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Enpone

pa3JIHQaIOT: raexrtore CRaHAHK

nsre neca na CKaHAHHaBCKOM rrOJIYOCTpone H B CDHHJIHHAHH, XBOHRo-mHpOKOJIHCTBeHHLIe JIeCa na nancxoro nornrsre rrOJIYOCTpOBa H JIeCa ropnsre (BLITHHYTbI B TIpH6aJITHKe, mHpOKOH ruHPOROJIHCTBrrJIOTb AO

cylKaIOrn;eHCH

BOCTOKY rrOJIOCOH OT BHCKaHCKoro

3aJIHBa

Vpana),

mHpOKOJIHCTBeHHbIe H XBOHHo-mHpOKOH Hapnarax, rrpeo6JIHCT-

JIHCTBeHHLIe neca B Ansnax BJIHHIOT na xapaxrep JIaAaIOT xBoHHLIe, JIeCOB. YrpIOMa nepeasen, CBeTa. 3uMon

Pa3JIHQHbIe rrpHpOAHLIe YCJIOBHH B JIeCHbIX paaonax paCTHTeJIbHOCTH. Ha cenepe rana neca, na rore raexcaoro

BeHHLIe C rrOA30HaMH CMemaHHLIX H UmpOKOJIHCTBeHHLIX H CYMpaQHa raara (pHC. 5). I'ycrsre nOJIYMpaR, RPOHbI MaJIO

TeCHO CMbIKaJICb BeTBHMH, rrporrycaaior U JIeTOM 3JJ;eCbnapar

21

I' II C. 5. Taiira.

IOlKHaJl

HI<YTHJI

Orpouuue
I{pynHhlM

eJIH, nOpCMeJHaHC(' C cyxocroiiusra non

HCHHMH

JIeCOM, pacryr

yp;HBHTe.'1hHO HenpaBIIJIhHO.

TO'lHO l{aKaH-TO IIeBHp;HMaJI CHJIa cnsaraer

30MJIIO, H OHH, HaKJIOHHBIIIHCh, rare H paCTYT KaR-TO naIICI{OCh. Memp;y p;epeBhJIMH JJemHT BaJIemHHR, 'lepe3 ROTOPhlll npeansruaiino nyrs nperpazsnaror TPYP;HOnpofiparsca. YMepiliHe nepeasa, To TYT, TO TaM 3aCTpJIBiliHe npa

CBoeM nanenan cpenn rYCThlX BeTBell cocennax eJleH. I1CI{PHBJIOHHhlH MOJIOP;HJII{TJIHeTCJI cpenn nOBaJIeHHhlX

aatueunonaux
Kamp;oe

CTBOJIOB. nepcso TallrH Bhl6npaeT Han60JJee 6JIaroYCJIOBHJI 06HTaHHJI, aanpaaep: 6e3 npxoro aa naypcxaa COJIHll,a, He

npaarnsre

JIHCTB8HHHll,a He MomeT mHTh MeCTax, H aaotiopor,

IlhlHOCHT ChlPOCTH H n03TOMY pacrer

B03BhlIIIeHHhlX

H3J1lo6JIeIlHhlMH MeCTaMH eJIOH H

nHXT JIllJIJIIOTCJI srpsre IlH3HHhl H JIO)l{6UHhl. c

JIY'lllIHM mHTb nanra

rrpHMepOM cxreuramrsrx

JIeCOB MoryT

CJIY-

EpHHCKHe JIeCa, COCTOllII~He H3 MOrY'IHX pac-

KHAHCThlX Ay6oB,

aceaeii,

COCeH, eJIeH,

fiepea,

JIHrr, KJIe-

HOB, TOrrOJIeH, OCHH H rYCTOrO rrOAJIeCKa H3 6Y3HHbI, mHMOJIOCTHH APyrHx Qpe3BbI'IaHHO KYCTapHHKOB.

opemnaxa,

paarroofipaansr cxiemaansre neca ,[(aJIbnero BOCTOKa, rne aapany C pa3JIH'IHhlMH BHAaMH mapoKOJIHCTBeHHhlX ncpeat.en (MoHrOJIbCHHH Ay6, meJIThlH, MaHb'lmypcKHH H APyrHc RJIeHhl, axypcxaa anna HAP.)
ymHBaIOTcH XBOHHbleJIHCTHaHnaxra. ROPMOBbIe 60raTCTBa JleCOB (IIJIOAbI, RopeHCKIlH KeAP, COCHa, ~eJIbHO-

cesrena,
MHpa,

MOJIO-

nsre nofiern, cymecraonauae

3eMJIHHhlX B

rrOtlRH paCTeHHH II T.

rr.)

06eCrre'lHBaIOT

paaaooopaanoro

mHBOTHoro

npn-

crrOC06JIeHHOrOR 0611TaHliIO He TOJIbKO na

3eMJIe, HO H B

nopax, a TaKme na nepensrrx H KYCTapHHKax. necax 06IlTaIOT xpynusto rpaaoamure mliBOTHhle (JIOCb, OJIeHb, KOCYJIH, Ka6aH), JIa3aIO~lIe (poccaaxa, 6eJIRa, 6YPYHAYR, C060JIb, KyHII~a HAP.)' mapoxo pacrrpocrpanerrsr raroxe 6YPhlH MeABeAb, BOJIK,psrcs, JIHCH~a,
ropHOCTaH, JIaCKa, 3all~-6eJIHK. JIecHaH 30Ha K IOry CMeHlleTCH JIeCOCTerrbIO, oropan x

nepexonar C T e rr H.
nax

3aTeM B

ofinrapnsre
crena

rpanarrsre

rrpOCTpaHCTBa na

HaH60JIee apxo

BhlpameHbI H cencp H

(IOr 3arraAHOH CH6HPII

naunrx paBHHHaaaxcraaa, 3a-

BOJImbe, IOr CpeAHe-PYCCKOH II IIpIlBOJImCKOH B03BhlmeHHOCTeH, IIpeARaBKa3be, 3HMOH B crenax Hall,

Ilpaaaoar,e

Ilpasepnonopse).
no-

Ha6JIIO).(aeTCllXOJIOAHall, MaJIOCHemnnnapa B paaasrx OT

C CIIJIbHhlMII BeTpaMH, a I1HorAa H C 6ypaHaMli

rona,
IIocJIe

Cpennan
H

TeMrrepaTypa

xecrax

pa3JIII'lHa

ROJIe6JIeTCHB npenexax

_2°

AO

_20°.

cpaaaarem.no

CYPOBOH3I1Mhl nacrynaer

aoporxaa

BeCHa, OTJIIIqaIO~aHCH B CTCIIllX 6YPHbIM CHerOTallHHeM.

HC

6.

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crens

BOJIbllIaH

'1aCTb 3HMnHX

aanacon

BJIarH

sa

HeCROJIbRO

,n;HeH CTeRaeT B HOMY paaxsmy.

poxa.

TIO'lBbI

1l0,n;Bepra1OTCR

ananareas-

IIIHpOIW

JIeTo Il CTellRX

21-27°) ocanxon),

cyxoe

pa3BHTbI onpara. xcapxoe (cpenann rexrnepa'rypa HIOJIR (ezeeronno nsmanaer OT 250 no 450 .M.M npanonnr rora R nepecsrxanmo aarnea pex H

'ITO nepernco

CHJIbHOMYOOMeJIeHHIOoaep, HeOO'bHTHble paBHHHbI HlIBllIIIMHCR RamYTCH Y'laCTRaMlI CTpaUbI C coxpaJIeTa CTenHOH ll,eJIHHbI B nanane

cepefipacrsrxa

OT Il,BeTYIIJ,ero ROBblJIH, KOTOPblH,

CJIOBHO MOpe,

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nerpa

(puc, 6).
06JIIIK par; ryro CTeIIII B re-renae JIeTa MeHHeTCH, npen;CTaBJIHH onna pa3JIII'IHbIX, KapTIIH, IIOCJIen;OBaTeJIbHO 06YCJIOBJIeHHLIX CMeHHlOII:\I1X rex

npy-

pa3BHTHeM

I1JIH I1HLIX

pacTeHIIH. PaHHeH HBJIHlOTCH paCTeHIIH: 30JIOTHCTble HIIKII, secaoa B ceaepaoa paanorpasaoa JIYKOBII<IHble II CTeIIII IIO-

MHOrO'lHCJIeHHble meJITbIe TlOJIbIIaHLI, JIyKII,

KJly6HeBLIe rHaIlHHTLI, nTHII8MJI8'1-

6JIen;HO-roJIy6LIe cHemHO-68JILIe

rycamac
crens

68JIeHbHII8

KpOKyCLI

II np, np806pama8TCH: II B '1aCTHOCTII paCTeHIIH. 9TO Bp8MH KOBLIJIH. TIO'lTII OTJIIIBaeT CM8Illll-

B Mae nsrnmoro
MlOHb nee 3J1aHH

COB8prneHHO 3JIaHOB,

pa3BIITHH

BpeMH K

IIB8T8HIIH

n;Byn;OJIbHbIX OTIIBeml. TaH KaII

9TOMY

BpeMeHII OTTeHHOM,

Crern,
HOBLIJIL

30JIOTlICTO-3eJIeHLIM BaeTCH C n;pyrIlMlI OC068HHO nerrs, BaIOT pano

TpaBaMII. HapTIIHa B COJIH8'1HLIH paCT8HIIH HlOHbCKIIH paCKpLIII

xpaco-ma

IIOyTpy:

MHOrO'lIICJIeHHble CBOIlX II

CBeiHIIe

JIeIIeCTKII

IIBeTOB, BeH'IIIHH

06paII:\8HHbIX MHorlIX

COJIHI~y.

Ilpoiiner

nac-npyroii,

lJ;BeTOB 3Hapac-

3aHpOlOTCH, '1I1T8JIbHO TeHHH CT8nHaH

H IIOJlyn;HlO IIOTYCKH88T.

II8CTPLIH

TpaBHHIICTLIH

KOBep

aBrYCTe

'1HCJIO IIB8TYII:\I1X 9TO BpeMH

CHJIbHO acrpa,

YM8HbrnaeTCH. nOJILIHb, C8BepHOH

paCIIBeTalOT

on;yBaH'IHK. AM8PIlKII HeBbICOKHe (C8B8poaMepIlKaHCKHe 3JIaKH rpaxa H 6H-

B
IIpepHII) 30HOBa

CT8IIHX

npeofiaanaror rpasa. !OmHOH AM8PIlIIe,

B 6acceHHe

p8KH

TIapaHLI,

pacBOJI-

nOJIaralOTCH HYlOII:\88CH HHH He

CTeIIII, MOP8

Ha3bIBa8MLIe rne Hll HO B nopoa onnoro

IIaMIIoH. na

Ilauna HH

rpaasr,

n;aJI8KOM

paCCTOHonnoro nOI{pLITa KOTopLIe

BCTpe'laeTCH

nepena, IIaMnLI

KYCTIIKa. meCTKHMII

Boraraa,
TpaBaMH

cyxaa

IIO'lBa

MeTp-IIOJITOpa

BLICOTOH,

25

rYCTOH MaCCOH nORpbIBaJOT crens ~BeT B rexeaae RpyrJIOrO rona, YRpameHHe

.It.

H COXpaHHJOT aeJIeHbI:ii:

Ilo ROJIH'leCTBY paCTHTeJIbHbIX BHAOB !fJJIopa naansr

O'leHb 6eAHa, nyxmee cepe6pHCTbIH raaepaa, BbICOTbI 2 H Aame 2,5 CDaYHa creneii HaH60JIee xapaxrepmr rrecrpymxa, xymxa, ee pOCRomHaH TpaBa, 'laCTO AOCTHraJOT He60raTa xopex, BHAaMH. CTenHaH crencTe6JIH xoroporo H A3HH crsnnoa

Esponsr

aHTHJIOnbI ca:ii:ra H Ame:ii:paH, BOJIR, APo!fJa, crpcner, cTenHOH open, CTenHaH THPRo6'lHR,

JIHCH~a, 6apCYR, TymRaH'lHR, a H3 nTH~ xyponarxa, cepaa

HO:ii:JIyHb HAP.

BCTpe'laJOTCH H npeCMbIRaJOmHeCH: crerr-

HaH raAJORa, necrpaa amypxa, meJITo6pJOXHH nOJI03. Il 0 JI Y nyc T bI II H H nyc T bI II II pacnpocrpaHeHbI aa nHTII ROHTIIHeHTax 3eMHoro mapa hOM noncax. nepnrpepaa fIYCTbIHII nnacnoro HOB I'ofia 30HY OT crenen fIOJIynYCTbIHH nYCTbIHb, R rrYCTbIHHM. YMepeHHbIx mIIpOT 3aHIIMaJOT orpoxmre H A3IIII. OT Hac'laCTHX Esponsr CnJIOmb H 3aHHMaJOT no 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIe nJIOmaAH RaR B YMepeHHOM, TaR H B mappacnOJIaraJOTCH 06bI'lHO rrpeACTaBJIHH co6o:ii: nepexOAIIYJO

06JIaCTII BO BHyTpeHHIIX MOpH nepes OHH nO'lTH

CpeAHJOJO A3HJO AO JOmHbIX paaorrORpbIBaJOT paBHIIHHbIe nYCTbIHII 3aHIIMaMaTeAMepHRe

npOCTpaHCTBa. B Ceaepnoa JOT 06mIIpHbIe pIIRa. MemropHbIe

nOHHmeHHH aa aanane

Cy6TpOnII'leCRIIe II TpOnH'leCRHe rrYCTbIHH pacnonomeHbI na aanane I1HAHH, B fIaRHCTaHe, Hpane, B I(eHrpansaoa cenepo 'laCTII nOJIYOCTpOBa MaJIaH A3HH, B A!fJpIIRe MaTepHRa Caxapa, na JOrO-3anaAe 'laCTH lJIIJIII HII'lTOmHbIlII JIeTo HaMH6), (B ceaepnofi (na B

IOmHoH AMepIIRe aanane ApreHTIIHbI), fIYCTbIHII ocaAROB (AO

H na ceaopoROJIII'leCTBOM co cpen-

B ABCTpaJIIIII.
.ltJlt

OTJIII'laIOTCH

60-80

B rOA).

lI\3pROe

26

P 11 C. 7. nYCThlHH KapaKYM

HHMH rcxneparypaaa

HaHOOJIeeTOnJILIX MeCJII\eB AO 30XapaKTepHLI 60JIbOTMe'laIOTCJI nyHe-

40°

H C MaKCHMYMOMAO 58° (ApaBHJI). II nO'lBLI. JIeToM no 6JIH3Klle K

WHe CYTO'lHLIe H rOAOBLIe aMIIJIHTYALI TeMnepaTYP B03nyxa HO'IaM nepenxo resmepa'rypsr, CTbIHb 06bI'IHLI peAKO

0°,

3I1MOii: Ha6JIIOAaIOTCJI AJIJI KJIllMaTa

MOP03LI AalliO B Caxape. I1MeIO~He

Hposre roro,

CIIJIbHLIe BeTpLI (cnsnue

10 xlcen ),

IIOCTOJIHHOe narrpanaeaae 6e3BoAHLIe paaonsr, ronoro

(a4>raHeI\, fJIaBHLIe

nraxcna) .
IIycTbIHH rJIy6llHe. 06wHpHLIe 3anaCLI BOA COXpaHJIIOTCJIB rpyarax fpOMaAHLIe npocrpaacrsa HJIIOTCJI npOCTpaHCTBaMH neCKa 'IaHLIMU MOPJIMU, noaepxnocrs POM B BlIAe neC'IaHLIX rpan na 3Ha'illTeJIbHoii: I{aMHJI CMenec-

cBoe06pa3HLIMH

IWTOPLIX BCXOJIMJIeHa BeT-

II 6apxaHOB (puc. 7).

27

C npencramrennca o necxax, amSHH.

0 nYCTbIHe CBllSbIBaeTCJI nOHJITlIe COJIHlreM, rne HeT HIIKaKoH

Be'lHO orranaesrsrx

A MemAY TeM naneo Caxapa XOTll R penxo, HO HaCeJIeHU. B caMOM nenrpe ee BOSBbIIDaIOTCJI ropsr, noxpsrrsrc SeJleHbIO. OAIIaKo paCTHTOJIhHOCTb He ofipaayer aneci, CITJIOIDHOrOrronpoaa.

Pacreuaa

BeAYT HeycTaHHYIO

60Pb6y C CYXOCTbIO. Macro paCTemIH-8<peMepOB, npexpacHO npRcnoc06JIeHHbIX K YCJIOBlIllM nycrsrm.: RX cexerra rrpopacraror illRPOKO rycraa rJIy61IH. rrO'lTII xepea CYTKR rrOCJIe BbIrraAeHIIJI AomAJI. Kcep0<pwfhl-MHOrOJIeTHIIKII, A06hlBaeT aaary upncnocofinensr BOAbl pacroana Y ROTOPhlX C 60JIhIDlIX K coxpaxarcrycra, pasBIITbI

ceri, )lJIlIHHbIX xopneit

Hexoropsre

HeHIIIO B CBOHX TeJIaX 60JIhIDlIX aanacos MOJIO'lalI II AP. IffIIBOTHbIH Mllp rrycrsnn,

OTJIII'IaeTCll

'lpeSBbI'IaiiHOH

npRcrroc06J1eHHOC'II,IO R CypOBbIM YCJIOBlIllM cYIIIeCTBoBannsr: mlIBOTHbIe 6bICTPO rrepenaararorca, oxpacxa RX IIMHrnpycr U;BeT nycrrarra.

