CHUaNG I: GIro THIJ~U DE TAl

Trong sir phat trien cua khoa h9C ky thuat, ky thuat dien nr, d~c biet la viec phat trien cac b9 vi di~u khien, dff lam thay d6i sau s~c dai s6ng con nguoi. Trong san xuat, nhirng day chuyen duoc tv d9ng hoa, con nguoi dff han ch~ duoc viec tham gia tnrc tiep VaG cac cong viec nguy hiem,

Noi chung, Vi di~u khien tham gia VaG r~t nhieu linh vue trong dai s6ng va san xuat, Trong cac thiet bi dien tir dan dung, cac b9 vi di~u khien di~u khien heat dong cua TV, may gi~t, 10 vi-ba ... Trong h~ thong san xuat tv d9ng, b9 vi di~u khien duoc sir dung trong Robot, day chuyen tv d9ng. Nhirng cho du hoat d9ng a linh VlJC nao thi vi di~u khien cung cAn co ngucn DC d~ hoat dong. Do do, cac b9 vi di~u khien luon co m9t b9 chinh hru. Day cling chinh la d~ tai cua nhom em.

B9 chinh hru dung d~ bien d6i dien ap xoay chieu thanh dien ap m9t chieu.

Viec chuyen d6i nay co nhieu each d~ thuc hien nhir: dung diode d~ chinh hru ban ky, toan ky, hay dung Thyristor, Triac d~ tao ra dien ap m9t chieu thea goc kich. Nhom em sir dung Triac k~t hop voi cAu diode d~ lam b9 chinh hru.

Nhom em se sir dung 89C51 ket hop voi ADC d~ di~u khien Triac. Viec ket hop ADC trong mach dieu khien Triac se tao ra m9t b9 di~u khien kin, tin hieu ngo ra luon duoc h6i ti~p v~ va so sanh, nho do tin hieu ngo ra luon duoc dam bao.

B9 chinh hru nay co th~ duoc sir dung a nhirng noi rna dien ap m9t chieu ngo ra luon phai thay d6i nhir trong cac phong thi nghiem, thuc hanh cua cac trung tam dien tir hay a cac tnrong day ky thuat.

1

CHUaNG II: THIET KE vA TiNH ToAN

I) Yell CAll ella d~ tii:

f)6i voi d~ tai nay khi thuc hien cAn dam bao hai yeu cAu co ban: - Hi~n thi phai ro rang.

- Dien ap chinh hru phai duoc h6i ti~p d~ dam bao tinh 6n dinh.

II) SO' dB khBi:

Dua VaG cac yeu cAu cua d~ tai, chung em co so d6 khdi nhir sau:

Nut nhan

B9 chuyen d6i ADC

Vi xu Ii

Kh6i hien thi led 7 doan

Kh6i cong suat

- Nut nhan: giao tiep voi vi xu li, dung d~ nhap gia tri dien ap.

- B9 chuyen d6i ADC: chuyen d6i tin hieu Analog tir khoi cong suat thanh

tin hieu Digital.

- Kh6i hien thi led 7 doan: hien thi gia tri d~t va gia tri do.

- Vi xu li: nhan dfr lieu ill b9 chuyen d6i ADC, giao ti~p nut nhan, di~u

khien khdi cong suat va hien thi dtr lieu len led 7 doan.

- Kh6i cong suat: thuc thi tin hieu di~u khien tir vi xu li.

N goai cac khdi co ban tren, chung ta con co m9t khoi quan trong khac la khoi nguon va mach d6ng b9.

- Kh6i nguon: dung d~ cung dp nguon cho mach di~u khien.

- Mach d6ng b9: mach nay co tac dung giup vi xu li tinh toan goc kich cho

Triac cua khoi cong suat. III) Chu-c nang cae khBi:

A. Kh6i ngu6n:

1) Clnrc nang: cung c~p nguon cho mach di~u khien.

2) SO' d6 nguyen li khoi nguon: dien ap 9VAC duoc l~y tir may bien ap, duoc chinh hru toan ky, qua IC 7805 d~ tao ngucn 5VDC.

2

~ o M M

o

LL C.

""" o

..--

GND

2

LL C.

