Q5. What are the performance characteristics of a Governor? Explain.

If a governor has to work satisfactorily, it must possess certain fundamental

qualities-

1. When the load on the engine is suddenly removed, sleeve of governor has to
reach the topmost position at once.

2. The governor should give faster response to the change of speed.

3. The sleeve of governor should float on some intermediate posit ion under
normal operating conditions.

4. At the lowest position of sleeve, the engine should develop maximum power.

5. The governor should have sufficient power so that it may be able to exert the
required force at the sleeve to operate the control mechanism.

Q6. What is controlling force in case of governor?

When governor is rotating at uniform speed, the ball mass tends to fly out
radially outwards due to centrifugal force. This force is accompanied by an equal
& opposite centripetal force acting radially inwards. This inward pull is defined as
controlling force.

It is supplied by the weight of ball & weight of sleeve in case of dead weight
governors & by spring in case of spring loaded governors.

Thus Controlling Force F = {Wb/g} X ω2r

Q7. Explain Stability of Governor.

“A governor is said to be stable when, for each speed within working range, ball
masses occupy a definite position.”

It means that there is only one radius of rotation of governor masses for each
equilibrium speeds.

i.e. N and r follow one correspondence.

For any stable governor radius of rotation should increase with increase in
equilibrium speed.

Q8. What do you mean by a sensitive governor?

“ A governor is said to be sensitive when it readily responds to a small alteration

of speed.”
If maximum & minimum speed of governor is say N1 & N2 and mean speed is N
rpm then sensitivity of governor is –

Sensitivity = N/(N1 –N2)

And

N = (N1+N2)/2

If there is a frictional force R between the sleeve and spindle then the effective
sleeve load will be (Ws+R) when sleeve is rising and (Ws-R) when sleeve is
falling. For any sleeve position t here is thus a range of speed over which the
governor is insensitive.

If for any position the maximum and minimum speeds before the sleeve
movement occurs are N’ and N” respectively and speed in absence of friction is
N, then coefficient of insensitiveness is defined as follows—

Coefficient of insensitiveness = (N’-N”)/N

Q9. What is isochronous governor?

A governor is said to be isochronous when equilibrium speed is constant for all

radii of rotation of the balls within the working range. Thus governor is
isochronous when N1 = N2 for all radii of rotation hence infinite sensitivity.

Isochronisms of governor is desirable when approximately one constant speed is

desired to be kept for all loads.

Q10. Explain Hunting of Governor.

A highly sensitive governor may not be very stable as speed controlled by it may
fluctuate continuously.

A governor is said to hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates continuously

above and below the mean speed.

Suppose an isochronus governor is fitted to an engine running under steady

load. If a slight increase of load takes place speed of rotation will fall and
governor sleeve immediately moves to its lower position. Thus opening control
valve and naturally increase in more fuel supply. Same happens in case of
increase in speed giving sudden upper movement of sleeve and cutoff in fuel
supply. This cycle repeats continuously and indefinitely. Such a governor may
not work properly as it fluctuates fuel supply continuously which is not desirable.
This is called as the governor is hunt.

Hunting may also occurs due to worn out guides for sleeve and more friction
and jerky operations.