobile station can receive a call from another mile [ation or fom telephone comected tothe PSTN (alanine). For both eases, the needed handshaking eps are the sane. As chown it Figure 2-7, the network (ASC) sends the ID of the mobile station tthe esse station (Step #1). The bu sation constructs a page contro message. The ID information (ESN, MIN, and SID) i added to the nessage as isthe inal voce channel informatio (Step #2). The mobi ation responds to the page by returning identification ifomation over the RECC ina page response ocsage (Step #3). Another contol message is sent over te FOCC by the base station that contains. an [SCC valve 0 inform the mobile a othe comect SAT tobe used onthe voice chanel (Step #4). The base and mobile station bth switch to the voice channels Sep #5) and alternately tse SAT toes to ver ty the radio Link (Step 6 and ¥7). After this ast handshae occurs, the wffic channel is then opened to conversation (Step #8). oo Sep: BSC tt be ens ‘Sp: The Same Paige GD mn ESN MSD) Sp: Mobis ass Pag espe eae Spb Cates baste ‘AT itormsion) Spf BRS lS ih i | | ‘ep SAT uc sited o mabe EVO) — Sep SAT ne reed y mie (VO) Sep Wie cmon > ee Wanoiter Mit ‘en TS) “ Pgure2-7 AMPS mie erintd ell‘lato end Delman of Cle Tiphne Sens 47 46 “dco Wiel Teommeiations Sten ond Networks in actlular system when a mobile station moves to handoff cperation occurs lndff Operations A hg ori ec rn ost ce redepco smal seinen oma vt eae se wows FOE ids mile swing centr conned twee Consider tat Bare Staion hin its rea of coverage, that Base Station is handing an rive el from a mobile station with i oz uC Nete Obi At sine, itt be ntti tk what i appening onthe side ofthe cellar sym seston MSC and MSCan PSTN operations) Figur 2-8 shows som aaa of es operons. Conitera mobili eal Mar shown betoein Figure 2-6 cn ate oft cl ste, he ames cxnge ioe ne ase station ad the TATA ean PSTN. Thee nesags ae conte ie 887 messages. To man st tyne sanded an TAA Seb han the mobile switching c PSTW etn Noe tat arth hanasling between Station, bas tao, and MSC tps ca lt he oink tetween the mae vase base stton is conti, {lepton cl is ya dsogh ote call pay oe a Several mor operations se prone ding showers he ale ae, a : ee vice ane, Et i [ear Ee @ Seon , = Neate fa we Sen Mee S| Mates i aa fe ‘Channel Assignment is Cal sep Between bYALAVA COLLeC =] — Masfee Measurement ~ Paco MSc rn 7 YR VIPYALAYA CO eae Sp] oe SINERING LIBRARY Stns ua sign aanfatore te Sacha - <5, | gaat tot Pay islet 6 NaS BAR. c.L. No.PG, SAT Tous are Exchanges ACE No.8 {Assignment Confemes | gometo i Vea posse ve Steve sovans Tinsconse gt =| ee Ag | a Sel] [ss fonaecceeesent| i jathoe Tesi Mee stor ssn “ace mea |= ——oe stint De Mate Sing Mota in Mt Seng 4 sate Sara “es ‘as ‘nets ‘ote Menastn act : on a oe Feere2-8 AMPS mwah opens fra make oie cl pure 29 AMPSiund&t oes,3° mtotution Wires Telcommaricatn Sens ed fhe chan ech foceives Base Station B's: Sars den etre sn ei eventing ne ta SCC coe. As before mobile On eh eat hs pe of ifaion erste the station class mark (SCM). The. SCM i en sone chs) adsoge aiooe s oes upper chen, ro hilton the AES ain hemos est cas es nil aon aby cn a run oe Other 16 Systems TACS Cellar Te TACS Cal Ace Comma sort ie non ba us Un) sa ee {SOs nS stair 25s ing nage el Wwed-—Cellnet and Vedaphone. Due to 8 need fo a eat Ao release additional frequency " ie TACS we BAC rset a enper a NMT Celidar The NM 450 cee nar sem wa anor vai Denna aaa stn of AMPS tht wast el chanel cg ah NOP. and Swede. The fi RMT sn ate 58 a he band cme on abot ie ea Ubi MT car ye RE 450. In yer have since Bon so 1986 With a naronerchane! Se Pei the SOD "ved in sproinately fy counties wonton 5 HE NMT cae oli and Deon of Caller Tepe Sons 49 Cellar NIT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephon) cellar system went into operation in Japan in December of, 979, A oper stem, wed fraqencos in bth he 400 Ma and he 00-ME2 band with channel sof 25 Kil. The system was not well received de to its high cost of use. Later on, daring tele as sc early 1990s, and eny after the Japanese government's Misty of Poss and Telecomms ons allowed competion in the mobile telephone market, several new first-generation systems were ployed. The TACSINTACS (lparese TACS Narrowband TACS) cellar systems operated inthe 800- itis an 900-MEl2 bands with 252 and 12.5-kitz channel spacing, respectively, These systems, . ereloped by Motorola, were derived frm the original TACS system Other Analog Cellular Syste Several ober frt-geneiton analog cellular systems (agin, refer to Table 2-2) wee placed in operation a ferent counties during the early days of cellular. NAMPS, a narowtand version ofthe AMPS cellu- i te that ses 10H change spacing (hence, wile the capacity) has ben developed and ntoduted worldwide, Oa might note tat Earope, wit the introduction ofthe West German C-Net, French Radio- ‘om 2000, Swedish Conv, and align RTMS systems, had many incompatible systems, which le the ‘uropean community to become ery adopters ofthe next generation of digital cellular technology in an cffoo create a pan-European cellar syste, ‘Title 22 Weide 1G ana all ssems ~[ Dovwtint Uplink — 1 a ee | Fm = a nots | mesos | eesonte | some | assume | Tacs | cawaisnne | osssowee | asaie | ope en weracs | rman | ors [ sete | te aston warren | as-ansoni | os-asswie | —asane | ent worrsor | wweinion [saya | asi | emt cae | worm | aoesznae | 10mm | Gemma | Po ——— wm | ene | aoaenee | ome ta Tioom | veszistavew | sosseme | raske | Fee sem | WSzstae | aesturstie Memon | Qasausue scat | “nati wr) pssst ra etn ae ee ee Tene | evo | soem | asnsate | te meme | ite | issue oeeeMe | Skane | okaWeert 29 aban o Wire Tmo ton Sys an Nar Baton and Dep of Cilla Tephoe Sms 81 Digital AMPS Digit . i Rial AMES (© AMPS) cng a tral aN Ane ‘hs continua and urelning onus of ecology bas ui brought fom the ist genraton of lncreas the capacity ofthe ciginal AMP ice dung the early cellar lphone stems through te Sesond generation othe bl gencatonal step of 256 and beyond {@.534), wit the promise and implementaoe ofthe third generation of wireless cellar sevice at our ooste. Introduction ee cir ‘ioe we vel dfing fleeces vee finan ent ects th it tied ond he we fyb swam tna ned a AME tae intl Tye tas itn xt ft gereton ye id sno otaton es oe eae ale ef i een pan MONEY ba a che emp Hamnn e ssce’svoke ove hl chanel Al begat gener of elu " v8 for the. ‘tems convert a user's voice from an analog signal to digital form and then use some form of digital tte oxime ao te io i LAMPS pcs Te woe ep ef DAM es ti an pci) a muffin eas be galego evoke message Ti cnr x dial at ‘eget ut Rui TDMA ey as mmo ofS in te ty of commun ak see ale me) some atin. ov 2 DAME eS 3ME 0 ue the same ate chanel a] thine ue a ine. Ts abut i usally fone ow mpeg. The two mos poplar ferns of sytem tobe ovedad ono an existing ANIPS ge _ mliplexing ued by second-generation cell systems ae Hime division multiple acess (TDMA) and Sate von ie cs CDMA. ime "he contol sigs (rit gern ens wed dg moon snd gil cna meses ‘yof digital services to subscribers whi mane ovr the dected contol channels and over the fora and reverse vice angels whea the mobile st Sheva inthaconvertion moe nl ths wag wale cane Fasten yest ld o8 lic. tries gt Survioay sae ning ne bine sytem opera Sond emo ye eaeL AMPS vse a |e al elo eis tn ll cot eng Dt te el or dog ape ones would te acd the wif spaling ones. wpPor thre wes simultaneously ina As a further consequence of using digital encoding forthe user taf, digital encryption may be hw a a envlyed tht provides th ty sd py forthe be eter ecb. swe mt pore ‘All ef IS.54-B, in first-generation cellular systems and it led to the use of scanners that could be used to listen to private ete spe smectite of see’ need Wein te rstains de aig | aur (ESN MIN ad SID) ares, ee Siig sn elon lows re ae 7 18.540 348 ms | eer econ and conscinn cade so which to sone ea eal the pe ag sobs eles ero te aca (nor abou hs pea Cage 8 he AMES stem wore ean wel when wast poe! inte Unie Stas Sobsibes coal move coumsyie wen diet! sce provi fans td son they wae oer torte ty cold cee svc Ronny vas ac poten win th Unie Ste sic al estes Atto te conpbe This wasnt som eeu ofthe word Aa just os many flees ens ‘es deploy ndilcen reps fe wore Tis siaton was now netatlxane ai ‘est ent car back atthe systems used the technology avaiable at asthe sane ey 19808 vin hes cm ee se. Ios oks | Exapenn counties. Ted og ac asin fe TBM peso omg oe nee is ha hg |. Tretorn thea 1980 the Baoan outs began wong inter 0 develop 8 pa-Eue Either steiner erate asap |” prc sn Ts yoma a sm aha sue Coemes oa Pa cally PCS eae wie ees Sits at atine and access an excenety e TEPC ed inf Teeraphs (CEPT) formed a Groupe Spcile Mobile study group to research and then develop this new Slum mothe ae sng na ponte Hansen | Sune sy bap pepe at te te ett pei sn it Sota spsaet | io Syc fe Me Commun nse iin! he Pacem Commision form of direcive. In 1989, responsibility forthe coniauing development ofthe new system was trans fered othe Buopean Telecommanicaton Staards Intute (ETS). In 1990, the fist ps of the GSM Standage wer published and commercial operon commenced soon sfterard in late 1992. The system town wed digal technology and became known as the GSM cellular system, General Characteristics of 2G Systems Only 2 bef overview ofthe general characterises of second-peneration systems willbe provided bere sine these systems and ther suceeding implenetations willbe covered in mach greater dealin sbse- ‘quent chaps atone tee std 008 Compa tn uly Pn thors hE ERSIE tears ee ask someone whois tell you about ans rodets removed from3 band was added in fener soca zi ed in the United States for PCS service (GSM jo fs toduced supper. CDMA, bands extensive ively inthe United Sts and ti row and reset 13 of te wr ela legs = Eostion nd Deplent of Cala Tepe Syens 53 TDMA Fre Ute Stes 2 sonnet TDMA pst i develope ou ote SOD MH nd i tale PCS tnd Ths TDMA system is blithe as 1.16 and that many snes at ay Known a Noth Amercs TDMA (NA-TDMA), Cael en 10 of We wor cl ‘inrsutnerbrs se is tecolgy ppc ‘58h Jpanse Minty of Pst and Telegraph began a development sty with he iat oa of Fe gil cellar sate wih. coomon a ineae. From this sny cme the JpaneseFesonal rat ommanatos (PDC) ste i 11 sig TDMA ehlgy sno 1-54 bth he O- ai 50D MI bends, PDC systems solid by Motorola were deployed starting in 1993, Cue, aay 5 ofthe wor’ cellar sobscribers ase PDC technology PCS Systems \ ‘ering the mid-1960, espns 0 he Omnibus Bet Act of 199, the FCC anton off portions of Derg magnet specs in the ited Sates for wse by commercial mebile rao service provides a ee rat allocate 153 MH of spectrum for Personal Commanicaion Services (PCS) and took the ear the marketplace shoo itt the use of this spsctewn, Many cer service providers bon ar eaneney back avaiable inthe y-one major trang areas (MTA) and te 453 feqeney tae func Tor baie trading areas (BTAS). A large number ofthese Hicenss hve been used fo a alan coverage bythe cellular seve providers. In only a fimiled numberof cas, service seeders have Geoyed pare PCS networks (Spit FCS and T-Mabile, Typical, COMA, GSM Prod and NA-TDMA tecology have been used o provide service in these PCS bands. 24. 2.5G CELLULAR SYSTEMS ‘After second-generaton cella ystems began operation thre was an increasing dsr for oil data aS Durty te 190 te PC had bowen existence for ver a dae andthe Inter was starting See prt Workwie, oe and moe ieconmancatons was becoming compe compet ca eriey had bese exerely mobile trough the growth and efficiency of oder (ns- ‘anon rysems evel poplar syns ha ben developed ery inthe fee of 10 sens rang THM and sever bile cuir plished specification for 2 system calls clllar gta mas dt (EDPD) that sould be ove onthe AMES system. Although at improvement tat allowed ra les ea acces le wansfer eapbites, andthe ike, CDPD sevice cou onl deliver data at ery imited taster ates (pial, 96 Res) Evolution of Mobile Data Services “With the advent of ll digital second-geeratin cellular networks cane the very real iktihood of ti dae unafrrates ove cellar systems. I was not long before the service providers and the e- a sds coanteations set thet sights on thid-genertion cellular systems that would offer a antares and many moe fetes ed tothe aces f te PDN bythe assess, Howes, ear rae echwlog) and sufi frequency spectum exists o bu! thse systems am vee relecay ameosc oupeaing te existing cellar systems was otined ty the iret aries & aaa emt of 3 spcialons has already bee id ou, ut for most ystems in operation, bow: the, e must pass tough 25G and 2.5 frstfame wisi era ccna cet ait Sei toy aa ree wie ias fst pope Eten Hisesb ene thei acted Seno mobile spe” o 3 sd Sana or 30 is wed ‘Sv the yw spo tg nm ne ga Se an sane! maine uation od Deplomen of alla Tepe Ses $5 ars sc Fes 2-10. The CDMA iterwoking funtion node. ‘eres (eg, voice, dala, and video), and global roaming, These standards are beng fclined by the seiGational Telocommonications Union (ITU) and other regional bodies around the word (42° theron Motil Telecommuniaton- 2000 (IMT- “Faure 2-11). ln he ate 190s, the ITU formed the ‘Thay forum to addeess the mobile telecommunications needs of the twenty-first century ( aed unl wl be ongeg 2 NW Grow ITU og), Worldwide deployment of new 3G cellular systems hss redonay Bases of the 30 standard ae used to build out he systems Presently, te 3G Partnership Po- Jer CGRP) gro andthe 3GPP2 group are overseeing these efforts on bebaf of the GSM and CDMA ‘bil ystems stakeoldas, respectively. 36 Dentpment on» Chiba Lee Fire 2-11 Onision invaed with he development ofthe 30 cla sandr Introduction “The deployment of second generation cellular systems only served Wo fue! the fire of an increasing demand Tor mars oyster capacity and pew services, 2G syst primarily provided voice service even hough they [Raid ase spgon Tow data ate services, The aval ofthe Ineret evolusonzed the data market, Theil 36 fducion o Woes Tecoma Sytem ond Neus » ps [» [we fa [» [= pw pos EJ a _ me 403, cod a5 = | [| Wines Network Avda Operation 95 gn ow ech el a channeling of 7 30 se = 210 iz and that hs channel lloaon i Stasis fel, Ante way of asigsng hamel when se hse zs 7 wih nt sete {3 CAPACITY EXPANSION TECHNIQUES scalar mobile pone svc ew in pops dog the 1980 the med 0 cand stem Aso po, Mos clr provers wl aly inpemen er syns by oi ee i rei he et oun fia inex te east mb ofl sty) As dead re aren eully expand with aon cell tes fo handle We acresed wali. Thee ae so My in ich sre pve my incense ops. The ist and snp mao is btn sr pegueny specter, Alboogh is sounds ike fay sige! pci, Bs oven oe he mon expense, Goverment acs hae ol feeny spec eve provi a cal mound the worl. The fay reenact ofthe PCS bands inte Unie Stes y the ee 1980s yded approximately $2 bln. The results of thos high pies cbs several oe ees fora spc to crest dele takzopty. Anak poblem wih is aprosch oe any nsanes te smo quency speceum aabe to be auctioned off Inthe United States a ecdones worlwide, proses sec alcaions and incumbeat rao services or apc a ay saiiding and in some cases preventing the expansion of new advanced wireless mobile etctopes. This pie wll be ost more flyin ter hates. re, approaches to capacity expansion ae either architecturally or ecologically enabled umes in cellar aciccre ike cll storing ell sping, and using von ove ell schemes can vide inccsnl sytem capecy. Anote:techig isto engl dierent chanel allocation en Pia lccvely incase cll capectyf mec changes in tafe pats, Las th aopion of ‘Snes ton technnogy implementations tend o roid an nbeent cayacity expansion within te sea eology eal The bx few sens wil provide more eal abou hese diferent meta Cll Splitting a cofolar service provide intlly deploys a ecwodk with fit large el, the coverage aes will be tgs bat the maximum number of sscibers willbe mite. a porn o portions ofthe system expe cre ax inreaig traf load that spshing the system to is Kimi (subscribers experience & high at of rae able serie or blocking) ten the service provider can wea ecnque known as el spliting fo reas capacity inthe overburdened afeas ofthe system. Consider the following example of el pliting vse ia Figur 45, Assume tht Cell A bas become surated and is unable o suppor is afi load ing cal sling screw smaller ells with approximstly one-quarter the area of the large cells ae These ite the system around A in sich 4 Wa ast be halfway between two cochannel ell These Figure 4-5. Incessig capa by ll itingY° ‘odo Wilas Tammi tens nd Nterks Smaller cells wil use the sane ok sae the sume chanel the coresponding pir of lager cochannel cells In onder il system frequency reuse plan be: t Mecara aon Rey ie ab ree sl pore sls ms be eed tl siting wl work gute wel on rape: towee. aia sone would dsr. Very often, di tothe difiuly of acquiring apropaely eae ans Call Sectoring Another popular method to increas | SP et ce sy cacy is we el et Cel gw retonal antennas to effective tively spi acl into thee ors smatmes six new cells. The vas majtiy of a Calais) ak ces or ig jmcain) SEDC Reng ete a AD [Cc Cnn cence tA Firwe 4-7 lntdeeneruton de teeceg ‘As shown in Figure 4-7, the scoring of acl ess ina redvetion inthe amount of interference hat tte sector experiences rom ts cochanel neighbors in adjacent cluster and conversely the amon of ier ference thatthe coe soppies tits eochamnel neighbors. Before sctring, fr acter sizeof 7, cell foonves and gives itererece to six oer nearest cochanel calls in otberelusts. Now, a shown by igme 4-7, for Cel A0, the number of intecering cll hasbeen reduced to two (AI and AZ). This esa in higher SMI ni for that sector and its eampaion sectors in other clusters, Table 4-3 ubulates these ‘ew values forathee sector scheme fr sone common valves of cluster sie. ‘Table 43 Sislo-otroreee ras rte ctor scheme Glaser Siz, [ SM Rio 3 16088 { ‘ ess a0 7 masan R me Note that these rests indicate tat for AMPS service, ia tre-sector peel it chimes wed, one can redace the rese cluster size down to 4 and gain moce system capacity! Ifthe sector scheme uses (6-degree beam antenas yielding sx sectors per cl ste, then itis possible to employ areas cluster sizeof 3 for ANPS sevice, Note hatte setoring process does nt require new cll ses, ony atonalWins eter Acted Opa 9 98 radeon Wik Telcom Stes an Networks TJ 3 8 gle & * Spacer sem secs assed incopy Bee a ‘bution employed in sectored systems, z 3 g Engle rale g 8 franc him ue 7. ow oe dun fe cd ae 5 Te tored system, “ecall that without scoring, sshowa in Example 4-3, ach cell ha sane $3 chases a) e — available, = 8) 18 ale aid a2 |8 ete 8 aa [a eel tee 2 ale [2 | ele) le 885) 2] {eg Soe ale | “El je S2o5° elale 555 ' ale [8 “lElal8] | ISB Se: efelet) Vee er = 1a -[2 [sé ae ola [8 558m ii - =| [alelal [£2 & ijals [z sea Es 2) 4 itete fe a] [88/8 Je° og ome Li “| {8} ta} es mar FLEE Ceti ome $3121.38, nt fey se pla cic ame e Lele ts tists re sis gamete, ach set has single conto chanel tunes 38-313) | ale 18 a] (a, 8 inn a a a Cl {"312 661-16 nd 0-1) ee dasa ore | | ae 2] [8 (weny-one sectors before they ar tepeatd again in ober dae i fala [2 : ] i3 : Ltsle le GP ae Over Cet F afecde dalelaial dele) dal lela ‘The we of overlaid els was fist nrodeced in Lae fs cap he pay oe yc I alg hat are own a spli-band analog system © real stile Seca erhie 3 (eR TEg|S3 ‘The reader may recall from Chapter 2 the dese } [£6] 286 {ems that used a form of narrowband FM, such asthe | a f ‘operational wideband analog system could be .