Hoponno

MomHO Ha6;nOAaTb,

KaR

cpona CKYAHO paCTYIIIeH rpansr 6bICTPO 6eraIOT nransr BeJIII'lHHOH C rOJIy611. TIO'lYBcTBoBaB onacnocrt., OHII na rJIa3aX snpyr KYAU-TO IIC'leSaIOT. HH onna HS HIIX He y6eHe YJIeTeJIa, a MemAY TeM IIX HeT. OHII OKa3bIBaOTCJI, nrama AOBepHJIIICI, 3eMJIe. nJIOTHO npam.ays
6bITb

acana, HR onna TO'lHO pacraana, OHH pacnxacr H B TY

aJIIICh na necxo, MIIHYTY nepecrana nYCTbIHR

K HeMY,

me

BH)l,IIMbIMH, TOqHO OTHOCIITeJIbHO (rJIaBHbIM o6pa-

rrpeBpaTIIJIJICh B RaMYIDKH HJIH KY'IKII necxa, ,[J;JIJI <PaYHbI 30M xonsrrnsro xaparrrepno 60JIbIDOe 'lHCJIO BIIAOB MJIeFOIIHTaIOIIIIIX H rpsraymr}: KYJIaHbI, CyCJIIIKII, neC'IaHKH, H neperraxa). aacexomrx TYIDRaH'IHKII (ABYKpbIJIbIe,

aHTIIJIOrrbI, AHKHe JIOIDaAH, II AP. ,[J;OBOJIbSMeH nepenoasaro(JIIIIeplIrrbI,

HO MHoro B nYCTbIHe npeCMbIKaIOIIIHXCll xpsrnsre) nlIOHbI. II nayxoofipaaasrx

<paJIaHrlI, TapaHTYJIhl, CKOP-

28

30Ha C Y 6 T P a II II K a B xoporno nsrpaxcena B 060lIX noxyurapnax 3eMJIlI Mem~y 30 II 40° c. II IO. III. B CCCP cy6TpOIIlIKlI pacnpocrpaaeasr aa qepHoMopCIWM IIo6epean,e KaBKa3a II IOmHoM 6epere KpbIMa, aa 3aIIa~HOM nofiepezase KacIIIIHcKoro MOPJI II B Cpe~He:ii: A31I1I. Cy6TpOIIlIKH IIMeIOT TepMII'IeCKlIe epesrena rona II BMeCTe C Telll rarrae KJIHMaTlPIeCKHe YCJIOBHJI (resrrreparypa cax oro XOJIO~HOrO MeCHIW OT 0° ~O + 5°), IIplI KOTOpsrx B03MomHa HeIIpepbIBHaJI BereTaU;IIJI paCTeHIIH, 'ITO OTJIH'IaeT IIX OT npyrax 30H ysrepeanoro IIOJICa. B 3aBlIClIMOCTH OT KOJIH'IeCTBa aTMOC<pePHbIX ocanxon II pemHMa IIX BbIIIa~eHIIJI pa3JIII'IaIOT cpe~1I3eMHOMOpCKlIe, IIJIH IIOJIYCYXlIe, Cy6TpOIIHKH (cyxoe JIeTO II ~om~JIHBaJI 3IIMa); MYCCOHHbIe, IIJIII BJIamHbIe, Cy6TpOIIIIKlI (XOJIO~HaH JICHaH cyxaa 3HMa II TeIIJIOe BJIamHOe JIeTO); cyxne Cy6TpOIIlIKlI (paCIIOJIOmeHbI 06bI'IHO B rJIy6lIHe KOHTIIHeHTOB II IIOJIY'IaIOT ~O 200-500 .M.M ocannos B ron). Cy6TpOIIlIKH OTJIII'IaIOTCH 6oraTcTBoM paCTIITeJlbHOCTII. B IIOJIYCYXHXcyfirporraxax pacrrpocrpaneasr neca 1I3 Be'IH03eJleHbIX ~y60B (xaaermoro, nporixoaoro). 6YKa, cocen, xenpoa; <p0pMaU;IIH meCTKOJIlICTHbIX Be'lH03eJleHbIX KycTapHIIKoB acpemco B CO'IeTaHIIII C raxoro me TIIIIa ~epeBbJIMH (MaKBlIc, ra ppara, IIaJIbMIIToC); <p0pMaU;lIlI MeJIKOJIIICTHbIX KycTapHHKoB C oIIa~aIOID;eH JIIICTBOH (IIIH6JIHK). B MYCCOHHbIX cyfirponaxax pacnpocrpaucnu BJlamHbIe cy6TpOIIH'IeCKHe neca 1I3 Be'IH03eJIeHbIX ~y60B, KaM<popHoro .raapa, MarHOJIII:ii:; 06IIJlbHbI 6aM6YKII, JIlIaHbI, :mlI<pIITbI. B CyXIIX cy6TpoIIIIKax pa3BlITbI 6bICTPO pacU;BeTaIOID;lIe II 6bICTPO nstropasomae necennae paCTeHIIJI9<peMepbI. Mem~y TpOIIII'IeCKIIMII IIYCTbIHJIMII II 30HOH Be'lH03eJleHbIX TpOIIH'IeCKHX JIeCOB paCIIOJIOmeHbI c a a a H H bI. ,1l;JIJI HlIX xaparcrepno rrpeofiuananae TpaBHHIICToro IIOKpOBa B CO'IeTaHHII C OT~eJlbHbIMH ~epeBbJIMH IIJIH rpyn-

29

Pile. naMII

8. Caaanna. nepem.es,

A4JPIII(O

npemrymecraemro
caaanasr

KCepO(tmTHbIX B AclJcanaan II BJIam-

(pIIC. 8). HaII60JIee pmcc, IOmHoH

mnpoxo

pacnpocrpancnsr
l\mIMaT (cyxo:ii: ceaona

Auepnxe

H ABCTpaJIIIII.

IIMeeT ABa qeTKO asrpazseanrax POAHblX nponeccoa B maer nsepx, cyxoe

HblM:), OT KOTOPblX rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M BpeMH rona cananmr

3aBIICIIT pIITM npnAclJPIlHH MaJIO qeM

II rrpOHBJIeHIIH mII3HII. AOXOAHrn;aH AO 50°, IICCyaa APyrllM rrenna lIOAHIIMaeTCH HI! HpKIIX nrnn,

OTJIIIqaIOTCH OT rrYCTblHL. jl\apa, ace. DAHO 06JIaIW mana Hll apostara ~BeTOB, Hll

RpaCOH. .D:epeBhH, pacrynnro I{apTHHy. meJITble 3aCOXlIme BaHbI BeTpOM. BCHHaH pafiora meHHe Ho ry. 06eCCllJIIIBaeT, BOT npaxonar caxaa THmeJIOH II 06peMeHHeT.

rpynnaxa, He OmHBJIHIOT rpaasr rrOJIOMaHbI II o6op· YTOMJIHeT, HamAoe JIerHaH OAemAa ABUxaxcerca IIepBLIH BJIa-

AOmAJIIIBOe BpeMH rona, noxaa

JIUBeHL. Pacrpecxanmaaca Ha AepeBbHx Ha6yxaIOT

maAHo BnllTLIBaeT IIpoXOAHT

no-ma,

2-3 AHH.

30

I10CJIe BTOpOrO JIIIBHH paCRphlBaIOTCH JIIICTO'IKII aa nepenr.ax II nORBJIHCTCH MOJIOp;aH rpasa, I10CJIe rperr.ero p;Omp;R paCKphlBaJOTCR ~BeTbI. To, 'ITO Y HaC COBepIIlaeTCH aa 1,5-2 MeCR~a, B caaannax rrporexaer aa 5-6 p;HeH. B paCTIITeJIbHOM rroxpoae caaann npeOOJIap;aJOT 3JIaKII, p;OCTilraJOIlIIIe 3-4 .It BbICOTbI. .i'l:epeBbH canann npemryIlIeCTBeHHO HIIaKOpOCJIbIe; IIIIIPORO pacnpocrpanena 30HTIIKOBIIp;HaR <popMa KPOH, ocofieuuo Y aKa~IIH. 113 nepensen II KYCTapHilKOB B A<ppilKe TIInIl'IHbI oaooao, IIaJIbMhl (MaCJIII'IHaH, seepaaa, naJIbMa P;YM), aKa~IIII, MIIM03bI II np. .i'l:JIR cananrr ABCTpaJIIIII xapaxrepnsr 9BKaJIIIIIThl, xaayapansr, aKaU;IIII, «TpaBJHIOe» II «OYTbIJIO'IHoe» nepem,a, aapOCJIII KOJIIO'IIIX I\YCTapHIIKOB - CKp30hl. iI\IIBOTllhlH MIIp casana 'Ipe3BbI'IaHIIO fiorar II paanoofipaasn. Hanfionee xaparerepma KOIIbITllbIe, xaunnae MJIt'ROIIIITaIOIlIIIe, fieratonrae II xIIIlIHbIe IITII~bI, IIpeCMhlKaJOIlIIIeCH (ocofienno amepanu). B CaBaHIIaX ofinraror HaIIOOJIee xpynmao IIpep;CTaBIITeJIII mIIBOTllhlX: CJIOllhl, mIlpa<phl, oereMOTbI, 0YHBOJIhl, nocoporn II np, iKnallb mllBOTHbIX B caaaunax IIMeeT cesoaasra pIITM, IIOp;'IIIHeIlHhlll: 'Iepep;OBaHHIO cyxoro II anaaororo BpeMellH rona. B CYXOH ceaon 'IaCTb mHBOTHhlX nnanuer R CIIR'IKY HJIH aapuBaeTCH B HOPbI. B 3KBaTOpilaJIbHhlX crpaaax, rne KPyrJIhlH ron nsrrranaer He MeHee 400 .It.lt ocanxon II nepsearcs BbICOKile TeMneparypsr B re-rerrao ncero rona, pacnpocrpauema ooraTenIIlile B JI a m H hl e T p 0 n II 'I e C K II e JI e C a. B A<PPilKe BJIamHbIe TpOIIII'IeCKHe .reca pacryr no oeperaM I'aaneficxoro 3aJIlIBa p;o rop l\aMepYHa. ECTb OHH II B IOmHoH H l leurpam.noii Avcpane, ocofienno B oaccenHe porea AMaaoHKH. B Aana 9TII neca pacnpocrpaHeHbI IIO p;OJIIIllaM pen I'arrra II Bpaxanyrpsr, IIO BOCTO'I1I0MY nofiepean.ro BeHraJIbCKOrO aaJIIIBa, na IIOJIYOCTpone MaJIaKKa, aa OCTpOBax IJ;eil:JIOH, CYMaTpa II HBa.
31

B ABCTPaJIIUI BJIamHbIe HpYCHbIe, 8lIII<pIITbl). BblCOTbI rna

BJlamHble

TpOlIH'leCKIIe neca,

JIeCa

BCTpeqaIOTCH MHoronaII KO-

no TIIXOOKeaHCKOMY nofiepexn.ro, TpOlIIIqeCKHe BeqH03eJIeHbIe, TPY,[IHOlIPOXO,[lllMble, OTJIIIqaIOTCH ,gepeBbH II B TaKIIX necax

oM

06HJIHeM

AOB, MHomeCTBOM BHenpYCHbIX

BII,o;OBpaCTeHIIM

(naamr

CTPOMHbl, ,o;OCTIIraIOT co cJla60pa3BHToM 3eJIeHOrO D;BeTa), IIHOCTBOJIOB.JIIICTBOJlbl noroprao aecax. necax JIeca Ha 6JleCTH~IIe. TpOlIIIqeCKIIX TporIlIqeCKIIX II

80 oM

3-4

B naasrcrpe, aepenxo

pOM (map;KoH, CTbH Y nepenr.on nepeasen, KaK

6JleCTJ'l~eM,

C P;OCKOBHP;HbIMHKOpHHMII Y ocnoeaami OOJlblIIIIe, KomIIcTble, rrpaBIIJIO, rycro «ceTII» B

06BIITbl JIlIaHaMII,

c03,[1aIOT HelIpOXO,[lIIMbIe TpaBHHIICTblM OTCYTcTByeT OCTpOBe p;ble COTbl II pa3BIIT lIO

lIOKPOB BO BJIamUblX onIIcaHHe B.

TOJIbKO lIO OlIYlIIRaM <DOJIbD;Y

lIOJIJIHaM. nepensa MOJlO-

TIpIIBe,o;eM RpaTKoe CYMaTpa rrepeuenraara

TpOlIIIqeCKOrO

*.

«BblcORIIe

C HH3KlIMII, II 60JlblIIe. rpynno pexa,

TOHRIIe -

C TOJlCTblMII,

C ,o;peBHIIMII. OHII paCTYT apycaau,

p;OCTlIraIOT BbIlIX KOJIOCCaJIbHblM orxpsmacr B xame neponr.on. IIIIIpOHII KO-

70-80

oM

M,o;H no pOCT. TOJlbKO naepxy fipenn.,

necy, xorna

OC03HaTb 3MeJICb nanaa, 0 no

necy, np06HBaeT BblCOTe

npOCBeT nony-raenn,

IIJIH nepeno,

npencraaneaae qeJIOBeR na ensa

CTBOJIbI, BbICH~IIeCJI KII, qTO nJITb-IIIeCTb CKOJIbKO BH,o;IIT rJIa3, pa6JIJI, 1I TOJlbKO na

CTPOMHbIMII KOJIOHHaMII, TaR MoryT HlIX HeT HII onnoro YBeHqaHbI

IIX 06XBaTIITb. cysxa,

OAHOM BeTKII, OHII rnanxa, RpOHOM.

KaK MaqTbI

qy,o;ODH~Horo

caMOM nepxy

JIlICTBeHHOM

Hexoropsre
paCTII pa3yroT

CTBOJlbI, paCqJIeHIIBlIIIICb, na HHIIIH..• no qlll3nQeCRol1.

CHOBa aa-ranaior KOPHH, 06-

KHII3Y II, OnIIpaJICb orpOMHbIe

ny-mooripaaasre

• «XpeCTOMaTnlI qe(jJpaHOB C. B. nAP.

M., 1948.

reorpadraa-

COCTaBnTeJIh

32

JIIICTbH YMOIIOMpaqlITeJIbHO paaaoponasr: asre, TOHKlIe, )J;pyrlIe rpytisre, IIOXOmlIe O)J;HII JIaHI1,eTOBII)J;Hble, npyrae IIMeIOT 06II1,1Iii:IIplI3HaK -

O)J;HIIHemaa TapeJIKII; Ho BCe

ocrposyriaarsre.

BCe TeMHO-aeJIeHOrO I1,BeTa,TOJI-

crsro II 6JIeCTHII1,lIe,KaK 6Y)J;TO xoaeaasre. 3eMJIH rYCTO 3apOCJIa KyCTapHIIKOM... Qepe3 cnnomHyIO aapocns ['OJIa II HeJIb3JI IIp06paTbCJI 6ea nOMOII1,1I oaea, n B necy II I1,BecrHIIBmlIMII JIIICTbJIMII. rYCTYIO rpany xame MXII, nmnaa He y)J;IIBIITeJIbHO,qTO 60JIbmeii: qaCTbIO noxaa noxpsrra MomHO yBII)J;eTb OqeHb ponxo, TYIIJ,lIe copnsre

rpaasr,
IIpoMemyTKII Mem)J;y CTBOJIaMIISanOJIHeHbI paCTeHIIJIMII.

Maneiinrae
JIlIaHaMII

II nOJI3yqlIMlI

BeTKII aa

BeTBb,

co CTBOJIaaa CTBOJITHHYTCJI OHII, SaIIOJISaIOTB Kam)J;yIO II1,eJIb, IIO)J;HHMaIOTCH )J;Ocansrx sepxymex. OHII 6b1BaIOT TOHKlIe, KaK HHTKII, enaa rroxpsrrsre CJI C nopeuseu pensa nyrnar IIX, II, yanasra rJIy60Ko JIIICTbHMII, TOJICTble,

KaK KaHaTbI, KaK 3JIaCTlIqHble CTBOJIbI. OHII CBemHBaIOTII neTJIJIMII, I1,eIIKO 06BHBaIOT necmHMaIOT TaK xpsnxo, qTO BIIIIBaHCb B KOPY, 06peKaIOT aa KOBpaMII CyqbH, CTBOJIbI II MayaKHMH CIIlIpaJIHMII, IIoJI8yqHe

cueprs.
HblMH BeTBII».

paCTeHIIJI 3aTKaJIlI CnJIomHblMII aene-

neCTpOI1,BeTHblMII

PaCTIITeJIbHOCTb TpOIIlIqeCKIIX repaxax MellCTBa secsxa paanasaa. JIeCOB A.pPHKII,

JIeCOB na paamax

,n:JIJI BJIaiHHblX TpOIIlIqeCKIIX xapaxrepasr a TaKiHe )J;epeBbH 1I8 ceaHaHaCOBblX II JIaH)J;OJIb.pIIJI H

aarrpauep,
nepeno

6060BblX, crpodiaar,

KOM6peTOBblX, Ko.pe, KayqyKoHocHaH illlIPOKO

np,
HS

IIo)J;JIeCKe -

JIeKapCTBeHHaH pacnpOCTpaHeHa HaH6olIS

JIHaHa -

9IIII.pIITOB -

IIanopOTHIIKII.

MaCJIHQHaH IIaJIbMa.

B
JIlIaH -

aBCTpaJIIIii:cKIIX BJIamHOTpOIIIIQeCKIIX necax namera poranr,

JIee xapaKTepHbI

3JIeOKapIIYC, I1,e)J;peJIa, aJIeyplITec;

JIOMOHOC, aCMIIH, caccanapaas, m

33

roxoxa: aa BrrmlmToB - paamae BlI~hI opxlI~eii: 1I rranoPOTHllROB. B 6eCHpaiiHeM MOpe aenena TpOIIlllJeCRlIX JIeCOB, 60rarsrx COlJHhIMlI 1I BRYCHbIMll rr.ronaua, otiaraer MHOlKeCTBO 'lpeaBhI'laii:Ho paaaooripaaasrx iI\llBOTHbIX. OT acnoJIllHCROro CJIOHa no ensa aanernoro rracexoaoro - nee HaXO~HT ce6e anecs y6elKn~e, YIOT 1I namy. B 3aRJIIO'leHlle nano aaxernrr., 'lTO ananae ocofieuaocreii rrpaponsr roro lIJIlI anoro paaona 3eMHoro mapa npaofiperaerca He cpaay. ,n:JIH aroro neofixonaao MHoro 'llITaTb, 1I3YQaTb reorpadiaro, rryremecraoaars 1I BHlIMaTeJIbHO Ha6JIIOp;aTb ORpYlKaIO~YIO Hac npnpony.