""" o

..--

~

> (J)

3

LL :::J o o o

..--

3) Cac thanh phAn trong khoi nguon:

a) Diode ban d~n:

- Khi dff co duoc hai chat ban d~n la P va N , neu ghep hai chat ban d~n theo m9t ti~p giap P-N ta duoc m9t Diode, ti~p giap P-N co d~c diem: Tai b~ m~t ti~p xuc, cac dien tir dir thira trong ban d~n N khuyech tan sang vung ban d~n P d~ l~p vao cac 16 tr6ng => tao thanh m9t lap Ion trung hoa v~ dien => lap Ion nay tao thanh mien each dien giira hai chat ban d~n.

A

K

iMl~n ,c8oh dl~11I

IBan di!iin P ! ~i!MlI dijn N

000 000 ;.i 000 0,00 ,e, c::=====::j 0,00000 ,el .' J. 000 000 i.1 000 o o o 1 .. 1 . 'VI

d- __~

[O'-flI hl\J.119 h~ [lr~n t~ch

- Ki hieu:

- Cac loai Diode: diode zener, diode quang, diode bien dung, diode n~n dien, ...

- Diode d~n khi duoc phan cue thuan (U AK > 0)

- Diode phat quang (Light Emiting Diode: LED): la Diode phat ra anh

sang khi duoc phan cue thuan, dien ap lam viec cua LED khoang 1,7 d~n 2,2V dong qua LED khoang tir 5mA d~n20mA. Led duoc sir dung d~ lam den bao nguon, den nhay trang tri, bao trang thai co dien . vv ...

:

- Trong mach chinh hru, Diode co th~ duoc tich hop thanh Diode duo

4

b) T\1 dien:

- T\1 dien la m9t linh kien dien tir thu dong, la phan tir co gia tri dong dien qua no ty l~ voi t6c d9 bien d6i cua dien ap tren no thea thai gian. T\1 dien duoc chia thanh hai loai: tu phan cue va tu kh6ng phan cue.

- T\1 dien co hai ban eire lam bang ch~t d~n dien d~t song song, a giira co lap each dien.

- Cac loai tu thuong g~p a hai nhom co tri s6 c6 dinh hay co tri s6 thay d6i duoc. Theo d~c di~m laoi v~t lieu sir dung khi che tao, tu dien duoc phan chia thanh cac loai sau:

+ T\1 g6m.

+ T\1 mica

+ T\1 polistiren.

+ T\1 polycacbonat. + T\1 poyeste

+ .....

- T\1 dien co gia tri dien dung thay d6i duoc bao g6m hai dang co ban. + Dang tu di~u chuan dung dien m6i la lap kh6ng khi giira 2 b9 canh each kim loai nh6m l~p xen ke nhau m9t each c6 dinh, b9 kia co th~ xoay 1800 nho m9t true quay.

+ Dang tu tinh chinh dung mica lam v~t lieu dien m6i each ly giira hai hay nhieu phien kim loai xen ke, dien dung thay d6i duoc nho xoay vit true d~ d~u chinh phan dien tich trung nhau gitra cac phien kim loai, phAn trung cang nhieu thi gia tri tu cang tang.

- Ki hieu:

c) IC 6n ap 7805: la loai IC dung d~

6n dinh dien ap +5V dAu ra.

- Output (3): Chan dien ap ra 5V.

- Command (2): Chan n6i mass.

- Input (1) : Chan dien ap vao.

- Dien ap ngo VaG Vin>=5V (Ion han

tir 3V hay 4V), dien ap ngo ra Vout =5V.

- Chan n6i mass cling r~t quan trong, neu chan nay bi ho thi ap tai ngo ra se co th~ bang voi dien ap ngo vao. f)i~u nay se rat nguy hiem neu vi xu ly nhan duoc rmrc dien ap nay.

TO-220 GND

t.Jnput 2.GND 3. Output

5

B. Mach d6ng b6:

1) Clnrc nang: dien ap 9VAC sau khi qua cAu chinh hru se cho ra dien ap 9VDC co dang song nlnr hinh duoi, m6i khi chan V BE ~ o. 7V thi chan ZERO se co m9t xung canh len. Xung nay duoc dua VaG vi xu li d~ tinh toan goc kich cho SCR.

2) Sa d6 nguyen li: - khi VBE ~ O.7V, VZERO = 5V. - khi VBE ~ O.7V, VZERO = OV.

u

6

c. Kh6i hi~n thi LED 7 doan:

1) Clnrc nang: hien thi gia tri d~t va gia tri dien ap sau khi chinh hru (trong tai lieu nay gia tri sau khi chinh hru duoc goi la VDC).