£7 We vided tien a larger maroell (xing AMPS or TACS) andthe verad microcell sing N Wes Neo ntacarend Option 101 fon ase of overlay schemes that have subcels within lage cells has also been known as “tering” by cqnents ofthe cellular indasty eroncs fr each equalize cell or sector within a sytem. This would be al right if he numberof wers ge cel or soon was conan beter ili eau of wae feed cach cla esse ronan However, eer of tse cass ste In practic, the amount of tac ered wiles, Be system an 1 inivialcl of hat system is nan, wih cern nes fhe day and ek nocig whl leet level of sg, Fees come up with nny dert secon of activites that might cam the aunt of afi FSfunge. For example, during events lke rock concerts and sporting events, the amount of traffic offered wo bel- gems an hge daly fr shor erode ne sale hou ter eves ie profeson tt rosea col shnge tf ny oro ek ong The ccs See of mee ea y experince changing level of tahoe core os wordy, aha ein rege Be cri ting te wee, bt ea dele int actly one weekend. The ft sonata paordinary that itis very difficult to design anything into the system to handle the extremely large increase Ere oe tothe yer In mary sch cases cla provide wl wing n porate el ses Fartines known alison whet or COWS) handle ie ease demand Atos cla sre poser ay bv dz of COWs at se dployed love he county a ay even ie, COWs a ao Hoje dring mr dsaesoresre ied cocmenicaios Oa th oer an, the ei ea Fh busines ti cane eal wih sone Gis ivough channel locaton ecinigee, PP ostlr crc providers ae very setsive vo te ine of monn fervor wit is own asa blocking, Se Here ira get eal of cmpetion for abstr ihn he ny, tenes Fc arouscellic providers to congue th capacity of tei syxemss tha here a minimal amount ot ‘osing. Most cellular operas atemp keep the probaly of cl Bockage blow 2, beliving that ‘aoc wil remain nied wih er sevice at is eel “he goa of tana allotion stem subline he tenprl Suns fel cage oer tothe shor an gtr tought tiene noble etvork. Pree, eet seve ethos at {mabe sed oan ave optimal che alteatn act system: As itshul fe nl! a Figuce $9. Oreaidceleinaplicband oyten. analog system wth nanower bandwidth requitemnts over tn such spli-band overlay system, Ge NTACS) di on ee Fie 9 The cl igor mast nee os Ulett ey cs ade cama we mel ove be macs Wik ees ea ‘wo jst mente le cu Tew tka sean ee ae a oem hs tow ee sn nih sees bs be oe a ‘pen ne eer ice navn see Pa ye ri dee sen, Ti pean mgmin ete Tesco mht wing owl ce mye po GSMceNATOMA yen, Assn of is eto conan tha ner an of 24 Go Oyo pe Sui pie ih ceo techni rte eas ee I its een epee tones ss te ea a oat see fo ean The oe chan tenes sa a ly se, he get een en cy Ts of sn in een og ee be stn sn Sain Sic Se ee es often, Seve providers can oc the average sytem cl locking robb it als theo ae mae tyres wich fc epane teste capac pete : "Tiere we thes min methods ed for ceving ne effet yt chelation chee. one Pn i Fa chanel ches cain syed afi pters oer ime ahd hen “fn ne the Sytem ' ttheng aol chins whe node. This ene ht se of eal ing vp th channel Y ‘over the cells, some cells will receive larger channel allocations than others. Usually, very complex algo- Stns we necded to determine te inl lation othe cane ad tae allan ec Sad carafe Gate rows a ew ates of cere The etd aleaion metho i vse ‘Sowa a tana roving Inti sere, hg cels cn trom cas fom low cl ae tet icep tm os med or tle fred fe tars to noma For ti chee browed cel ‘tom anit cll wil effecively cause atonal cells in oer clusters ose the use of tat particular have since the reuse distance of te borrowed cell has decreased relative to these cel. After the waffic er the borrowed chanel s complet, the channel s etumed to use i is rial cel. The thd chanel cation technique is known as dynamic chanel allocation (DCA). In any numberof DCA schemes, all vaiable chanel ae placed in a channel pool channel is asigned to anew al by vr ofthe sy ide sgna-o-interfeence statics, Each channel canbe wed in cach cell’ longa the necessary Lvimerferec rai is met. Tis isan extremely complex system ta ses many network resources Pete Aah Crp esr 39 PanOR irdution io Weds Teenie Sms Networks “eo Wines Network Arete end Operation 108 1 sccmplsh its opr, Ant downsie tes senso 7 tose heey al sit must be capa of age onesies ts meget ep bo: wse of sophisticated channel allocation techaiques will continue to 4 bet 5 ‘developed and the wireless cellular networks become more intelligent. sows Ser lg ype stl system se a fom of space very to eniance sytem operation by ng By recting stant Inthe 5) te bs signal from tbe receiving antes i chose Or re ysem, This vometmes mistakealy refered 8 smart antenna technology. (graton to Digital Technology Fn expansion mend consists ofthe migration to a newer-gencaton (igi modlaion Based) =~ PP Mh wll svcd cuties wo have a gn nth Pose Mot wo continue evolving systems to technologies hat offer more dg servis Some ap iveee countess wo feo-gexcato ystems. fat, used fst geneationeqlpment she revo to these countries as they expand heir current systems, Scond-geeration systems ie pon multiple acess (TDMA) and code division multiple acess (CDMA) tchnologes (0 ie etx ezpacty than analog systems. Foc TDMA systems, multiple timeshare ote pr chiael Ter maliple wets per channel For CDMA systems, maliple wers may use the same chine Lovet ly, TDMA ssteas ate ach moe immune to nie and inereeace an an therefor ame wth auch Hower values of SL thin an aralog system. The NA-TDMA 15-136 sysem, er rato of 12 B whereas a GSM sytem can operat wih an I ai of only 9 dB. This zs at requency ree facors of 4 and 3, respectively (fer back to Table 4-1). CDMA systems with E nhreinterence baling capabilites my ese frequencies in acat ces a ery pete ne) ae ct tal es ee systems prove ne sn AH Other Capacity Expansion Schemes ‘Thee are sever athe: methods tat cin be ethos that cin be used for capacity expansion of ile nove fsa of se aie Ar Em Te Lee's Microcell Tecaology ‘ove he eng onc ene selina tigers geist el ll ore om ene nf ante win be misoceL a sbows figure if hae ccna oe ee at cnt king el Aa em ited ln doa ‘Sth motives iin be misoel coe enet cis ew oeion, rb n ors o n a CELLULAR BACKHAUL NETWORKS 1 ctlar systems have evolved fom voie-only to both voice and data services systems he requirements Ss cana othe PSTN and PDN bave changed it eeratin stems provid vie comesin Piss FSTNA subse could maka voice call oe te PSTN o,f desied, end daa hough te PST 19 te ec ofa viceband modem (circuit switched da tranmission). The infastaeture of is nee Fe catisar systems was typically connected together using T-cartier, E-caztet, or FF yer cs tats TELA! ines were used betwen he mobile switching center (MSC) andthe base station 1° (hay and later the base station contoler (BSC) Recall at TIs are wedi the United States, Els in Earope sera pars of he world, and Js in Japan, The cansction between the MSC an the BS cared PCM: ‘peaedpiceband signals a 64 ps. A TUL ci handle twenty-four voiceband calls and an Et can "han hi 22 "fox sevnd-geeraton cellular systems the vicebacd sina are usually anscoded (compressed and = pimatedy a the BSC and sent over TIEN flies at eter 8 kbps or 16 kbps allowing 8 many as ‘oa voce channels ove single Tor J ine the expacty ofa single TVET was isuficins a “ta faites would bave tobe wed. Between the MSC andthe PSTN, trafic was typically angeated iu. it warranted sully sent over a larger T3 fact that could provide room for growth. The we fiber {acest perfoom tis fancion is commonplace no, The cellular service provide has to rent hse ines from te local telephone company on a moathly or yearly basis. Therefore, anything tht can be done 10 rece o minimize these cost i welomed by the ella operator. ‘Wah newer (3G and 3G) systems, cellular operators ae stating to instal their own private witeband «tos fo Bacal bath vice and data frm tho BSSto the BSCS and finally othe MSCs in an ort to nde costs ‘Wien motile data services like CDPD were inrodood to fist generation cca systems, the omnes ano the public data network was complted rough separate faces and het independent fom the Fyace ctwork. At the te, the amount of data trafic was ight enough to be card ove leased Hines. "Scond generon systems using TDMA and CDMA technologies were intoduced, several anges ed mis he exiting witless netwerks, CDMA systems maintined the conection between the SC and the BSC for voice wae bu introduced th iterworking Foncionpacket data service node igs pet Comin Lins Fue 4-11 Lee mil once capac expanse. Smart Antenna Technology ‘Abou oti ‘oh tiple ao eg 36 ease ire sport enn ol ‘smart antennas, a base sta:ion could direct a marrow | 7 a ie st a hen eb ae love eta Des ie at soteanas we pied amay technology This etnloy alls Steal of atonal ee en ‘ea pte ht my be sen svi ‘Ths etnies omens tere pace vse mules SDMA) Ne104, iad Wiss Taman Sym ond Netwrks Winds Netork Arce ad Oeton 105 frowave radio isan tractive opin oe used in the bling of hese net- We fp ——- se paces: therefore, gal mi fore dtl abut te deployment fee types of cellar backhaul networks wil be preseted in | 7,8, and 12. MOBILITY MANAGEMENT se moat important characters of wires teecommunicaons systems is the ably to provide bile he sete pve alc bs dense is dese for "une elects commniaons a es snc te fist rac spas were tansmited ver 100 years ago, Whats it hs es the Bet pe of car ato, cones lphons of cellar pes, i ey ae of apn of cach of semovaons hasbeen exponential i atu. The number of were mobi eponesserbers sie ops tw lion by the year 207. Ar sted Before, wiles mobile pone a vay ef moe hn jot ved Gevs Maen abies abstr devs ve he il Se ase nd ces te wither inseasng it annin aThe fen Me these subscriber devices is being eabanced by multmedia capabilities that support voice, vty aud, ab video messaging, Cel phones with builtin video cameras arin ft ber nd no aaa ftue invention made popular y the Dick Tracy com strip of so many years a0 ee ikelihond of the celular subscriber base exceeding tore than two billion within this deca, Figure 4-12 CDMA clr system sts newark connection CQWTPDSY) acter clen that eset daly w be enema eRe ere sme it ae exten pct vk and te BSC. As sees opm eps a mai ew "CS ies nl cn a is tp nn kt a (GPRS i yen, non oe aia GM pve compen, « GPRS pub seh he apts 8 mf ems eae ge tS ce me tet awe 418 Tg he GPRS HLM be GSM er 6 os Wes gh pa iy Ee ‘ora physi infarcts t support te operations mentioned erie but there sete econ ans Coup rate nee es. Vee svc ae spd trough te OSL 8 so network that manages the countless operations needed 10 make te ene systema nol GMA ary a Fort CDMA SN ym ae ae Pm ins tter waste poe Keen aS eccean como x wiles sym ih doa wine stn whee he ysl fiat et ee aca be Sir ac ye tonsa mei ete a oe FOTN mal ain ah caf he etc Set eon, deh oat OTe coco ty ver ended Pah ec a ian es ve ry Kawi wee e mbe ee or Ale ma neepnt ae deere ts ton 8 Se nas my nb ao sal he eit 9b Se a ie estes tt cine Wi ee so contin) a ae aya open eat Tong he we of ogame ‘aes neces fr oe nes ulin Be jr ten compen ern cm 2 mat cps bn he anti omen ic evel soi ase oer ef ty ogee Sst mie son) The svn nh ces ane ne eee sem he lo ek fn nc he abies we DAN * dhoves around from cell to cell (handoff management), Pr Ace wil anos covered by te TEBE 2K a rete ce Seve de ops gure 4-13 G50 cellar pom deta netvrkconnesson, ucts 20g hse a cr oa wih eine on = a olng ncesily oval bing oft pce wo oie cme between wir sett eet da ete secon oa, wines cellular equipment manufacturers are providing network solutions to | vere 7 i 0 solutions involve advanced digital transport technologies like asynct a transfer | fice (ATM) and SONETRDH (yaa ol eon ile) la rig mwa a ik aie. Many cel sts donot have aco on nianagement isthe process of Keeping trek ofthe present or last known oeation of «mobile st ve the dliery of bd voice an daa 10 ta t moves around. Since there ae literally uae of ve wondide cal sites, here needs to be fancsonay bil into every exile system tha will he aystem wth the bly to leat oneparculr mobile sation ot ofthe blion ps in exsence, proces is best explained, in the case of a vice cll, a follows: Whe a calls made that passes the PSTN, « dediated wfc channel most be setup from te BS tothe MS for call to be com- "The PSTN ses up the cteuit over the fxod part ofthe network andthe wireless nerwork will106 tntedusion Wide Teemu Ss Syoms and Netwrks Wonks News Acie nd Option 107 allocate a pair of radio channels forthe i ine ; telson af he MS ma em, Ace Te i oes sag dnb teint ofthe bis oe. A forbsoming example wl eat piel yi the mobile moves ding the time span ofthe gfe yt that provides a compromise between these two conflicting goal. ‘ove in state call For ico sta sre te wal two ops of dangers sl by wis ntwert-—sac and dai For destination device The packets ay cae et Pacets at typically adested oan ed enlaces, the cellular network's geographic layout determines when te losaon updating need 0 be 1 fhted device ths contponts toe ee tough the data network by rosters oa paricalar device. Annes. Fo dymamic schemes, th users mobility andthe cellular system layout both contrite tthe nit 2 fixed location. For the mobile device itis necessary to kaow the lf ~ aon of the location updating algorithm. tod ofl atog (ee Figue #14. oh avai of te called pay aa Fad oe, Sra cellar sues ute the sti metho of loon voting Se ge 414) nti Fora ml salma lexan, bs inal tid dea lepton slay nf agrsch oup ofcl asged a rato es ensan vale LAL) (oer kt Figs 39) emi in Gem era ormy mens ten mucha enee forse ech a A a marin pe chs incoming cll or data Wanton Ths aco mobile ad take the necessary ation to deal with gh chanel. The MSs that are attached to the base stations within the LA are required 10 listen to the contol I. This action might be the playing of a recorded message indicating that] ~ annel for the LA ID. Ifthe LA ID changes, the MS will hve to send a location update message fo the Fee ston Tae BS wil eve te upd internation (the VLR ita ated i ened _ er ein net. Now ite an incoming sae fora MS aig mesae wl be ‘information on some-type of network storage device fo later delivery, eto al the cells in the LA whee the MS is sted as being present. The MS, unless has rove ino Tn general tees te basic function nk factions performed by locaton management: oaion updating, cs ted te tennison of losin infomnaon to ter network eles The faa LA, wl spond othe ging mesg. One obi faced by atc locaton ea ID shine Sree ie eerie neoork operations in mre detail Laer hopes will vena he “ping pong” effect This effect can occur if the mobile is moving ina pth at takes it back ‘Tot berwoea the borders of wo LAS. This problem canals affect the handoff process, Prcicalsla- “ rin crus as iltepeamedchtnb raat Pecpenon rig tn s performed by the mobile tation, Recall that when the MS is fs rune of nan en gen tc is woe ae ‘ad eae isisfnaton praca ctl vey cms ee ee sem reel roe mobile does not change location, the access point tothe fixed Soa Seem ib tpn a ov en een a Thee dpe ut ete ess “te ’ i eal i ena ey nee pool cee ett Assadi afer hem useage {eat baton vl edly echng te reycve Ketan nomaton ‘of a BS or a location area (LA) that is different from the value stored in any eld pen though ing eal snl be mbes sae ease a ‘ited ma ng rae mong dette ea Tot lomaton te te mb's von a point, Ts ira i te neds Vl ‘maintai Portion of the wireless nctwork and be used by the network to locate te] Figure 4-14 Cela cation updating ‘Dynamic location updating plans ae not as popular within the wireless industry. These Schemes are yp- jelly based onthe situs of State of the mobile. Some of the typical measures ued to determine the Imobi’s status and hence determine the need o perform the updating algorithm are elapsed tine, tol dis tance traveled, cal pater, umber of diferent LAs entered and 30 on Posing Messages ‘An incoming call of message toa mobile station will tate the paging ofthe mob. Paging consist of the broadcasting ofa message cite to cell ft group of ells ha is mean o Bring a response fom 2 ‘single particular motile. Ths response will art the process by which commnicaios between the PSTN ‘tthe PDN will be established withthe mobile. The aging ofa mobile is mre efficent if he exact cel the mobile is registered ini known, However, as pointed ou, this information i nt always availabe. ‘Therefore, several diferent strategies for paging exist. Sometimes a scheme known as blank pins. is ‘exployed. This typeof pae willbe Broadcast wo ll cll in a patil Toston area. Wf soeesfl the Iobile wil respond afte the fit paging cycle and delays will be kept toa minim, Otberwise, 2 scheme ‘Of sequntal paging is used. In this paging state, tho cel where the mobile was last epistered is paged108 edu Wes Tedeommantatos Sys ond Networks fi not see et slot ces sep go on sa Sounding elo apse i 2 ag oc is pes ne MS aed aca ie jaa Ro stem variables, both paging schemes offer various advantages and disadvantages. netpuns Train of he Latin Information Bete Network lenents Fes bean png tw wor costa incl ston cane wea io seri te ise eo nlc assed anne en as alc cha pane da tha shee ‘information, and aucbentication parameters. Another da ia mindy te me eed VER wil enpry sorcmaon shes wireless network, there must exist several databases wh sally colctd wth he MSC QMSCIVLR Tis ete se msn MS hat ped lw ae moe erie aan ‘set's home network, te home VLR il Wither ee ue wel vor i az wally sever o many MSCs wed to soporte newer’ eating upon the pariclar mobile nctwork tploy, evch MSC may con HER nod Se Saute oct aera RMR) ay singe HL Cote’ of MSCIVLRs (see Figure 4-15), Formal vat sig Gacway HSC Ons, sisows sem ander pony eth ight he the HLR fonction fora group of integrated MSCIVE] merry see Meee aces the mobile network with other etvorks sch s the PSTN, /LRS. A gateway MSC is an MSC that ine Fire 15 Anpkal ctr gem. Atti time, let us examine several ‘The first posi has i ‘rea The mati Posie nari ht cos ocr ig he ope oo wis ad en menton he er ca mae tome ‘eters Wie VLR forts hone ae, The cleus ose Roche dete group of surrounding cells is paged. If this attempt to reach the mobile; i eo ‘accessed bythe netwosk an ‘When a jpg) In these situations, the MSC/VLR must send a mess cue mesons eneamecgcs f * (HLR) maintained by the subscriber's home network. This nea iscsi ‘eidcagusneausee Seoste ‘labo enon Wires Near Arce cd pton 109 as network privileges, Communication between a remote HLR and MSCIVER occur using & Har signaling protocol over an SS7 neqwork. The second case would occur when the users ay iso her home location. Now the mobile registers with the VLR of another MSC o a "Yregn” net the fist pony refers to the fact thatthe subscriber ssl connecting to his or her own service vrs actvork but a diferent MSCIVLR ie covering the area whee the subscriber is now Ioete, otis a fren ntwork belongs to a different sevice provider (hs type of connection i led roam, ce to the subscriber's HLR to verify tae cation information about the mobile, The HLR wil respond tothe request by transiting the infor aon back othe questing MSCIVLR over the SS signaling network. ow comments about the communications between MSC/VLR and HLRS are appropiate here. Foca ~ gat cellar system and most oer modern stems, the SS sytem is used to communicate these mes- “Ge The signaling done over this accwok is accomplished using mesagetansfer pr (MTP) a the eon platform cd signaling connection coatol pat (SCCP) to provide the atonal fonctonalty 0 inet network étabases (HLRS and MSCIVLRs) without any speech connection occuring during his ‘eraion More debi abou these operations wil be given elsewhere in thi txt . ‘Handoff Management Iv ation tothe lation management functions already described, cellular sytem needs to be able to (Mak he location oa subscriber as that sabecribe moves within a coverage are and tobe able to msn th susriber’s connection tthe system, Ifthe subserber moves from one cello aot, the cellar sy fam mun have the ability to econigue the conection tothe mobi from the current bse saon tthe ‘nee BS inthe new cel. This connection handover froces is known as handoff. oo for fine generaon cellar systema, the handoff proces for voice calls could cans a nticeableitet- ‘mption ofthe conresation (a ard handfD and in some severe cases dropped calls. Second-gnzraton ‘Bie systems using digital technology ave maigted Some of these problems with seamless handots, ad CDMA sysems have incorporated soft handft ino thei systems thus all but eliminating interopted {als For data wansmisions, handoff can reli dropped packets, Bat this is nota severe a problem fr uty oe packet dt afc since this typeof tlic only neds intermitentconectviy and rans son can be employed o counteract st packs, "A shown in Figure 4-16, dof basically consis ofa two step proces. Fis a handof management ‘lpn determites that haat 8 requted and nites the proces. The second step consists of acualy ‘sleallyrestaciring the connection and then updating the network databases abot the new connection lind locaton of th: MS. For the handoff proces o be sucessful the network clement involved i the ‘Every of either voice or data services to the mobile must be aware of ll changes othe mobil’s pint of teers. On the ar intefice sie ofthe system the former serving pint has tobe informed abut the change t dswociaton ofthe mobile while the mobil is feassciated with the system through the new serving poine On the network sie, the various databases must be updated to reflect the coe cation ofthe MS. ‘hiss all necessary forthe comect row of daa packets or voice calls. The next sections wll provide ‘more detail about ese operations Handoff Control ‘The algorithm used to determine when to make a handoff canbe located in a exwork element or in a obile ‘erin For cellar stems the network conzls the handoff for vic cals and this is known sneswore- ‘cmolled handof