HEKOTOPblE

OCOSEHHOCTH HHTepeCHeHnlHX sorna

HASnlOAEHHSI

nPHPOAbl

Maoro
B HamIIX

HBJIeHIIH pacxpsmaer rroxonax, nYTemeCTBIIJIX,

nepen
C HeH rrpoOCO-

naMH npapona,

Mhl 6JIH3KO conpIIKaCaeMCJI

TypHCTH'leCKIIX npaponsr -

rYJIKaX, 3Kcne~II~HHX. Ha6JIIo~eHHe npapone, CBH3aHo C nonoropsnm 6eHHoCTHMH, cBoiicTBeHHhlMH, a C ~pyroii IIo3HaKoMIIMCJI C o,o;Hoii CTOPOHhl, caMOH

'leJIOBe'leCKOMY opraHH3MY. BocnpIIHTHe npemreJIy'lmeMy

C HeKOTophlMH II3 3TIIX ocofieuaocroii, H

3HaHHe KOTOPhlX MQ)ReT ynpocrnrr, TOB H HBJIeHHH npaponsr Pa3JIH'laIOT nna opHeHTHpOBaHHIO na MeCTHOCTII.

crrococcraoaars

BII,o;a BOCnpIIJITIIH: meJIaHIIJI, HameH

HeBOJIbHhle, B03II caoaensre BOJIeBOJIeH H meJlaMhl nepen

HHKaIOm;He nOMHMO aanrero

Bhle BOCnpHJITHJI, rranpaanaexsre co6oii CTaBIIM. Y3HaBaHHH

HHeM B COOTBeTCTBHHC TeMH ~eJIHMII, xoroprae

B nponecce
POJIL arpaor

npensreron

3Ha'lHTeJIbHYIO

soofipaaeeaae

Ha6JIIO,o;aTeJIJI,ero cnocotinocrr, npe,o;MeThl II HBJIeHHH aa-

«~opHCOBaTL» rrpenxer

Ha6JlIOIWHIIH.

Bocnpaaarsre

HaMH paaoo

ne'laTJIeBaIOTCH B naMHTH, H Mhl MomeM BocnpOII3BO~HTb

35

IIX B Boo6pameHIIII. TaR, paaronapanaa no Mem~yropo~HeMY TeJIe.pOHY co 3HaROMbIM lJeJIOBeROM, MhI xoporno npe~CTaBJIJI8M ce6e ero JIII~O. Hnorna npa BOCnpIlJITIIII rrpemrera paansre opramr lJYBCTB RaK 6bI 3aMeHJIIOT npyr npyra, Hanpaxop, He BII~JI BOPOHbI, a CJIhIIlla xapxanso, MhI 6JIaro~apJI npenunymeay OilbITY MbICJIeHHO rrpencrasJIJIeM ee BII~, ~BeT OilepeHIIJI II T. ~. B MHoroo6pa3I1lI lJeJIOBeqeCRIIX BOCnpIlJITHll 60JIbillOe 3HaqeHlIe IIMeIOT 3pIlTeJIbHbIe o~y~eHHJI - CBeTOBhIe,

II C.

9.

DOJle

apeHIIH

36

n;BeTOBbIe, npOCTpaHCTBeHHDIe, IJ;O35 000 BHIJ;OB,H CJIYXOBbIenocnpaar

KOTOpDIX HaC'lHTDIBaeTCR 3BYKOBaR oxpacxa, mYMDI

H TOHa, HX OKOJIO 20 000 BHAOB. POJIb HeKoTopDIX BHIJ;OB aa B onpelJ;eJIeHHDIX YCJIOBHRX CHJIbHO noapacraHMeIOIIJ;He 60JIbmOe aBHan;HH, HJIH eCJIH 'leJIO-

er, IIpHMepOIlI MorYT CJIymHTb BocnpHRTHR paBHOBecHR H

nOJIOmeHHR TeJIa B npOCTpaHCTBe, aaaxeaae B MOpenJIaBaHHH, oCR3aTeJIbHO-IJ;BIIraTeJIbHbIe BeK naxonarca aJIbnHHH3Me,

OIIJ;YIIJ;eHHR npIIKOCHOBeHHR,

CBR3aHHDIe C ABHmeHHeM nor, PYK II nanr.ncn, B nOJIHOn TeMHOTe.

II pocTpaHCTBO, OXBaTDIBaeMoe HenOIJ;BHlI\HbIM rJIa30M, na3DIBaeTCR nOJIeM rrpenanaaa (pnc.

apenna, IIoJIe apenaa orpanaaerro 1200 no BepTl'IKaJIH H 1500 no ropII30HTaJIH

ofimapnee H OXBaTDIBaeT 60JIbIllOe nporJIy6Hny
M.

9). BJIarOAapR nOABHmHOCTH rJIa3 naure nOJIe 3pe-

IlIIR nocpanneuao

crpaacreo,
lleJIOBeK crpaacrna na 3pHTem,HO paccronuaa nocnpanaxae'r OKOJIO 500 npo.D:aJIbIlle IIpeAOCH rJIa3 napan-

MeTbI CJIHBaIOTCR (TaK KaJ{ npaKTH'leCI{H JleJIbHbI), H 0 TOM, KaKon KaKon nansmo, Hoe IIplIKpbITHe 'lHHY TeHell, MeTOB. YrOJI, o6pa3yeMDIii: OT KpallHHX 3peHHH, npcnxora 'leCKOMY ncnrpy yrJIOBOll HanpaBJIeHHHMII

H3 HHX paCIIOJIOmeH 6JIHme H

'leJIOBeK yme CYAHT, COIIOCTaBJIHH'laCTH'lOAHOro IIpeAMeTa APyrHM, q,OPMY II BeJIHAaJIbHHX npenCBeTOBbIX JIY'leii: IIpeAMeTa K OIITHpaaacpov paCIIJIbIB'laTOCTb onopranaa

TO'leK paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BeJIH'lIIHOll

IJIa3a Ha6JIIOAaTeJIH, Ha3DIBaeTcH yrJIOM IIJIH yrJIOBbIM paconarpanaeero AO Ha6JIIOAaTeM OH BbIrJIJI-

(pHC. 10). RamYIIJ;IIeCH pasxepsr 3aBHCHT OT paccroaaaa pacnonoaeea npenxer,

sroro IIpeAMeTa AHT HHme II yme.

TeJIH: 'leM nansruo

JII06oii: IIpeAMeT, YAaJIeHHbIii: OT rnaaa Ha6JIIOAaTeJJJI na paCCTOJIHlIe, B 57,3 paaa fiom.mee cnoejr BeJIH'lHHDI (a),

37

p .. c

10

YroJl

apeuun

BII~eH na

IIO~ yrJIOM

aporraa paa

B 1°, a IIpH (57,3 X 60)

yrore

SpeHHJI B cnoea xorna

~yroByIO

MHHyTy, HJIH 1°: 60, T. e. xorna OH nopocraer

IIpe~MeT yrtanen 60JIbmee

paCCTOJIHHe, B 3438

BeJIlIqlIHhl, yrOJI aponan pacmapaerca .popMYJIe: 30HTa, P -

paSJIHqaTbCJI rJIaSOM (pHC. 11). OTqeTJIHBO TOJIbKO rorna,

qeJIOBeK MomeT BII~eTb ITo Mepe nO~'beMa MaTeMaTlI'leCKIIH

ero rJIa33 He MeHee BllillIMhlH

3°.
ropnaorrr paBHOMepHO BII~IIMOCTH, HJID ~aJIbHOCTb ropn-

BO nee CTOpOHhl. ITpe~eJI

!I. =

ropH30HT, 3eMJIlI

OlIpe~eJIJIeTCJI IIO CJIe~yIOm;eii:

2 X P X B, rne

!I. -

panayc

(OKpYfJIeHHO -

6400

1>At)

38

1'_ 57,3 a -npeAMeT "HAe.

PH c. 11. Pa3J1H'IHMOCTb npenxeroa

B - BhlCOTa aafinronarena. OTCIOAa cnenyer: '1To6hl YBHAeTb B 2 paaa AaJIblIIe, HaAO nOAHHTbClI npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO B 4 pasa aumo.
<1>0PMYJlYMOJKHOynpocrars, BeJIH'IHHbl pannyca CJIeAYIOIIIHH BHA: II. = 113 B, II P H M e p. ,lJ;J1Hnnsrnymero poro naxonurca aa BblCOTe 20
eM

ecna H3BJIe'lb xopeas

H3

3eMJIH H H3

2,

rorna

OHa npaxer KOTO-

'1eJIOBeKa, rnaaa

(0,0002

IWHHOH nOBepXHOCTbIO BOAbI, ,lJ;JIH TJeJlOBeKa cpenuero MeCTHoeTH (asicora ero rnaa

II. = 113

KM)

Hall cnoKM.

0,0002 = 1,6

pOCTa, cromuero
KM.

aa POBHOH panna

HaA rroaepxaocri.ro

1,6

M,

HJIH 0,0016

KM),

,lJ;= 4,6

39

PH

c.

12. HcnLITOHHe OCTPOTLIapeHHJI B ApeBHocTH Y Op060B

ECJIll Y1J:llThlBaTb pe4>paK~HIO JJ;aJIbHOCTb BHJJ;HMOCTH aa 11H KaKOe-JIH6o nlITHO rana xyxce npenaera paenasars mIll

*, KOTOpalI 6%, I{ = 4,77 noM.

rens, ero. a HaAO

YBeJIll1J:HBaeT

3a1J:acTYIO Ha6JIIOAaTeJIIO HeAOCTaT01J:HO YBHAeTb BAa-

paarasners

AB-

H Y3HaTb

Cnoco6HOCTb

JIY1J:illB HJIH

YAaJIBHHhlB

npenxersr

3aBHCHT OT OCT-

POThl 3pBHHlI.

• Perppaxuaa - npenoMneHHe CBeTOBhlX nY'Ieit aeMHoit aTMoc4Jepoit, ncnencraae xero CTaHOBJlTClI BHnHMhlMH npenMeThl, HaxOnll~HeclI B neitcTBHTenLHocTH sa ropHaoHToM.

40

OCTPOTOH speaaa, rnaaa npanaxa Tb paccroanaa npenaersr, onaa

llJIll,

naase,

paapemaromea rnaaa paananr.ao aa

canoii, BOCneOCT6JII13ROM ax

Ha3b1BaeTCH cnocofiaocre OT npyroro,

pacnonoaceanste

qeTRO paanaxa'n,

rana,
JII060nbITHbIM POTbI apenaa 110M axaaaeae nyto 6bIJIO B ,n;PCUIIOCTll acnsrraaae BOIIHOB. Ha ncno Tpe60DaJIOCb Cyxa, paanasarr, y apa6CRIIX 3TOM csoeofipaanpocrsra

rJIa30M aa He6e aneany

HJIll AJIbROP, pacrrOJIOJKeRB C03Be3,n;HH EOJIbmaH

pHn;OM CO 3Be3,n;Oll MUI(ap

Me,n;Be,n;HI(a (pHC. 12). B TeMHOTe qeJIODeH MomeT BU~\CTb llJIaMH CBeqH na pacCTOlIHUI1 60JIce I\IIJIOMeTpa. OCTpoTa ero speaaa TaRaH JKe, KaR y COBbI, no B ROqbIO

paaa xyme,

qeM y HOIlIRll. '!eM y qeJIOeCTeCTHa

Baro ,n;HeM sj-euae

BeRa. .ll:JIlI Ram,noro BeRHOI'O aponaa,

KOIIIIUl B 5 paa cnatiee, qeJIOBelm cymecrnycr

I'paHUI(a

11 BbI caMU M01HCTe ee orrpeneaars.

JI:lICTe 6eJIOll 6YMarll ponaxra 4,1 H 5 e.M,

aa-reprnre rrpJ1MoYI'OJIbHHR co CTOB HeM npoxeprare qepROll TyIlIbIO B1

.M.M

20 napannam.rnax

JIHRllll

TOJlm;UHOll Ram,n;alI C ra-

RllMH JKe npocneraxa na BblCOTe raaa

13). Ilonecr.re 3TOT JIllCT na OCBeII(CHHOll CTeHe npaaopno

Melf{~\y HHMH (puc. TaR, qT06b1 JIHHHH pacnOJIaI'aJIHCb ropaOT CTeHbI no rex nop, noxa JIHHllH pac-

BOHTaJIbHO. BCTaHbTe JIllI(OM K JIllCTY, a 3aTeM, aaxpsm O,n;HHI'JIa3, orxonare He COJIbIOTCHB CrrJIOmHOU TeMHblll «pOH. M3MepbTe

CTOHHlle OT ce6H no CTeHbI II BblqllCJIllTe,

RaROBa OCTpOTa

aamero apeuaa. Hanpaaep, JIHHllll CJIHBaIOTCH ,n;JIH npasoro I'JIa3a na paccroaaaa 3 .M. M3BeCTHO, 'ITO na paCCTOJ1RHH57,3 .M.M JIHHHH B 1 .M.M mapaasr BH,n;Ra non; yrJIOM 1°, HJIH 60'. 3RaqHT, aa paccroaaaa 3 .M (3000 .M.M) OHa Bll)l;Ra non YI'JIOM A, ROTOPblll onpenennerca 113 CJIe,n;yIOII(eU rrponop-

I(IlH: pora

A: 60 = 57,3: 3000,
3peHlIJI npaBOI'O TaR

CJIe,LIOBaTeJIbHO, A

= 1,14'.
T. e.

OCTHllme

I'JIa3a

1: 1,14

0,8,

HOpMaJIbHOH (sa e,LIHHHI(YnpHHHMaeTCJI OCTpOTa HOpMaJIbHOI'O apoaaa). OI(eHIlBaJI rtmart, nexo

me

MomHO onpe,LIeJIIITb OCTPOTY ape-

HllJI JIeBOI'OI'JIa3a HJIH 060HX

cpaay,
H YCJIOBHfl Ha6JIIO,LICHHfl,

BH,LIHMOCTbnpe,LIMeTOB, Heo6xo,LIHMO yqHnpanana

ropsre

PH c. 13 "plIMoyroJlbHHR JleHHlI OCTPOTbJ apeaaa rnasnsre nae,

AJllI onpene-

H3 ROTOPblX CJIe,LIYIOII(lle: nam.naa

npenxersr
npen-

npe,LICTaBJIJIIOTCH 06blRHOBeHHO MeHee JICHblMH, qeM 6JIllmOHIl BH,LIHbI RaR 6bJ CRB03b ,LIbiMRY; xpynnsre qeJIOBeR RamCTCJI MeTbl RamYTCJI 6JIllme, paCCTOJIHIIH JIemaII(IlH HblM, qeM aa ROpHIO. qeJIOBeqeCRHH ,LIfllI(HXCJI ssrme. pose I'JIa3 ro-moe aa onpenenaer ero yponae, BeJIHqllHY qeM aaxorrpe,LIMeTOB, pacnonomeuusrx qeM MeJIRlle; na O,LIHOM TOM II ,LIaJIbIIIe,

me

qeM

ROI',LIaOH CTOHT; rrOBaJIeHHOe ,LIepeBORameTCJI 60JIee ,LIJIIIH-

Paccronaas

MOI'YT Ra3aTbCJI I'Opa3,L10ROB rex CJIY'IaJIX, ROI',LIa

AenCTBHTeJIbHblX, oc06eHHO

42

npHXO):lHTCJIHX O~eHHBaTb xepea orspursre CTpaHCTBa. IIpOTHBOnOJIOJKHbIif6eper JKeTCJIscerna ;r(OJIHHa HJIH pexa C xpyroro pexa

BO):lHble npoHJIH oaepa xaRUJKeTCJIMeHee npOCTpaHCTnpenxerta BUH3. OT

6JIHJKe ero ):IeifCTBHTeJIbHOrO nOJIOJKeHHJI. 6epera PaCCTOJIHHJI na nepnrany

rnHpOROH, qeM C nonororo, CHH3Y nnepx, nonoumsr ropa

nax, 1I0RPhlThlX CHerOM, raroxa H3 ):IOJIHHhl na RaJKYTCJI6JIHJKe, 'leM TeJIbHOCTH.

HCRaJKaIOTCJI. IIpH B3rJIJI):Ie ropsr,

npu

Ha6JIIO):IeHHHcnepxy

BhlrJIJI):IHT MeHee RpYTOif, qeM B ):IellCTBH-

Ha6JIIO):IaR npe):lMeTbl O):lHHaROBOH BhlCOThl, pacnonoJKeHHble na O):lHOll JIHHHH, Mhl BH):IHM HX yMeHbIIlaIO~HMHCJI 110 Mcpe no OT):IaJIeHHR,IIpHqeM JIHHHJI, IIpOXO):lJI~aR aaurero rnaaa, OCTaHX nepxymnax, 6Y):leT Ra3aTbCJI HaRJIOHHOii R ropaECJIH MbI BJIe3eM na ):IepeBO, TO

30HTY, a JIHHIIJI, JIeJKa~aJI aa yponne HeTCJI ropaaoaransnoii. nOJIY'lHTCJI otiparuoe naRJIOHHoll.

