w sy 6) ° ay 2 6) 6) (2) (58) (56) United States Patent Cardas ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR AND CABLE UTILIZING SAME Inventor: George Cardas, 80 Fleventh St. SE. Bandon, OR (US) 97411 Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis patent is extended or adjusted under 35 USC. 154(b) by O days Appl. No. 12/106. Filed: Apr. 18,2008 Publication Data US 200910260849.A1 Get, 22, 2009 Int.C1 Hob 700 (2006.01) us.c, 174/36, 174/102 R; 174/108 earch 1741028, 174/105 R, 107, 108 See application file for complete search history. References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS, 270189 A 101986. Keown Ie % 2 0 4 , (1) Patent No: US 7,674,973 B2 Us007674973B2 4s) Date of Patent: Mar. 9, 2010 4628151. A 121986 Candas ran 4701730 A 101987 Okamoto 450517 A 121980 Cards r4i.27 49m7992 A 1991 Low Som378 A © 71999 Garand 1m428 29i8 B2* Hacker 174108 * cited by examiner Primary Examiner—Wiliana H Mayo, IL (74) ttorne Agent, or Firm—Darsey 8 Whitney LLP on ABSTRACT A conductor includes central element having a length, @ plurality of insulated strands disposed about the central ele ‘ment int least first and second concent layers a layer of iclctic material having velocity of propagation disposed around the plurality of inslaed strand, Each of thephality of insulated strands has a conductive element and a layer of insulative material disposed around the conductive element anda length approximately equal toan inverse of the velocity of propagation of associated dieletic materials multiplied by the product of the length ofthe cera element and the ‘number one hundred, 21 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets a a Jf 8 2US. Patent Mar. 9, 2010 Sheet 1 of 6 US 7,674,973 B2 FIGURE 1 v7 20 é 26 4 2 ne 2» FIGURE 3US. Patent Mar. 9, 2010 Sheet 2 of 6 US 7,674,973 B2 FIGURE 6US. Patent Mar. 9, 2010 Sheet 3 of 6 US 7,674,973 B2 FIGURE 8US. Patent Mar.9,2010 Sheet 4 of 6 US 7,674,973 B2 492 a) vr 8 £ 2 Oo Le Se S ~ WwW a a) Oo 5, L o 2 el “ow D Oo WL Q 100"US. Patent Mar. 9, 2010 Sheet 5 of 6 US 7,674,973 B2 Hi ON a LW FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13US. Patent Mar. 9, 2010 Sheet 6 of 6 US 7,674,973 B2 “14 , ve g + ay 200 FIGURE 14 1 210 FIGURE 16US 7,674,973 B2 1 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR AND CABLE UTILIZING SAME, FIELD ‘The present invention relates to electrical condoctors and ‘more paticularyto electrical condvetors with multiple con- dutive stands BACKGROUND vo Generally, an electric cable may hold a charge in many ‘ways. Forexample,acharge may bebeldinan empty space or air between conductor tracks. Another way a charge may be hala is in dileceie polarizations or mechanical stresses. At low frequencies charges often cater towards steady satin ‘statistically randomized event like white noise due to polar- ination mechanisms that move and orientate dielectric struc- tures, The impact ofthis noise may be exaggerated by the sequential decay in a cable's dieletie and fueled by the conductoedielectictansition time diferent, This effect. causes dielectric constants to drop with frequency, adding noise and iter to a transmit signal ‘Signal propagation ina cable is generally governed by an interaction hetween one or more conductors andaninsolating * iclectic material. The signal propagating onthe condctor ed to charge the surrounding dielectric material. Problems can arise when a electromagnetic wave propagates a dier- cnt Velocities ina conductor and an adjacent dielectric. AS energy is stored and transfered at different ime constants in conductors and dieletes, a complex Kinetic resoaator can sult, impeding performance of the cable In the early development of cable technology, load cols were placed series with cable conductor at intervals along the length of the conductor. These load coils slowed the condetor to bettermatch propagation inthe dielectric, How- ever, the load coils were bulky and caused the cable to lose From00004 milt6mildepending on application are formed cn the fist and second sides 131 and 182, respectively. The pattem conductive layers 110 and 120 cach inchide a pr ‘ality of indvidal conductive strands of equal length formed ‘fa conductive teri Patemed conductive ayer. 110 and 120 are shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively. FIG. 9s plan view