10 Wx LONELY cnowD conscions thoagh scaly sported, anaeyof te ajuned ‘conto tortor einerpet ha clue snd ead by ‘Sjen a eter dccon and hove who wl re tein sien by sutoreny Bot scent ome ane theneoggleberwsc thor sing for autonomy and thor ced pero net cb of becoming aonono% oF teitee dain ther so co become oud bea feoo For oer det vse 2 sey and pity of m te wich oper remington revi nity to expos the rooures of arate ts Tasdry row inte folowing chaps, cun i 200 Trly reaued—and che sgget tome tlt che psi fad orgie developmen of soonoy ou of XI False personalization: obstacles to autonomy in work (Only man can be an enemy for man: only he can rob him ofthe ‘meaning of his ets and hs fe because it clo Belong ony to Kime {o corm it ins existence, to recogni i in etal fact a free- om my freedom, in order 10 ffl ill, requis that tt ‘merge into open fue: itis other men who open the fire ome, isthe who, setting up the world o| tomorrow, dfine my {ate bet cad of llowing me to parcpae i hs consiuc- tive movement, they oblige re 1o consume my transcendence it ‘inf they Keep me below te evel which they have conquered ld onthe basis of which new conquesis wll be chleved, then hey re cuting me of Jom the future, they are changing me ns aihing. ‘Simone de Bea, The Eis of Antigay 1. Cultural Defiitons of Work The emotional reserves of the other-dected ae the posible sources of ineresed sutonany. Buti sould be cleat from the Adscusion of the work, the play, andthe polis ofthe other-i- rected man tht tis serves, while perbaps more fexible han ‘hone of the inner-ireeted aan, ae constant exhausted by bis ‘eck onganiation, These reserves ate especially exhaned by ‘ur errent cultural definitions of werk and play andthe relsions ‘erween then-—defnons which, ap we sw, introdace mich Srenseus "ply" into the. glad tender" work and much [roup-adjitve “work” inc their play” All of ose forced. ro egret accept thee cla deiitions of work end pay, jose as we ae forced to ascepe cern cults definitions of el, PyPALEE PERSONALIZATION 26 sex, race, and cupatinal oscil sole. And the definition ae Hereby cle ways of the eulaze and by the socialization Se adenga whether they happen r be inely o anache Pear ofa for or desire of ou relieney and of our ‘Samental hoary. “Wonk has the greater pres morcorey, its thought of aon to mantis sore of Ascplined salvage opestion, ufal soc peodct from chaos and the dvorders of Jat acne. he same ea tha of tantonl growth of ‘Sov, cat saw the most astounding iereae io man's eee eure took eas atoms, echoing s series of writes RSs es Somer end Freud, that people had eo be driven NG by cconomic necessty. Today, knowing more about wee Ae inan and of work ee sll neverbeles tend 0 4 Ti yetotegel premise dae work and producti ae inserted pure the gan of man’ are, We do 08g Bleep we ee clone to secing, that what foks Hike ‘Bey te enction agai the kind of work peopl re forced dad dhe way in which hey are forced 1 define ese wook s comsidered more important than pay it tees unional to take mos seriosly the work that look The ploy, thc ithe more obvionsly physisl or physi ths tae pretge and eo ovelok ceenaic oppo inthe pr cla co Py. Fo csp ne dye co COC cpa, us widely sted vue OC work on etalk was ore onan tan COC wort on rectal rey, ut othe WEA Federal Thetr was costed a lew import cenmoiely than the savart Cerpan ple bulng® of he PWA. in oar socay,conmnpin i dened ar + mesne rather han anced. Ths pis we cose in order scieve fl ploy. Iem=snd we lok for ll employment rogh more proce ‘Son of producon rather than through an ncted proction cf the cormowe vary of cretion sores ont Late; ont tring eonmoon, anorectal pane allow i 0 {eveop. However by thinking of exenio ef commpton cemeteries Es the des engery send for such new gegen ere Se he im Renn mip fev we open to sn sgated se of ecncme halts snd amumprons. By clnging tte, coe heavy de, polly feb onde ‘oft the creeped py gad sonar ere ‘ar economy Tne the anu or tn, for x pees produce ven! based on the aren need for scveputpaton ‘cree eb bncome re eigen ecate Weep ‘od wha te sluon af the techn! problems of production $n ge. The inion and caractr ofthe omer acted ‘hn combined o peeve an frm choodog tr werk, tad made Un scp ar Maan sce, Bah teste td charac of the otherdvered man give Nin = pony freer depee of fly ta ede tnd esraciing te Seid of were Objectiey the new station sroundng work Permits reduton of hs sbi, pee wera {ei cin wi onan nh cere ‘ent of sconce In on-wor, lead of atenpig U Aecake tis reo, However, oderdeed man preter “Teter “pointe acon” tha we by Eh Fromm si art a eee Se i hough ore and wo Sic sede word gency aogh Scene wer {ave rw yon Sin or my cance oem. severly low ‘Our definitions of work ako mean thet the housewife, prodesng sc wore podit, doc fd er work Tig deft and toed, eter a an hoor prodect of i he naieal censos or in peoples minds. And. Pe Work i noe defined ar work, she i exhausted at the Re day woe feling any righ vo be, sl dus beg Whajely: In conten, the workers inthe Deri plane whe ‘Ren dfs production goal in thee hours and ae the rt dry off oatingatoand the factory, te defined a PSS workers by shensles Oy ce wines by the "Ghce cultural dtitons of work have curious for the heath ofthe economy asa whole and, cherefoct, {Seely forthe chances of auzonomy in living. We tnd to Sie tae importnce of expanding thoe pars of the264 we LONELY chowD throw into work all che resources of personalization of rdg: ot which is character i capable, and jos boca furs a6 och energy and effort into work, he reps the rbcng ale to continue thinking it imporant. 