JIDJIeHHe: JIHHIIJI BepIIIHH OCTaHeTCH

ropH30HTaJIbHOll, a JIHHHJI OCHOBaHHH CTBOJIOB nORameTCH pJI):I O):lHHaROBblx 110 BhlCOTe (reaerparpnsre HJIH 110 ):IJIHHe (IIIlIaJIbl) OT Ha6JIIO):IaTeJIJIB rJIy6b ):IJIHHenpenxeron, IIpH BOCllPHJITHHABHJKeHIIJI MoryT 6blTb ):IBa CJIyqaJI: Ha6JIIO):IaTeJIb HellO):lBIIJKeH HJIH OH cax M3 nOBCe):lHeBHOroonsrra Mhle H3 nepexemaerca, H AOMa RamYTCH CTOJI6bl)

IIpe):lMeTOB, pacnOJIaraIO~IIXCJI 1I0JIJI 3peHHJI, RalHYTCJI eMY no BhlCOTe IIJIIi no

PJI):IOM1I0CTeneHHO yMeHbrnaIO~HXCJI

KaJK):IOMy 1I3BeCTHO,'ITO BH):IHnopom,a

oxua

nnymero

noeana

):IBHJKy~HMHCJIHaBCTpe'lY Ha6JIIO):IaTeJIIO. Ha6JIIO):IaJI IIPHpO):ly, H3yqaJI ):IJIJIJKH3HHna 3eMJIe. B B3alIMOCBJI3b JIBJIeHHii, aaaxeaae COJIH~a 3eMJIH soxpyr OCHofiycCJIeAyIO~eii qeJIOBeR H3):1aBHaC03HaBaJI pcmaiomeo

Bpauroaae

JIOBJIHBaeTCMeHY ):IUJI H HO'lH, H3MeHeHHe OCBe~eHHOCTH

rexeuze

CYTOK, xoropoe

xapaxrepaayerca

43

IIOCJIe):lOBaTeJIbHOCTbIO::IHeBHbIe '1aCbI ) m;eHHOCTb, nesepnae HOCTb H paCCBeTpa3HbIX cyxopna HHe TeMHOTbI, HO'lHbIe '1aCbI osens

BbICORall OCBeOCBem;eH-

IIOCTeIIeHHOe HaCTYIIJIeHH3Rall

npO):lOJImIfTeJIbHOCTb ):IHlI
reorpadra-recxax
IIOJIymapHH

IIOCTeIIeHHOe ee YBeJIH'IeHHe. H HOllH JIeTOM H 3HMOil: na HeO):lHHaROBa.HaIIpHOHa

maporax

Mep, B ceaepuox

xapaxrepnayercrr

CJIe-

):IyIOm;eil:Ta6JIHIIeii:

(IJ

Illrrpora rpanycn x)
;JKBIITOp

CaMbI."

IIbIH

J1.eUb

LlJIUII-1

CaM~"
HI111

nem.

HOPOT-I

PaSHOCTb

(JIeTo)

(3uMa)

10 20 30 40 50 60
CCBCPHbID nOJIHpHblD Kpyl'

12 'I. 00 12 » 35 13 » 13 13 ., 56 H ., 51 16 .,09 18 ., 30 24 ..00

MUII.

12 10 10 9 7 5

00

~IHH

» »

If » 25

.,

..
»

.,

.,

., ., 04 ., 09 51 ., 30 ., 00

.,

"

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., ., ., .,
»

00 MHH 0" I » 10 » 2 » 26 3 » 52 » 5 ., 42 8 ., 18 13 ., 00 24 ., 00 »

., ., .,

.,

UeHTp COJIHQa He SaXOT\HT (B cyrna

x)

UCHTP COJIHl(a ne UOCXOAHT (B CYTHax) llepnOA

nepnon 66 68 70 75 80 85 90
CeBep"blD I10JIIOC

CPOM

CPOI<

19jVl-25/VI 29/V --I6/V Jl 19/V -27/VII 30/V -H/VIII I5/IV-29/VIIl 2t/V -II/IX 20/111-25/IX

6 &9 70 107 137 163 189

29 8/XII- 5/1 55 25/XI -18/1 84 6/XI - 7/11 122 22/X -21/11 8/X - 7/III lSI 2S/IX -20/IIT 177

IOmHOM IIOJIymapHH Ha6JIIO):IaeTCRTO nocreneanoro

me

caxoe. CIIoco6R CMe-

;r(JIHTeJlhHaR 3BOJIIOI(HRBbIpa60TaJIa y rnasa 1I0CTbananranaa npacnocoforeaaa

44

He }l;HeBHOii II HO'IHOii OCBern;eHHOCTII. B TeMHOTe rnaaa 'IeJIOBeKa BO MHoro BaeMblH npaarae 60JIbIIIaJI 3plITeJIbHblH 'IaCTb paa 'IYBCTBIITeJIbHee K CJIa60My CBeocofioe Bern;eCTBO, TaK Ha3b1BOCII Ha JIPROM CBeTe paapymaerca, HO'IHOrO rrypnyp, KOTOPblH YJIY'ImaeT nypnypa Ha'IaJIOM Ty. B HIIX HaKaIIJIlIBaeTCJI

cJIa60 OCBern;eHHbIX npemreron. 3plITeJIbHOrO nepen

}l;JIJI ero nOJIHOrO BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIJI (B TeMHOTe) Tpe6yeTCJI OKOJIO xaca.

Iloaroxy

noxo-

na He peROMeH}l;yeTCJI CMOTpeTb aa JIPRyIO aaxny IIJIII KO-

crap.
B cyxepxa
TlIpOBaTbCJI: II HO'IbIO YXY}l;maeTCJI cnocofiaocrs nanaer KOHTpaCTHaJI opaerrBOC'IYBCTBIITeJIbHOCTb, nneroasre II T. n, aCTpOHOMIIMOMeHTa aa 6-ii BeJIII-

YMeHbmaeTCJI OCTpOTa 3peHIIJI, ssrnanaior npHJITHJI, YXY}l;maeTCJI YSHaBaHlIe npenxera

B HaCTOJIrn;ee BpeMJI Ha'IaJIOM Be'IepHIIX

'IeCRHX cyxepex 6e306JIa'IHOM rnaaa 'IIIHbI. OT aCTpOHOMII'IeCRIIX cyxopoa II onYCTIIJIOCb nOA roplI30HT 6e3JIYHHoM aa 18°.

C'IITTaeTCH TOT MOMeHT, ROf/W COJIHn;e

C aroro
aaesnsr

He6e

AJIJI aenoopyaeeaaoro

CTaHOBJITCJI BIIAIIMblMII

caatisre

OTJIII'IaIOT rpasmaaHalI60JIee JIPAJIJITCJI 24 MIICYTOK. B J1eHIIHanrycra (6eJIble

CKlIe, B MOMeHT Ha'IaJIa KOTOPbIX COJIH~e HlIme ropaaoara aa 7°. B aTO BpeMJI CTaHOBJITCJIBIIAIIMblMII KITe 3Be3AbI. Ha rpane HO'III), axaarope rpaxtnancxae cyxepxa HyTbI, aa nomoce HO'Ib C cepennasr OHII AOCTlIraIOT 15-16 cyxepxa anpena no cepenaasr B noaae

aCTpOHOMII'IeCKlIe

npOAOJImaIOTCJI BCIO

'ITO 06pa3HO orpaxreno

A. C. IIynlI{IIHa

«MeAHblH BcaAHIIK»: He nYCKaJI TbMY HO'IHYIO Ha 30JIOTble aefieca, OAHa 3apJI CMeHIITb }l;pyryIO Cnenrar, }l;aB HO'I1I nonaaca .••

II,

45

C IDHpOThl 67024' Ha'lHHaeTCH 06JIaCTb rrOJIHpHhlX HO'len, rne 3HMon aapa C aapeii CJIHBaeTCH 'lepe3 nonnear., a He 'lepe3 rrOJIHO'lb. IIpo,n;oJImHTeJIbHOCTb CrrJIOIDHhlX CYMepen: xapaxrepnayer CJIe,n;YIO~aH Ta6JIHIW:

IDHPO-I

ra

610

620

630

6&°

650

rrePHoAI

C 6 ""'UOI C 30 MaRl C 2& MaJl C 19 MaR I C 15 MaR no 8 HlOJIR no 16 "IOJlR no 21 HIOJlJI no 26 H(()JIJI no 30 H(()JIJI

B 06CTaHOBRe 6eJIhlX Ho'leii

'leJIOBeR 'lYBCTByeT He cnar, cefia

H neaaxonsmero TepHeTCH

COJIH~a npen-

CTaBJIeHHe 0 ,n;He H HO'lH, H nepnoe

omH,n;aH TeMHOThl, ROTopaH He nacrynaer,

nenpaasrsao.

BpeMH HOBH'lRH ,n;OJIro

...
npeznrersr (aanpaHO'lbIO RamYTCH HaM 06YCJIOB«pOHe. OCBe-

HPRO ocaemennsre acerna

H cBeTH~HecH

Mep, CBeT aBTOM06HJIbHOii «papbl)

6JIHme HX ,n;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOrO rrOJIOmeHHH. BH,n;HMOCTH y,n;aJIeHHhlX npenjreron

Crenem,

JIHBaeTCH HX ROHTpaCTOM * na oxpyzaaromex HPROCTb npenxera ~eHHOCTH, HO H OT orpaacarerrsnoa BepXHOCTH, ROTopaH ,n;JIH pa3JIH'lHa. ECJIH 6hl npaaraxecxa pone raxoa rrOBepXHOCTb, na nornouiana pasnsrx

3aBHCHT He TOJIbRO OT ero nosepxaocrea

crroc06HOCTH ero noaecsxa

ROTOPYIO noaneacrnyer TO OHa H3Y'leHHH HO B npa-

COJIHe'lHaH pannanaa,

6b1JIa a6COJIIOTHO xepaoa, 6bI BCIO panaanaro, npa

rrOBepXHOCTH HeT. IIoSTOMY

• HOHTpaCToM Ha3blBaeTCH OTHOllieHHe CTH oxpvacaroruero 4JoHa H apROCT" npenxera malO~ero <jJOHa: R = (HIfJ - Hn) : HIfJ.

paanocrn HPIWR HPROCTH ORPY-

46

MeCTHOCTll He06xOAllMO Y1JllTbIBaTb OTpamaTeJIbHYIO cnoC06HOCTb HaUJIIOAaeMblX nOBepXHOCTell:: BOAbI, 3eJIBHOll:

rpansr, necrca, caera

TaR xax II\eHHOll: MeTbI era, a

II T.

n. (pac. 14).
TeJI pa3JI1r'IHa,

OTpamaTeJIbHaJI cnocooaocrs

TO AamB na MeCTHOCTll, OCBepaBHOMepHO, npenno csoen JlPROORa3b1BaIOTCJI HeOAHCJIeAOBaTeJIbHO,II no ROHTpaCTa C OR<pOHOM.BBJIH'IHnpeAMeTa. OTJIH1JllTb B OT

HaROBblMll BeJIll'IllHB pymalOII\HM aa er mB fJIa3 npertaer

ROHTpaCTaOnpBABJIJIMomeT

pa3JIll'IllMOCTb

OT <pOHa JIlllllb 3aBllCHT

CJIY1JaeAOCTaTO'IHOll:ROHTpaCTHOCTH, 'ITO TaR aa, asrx, HeM nassrnaeaoii ROTOpaJI npa ROHTpaCTHOpMaJIh-

HOll: 'IYBCTBllTeJIbHOCTH rnaAHBBHblX YCJIOBllJIX OCOROJIO

BeII\BHHJI COCTaBJIJlBT cpenB

0,02

(paaaocrs 70%

MemAY

JIPROCTbIO npertxera

II JIPROCTbIO<poHa). CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, rJIa3 OTJIH1JaeT npenMeT OT <pOHa npa

B

ROHTpaCTe YAaJIeHHblX C 6JIll3RHM 15% PH c. 14. OTplilRaTeJlbHaR enocofiaoe'ra HeRoTopLIX noBepXHOCTeii

2%.
HPROCTb On;eHllBaeTCJI nyH <pOHOM aefia na no AeCJITH6aJIJIb-

npeAMBToB rrpcnxerox ropH30HTB HOH

TeM cpasneaaa

mxane.

47

~aJILHOCTL BHAHMOCTII a6COJIIOTHOxepnor-o naasraan,

rrpenxera

OOJILllIHX pa3MepOB Ha ~OHe He6a Y rOpH30HTa npHHHTO HJIJIIOCTpaTHBHoii:AaJIbHOCTLIO BHAHMOCTH. ~JIH paCCTOHHHeAO AaJIeROrO ee OnpeAeJIeHHH aano H3MepeHHoe no

npexxera,
YMHOlRHTL

nJIaHY MeCTHOCTII HJIH xapre,

na qHCJIO, COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;ee OI\eHOqHOMY 6aJIJIY. xep, paCCTOHHHeAO AaJIeROrO neca OI\eHeHa 6aJIJIOM BHAHMOCTH

HanpaHPROCTL T. e.

7,4

KoM, aero Ta6JIHI\Y),

4.

OTcIOAa HJIJIIOCTpaTHBHaH AaJILHOCTL

panaa

7,4 X 8,3

(CM.

61,42

KoM.

EaJIJI

Orracanne

Orrpenenenae

o
»
2 3

no JlPKOCTRnosrra He OTJlH-1 qaeTCH OT OJlm'KOl'o. • • •

0)

»
»

qYTL 3aMeTHO eneraee OJlH3ROI'O HBHO CBeTJIee OJIH3KOrO• 3HaqHTeJILHO CBeTJIee OJIH3Koro, HO ace me no HpKOCTH ropaano OJIH",e K nocJle,lJ;HeMY,qeM R (jJOHYHeoa 110 HPROCTH HeMHOI'O yKJlOHHeTCH B CTOPOHYOJlH3RO-

» »

39,8 18,8

11,8

ro npenne-ra .

8,3
6,1 6. ,6

5 6 7 8 »

"MeeT cpe,lJ;HIOIO HPKOCTL Melll,lJ;Y OJlH3KHM npe,lJ;MeTOM H HeOOM • • ••

» »

no HpROCTH caerxa yKJlOHJleTCJI B CTOPOHYHeoa • 3aMp.THo OJlHme R HPROCTH Heoa, qeM K HPKOCTHOJlH3KOI'O npeuae-ra no HPKOCTR OJlR30K R JlPROCTR Heoa. • • • • '. • ••

3,5
2,6 1,8 0

9
10

» » »

qYTL 3aMeTHO OTJlRqaeTCJI OT HPKOI'TR Heoa, cnaeo HaMeqaeTcJI CRJlyaToM " He BR,lJ;eH, CJlHBaeTCJI C HeOOM••••••••••• "

48

ClIJIbHO a npeAMeTbl maIOm;eii

J{OHTpaCTHpYIOm;He

3eMHhIe

OpHeHTHphI

BHAHhl H3AaJIeKa (fienoe

3AaHI'!e na cpOHe 3eJIeHOrO nyra) ,

C MaJIblM KOHTpaCTOM OTHOCIITeJIbHO OKPY-

MeCTHOCTII rrJIOXO BIIAHhI naace na MaJIhIX pacTeM OH KameTCR 6JIllme KameTCR 6JIllme, nee IlJIlI ropsr). IlJIII neca qeJIOBeK ensa BIIAeH a na nepmaae ropu (KllprrllqHhIii AOM

CTORHlIRX. qeM CBeTJIee CPOH,na KOTOPOMpaCCMaTpIIBaeTCR npeztster, na cpOHe nefia qeM KllprrllqHhlii AOM, aa

KOTOPhlM pacnonoacea aa 3 I>JII, IlJIlf I\orAa

Ha TeMHOM cpOHe ayra

COBceM aepaanasax,

cro BIIAHO aa OqeHb 60JIblIlOM paccToRHIIII. Ha6JIIOAaTeJIb CMOTPIIT na npenxer, a CTOH JIIIAeiiU;OM K COJIHU;Y,TO onponenonnoe BaeTCR MeHblIle, CTBIITeJIbHoro. 11M paCCTORHlle oxaauTO 60JIblIle U;BeTa ClIHllii,

soma

COJIHu;e C3aAII B apxae

II peAMeThl,
meJIThIii, oxpamenasre

oxpameuasre

(6eJIblii, qeM xopasae-

xpacnsrri),

BIIAHhl RCHee II KamYTCH 6JIllme, U;BeTa (qepHhlii,

B rexmre

Bblii) , oc06eHHO xorna II U;BeTOMcpOHa pe3Kllii. ~BeTOBoe HbI, xoropsre

KOHTpaCT MemAY U;BeTOMnpeAMeTa 3aBIICIIT no OT AJIIIHbI II 'IaCTOTbI 3JIeKTpOMarHIITHble TOJIbKO B npejtenax AJIlIHbI. BOJIOT

pa3JIII'IlIe

CBeTOBhlX BOJIH. JIy'I

CBeTa (JII,I»

Mbl aocrrpaaaxaesr

0,40 AO 0,76 MIIKpoHa

oneus Y3KlIX rpaaanax, poii naesr MHomeCTBa xpacox POM, B necy, oxpacxa B cany,

,ll;JIlIHa CBeTOBblX 1I3MeHReTCR B KOTO-

BOJIH BlIAlIMOH qaCTlI COJIHeqHOrO crreKTpa ncero 3aKJIIOqeH 60raTeiilIlllH

B 1/3 Jll,I>, B npenenax

MlIP, cBepKaIOm;IIH BeJIlIKOJIe11OTTeHKOB. 11 3HOHHbiM IlKBaTOBCIOAY pa3Ho06pa311IO oaomoa, rp1l60B II rrJIO3eJIeHb -

Ha cenepe 11iore, nOA rponaxaxa na oropone a OTTeHKOB U;BeToB, aron, conyrcrnyer

AOB Hell3MeHHO

mll3HeAeHTeJIbHaR

JIIICTbeB II rpamr .
• MliKPOH (JII,n) TbICJl'IHaR qaCTb MliJIJIliMeTpa.

49

rna3 nsera.

qenOBeRa cnOc06eH pa3nHqaTb H menThIe

AO 150 OTTeHKOB npHxoAHTCH

MaKcHMYM

n;I1eTOBOH pa3mlqHMOCTH nyqH C AnHHoH aonasr

I1a aeneasre YcnoBHH I'nasaaa

0,56 sen,
3aBH-

BHAHMOCTH B 3HaQHTenbHoH npHQHHa nOMYTIIeIlHH cryrnenae nhInhlO H raaaxa.

CTeneIlH

CHT OT np03paQIlOCTH aTMocq,ephI. B03Ayxa H B03HHKHOH HaChIIn;eHMYTHOCTb H rrpeztxertr AO nonaoro BeHHH TYMaHoB HOCTh B03Ayxa arxocdiepsr, BOAHHoro napa qeM

60nhllle

TeM xyme

BHAHhI OTAaneHHhIe

TeM KOpOQe paccroaaae, HCQe3HOBeHHH npenxera HaH nenena OHa Tome HHe B03Ayxa arxocdiepsr yxeasmaer

aa KOTOPOMHX YAaeTCH paccxorH3 noaa 3peHHH. CBeTnaH MYT-

perr., Ilpa TYMaHe BHAHMOCTb YMeHhlllaeTCH

Ha3hIBaeTCH B03AYIIIHOH AhIMKoH. AanhHOCTb BHAHMOCTH. llOMYTHeBHAHMOCTH, BhI3BaHHhIe aansrIIpHHHTO aaYMeHbH

H YXYAllleHHe

neHHOCThlO HnH 3aAhIMneHHOCTbIO B03Ayxa, 3hIBaTb MrnoH. 1I0HBHBIIIHeCH B aTMocq,epe QeM OHH xpynnee.