or NCHO. Ifthe mobile terminal contols the handof, this is known as mabile-con tele handoff oe MCHO, andi information soplied bythe mobil helps determine when handoft stool ‘ecu, this is known as mobe-aisted handoff or MAH. I al cases, the handoff controling entity wes Some pial lgoritm tht employs various measures of system perfomance to make a decision about the need fr hand110 Inedcion Wiel Tcmniations Sem nd Neer Figure 416 Typ ceurhandot operaos. Tee mos common messes wed in his pct i te reived sia sng (RSS) fom nobis int of tachment ad he RS of encanto pose pi of sate (aa bat Sti nas a) te atone messrenet might ned nth oes aon ato caring neces ana eases f Wt enor ne (BER syle Ht or, and on A probe ih ig sgn sagih easels sta led ial soenga Cin veg exe acon te ga fin ete compel redo inane Ea ‘Stearate bye odes of xopezton onion, rola slg ol aise bat went poerecvd om te coat RBS toga belw hat eves by sober nent RBS Addon! ann fe elgrtSncrp ‘lo ewes ye eet ero an san eee fin pe Sea menine cae A neal with hed ayers al won ce ‘revel power om a nrby RBS hve at wsvd fom he et RBS bya eda Heres “ae ade power fom th creat DS ka low a sees poet gue 2 Sows ame exp fe pose tert lt ed fr na seo malig con Soe wih te ial power beng ved by he ret RBS ale inl poet om = BS ha MSs apse ‘Caeser provider xa a conn ne ning system hand alors to inprove system perfomance Ness scm perm! iin such gs el Ding so ca pany est, ngees neo cone seat dyson hn Sun spar ims mewurs a pal wed ineve te every fv al and te ice ener they mig an nessa relia roger provide eased Ge itty da ings hand ling ert ley ot servis Wink Nor Acta ond Option LA Oy 9 Moc icser ase tr tetas A {3 SH —RS5-R55 yee ‘Hn =nS8 me ach SSB ewe +17. Typcal band grit ig RSS meauemen. Hndeff Operations ind management requis tansson of messages betwee varius network keno faite xh proctss. As depicted in Figure 4-16, signal power evel being recived by the cure: and dof cand radio be sttons andthe woe tan a ist layed to he ado base stator and [nate bas station cone (BSC). When these lvls mec the eritera fra hand the process eed A handoff message is sen 1 he mobile rom the unt adobe tation that requests the bie ston eit ith ew a tate ston at alo ete inthe mesge: When te mobi fos hea the MSCIVLR sped 0 rele he now mobile poi of atachment (the new FBS) sd any oir changed system panes. the MSCIVLR most eel ested with smth ane asthe lt the th new VLR rat senda ieepton message othe home HL to obtain the stb eter profile and authentication information. Te HLR responds over the SS7 network wit the xteion informatio Ite mobile subentire he aw ao bse station sends a mesage feiemobil asgsing anew pirof ac hal tote MS and he RBS fr he coniunton of ice venation, The HLR dats s ups so tat thaws whee the mobil andthe new VLR datbase se new mob to sist of subrber emia th ae being serviced by the pacar MSCIVLR Aran atthe HER sends a message he old MSCIVLR wo pare the mobile fom its lit of acively tated subcribe eminls. More dal abou handore: operations wl be given in Chapt 5. Adon ty, ny data packets that were end fo dtvry othe MS fro he old MSCIVLR ht ay have been pi na temporary network stag area shuld be ete deed or eect the new MS aces ie. ‘As oe cn se, ther ae many aessary messge tales ccuing Betwec wireless nwo ele- ew a subsequent peraos fo be pefamed by tse Sane cements fra sucessful mabe son da Thee ae so oer pe of posible hada tt havent ben ares bee sch a the vai peso incacel or int-BSC band, Since the exc deta of mobility management proodar for sent cellar systems ar specif 0 hse systems, more dts wil be provided about these ois in echoes when niu ste (SM, TDMA, nl CDMA) ae covered.112. Inaction Wier Telemann Son and Networks 4.6. RADIO RESOURCES AND POWER MANAGEMENT. eral ines in ter sections ofthis ext. At is tine, some desl pertaining to this opie wll be of the reaer Recall that in cellu system the use af many’closely spaced low-power RBSs allows or queocy reuse and henes increased jem capacity. At de sume tine, te coker the spacing ofthe RBS, greater te inference produced by bth the subscriber MSS andthe RBSS with other MSs and RES ‘oth adjacent cls and cel using fe same channels. ‘The use of power contol algorthms forte adjustment ofboth the MS output power and RBS. power allow for nearly constant reeived signal suength a both the MS and RBS receivers. This wi ower consol provides several system advantages the amount of cockannelitrferene is edd, he of signal coupler stration seduced atthe RBS, andthe power consumption ofthe MS seduce. This ‘advantage has adional amificaons inthe reduction of batry requirements, which ransaes to ‘tine betwen charging and lighter nd smaler mobil teinal ‘Aditonally, cer power saving schemes ar als being employed bythe MS to conserve ater ‘ew enrayefiient designs fr Yoth hardware and software are being implemented, and radio rex ‘managements being ued 1o enable an MS ot wirelest network to optnize the ue ofthe avaiable al ‘Resources. These pies will be disused further inthe next sections. Power Control Wins Nreork Aes and Open U3 power ios scion, there ae sever ther ways {o the power saving schemes oined inthe pres Hi ery power may be conserved Is wel knowa thatthe motile consumes the greatest mount Me orng te tansmision of signal othe RBS. Less power is consumed daring the resepon of FF rom te RBS, Another mode of MS operation can exis and that is known a ‘standhy.” Ina sandy to owes conued yte mob than in ier the eansmisson > ezpon moe. Thee ae ey eigeswed wih ile stss to active stn sas speech . ~ a programmed there is speech tation methods «mai may aly wast wen te pec sn nace noinstosn (DT) tt ier PD 2 dr topes ines itn over message othe me daring ial eit Ie og sh sesh econ mb ne pos de ees Sn af esse spre by te se. To compensa fr i, ow power ak ul umd byte be esvr rig gas te oF 9 speck ati. Ps pron sls epesed tthe bse ato onl or TRC forte bene he alin pty Modes te common technique used 1 save MS batery power i to pute MS inte a slp mode when there fai e's circuitry is off while ‘Asta previ, ochane inser sth ing far forthe rednton of laser eq ods fo aii Fo is shee te RF on of he mois evi pone ‘euse size, N. The use of power courolalgritims fr the ouput power ofthe MS and the RBS allows system ous the lowest posible ctpt powers to achieve the minimum Sra that can B oleated stl provide good-quality commoricatons. This means that for an MS clase tothe RBS both devices lower tec oupat pose: and as th mobile moves farther from the RBS both vies wil in alike Ive to increas ber ouput power. Any redaction in output power fiom the nominal design power fr [RBS or MS will produce a reduced amount ofcochanel and ajacet channel nerference fo other ‘sing the same fequency chanel Since the power output ofboth the RBS andthe MS must be constantly adjusted duet the neers changes in signal sweagth cased by fading and any motion of te mobile, sever diferent mebod power control canbe employed ins Wiles eework (ne typical system algrtn far power contra usualy consists of two phases. The fit phase ox ‘when the MS inkally egisters wih the stem pon power-up. In this phase, the MS wes the noni (maximum) power oupt allowed by the system. The ist measurements of signal strength made by RBS are used by the BSC o determine a valve of reduced MS output power Power contol messages ‘icky set tothe MS wo reduce it opt power; however, this Fst power redction i wally init wold the possiliy of dropped call In the second phase of his proces, addition] measurement ‘made and the MS power is adjusted as needed. The power outpt ofthe RBS i also adjusted ona casey ‘ase basis o yield the requced signal stuength atthe MS. In his station, whenever a new conneton ‘made, the RBS intally transmits vith its nominal or maximum output power. As done with the MS, ‘output power ofthe RBS is quickly reduced to a pot where mere sable measiremens can be made ‘hen the power control algorithm aust the ootpat power as needed. Ifthe mobi is operating in te & omtnuots transmission mode the algo must be modified oak this fat nto secount Anotber posible power cont method employs complex algoritim that uses information abot i setive radio inks in a syste to adjust the opt powers of al the RBSs and MSs to achieve maximum also equal Sets for al radio Ins. In each of those systems, cute powers ae usualy adjuabé incremental steps of2 4B orgs. ‘and read cont chanel messages frm lee between mesg. The mobile wil pay aan ad eons hi 08 a a peng mss with ach ey rer porate. =e fp wse of sent semiconductor technologies is normally a given inthe design of cellu aa jana go oning ce she ough ee of weet son a Ae arate veers in be een of be se eon n r cvgnepoyed te MS el ect a eaten! yen sm ges implemen ese oe ae ee nea ngs itn tens sil silos (DSP Se ee ners lst ep in teveae ORC BONE, aan aa ett cn tog bn ey NS. Radio Resource Management Jol pov eve cn ingen ey pons Oe stn wal. Teint és imporat spe fa eu Se er gem poe! corel eu ere beri aw [5 SSSI ern Ape ot te eto coe co eee z ao pec free ye atthe Sis ened wad Se cn al thin the cell. This is made possible ty the constant transmission Ratio resource management nso channel connection avaiable ti 27 mexureneat information fom te MS othe BS and then tthe BSC. Final the se of wiles ne ots Sian coca agen ee Srarcniansntny dea rhommeny ee ie cin cps me scantAIA Dardutin Wide Terai Syenand Neos 4.7, WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY ‘Unlike wireline tlecommunications systems that usually aon sent sl pov sme mt noun fs ints dion ad pyc ialaion wat teholtie pos ge eee pment cs noe pnt feed ta ‘ize wil ret om: of he sat rement ba agen infra the i ec il an cnn hs i inc pee Wires Network Arciecae ad Operation MAS lar key to pefoem the encryption Vaious encryption techniques have been used sine the née for atl fst arose. Most encryption techniques are known as sece-key slgoritims since the ey to action i kept secret fom everyne but th wo end users ofthe commnications channel, F However, complex as oe can make the encryption process it sem that iti always posible to break Fe cas given enough computational power and ne. The field of wlecommuricatons ifastrctre secu {sa very bot esearch pic ight now with the realty ofa proliferation of atack onthe Tere 8 well ‘Wireless Network Security Requirements Gel within 2 fly superticial manner by simply lndicatng the system similares and differences. This shaper doesnot cover the operations needed for high-speed packet daa transmission over a GSM or NA~ TOMA network. Discusion ofthat pics delayed unl Chapter 7 a PARTI’ GSM SYSTEM OVERVIEW | 54 INTRODUCTION TO GSM AND TDMA ‘As discussed in prior chapters, the OSM system evolved duc to «desire by the European countries to velop a pan-European system that woul allow roaming 00 an itermatioal basis. At the time, digital teeinology and mcrolectonics had advanced sufcienly to allow fr the development of an entirely dig- “fl socond-genetation celular sytem. Other TDMA iia cell standards suchas Noh American 15-136 a very similaco OSM. The GSM standards, as plished by the ETSI, includes specifications fr their intecface portion ofthe sytem as well as the ied network intastuture used to support he services ofed over the wiess network. The GSM standards may be downtoaded trom ww tr Tn 1982 the frequency bands of 850-915 MHz and 935-960 MHz were allocated for a pan-European second geneston digital cer system (GSM 900) that would replace te incomgatble first-generation ‘Sytem that were already in existence indifferent couse. Te allocation of the frequency bands was ‘only the fis stepin this proess. An intratonl task force wat alo assembled during 1982 and by 1987 ‘GSM was formally adopted by the European Commission. The ETS! ook over development in 1989 and ‘published the standards for he fist phase of GSM in 1980. The development process contioued,resuking Inthe deployment ofa functional system in 1992. A new feequetey band in te 1800-MHz range was ‘ded worlwide for what wascriginally named digital cellular syst (DCS 1800), This pbanded version (of GSM 900 was renamed GSM 1800 in 1997. GSM service in the 1900-ME2 ange (GSM 1900) using the CS bands inthe United Sates ha been deployed recently. Also, he implementation of ational GSM Sevres offered unk Pane 2 wa Phase 2+ of GSM bas been ar ongoing process and conte tay ‘under the dzeton ofthe ETSL. Today, the GSM system is by far ie most popular cellar wseles sytem inthe word GSM Services “Te first-generation nog cellular ytems were designe for basic ce eve, Data series ft fax occ. cait-switced daa transmission using a oicband modem Were cased as “overlay” services that run ontop = ofthe voice service. Te scond-generation GSM cellular sytem was designed to be an integrated wiles ‘voice data service network that oflered several oer sevoes beyond ju voice telephone sevice. The types of services tobe offered over the GSM network were clsifid into two categories: eleserics and bearer er. ‘ces (se Figure 51) Ina, there re sopplementary Services thtcan be adden the tlesevices,MB edution Winds Temmssizatns Ses end Mews Telos GS Bea Sees 5-2 Phase 209M ees (ues of ETS), CasMond TDMA Teale 119 ‘Adonat Deals Serica Category | Service : og_| Hate spech coe Optional implementation pasmeTeeseries | Gatagced fll ate ‘soplemeatary | Calin ine entation Presentation oresion of spaying Connect lin ietintion | healers ID Cal waiting alll Malipry communications Cloet werponp ‘Advice ochre ‘Opera dni cll, bong Presentation or resin of spaying fecal 1D Iicoming cl ding art convetaion Pct aon oid awe anaiet ‘Upto fv onging call cab ised noe conversation Resco of ea em 00 Inds! bebe hy psa" 348 = 2992 chanel for GSM 1800 1299 8 2392 chanel for GSM 19007PCS 1900 “aw cgay bani alt oe re seat GSM sys ipeet Re chtel ove bce rac elec che ners (AREENS soe eyes, 20295 2401-85 dS 1 Pinay OM 0 -CSM 30, GSM, GM 10, and SM 900PCS 0, eperivaly.Asnte a Extend SM 00 = 90) and Rallye GSM 900 (RGSM 900) have added channels 975-1025 and 955-1023, sis are shown in Table 5-3. swith tem and ae ‘osM ie iat] Teton Pleat 13 ps soe 2" is GSMde emergency mamber Sha MesogeSevce Viger ame | Beso rin etnen ro we) anda . | Tote, FAK. beset pes [eset Think Fweey own Freeney ‘Asynuenovs da “oo 9a GSM 500 ‘90.915 5-0 Ss 2100-960 oe ace fanreNe. 24 | (ARRON) x02 Mie +9902 te pink sneer +45 Mt etoane er ps ape Ota ae das E.6sN 900 90-S0Mi ARFCN=0=o0MIIN | 925-938 ME Anencons..02 | (ARECNS1S) «02 Mice 90 Me pik eseny #45 Mie Alles when esti a able R086 500 £96.90 Nite a -935 Me { Ortigas with pctenne Anencoss.023 | (ARFENO2 x02 atievs90 Mt [Unik emeny¢ 45 Me sm ieto (710-15 ns 0 sanecnesiz.s6s_ | (ARFENSSI2)x02Mie« 17102 Mile | Uplink fegpency +95 Mile the air iterce| consists of channels hat havea frequency sepsrtion ‘sa 1900 1880-910 e 1930-1990 . Fl Sora Sa pce menial. | Sena io _ | (aMrewst 02 ee snsaeyane | tn een POM eves pr band. Te GSM 900 band har 134 4. — as 124 caer comes 1504-4576Mte “os Aor ME canbe stared by up w eh wer, he el a 28 “ARECN=259..295 | (ARFCN-299 02 Bt 450.6 Mt Uplink Reuency +10 ME cau as0 {788486 perry {ARECN06.40 plik tegen +1 1248 = 992 chanes for GSM 900 (ARECN-306) 0.2 Mie +4783 MEE120, fui Wired elem Syed Neos 6 and TDMA Tete 121 ln ens Dewan sed forte tanmisionof ation fos of ssbsrter ale. natin the MS is constantly pe TaOPT ming power an bit ear rate (BER) measurements on signals being received fom the BTS that is {x [awed Ae Fe] Nacbed to and he neighbocag BTSs in te MS's general isin, These measurement conjunction wth e - ! (Getandovertnoveris te tem used by the GSM standard) algo performed by the BSS suport the Teo TT ar | smilie saber moves bat the GSM newer 50 Listonsie Tissosnte ste 900 ue ‘DerThe GSM system also makes use of a subscriber identity module or IM card that when inserted ino the Die sd andra or BS gure 52 OSM faquney beatin inthe 1900. MElE PCS tan ‘MS makes i fostional (the MS can only make emergency call without the SIM cad), The SIM isa smart rd that 806 tthe subsrber when the subscriber signs up for service with the wireless network opea- ‘or Besides conning information sbout the spes of service available to the subscriber, he card contains “be subscriber's IMST number, te mobile MSISDN number, a SIM personal identification number (IN), “Geouityauthenteaton parameters, and adress book contact information (i, names and numbers) stored ty be subscribe, The SIM card alo stores SMS messages that the ubseier receives and sven. The SIM. ‘aréallows for coe unique posibilies for GSM subsribes. single GSM pone canbe shared by several Gers with ferent SIM cards oa subscriber ould visit other countries and purchase a country-specific SIM. ‘Ee forse with asingle GSM mobile hat was carried by the subsriber. inthe GSM standard, the MS consis of two elements the mail equipment (ME), which ie the phys Payal Cot “Gat phone itself a the SIM card. The mobile is const being redesigned to incorporate new features (Gu Tine) and diferent frm for (mile ize, screen ize et.) tha the publics pereived to desire, Today, the ‘Genes mobile phones contain evra vido cameras With which he subscribers can use to send picts or “Sor video clio eachother or we aa videophone. Traitinaly, the sevice providers have subsided the cost of the rather expensive electronic incorporated to the miles to encourage more wsers to sab- serie othe wiles services thal hey offer Figure 5.3 05M timlbcina TDMA fone respectively, Figure $2 shows some adn dts about the bands within the PCS spécirum allocation ‘hat ae used bythe GSM 1900 stem nthe United States. As shown by Figure 5-2, te various bands te allocated for use either major o basic wading areas (MA and BTA). The A, By and bands are cach |S: MHl wide and the DE, and F bands ae each SMlle wide. The reader should note tha thee is alo limited sage of ober bands fo OSM at 480 and 850 MHz For a pariclar earier frequency, a chanel consist of a single timeslot that occurs ding 2 TDMA frame of eight imesos (sce Figure 5-3). Bach ofthese timeslos represents a physical chanel, Therefore, cach GSM TDMA frame represents eight physical chanel. Furthermore, besides voice and daa tlic tere ar a host of diferent system messages and oer overhead information costanly being transmit ‘Derween the base transceiver sation (BTS) and te MS. ‘Base Station System. ‘The base station system (BSS) tthe lnk between the MS and the GSM moil-servies switching center (ASC), The BSS consists of two clement: a base ranoever system (BTS) and the base station cotoet (@SC), The BTS communicates withthe MS over these inteface using various protacols designed for he ‘ies channel. The BSC commancaes withthe MSC trough the use of standard wiceline protocols The [BSC and BTS communicate with eachother using LAPD protocol, which is data ink protocel sed in ISDN. Inessence, the BSS provides a anslation mechanism between te wien protocols use the fed ‘oto ofthe wiles network andthe radi nk protocol sed forthe wise partion ofthe network. "Toy, the to elements ofthe BSS may be phsialy implemented by ekther two or tre hardware ‘ysems dopendig upon the GSM bardware vendor. The BTS (ote called ratio base sation ot RES) i= the BSS air interface device that comesponds tothe subscriber's MS. It provides the rao link to the MS ‘rte sit interface. The usual base component of the BTS are radio tansceitr units, a switching and ‘isvbution unit RF power combining and dsuibuion wis, an evionménal consol uni, «power sy tem, anda processing and database storage un. The BTS is physically located near the anenna forte cll site. Radio base sation i th tm usugly used to describe the cellar radio transiting and receiving xnipment octed tthe ell st. Typily, an RBS may consist of thre BTSS thal sevice a standard ee ‘oie eal it, "The functional clements needed by a base station controler to implement its operations may be all located ina singe physical unt or split ot nto Several separate uns. The asi BSC component ar inp ‘and output ineface multiplexers, «timeslot interchange group switch, a subateswite, speech ‘goderldocders,uanscodes aad rate adaptors, $57 signaling pins, exvronmt coool unis, power sup- sly and power cstrbution unite, and various signal and coal processors. As mentioned he transcoder and rate adaptation unit is sometimes split out fom the BSC to bea stand-alone unit hat is knowa a8 Ssfnmscolerconiiler (TRC). Some sytem economies for suburban and url aes can be gained though ‘he use of separue BSCS anda shared tanscoder contol. Urban and heavy tafe areas ar best served 5.2. GSM NETWORK AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Figure 5-4 shows the base sytem architec fr 8 GSM