ofthe coniuvtor 140 of 1G. 8 ake along be ine 99. FIG. 10 isa plan view of the conductor 140 of FIG. Btaken ang the ine 10-0, Patera conductive Layer 110 inludes a play of strands 10 of condoctve mater, severl of whichareiden- ited FIG. 9. Thestrand 100 are patterned to ineease thir length and improve matching betweea the velocity of prose sation inthe conductive stands 100 and an associated Gile= {cc aerial with which the conductor 140 may be used Sina patemed conductive layer 120nciodes a pluaiy of conductive strands 128, angled 10 improve matching between he velocity of propagation inthe conductive strands 128 and a dileesic miter with which the conductor 140 may be we, ‘The conducive strands 100 and 125 may be patiomed through any known methods, inludingetching orober mat ‘al removal techniques Altmatveyinsomcembodimens, pattem conductive stands 100 and 128 are deposited in a pallem onthe delete mate 130. Conductvestrnds 100 and 125 may be oriented in opposite directions on oppesite Sides fthediclectric materiel L8Dasshownin FIGS. 9 and 10 tnd shown schematically in FIG. 10A. FIG. 10A depicts a topsdown plan view of the condictor 140, The stands 100 ann 128 are show schematically as lines and Tarte sep ‘ted fr cae of illusion, Srands 125 ar disposed om an opposite side of the noaconducive material 130 2s the Strands 100, a5 shown in FG 8, and in FIG 108 the sands 128 on the oposite side ofthe on-condoctve materia 130 ae shown dashed ines. As shown in FIG. 10A, the stands 125 and 100 form a criss-coss pattern. The mito imaged strand layers sum their epectve Beds to common vet Therestnt summed fields slowed to eter match velocity cof propagation in an associated dielectric ‘The conductive strands 100 and 125 are patterned to ‘nrease tee length relative tothe length ofthe condoctor 140, One o the plurality of strands 10 shown in FG 11, and one ofthe plurality of stands 125i shown in FIG, 12 Each ofthe illusirated strands 100 snd 125 patterned in a 8 ig-7ag such that the ratio of length b to length ais selected proportional oan inverse the velocity of propagation ina associated dielovtic material Accordingly the ratioof length, ‘cof the entire srand 100 or 125, respectively, othe length d of the conductor isl, i also proportional tthe inverse of the velocity of propagation in an associated dielectric: Inone ‘embodiment, anangle ofthe conductive strands a direction ‘of propagationis about 2 degrees for matching with adielec- ‘wi suchas teflon o polypropylene, Geometries other than a straight 7ig-zag, such as eurved or other shapes, may be wed. in other embodiments Embodiments of the fat conductors described with refer: cence to FIGS. 8-104 may be llized to fon cables, capac tors, o other devioes having an associated dielectric. Reval. the length of stands 100 and 125 inthe conductor is chosen ‘aed onthe velocity of propagation i the associated dicle- ‘wi. One embodiment of the conductor 140 in use with an associted dielectric is shown in FIG. 13 depieting the use of the conductor 140 jn a coaxial cable. The conductor 140 is, ‘wrapped around dielectric material 199 that itself encases a central conductor 200 to form a coaxial cable 210, The con- ductor 200 may be similar to the conductor 140 ia some ‘embodiments, as is shown generally in FIG. 14, showing a crmss-soctonal view ofthe eable210 of FIG. 13 along theline 14-14. The cable 210 includes the conductor 140 including pattemed conductive layers 110 and 120-wrapped ound the central dieloctric material 199 anda second conductor, such asconductor 200, having a similar structure as the eondvctor 140, The conductor 200 includes, for example, non-conduc- tive material layer 310 and conductive stands in two layers, 320 and 330. Embodiments of conductors acoondiag 10 the preseat invention may further be used as one or more electrodes ina capacitor, as shown in FIG. 18 where conductors 140 and 230, form two electrodes of capacitor 240. The conductor 140, including a central non-conductive layer 130 and two pat- temed conductive layers 110 and 120, as showa ia FIGS. 8-10, serves asa fist negative electrode ofthe capacitor 240, in FIG. 18. socond conductor 280, substantially similar to conductor 140, also eludes a central non-conductive mate- ‘al 260 having a firs patterned conductive ayer 262 on fits. side ofthe central non-conductive