B 06In;eM, KaKYIO 6hI IIPHPOAY HH HMenH

QaCTHn;hI, OHH acerna QeM HX 60nhllle

lIIalOT ee IIp03paQHOCTh, H TeM cansnee,

Ilpa ManOH BHAHMOCTH aa

06hIQHhIX 3HaKOB orpaameuaa H npyrae

MOPHX H pexax

BMeCTO

npHHHTO BKnlOQaTb CHpeHhI noporax 0 aa penscsr Kna-

3BYKOBhIe CHrHaHhI, H3BeIn;alOIn;He CYAOBOAHTexoropsre B3phIBalOTC1I IIpH MalllHHHCTa IIpOXOmAeHHH He06xo}l;HMOCTH IIpHeM

HeH 06 OlIaCHOCTH; aa mene3HhIX AYT nerapnsr, 1I0eSAa, npenynpeactaa

CHHmeHHH CKOPOCTH;aa aaponpoxax

npexpamaior

H ornpaaxy caMOHeTOB H T. II. HCTopzqecKHH IIpHMep 3HaMeHHToro 6011 31 Mall

IOTHaHAcKoro «BOHbIllHM MOPH» narnnnQHCneH-

1916 rona

MemAY

aHrHHHcKHM

q,HOTOM&H HeMen;KHM .<I>noToM orxpsrroro HO nOKaShIBaeT 3HaQeHHe BHAHMOCTH. AHrnHHcKHii: Hoe npenocxoncrao, 1I0HeC cepseaasre

q,noT, HeCMOTpH aa rpoxazmoe

1I0TepH. Ilo MHeHHIO

50

HCCJIe;O;OBaTeJIeii 60H, npasaaa TeJIbHO B paansrx 06JIalIHOe, HanpaBJIeHHHX. AHrJIHiicRHii BYIO 4Ja3Y 60H: HCHOe He60)

3TOrO COCTOHJIaHCRJIIO'lH-

YCJIOBHHX BH;o;HMOCTH 3ana;O;HOM (6e3B H BOCTO'lHOM (;O;Om;O;b TYMaH) H TaR onacsmaer neprorna OT Hac BblCT-

a;O;MHpaJI BHTTH «CHJIY3TbI HaIllHX 60JIbIlleii

Kopa6JIeii 'laCTH

pe3RO BbI;o;e-

JIHJIHCL aa HCHOM He6e B 3ana;O;HOMHanpaBJIeHHH, RaR npOTHBHHR 6b1JI no TYMaHOM... 06HapymHBaH Hepe;O;RO HaM OlIeHb nnoxoil cxpsrr ce6H nann, aonsnnxaaa

peJIOB H nOHBJIHHCL aaorna

B MOMeHTbI npOHCHeHHii»

*.

npHXO;O;HTCH Ha6JIIO;o;aTb B YCJIOBHHX lITO rrpa MaJIblX HPKOCTHX npen-

BH;o;HMOCTH. rYCTblX TYMaHax BH;o;HMOCTb B

CHHmaeTCH H3-3a roro,

PH c. 15. KaK BLlroAHee

HaliJlIOAaTb

B TYlllaHe

• B. A. raspuoiI.os.

BHAHMOCTb. JI., 1951, CTp. 37.

51

MeTa II cpolla KOHTpaCTHaJI 'lYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTbrnaaa yXY,ll;maeTCJI. I\arrJIH TYMaHa paCCeHBaIOT CBeT B pa3HbIX Pa3HHu;a B CIIJIe fionsmofi, 'ITO aanpasJIeIlHHX, HO npoaxymecrueaac CBeTa snepen. 6bITb onem. B HarrpaBJIeHHH nanenast CBeTopaCCeHHHJI MomeT HCrrOJIb30BaTb npn MomliO

na6JIIO,ll;eHHH.l.Jam;e ncero MbI HaOJIIO,ll;aeM sa MeCTHOCTbIO, KOTopaH OCBem;aeTCJIeCTeCTBeHHbIM CBeTOM. HPKOCTb TYMalia, CHHmaIOm;aJI KOIiTpaCT, MomHO coananarr, ofipaayerca paCCeJIIilIeM 6JIaroCBeTa TYMaIiOM. ¥'lHTbIBaH HOCTHnnorna JTO, H npa HH3KOii: OCBem;eH-

OOJIee HJIH Mellee

rrpmlTHbTe YCJIOBHJI a6JIIO,ll;eHHJI H • .D:orrYCTHM, 'ITO na MbI MomeM MeCTHOCTH B pairouc rrYHKTa

nonacen rrOHBHTbCH'leJIOBeK (pIIC. JIH60 B TO'lKe

15). Ilpennoxoacaa,

'lTO

ndcranarr, Ha6JIIO,ll;aTeJIH JIHOO B TO'lKe B, C nojt XOJIMOM.ECJIH COJIHu;eCBeTHT cnpana

XOJIMa HaXO,ll;HTCH TeHH) B H lIa6JIIO,ll;e-

(JIeBRH nononma

lIHH Be,ll;YTCHB YCJIOBHJIXTYMaHa HJIH ,ll;bIMKH, TO rrYHKT

60JIee

asrroneu C
IIo9TOMY

,ll;JIH Ha6JIIO,ll;aTeJIH,TaK KaK rrpocrpauHe OCBem;aeTCH rrpHMbIMH COJIHe'lHbIMII anecs B TeHH HPKOCTb TYMaHa 6Y,ll;eT 6Y,ll;eT 60JIbme. 113 YBH,ll;eTb rrOHBJIeHHe 'leJIOneca

CTBOMem,ll;Y A II JIY'laMII. MaJIa TO'IKH II,

CJIe,ll;oBaTeJIbHO,KOHTpacT Ha6JIIO,ll;aTeJIIOaerae

nexa B rrYHKTe

A.
YCJIOBIIH C03,ll;aIOTCHB,ll;OJIbonymxa

Taxae
II T.,ll;.

me

Horna
nenaoe ncpmonao

MeCTHOCTb He rr03BOJIHeT IICrrOJIb30BaTb aareOTKPbITOMpaiione, H nyxcno TO cneztyer non rrpaBIIJIbHO pac-

rrpOCTpaHCTBO H rrpHXO,ll;IITCH Ha6JIIO,ll;aTb B CO-

rrOJIOmHTbCH OTHOCHTeJIbHO COJIHu;a.ECJIH COJIHe'IHbIe JIY'l1! H,ll;YTcnpaaa nepaears Ha6JIIO,ll;eHlIeM rrYHKT a B rrYHKTe

A,

TO

nsrronaee

,ll;JIH YJIY'lmenHH B nynxre

BH,ll;HMOCTH CKB03b TY-

MaH paCrrOJIOmHTbCHlie

B,

KaK ,ll;JIH Ha6JIIO,ll;aTeJIH,HaXO,ll;Hm;erOCH rrYHKTe B

C, B,

TaR HP-

52

KOCTb B

TYMaHa

6YT\eT

60JIbIIle,

'leM

'VIH
H

HaXOT\lI~erOCH

nynxre C.
OrpaHH'leHHOCTb OCTPOTbI aperma 60JIbIIlaH 3aBHee OT OCBe~eHIIH, He)J;OCTaTO'lHaH paauauars BeCbMa KOHTpaCTHaH IJ;BeTa B

CHMOCTb

TfYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb, YCJIOBHHX socnpaarne OIIlH6KH npaBJIeHIIH Ae.peKTOB B HH3KOii O'leHb

necrrocofinocru OCBe~eHHOCTH, 6bICTPbIX

necoaepmormoe 3Ha':IHTeJIbHbJe na-

)J;BHmeHHM, II Il

«)J;aJIbHeM» 3BYKOB HaIIlIIX

rnaausiope TaKOB

onpeAeJIeHHII nOJIHbIM

)J;aJIeKO IIO II

noposcm,

3pHTeJIbHbIX

CJIYXOBbiX IIaYTfaeT lJaIIlIlX

BocnpHHTIIM. MeTO):lbI, pac-

,[J;JIlI IIX maprnomae HeMaJIOe CBH3aHHoe Heo6xo)J;HMO

npeO):lOJIeHIIH c.pepy

TfeJIOBeK

)J;eiiCTBeHHOCTH B HIIX IIMoeT

opranon

TfYBCTB. TeCHO TfeJIOBeKa.

3HaTfeHIIe C

opIlelITIIpOBaHHe,

smorooripaanoti scerna H Be3):1e

):IeHTeJIbllOCTbIO nOnOJIHlITb

CDOM JIIITfHbIM npOHBJIlITb Kam-

onsrr,
):IblM HbiM

ynopno

Y'lHTbCH II

HCI,YCCTBY

IlHT\eTb,

JII0603HaTeJIbHOCTb HBJIeHIfeM,

nbITJIHBOCTb, 'leM

IfHTcpeCOBaTbCH 6b1Tb

BbilICHHH,

OHO MomeT

anrepec-

H npaKTIITfeCKH

nOJIe3HbIM.

npOCTEAWHE H3MEPEHHA

CnOC05bl

rEOMETPH'IECKHX

HA MECTHOCTH ITpocTpaHCTBeHHoe BH~eHHe BH~eHHe H3MepHTeJIhHOe C caa oro aasana csoero pa3BHTHJI. ecrs

D. M. Ceueuoe
rJlA30MEP Cnoco6HOCTh qeJIOBeKa OIWHHBaTh aa MOm;H npafiopon, MeTOB H pa3Mephl Ma pa3JIHqHa. Ha ~OCTlIraIOT 50% paccronnaa npenxeroa ~IICTaHn;Hn a 60JIhme, aa rJIa3, 6e3 noero npen-

no oxpyaearomax

Ha3hlBaeTCJI rJIa30MepoM. B

TOqHOCTh OIIpe~eJIeHHJI paCCTOJIHHii: rJIa30MepoM sees-

1>M

n ~aJIee

omlI6KH

MaJIhlX ~nCTaHn;HJIX OHH He npensrTOq-

3HaQHTeJIhHO MeHbme,

a y JIIO~eii: onhlTHhlX

maIOT 10%. ITPH aTOM OTHOCHTeJIhHhle paCCTOJIHHJI (6JIH-

me,

rtansme, BeJIlIqHHa

nsnne,

HHme)

rJIa3 On;eHHBaeT ropasno OIIpe~eJIeHHH

nee, qeM a6COJIIOTHhle. omafiox rJIa30M IIpH paCCT01iHHii: CJIe~IOm;eii aenoopymennsra Ta6JIHn;eii:: xapaxrepaayerca

OlUHCiH3 (0 %)

BJlHlRHHe (AO CpeAHHe (OT 2 AO 4 " ).••••••••••••• BOJlblUHe (casnue 4 ) •••••••••••••••

500 )

Y Kam,ll;OrO 'IeJIOBeKa CYID;eCTBYIOT npHCYID;lIe nann, eMY oco6eHHOCTH pa3JIH'IeHHR xepao On;eHHBaTb paccroaaaa rrpenxeros.

Hx noofixona-

MO BhlRCHHTh nYTeM JIlI'1HhlX Ha6JIIO,ll;eHlIii:. YMeHHe rJIa30no nOKa3aTeJIRM BlI,ll;HMOnYTeM HCnOJIbBH,ll;HMOCTH,KOCTH OT,ll;eJIbHhlX npe,ll;MeTOB npnofiperaerca 30BaHHR HH,ll;HBH,ll;yaJIbHhlX ocorieaaocrea roprae Ha6JIIO,ll;aTeJIb onpenenaer Ta6JIHn;eii:; B HeH naerca na

YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCR CJIe,ll;yIOID;HMo6pa30M. rJIa3 pa3JIH'1Hhle pacHHme npeztxeYMeHblleHHR

CTORHHR, nOJIb3YRCb ,ll;JIR STOll n;eJIH rrpnaenenaoa crenem, TOB no BhlCOTe B 3aBHClIMOCTlI OT paCCTORHlIR.

pa(~T~Hne

I' 00 1200 13001. 0015001600170018001

~oor

iouo

C;:!~~~eHHH

11/1 11/211/311/411/511/611/711/811/911/10
STOM Y'1HThlBaeTCR BJIHRHHe nepe'1HCJIeHHhlX nponeTaKHe aacnocofiosr BeJIH'1HHa paccroaaaa

TIPH asnne

cpaK'fOpOB na BH,ll;lIMOCTb npe,ll;MeTOB. 3aTeM YCTaxapre HJIH aenocpencmenno H3MepeHHeM nOBTopRIOTCR B nop, noxa

HOBJIeHHhle rJIa30MepHhlM PRIOTCR no nraraxa H orrpenenacrca

norpemaocra, rex

onpe,ll;eJIeHHH paCCToHHHll H HX npoBepKa pa3JIH'1HhlX yCJIOBHHX BlI,ll;lIMOCTH no 6JIIO,ll;aTeJIb He npaofiperer npa ROTOPhlX Oll1l6Ka

COOTBeTCTBYIOID;HXaansneoa,

He 6Y,ll;eT npensnnars

10%.

55

YCTaHOBlleHHhle MOCTH nafimonarem,

TaKHM cnoco6oM paanasars

oco6eHHOCTH BHAHpaCCTOHHlIii, npcnC oxpyzsaiomao

saHOClIT B naMJITKY

KOTOPbIX OH na-nrnaer MeThl.

<l>aHTophI,

H allMenOBaHMe
npeAMeTOB

'" 8.0
",

:i:

<0" ,,0 0:'

..

IIaMHTKY narr, naafionee cq,epHhle rronsayacs I'naaoxep

HaAO nOCTOJIHHO rrponepars, paCCTOHHlIH.

xoppexrapcnOMorYT

H rrononanrs

HOBhlMlI AaHHhlMH, xoropsre

TO'lHO onpeaeaars HBlleHHH, npa

Iloneano

OTMe'laTb B rpaq,e cnenyiomaaa -

«rrpo-rne q,aKTOphl» aTMO060SHa'leHHHMH, 'lenOBeKa,

KOTOPhlX BeAeTCH nafimonenae, YCllOBHhlMlI (CM. 3HaKlI aa CTp. 57). cnocotiaocrs

IIpHHHThlMH B srereopoaoraa KOTOPYro MomHO paanarr, BhlX ynpaaeaeaaa, mHTenb pannnma POBHOM MeCTe, HO nenaer

HHAHBDAyallbHaH

nYTeM IIOCTOJIHHhlX H ropnenaOIleHlIBaeT paccrormae na H aa

aennoxo

rpy6hle

OIDH6KH B ropax

Mope. I'opozeaaaa 'laCTO TepHeTCH, xorna eMY HaAO onpenenars paccronnae B eCTeCTBeHHhlX rrpaponrnax ycnoBHHX. AnH paSBlITlIJI raaaoxepa MeCTHoCTlI, B paaayio lIorOAY nano B paansrx ynpaaeaars ycnOBHJIX B CBOD: rnaa

56

YcnoBH~e 0603HayeHHA AnA 3anHCH aTMoccpepHblx ABneHHH

()

'-IHCTblH S03AYX &e306na4HaR nepeMeHHaR nep"CTble nor ona 06na4HocTb ofinaxa

o
__J

1:21

• *

IIHBHeBblH cuer CHerOBOH nOKpOB i-1HeH

&

neARHOH AOlf{Ab CHelf{HaR lIeARHble i-13MOP03b rononeAHua BeTep (CTpenKa nOKa. 3blBaeT HanpasneHH6 xpyna Hrnbl

Onosc r ae ofina aa

C) KY4esbie

06naKa

t-

<,

[1\)
1\

•
"k 9

nHBHeBbie (rp030sble) ofinaxa nacMypHaR nor ona 3apHMua OTAaneHHaR bnH3KaR rp03a .D.Olf{Ab rp03a

V
C/)

............_

se rpa, a on ep ea ae .

rposa

CKOPOCTb. OAHO nepo

C AOlf{AeM

nHBHeSblH AOlf{Ab MOPOCb (04eHb MenKHH H rYCTGlH MOPOCRUjHH AOlf{Ab)

+ +

-+00

4 Merpa B ceKYHAY "no 26anna)

n03eMoH

~PaAyra ~Poca

-~
~

+
-.....

MeTenb Merenb Mrna

C BbinaAeHHeM CHera (BblOra)

.D.blMKa HnH TYMaHHblH s03AYX n03eMHblH TYMaH neARHoA rpaA 3aMep3waR sona Ha 3eMne H npeAMeTax TYMaH rYMaH

-8-

nblnbHaR

6ypR

--

--...-...
><=><

5YPHblH ee r ep (6YPR) WKBan MHpalf{ Kpyr BeHeu CTon6bl nonRpHoe Hpyr BOKPyr eoupyr oxcno

•
*

EB <D
.zs, '\l7

Conaua
Ccnaua Conaua

Cser
MOKpblH caer

CHRHHe flYHbI

aoupvr

onpenenenan

paccronnaa,

CpaBHI'lBaH peaym.rartr H3MepellHhlX KaKIIM-JIII60

C rroTOlJ-

Ka3aTeJIHMH paccroaaaa, HhlM rrpHeMOM.

rnaaoxepa orposmyio pOJIb arpaer TypH3M, aJIbrrHHH3M, OXOTa, paanasrnae CrrOpTlIBmae arpsr: cpYT60JI, xOKKeii:, TeHHIIC, rOpO,n;KII, 6aCKeT6oJI, BOJIeii:6oJI II ,n;pyrHe aansr cnopra,
pa3BHTlIlI l.:IT06hl YMeTb rrpaBIIJIbHO OplIeHTHpOBaTbCH, ,n;IIMOOBJIa}J,eTbHaBhlKaMH 6hlCTporo
II

neofixo-

HaH60JIee TO'lHOrO

onpenenenaa npocreamaaa cnocofiaaa paccroaaaa II paaxepca Ha6JIIO,n;aeMhlX npenxeron - aeotixonaxsrx aneMeHTOB opneuTHpOBaHIIH xoropsre R3 3TlIX cnocotioa. na MeCTHOCTII. PaCCMOTpHM He-

onpEAEnEH~E PACCTO~H~~
H3MepeHHe paCCTOSlHHM waraMK npa xonsfie ,n;eJIaIOT HaCTOJIbKO onanaxonsro CJIymlITb e,n;HHlIIl;eii: npa 1I3MeperrOJIOpanna

Macrae
mara,

lJTO OHn sroryr

HHII paccroaaaa.
B

06hlKHOBeHHO ,n;JIHHamara
oM.