2) Thanh phAn cua khoi hien thi:

a) LED 7 doan:

- LED 7 doan co cau tao bao g6m 7 LED don co dang thanh xep thea hinh ben diroi va co them m9t LED don hinh trim nho th~ hien d~u cham trim a goc duoi, ben phai cua LED 7 dean. 8 LED don tren LED 7 dean co Anode hoac Cathode duoc n6i chung voi nhau (COM). 8 cue con lai tren m6i LED dan duoc dua thanh 8 chan rieng, cling duoc dua ra ngoai d~ ket n6i voi mach dien. N ~u LED 7 doan co Anode chung, COM duoc n6i voi +Vcc, cac chan en lai dung d~ di~u khien trang thai sang t~t cua cac LED dan, LED chi sang khi tin hieu d~t VaG cac chan nay a rmrc o. N~u LED 7 doan co Cathode chung, COM duoc n6i xuong Ground (hay Mass), cac chan con lai dung d~ di~u khien trang thai sang t~t cua cac LED don, LED chi sang khi tin hieu d~t VaG cac chan nay a rmrc 1.

Anode chung:

Cathode chung:

3) Sa d6 nguyen ly khoi hien thi LED 7 doan:

7

LED 7 doan

......

a ;;

..--

«

n:: o

~ L.JI..,JL,JL.JI..,JIL.JI..,J

...... ~~~-L-L~~~ Z

n:: L...- __ ................ __ ...J

O..--C\lC")vLOCOI'-

........

00000000 a.. a.. a.. a.. a.. a.. a.. a..

8

- Tren sa d6 nguyen ly, LED 7 dean la loai Anode ehung, cac chan Anode ehung IAn hrot n6i voi eve C cua 3 Transistor PNP (Q1,Q2,Q3), eve E cua Transistor n6i ngucn 5V, cac eve B IAn hrot n6i chan P2.0, P2.1, P2.2 cua Vi xu li. Cac chan eon lai cua LED 7 doan duoc n6i voi Port 0 (data led).

- Phuong phap quet LED: Khi k~t n6i ehung data LED cua LED 7 dean nlnr tren, ta khong th~ eho cac LED nay sang d6ng thai (do anh huang l~n nhau giira cac LED) rna phai thuc hien plurong phap quet, nghia la tai rn6i thai diem ehi sang rn9t LED va t~t cac LED eon lai, Do hien tuong hru anh cua mat, ta se th~y cac LED sang d6ng thai. Luc nay, cac Transistor heat d9ng gi6ng nhir "cong tac''. Mu6n LED nao sang thi Transistor tuong irng voi LED do phai d~n.

- Bang rna LED:

S6 MaLED(Hex)
0 11
1 D7
2 32
3 92
4 D4
5 98
6 18
7 D3
8 10
9 90 4) Tinh toan linh kien:

- Chon dong qua LED la 15rnA.

Ta eo, RLED= Vee / 15rnA= 5/15rnA= 0.333Kn. Chon RLED= 330n - Chon dong qua eve B cua A1013 la 0.5rnA.

Ta eo, RB= Vee / 0.5rnA= 5/0.5rnA= 10Kn. Chon RB= 10Kn

D. Nutnh~n:

1) Clnrc nang: dung d~ nhap gia tri dien ap eAn ehinh hru.

2) Sa d6 nguyen ly mach nut nhan:

9

II
0::::
w en
I- en C)
en -
z - C) C)
• w ..- ..- ..-
~o ~o • • •
~o ~o ~o
() () () () 0
0 ~ N (V') .....:;t-
"""" S S S S S
· en en en en en
N
n_
-
LL
.....:;t- o...
L(') 0 C")
· C)
N ..-
n_
-
LL
LO 0...
(0 0 C")
· C)
N ..-
Q __
-
LL
co 0...
t- o C")
· C)
N ..-
Q __
-
LL
t- o...
0 C")
(V') C)
· ..-
N
Q __
-
~ 0...
~ C")
0 C)
..- 10

E. Vi xu Ii - AT89C51:

1) Clnrc nang: nhan tin hieu tir b9 chuyen d6i ADC0804 va nut nhan. Sau do tinh toan va xuat tin hieu di~u khien cho khdi cong suat. D6ng thai xu li tin hieu d~ hien thi len LED 7 dean.