wizees cellular etwork, As can be sen fom the figure, the major GSM subsystems are the newark switching system (NSS), the bate station sytem (BSS), andthe mobil sation (MS). Mos ofthese wiles network subestems and ther components ave ‘been dscused previously in Chaper 3 asthe common components of cellular systems. Contained within the description of these components was abi overvew of thelr function and relationship tothe othe ‘components in the wireless sytem. This section wil provide a rie review ofthe description of the om ‘on components and their system functions. Components that are specific to GSM systems of not previously inroduced to he ear wil esive more complete coverage. ‘Mobile Station ‘The mobile station (MS) isthe device that provides the radi ink between the GSM subseiber andthe wie ‘ess mobile neswork: Inthe GSM system, te MS provides sabscibers the means to contol their access othe PSTN and PDN aad also to filtate ter mobility once conneeted to the network. The MS isa mulfune ‘ional system with fil large amount of signal and data peocesing power. I is constandy monitoring ‘messages being broadcas from he base trnscaver system (BTS) 10 suport the setup and clearing of aio122 aroun Wiel Tacomas Sys ond Nenks (684 and TOMA Tedaegy 123, [Netor Shing Sem 1S) Costet te by a combined BSC/TRC. Chapter 8 will provide mote details about dese BSS hardware elements thar operation, Network Switching System ‘The wiles cellar network switching system (NSS) provides the necessary interface forthe co ofthe wireless network 1 other networks (i, the PSTN, PDN, and other wireless PLM). it rovdes support forthe mobility ofthe GSM subsrber within the GSM network. The switching syste smaniains databases that ate wsed store information about the system's subscbesand faite the ce ‘eton ofa mobil to the system as long sit as connection pvileges. The GSM switching system ‘desgnd to communicate withthe PSTN though ISDN protocols. The basic componcats ofthe ne _swichng system incu atleast one mobile services switching center (MSC), a gateay MSC, the vs ani home location restr, th equipment deny rite, and the authentication center. In ation these basic components, the switching system may alo have a flexible nombering register and an ie ‘working locaton restr to provide more system functionality. ‘Tohundle shortmessage service (SMS) the wiles switching stm will eed to have an SMS gateway "MSC (SMS-GMSC) and an SMS-interworking MSC (SMS-IWMSC), The immplemeatation of general pack rao service (GPRS) for highspeed data transmission and reception requires the use of two ade Suiching system elements: a serving GPRS support nade (SGSN) anda gateway GPRS support (GSN), These ast two units connect to TP networks and will edscused along with the SMS elements ie ‘moe det ia Chap. “he MSC, in conjuneton with several of the dtabses iste prevouly, performs the necessary telepa ‘ony switching fnctions required to row incoming mobil-erminted telephone ell othe caret eel and connect mobik-riginated calls othe corset network (ie, PSTN of PLMIN), The MSC communi ‘ales wih the PSTN and other MSCs using the SS7 protocol. The MSC that i connected tothe PSTN i commonly refered oa the gateway MSC (GMSC). Additionally, the MSC i nstomentl inthe super soc and administration of motility and connection management ad autentcaton and encryption. ‘The GSM network switching sytem databases provide the wireless network with the necessary inf tion fcitatesubseriber mebiiy. The visor location register (VLR) is a temporary databae used ‘old information about motile subscribers within the coverage aa of a particular MSC. The temporary ‘subaiber informaiton cotained in the VLR allows the MSC to provie service tothe visiting mobile sab sexe. Commonly, the MSC wil be inugrate with the VLR to eee a combined MSCIVLR and hence reduce system signaling operations. For security reasons the VLR will assign a temporary mobile sub scrter number (TMSD to the visting MS so as to avoid sing the IMSI over thea interface. The home location register (HLR) database contains information sbout the subscriber's account, Commonly stored infomation wilinclde such ems asthe MSISDN and IMSI numbers anc types of services that have been subscribed to, Also included in the HLR database will be dynamic data such a the subscriber's cues, location (., VLR aes) and presently activated services. The HLR together with the VLR andthe MSC ‘rvide suppor forthe connection and rckilty management of mobile station either n their home les ‘ion area o rouing within the GSM system. The authentication center (AUC) andthe equipment deny regiser (IR) in conjanction with the MSC/VLR and HLR provide atonal GSM network security an bp facitateitemational roaming within the GSM network. The lexble numbering register (FNR) i tse by the GSM system to provide number porabiliy to a subseiber, With this feature subscriber may «charge GSM operators and still mainain th same MSISDN number. The network switching system wll 1s he NR o redirect messages seat by a GMSC toward a parla HLR to the conect FILR. The inter working lcaon ester (ILR) is used to allow inersytem roaming. Inte United Stats, this operation ‘tpg reaming between the lpacy AMPS system and GSM 1900 stem. adobe. Buse Sutin ‘Sjem Sion BS) Cnt (BC) Operation and Support System and Other Nodes ‘As shown by Figure 5-4, the ent GSM wires network is monitored and contlld by an operation tnd support system (OSS) (the GSM standard refers otis functional entity asa operation and mainte= toc centr). Tis ceatralizd system canbe ued to provide surveillance of the complete network and is provide the operator a means to support operation and maintenance of the entre network. Usually dor ate several sublevels to the management functions that cover the crcl, packet, and radio network potions of the GSM network. The OSS sofvate unl provides the system operator with the ability to ‘orm configuration, performance evaluation, and secu management of each portion ofthe wireless ‘mtvork along withthe tron display of slams oe fault indicators fr specifi system elemenss. ‘The other noes shown n Figure St ae vse to inrface the wireless network switching system with te operator's administrative compu systems and software. The tiles of bling gateway and service der gateway are descrpive ofthe functions performed by these elements. The reador may refer back to (hap 3 to review adional detail abou these nodes. ‘GSM Network Interfaces and Protocols The seven-laye OSI model was ioduced in Chapter 1-At that tine, the basics of eleewonctelecommu- ‘eatin potacolswete aio itodaced in the context ofthe OSI made. Recall hata atwork protocol ¢ sa agreement on howto communica becweea network elements or nodes. AC this ane it wil be instruc tet ke a brie lok atthe ines ad pools seid for usin he GSM etm,124 Iedution Wires Telesis Se and Networks G3ifend TOMA Tehaligy 125 6 ee ee Tees Be; i i iL os Hse Hee i ae mt ' = i ~ : am |i 1 NG trou swe tom ! 3 ‘fora scoe |i] sccr | seer {t He su ! H : [etyei|i[ Sime [ster |[ sien] ™ |] 7 | ' Lyf tJ to Vie ey | tice Figure 55 OSM newer traces GSM Interfaces ‘The GSM standard specifies the various imerices between the GSM clmens. Figure 5-5 shows (GSM interfaces. As showin the figure, th air iterace between the MS andthe BTS i the Um ater “The physical interface between the BTS sed the BSC is known as the Abs Interface, and the ‘between the BSC andthe MSC, i know as the A imerfice. The MSC ha various interfaces bet nd the ctr network switching sytem elements or oter MSCS, Not thatthe interfaces for SMS ay ‘GPRS nodes wil be discutsd in Chapter 7- 4 Layered SuctrfOSI Model Also eal from Chaper 1 the layered structure ofthe OSI mode! back to Figure 1-10). The OSI model views the communications betwen user application processes ‘ing parttiond ito self-contained ayers that consi asks that can 2e implemented independent tasks in otber layers, A message sent between two network nes uavels downward in the protocol stack the sending node. As the message propagates through the layers, information i added tothe original sage at each layer. After wansmission tothe receiving network node, the message propagates Up through the receiving nde protocol stack. At each lyer the information aed by the sending node tipped of the mertage and analyzed by the comesponng peer layer fer back to Fite I-12) in receiving node. The receiving layer is then able to offer various servis to the higher layers within receiving node. This mode wil be used ilu the operation and scr of the OSM system. ‘GSM Protocols and Signaling Model Figure 5-6 shows a signaling model for dhe GSM system. As shown by the figure, the MS coms withthe MSC to provide system conneston, mobility, and radio resus management by sending Sages back and forth over the ai interface from the MS tothe BTS, baween the BTS and the BSC, boca the BSC and the MSC. The figure indicates the various protocol that are used between the cent GSM interfaces and atthe diferent OSI layer levels. Adtonally, the MSC communicates with ‘various networks that itis connected o (PSTN, PLMN, 2) by using tie various protocols shown in figure. These operation will be bel summarize inthe next several section and then explained in etl in Section 56 ofthis chaple. Fe 5-6 OSM spl mode {esoa ofthe ISDN prtossl LAPD. The mo ifrence between LAPD and LAPDm protocl ae the {alloving: for LAPDm no eror detection is employed since it has beea bul ino Layer 1 sgsling and LAPDm messages are segmented into sharter message than LARD to be compatible with the TDMA fume length used in GSM, ‘Abs luerfce The Abie interface exits between the BSC andthe BTS, The Layer 2 protcol wed onthe ‘Abs intefte is LAPD. At the Layer’ level most messages just past hough the BTS transparent How- ‘tet thre are some eadio resource management messages tat ae closely linked to the system radio Hardware that must be handled by the BTS. The BTS management (BTSM) enies manage these mes ‘apes. An example of this typeof radio resource message involves encryption. The cipbeing message ‘end the ciner key, K, tothe BTS and then the BTS sends the ciering mode command tthe MS, Ais Laer I signaling details wil so be diseased fun in Chapter 8 Ainrface "The A ineriace exists between the BSC and the MSC. Signaling over th A interface is done ‘ezuing to base satin signaling application part (BSSAP) using the network sevice pat of S87. In the, MSC, inthe diction ofthe MS, Layer 3 i subdivided into three pats: radio resource management (RR), ‘obilcy management (MM), and connection management (CM). More wil esd about these sublyers in Seon 5.6of this chapter. AS mentioned, the protocol used to transfer the CM and MM messages is BBSAP. The BBSAP protocol has wo sabpars: direst yansfer aplication pat (DTAP) and base station ysem man ‘gemen application pat (BSSAMP). DTAPisusedto Send CM and MM messages between the MSC athe MS uansavstly through te BSS. BSSAMP used o Sead messages between the MSC andthe BSC. This ‘erations deen Figure 5-7. ‘Ar Iruface The Atet interac only exists in GSM systems that have separate units for the tanscoder “nao and BSC (tis is piel of some vendors’ GSM equipment. Signaling between the BSC and tbe TRC pecformed by the ws of BSCITRC application part (BTAP) protocol (BTAP is a vendor [Exeson} ‘pei proc) over the Ater interface. Figure S-8 shows this type of operation. The figure indicates how _BSSAP signaling is sent wansparealy trough the TRC node. Ate Layer signaling details wil also be escased further in Chaper 8. ‘Um Incjace The Layer 1, Um, ac ntefice specications willbe deed more extensively in S 56 of tis chapter and in Chapter 8. The Layer 2 protocol wed on the Un interface is LAPD,126-nonucton t Wis Teena Sens ed Networks 68\¢end TOMA Teaogy 127, 4 vice conersaion or aan he begat yt sport forthe sbee's mbit. The celular tm is based on te wea ine vision malpe aces (TDMA) wo provide ston copcity over alinied anoan of io fouccy specun Tiss ccompied y ving it Frc cometon ped ino snesls hat a be tse by diferent subscriber for vice ota wae galt forthe arsmison of he rogue system signaling and control intron In esenc, hs css provides aol cael o he ym over Ue sme physical ai nk. Pgs stown by Figure 5-9, the OSM sytem vides the ado ink comer ine ino eight egal and Zpeting Unclots know a frames for both ups and dowaisk wassons. The tinea can be Cds ogi chines, Thi is, fm sytem point of view, cach ied may cay either sb- sir ali o signaling and conel information reed fr the management of the ato link and Fer yt resources. The sytem can we seve fen ses of eet eae Sctes known os . epeoding upon te typeof information being tansmied. The next several scons Wil vide mere detail abou te timeslots andthe fra sour and the operations and the vaio fie- Fon prone by he sigaing and conte channel DIAP= Dia set tn Pat BSSMAP= BSS Magnet Pa Fgure5-7_Signlag between the MSC, BSS and MS 05M ste. Fs sae foo Lagat Coan -Hlgre 5.9. OSM TDMA fae ‘Logical Channels, ‘As eviusly mentioned, the lgal channel may cay ether subscribe afc or signaling and con infomation tft subscxiber mobili. Presnly, here ae tre types of trafic channels (TCHS). The fallsate traffic chanel (TCHIF or Bm) cates one conversation by using one timeslot. The wansnitted ‘ice signal is encoded a 13-Rbps ate, but tis seat with ational overhead bis. This information plas ‘ction channel oveead bts Yel inal chanel data ate of 228 Kbps. The fll-ate afi chanel ‘may also cary dat at ras of 144,96, 48, and 24 kbps. The half afc chanel (TCHVH o¢ Lm) caries voice encoded at 6. Kops o tsa es of 48 ot 2.4 Kbps. Wi additonal overhead bits, the ttl ‘ha rate for TCH becomes 114 kbps. Therefore, two conversations ora conversation and a data wanser two data wansfers may be ransmited over one chanel atthe same tne. Enhanced fullate (EFR) ta ‘eemevne wien af 9132. tte and Hee TCHU we overeat ill 229 Kp channel ta ‘nt. The EFR channel may also tansmit da atthe TCH ras. More willbe sid about these chamels te, i ‘The signaling and coal channels consis of hce chanel sub-categories: broadest chanel, common ‘caro channels, and dedicated control channels. The fwction ofthese chanals wil be explained in more eal next Later, the ing scheme used to transmit the signaling and contol channels within the TDMA frame seuctare wll be examined. ‘Broadcast Channels GM cellular system ses broadcast chanel (BCH) to provide infomation tothe motile station about Fvaious sytem paractes and also information abou the location aca ident (LAL), The ize tyes of BCH are broadest contro channel, frequency conection chanel, and synchronization channel. Using the IAPS RSOTRC ppl Par BSSAP=DSS Ape Pat Figure 5.8. Siguliag over the OSM Aterineice. MSC inefazes The GSM signaling model (Figure 5-6) shows two protcol stacks within the MSC node ‘The protocol stick onthe fund sides associted with eA interface and hasbeen discussed erie. To ‘ighhand protocl tack coresponds tothe MSC network eteraes the VLR, HLR, GMSC. andthe STN or other PLAIN. Within the network imerface stack ae the following protcols: MTP. SCCP, TCAPA [MAP, and ISUPTUP. Message tnsfer par (MTP) is wed to anspor messages ad fo toting and adres ing. MTP conesponds to OSI Layers 1 2, and pars of 3. Signaling Comecton contol pat (SCP) as ‘eto te S87 signaling to provide for more extensive addressing Sd roting.Togetber, MTP and SCC? ‘ona the network service part (NSP) and corespond to Layers I in the OST model. Trasf: capabilites aplication par (TCAP) and mobile application pat (MAP) are Layer 7 protocols TCAP provides services ‘sed on connectinles network services. MAP is «protocol specifically designed foe mobile communica, tions is we forthe sgnling between databases (HLR, VLR, EIR. AUC, et) and is further designated at -MAP-a whet is given as sown by Figue $5. ISDN aser part (ISDN-UP) and temporary ar pat (TUP) ‘ac se fom Layer 3 upto Layer 7 and are used between the MSC ath ISDNIPSTN foe cal stp a supervision. More det abou these protcos an operations wil he gives arin this chapte. 5.3. GSM CHANNEL CONCEPT As dscusein previous chapters, cellular telephone networks we various conto and efi channels ‘ary out the operations necessary to allow forthe setup ofa subscribe aio link forthe tansmison of128 tdastn 0 Wns Teleommaniatos Ses and Neors (GSM ond TOMA Tikal 129 (BTS) and synchronize its timing with the frame srt ta ming in that ol Each ime he MS atts ‘oa new BTS itmus listen oes three BCHs “At present, the timing of ferent GSM call is not sytchronized. Hover, thre ae several emesing technologies that may be adoed inte near future dat may alter this fact. Te wse of single-antena intr {erence cancelation (SAIC) algorithms o increase GSM sstem capacity is beng investigate bythe GSM. {nda ‘This noe cancellation tcc ie nance fhe synchronous netwoks. Therefore, event f (GSM lls maya be aligned o some mister clock like he Global Posionng System (GPS). Broadcat Carol Chanel Tae broadcast contol channe! (BCH) contains information tats needed by, the MS concerning the cell hit it is atachod to in ode fo the MS tobe able wo start making or receiving. calls, oc to art roaming, The ye of infomation broadcast onthe BCH incies the LA, the maximus, output pover allowed in the cll, andthe BCCH case Frequencies forth neighboring cells. This las fnformaton i used by the MS to allow ito monitoe the mighboring cells in anciaton ofa posible han dover operation thst might te needed asthe MS mover about, The BCCH is oaly transmit or the dowalink from BTS to MS. Frequency Comecon Channel The frequency conetion channel (CCH) transmits busts of 208 (iss an unmorltd ear signal othe MS. This sgnling is done for vo reasons: the MS can use tis ial to synchronize tel othe comet frequency and tho MS can verify that his is the BOCH caer. Asin, the FCCH is only broadcast ot the dovalink. Syrchrnigaon Chamnel The synchroizaton chanel (SCH) is used to wansnit the required informaiog for the MS to synchronize itself wih the ining within aparcular cel. By Tstening to the SCH, the MS can een abou the frame muber in tis ell and about the BSIC ofthe BTS tis tached to. Te BSIC en ‘only be decoded ifthe BTS belongs tothe GSM network. Agtin, SCH is only wansmited in the dowalint iection 4 i ‘cess Grant Channel The access grant channel (AGCH is used by the network 10 assign a signaling of. Scone! (othe MS. Aer the mile request a signaling chine ove tbe RACH the network wil sign ane to the mobile by tansalting this infomation over the AGCH. The AGCH is only wanseted i 1 ie dowlink direction, “ Dedioted Control Chernels ‘The last group of broadest chanel isknowa asthe dedicued conto chanels(DCCHS). These dedicated ‘amels are used for specifi ll sep, handover, measuement, and shor message delivery fancons ‘pe four DOCHs are the stanalone dedicated contol exannel(SDCCU), te slow associated control Teal (GACH), th fat iosiatd conte channel (FACCHD, andthe cell broadcast chanael (CBCTD, idolone Dediated Control Channel Both he mobile station ad the BTS switchover to the network- signed stand-alone dedicted>ntol chanel (SDCCH) at is assigned over te access grant channal in sepouse othe mobiles request that hasbeen tansmied over the random access change. The call sup rover (the nial steps eguied to setup 2 ato link) is performed onthe SDCCH. The SDCCH is frnsmitedin beh the wplik ad doalnk decons. Whe the call scupprocedare is complete, both the obi and the BTS switch to apreassigned avaiable trafficchannel ‘Siw Ascitd Control Chansl "The slow associated contol chanel (SACCH) is used to wast iaor- “ation abet measurements mode bythe MS or instr om te BTS aoa the mobi parameters ‘a peation. Inte uplink dren the mobile sends measements of he received signal strength fom its (gen BTS nd those of neighboring BTSs. nthe dowolink ection, the MS receives infomation from the [BTS about the mobiles outpt power lvel and he timing advance thatthe mobile needs to use. The ‘SACCH is transmited in both ie wink and dowlink dieeons over the same physical chanel as he F SDCCH or he TCH “Fo Associated Control Chana The fst associated conto channel (FACCH) i se ofcitate the han- dover operation in GSM systan, I handover i required, he acessary handover signaling information is Trnsnited intend of a 2-me segment of speech over ke TCH. This operation is known a “stealing ‘mode since the ime alloted fr the voice conversation isstlea from te sytem fora sort pero. The {absciber i usually not aware of his lst of speech sine the spech coer inte mobile simply repeats telat recived voice block ding tis peocess. (Gel Beales Chanel The el broadcast chanel (CBCH) is wed to deliver shot message service inthe