BHHe lJeJIOBelJeCKOrO pOCTa, ClJHTaJ1 ;0;0 ypOBHJ1 rJIa3, T. e.

cpennex

0,7-0,8

ECJIH npaysarr, a sepea ;O;Bamara MeHHO non Tophle

cefia

ClJlITaTb He ornsnsasre TO npoanenaoe B MeTpax. a

mara, pacHeKOnOCTO-

aa TpeTHii:,

npOII3BO;o;J1 ClJeT nonepe-

npaBYIO II JIenyIO aory, He Tpoii:KaMII,

CTOJ1HlIe nOJIYlJlITCH aenocpencrneaao C'lHTaIOT marrr HHHO yrrpaxmaacs, MomHO npHBhIKHyTb rrOlJTH MeXaHHlJeCKR. nOCJIe Kam;o;oii: COTHII rpoex maroa

napaaa,

ClJRTaTb B YMe ClJeT HalJHHaIOT TpeX3HalJ-

CHOBa H3-3a CJIOmHOCTII rrOBTopeHIIH 60JIbmlIX COTeH rpoex maroa npatieraror K

HhlX 'lIICeJI. ,n:JIH 06JIerlJeHIIJ1 3arrOMIIHaHIIJ1 npotineaasrx nOCJIe;O;OBaTeJIbHOMY

58

aarafiaaaro

nam.nen,

OTCTerImaHIUO

nyronau,
B APyroH

nepereraRJIR OT-

1IhlBaHRIO cnaxex MeTKaM na OYMare.

aa 01lHOrO xapuaaa

J];JIH nOJIY'leHRH HaR60JIee TO'lHhlX peaYJIhTaTOB He06X01lRMO nponeparr, AJIRHY cnoero mara, yanars TaK aaasrBaeMYIO I\eHY mara. IIpoBepKY JIy'lme ncero npORaBOARTh aa mocceiiaoii nopore C KRJIOMeTpOBhlMR cToJI6aMR. PacCTOHHRe Mem1lY HRMR npOXOAHT HeCKOJIhKO paa R BhlBO1IHT cpeAHIOIO BeJIR'lRHY mara. Ilycrs, aanpauep, B 1000
At

cpennee

KOJIR'leCTBO ma-

rOB OKaaaJIOCh paBHhlM 450 TpoHKaM.

1000: 450 = 20 : 9. Ram1lhle 9 rpoex maroa C'lRTaeM aa 20 At, T. e. B 100 rpoiinax maroa aaKJIIO'laeTCH npR6JIRaRTeJIhHO 222 At.

Torna

TO'lHOCTh aroro onhlTHOCTII nO'lTR HOMy.

cnocofia

R3MepeHRH paccroaaaa

3a-

BRCRT KaK OT xapaxrepa

peJIheq,a

MeCTHOCTR, TaK R OT npR6JIRmaeTCH K TO'l-

Ha6JIIOAaTeJIH. Ha

POBHOH MeCTHOCTR mara

OARHaKOBhl R R3MepeHRe
MomHO

B cpenaesr
HRII orpeasa ponnsre mara,

npRHHTh, IIpR

'ITO omafiaa

B aaxepe-

nyrn

marasra

COCTaBJIHeTOKOJIO 0,02 npoaSTOM Ha1l0 CTapaThCH AeJIaTb na MeCTe. HeCMOTpH na K STOMY aarpa-

1IeHHorO paccronaaa. HanpaBJIeHRH

He YKJIOHHThCH B CTOPOHYOT HaMe'leHHOrO R He TonTaThCH npnfieraior

MomHO

OTHOCRTeJIhHYIOHeTO'lHOCTh 1I3MepeHRH maraan, rrpOCTOMY cnoco6y PaCCTOHHIIH

osreas 'faCTO.
II BpeMeHeM,

R3MepHTh

'leHHhlM na x01lh6y RJIR e311Y. J];JIH STOro HymHo 3aMeTRTh KOJIR'leCTBO 'laCOB RJIR MRHYT, He06x01lRMhlX XOm1leHRH lIJIR npoeana KO AeJIaeT maroa B 1I3BecTHoro paccronaan. AJIH npo-

qeJIOBeK npOX01lRT B 'lac CTOJIhKOKlIJIOMeTpOB, CKOJIh-

3 ceKyHAbI
npotieraer

(npn mare AJIIIHOH 0,83M).

"At

Illarou
xac,

'leJIOBeK B JIOmaAh npOXOAHT OKOJIO 5-6

PhlChIO nomans

10-13

"At

B 'lac.

Macrae

eCTeCTBeHHhIerrperrJITCTBHH BJIHHKJTna

PHT-

MlflIHOCTb, paBHOMepHOCTbIIIarOB, II CKOPOCTb xop;b6hI OT pa3HhIX He6JIarOrrpIIHTHhIX YCJIOBHH CHIImaeTCH. Ha BhICOTe B

2500-3500

.M

nap; yponucu

MOpH CKOBblIIIe

POCThp;BHmeHHfl YMeHbIIIaeTCH

rrpnnopno

na 25 %;

3500 - aa 50%.
,[(BHmeHHc B KOBaToMY BOMno

pacnymny, ne.nnne

no rJIHHIICTOMY II COJIOHu;e-

BaToMY rpYHTY 3aMep;JIJIeTCH npnxepno

na 50%,
TpaBHlIbIM

no KO'I-

nyry 25%.

HJIII

rycrsrx

noxpo-

CHJIblIhIH MeTeJIb na

ncrpe-msrii 10-15%.

BCTep C rycroil

rrhIJIbKJ MomeT

CHII3HTb CROPOCTb ,lJ,BHmelIIIH 'IeJIOBeRa na CKOPOCTbp;BHtKeHHfl 6e3 JIbm{ npn CTaBJIHeT:

npa npa npn I'Jlyl'iHHC I'Jlyl'iHHe I'Jlyl'iHHe ('HeI'D CHel'D CHel'D

50 %,

JIHBeHb,

OTCYTCTBHH rncp-

P;Oll ClIetKlIOH ROpKH, Bblp;epmHBaKJru;eH !lCC 'IeJIOBeKa, co-

30-50 50-75
CBMlIIe

CoM'

••

eM

•• CM

75

- no - no

IW 2 ".lI/"ac 1 » 0,5 » BCTpe-

BP;OJIb meJIe31I0p;OpOmlIOrO nOJIOTHa nepemco 'IaKJTCH KOChIe p;Oru;e'IRHC P;P061I0H aamrncr.ro. HOYKa3aTeJIlI, noxaasraaiomae YKJIOlIa

8TO yKJIOlIJIll onyc-

'IIICJIIITeJIeM P;P06II paauep nonnaaaerca

(0,003 ana 0,005 KaeTCH na 3 IIJIll na 5 .M.M

npornxteaaocrr,

rryrr,

na Kamp;YKJ

MeH3TeJIeM6H, MhI MomeM H rrYTH.

YKJIOlI IIp;eT 1I3 npcraaceaaa BbI'IIICJIHTb pa31I0cTb

1000 .M.M), a 3H3YKJIOH3 (150 mill 200150 llJIll 200 .M). tIllTaH npopaccroanae TO'IeK cocenaax

JIerKO COC'IHTaTb npoiineaaoe BbICOT p;ByX paaaocrs =

,[(JIH p;aHHhIX BeJIll'IlIH

BhICOT COCTaBJIHeT:

0,003 X 150
3HaKlI

0,45

.M

11

0,005 X 200

.M.

CJIep;YH BP;OJIbmeJIe3HOp;OpO)f<Horo nyra YKJIOHoYKa3aTeJIJI, MomHO

II Y'IllThIBaH He

opaearaposarsca

00

TOJIbRO I,aRYIO

npoaneauov B 06lI(eii

paCCTORHHH, CJIOmHOCTH

HO H

BbPIHCJIHTb,

na

BbICOTY

nemexop;

nOp;HRJICR

HJIH OnYCTHJICR YRJIOH

na

MeCTHOCTH.

~IeCTHOCTH

non

HOraMH

Ha'IHHaeT

OlI(YlI(aTbCJI,

xorna

OH rrpensnnaer

2,5°.

OnpeAeneHHe paccToSlHHH no BHAHMblM AeTanSiM npeAMeTa

Harimonaa
3aMeTUTb, HOCTH 'ITO

'IeJIOBeRa no Mepe JIUIIa, oro

pa3HbIX

paCCTOJIHHii,

JIerRO nonpofi-

yp;aJIeHUJI

orneasnsre

op;emp;bI,
MeHJIeTCn

cpurypbI a 3aTCM

p;eJIaIOTCJI HC'le3aIOT. OT

P;JIJI Ha6JIIop;aBHP;UMOCTb CYTOR, neCO-

TeJIJI Hepa3JIU'IHMbIMH, TaJIeii B

3anUCHMOCTH cpOHa H

BpeMeHH

CTORHHJI rrororua, nanpanop, nce B

npIWCTH B

cauoro npemrera,
nons H, B TeHH Ha060poT,

TaR, neca B

cysrepxn, 6YP;YT

p;OlHp;JIHnbIii naasmo

npermersr

Ra3aTbCJI na

nCHblii 6JIume.

COJInO'IHbIii

p;eHb

OTRPbITOii:

MeCTHOCTH -

J(JIR
3peHHH JIlIIIa,

pacnoanananan MomeT CJIymHTb no

IIpep;MeToB PYROBOp;CTBOM MHOrOJIeTHHM

npa

HOpMaJIbHOM Ta6-

CJIep;YIOlI(aJI

COCTaBJIeHHaR

Ha6JIIOp;eHHJIM.

I
BOJlLmHe 6amHH, l~epRBII, 9J1eBaTopLl. BeTpHHLle MeJlLHH~Ll • • . • • AepeoHH H 60JlLlIIHe BAaRHH. <Ila6pH'IRLIe Tpy6Ll • . • • • • OTAeJlLRLIe AOMB • • • • • • • ORHa 0 AOMax fiea neperrnen-oa • Tpy6LI RB RpLlmax • • • • . • .

PaCCTORHIre

(0

"oM) 16-21 11 9 6 5 4 3

61

Ilpononaeeune Haaxeaosaaae npenuera

PaCCTOHHUe

OT)J;eJILHLle AepeBLH, JIIOAu. • • . KUJIOMeTpOBLle U APyrue CTOJI()LI CaMOJIeT u el'O maccu •••• JIomoAu (paaJIU'I8IOTCH aor-a] nepenJIeTLI B OKHax. • • rOJIOBa lfeJIOBeKa • • • • • • • l(BeTI\ u qaCTU ollemALI ••• qepenu~a u AOCKII ua npsnuax

2 2(B M)

800 700 530 400 270 210

160 160

Jlyroaama

....

JIu~a nlOAeii. • • BLlpallCeHue JIII~a rJIaaa ••• BeJIKU rJIaa •••

110
60

20

OnpeAeneHHe no yrnoBblM

paCCTOSlHHii BenHIfHHaM npeAMeTOB

IlpH6JI1imeHHoe

onpeneaeaae

paccroanafi

MomeT lISBeSaB1I06'h-

6hlTh npOHSBe)1;eHO no yrJIOBoii: BeJIH"lHHe BH)1;HMhlX 06'heKTOB, eCJIB. HX JIHHeii:Hall CTHa. BH)1;HMall lIJIH Kam~allClI CHT OT yrna namero eKTa, xoropas rnaaa YMeHhmaeTClI BeJlH"lHHa o6'heKTa SpeHHlI lIJIH OT yrJIOBoii: BeJI1I"l1lHhl aroro 11 YBeJIH"lHBaeTClI no Mepe ero BeJIH"lHHa HaM aapaaee

no srepe ero y)1;aJleH1I1I OT np1l6JIH-

meHHlI K Ha6JI101~aTeJIIO. ECJIH HSBeCTHhl BhlCOTa BeJIlI"lHHa nO)1;pY"lHOrO npenaera

HJIH

paaxsp

o6'heKTa

(CM. Ta6JIHD;y Cpe)1;HHXpaasrepos

neaoropsrx

npe)1;MeTOB),

H H paCCTOllHHe )1;0 Hero

62

JI, TO MOiRHO OnpeAeJIHTh paCCTOHHHe ll. AO 06'heRTa

.popMYJIe, BhIDeAeHHoii: HS CJIeAYIo~eii: nponoprma:

n no

mn = JIIH,

OTKYAa

ll. = JI X Ill H.

Ta6nHlIa cpeAHHx pa3MepoB HeKoTopblX npeAMeToB AnSI OlleHKH paccToSlHHH

Pasxrep

POCT nemeXOII;B }J;JIHHB JIomBII;U JIel'llOBaa JIerKOBBJI I'pyaoBBJI

•• •• BLiCOTB syaoBB IllUPUHB IllHPUHB, syaoBB. BLiCOTB KyaoBB

BLiCOTB BCBII;HHSB• BLiCOTB BeJIOCHnell;HCTB• MBmHaa. MBmHHB, MBIllUHB.

1,75 2,50 2,13 1,75 1,90 1,50 2,00 4,00 1,52

...

BLiCOTB lICeJIeaHOII;OpOllCHoroBBrOHa BLiCOTB lICeJIeaHOII;OpOllCHOii ()YII;KH • • • • • illHPHHB illUPHHB lICeJIeaHOII;OpOllCHoro nYTH. •••• ••• lICeJIeaHOII;Opoa(HOro Mea(lI;ynYTba JIOnBTLI C qepeHKOM pyKU ••••••••••

",5
',10 1 ,10 60 C_K 18 35 30 71 50 75 .. ..

» » » » » » »
•

» »
..

}J;JIuaa canepaoa

}J;JIHHB BLlTJlHYTOii

PBCTBOP PYKH MelICII;YKOH~BMH ()OJIblllOI'O H ySBaBTeJIbHOrO nBJIb~eB ••••••••••••••• }J;JIUHB '1BCTH PyKU OT JIOKTJI11;0 KOCTOqeK nBJIb~eB ClICBToro KyJIBKB. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • illUPHHB AB)'X JIBII;OHeii, 1l1lCBTLIXB KYJIBKH, C BLITJlHYTLlMU ()OJIblllUMU nBJlb~BMU. •••••••• PaBlIIBX PyKU OT cepeAUHbI rpYII;H 11;0OCHOBBHUJI nBJIb~eB JIBAOHB. • • • • • • • • • • • • BLiCOTa '1BCTH o(IYToA illBr cpell;Hero aora OT aeMJIU 11;0 KOlleHB qeJIOBeKB •••••••••

» » » »

ECJIH npanrrn, "lHHY, panayro

OTHomeHHe JIIH sa nOCTOHHHYro BeJI1'Ia BeJIH"lHHY

100,

n-

sa nepeueaayro,

paB-

63

nyro, nanpaaep, X 3 = 300 M.

B xanecrne

M,

TO paCCTOHHHe /1. 6yp;eT paBHO 100 X OT rnaaa Ha-

nOCTOHHHoro paccroaaaa

H P;JIH yp;06cTBa npaaauaror P;JIHHy BhlTJIHYTOH PYKH JI, panayro rrpaxepao 60 CM. Torna BeJIH'lHHa npezmera H rrpn nocToHHHOH BeJIHqlIHe OTHOIIIeHHlI JIIH = 100 p;OJImHa 6bITb panna 60 : 100 = 0,6 CM = 6 MM, T. e. npnxepao IIIHpHHO rpano6JIrop;aTeJIH no npouacra noro HJIII p;naMeTpy xpyrnoro poro npHHHMaeTcH pasnoa xapaanatna. II p II M e p. MbI BHP;HM BeJIOClInep;HCTa, BblCOTa KOTO-

1,75

M.

CTaBHM uepen

C060H

ropH30HTaJIbHO xapannam POCT qeJIOBeKa.

na paCCTOJIHHH BhlTHHYTOH pyTOJIl.IIHHe TOqHO nonpsmacr aroro qeJIOBeKa

KH. BHp;HM, qTO OH no cnoeii

Torna paCCTOJIHHe no panno 1,75 X 100 = 175 M.

ECJIH xapaanam norcpsmaor
=

06'beKT C BhlCOTOH, B

2 pa-

aa 60JIbIIIeii: pOCTa qeJIOBeKa, TO paCCTOJIHHe paBHO npa-

srepno 2 X 1,75 X 100

TJIHYTOii: pyna,

350

M.

ECJIH HeT npezixera, MomHO

B 100 paa srensnrero

P;JIHHhl ssr-

BOCnOJIb30BaTbCJI CJIyqaHHbIMH COOTHOIIIeHHH C [np u nooceuue

npep;MeTaM1I, HaXOp;JIl.IIHMHCJI B npyrox P;JIHHOii:BhlTHHYTOH pyna

2).

~JIH onpep;eJIeHHJI paCCTOJIHHJI p;o npep;MeTa BhlCOTe 3BecKHHhlM 6hlJIH npennoaeonsr pynasre npnfiopsr nansaoaepsr H «IIHoHep» (B 1949 r.). npocreamae «JIHJI1InYT»

no

ero non-

(B 1948 r.)