2) Cac thanh phAn trong khoi:

Thanh phan chinh cua khoi Ia MCU AT89C51

a) T6ng quat v~ AT89C51:

8951 la IC vi di~u khien (Micro controller) do hang Intel san xuat, IC

nay co d~c di~rn nlnr sau:

- 4k byte ROM,128 byte RAM

- 4 Port I/O 8 bit.

- 2 b9 d~rn/ dinh thai 16 bit.

- Giao ti~p n6i ti~p.

- 64k byte khong gian b9 nho chuang trinh rna rong,

- 64k byte khong gian b9 nho dfr lieu rna rong,

- M9t b9 xu ly luan ly (thao tac tren cac bit dan).

- 210 bit duoc dia chi hoa.

- B9 nhan / chia trong 4 us.

b) Chirc nang cac chan:

Port 0: tir chan 32 d~n chan 39 (PO.O _PO.7). Port 0 co 2 clnrc nang: trong cac thiet k~ co nho khong dung b9 nho rna rong no co clnrc nang nhir cac duong 10, d6i voi thiet k~ Ian co b9 nho rna rong no duoc k~t hop giira bus dia chi va bus dfr lieu,

Port 1: tir chan 1 d~n chan 8 (PLO _ Pl.7). Port 1 la port 10 dung cho giao ti~p voi thiet bi ngoai neu cAn.

Port 2: tir chan 21 d~n chan 28 (P2.0 _ P2.7). Port 2 la rn9t port co tac dung kep dung nlnr cac duong xuat nhap hoac la byte cao cua bus dia chi d6i voi cac thiet bi dung b9 nho rna rong.

Port 3: tir chan 10 d~n chan 17 (P3.0 _ P3.7). Port 3 la port co tac dung kep, Cac chan cua port nay co nhieu clnrc nang, co cong dung chuyen d6i co lien h~ d~n cac d~c tinh d~c biet cua 8051 nhir a bang sau:

Bit Ten Clnrc nang chuyen d6i
P3.0 RXD N go VaG dtr lieu n6i tiep
P3.1 TXD N go xuat dfr lieu n6i ti~p
P3.2 INTO N go VaG ng~t cirng thir 0
P3.3 INTI N go VaG ng~t cirng thir 1
P3.4 TO N go VaG TIMER! COUNTER thir 0
P3.5 Tl N go VaG cua TIMER! COUNTER thtr 1
P3.6 WR Tin hieu ghi dfr lieu len b9 nho ngoai
P3.7 RD Tin hieu doc b9 nho dfr lieu ngoai 11

PSEN (Program store enable):

PSEN la tin hieu ngo ra co UtC dung cho phep doc b9 nho chuang trinh rna rong va thuong duoc n6i d~n chan OE\ cua Eprom cho phep doc cac byte rna lenh.

PSEN a rmrc th~p trong thai gian 8051 l~y lenh. Cac rna lenh cua chuang trinh duoc doc tir Eprom qua bus dtr lieu, duoc ch6t VaG thanh ghi lenh ben trong 8051 d~ giai rna lenh. Khi 8051 thi hanh chuang trinh trong ROM n9i PSEN a mire cao.

ALE (Address Latch Enable):

Khi 8051 truy xuat b9 nho ben ngoai, Port 0 co clnrc nang la bus dia chi va dfr lieu do do phai tach cac duong dtr lieu va dia chi. Tin hieu ra ALE a chan thir 30 dung lam tin hieu di~u khien d~ giai da hop cac duong dia chi va dfr lieu khi k~t n6i chung voi IC chot.

Tin hieu a chan ALE la m9t xung trong khoang thai gian port 0 dong vai tro la dia chi th~p nen ch6t dia chi hoan toan tv dong.

EA \ (External Access): tin hieu VaG EA \ a chan 31 thuong duoc mac len rmrc 1 hoac rmrc O. N~u a mire 1, 8051 thi hanh chuang trinh tir ROM noi. N~u a mire 0, 8051 thi hanh chuang trinh tir b9 nho rna rong, Chan EA\ duoc l~y lam chan c~p nguon 21 V khi l~p trinh cho Eprom trong 8051.

RST (RESET): Khi ngo VaG tin hieu nay dua len mire cao it nhat 2 chu ky may, cac thanh ghi ben trong duoc nap nhirng gia tri thich hop d~ khoi d9ng h~ th6ng. Khi c~p dien mach phai tv d9ng reset.