Svalink iecin, I uses the same physi chanoe as the SDCCHL, Speech Processing ‘Before examining the srctre of 2 timeslot, it will be inseuctive to ake a ee Lok at how speech is ‘pocerod ina GSM eysem, Fig 5-10 depicts this proces. In tbe mobile speech spied and beoken pinto 20-ms segments [is then coded io rece te bit at and wo cont eos This process probes WoO samples of 13 bis yer sample pe secondo 160 sales of 13 bis pr sample per 20 ms. The specch de ikl 260 bits pe 20 ms or 13 Kops whereas channel coding sels 486 is per 20 ms oc a 22.8 kbps tare, foterleaving, epheig, and burst formating yes 156.25 bts per timeslot. Thi yields an overall a anf rate of 20.8 Kops over a GSM channel J The receiver wotks inthe lowing manner: signal busts are recived and used to create 2 channel “The chanel model i esd inthe equalizer whew an estimated bit equeac is eaeulted fr a ed signal. fer ll ofthe bursts Containing information about x 20-ns segment of speech have been ive and deciphered, they ae reassembled into the 4-bit message. This sequence i hea decoded to ‘Common Control Channel: # “The common contol chanels (CCCHS) provide paging messages tothe MS anda means by which the robe can request signaling channel htt can ose to cctat the network. The thee CCCHs are the pag ing chanel, random acess channel, and the acess grant chanel Paging Channel The paging ehanne (PCH) is wed by ths system wo sea paging messages to the mais attached tothe cell The MS listens to the PCH at cra time intervals fo am ifthe network warts 10 ‘make contact wth it, The mobil wil be paged wheneve: the network hasan incoming cal ready fre | tobile or some type of mestge (ee, shor message or ulimedia message) 10 deliver othe mobile The Information vansmittd onthe PCA will consist of s paging message and the mobiles identity number (Gg, 18MI oc TMSD, The PCH is wansited in the downink dietion only. Random Access Chaat Therandom aces channel (RACH) is wed by the mobile o respond toa ping ‘message. I the mobile receives page onthe PCH, willzeply on the RACH witha request for sigalg channel, The RACH canals be used by the mobile if t wan to setup a mobie-rginated cll. The RACH is only tansmited in he uplink dteton. Fr thislast operation, the RACH also plas an imptat role in the determination of he quired timing advance reeded bythe MS andthe subsequent assgnmeat ofthis parameter to the mobil bythe network 3 "The format ofthe signal snt onthe RACH provides enough information to the witless network (i. the BSC) 0 allow ito calculi the distance ofthe mcbilfrom the BTS. This measured time delay isthe translate into a tining advance (TA) ta i sent the MS. The use ofa TA allows any mobil within te cl to transit formation hat will ave atthe BTS in correct synchronization withthe stato hy "TDMA frame. Inthe GSM system, he suctae ofthe RACH sigal allows fora maximum cell ais 35m except when extended range cells are defined by the system.130 odusoa Word Temas Spon and Newerks Sey = (SSS "espe ob ane oumpiacl 2aipaitee oo HHH SHE HaHa cle] lef sich TMA Mane Oa Fann of Tet Can fr i tigen Sceme Fire 5-11, Relish beeen ines and TDMA malian ‘Timeslots and TDMA Frames Ja GSM system, both wae and signaling and conto infomation ae transmit ove the same phil frequency chanel, To acomplish chi, ime division multiplexing is used. The physial channels of th system used forthe transmission of taffic ae distinguished by virtue of tee porta neloe wih ‘TDMA frame od the system signaling and conto infomation is organized in terms of both the specie. melt within he TDMA frame and the particular fame within lrger organization of TDMA fees ‘anastaes). The lationship between mesos and TDMA maliframes i depicted in igus 5-11 The ‘next several sections will examine the concepts of timeslots and’ TDMA frames in more deta ‘TDMA Frames, In the GSM sytem, cight mesos constiute a TDMA fame. The system asigns ouinbers othe ames sequentially from 01 2.75,648 and then the process repeats tell. Our desrpion of GSM timing al st wih tele system ine period, Tis grouping of sucesive TDMA fame is known ara hyper fame. The hypestame (as shown in Figure 5-12) conse of 2.048 superames 0,115,518 tamey ool takes 3 hours 28 minutes $3 seconds and 760 milisecoeds o complet, Each superframe consi of 1308 ‘TDMA frames that ake approximately 6.12 seconds complete. These spetames nay tlc on oe of wef sible formats. An explanation of why hiss the case willbe forthcoming sory. One form oa sins fame consists of 5126 fame) moltsrames (i. each mulfame consists of 26 TDMA frames that tke 12. ‘sto complet). The ther spertame format consis of 26 (I rae) mulifames (ne, each mulifame MSRN bax tothe HLR. In Stip 47, the HLR sends te MSRN back to he GMSC. In Step 98, tbe GMSC198 tanta Wir Tommi Stead Networks Sep OLR snes VIR [ussom f 7 si sa l Sieat | SE XS supes viRate SC fie [ve [sb inom “ co gue 5-22 Formalin ofthe GSM SRN. tes the MSRN to sete the cll to the correct MSC. Now the serving MSC receives signaing ital adress message,” forthe incoming cll dete by the MSRN value. The MSC anayezs incoming digits and ascites them withthe IMSI hat comesponds to the subscriber The MSRN nun is released and madeavalable fr other calls. The MSI is usd by the MSC for fin! establishment of SA el, ‘The MSRN follows the F164 numbering plan MSRN = CC-+NDC-+SN Where CC = Country Cole NDC = National Destination Code ‘SN = Subscriber Number This is the number ofthe serving MSC) ‘This last example pus together soe of the concep presented ace, The next several sections wil ovie adonalexmpes of overall eye operon 5.5. GSM SYSTEM OPERATIONS (TRAFFIC CASES) ‘The reader has aeady ben inoduced to the typical wireless network operations of cll stp, los updating, and hand in Chapters 2-4 a the common tasks and operations performed by the vasious ‘ens of a wacess network system. The purpose of his secon ito show the reader fre dtl bow the varios typi traffic cases are handed within the GSM system. These examples wil indica lent ypes of system signaling that occur, the nodes of the GSM system involved inthe assoned one ‘ons andthe funtion ht the nodes perform daring these operations, The taffc cases considered in sits of tree pars a shown in Figure 5-22. 680 ond TOMA Tebnlag 139 Gn wil inte calls andthe operations that supper subscriber's mobility: octon updating opera is and handover cases Fora description ofall ofthe posible GSM wale cases, the ear wil hve to wo the OSM standards. Forte sake of continuity, the reader my wint to review Seton 3. for an 2 ofall establishment. Again, the deta of daa cals ad short message service wil be covered in Tegstration, Call Setup, and Location Updating jee describing the cll stp operations, oe ned conser th varios sates that the MS ca bei, MS can be powered of, othe IM cal ar be enoved fom the mobo the til a eon in an aea without service. Il tee casey the MS is con dred Wo be nthe Seaced cenion Piers, the MS canbe powered on within th GSM system and wil sabsequety ee into a waced Gloonship withthe sytem The mobil canbe nei of vo sates wien atached: (1) the le sain the MS hat no dtl hana allocated wan ijt steno he Boast contol args EECID and he ping channels (PCH) or) the ate er eet satin which he MS has ee cones othe GSM neterk. Whine ated mode, he MS may ange em ei othe mode theresa ofl setup short message soviet, loeston oping ot spenentaty Ec proceéures. Also if te MS isin he eve moe and changes cell this ean lef SM binder. “Gal Sep {a setup within OSM system consis of quite afew ecesay operations. Frets mobil ine ag cll 03 mobiletermieatng call the following ten operations need tobe performed, Fors terinating clit sees to perform an nia adonal operation a shove, Introgatio oly fra motile terminating cl) "+ Ra eouce emectnesblisiner, fe 5 service equ = Anatation Cerne mse eng + DEL numer chek Fm TMs locaton “A Calliniaton Fe Asitonem ora uatechane User aleingsigaling 0 Call ace signaling Ztrerozsion Phase The interrogation phase has ben described previously in this chapter in Secon 4 Poder the heading Mobile Station Roaming Nunber. Figue 5-23 graphically ists the interrogation ls in imeline!iowchart fr. This wil be the format used in thi section tolls the various ope. tons and signaling occuring between the different made ofthe GSM network. For the interrogation operation, one notes that the iil adress message AM) comes from outside the GSM network wing F SUPNUP protocols. In some vendors’ systems, the GMSC can senda request t the flesile nmeing asic (FNR) system node before being Sent tthe HER. Alo, fr security reasons, the subscribe data 0b smultancousl stored and updated in two HLR, This ulin system redundancy assures secsxfe on inal bathe most catastrophic disasters. In os final nate bout hs operation one observes that Jan operation performed, the two USM system rodes (he MSCIVLR ad the GMSC) we nom. oteol to communicate wtheach oer (i.e, the IMM message) le Resorce Connect Esablahment Figure 5-24 shows a gpic of the radio resource conection140 duction Wid Teleomnasios Sens and Netw Su ead TDMA Tela 14 tas a “<—S Q f rotten es natormoee | toes Sema rotons | chm Regen wo . — Tae 1 —e Sates Figure 5-28 GSM eenopnon pas ofl cup. chante : aad ‘Ratio Resource | anette Assigacicat —— Fere524, OSM ionic comin cent lisien. The MSC/VLR init thecal tp press by sending a Layer paging mesg othe ape Naty in ner Setting ‘ine BSC. Te paging message wil cotan the subscriber's IMST number 0 that the BSC can caletlse {hecorect paging prop tou. Rel tat the MS can be paged in al the cel of a parul action wet reven globally all eal uf « MSCIVLR serving mck, Meaney, ic LAs provide bythe MC {the BSC. The BSC recsves the poping message and ypcally ansltes he LAT (0 cel global ies quest (.c, nswer to page rginating call, ation updating, emergsay allo ter operations) 0 set (CGI number his information was no provided in the paging messeee ‘oy ifthe sytem i experiencing heavy cal volume and the radio resources are low. Whea the BTS The BSC sends te paging command message the appropriate BTSS. This message will contin Hef tects an aces burt, it sends a chanel ered message to the BSC. The BSC exaines th information following information: te IMSL of TMSL the peeing group andthe chanel number Te channel mb contained within the channel required message (aces dlay ofthe acess burs, type of request, and wil consn enough information to indicate te cana! type and the timeslot number. Fe hs case, e TDMA frame number when the acess bart was detected, et) and determines wher the MS is within Chanel type ia dowaink common contol chanel (CCCH) Gea paging chanel [PCH For the GSM be allowed range ofthe cell Te BSC detémines what channel to use and sends a channel activation mes- synem, he paging group is dtemined by the subscribers IMSI and ote information find inthe BSC. Ee othe BTS that contains the following: MS and BS power, ming advance (TA), DTX sats the ‘When the MS has receed th ysem information and knows its paging group it wil eacute when tir Teson for the allocation, an a complete description ofthe channel as shown in Figue 5-26 Figure 3-26 ‘paging group willbe Broadcast an herear wil oly ste for pages Ging the me they ae expected if. dates tat there are two posible modes of sytem operation: single carer or mulipl care (own as be seat quency hoping). In Figtre 5-26, the vase ofthe mobile alostion index ofset (MAIO) is 2 number Final, he BTS Sends a paging request message to the MS. This menage i set onthe PCH. Tere abetween 0-63 used to entiy tc Boppng sequence of the mob andthe hopping sequence number (HSN) sever diferent types of paving requests possible depending upon the use of IMSL oe TMSI numbers ies the pseudo-random generator employed by the MS and the network to generat the frequency "TMSI numbers are used istead of IMSI numbers, opto four MSs maybe paged in on ping mes Sequence fo be used “The MS responds to the paging request message by sending a chanel request mesage tothe BTS, Tolle The BTS activates his chanel and then sends «chanel activation acknowledge message back othe message is tanmited on the random aces channel (RACH) and contains information about the type MBSC. The BSC thn sends an immediate assignment command message back tothe BTS tht includes an assign message forthe MS, his immediate assign message is sent by the BTS to the MS over Figure 5-25. Detled messing ding OSM radio eure conection exalshent142 urincion to Weds Telcom: Stems ed Neto Stems od Natrk (68M ead TDMA Talay 143 scr ges pen “aon sis ay she option Attn aaer msg noun sagan td nde op a ae So en te te aye nan cose sae no aye oe sine [Be] BE] moe] we [Be [a ait te Liver 2 message conan the poping eoponse mesg), sborly tea, he BTS : STE TE [RTS PR [RTS] [tebe tetas igerd mcagein an mnie cere (UA) fae acon he Cmetbaee toss | yp, LOTT) Tse ir eons msn Tes pot pen ent MS ng Be : eo eatina ee Sa. Geer) ee ame | | Sea oe Fue MS cons inomaion hou th MS ey, Sing iat | eage | ame | RaSs| P atththnter ide MS cn mat Wine pe apne et Be BTS reel ee, poe | Toes | [mee a ee ton ma: Ths meget BSC sce ao cmeton ae 2 wate inl nam] | Seen te es canon cane —— pee | [ms ae eon ts Mtoe nnent te MSC roi 228 | semen | poesoaton i MSC eomcin ees nag oer le Cobar te a3 {aformation contained in the oiial pang response message. Finally, te MSC sends a connection con- firm mestage back t te BSC, This means tat the cicuit-switced Connection is etablsbed on the A insace “Auchencton The next tp inthe call cup procedure is auhetcatin, The authentication proces in fhown in Figure 5-28. Depending opon te exchange properies stored inthe MSCPVLR 8 et up bythe (GSM operator, auibentication iether activated or not sesvated. I autbentication is activated, an autbeati- Cation request message is sent tanspremy tothe MS, The message containing 128-bit random number (AND) and the cipering Key sequence number (CKSN) is seat othe MS over the stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH) from the BTS. The MS stores the CKSN and then eacuates the value of sland response (SRES) by using the RAND, the value of ky (the subscriber auheticaion ky thats store lathe SIM ard, and Ke i several authetication algorithms (own as A3 and AR). The vale of SRES is ‘ured tothe MSCIVER as a transparent aubenicatio response message, Between the BSC andthe BTS {data request fame and a dala indication frame ae wed 0 pasthe Layer 3 message a8 shown. A meri Setin the MSCIVLR wea the fst authentication quest message is Seat I the timer expts, the request is seat agai, the timer exes a second time, he ratio resoures (the change) are released i Fignr 5-26 SM chanel dexipton meses Country of ETS), te ses che AGCH sadn he MS she at inc at a ite el dein emai ee vn ewe te Tare Mme feat om the ass burt ninth cas func ogg at a esc te MS totop between. he informa sc nck tthe MS enone sess ut Sse ‘values stored by the MS, the mobile enters a new phase to be described next. secre tn econ specifications: — for A meaiieation ‘ofthe just described procedure. If need be, the BSC | senda ined asigneaton TCH cnenand ote MS. Ts sows el upping Deemed ely ne TCH Wen el suppose cmp shel dell con ‘mand message can used to initiate a procedure that will retum the TCH to the traffic: se | ‘might be employed if there is congestion on the available system SDCCHs. te anda TA ie: Se Ragust The serv rege has occu 5 ona he se 2s cus bn the MS asthe che as hy he meting aspen mesg et dase abi ae comeron ase te Aci ate vil ae ae ve sagt) —— | wa aes Ce) ‘Gate ape) | _Auhorzon Res swsale ae a poe 7 et ae one se Sam cairo ea ‘ vars” came, Mei °° on i Figure 5-27 GSM seve request operons, Figure 5-28 GSM wheres operations: 4A fardacion Wind Telcommanitiot Spins and Noord (GSM ond TDMA Tedlag 145 Danes Sper Nos Cont ee ue ai Rese | ee Pe sense |< “soe socc | Cie Mode agit ewiy | ey Reon ed es stone | ‘s00ci Dasa, ‘soc estate (Geter Node Compe) | Cpe Mode Cunt |“ Teeareress | ty Ropne abe Sten ue Tote ae Staion Mae Sie oe etn ee Tree Be Stee Mae ieag os) Sten 3) cote 30) ear) ans Ste 3) conte 850) ener O80). Fire 5.29, OSM cphesng mode ing opens iu 5-30 OSM IMEI check If autbentcaton is unsaocesfl, the GSM system may inate a procedure fo identify the MS. Depend ing upon the results ofthis procedure the MS may be bared from the stem or sent «message indicating thar the "IMST is unknown in VLR" o¢“PLMN no allowed ‘FMSt Redcat The vale ofthe TMSI number to be wed fora particule tralic ate o if one willbe sed tall is determined by the MSC/VLR software program. If 2 TMSI number iso be used, it 8 sent transparently tothe MS from the MSC/VLR vis the TMI reallocation command 3s show in Figure 5-3 This mobility mstagement esige is tansmited over the SDCCH fom the BTS to the MS. The vale of the TMSI nomberi stored in he SIM card and a TMSI reallocation complete message i sem transparently ftom te MS tothe MSC/VLR over an uplink SDCCH. Cphering Mode Seting Ite authentication proces is suecesfl the next stp inthe cll sea process Inst. The process of cipheing mode setting is shown in Figure $29. The MSCIVLR seade the cp ng mode command tothe BSC. This iss BSSMAP message tat contin the valve of Ke This values forwarded tothe BTS within an encryption command messge. The BTS sores the value of Ke ad sends 3 noncipheed eipering mode command message to the MS. The MS inserts Ke and the TDMA frame nu- ber into another authentication algorithm (AS). This creates aciphering sequence that is aded othe message hats o beset. This ciphring made complete message it sent othe BTS, The BTS upon esipt and correct deciphering ofthis message sends it tanspareny tothe MSC via a daa indian rae from BTS wBSC. ‘The ciphering key sequence number (CKSN) is ued by the GSM system to rede the aumber of steps required for cll setup, Recall that the value of CKSN has ben soe inthe SIM card Ifthe MS makes anoter call without fist detaching and reaching tothe network, the service request message fom the MS to the MSC will include the CKSN. The sytem checks tose ifthe CKSN vale is stored with the MS's IMST in the VLR. Iso, the MS may star ciphering immediately without fs performing authentic: {al iin Procure The next step i the call Sep proces isthe eansmision of the setup message transparently from the MSC tothe MS. A& showa in Figure 5-32 this conection management message i seat over te downlink SDCCH from BTS to MS, This message contains a request for GSM beater services (eecch, data, fax, et), The MS Wil send al confirmed message onthe uplink SDCCH iit can handle Dou Rye thn. Obi is wil ee he etek niga od Ti poss ce saben cane | agian | MERI to Conley stage oper see MSCIVER Dy Be sem per, voting et | 30 IMEI Check Again, the exchange properis set in the MSCIVER determine whether an IMEI check is tity |" Conma | peroet If he IMEI mania sob checked te MSCVLR sed an seay gut megeo te Maat ‘MS as shown by Figure 5-30, As shown by the figure, this mobility management message and the MS «spec an “MSI Realloeation ‘ent reps mesge a seat spac betvese BTS nd BSC. Th vac of EL sy the TisiRaoae oT ‘obi checked aan te epee reer (IR) date, The EIR ca eu esa Stew [a t| ‘modes for the MS back to the network. The MS can be “white listed” and allowed to use the network, the Me “Mabie Stata ‘Base Transmitter ‘Base Station ‘Mobile Switching, [MS can be “black listed” and not allowed tous the network, or the MS can be “ary listed." Tis then upto 4 fy ‘Saoe BTS) canta BSC) Center OSC the network operator to decide ifthe MS can use the network o not gue 5-31 GSW TMSL elton peti146 Pardue o Wires Teleommanttins Stems ad Nets io: & Daa Ret a sep ‘seu ‘ee Seago | ce — | ‘sooo! Ceamstsa| cleat Magnet | CN | ‘soca Dra tein ‘Galati calcoiemet | Se | Mana Son ax Taster Staton Mane eteing os ‘Sidon 1) center) ‘ester MSC) pure .32 GSW call ition operons, the requested service. Today oe can imine many instances of incompatible mobiles unable to handle te nowest multimedia data formats. This message is also set transparent from MS to MSC. A timer is stated inthe MSCIVLR once the setup msssage is Sent the mer expires befor the call conim message iseceve, the connestions tothe eallng subscriber andthe mobile subscriber are released. Assigement of Trfe Chanel The tfc chanel assignment is inited by the MSC. Aé showa in igure 5-33, the MSC sends an assignment request mesage to the BSC. Thi message contains informa tion abou the cal pid, the sas of DTX on the dowel, accuitientiy cade (CIC) windiest tbe transmission path for the speech or data traffic between the MSC and the BSC, and possibly a partclar radio channel to facilitate some type of operations ard maintenace function. The BSC eould at thi ine ‘sign the MS to