ROHCTpYKIIHJI p;aJIbHOMepa «JI1IJIHnYT» osrens npocra, II 1IM JIerKO nOJIb30BaTbClI no CJIeP;Y10l.IleMY npaBHJIY: HCI\aMoe np1I6JIH3HTeJIbHOe paCCTOJIH1Ie no rrpcnxora B MeTpax

(/1.)

paBHO aaaecrnoa

BhlCOTe npep;MeTa B caHTHMeT-

64

pax, na

YMHomeHHoii

IIa IIOCTO-

C..er ..as
nH .. eM>(I

RHHoe

'IHCJlO 6 H p;eJleHHoii na JlHHOHKe

'IHCJIO MHJlJlHMeTpOD, OT(pHC. 16). 6epeM p;aJIh40 40

C'IHTaHHblX «JIHJIHIIYTa» AJIR aroro

HOMOP D JleBYIO PYRY H, auTRHyB ee nnepen, COBMeIIIaeM BepXHHii Kpaii p;aJIbHOMepa C OCHOBaHHeM IIpeAMeTa, a BOPXHHM cpea mmeiimi IIpH ee Bblp;BHJEeHHH - C BepIIIIIHoii nponxrcra. Hero IIIe'IKH naeu KpaJI OTC'IHTaB 'IHOT ncpxP;O

CJlO MHJIJIIIMeTpOB npnfiopa,

JIIIHeiiKH

AOyIW-

nOp;C'IHTbIrrpanany, BbICOTa JEeP

II

paCCTORHHe no II p H M e p.

aaHIIOMY BblIIIe

1
Ynop

80

JIe3HOAOpOJEHOii 6YAI{H 400 eJU, AJI1ma pyua - 60 eJU. Ha JIHHeiiKe npafiopa Aa paCCTOJIHHe AO npenxera ,lJ;aJIbHOMep «IIHoHep» CTpaHCTBeHHOM paaMeIIIeHHH Ha6JI10AaTeJIIO, pa3BHBaOT DIIJIbHOMY opHeHTHpOBamiIO KOJIOTblM OTBepCTIIeM YAaJlRR ee OT JlHIIa, I\DrAa npemier
I{

c. 16. .LJ.aJlbHOMep «JJuTor-

nHIIYT»

«JIHJI1mYT» OTC'IHTaHO 40

JUJU.

II.

400 X 6/40

60

eJU.

AaOT

npeACTaBJIeHHe npIIY'JaeT

0 npoK K nparrpo-

06'beKTOB no ornorueuaro r-naaonep, B paCCTORHIIRX. IIoJlb30BaTba aaron, raxoro

CR HM AOBOJIbHO IIpOCTO. II plICTaBJIRIOT Iwpo6o'IKY rnaay, AooHDaIOTcR

rrpHOJIIIJEaR H IIOJlOJlWHHR,

YMeIIIaeTCR B OAHOii H3 npopeaeii.

Torna

II3BeCTHYIO HaM BblCOTY rrpeznrera

YMHOJEaeM na 'IHCJIO, paCCTOJI-

YRa3aHHoe IIOP; AaHHOH npopeasro, H nonynaexr HHe AO rrpep;MeTa Il MeTpax (pHC. 17).

A. Mem,QYHOB

65

If

C. 17. ,n:aJlLHOMep «IIHoHep»

IT

P II

M e p.

iReJle3110)wpOJRHaH 6Ylv:a panuo

BbICOTOll

.It

YMern;aeTCH B npopeaa CTOHHHe .0;0 nee

C 'IllCJIOM 20. CJIe)J;OBaTeJlbIIO, pac-

4 X 20

80 .It.

ECJIlI B <P0PMYJIY BbITHHYTOM pyxn paBHbIM JIOBeKa -

If. = J] X Ill H noncrasars .o;.T.IHHY .11 = 0,6 .It, a POCT 'IeJIOBeKa n npHHHTb
TO <PopMY.T[a P;JlH qaCTHOro CJIyqaHPOCT 'Ie-

167

C.lt,

onpene.reuaa

paCCTOHHIIH no BlIp;HMoro BO sees

MOJReT 6bITb O'IeHb ynpomcna:

If. =

0,6 .It X 167 esc III .It.lt

10020

C.lt2 /

.It.lt.

IToCJIe npenpamonaa

B KHJIOMeTpbI H p;eJIeHHH na

1000 <p0pMYJIa IIpHMeT BIIP;: 66

If.

K.It = l/H

.It.lt,

T. e. paccroa-

BIle B KHJlOMeTpax .0;0 qeJIOBeKa paBHO e.o;HHlII(e, p;eJIeHHOii

4Ipl, •. ",

v'~

dl/¥t:aV '" .f7J~/

H c.

18.

nJIaCTHHRa

JIlloHp;e

na

qRCJIO

MRJIJIHMeTpOB, PYRe

OTCqRTaHHhlX

no

JIRHeRRe

aa

BhlTRHYTOR

(aa
ECJIR

paCCTORHRR qeJIOBeR

60

e.lt).

II p
m;RHOR

H M e p. B

.It.lt,

TO paCCTORHRe

500 .It, a eCJIlI TOHRHM 4 .It.lt, TO ll. = 1/4 K.It = 250

,n:JIR C060M HRTb YIIpOm;eHHR

aanpsmaorcn CIIRqROR TOJIP;O Hero panno 1/2 K.It, RJIR RPYrJIhlM xapannamox TOJIm;HHOR
.It. paCCTORHlIR 8TRM CIIO-

R3MepeHRR

nporpeccop
IIOP;PyqHhlR

<1>.

r.

,n:e-JIRoHp;e R3

npcnnoman
KOTOPhlX

I1plIMeco

npafiop
srapeaaaa,

aJIIOMRUReBoR

IIJIaCTlIIIRlI

crvrreasarsraa
ByIOT Kamym;eRcR

paaaepsr

COOTBeTCT-

naxonmneroca (pRC. 18).

senaxaae qeJIOBeKa na paansrx pacCToRHRRX

cpenaero

pocra,

OT Ha6JIIOp;aTeJIH

67

II P H M e p. Hanpaaas

na "leJIOBeRa nJIaCTHHRY B BhlI(eJIHROM aa-

TJIHYTOH PYRe, YCTaHaBJIHBaeM, "lTO cpHrypa «125». 8TO anasnr, 06'beRTa panao 125

nOJIHJIeT "leTBepThlH CJIeBa ssrpea nJIaCTHHRH C Hap;nHCbIO "lTO paCCTOJIHHe OT Ha6JIIOp;aTeJIJI P;O
.lit.

MaMepeHHe paCCTOJIHHH no yrJIOBOH BeJIH"lHHe llpep;MeTOB C npHMeHeHHeM aaBHCHT OT pensedia oCBelIleHHJI H onpacxa nonpysnsrx npensreron. npHcnoc06JIeHHH He MeCTHOCTH H nO'ITH He aaBHCHT OT

Ilorpenmocrn

TaRHX H nOCJIe aassrsa

HaMepeHHH HOCJIT 60JIee nOCTOJIHHhlH xapaRTep TpeHHpoBRH H npH06peTeHHJI He P;OJIlKHbInpcnsnnarr, 10%. coomercrnyromcro

OnpeAeneHHe

pacCTORHH"

C nOMO~blO

IITbICR'IHbIXII

OP;HHM aa cnocofion BOH BeJIH"lHHe npenxera

HaMepeHHJI paCCTOJIHHH no yrnoJIBJIJIeTCJI onpenenenae l\alKp;hlH T. e. rpanyc HX C no-

MOlIlbIO «TblCJI"lHblX». OH aaRJIIO"laeTCJI B CJIep;YIOlIleM.

Hpyr
60',

cop;eplKHT na

360°. 60",

p;eJIHTCJI na

a MHHyTa -

ORPYlKHOCTb conepxear aaBHCHMOCTH MelKp;y paancnars «TbIa B

21 600', BJIH 1 296 000". AJIJI llOJIY"leHHJI rrpocreamen JIHHeHHblMH H yrJIOBblMH CJI'IHble». B TaROM cnynae MepJITbCJI He B rpanycax, «ThlCJI'IHblX» YrOJI B onny MepeHHH panen: BeJIH"lHHaMH nano yraonsre MHHYTax

ORpYlKHOCTb aa 6000 paaasrx

"laCTeH, aaasrnaeusrx H cexyanax,

BeJIH"lHHbI 6YP;YT H3-

*.

«ThlCH"lHYIO» B 06b1'IHOM rpaP;YCHOM H3360 rpanycon : 6000=0,06 rpanyca =

• «TbICfl'maH» - Beml'UlHa I:IeHTpaJIbHOrOyrJIa oKpymHoera, OImpalOlJ:IerOCH XOPAY,AJIllHa KOTOPOit anna 0,001 AmIna p HbI pannyca (npaaaxaa BO BHllMaHl'le, 'ITO npa MaJIbIX yr.'1UX If 8Ha'IllTeJIbHbIX panaycax xpyra BeJIll'IlfHbI XOPAbIIf Ayrll MOrYT ObITbnpapaaneau).

68

=
10

~,6

MIlHYThI

216

ceKyH,ll;aM H3MepeHHJI HJIH

II

Ofi03Ha'laeTCH

06h1'lHOrO

yrJIOBOrO

paaon

O-Of. 6000: 3600 = 16,7, 0-30,

B

oKpyrJIeHHO YroJI CJI'lHhlX» ECJIlt B

17 «ThlCJI'lHhlX», 30 «ThlCJI'lHhlX» 1-23 H T. n,

3peHHJI), yrJIoBoii JJ;Oaero:

0-17. 123
=
«ThI-

0603Ha'laroT

B <popMyJIe

ll. = JI
II

X Ill H

3aMeH1lTb cnonyromaa

JI

1000,

(yron

TO IIOJIY'lHTCJI HCTHHHOii

3aBHCHnpenuera

MOCTb MemAY H paCCTOHHHeM

BeJIIl'lIlHaMIl

ll.
Bcerna
step, pacyaxax HMeeTCJI BeJIH'lHHY K010PhlX

1000 X

tuv.
IIOJJ;PY'lHblX

JJ;OCTaTO'lHOe KOJIH'leCTBO B

srsrcrrsmax»
caMHM (pHC.

MomHO BHJJ;eTb na

HJIH BhI'lHCJIHTb BeJIIl'lHHa, CIIH'le'lHOii

19).

YrJIOBaJI nea, KYJIaKa,

HJIH

yrJIOMepHaJI CIIH'lKH,

«nona»,

IIaJIb-

Kopo6KH,

KapaHJJ;aIIIa,

If c.

19. PYK8

If DaJIbQbl

B «TbICJlqHblX»

69

,IJ;Ba,IJ;I1aT1I:KOrreeqHOii MOHeThI, rnJIb3hI

n npyrnx

nonpys-

HhIX rrpe,IJ;MeTOBB «ThICRqHhIX» onpenenaerca

CJIep;yIOm;nM Ha6JIIOp;aTeJIR, Ha6JIIOp;aTeJIR C rrOMOm;bIO non-

cnocotiou.
HaMepReTCR P;Ononpyunoro p;JIIIHa BhITRHYTOll pyKII T. e. paCCTORHne B MnJIJIIIMeTpaX npenxera, OT rnaaa

qTO MOlKHO cneaars

HnTKn (pHC. 20). 3aTeM HaMepReTcR BeJIHqHHa aroro pyqHOrO rrpep;MeTa D MIIJIJIHMeTpax BhITRHYTOH pyna, qHCJIO ThICRqHhIX UOJIyqeHHOH Hue 2). OT aroro npenxera «J~eHy» naaaoro p;OJIell B B

II p;eJIHTCR Ha P;JIHHy p;eCRTHqHOll P;p06H,

p;eJIeHIIR, H naer «ThICRqHhIX»

YrJIOMepHYIO

{np uaosce-

H c.

20.

M3MepeuHe

An HULl

BLlTHUYTOii pyltH

70

_____ ?~-.f' ~ ,_:~_

r _ '.

=-

P n:

c.

21 Orrpenenenue paccroanaa

no

BblCOTe

npensrera

Illapaaa 06hlKHoBeHHoii: CITHqeqHOH KO37 MM. ECJIH ITpHHHTb AJIHHY BhlTHHYTOH PYKH AIM, TO yrJIOMepHaH «nona: IDHpHHhl CITHqeqHOH Kop06KH 6y));eT paaaa 37: 600 = 0,061, T. e. 61 «ThlCHqHam), MJIH 0-61. IIoJIb30BaTbcH STHMM xrepasra Ha));O TaK: B3HB KOITeHKY B BhITHHyTyIO pyxy, CMOTPHM, aarrpsraaer JIH OHa ITO ee ));HaMeTpy BbICOTY meJIe3HO));OpOil\H0ii: 6Y));Im (pHC. 21). ECJIH BhlCOTa 6Y));KH HaM H3neCTHa (4 M), TO STO 3HaqHT, qTO Mbl BH));HM ee ITO)); yrJIOM 0-25 {npuaoscenue 2). HaXO));HM BeJIHqIlHY OAIIOH «ThlCHqHOH» (4: 25 = 0,16 M). CJIe));OnaTeJIbIIO, paCCTOHHl1e ));0 6Y));KH 6y));eT panao 160 M (0,16 X 1000). II p n M e p. Hano U3Mepl1Tb paccroanao ));0 AOMa, AJIlIHa xoroporo Il3B(,CTlIa H eOCTaBJIHeT 40 M. Onpenep H M e p. P06KH

II

panna B 600

71

P II c. 22. Onpenenenne

paccToHBIIH no AJlIIBe npeAMeTa

JIJIeM ero paccroanno

yrJIOBYIO Beml'IIlHY 110 1I0Ma (pHC. 22).

Il =

B 50 «TblCRqHbIX». Torna (Il X 1000) : J' = (40 X 1000) :

: 50 = 800.lt

Ecna

H3MepeHHe yrJIODOH BeJIHqHHbI

npcmrcra

B «TbI-

CRqHblX» nponaaonrrn, rnaa na 500 paDHO

'/500, .It.lt

C nOMO~bIO CnHqlm HJIII JIHHeHlm. YllaJIRTb OT

.It.lt

C lIeJIeHHRMH na MHJIJIHMeTpbl, TO ee nano

(50 e.lt), rorna

lIeJIeHlfe B 1

6YlleT

Hm! 2/1000, T. e. lInyM «TblCfl'lHblM»

(0-02).

OnpeAeneHHe Il:amllblH

paccToSlHHH no H3MepeHHblM yrnaM npellMeT, BHTlHMblH non yrJIOM 1°, ynanon paauepa B IIO-

aa paCCTOJ1HHe, 57 pa3 60JIbIIIee caoero B

72

."~Io~,,_

..,••.
""~II'I~II""

Puc.
TaMU

23. Orrpenenenne

pacoronaaa

110

yrJly MelKAY npeaae-

nepenanxe paccroarma

(rosnee

B 57,3 paaa).

Ilanxa

AmmoH

aa

57

.II

HJIH AJIHHOH 1 eM na paccroaaaa

57 eM

BHAHa nOA yrJIOM B

1°.
npcnacr, KOTOPblH noapsr-

JJ:JIH H3MepeHHH yrJIOB MomHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH CJIeAYIOrn:HM npaBHJIOM. HamAblH BaeTCH aor-rev yrJ10M caoero YKa3aTeJIbHOrO nam.ua

1°

H OTCTOHT na pacoronuan,

(1 eM), BHAeH non B 57 paa UOJ1bIIIeM

n0J10BHllY

nonepe-ranxa.

ECJ1H 1I0rOTb rroapsmaer

npenxera, ananar, yrnonaa ero BeJ1HqHHa panna 2°, a paccroanne - 28 nonopcsnnuaa. I1PH yrJIC B l' paCCTOHHHe B 3438 paa UOJIblIIe pasMepa npenxera, B 1/2°- B 114 paa, npn yr.re n 5° - A 11 paa, B 7° - B 8 paa. Paccronaae McmJlY KOllu;aMH OOJIbillOrO H yxaaare.ns1I0ro nam.uen, MaKCHMaJIbllO pa3ABHllYTbIX, COOTBCTCTBY-

73

er yr»y B 15°. Illnpaaa sersrpex naJIbIWB y JIap;OHH panna 7° (pnc, 23). II P II M e p. Bp;aJIII BHP;SHnaccaseapcxaa BarOH, KOTOPhlH 3aKphlBaeTCJJ npmrepao nOJIOBIIHOH cycraaa 60Jlbmoro nansna, 1. e. aanea non yrJIOM 2°. ):(JIHHa saroaa II3BeCTHa H paana 20 M, CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO,OH HaXOp;IITCJJ na paCCTOJlHIIH 20 X 28 = 560 M. ECJIH OH nonpsmaerca YKa3aTeJIbHhlM nansnex, TO paCCTOJlHHe paBHO BeJIHqllHe npsnaera, YMHomeHHOH aa 30. ECJIII npenxer aaxpsraaerca rpaaeasrx xapannamoa, TO paccroanae P;O aero paBHO BeJIllqllHe rrpenxera, yMHO)I,eHHOH ua 100.

Ha

npoTHBOnOJIOmHOM 6epery CJIeBa

pexa

qeJIOBeK

IIp;eT

pyxy no HanpaBJIeHHIO p;BMmeHIIJI nemexop;a, CMOTpllTe OP;HIIMnpaBhlM rJIa30M aa KOHeD. nansna, Omllp;aJl, xorna qeJIOBeK 3aCJIOHMTCJl HM B TOT me MOMeHT 3aKpOHTe rrpaasra rJIa3 H OTKpOHTe JIeBhlH - qeJIOBeK CJIOBHO OTCKOqllT aaaan,
napaJIJIeJIbHO 6epery

nanpano.

BhlTJlHYB

CeHqaC

me

CqHTaHTe, CKOJIbKO maroa CHOBa nOpaBHJIeTCJI C

cnenaer nemexon,
BamHM

npeame
(pHc.24).

qeM

nansnca

PaCCTOJJHlle OT

pexa onpenenaerca /I, = n X (J1 : r). II p II M e p.

aac no qeJIOBeKa aa p;pyroM 113 nponopnaa /1,: II = JI:

Memp;y

r,

6epery oTKyp;a

r=6

PaCCTOJIHHe

CM,

OT KOHna BhlTJlHYTOH pyKIl mar

upomen paCCTOJlHHe paaen 75 CM. IIop;cTaBJIJlJI <P0PMYJIY, nOJIyqHM /I, = 18 X (60: 6) =

180 X 0,75 = 135 M. 74

Ilemexon cpenaex

apasnaua rJIa3 no rnaaa J1 = 60 CM. fI, paaaoe 18 rrrarax: B

3TII BeJIHqHHhl B 180

nrarax,

IlJIII

P H c. MeTOD

24.