1, Glamorners, Fetherbedders,Indipenables We wm now wth ftts aiof vinenesp ht wl NS andthe foborng elope The ns I al Se eon te oe, eroreed pwn” ‘te Boi ponent hoot ble a Be vhf fad ental gd hn ne fae pera ot arco anny i the feof wk: Pree eh chal poten of proaacion ill SP ries etal eer of te ra ced pm pal Pes by no meant he onl oe inthe ‘os Stan be urge ten for he oe eet haere ferlata hep Pole Sensor me, cing Ena. To ae ee er a rm ie peoonliaon SE ae me rm eared patton + py ee Tec fai ainda rane Sat sc Hy i testes oan sed be tien be pavieged to become swe NinTedon dooce be won ne noch go a ceive pow Yer aes ose 1 oy acteurs wtich eck enon SMU SPP tac code ore productively ed 2 A ee arly tw wh sonny wl Tiere ro, win hoe Beclage conor “The inne-diccted manager necer “saw” his wererary. The Ta member of + differee cls and, often, a diferent figop, a seldom “saw” the Dos san jnciidoal, Brought ffethee by the invble hand, both were stds well ese knows bow and ht he poe ‘ty problem-foe he wik-cola gil vo denon the ye PALSE PERSONALIZATION 265 ret nto sche beer bre sin eed he wt py coe he es ‘eed mages heel poe Moire ‘Si copter Store Ca ae Fe Scene eee ae Tirade cheer cannes enti pe ore Pn ere opells ra e recy epaciva tec off coapcry chan Seen cep hc ye ae ate eon fl Se wheal a sd toe Sareea aan ae ace eee sagem pene ets eae Tobe etsy a er eo bts oe Dae een eye eee se ic Tem in ep aly es fs Clr GH we phere teat cay ant ape eer Co geet Carag ies per ope y's eran oe fechas moeag i ole ahr a [ee Siege eaten ene nae een anand he eet roy Sttey hem pens pray err Jona ee 2 Sse deletes oho cater pis ee el iene eater pen ieee ea iy ny ee pg ne oa ecceer near oe Ipc ost Tex reopen : ee ee doclly etherdtected and, whether ale or ferme execaces lnerested fa the gits as more than che "help" In fact a erexuding ire Tie eake a Tint ones much cle coneon rw yes €scihy Ir ad the work pce ten the ‘han the Tribune Soar convey he eshte om peso al the tne, uly te266 THe LowELy cnowD FALSE PERSONALIZATION 26 in which to respond to he bos and to mie tm, {The Pabune, far es treed in what we may call ood ‘ens epee forthe nonglmorow sls of ak Fan seeping "Wee tere pty sboor poy, we eget wo find an palo lino. So ere, wher tte apy abo won, pat sagan eo glaor, wich depends les on he work ‘hin on ubon one doe efor Mose unpopular of lls work ‘ook which minnie glamor, or work for s woman boxy Tei ic Ieappat te the women aclly wish otrow Ccotonal reserve ito the ofce stron, her than 9 {itn forthe pay stnon. Aad we mt conc fd {hater thi work no thir play very meaning in "Ts ptsthe bo nelle inthe psn of having toa an snc ihe demand fer pesoaiation tts pata {nthe erntsacory sua of the whhte-cole gfe ‘Reece Ther enforced pation ten pra: ‘ban i whit-cole gr ldom hee the sone Sonal Haney inp pelo ary the res of {hp ad thir creme Grping 4 gor, hese om then co find whe a work, the bos and inthe 9 Secure of ernron hey weve fo the ofr sation {hehe dered mangger helped sar ths chun of pn tos becuse he, 9, hos lin septs mach to him when he mise penontze,notonly 2s banker Bonds a saceman sling side Oran ‘The whie-coll worker imitates even caricatures the style of the otherdzeted upper mile clas. The factory worker, on ‘he other hand, is Frm Miso he has to be sold on the virtues ‘ofthe gad hand, And to date, he hasnt ben. On he whole, the Imanager hasan opel ight in geting factory workers in lage ‘nionized plants to accept the proffered gled hand, and his very reste furnishes him wich aviewally unlimited agenda for the ‘evoutog of che energies that he can devote to work, As we sw cari, he can goon endesly adding people co the management {toup_trsning rectors, courslor, and other morale bulders te ca also become inveved Inlet tthe efacy ofthese men ‘Jost es the factory worker, when he was school, eperded the teachers ae management and. went on ste or slowdown ging their wellintenoned or clas-bissed effos, 50 in the. thcy he dest not take the glad hand held ue by the personnel Acpurtnent Indeed, while the manages bebeves chat high pro- ‘duction seers high moral, the opposite may be the esse: igh ‘morale can etext with low prodetion va featherbeddng. For {T ehe workers fee nied in soidarty and mal understanding “iwhich they would dein a high morale—he conditions exst for faciatng slowdowns andthe systematic punishing of rate- user “There are many managers, however, who do nor conene ‘hemelves with allowing top management and che personnel Akparmenc to tell workers tac they have a stake inthe ourpet sd dhe ther work i importan and glmorous—whetbee it ot ‘ot. Many sincerely seek to pur plas ito operation that give workers an actly greater share by rearrangement of owner ‘hip, production planing, nd contol One sim ofthese propor sina o introdace emotional vitalty, or «gamle spirit, nto the factory, Both ees, slong with higher productivity, ae often ened To the harmony of feelings between manager and worker Enerairectd_ people can do this they ‘ers a people ot as highly diferente and complicated pl. Bur the other directed manages, profesional an Eolae workers cannot oo ealy separate cotcive fendi the jb from » pontanconsexpresion of genuine frend