Cac ngo vao bi} dao di}ng Xl, X2: B9 tao dao d9ng duoc tich hop ben trong 8051. Khi sir dung 8051, nguoi ta chi cAn n6i them tu thach anh va cac tu. TAn s6 cua thach anh thuong la 12 Mhz con tu thuong la 33 pF.

c) T6 clnrc b9 nho RAM: Ram ben trong 8051 duoc phan chia nlnr sau: - Cac bank thanh ghi co dia chi tir OOH d~n 1 Fh.

- Ram dia chi hoa tung bit co dia chi tir 20H d~n 2FH.

- Ram da dung ill 30H d~n 7FH.

- Cac thanh ghi chirc nang d~c biet tir 80H d~n FFH.

d) Trang thai cac thanh ghi sau khi reset:

Thanh ghi N9i dung
f)~m chuang trinh PC OOOOH
Thanh ghi tich liiy A OOH
Thanh ghi B OOH
Thanh ghi trang thai PSW OOH
SP 07H
DPTR OOOOH
Port 0 d~n Port 3 FFH
IP XXXO OOOOB 12

IE

Cac thanh ghi dinh thai SCON

SBUF

OXOX OOOOB OOH

OOH

OOH

Thanh ghi quan trong nh~t la thanh ghi b9 d~m chuang trinh PC duoc Reset tai dia chi OOOOH. Khi ngo VaG RST xuong rmrc thap, chuang trinh luon b~t dAu tai dia chi OOOOH cua b9 nho chuang trinh. N9i dung cua Ram trong chip khong bi hay d6i boi tac d9ng cua ngo VaG Reset.

e) Hoat d9ng dinh thai: 8951 co hai timer 16 bit, m6i timer co b6n each

lam viec. Nguoi ta sir dung cac timer d~: - Dinh khoang thai gian.

- B~m SlJ kien.

- Tao t6c d9 baud cho port n6i ti~p trong 8951.

Truy xuat cac timer cua 8951 dung sau thanh ghi chirc nang d~c biet cho trong bang sau:

SFR M\lc Bich Bia chi Dia chi hoa tung bit
TCON Bi~u khien Timer 88H Co
TMOD Ch~ d9 Timer 89H Khong
TLO Byte th~p cua Timer 0 90H Khong
TLI Byte th~p cua Timer 1 91H Khong
THO Byte cao cua Timer 0 92H Khong
THI Byte cao cua Timer 1 93H Khong
Cac thanh ghi clnrc nang cua timer trong 8031. f) Hoat d9ng ng~t:

- M9t ng~t la SlJ xay ra m9t di~u kien, m9t SlJ kien rna no gay ra treo tam thai thai chuang trinh chinh trong khi dieu kien do duoc phuc vu boi m9t chuang trinh khac. Cac ng~t dong m9t vai tro quan trong trong thiet k~ va cai d~t cac irng dung vi di~u khien. Chung cho phep h~ thong dap irng b~t d6ng b9 voi m9t SlJ kien va giai quyet SlJ kien do trong khi m9t chuang trinh khac dang thuc thi.

- Co 5 nguon ng~t 0 8951: 2 ng~t ngoai, 2 ng~t tir timer va 1 ng~t port n6i tiep, T~t ca cac ng~t thea mac nhien d~u bi c~m sau khi reset h~ thong va duoc cho phep tung cai m9t bang phAn mem.

13

- M6i ngucn ng~t duoc cho phep hoac cam ng~t qua m9t thanh ghi clnrc nang d~t biet co dinh dia chi bit IE ( Interrupt Enable : cho phep ng~t ) a dia chi A8H.

- Cac co ng~t:

Ng~t CO- Thanh ghi SFR va vi tri bit
Ben ngoai 0 lEO TCON.I
Ben ngoai I lEI TCON.3
Timer I TFI TCON.7
Timer 0 TFO TCON.5
Port n6i ti~p TI SCON.1
Port n6i ti~p RI SCON.O
Cac loai co ng~t - Cac vecto ng~t:

Ng~t CO- Dia chi vector
Reset h~ thong RST OOOOH
Ben ngoai 0 lEO 0OO3H
Timer 0 TFO OOOBH
Ben ngoai I lEI 0013H
Timer I TFI OOIBH
Port n6i ti~p TI va RI 0023H Vector reset h~ thong (RST a dia chi OOOOH) duoc d~ trong bang nay vi thea nghia nay, no gi6ng ng~t : no ng~t chuang trinh chinh va nap cho PC gia tri moi.