material 260 anda second patlemed conductive layer 264 ona second side ofthe central ‘non-conductive material. As with the conductor 140, the pat- temed conductive layers 262 and 264 of the conductor 230, cach include a plurality of conductive strands, for example like stands 100 and 125 deseribed above, patterned sueh that a velocity of propagation in the conductive strands along a Teagthofthe conductors approximately equal toa velocity of ‘propagation in an associated dielotic material, The capaci- tor 240 is formed by placing a capacitor dielectric 280, between the fist conductor 140 and the second eondvetor 280, The capacitor dicloctic 280 isthe associated doletric ‘material and velocity of propagation inthe capacitor dielo~ ‘ic 280 willinpar ditatethe length oftheconductive strands intheconduetors 40 and230, The lengihot the stands i the conduetive layers 110, 120, 262 and 264 are chosen based on the velocity of propagation inthe capacitor dielectric 280. Further layer of capacitor doletrc 281 may be provided such thatthe capacitor strctue shown in FIG. 1S may berolled up to form a completed capacitor sircture. Accordingly, one aspect of embodiments ofthe invention provides a constant and low inductance along a eondctor. Lengths of conductive strands in the conductor are selected suel that a wave propagation velocity along a length ofthe conductor approximately equal tothe velocity of propagation inan associated delecric. This is achieved by designing the ccondvetoe such that all conductive stand lengths are propor. tioned to the inverse ofthe dilectre's velocity of propaga ‘ion, la one embovtiment, the length is determined in par byUS 7,674,973 B2 9 4 number of tums per unit length, whereby the number of turns onthe layersis decreased asthey each the surlacef the conductor to keep strand length approximately the same in ‘ach layer. This allows the impedance and wave propagation velocity of the conductor to be matched continuously rather 5 than at intervals, thereby diminishing transmission losses, reducing resonance effects and persevering bandwidth Furthermoe, in some embodiment of cables incorpoat ing conductors according to embodimeals of the present invention, a net velocity of propagation of he cable a ength ‘may be approximately equal 9 that of 2 comveationally stranded cable (that of the dielectric). However, at cable Teng shorter than a wavelength the signal he impedance ‘may be substantially more constant. Los, signal distortion, noise and iter may be reduced. ‘rom the foregoing it will be apreciated that, although specitic embodiments of the iaveation have been described berein forpurposes of illustration, various modifications may bbe made without deviating from the spirit and seope ofthe invention, “The invention claimed is 1. A conductor comprising a central element having @ length, a plurality of insulated strands disposed about the central element in at lest fist and socond concent layers, a layer ofa dielectric material having a velocity of propaga: tiondlsposed around the plurality of insulated strand, eachof 2 the plurality of insulated strands having a conductive element and a layer of insulative material disposed around the con- ductive element and length selected such that a velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in the conductive clement along the length of the central element is appro ‘mately equ io the velocity of propagation in the delete material 2. The conductor of elsimn 1, wherein the length ofeach of the plurality of insulated strands i approximately equal to an inverse of the velocity of propagation ofthe dielectric mate- tial multiplied by the product of the length of the central clement and the number one hundred. 