he serving cel, bother cll inte BSC serving ae, or an extra cell depending upon the stats of the system andthe avaiable radio resources at te time. 1 the assignment is othe serving cel, the BSC must obtain the timing advance information, calclae the MS oatpat owe evel, selst an ile wai channel, nd sends channel activation message tthe BTS. ‘This isthe same message described in the section on Ratio Resource Connection Establishment. However, instead of assigning SDOCH + SACCH as done in the RR conteston establishment, etme the change {ype is st to Bm + ACCH, which means a full sate TCH + SACCH + FACCH. The BTS sends an acknowledgement back va a channel aesivation acknowledgement mestage tothe BSC, The BSC setup & pat ough its group switch forthe waffic. The BSC sends an asignment command message to the MS that contains the information about the new channel assignment (Le, TCH + SACCH + FACCHD, This ratio resource message ig Sent over the SDCCH. It consists of 3 complete chanel description as Was shoven i Figure 5-26 A this pon, the MS tnes othe new chanel and send a SABM message ovr the FACCH to indicate succesful ire of the chanel As the BTS receives this message it sends a UA message othe MS and an cstabish indication message to the BSC. The UA message is setback to the MS fr the same 380 as ‘explained previously, The MS ten sends an asigament complete mess trafic chanel is working. Finally, the BSC sends a message othe BTS tat the signaling channel sno longer needed in the form of a RF channel release message. The BTS sends an RF chanel release schnowledgemeat message back to the BSC. to the MSC wo indicate Ut the | (6S and TDMA Teblagy 187 signe Raat | ‘haat SS p| Dregs ‘heen Coosa) , tian en eee Cent REC Rte geese | ‘RF uan Rte ‘skola Aare Comoe conte (50) Mee Snitching ‘enter MSC) ote aon os) sn TS) Fig $33 OSM taf chao aimee (Call Conmaton, Cll Accepted. ard Call Relese The operations performed fo cal conimaton and call tcecyed ar shown in Figue 5-34. The cal conimation procedure stars whea the MS sends a ransparnt ‘ering message tothe MSC. This message incates tht a ringing tone has Been generated in the mobile ‘ad tat ican be used foruserso-wser signaling. When the alerng message is received the MSCIVLR {ends the TUP address complete message the cling subcrber who can now heath ringing tone en {Sued inthe MSC: When the MB uit answers, th comet message ie sent the MSC. Ths message. when ceived bythe MSC, prompts a connet acknowledgement message o be sent back transparently to ‘heMS. These are all coecton management messes, “The system messages tht occur atthe end of aca bive ben aleady introduced in detain Section 35 ‘The reader may refer back to this teeton to review the details ofthe call release operation (eer to Figue 3-19) iso desired. Other Aspects of Call Establishment In ealy GSM systems, intemationa calls to « GSM mobile were routed trough each county’s intern tional exchanges. A all from one county 0 anther required extensive signaling over each country’s48 rd o Wide Teoma Stns and Networks (GsKend TMA Tedlogy 149 Nomal Loan Upiing (le Mae) The basic steps involved with oeaton updating look very similar to sed for call up. The steps are radio resource comnecton establishment, sevice reqs, authentca- on (exept forthe case of perio region), cipher mode sting depending upen the circumstances), teston updating, ad then ado resource coanecuon release. Recall hat lesion area is defined as group of ells that is contlled by one o mere BSCs but only sce MSC. When at MS is inthe idle mode, it sens to system information sent over the BCCH. This “afomation includes the location wea idenity (LAD of the serving cel Ite MS detects an LAT diferent fom that tre in the SIM ead (he value stored athe most recent attachment ime), the MS must pet- fee 2 normal locaton update. AS shove in Figure $85, the fst tp ofthe proces is to peform a radio route consctin establishment operation, Since thie radio resource management operation is init comet |e | = Moe ‘memes Nocagoen coos) ‘eacei) ios) Seuon(sTS) Conte) "Cemter SC) Figure 5-34 OSM cll cnformation and all accepted PSTN and the county's international facies in order retrieve information about the location of the ‘moh from its LR. One ean conceive of various senarios where a GSM mobile ha registered int [MSC/VLR ina foreign country and als made wo that mail from the same counay tht it & now regis ‘ered in, nthe ol system, iformation from te home LR about the present whereabouts of the bie wool direct the callback wo the serving MSCIVLE.Theceore, twas possible fr acl toa GSM mobile to be sent back and forth through the international exchanges of diferent counties when the mobile was scully within the same county as theorizing al 'Now the local exchange whete te ells being placed though has the ability to detect a GSM number and irecly interrogate the proper MLR forthe information neded o Ioete the bile subseibr. This process saves a great deal of signaling and unnecessary routing. Location Updating ‘The operation used to support the subseiber’s mobility within the GSM network is known as locaton updating. At any’ given time, the subsrber may reve o inate a cll since the celular system knows ‘where te MS is located within the network. Ther re tre eiferet types of location updating wed in he (GSM system, The typeof locaton updating used depends upon the stats ofthe MS. These dee locaton ‘updating operations Will be explained here. The ee schemes are normal o forced eisai, period, and ISMI aac, In aeition othe Joetonupéaing function, the MS wl also infor the newark when i Js about switch to detached mode, ty the MS, isnot LE icine or Te} ewe 5.35 OSM Ioaton upg (Cate Ec) jE a [qantas eee | ‘Mota Sia tae rte es State Mie Sieg oo sam’ murs “em wil e shown hee (See Figure 5-36). As shown by Figure 5-36, the MS sends »ehannel150 Iden Weds Tecommanioe Syme nd Networks (Con pe ges) | — Ses nk. Cea Roget (Co Up ees) (Ceo Ups Rap Ceansiva Cnion eee | os) ‘Stoo 5) ‘cnt (85) ‘eater 50) Figure 5-37 GSM locaton opdating eve equ, ‘equst message over the RACH. The BTS, intr, sade a channel required message tothe BSC. I fie 'SDOCH is avilable, the BSC sends a channel activation message 1 the BSC. Once a chal has bees sctivated, the BSC send an immediate assignment masage tothe MS and stars a stem timer, The ead ‘may want to compare tis process to that describe eaier under cll up. ‘When the MS recive the immediate assignment esse, it switches to the Grete channel gn sends ‘sevice request via an SABM message that contains a location updating request message to the BTS (ce Figure 5-37). The message is looped back tothe MS via a UA message fr resons mentioned previously tnd also forwarded tothe BSC within an establish indication message. When this message atves atthe BSC the timer is disabled andthe message is forwarced to the MSC within a connection request message. ‘The location updating request message wll ncude te old MS lation andthe new cll oaton (va the (CGI number. The MSC acknowledges this Layer 3 information by Sending «conection confirmed mes- sage back othe BSC. “Autentaton and ciphering mode setings operations ae similar o those performed during call setup esrbed previously. Authentication is normally performed for aew visitors wo a MSCIVLR. Since selec ‘ive authentication is normally employed bythe system, the MSCIVLR will perform a check ofthe exchange properties to determine if utbenticaton mas take pac, If the MSCVLR needs to contact he FHLR, this process may be delayed. Cipering mate sting may or may not be atvsted depending ypon the stats ofthe MS. Ifa pesioic updating is being pesformed,ciphering mode sting need not be act ‘ated snc thas already teen peformed by he system ‘Tee next step in the locaton update proces is shown in Figure 5-38, Ifthe MSC/VLR acoeps the location updating, the MSCIVLR sends the loatonepdating accepted messigetranspareatly though the [BSC and BTS to the MS over a SDCCH. The message sent bythe MSCIVER may contain new TMSI ‘umber If ths isthe case, the MS responds by sendng a TMS eeallocaion compete message wanspat= cauly back to the MSC/VLR. When a new TMS is sett the MS, a timer i enabled inthe MSC. When the MS sends its acknowledgement ofthe new TMSI bac tothe MSC, the timer is disabled when the [MSC receives the message. Ifthe location updating request is ejected for whatever reason (MSI unknown in HLR, “black listed” MS, ete) the MSC sends action updating eect message tothe MS. ‘The rio resource connection is reeased andthe MS may be put into an ile state with only emersency call fonction (68M end TDMA Tela 181 as ig tiny _ “ - =o ” on “TMS! Realloation vey | to vt coca J tit | nisiranae mo ce es estan —— Sut Tmemcrming i ‘son omit oe Few 5-38 GSM lanon upg act ‘The lst step i the Tocation updating process occurs when the radio resource conection i released ‘is proces is identical othe call release operation akeady discussed. Figure 5-38, which shows this * ogeration is included hee for purposes of continu “nope a ses a asian Ma Stang oo ‘Son cone) ‘Sate 0 A mem 539 Coa coma ne152 eduction o Winds Tecan Sten ad Nts (Oy Rati sac (RR cmon yeti: hee ee oa 90 ymin mange nose (paste emg oud VER LE ow, f o o Figure 549. GSM IMSIderch Couey of Esc he mobile isin an active moe ast changes location area, the process jus esribed mast be delayed ati ater the calls reeased and it tums tothe ile sate. In this ease, the mobile wl ave received the row LAI number over a SACCH. [MSI DetachiAuach Location Updating Depending upon the GSM system, the MS may use the IMSI. Asdiscused previously lin access procedures onthe Dm chanel (LAPDm) isthe Layer 2 protacl used 40 cary signaling information between Layer 3 entities over the air interface. The designation ofthe Dm channel refers any ofthe contl chanel dissed in Seton 5.3. Each logical chanel is allocated separate protocol entity as shown in Fire $-S1. Only the RACH congo cel doesnot we LAPD. “for RACH, LAPDm serves as an interfice between Layer 3 ents andthe physica layer (Layer 1). [LAPD is protocol that sued atthe data ink layer of the OSE model, The purpose of this layer iso rove a reliable signaling ink Layer 2 receives services from the physical lye and provides services © i watt | oanse i = Sima | [ali [Oa toa Bi in Peel om ad | | Gert | | Pe fee ioe tan. || 6 | Ome | | om kien octe tye IPRoeeyp< Talis AGH BECK retns snc ACL stocted gue 5-51 GSM poe ene (Couey of Beso. LAPD used over the Um interface if modified version of LAPD, the ISDN protocol. LAPD is used ‘onthe GSM Abis iterate herween the BSC andthe BTS. LAPD messages can hve opt «maximum of 260 bytes per fame, The LAPD message consists ofa header anda Layer 3 message. For wansparent !mesage from the network the MS, te BTS removes the header information and the resnng bytes of ‘ta (251 masimurn) are seat othe MS. However, he message i ofen too lang fra single rae on t+ Air nterfce. Therefore, LAPDm sepmests the mstage into number of aller messages ad these mes ‘sees are sent ovr ether four bursts or cight hal-bust after undergoing convolutional ening 10 rove ‘stor eotection capabilites. More deta wil be provided about his procs in Chap 8. LAPD Operations LAPD supports two types of operation on the da link: unacknowledged and acknowledged. Messages that do not need tobe acknowledged ace sen via unnumbered information (UI) frames. Ti implies that164 taco to Worker Teoimanictions Syos andNeworls there is no eror recovery of fw contol operation jn place Jaring information transmission, Ack edged operation ovure when infomation is sent within muliple frames. Layer 3 messages ar Si ‘uibered I Ginforsion) frames. Bach I fame must be acknowledged before the next frame may be eal "The mulpe frame mode i insed wit he set asyachronousbalaned made (SABM) command, LAPD ads overhead infcmation depending upon the typeof fame tobe seat. The diferent cnt 4 nna use diferent fame formats. Some ofthe types of inlormation contained within the fame fel fe as follows: adress, infornation format type, and length indicator. The deals of the various Fame Fields will not be dissed hee, There are numerous referees about LAPD protocol availabe if he reader desires more information about his topic Service Access Points “The service acces point (SAN) of ayer ae defined asthe yteways through which services are ofan to adjacent higher layers. The SAP idatiier (SAPD between Layer 3 and Layer 2 has a specifi vale for ‘exch ofthe fubcions on the Dn channel. As shown in Figure 551, SAPI=0 for CC, SS, MM and RR sig ‘ang and SAPI=3 for SMS. Hetween Layer2and Layer | he are SAPs define for each contol channel. In the GSM specification, the RR sublayer of Layer 3 contol the establishment and release ofthe SAPs betwoon Layer 1 and Laver 2. This procedure difers fom the OSI reference model where his function performed athe data link layer Data Link Procedures Figure 5-51 shows a functional Block diagram ofthe data ink Laer inthe MS. As shown by te diagram only the data nk connections fo SDCCH and SACCH can terminate at SAPI= 3; all oher coal chan. ‘es terminate at SAPI= 0. Te dagram also shows be Ue pes of procedures that an be support for the contol chanel. Tey ares follows: data ink procedure, aa linkdstbuton procedure, and rardom access procedare, The dala ink procedure is performed once ca each typeof physial channel that issup ported by the SAPL The proclare examines the fame for the control feld and the length indicator eld “The procedure performs segmentation and reassembly ofthe Layer 3 message. The daa link distibtion procedure is invoked whenever there moce than one SAPI av a physieal chanel. The pocedare ecm Ines the addres eld of the fae andthe typeof physical chine o determine the corect data link Hock to deliver the information wo. The proce lo provides contention resolution for various data ink proce- dure blocks onthe same phil channel. The random accass procedure is used for data links 0a te [RACH. The procedure inthe MS formats the random acess fames and ints the transmission of hese frames. The BTS receives the frames snd provides the appropsinteindiaton wo Layer 3. Physical Serices Required by the Data Link Layer ‘The data ink layer requires te following services from the physical layer: fame synchroization, se protetion and cerecton fo enue a low BER in the data lnk ayer, transmission and ection by te MS and BTS, respectively, of ranom access bass, anda physical layer connection that provides fo the sual of bits and frames inthe same order as they were transite to the pee entity on the receiving ide Data Link Timers ‘There are several system times and counters used to kep ack ofthe waking ime forthe acknowledge ment ofa previously tansmited message andthe number of tines that retransmission may tke place The fanetions and names ofthese mens canbe found in the LAPD speciation. Layer 1: Physical Layer Operations ‘The physical layer or signaling Layer I isthe actual physica adware, modulation schemes, channel cod- ing, and so forth used to sed he bits over the physical chanel onthe air itrfce. The physical yer the physical E Taunel quality and RSS, The GSM piysical layer operations inclue various chungel coding techniges, bit and rme inte eav- "lag of both taffic and contol channels, cipbering, and burst formatting and modulation forthe © tansmision of information and the complementary functions forthe reception ofthe wansmined infra Gon The det ofthese operations willbe covered in Chapter 8 under the tpic of GSM hardware ‘her Layer I eperatons nce he sting of the ing adeance at eet hy the network, pee {avo functions, synchronization of the mobile receiver, cell selection stata, and handover functors ese topes also wl be given ther coverage in Cape 8 PART Il: OTHER TDMA‘SYSTEMS 5.7. NORTH AMERICAN TDMA. “At is ime, Noms American TDMA (NA-TDMA) is deployed mainly in the Americas (North and South ‘Averca) An inrative map of TDMA coverge is avalable atthe following Website: www 3Ganei aor. Pree, there are over 110 milion NA-TDMA subsriers, which represer slightly fewer dan ‘ofthe total worldwide cellar users. A larg poron ofthe recent growth in NACTDMA has eccced inthe Latin American countries. There are predictions tat NA-TDMA wil experience continued growth * ging this decade and despite the contin evolton ofthe cellular industry toward 3G networks, NA- TDMA is tought 1 be a techology that willbe viable for another decade—however, just not as 2 3G technology Inthe United Stes, ATT has announced that will maintain its TDMA service indefinitely: however, ATA is bulding anew GSMIGPRS network at 00/1900 MHz Cingular i also converting COSNUGPRS and EDGE technology. ‘As dscsted earlier, NACTDMA was developed asa tue socond- generation cellular sytem (recall D AMPS disctssed in Chapter 2) fer use on the 800-MH band and ten on the 1900-Mz PCS band. The first implementation of NA-TDMA (Le, 2G) does nt suppor packet da transfer. NA-TDMA technclogy 's very sar to GSM but itis no compasble witht sinc it ses a different imeslot and rane stare over the air itrface, The specifications forthe 3G verdon of NACTDMA were published in August of 2001 and are dosrbad by the standard known 25 TLAEIA-136-440-1 The 3G version of NA-TDMA has feed an ational ar interface standard that is GSM compatible to achieve the packet data wansfer ates tale for by the 4G standard. Therefore, the NA-TDMA noble tations wll have to beable to handleboth sirimerfce standards (ie, dal band and dual mode) to be able o receive highspeed packet data. The use Of GPRS for high-speed data over this second sinter is step toward the eventual adoption of one vera 3 standard TIABIA-136 Basics As alwady mentioned, the NA-TDMA system is very sinilar in its operation to GSM. Therefore, th weat- eat of this wireless technology willbe bef and only highlight the major differences between i and (OSM. Like GSM, the infanmation tansmited over the interface undergoes convolutional coding, er- leaving, and so oo. However, the sir interface for TIAEA-136 consists of si timeslots per frame instead ‘ofthe cight timeslots wed by OSM, TTA/EIA-136 uses the same identification numbers AMPS, the ESN, SID, and MIN, but aio uses the GSM identifier introduced eal inthis chapter. The frequncy2 166, rd Wis Tecmmnitions Sens nd Neots 8M end TDMA Tcleg 167 “ale5-4 NA-TOMA camo th PS bank igalae pt cnt Cane CCH) Boundary Comanes OTC) pe Bextsith | nberoy | Chanel | Frequency | Fry — fet | | oct | Nee || SMM Pace [eee | a em * ra 8 1 vse | mse! me Toca | sa | rm 9 swsoo0 | tssomm Mme fhe, |B | men snot | pect | D s 165 ‘501 1865.040 19850008 [sor | stew rex | Pit Noted : aes 1590 | 050 Mme | SS, | Ah scat | 50 twssoio | isesom mel B 1s 498, 668 1870,030, 19501030" mar as Bot Noted t ues | tnatoe@ | soa as | 96 Notusd 1 ‘6 1335990 | twos chit | seen & tsaom | issoam {00H Aad Gl ae = 5 6 ues | essa | 6500 efor Cone Noted 1 uz | tesa | e390 ‘ect Deen Cont Ce Novae 1 ties | tasaam0 | ose tora Cat ut_|_issseo | iosseon Sic tana Aero - F 5 165 1335 1830060 | 197000 Pact iP ee Sad ACK hme ‘Not us 1 1499 1894.98, 198,960 “ois sha Novae 1 us| tssomo | isto $51 NATDMA char oxiton. a | two | ipmow onl chasse igital control channels are further divided ino thee groups: the broadcast i oe © 6 ~ tar | swsso0 | itscan chanel eedback, and he SMS, poin-o-pdn, paging and ACKed chanel. Tale 5 sows 8 Neeused ‘ 1998 ina | 13830 ofthese channels with a sort summary of the channel furetion and divection of wansmision, As th 1500 195010 1914990 ‘can see, tis channel organization is similar to the GSM system channel organization with similar names and factual : characteristics. In an effort to reduce scanning time, the NA-TDMA sy Een pve ecrened DCC chan nein rb oe 0nd 00M ds mama He vivec ltr ten soe teus as coce muse DOCH ile beat sae \-136 Mobile Tr it Frequency = 0.030N + 1890,010 MHz Ftited by the BTS to become timeslot and frame synchronized, ‘TIAIEIA-136 Base Transmit Frequency = 0.030N + 1929990 Mie tg ed in GSM, bt the implement 136 Channel Concept ‘The organiton of NA-TDMA chanel if similar conceptually to tht utd in GSM, bt th “ feothewo chines a iy ied ere wie dace iether B Ties 35 103-56 show the earch of be NATDMA times nd ames. Lik OM, bef 8 Laer 3 econ mesg sent ove evs DCCH (FDCCH it fs essed na Layer? LAPDm frame, The frame undergoes chanel coding and inteleaving operations before Siesta arrears ae oneness oe ry Semation about te sats of RACH and RDCCH els; a superframe phase (CSFP) field usemeno mires Lowemmantns Sens and Newrks Table $5 Summaryof NA-TDMA canoes sa end TDMA Techy 169 Siptinne=32 Bs. Ss) Gest [wlan | Fess Tore Reatags fore (cae Satta [RE [ekonomi | seas = oe sco [Sa | weetg | ana : core towne —faaci— uinpaommnoun} ASO eae, sacar Tet ina sc et ao ijraiewes rare a ae Reet’ [R. [Bteemcne | SES wget eee Sanat, |, [Mao Ee menses a . cs naan teeaeGeas [eacarfnmtaas omnes} poms soem! fescey |i Ene oi [te faut ae aR S-BCCH ‘Less time-critical informition BSwMS Soe [FEE [mnie] sv 8 = Sus “ “Normal Times =a Cassatt moe : tas th | a | (Sime Tia? Tine Pte MS fo ind the start of the superframe; two data felds (at) that compose the mage; a el ei — Arey Test Mode Pov et te emp mags ls a Sac ear ea cme en we [ = [ow [or Poe DT Seat en creamer oe So schon erin ate To tt aaa frames) and is therefore 640 ms long. A hypertrame consists of two superframes. The frst superframe is fs: Fire 5-54 NA-TDMA bypetiane iowa ype ences nn snaen cece pany ct sence ees Mee mm we a any ts See wf a " Sern a he an eer man - ansehen [2 GSM a TDMA frame (equivalent o one physi ado oqueacy chanel) can support wp o eight fe ‘were simutaneouly Tn famesot every three tneslos), Therefore, within a frame, the usr receives tw timeslots ‘iswe 5-56) Over wae chanael he fl da rat for competed spec li 950 bre NA-TDMA, TDMA block supports upto tree wes atime he, wee so FoPDOGH E=EROGH S 30 (15 MHz) Valid 25-215 1851.250-1863.750_ 1931.250-1943.750 if 3 cntsvans | zea | twsnannnin6r350 | isss00-1944350 1 454, 50,505, 8, 57,60 65,650,675 | cont.vaia | amare | reesu-resoam | 19esao0-t046200 3 150, £75,500 525,886,575, 065,650 enti | Waid | assis | tsesaso-tees.7s0 | 194650-1988.150 et Cond. Valid 376-399 1868.800-1869.950_ 1948.800-1949,950 1 P55 z B Cond, Valid 400-424 '1870.000-1871,200, 1980,000-1951.200 |. 