14

3) Tinh toan linh kien:

- B9 phan dao d9ng cua vi xu ly duoc k~t n6i nhir hinh duoi: IC 89C51 voi tAn s6 lam viec la 12 MHz. Chan 18, 19 cua 89C51 duoc n6i voi thach anh (cling co th~ thay th~ thach anh bang tin hieu xung clock). 1 chu ky may cua 89C51 la 1 us.

C1
II XTAL1
I •
331PF
r c:::J X1
I 12MHz
C2
- II XTAL2
•
3}PF 12 6

T = = 10- s = l,us

12 X 106

- B9 phan Reset duoc ket n6i nlnr hinh duoi: khi c~p nguen, ap tren R2 (chan 9 cua 89C51) len rmrc cao 5V (= VCC ) sau do se xuong OV do tu C nap. N~u ~n nut Reset, thi ap tren R2 se tang gAn bang VCC nho cAu phan ap R1 va R2.

4) Sa d6 ket n6i voi AT89C61

VRST

Chon VRST = 4.939V, R2 = 8.2K 5x8.2-4.9x8.2

R, = 4.9

= 0.101K

Chon R, = O.lK

15

P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1A P1.5 P1.6 P1.7

PO.O/ADO PO.1/AD1 L.....::::._--;:- I PO.2/AD2 PO.3/AD3 POA/AD4 PO.5/AD5 ~:"'__----::-I PO.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7

P2.0/AB P2.1/A9 L....,;;;;;;..--;;-;.

P2.2/A10 P2.3/A11 P2A/A12 P2.5/A13 L........;...--. P2.6/A14 P2.7/A15

P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INTO P3.3/1NT1

P3AlTO P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD

RN1

ATB9C51

16

F. Kh6i cong su~t:

I) Clnrc nang: t:;10 ra dien ap VDC theo tin hieu hieu di~u khien cua 89C51.

2) Cac thanh phAn trong khoi:

a) GBJ1506:

- VRRM = 600V

-Io=15A

- VF (max) = I.05V

b) Triac BTA16-600B : - Ki hieu Triac:

GEE

- h(RMS) = 16A; h(AV) = 9.5A

- VRRM = 600V

- IGT = IO-50mA

- Hai tu CLI va CL2 mac song song R22 va R23 t:;10 thanh mach 19C.

R22 va R23 t:;10 thanh cAu phan ap cho 2 tu CL I va CL2 (V CLl = V CL2 = VDC/2). 3) Sa d6 nguyen ly khoi cong suat:

17

U5
6
560 <
U3
2 4 TRIAC

MOC3053 330
J1
1
2
CONN-H2 ADC1 R22
CL 1 510K
680UF
200V
LOAD

CL2 R23
680UF 510K
200V ADC2

18

G. Bo chuy~n d6i ADC0804:

1) Clnrc nang: chuyen d6i tin hieu Analog tir khoi cong suat thanh tin hieu Digital, dua VaG 89C51. 89C51 se so sanh gia tri nay voi gia tri d~t d~ di~u khien goc kich SCR sao cho dien ap VDC luon duoc 6n dinh.

2) Thanh phAn chinh trong khoi:

a) T6ng quan v~ ADC0804:

Chip ADC0804 la b9 chuyen d6i tuong tv s6 thuoc ho ADC800 cua hang NationalSemiconductor. Chip nay cling duoc nhieu hang khac san xuat. Chip co dien ap nuoi +5V va d9 phan giai 8 bit. N goai d9 phan giai thi thai gian chuyen d6i cling la m9t tham s6 quan trong khi danh gia b9 ADC. Thai gian chuyen d6i duoc dinh nghia la thai gian rna b9 ADC cAn d~ chuyen m9t dAu VaG tuong tv thanh m9t s6 nhi phan, f)6i voi ADC0804 thi thai gian chuyen d6i phu thuoc VaG tAn s6 d6ng h6 duoc c~p toi chan CLK R va CLK IN va khong be han 110~s. Cac chan khac cua ADC0804 co clnrc nang nhir sau:

- CS (Chip select): Chan s6 1, la chan chon Chip, dAu VaG tich cue mire th~p duoc sir dung d~ kich hoat Chip ADC0804. f)~ truy c~p ADC0804 thi chan nay phai a rmrc th~p.

- RD (Read): Chan s6 2, la m9t tin hieu vao, tich cue a rmrc th~p.

