IMMS weeks 5 and 6 25.10.10 – 5.11.

10

1. Histology of epithelia
FUNCTION DICTATES FORM

 Squamous alveoli
Simple: pleura and

peritoneum

 Cuboidal
ducts of glands

 Columnar
sm. Intestine, bronchus,
gallbladder

 Stratified squamous non-keratinising (stands sheer forces)

mouth, oropharynx,
oesophagus,vagina

 Stratified squamous keratinising (waterproof)

skin

 Pseudo-stratified (can stretch)

trachea, bladder

2. Bacteria as cause of disease

3. Gram positive bacteria
 Virulence factors – factors allowing pathogen to successfully invade host
IMMS weeks 5 and 6 25.10.10 – 5.11.10

Eg. Damage to cells/tissue, avoidance of phagocytosis,

affect immune system.
 Streptococcus:
Spherical
Facultatively anaerobic (grows both in both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions)
In pairs and chains

 Differentiation –
Haemolysis
(α = partial, β= complete, γ= none)
Sero-grouping
Carbohydrate cell surface antigens
(A-H and K-V)

 S.pyogenes –
Causes:
Wound infections
Impetigo
Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Virulence factors:
Hyaluronidase (spreading)
Streptokinase (breaks down clots)
Streptolysins (binds cholesterol)
Capsule
M surface protein
C5a peptidase (chemotaxis)
Erythrogenic toxin (triggers
exaggerated immune response)
 S.pneumoniae – α-heamolytic, glossy colonies
Causes:
Pneumonia
Otitis media
Sinusitis
Meningitis
Virulence factors:
Cytotoxin
Capsule
Inflammatory wall constituents
 Viridans streptococci – α-heamolytic,
Causes:
Dental caries
Abscesses
IMMS weeks 5 and 6 25.10.10 – 5.11.10

Infective endocarditis!!
 Staphlococcus:
Clusters
27 species
Spread by aerosol
 S.aureus – coagulase positive
Causes:
Wound infections
Abscesses
Impetigo
Septicaemia
Osteomyelitis
Pneumonia
Endocarditis
Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning
Infected implants
Virulence factors:
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin
(causes necrotic lesions)
Protein A
Exfoliatin (causes blistering skin)
TSS toxin
MRSA
 S.epidermidis – coagulase negative
Causes:
Infections in prostheses
Virulence factors:
Forms persistent biofilms
 S.saprophyticus – coagulase negative
Causes:
Acute cystitis
 Corynebacterium:
Non-sporing
Non-capsulate
Bacillus
 C.diptheriae – droplet spread
Causes:
Tonsillar diphtheria
Toxin:
Inhibits protein synthesis – heart muscle
Treatment:]
Anti-toxin
IMMS weeks 5 and 6 25.10.10 – 5.11.10