3 a asim | Naa] ases | tgnascses7s | 1951230196850 wn ans Cond, Valid 616-699 1883.800-1884,950_ 1963.800-1964.950 e 1 ~ : » Eg Cond, Walid 700-724 1885,000-1886.200 1965,000-1966.200 3 Gomi | aid | EMS | itsas-usars0 | oaaso toe | A 7s, 950,55, 100, 1025, 1050 07S 100,125,150, 1175 : aa vane omnis | wma | $e © 3 950,975,100, 1025, 1058, 1075, 100, 1125, 1180 oa Valid mses | tssiaso-s7% | tsniaso-sza7s0 |e ie PCS coi.vana_| sie | wsnam-rsssasn | iorsson-i4950 | FP seg re, The nt caso be coms when me ein Ss | Fe tnber sa again ocesary conjunction wit te coms | cont vaid | owo-sos | 9sao-teoeam0 | iorson-iovsamo |. fr feqoency specu. nhs case Sean Ser can oe. aswm | Cas” | sasiins | tipeaso-ionaso | isreast-itaso | fenton ofthe typeof peeing =r savas | rneti99 | isnsan-imp350 | saiotoses0 | 62. CDMA NETWORK AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE chosen fom thelist of prefered CDMA chanpels. The sue chanel shouldbe used by all he base stations or wire mobile syste deployed in Noh Americas based pon standards througout the system to ae advantage of sof and ster andoft capsbites ht are pone with | Tereference aciect selene Ane ay. pe Cont chase Tsp wil ecole Seul era ts cap Aout oyna | drapes by Oe TA. The TA Connie: TRS Ge str {eycan eae by the tion of row tse sons by increasing he mombe fDse sation carers, |. iy an servo stands fr the ct anand oer AS a with ‘he later opin isthe ox ecoromiesl ad Wherefore most commonly taken rout. Duet typicly | the PCS band. The TR-453 subcommits dels WAN AS op no specie tn tonntars pow ne subscribe acest. is Yer ly ht mot very ase ston wil | CDNA, Fetemore, te TRS comnts wrk lowly wih PTS A AA, ‘have the same number of carrier frequencies. This fact will degrade system operation, since there will be dards for cdma2000. For more information about these ties th sofa oes Rand wl ot be avaible because te cairn ue ac saben he new Yr aptine o sev sinrebe GSM ie aie cat Ae neta toes hn ae anit ei rica eng Tatts ic 9c a sein Che: 5TH ec elt TRG Paws 3 Fey smi in PS es mes ath ae pb men espn rc en ane lee inne The ee pessoa I te two ese th CDMA, en gogealy ne rss Ts os Fg 2) uo ct lle eh ee taster sytem sul not aft ne motes, Hovee te spe fies sagas ope - er device 90 that it ean become time synonized withthe radio bse stain. The long PN cod is to provide data scrambling a the forward lfc chanel nd for providing a means by which reverse p&channels may be distinguished. These conrps wil be explored fue in he next few sets,| 188 nodes Wiss Tiberias Sms and Neos nity 89 In summary, fran 195 CDMA cellar system, single radio base station may consist of up oi foue separate chanel elements (CES) that all use the same cater frequency or potion ofthe fequenty spocrum. Each of the base station's modulated signal effectively becomes a separate ‘when the digital signal be tansmitedis encoded with distnet Walsh code. Several of he Walsh fe reserved for se with patular forward chantls that serve various logical system functions a. resented next. Ahi tim, onl the basic 15-95 CDMA system wl be discussed, Late, the modi Fc) hac upconverts the fina utp signal to the UF fequency bands Tis chanel element si Eneatly combined with other forward chanel clement signals, amplified, andthe composite rd signa is anemite over the a etce, Short PN spteing codes provide the CDMA system wi the ability to diferente between der tins (reli) tansmiting on he sme fequency. The same sort PN code sequence i used by bse stations; however, foreach base station te PN sequence is offset from the sequences used rare tae saons, The offiet is in G4-iC increments hence there are S12 possible offsets. In x nalogous to the frequen reas plans deserted fr ote access techriques in Chapter 4, the sae vray be reused a ret enough distance aay from ts es use. Figure 6-12 shows but one example ee method, The use ofthis offset scheme requires tht the base stations wsed ina CDMA sytem Mil be ime synchronized on the downlink radio chancs. This precise timing synchronization is Eve trough the use of the Global Postioning System (GPS) wo achieve a sytem time that has the ‘eat more detail abot the actual hardware used to implementa CDMA system, Forward Logical Channels fist CDMA systems usd the same frequency spectrum asthe AMPS and NA-TDMA systems the 18-95 signal occupies a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 ME whereas the AMPS and NA-TDMA, tem standards each speciy a sigoal bandwidth of 30 kHz. Therefore, an 18-95 signal will 02 ‘approximately the same bandwidth a forty-wo AMPS or NA-TDMA chansls. though the band required for 8 CDMA sigual is sustantal a cellar service provider is able to ovelay an 18-95 system with enanced dat capailies ono an earlier-generation celular system. “The basi spreading procedure used onthe forward CDMA, chanel is ilusuatd by Figure 6-1 shown in Figure 6-11; the digital signal to be tensmited over parole forward channel is spread fist Excusive-OR ing it witha parculr Walsh code (W/). Then the signal is further scrambled in inphase (1) and quadrature phase (Q) lines by to different shor PN spreading codes. These shor ‘reading codes are not orthogonal codes; however, they have excellent crss-colation and auto-one tion properties that make tem wef for this application. Additionally, it sems that all Walsh coves not ceaed equal when i comes to the amount of spectum sreading they produce. There, the us the short PN spreading code assures that each channel is spread elicently ove the entire bandwidth the 125-MFz channel. The shor in-phase and quadrature PN spreading codes are generated by Wo feedback sit registers (LESRs) of length 15 with set polyoomial vale used wo configure the fecdbag paths ofeach of the LFSRS (for adional information about his process se te present CDMA sn ‘ard), The resaling short BN spreading codes are repeating binary Sequences tat have aprox le ‘ual numbers of O5 and Is and a length of 32.768. The oupus of the in-phase and quadrature phasi ‘nals are pased through baseband fiers and then applied to an RF quadrature modulator inte cma Ft ued anes o 6-12. CDMA bse nation ming oe reuse pace. one oe Denies WORK AP Maar “Te intl 1-95 CDMA gystem implementation uses four ifferent types of logis channel in the for- = rac ditecon: the plot channel, syacronzationchanoel, paging channels and trfiTpower contro! Beha Esenels Each one of these types of forward channels wil be discussed in more detain the folowing Pres ons. Channel Acree COMA pilot chanel is wed to provide arefeence sign fr all the SDs within a cell. Figure 6-13, ee the generation ofthe pt chanel sg. Teas Walsh code (Wt) is wed fo the initia signal peading on 2 sequence of ll OS. Tis resls in a sequence ofall ers tht ae futer spread using the Figure 6-11 Base qreating procedure wd on CDMA frat ane, bor PN spreading sequences resulting ina sequence of Os aed Is. The Tand Q signals drive 3 qsdrare190 berducon o Wiis Tdeommaniaton Speen Ne smears COMA Teaslag 181 leat cca oe Ante ve Gna erste on ie come ecru aia crane ae Feu 619. Geeaton the COMA pt cee el ea 46-15. Generon fhe COMA pg hae ga molar. Theos, the ' ma Tes engi il inal! ped gest Sal Te shox PN c tify the bs stan dh plo signals aati a a iced up ‘ay sgn ye ct The phe med tty el he elec fr be chee esnn ofl er cha sec ele i tenth messremens and ote sgl power comparisons enane Ere Synchronization Chantel ‘tmnt channel is bby the system to ide Figur Old opts te aoraeae ns ys Provide initial time synchronization. 5. & eration ‘synchronization chanpel signal. In this case, Walst : Ce cotiaee tne pncectenmetaea te an Ne short PN spreading code with the same offset is used to further spread the signal. Sees Aas in the syne mesiage incides the system and network identification coves, detfication of pag- mene data rats, the oft vale ofthe short PN spreading code, andthe state of the long PC ing code. Like the pt channel, te synchronization anne hs fixed cup power. Channels CDMA paging channels serve the ste purpose as fe paging channel in a GSM celular syst. ‘hannss ace used tp page te SDs when thee is 2 nobile-erminted cll nto send contro es ‘Gine SDs when call setup staking place Figure 6-15 depicts he generation ofa paging ctamel Torls.95 CDMA there canbe as many a seven paging channels in operation at any on ime. Wel as Wi Woough Ware usd for hs purpose. As ee in Figure 6-15, the paging channel wnderges e ciatonalserambling operation ving the king PN spreating code sequence. The long PN code is geet wee by unng a 42-bit linear feedback shit reqitr that yels a repeating sequeace of length 2%. The {come ran “ae fig chanel message ao oes tong covolina cacaing proses, symbol pein, and Hck ole Mach aayy MGR Setting bore being scrambled slower version othe lng PN code Smt ‘s : ~~ “fhaffic/Power Control Channels ‘he COMA forward fic chanel cary the actual vse information. This digitally encoded voice or data mabe tosmited at sverl different data rates for 18-95 CDMA gysems, Rate Set 1 (RSI) suppers 9.6 fips musimum and slower ats of 48,24, and 1.2 Kops. Rate St (RS2) sopors 144, 7.2.36 and 8 tips Figure 6-16 and Figure 6-17 dept the generation of a forward traffic chanel. A showa i ‘et? afc an addon operation i performed afer the symbol repe- To QPSK RE Modo Beams |e | Fhe itor gneton a Fe oe ee iso fom be smb epinon ck w be 28 Hips hs a ek ca 4 et ley ied ta este sto 192 ua ry ee a ence mah Mae sos pero wl e poset oe Fores of die CDMA sysem’s unused Wald coder may te vse to generate forward afc channels. The ‘Channels ae farther scrambled wit Boh the shar PN’ sequence codes and the Jog PN sequnce before tension, As also shown in Figures 6-16and 6-17, power conto information is tansit- cts obi stone within the cell ove the tafe canes. This power contol information i used to Few 6-14 Omeraton ofthe COMA steno chanel dl. see gnc es tee i ipo sace inn Sasitates Recerca ses ese meena naar(COMA Teka 199 192 duction Wiles Tecoma Sor and Nowerks however, the system ero rte is educed in the proces. The mapring of groupe of 6 data it toa ‘ie on cao lsh code is very straightforward since there exist one-one relationship between ie to. ie ar Ech reverse chanel is spread by long PN sequence code and scrambled by tn short PN sequence = Ss ode. Th long PN sequence exe is derive from the subsriber device's 32-bit electronic serial number ‘wens |. (ESN) and therefore provides the means by which the user's uniquely identified within the CDMA system. ‘rae Tete are basically two types of reverse CDMA channels: ees channels ad reverse aficlennel chan ‘nel These logical channels wil be frkerdescied inthe next sections Smet om QRS Mai " pen [J tere cess Channels 92k ‘Seat La 4 The CDMA acces channel at used bythe mobil to ansner pages and to transmit convo infomation for Tae = ‘he purpose of cll setup andar down. Figure 6-18 shows the access chaanel processing fora 1-95 “CDMA system. As shown in he figure, an acess message xt 4.8 Kbps undergoes he familar convolutional i mot Gometriant frcoding, symbol repetition, ant block inereavng tht ras th data rat 028.8 Kbps. A his pong the vee _JeaeelL Simao saa athogonal modulation sabystim processes the signal by cacoding every 6 bts ino a 6-bt Walsh coe. a pd Fis process raises the signal rue to 3072 keps, The read shoud note the use at hs time of ehige per "second (cps) istead of bls per second. This is standard notation within the CDMA industry whea eferng tye ize 2 vote signal spreading process. Nex the long PN code spend the signal by factor of that yee a chip ‘ate of 1.2288 meps. The signals further seramble bythe short PN sequeace codes. The long PN code Fire 6-16 Geneon oftheCDMA far fichoser ctrl chanel fx 9.6 pic tend they to diferente the tiny ie poste eee choveae ee Sagi scmanem = = crates {Rate V2) Seton Er [ = ves = phe L. ze | Oe st sop . harry wel iee ptt ago ans ea as a come et ~ gure 6-18 Generation ofthe COMA reverse cco che Ripe 6-12. Groeraion of tbeCDMA fever watcpower catalan fr 14s ai Ahi poin the CDMA sign is appli oan RF guste modo ubystem o IC. However, fr the reverse chanels te form of modulation usd to produ the final UMP passband signal is igh i fect tan forthe forward camel In this ase fet QPSK (OQPSK) i ud ised of sight QPSK ‘sin the ose of he forward cnnels. Not the delay block of one-half f+ PN chip 46.9 ms) wed in he (pth to implement the OQPSX modulation This form of austin allows fora more power efficient {od linear implementation by be sbseber device's RF slecwoic. As noted peice, ay pect power savings technique that cn lengthen batey life is sally employed when designing & mobil sab- sce device setthe output power ofthe mile on the reverse sk ats muiplesed withthe scrambled voce bis at rate of 80 bps or | bit every 25 msec. Reverse Logical Channels ‘The IS.95 CDMA reverse loyal channels exist between the subscriber dovices andthe CDMA bas tion. As meationed previously the encoding of dig aforwaion on he fevesecnoes is pet ditlerendy than on the forwed channels. The data o be tasmitod ie not iialy spread by a Ws ‘odes stead the data is maype into Walsh coves that ze then waited, Since theese ix Lou bit Walsh codes, evry 6 bits of data tobe ransmited ay be mapped to particular Walsh code, technique yells an ovr tefl increase in bandwith sire 6 bits se now transmit fr every 6 Ws The 18-95 CDMA reverse talfispower contol chanselssipprt both voice and daa atthe two rte sets F (RSI and RS2) previously introtced. Figure 6-19 depicts the generation ofa revere tfc channel. In——$__—_§ 194 tarduston wo Wires Teleommesitn Sys on News cs | ie Daa cae Es “ic a fiom] ve ere hazel Pte ate Figure 6-19 Geneon ofthe COMA revere ei char ata ato at the input tthe ortogonal modulator subsystem will be 28.8 Kbps, At se inal ate 31072 kop. At hs pont the signals processed by a data bust sa to eliminate redundant data. The signal is ton spread by «long PN ene chomatatst ecmcairome “sequence code “ ximately 1.25 MHz, Sr ee ecm te pn a ne tl a! aera eating aes, ad ogg fms en (FER) statistics. More detail about these topics will be forthcoming shortly. (CDMA Frame foeward and revere direction have been introduced, Fen Ft ettere tee Sin nc en ne tine ew gC ee ee to exaine the fort a sens take 20s segment of digital samples of vice signal and encode sn ae em ugh the We fy syns employee 8-kps Qaconmcaded exci lear prediction size Is 20 ms. The fa produced 2m fane opus of eer 960, 4800, 240, or 1200 bps (Rate (QCELE) speech te Tot everead (er detection) is. The sal nt it rats ae 86, 4.0, 20, oc 08 sere te teen pues ena ance oe eg aroma 17,36 ad 18 he a arp apf ind 96 ee crc tower irate and 1.2 r 1.8 Kips dng pcos of lense: Toe ay ett sg cme fc en ‘The next several sections will detail these operations. Forward Channel Fran Formats oan oi chamsels oly epithe estoy fae fomat consis of & (on or nn of te sytem RF sigs (eer tack to igure 6-18). The forward trafic chanel cendauos ns a conan aig ner infomation is rane ene onal check i aed byte sheet PN sence code. The fil sgnal ae ite standard, coma Tate 195 Fret ae 3) 2) note ae BERD 59 les) ree 0-20. eve Sec? wate chanel ect, Fas, nati is depending upon the rate set and the dala rate. Figure 6-20 depicts a forward traffic frame fr Rate Set? at 144 kbps. The forward allie chanel ames ace fre logically subdivided ino sixteen J25-ms power contol groups. Power contol bts transmit over the orwaed tic channels afer aly inserted inthe data sueam ofeach 125. pover cont group yielding a power contol signal of $00 bps. More detail about the power control opeation willbe forthcoming ltr inthis chap. ‘The CDMA forward synchronization syn) channel provides the mobile or subscribe device with ys- gn configuration an timing information. A syne chanel message can be long and therefore the message ‘ypielly broken up into sje channel frames of 32 bx cach. Te sya chanel rae consists ofa sat message (SOM) bit and 31 data bits. The star ofa sync mestage sisted by 2 SOM bit sto | in he fis frame and 0 insubsoquent frames ofthe same message. At data rate of 1200 bp, a syne chanel Same i 26.668 mis in dation (he same repetition petod employed by the short PN codes). The ye chanel fumes of 96 bits form a syne chanel suprirane of 80-ms duaton (equal fur basi 2-8 runes). The syn message itself consists of a eld that indicates the message lng in bis, te message «dita bis, emer checking ce bis, and editions padding bts (zeros as need. "The forward paging channel are wed by the CDMA base tation to rast system overhead informs ‘in and mobile station specific messages. In 5-98A, te paging channel data rte canbe either 400 o¢ L960 bps. The paging chanel is formated into 80-s pging lt of ight half funes of 10-ms dation, Bah ha fame starts witha syochoaized capsule indicator (SCT) it that i fuetonally similar 10 ‘he SOM bit A synchronized paging channel message capsule begins imsmediately afer an SC bit et To accommodate varynglength paging messages and wo prevent ineficient operation ofthe paging chan tel ditional message caplet may be appended to the end ofthe frst message capsule if spice is ‘valble within the haf fame or subsequent half frames. A paging message rust be contained in at most wo successive slots. Fortermore, the paging channel tac i formated ino paging sot cles to rovde for increased robile station batery life. A CDMA matile may opeate in ether sloted or vnsoted made. Inthe usloted made the mobile reads all tb page slots while inthe mobile stain ile state In the shed mode, the mobile wakes up periodically to check for oaping messages dred wo iti specie preat- signed sos (again, inthe mobile sion dle sate). Theor, sloted mage operation permite the mobile sation to power down enery-consumptive RF elecuaicczcuixy unt its specie paging slot arives. ‘Te motile station will wake up for one or two paging slots (if rquite) of the posing sl cyte. The length ofthe paging ecle can vay from a minimum of sixten slot (1.28 ) to x maximum of 2048 slot (065.4 5) Gee Figure 6-21 fora diagran ofthe paging channel structure) as established bythe system. ‘Typically, minimal length cycles are emplosed;otbervse, significant delays in cll erminaton could result The CDMA system uses the motile station's ESN to determine the core slo tose for paging ‘of the mobile. Further power savings are ealzed while in seed mode by the transmission of a_DONE message by the base sation after the end ofthe papng message scheduled forthe parser mobi, I ‘be case of a short message that uses ony several hal frames of a slot, the mobile can power down efor he end of he slot save even more batery por Reverse Channel Frame Formats The reverie waficchannel, like the forward ate chanel, i also divided into 20-ms tafe chanel F fames. The revrse-tafic chanel frame is also furtes logically subsvided ino sinten 1.25: power196 rdetion o Wines Teecommanistions Spend Nets COMA Tebnog 197 {contol groups. As was the case for the forward taffic channel, variable rae dats ae also set on the Fevers teaffic chanel, The coded bts from the convotonal