3. The conductor of claim 1, wherein the central element includes a conduetve cena stand, 4. Theconductorof claim 1, wherein the central elements made ofa nonconductive material '5, The conductor of claim 1, wherein the frst and second cconcentic layers include an outer layer of stands und an intermediate ayer of stands 6.Thecondvetorofclaim , wherein theintermediate layer of strands has a fist numberof turns pe inch and the outer layer of stands has a second numberof turns per inch thats clerat from the first number of turns pr inch 7.Theconduetorofclaim 6, wherein the intermediate layer of strands has length ada mean circumference and wherein, the first numberof uns perinch s approximately equal tthe iereace between the length of the intermediate layer of strands minus the length of the central element divided bythe ‘mean circumference ofthe intermediate layer of strands '8. The conductor of claim 6, wherein the outer layer of strands has Tength and a mean circumference and wherein, ‘the second numberof tums per inchs appeoximately oqualto the difference between te length ofthe outer layer of strands ‘minus the length of the central element dived by the mean circumference ofthe outer layer of stands. 9, The conductor of cam 6, wherein the second number of ‘tums per inch of the outer layer of strands es than the ist ‘numberof tums pe inch of the intermediate layer of stands 10. The conductor of claim 5, wherein the central clement tas a diameter and each stand inthe intermediate layer of strands asa diameterpreater than the diametero the central clement, 10 11. Theconductorofclaim 10, wherein the diameters ofthe strands inthe intermediate layer are substantially constant. 12. The condictor of elaia $, wherein each strand in the {intermediate ayer of strands asa diameter andeach strndin the outer layer of straads has a diameter different dan the fameter ofeach strand in the intermediate layer. 13.A condoctor fr use with an associated dielectric mate- ral havinga velocity of propagation, the conductor compris- ‘ng @ oncondetive film having a length and a fis side and a socond side, ist conductive layer onthe fist side includ {nga plurality of conductive strands each patterned such tat «length of the conductive stands is greater than the length of the nonconductve film, the conductive strand length being proportional to an inverse ofthe velocity of propagation inthe icloctic material 14. The conductor of claim 13, wherein the plurality of ccndvetve stands in the first condetive layer each have a frst pattem including an angle of approximately $2 degrees with respect to adiection of propagationalong the conductor. 15. The conductor of claim 13, wherein the nonconduetive film is polypropylene. 16.Theconductorofclaim 1, further comprising second ‘conductive layer on the second sie, the second conductive layer including a second plurality of eonduetve strands hav ‘ng a length equal tothe Tength of the first plurality of con- ductive strands, the second plurality of conductive stands Ihoving a sccond pattern opposing the frst pattern 17. A cable comprising « conductive member, a central clement having a length, x plurality of insulted stands dis posed about the cenral element in atleast fst and second ‘concentic layers, a dicletrie material having a velocity of propagation disposed between the condctive member and the plurality of insulted strands, each of the plurality of ‘ngulated strands having a conductive element and layer of insulative material disposed around the conductive element and a length approximately ual wan inverse ofthe velocity ‘of propagation multiplied by the product ofthe length of the central element and the number one huneked 18. The cable of claim 17, wherein the conductive member {san sitonal cenel element and an additional layer of strand disposed around the additional central element 19. The cableof claim 17, wherein the conductive member isaconductve shield extending aroundthe dielectric materiel ‘and the plurality of insulated strands, 20, The cable of claim 17 further comprising a coaxial meter anda sheath enclosing the layer of dielectric material andthe coaxial member. 21. The cable of claim 20, wherein the coaxial member includes an addtional cesta element having a length, an ‘additonal plurality of insulate strands disposed about the central element int east rst and second addtional concen ttc layers, an addtional layer of a dielectric material having velocity of propagation disposed aroma the adiional pi ‘ality of insulated strands, each ofthe additional plurality of insulated strands having an additional conductive element ‘and an additional layer of insulative material disposed around theaddtional conductive clement and length approximately equal to an inverse ofthe velocity of propagation of the additonal layer of the dielectric material nultiplied by the product ofthe length othe stonal central element andthe ‘number one hundred