OIIpe~eJIeBHe

paCCTOHBHH ~o

He~ocTyIIBb[X

rrpen-

MaMepHB paCCTOJIHHR MemJJ;y apasxaaa ROHIl,a BhlTRHYTOH pyxa, paBHO OTHOmeHHe, KOTOpOe B CpeJJ;HeM y

H OT raaa

JJ;O

HaJJ;O nOJIyqHTb II 3anOMHHTb HX 60JIbmlIHCTBa JIlop;en onpenenars B onpeneneMomHO Hymnpen-

10.

::ITO naer

BOaMOmHOCTb ro-mee

paCCTORHHRJJ;O aenocrynasrx 3aTpYP;HeHHe MOmeT

npenasroa
B03HHKHYTb JIHmb qeJIOBeKa. MomHO

HHH npOB.p;eHHOrO paCCTOJIHHR, TaK KaK He ncerna BOCnOJIb30BaTbCJI maraaa MeTOB. aarona, TaRHM mapaaoa IIX 06paaOM, OKHa AJIHHY

aTOM cnyxae

HO aanOMHHTb JJ;JIIIHy HalI60JIee

pacnpocrpaacnmax OIl,eHIITb ero C

rrpOIIJJ;eHHoe

qeJIOBeKOM paCCTORHHe, cpaBHHB H aa npyrax TOPhlX HaJJ;Oonpenenrrrs YMHomHTb

P;JIHHOH p;OMa,

npeJJ;MeTOB, P;O KOOTHomeHHe

paCCTORHHe. OCTaeTCR TOJIbKO nOJIyqeHHOe

(JI:

r;.

75

OnpeAeneHHe

paCCTOSlHHH

nYTeM

MblCneHHOrO OTpe3Ha

nOCneAOBaTenbHOrO

OTnOHCeHHSI

H3BeCTIIOrO

Bsr BHAHTe orropy JIHHHH anercrponepcna-rn

HHBaeTe paccroanae
IWM

H, He AOoM.

XOAR AO nee, CTOJIOHR.CTaHoBHTecb C HHMH B CTBOp. OneOT ceoH AO CTOJIOHRa B 100 STY AJIHHY MhlCJIeHHO ncpenocarc H onopoa, Y'IHThlBaR, MeHbllHM, na Y'IaCTOR MemAY CTOJIOn'ITO paCCTORHHe RameTCH TeM

'IeM nanee OT HaomOAaTeJIH OHO OTRJIaAhlBaeTpaCCTORHHe OT aac AO onopsr paccronaae ynpaznnomrn. TaI\HM cnocofion OllIIOI\H Ohl-

CR. B AaHHOM CJIY'Iae rrepBhlH OTpe30I\ OI\a3aJICH paBHhlM BTOPOMY. TaRHM ofipasou, panno 200 oM (pHC. 25).

Hcxyccrso

onpcnenrrn,

AOCTHraeTCH TOJIbIW nYTeM

"f"l'4--

IOO~

"'""

..

.~..~

PH C. 25. Onpeneneune
JJ;OBaTeJIbHOf'O OTJIOmeHHH

paccroauaa
U3BeCTHoro

HYTeM MblCJIeHHorOHOCJIeoTpe3K3

76

BaIOT oxens nanpauep JIHHhl aa

rpyfiiro npn

npn

pcaxoii

nepexene

06CTaHOBIHI, no-

ncpexone

C aapocmea

KYCTapIlHIWM

rraunno,

HO'lbIO TIpH JIYHHOM CBeTe na roponpaccroannn 110npemrcra, 3aCJIOHeHO r<aKHM-HH6YlIb aoaasnne-

CKHX YJIHIIax, npa onpencnenua OCHOBaHHe xoroporo HHeM (XOJIM, ]lOM Il T. n.).

OnpeAeneHHe

WHpHHbl peKH C na

nOMo~blO

rpaBHHKH 6epery, B Herro-

Bsrfiepnre
cpencrneaaoa

npoTHBOnOJIOmHOM

6JIH30CTH OT aero,

ABa 3aMeTHhlX npermera

H, CTOH no APyryIO CTOPOIlY pexa C BhlTHHyThlMH pYKaMII, B KOTOPhlX aaaeara TpaBIIHKa, aaxpoirre npOMemYTOK MemAY Bhl6paHHhlMH 6hlTb aaxpsrr. IIocJIe aroro, CJIOmHB TpaBIIHKy nononax, orxonnre

npenxeraaa,

OP;HH rJIa3 Y aac p;oJImen

II C

26. Onpenenenne

mupuHbl

penn

C nOMolllblO

TpaBUHKU

77

OT oepera

pexa

JJ;Orex

nop,

noxa

paCCTOHHlle

MeiRJJ;Y

DbIopaHHbIMIl I\a~1II paBHO

npemreraua

He 3aRpoeTCH CJIOiReHHOHrpa0YAeT

DIIHROH. 3aTeM 113MepbTe npOMeiRYTOR MeiRJJ;YJJ;BYMH TOq-

csoero urnpane

CTOHHIIH. PaCCTOHHlle MeiRJJ;Y HIIMII

pexa

(pHC.

26).

OnpeAeneHHe

WHpHHbI peKK waraMK

Bsrtiapaea
OYJJ;b3aMeTHbIH npOTIIB

na npOTIlBOnOJIOiRHOM oepery RaROH-HIInpenxer, aanpaaep JIOJJ;Ry.CTaHOBIIMCH onpenenenaoe reneps 25)

qllCJIO

nee

II nOJJ;npHMbIM yrJIOM R 3TOMY HanpaBJIeHHIO, OTCqllThlBaeM

DJJ;OJIb fiepera,

aanpmrep
npaBJIeHIIH qllCJIO

50;

CTaBIlM 3JJ;eCb naJIRY, 3aTeM B TOM iRe (B

maroa, na-

CHOBa OTCqllThlBaeM

YiRe nOJIOBIIHHOe II OT nop,

aroro MeCTa noxa He ORaiRellICH aa oJJ;lIoii npHlIIoH C naJIROH II JIoJJ;Roii. Y JJ;BoeHHoe ROJIllqeCTBO maroa OT fieper-a JJ;Oaanrea OCTaHOBlm D crsope, T. e. 30 X 2 = 60 maroa, II ecrs mapana poxa (pac, 27).
HJJ;eM nOJJ; npHlIIhlM yrJIOM OT oepera JJ;O rex ECJJII nOCJIe YCTalIOBRIl HODRII, Mhl OTCqHTaJIII JJ;O crsopa naJIRII, RaR II JJ;Oee ycra-

maroa

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50

maroa, pexn.

TO paCCTOHHlle OT fiepera

paDHO rnnpauc

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CTaBllM ee aepxynrxa TeHbIO

.loIeOTIol npeAMeTa

no ero

TeHK
HeAaJIeRO OT

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AepeBa

II 113MepHeMAJIIIHY sacra

naJIRII, noxpraroa

!(r 78

(pac, 28). Torna BB: AB = Ill": Ar, OTRYJJ;a Al' X (BB: AB), T. e., pa3JJ;eJIIIB JJ;JIIIIIY lIORPbITOH

'1"" ".

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25 -

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.,'u ..

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I'/II'
, ,I{/:'

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27. Orrpenenemre

UIHpHHhl

pexa

m81'8MD

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aa paCCTOHHHe OT nee no BepxyIIIRH HJIH JII06oro MOiRHO npyroro

H rrOMHOifUIB aro qRCJIO aa ,n;JIHHy TeHR, no-

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npeznrcra,
no ero aanpaxep BbICOTbJ TeHH OT aa 0,5
oM

npenaera

onpenenarr,
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oM,

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H3McpHeMoro

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II p H M e p. ~JIHHa rraJIRH - 2
MeHbIIIe caxoa rem, raroxe B 1,5 pasa 60JIbIIIe,

a ee rem, TeHH.

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Horna
rrpenxera

,n;mme CBoeR TeHH (pRC. 29).

79

H C.

28. Onpeneaeuae

nLICOTbi

npensrera no ern

TeHII

18 x 2 =24 1,5

A
-- -------_--- "~'18
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-----.-j

........ "'"-L-

A ... ••..',.

"."

,,'\i1''''~'' _ ~hl ~ 111/'..

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•

PH C. 29. Onpenenenae

BblCOTbi

npensrer a no

1'I'UHM

80

-v.,
111,. ... ,,411"'

.. ,/11"""~/1 I.

'Iy/~~l-JJ

~"/"'"

. 'I' ,\ .,\~/'IIk',~ ~)kL.,~d~

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"''')~V. "

PH C, 30, Onpenenemre

OnpeAeneHHe

BbiCOTblnpeAMeTa no CBoeMY POCTY na n3BeCTHoe paccroanae n noraxa, AI(.

OToiip;H OT nepesa JIOmnMCH roaosoa phlMn saxtara Ham JIy'l apenaa nanxa,

K TO'lKe A K ncpony
= AI(

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B TO'lKe B TaK. '1To6bI

IIpOXOp;nJI sepea sepx

many

nepena. 'I'orna EI(

X (Cli : AB)

(pac, 30),

A, MeHb'IYHoB

81

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JIHHeiiHbIii

asrcorojrep

KOHCTPYRI\IIH

CbICOeBa 6ea

CJIY-

anlT

P;JIH

onpeneaenaa
P;O HerO •

BbICOTbI

npenjrera

HaMepeHHH

paCCTOHIIHH

.D:Harra30H

nplIMeHeHHH JIerRO

BbICOTOMepa BbICOTY

P;OBOJIbHO

06no-

nmpen. crpoex, pyxa,

nop,

lIM

OqeHb

aaxepnrr.

nepensea,

eCTeCTBeHHbIX npII60p

B03BbIIIJellIIii

B3HB

BepTnRaJIbHO HJI.lI

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noxa

He

P;06bIOTCH,

MeCTHOCTII n T. n, nansnava JIeBoii yp;aJIHIOT ero OT raaaa p;o rex qT06bI nOCTaBJIeHHaH panee Y

na

P;BYMH

06'beRTa

H3MepellIfH B

BeIII-

1 M TOqnO COBrraJIa C paccroaaaexr 0 1 CM MelRp;y ocnoaaaaaa npopean H npOBOJIOqROii. Caenona TeJlbHO, 1 CM npaKa BbICOTOii 60pa 6yp;eT

aanpsrsars

1
OT

!It

If3MepHeMoro He H3MeHHH

npeztnOJIO-

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CM

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na

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JIeHIfH

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xynma npermera.
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carrObI-

If COCTaBHT

npcnvcra,
B MeTpax YCTpoiicTBO

nsrpaxceu(pHC. 31).
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113MeHIfTb, If.::U{

YMeHbmaH pucrrp0I30-

yneJIlfqlInUH MelHJ\Y H

CTOHIIIfe

PH C. 31

BblcoToMep

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82

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me

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6yp,eT HMeTh B BhICOTy.

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no

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2-3

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)l;aJIeRHX H BhICORHXnpemreron,

C'IHTaH B

CM

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84

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10
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360°. Paccroaaae,
R CeBepHoMY

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TO RamALIM

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rpanye = , MUHYTaM BpeMeHH; MHHYT8 = , CCKYH/laM BpeMeHH; ceayana CCKY"/lhI apeneua: BpeMenu = 15 lIyroBblM MunYT8M; BpeMt'Hu = 15 AyroBhlM ceKY"AaM

v..

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AOJIrOTY, HaAO, HMOH 'laCbI, B MeCTHbIii IIOJIAeHb. Paanana B rpanycnsre

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20 (77°_75°)

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M3BeCTHO, 'ITO B cpannnx UIHpOTax CCCP ~JIMHa nyra 1° MepH~HaHa panna 111,1 liM (104 BepCThI), a ~JIMHa ~yrH l' paana IIpMMepHo 1855 M (869 caacen). Y paxon xapr 1I0~IIMChIBaIOTcn (MepMl\MaHhI), MX maporsr (uapaJIJIeJIH) M ~OJIrOThI a paMKH KpYilHoMacIIITa6HhIx MacIIITa6 xaprta, ~JIMlly

rcapr pa36M-

lIaIOTClI aa MMHyTbI. QT06hI onponcnarr, THl>WTpaX (HJIM M3MepHIOT n canMepM~HaHa ~IOHMax) orpeaxa

Mem~y napaJIJJeJIlIMM MJIM ~JIMHy Ol\HOH ero MHHyThI. AonYCTHM, 'ITO Jl3MepeHHhle HhIMH 1,8
eM

paCCTOHHIIH

OKa3aJIMCb paB-

na O~HOft xap're

M 5 ~IOHMaM na ~pyroH

tcapre, OTcIO~a MacIIlTa6hI

iIYIOlI.\HM 06pa30M:

3TMX IWPT BhI'IMCmIlOTClI CJIe-

1) 1855 M: 1,8 = 1855000: 18 = 103055 2) 52 nepcrsr : 5 = 10,4 nepcThI.

M3-3a I\HpKyJIeM, xaprsr mrafios. mrafiax, MacillTa6 rWrrynweMblx a MomeT nOJIY'leHhI HeTO'lHOCTeH 6hITh, npM6JIHmeHHhle npa M aexoropok

eM

= 1030

M;

H3MepeHlIJI ~ecpopMal\MII MacMacMMeeT

anccs

3Ha'leHHlI

TaH KaH xaprsr TO acrpyrmo

M3~aIOTCH B onpenenenasrx 'ITO nepnaa xapra

noranarr.crr,

1 : 100000, T. e. B 1 eM 1 liM, a BTOpalI xapra ~eClITIIBepCT'm - 10 nepcr B 1 ~IOIll>le.

98

OnpeAeneHHe

MaCWTa6a no KooPAHHaTHOH ceTKe

If 3MeplfeM paCCTOHHlIe MeiKP;Y JIHIUIHMH reoopnnaarHOil: ccrror npmiep, HOil: paaxo H onpenenaext lIO 0003HaqeHHhlM QHCJIaM (aano aananrroa paMRe -

28, 30, 32, 34 HJIH no IOiK-

nponenensr.

06, 08, 10), sepea CROJIbIW RHJIOMeTpOB OHII. MacllITao xaprsr. RCHO, 'ITO JIHHHH nponenemr nepes 2 KM. Paccroarrae na xapre MeiKP;Y cocemrmra JIHHHHMH panno 2 eM, CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO,2 eM na xapre cooTBeTcTBYIOT 2 X:M na MeCTHOCTH. Macnrraf RaJlThl 1 : 100000.
3THM H ortpenennerca

OnpeAeneHHe MacwTa6a no paccTolIHHIIM MeHCAYMeCTHblMH npeAMeTaMH ECJIH rra xapre 0003HaQeHbI p;Ba npenxera,

nanpmrep,

RHJIOMeTpOBble CTOJIOhl BP;OJlb P;OpOfH, paCCToHHHe MeiKP;Y IWTOPbIMH na MeCTHOCTH H3BeCTHO, TO P;JIH onpenenenaa sracmratia HYiKHO QHCJIO MeTpOB MeiKP;Y 3THMH npezraena QlICJIO caHTHMeTpOB TaMH na MeCTHOCTH paanennrr,

MeiKP;Y HX 11300pameUHHMH na xapre. pOBhlMH CTOJIOaMHna xapre

II p H M e p. PaCCTOHHHe Memp;y CMemHbIMH RHJIOMeTpanno 2 eM, na MeCTHOCTII1000 M. CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO, MaCillTao xaprnr 1: 50000, lfJlH 1 eM RapThl coorncrcruyer 500 M na MeCTIIOCTlf.

OnpeAeneHHe MacwTa6a KapTbl no APyroH KapTe, MacwTa6 KOTOPOHH3BeCTeH CpaBHHBaH IIITao u3MepeHHble paccrounaa MelHAY APyroil:. p;nYMH

op;HHaHOBbIMU nYHRTaMH

na ooeux

rcaprax
MacillTao

H 3HaJ1 Mac-

OP;HOil:H3 HHX, orrpenenaexr

99

paCCTOHHlle Memp;y nYHRTaMll panao CTOHHIIe, II3MepeHHoe no xapre, CTeH, panno 3

KM

II P II M e p. Ha xapre, MaCIIITa6 ROTOPOii:HeIl3BeCTeH, 6,5 CM. To me pacMacIIITa6 ROTOPOii:II3Be-

250 M. OTcIOp;a MacIIITa6 onpep;eJIHeMoii: reaprra 6yp;eT 3 KM 250 M : 6,5 CM = 50000 CM, llJIll B 1 CM 500 M.

OnpeAeneHHe MacwTa6a HenocpeACTBeHHblM H3MepeHHeM paccToRHHH Ha MeCTHOCTH

Horna

Hll OP;IlH II3 npensrnymax a !lIhl naxonmrcs

cnocofion

noseay-

JIII60 He nonxonar,

na MeCTHOCTII,II30p;Ba npenII II3MepHeM II rra

6pameHHoii: na xapre MeTa, JIemam;lle

C HeII3BeCTHhlM MaCIIITa6oM, Bhl611npyr OT npyra,

paexr na 60JIee IIJIll MeHee paBHOM ysacrne

nenanexo paCCTOHHlle Memp;y HllMll

aa MeCTHOCTll B uiarax

xapre B caurnuorpax. II p II M e p. OT RIIJIOMeTpOBoro cToJI6a y nopora no CIIJIOCHOii: al1lHII npmreprro 400 IIIarOB, llJIII 300 M, TaR 6 RaR 1 II1al' panoa 75 CM. Ha xapre Memp;y 3TIIMll me npenaeraxn II3MepeHo 3 CM. OTcIOp;a MaCl1lTa6 nanrea xaprsr 300 : 3 = 100 M B 1 CM, IIJIll 1: 10 000.

06hFIHO BemIqIIHa 1I,e TaRaH nannacr, OTMeTRaMTOqeR. )J,JIH onpenenenaa pII30HTaJIeii: Hap;o

cexenaa

ropII30HTaJIeii:

npocrasBhICOTY

JIHeTCH Hap; JIlIHeii:HhlM MaCHITa60M IIJIII HOP; HIIM. ECJIII OTCYTCTByeT, TO onpenennrt, CeqeUIIH ropII30HTaJIeii: M01RHO no IIX OTMeTRaM, IJ.1III no BhlCOThl CeqeHIIH no OTMeTRaM rococep;HIIX OTMeTOR

pa3HOCTh p;ByX

100