encoder ured in the reverse tfc chanel Es sre opened before interleaving when the speech characteris are such hat the encoded ta ate i less [ Sete msi, Wn Ge le tnt ha mn a se cn Gt ci! vnsed a as a af te man an foe a i [gorse nied Sin fr annie te a peg eet of __ i tower corel groups ate ansuted pe fame, reapecively. As eationd, this process, termed burst Iranarisson, 8 made posible by the fact tat reduced data ets ave builin redundancy that hasbeen enerate by the code repetition proces. data burst randomizer ensures that very repeaed code sym is teansited onetime and tha the wanssiter is turned off a other tines. Tis proces reduces inerer- to other mobil stations operating on the sme reverse CDMA chanel by lowering the average iting power of the mobile and heace the over backgroand noise floc. The daa burst randomize LST. | om —b, a ee Ha fenerstes random masing ptr fox the gating patent se othe mobile sans ESN a ig 6-22 shows thi process in mor des. ___svnsne= to a Go a etme f- 1asm=$ rover Cnt Gap =PEBPEED EPP DEEL ATS owe sl Gp a ano ing 0 {Cit Mesa ple ‘Oat Some Coral rps Tid Dag 0s Fe ann Mashing Pte ite om Maile Sin’ ESN ‘4a Ca ep we Td SE EEPEEEEEEEEE REEDED io a Test Dg 10s Fre Teh inne Cap wists ma a | i z 2 z i PINE] a) H)E Ba - 3 i f 2 i 5 a3 5 “Ts Lat Bat of ie Lang PN Code Unda Spreading eT 5 s| ee er eng Uden See Sm atoas . B] OEY (622. COMA ee dame iat meio f The reverse access chanel i used by the motile station to communicate with the base station, The ess channel i used for short message exchanges, sacha esponses to commands from te base sation, or syterm registrations and for call xigiation requests. The acces channel data ate is 4.8 kbps using & Rope 6-21 COMA Panne cna srctre (fm JOFP2.198 traduction t Wins Teenie Syes ond Neus CDMA Tecan 199 rls eas 96 fafrton is Fach set cane meses pil composed i ral acces channel frames. Since muliple mobile sions associated with the same paging chanel may ty i simatenen A th SSB he came aces chanel, a random acess protocol has Ben developed fo aol spain ‘sons. Ths topic wil be discussed further inthe next ection about CDMA Syaem Opetions 64 CDMA SYSTEM (LAYER 3) OPERATIONS Ze sear has alicady been iodued tothe typical generic wires network operations of call location updating, and handoff in Chapters 2-4 in he comet of the conan ower nal aes, the details presented about CDMA systean epee the reader an accurate sens of how the operations ar accompli scpne ata he pe of documentation wsed to desribeeiltlar system's Layer 3 operations i (tes) tat could ceding te performance of apace fe feast ap ee a ea cl lr te os pode COMA sana ee an XE RB infomation abou al ofthe possible COMA som gage sa “noe Spomareas he Sing unc tt, Whe ft ume ne mil gos Cog powers tales eee a SSuEE wet sca CDMA sysem nd then airs he pit en ayo age ae Tote ls nig wo the COMA sysem, When atacn, fe mobie may Seino oh Gee ian 629) OF HE Het sore note son oul ne eae tne (seo Figure 6-24) | Fire 6-24 CDMA mobe sean cll rocesing ses (Couey of3GPP2).28 hatin nF Sn caus a om eet Sass ss ees ace Sa. en — cre = a ee reccmamane | iets ‘Chand State or “ ° oa rd Snes, nat nie scat Son coo a eee =. oa aS Figo 625 COMA sytem cen statelow chart Courtesy of GPP), Wile in the idle sate, the mobile monitors the paging channel (PgC). In the sytem access state te ‘mobile sation communicates withthe CDMA base Staton, sending and receiving messages, as shown by Figure 6-25, while performing various operations dictated by the different system aces subst Inthe mobile station control onthe trafic chanel sae the mekile communicates wth the base station sing the forward and reves traffic channels while in various traffic channel substates a6 shown by Figure 6-26. A indicated by Figure 6-24, the mobile may move back and fh between these tree sates depending wpor the movement of the subscriber and the use ofthe mobile, ‘Registration isthe process by which the CDMA mobile sate, through messages tothe base stato, informs the celular stm ofits idencation, location, stats, slot eye, and ote pertinent information ccesary for groper and efficient system operation. For sloted mode operation the mobile provides the ‘se station wit the SLOT_CYCLE INDEX value so that he base tation may determine which hs the ‘mobile is monitoring. Clssmark values and protocol revision numbers allow the base station to know the ‘aptilitesof te motile tation, Presently, tbe CDMA system suppor te diferent forms of regsation: {SIONAL TPE gs Wa rip mR be Fiqme 6-26 CDMA mobi tation oral onthe sfc channl ow chart (Couey 300 Power-down registration: The motile reser when it powers off if it as previo reqistered inthe camel serving system. Tiaer-based registration: The mile registers whenever vacons timers expire. This process forces the mobile to reps at regular interval Distance-based registration: Te mobiles forced o register whenever the distance between the cunt serving base station andthe base station wher it last rested exceeds actin thes. The Powersapregttradon: The mobile sation ryers wait powers uF sis between diferent ‘and clases or PCS frequency blocks, alternative operating modes, or analog and CDMA operation.202 tactn Wire Tommie Stes nd eters toil station caleultes this distance by using the nitde ad longitu values foe the base involved. ‘Zone-based repsration: The maki sation registers when iter & new zone Registration zones wl _roups of base stations within apaticular system and network, Zone registration eases the mobi register whenever it enters a new zone that i not on its inerilly stored list of visited resist ‘These frst five modes of regisation ae own a8 antonmous repstation and are enabled by ‘ming status. In each case, bey ar inited by the cccurrence of ome event. arameerchange registration: The mobile station registers vhen specific parameters stored in oy smeroory change of when tenes a now system. This fr oegstaton is independent of rang Ordered registration: The mobile sation registers whee requesed to by the base tation though issue ofan order message. Implicit registration: Whenever te mobile sation successflly sends an rigiaton message ora paps response message, the base stain is able to deduce the lcaton ofthe mobile, These cicumstans ar considered to constitute an implicit registeation. ‘Traffe channel registration: Whenever a base station has elstation information fora mobile tat hs ‘oem asigned toa afc channel she base tation may noiy the mail th its regseed. ser zone registration: Whenever he mil sets a active we 2one, it eis. Any of the various forms of stonomous or prameter-change reparation may be enabled or disbls by ‘he CDMA system. Additonal, the mobile station may enable or dbl autonomous reistation fr be ‘wo fs of foreign roaming defined bythe CDMA standards. The reader is remind tat atetcaton fS ofthe mobil sation i typicalyprfarmed during the registration proces. Call Establishment Similar tothe GSM cellular system, CDMA sytem call setup reqeires various system tasks including ‘mobil intfizaon, idle, system aces, waffic chanel commbniction, and cll erniaton. Addon ally, COMA systems use a sopisicated foo of power contol for bth the motile andthe base station and '& more complex form of handof to provide subscriber mobility at can be more transparent than th ‘employed by GSM clu ystems. Initialization Seate [As explined previously, when the motile is fst powered on it ters the moi station inition state, During this process the mobile searches for pilot channel by aligning its shor PN code with seevived shot PN code, One a valid pl channel is acquired the mobile synchronizes with it The moe ‘as fifteen seconds olcae and acquite apt signal If the mobile cxnno perform this operation i eside to earch fr an AMPS consol channel tod enter an analog operational move. When the mobile locates a CDMA pilot signa, it switches to Walsh code 32, Wy, ard looks for the tart of the sync cha nel message. The syne chanel message contains infomation abot sem time andthe FN codes needed to synelronze its PN codes. After decoding the syne channel, te mobile aligns is timing to tha of serving bse sation, Refering back o Figure 6-23, one can more easly visualize the sequence ofthe ope tions tht occur during hi inlizaton sate. Ile State (Once the mobile has achicvedinalization it moves atthe lest. While inthe ie tate, the mobile waiting to recive calls or dit messages ori eady to originate a ell or some form of ta taser. Te ‘CDMA mobile wil enter the acess tnowledgment, originates a cal ois required to perform registration, When inthe aecess state the ble wil randomly attempt to acces the system. Acces othe system is obtained when the mobi, Fee receives response fom the base station onthe paging channel. Since maple mobiles ine} bo er COMA Tetatag 203 subscriber connectivity and mobility, the mebil s constantly moaitorng radio chanel tio channel gual, 3 Pein channel mesages to bin stem parameters, acess prametsandaT o eD Bb ol sts to moniter. Ate acqiig stint sytem infomation, he mobic maybe alowed ee jeep inode to conserve motile taltery power. This will be falitaied trough the tse of slot jon by te mobile when moaitcing the paging canoe! as explained previously. Ale ta eau opt system operation, the mobile will monitor several other neighboring cells ose i a suonger pt jane! i available fora possible idle sate handott. This feature wil be explained in more deal Whee dof is disused, State hen it receives a mobile- dicted message requiring an | ‘signed priorities, a gradual increase in access request power level, random time delays fr acess ‘eyoests, and & maximum nomber of automatic access attempts, Figure 6-27 depicts what is Laown 08 neces channel probing, The transmission of a series of acees probe Sequences is Kaown as an neces “emp secon ‘Ase be oman Nami see ree PbeSeaee 16-27 CDMA aces chanel poking (Costes of3GPP2)ue» sitions Stereo Neos 204 duce to Whales Teeommastis Sst ond Ne cou Tani $86 ch sc poe const of nas camel peanbl(ne 0 se fumes aE ate on NSS BOM Spe cot lhe tea ames. Tis i a ces ts Seve since ‘arts ony six DOs anes. Two pe of CEES MESES ‘may be aneited bythe mobile ne toda tom te isa epense mesrge or ees mesigs With an wes Ns Oo a aces came it pane fr cach vc probe Reering © Fee 27 aio 07 ccs cme ig procs crv of the mobile ston seg es of gos AvieaMStoFTC cs cae] es arrive, an ase poe seas i frmed by Os ESIC Sa bi ————— S| ats of int cnn pobes unl eit he moble as ese an nsknow een Ay anes = sate nile Sat’ pow iit as oe ace Me OOS ‘tion's fist cod Soren ety on esi cmc unas, dsl probe eqns we ans i 8 sucessful access oxi Sep CultbalD) Pe raxinu number of allowed probe sequences has ben exces ie . iwanteo re te asin nny deine the sta ofeach acces robe tania Ps tema Rat Pease fod for the arto the est ess probe uence andthe at ee ee if nde Aon, te access chanel w be used ding Oeree Son sora) ome es amc anos i he uel AEN anol cach aces probe sequence, ‘Traffic State een ects tha at when ben fo ntr we infra ere hs SONS Te at cso igre 6-29), As was tice fox GSM cello his ifort Baton oe PSTN er PON or nner mobi nthe sane orate ete. TTS hat i ys ve nd igual fomatn on ever all ste (2) A nominee foe tai chs (FTC), Siig agi Commune |] | 6.28 COMA maileorgante cll incine ens a P9C msage containing Wa cole and RTC infomation. The motile configures il an ng at ae ce Se be RC. Tne me ees be ncinoweanent antes tag nl a RT: Tete station ends an le message fo ing tone and he dpa of cain mmr rain mob acnowtelges the menage Hogg he hast and apeying te aig a 2 ee tc bres ange’ th incoming cll coment mesa isnt coe RTC. ae. tsomdge te cometon message and begins to send tic See Figu 6-2. Aes, ing eg es yen sch ants lo. Te By CELE vd nba oF eet stands provide mosh nore det fete interes rede ies Sling ese ern an a oe a te ps me) wee EY arte can ue ay Fae fr both voice an signaling sd to ale ef" aie ho Teer te slnling thd (im or Han) _ ‘epuming upon fhe message, he mumbe of frames ne Degen nh ew le ph ay i nore eo smi 8 ae of conan, cllseop peratns willbe dices ext sath enn Cs EO | —— Mole One Clo ogi cal he bile sds senses meshes 8 pit Mabe rma ache fr espns am hse th acs is ee 2 nga tt coeponds apricot Wali codead ase son Se (leven atc chaae! lug I™ code, Adstion fo te Walsh code information and reverse afc chansel assigns sa ins deraing oll ita the ase tation tar © tae et ise mars rani preamble ovr the reverse cannel Ts oe station wes cane The mo rks peable an tbe ois sponds by Suing 10 {erent os se seein line chart fom, During el ee const Pose ean ifn mbes moving a bandas may oar between en eSNG een scons les SGP2 standards fr more det tis desired sng er mee Mb Tein Cal Fora metieceminted cal, the base san eds 2 MNO Ti iwc qeerctamel fata ote system he mobil sends an semen responce oa the queen the paging he Jon earves tie sckaledgement, configs foward fe chane! = Sections eT rovers tfc cane Te fae stan begins snd mall afm 29 coma tsaigansdellomten206 ition Wes Tacomas Sten and Neots (CDMA Tetoaly 207 power because he recived signal from several base stations can be combine A caflly imple ied soft handover process can enharce system pecformance by increasing cll quality improving Gage, and increasing spac, 6-30 depict the three types of sft ands defined inthe 195 CDMA standard. The fs type ot is known a a softer Rando sce the handofl is between two sectors of the suse cll A soft off occurs between two diferent cell ad a sftsofer handoff can occur whea the motion of te ile sve it handoff choice between to sectors ofthe same cll anda sector fom an adjacent cll Call Termination. Call tration occurs a the end of «call canbe initiated by citer te mobi, the base station Ifthe mobi nates the call termination, it sends a call ermination message to te by station, ps tansmiting on the RTC, an ret to the mobile station iislization stat, I the netwey ints the cal termination (te ellng party hangs up), te base station sends a cll eminiion me to the mobile. The mobile stops tansmiting onthe RTC and returns othe inialiaion state, Call Handoft 3 ‘The specification for I-95 CDMA delineate three motile station states during Which a han can ose, Referring back to Figure 6-24, these tats ar he ile ae, acces site, and ae sate. The procs ‘off are motile assisted since the mobile stain is tasked with reporting and-strength messes ‘ato pilot cannes to te network. Asis typical with az witless motile sytem, hand occurs why the serving sectoiel i no longer capable of suppring communications between te mobile and il (CDMA is unique in that it suppots sofVsfter hands. There are several advantages otis ype of and off including improved system performance for te support of vice traffic ealls andthe supporto high-speed dita transfers. The dei ofthese handof operations wil be presented next. F Tdle/Access Handoff : 1 the mobile sin the ile state and moves fom the eoverge aes of one seco! nto anche sect an le handoff can car. Whe he eeived ga strength of after lt chamel (PC), deerme o be tice ws song a great) thane crest FC he ob wl rts fo being chanel (Pg) soca with he stronger PC. This typ of han ie conse fom tard Ind sce he it inept of he commacicaton ink But i cnanly eee om a ls isrpng than 2 ard ano at might ocr wn te bie sin hee mode ‘| F St ado (0 Set Sorat Bere 6-30. Thre pes cf wf COMA hand tha COMA tao pasar of is Stns he lc ei Te esr oft an cnt mame whch seal esac oe mons ven alo eases of sae cl nf hee Oa al anes eal haf hdl ae non tse aca ong he hn ot ight rn te iin cy x! | Pte Meds Te COMA stn leony en aoa a coc ems ei wing es pes Say po ese a | SE ay tr poses whe a a et me probe acowldgecn Anata ey nl wee oe evened vale (TeADD. In nao te ble cl et teal cera ne FaC to ane in the best signal stengthsectvel jus after the mobile enters the aces sat. afte | ft aot RSS less than a cern thetold(T_DROP). Recall that ach pilot asa diferent ine f= OS moire ace pe ae Ep an We EEN SAA sesh Pees eae a ae thas ie i lot sional hat may provide it beter chat of recivng serve. ven afte the mobile as eeived an OP. The mebil'sidesicaon of htfent it sgals depends pon this pepe” Since the oes ‘Scape cinolspmen seas eae abe bre he me lp as ors es oe ees one, Ses eft {Shores nd mate ele ea teat ee ae een | Meer plc nace wet atthe eae Te me aos Hig gore sce tse posttest wagon woe cis Sof Hand aS cn of pls nt as pon KGS camp fe oes ct eee aeons of pt tte acne ern ba teas way en “het aes of COMA sym tmp a Bs mt tna | ER lr ne en tt a poeta ey, Gras hen the mobile is able to communicate simokancously with several new cells of @ ew sector af ‘The mobile’s continuous assessment of pilot RSS and a set of adjustable threshold values will determine the current cell over a forward afi channel (FTC) while sill maintaining communications over the FTC tbe movement of pilot signals within these gets. These measurements, in conjunction with information cider ce ri im cnn pen ah rena | ee san et Th era cnn {eyelet eae ny cai on nc i [om Sciam atin ere ych sexs pena he sae pose onl mechani ed nDNA ste If ete ae {ry tama etn an cnanaly noncorc n - softer handoff does-not cause an interupion inthe conimbnications lnk, This fact i extremely ce whet ein cee ne es, en. hein COMA sien ceo wil Hera wan cmce Belg oe ce ea fet ey ‘cocar when each mobile 8 ames to the nearest bate statin (tbe bas tation with the strongest signal) of data due to a hard handover. Furthermore, the use of sofVsoler handoff pves rset improved s9$- anda cu soa pn soe cee Eame neces for opt operation, fc the te of sof FE romance a geviosy enon Wel oth a tS 1 np power is handoff can actual improve system perfomance since the procedure used can atu lower fevers ink208. farce Wades Teese Sens an Neots sey 10 oR te FT DaDe Sets S Ba Cae Cas D Two Cae Cae pip 6-32. Hard CDMA handed wo erate hand ete diagram, Ussly carfel examination of cell geometry and locl afi routes can id in the sclee- © ono border eel (sect. ‘When a mobile enes a border sector, i is instructed by the base sation to issue Frequent ilo ‘srength measurement messages. Tis proces allows the sector to more closely monitor the mobie's scolibeynemtoe ibexcne saan otiet fe CDMAanbiTopeios, fg instead of wating for reports iggredby ter pilot evets he pilot rpot inde that the Finee 631 Flows a «Seton's pilot as dropped below a certain threshold level, the bas station directs the mebile 1 hand * own to te first carer. The value of ieshold used inthis process forces this hand-down to occur before the mobile has reached the edge ofthe sector, This poots alows sufficient time fr the normal soft handoff to occur asthe mobile exists a the border sector. This type of process will Work well fora Inge pocket wth well defined border cells but doesnot work well where insufficient fst carer capac: ityis available to accommoritethe required hand-dowa 88 might Beth case for an isolated cell wih second cae. I the later cas, the solution isto expand the secon-carrcr pocket so that ths suf Cent fest-carrier capacity to handle normal fistcarier tfc and hand-dows. Inthe case where a second cari is added toa cello faite hand-downs instead of providing norma trafic rei, the term ransitin ellis wed instead of border cel. The area around the original isolated ellis known as the transition zone and hand down i only allowed in the wastion zne providing rele forthe besvly * loaded original ell Tis possible to have disjoint systems where distinct CDMA cars exit in difereat regons due to ‘snes sich asthe avalability of appopriste spectrum, Figure 633 depicts this situation, Tbe most om- ‘mon methods wed provide handoff between the tw0 regions st plement a border area that suport the use ofboth eae frequencies and is configured to provide handdown as previously described or to simply execute a hard handoff from one citi to the other as the mele roses the border Detween the ‘wo regios. "The first scenario works well for clea defied Border aca wit a preditable ow of tic. How ‘er, if mobile might be expected to ture around within the border area and retirn othe region it had ‘eviousy left, more complex border area must be created to prevent the possibility of thrashing E(eruemely undesirable) between the two cars. The last situation requires th identification of border ‘that facilitate the handover fom one cart the other. These bode cells are configured 0 make fen otsregh easen ad ilale dt il # dves he s Teurent) cel othe args (fate) cela the viii ofthe border betwen the wo cls . caval ninttant vet, rapier twee RSC ti ae ace eT ena encase prorance seized a he ase station by a combiig koa no ‘hard handoff, This will for th of we eae son tn in ssa ea cone a ici nary el a temic et hl eee sie mg rt aoe ren