Cac b9 chuyen d6i dAu VaG tuong tv thanh s6 nhi phan va gifr no a m9t thanh ghi trong. RD duoc sir dung d~ co dfr lieu da duoc chyen d6i toi dAu ra cua ADC0804. Khi CS = 0 neu co m9t xung cao xuong th~p ap d~n chan RD thi dfr lieu ra dang s6 8 bit duoc dua toi cac chan dfr lieu (DBO - DB7).

- WR (Write): Chan s6 3, day la chan VaG tich cue mire th~p duoc dung d~ bao cho ADC biet b~t dAu qua trinh chuyen d6i. N~u CS = 0 khi WR tao ra xung cao xuong th~p thi b9 ADC0804 b~t dAu qua trinh chuyen d6i gia tri dAu VaG wang tv V in v~ s6 nhi phan 8 bit. Khi viec chuyen d6i hoan t~t thi chan INTR duoc ADC ha xuong th~p.

- CLK IN va CLK R: CLK IN (chan s6 4), la chan VaG n6i toi d6ng h6 ngoai duoc sir dung d~ tao thai gian. Tuy nhien ADC0804 cling co m9t b9 tao xung d6ng h6 rieng, f)~ dung d6ng h6 rieng thi cac chan CLK IN va CLK R (chan s6 19) duoc n6i voi m9t tu dien va m9t dien tro (nhir hinh ve). Khi ~y tAn s6 duoc xac dinh bang bieu thirc:

I

f = 1.IRe

- Ng~t INTR (Interupt): Chan s6 5, la chan ra tich cue mire th~p.

Binh thuong chan nay a trang thai cao va khi viec chuyen d6i hoan t~t thi no xuong th~p d~ bao cho CPU biet la dtr lieu chuyen d6i s~n sang d~ l~y di. Sau khi INTR xuong th~p, cAn d~t cs = 0 va gui m9t xung cao xuong th~p toi chan RD d~ dua dtr lieu ra.

- Vin(+) va Vin(-): Chan s6 6 va chan s6 7, day la 2 dAu VaG wong tv vi sai, trong do Yin = Vine +) - V inC -). Thong thuong V inC -) duoc n6i toi d~t va Vin(+) duoc dung lam dAu VaG tuong tv va se duoc chuyen d6i v~ dang s6.

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- Vee: Chan s6 20, la chan ngucn nuoi +5V. Chan nay con duoc dung lam dien ap tham chieu khi dAu VaG Vref/2 d~ ho.

- V ref/2: Chan s6 9, la chan dien ap dAu VaG duoc dung lam dien ap tham chieu. N~u chan nay ho thi dien ap dAu VaG wong tu cho ADC0804 nam trong dai 0 - +5V. Tuy nhien, co nhieu irng dung rna dAu VaG wong tv ap d~n

V in khac voi dai 0 - +5V. Chan V ref/2 duoc dung d~ thuc hien cac dien ap dAu ra khac 0 - +5V.

- Bang quan h~ dien ap Vref/2 voi Yin:

Vi'(~f/2. (V) v, (V) I Kichthuac buO'c (mV)
H6 0-5 5/256 = 19.53
2,0 0-4 4/256 ;_ 15.62
1.5 0-3 3/256 = 11.71
1.28 0-2.56 2.56/256= 10
1.0 0-2 21256 = 7.81
0.5 0- 1 [ 1/256 = 3.90 3) Tinh toan linh kien:

- Chan Vin(+) duoc n6i voi cAu phan ap tao boi R16 va R17, sao cho VDC = 0 - 250V tuong irng voi Vin(+) = 0 - 5V. Ta suy ra cong thirc:

VDC ·R17

Vine +) = R16 + R17 voi Vin(+) = 5V, VDC = 250V

Suy ra: R16 = 50R1 7. Chon R17 = 10Kn thi R16 500Kn.

Chon R16 = 510 Kn

Nhung thuc t~, cac gia tri dien tro d~u co sai s6 nen ngo VaG cua ADC0804 khong nhir tinh to an. Sai s6 tren dien tro cong voi sai s6 trong qua trinh tinh toan chon linh kien se tao ra sai s6 khong nho d6i voi ADC0804. f)i~u nay se tao ra sai l~ch gitra gia tri hien thi tren Led 7 doan va gia tri thuc t~ (0 day la gia tri VDC thuc t~).

f)~ giam sai s6 0 ngo VaG cua ADC0804, ta cAn mac them bien tro RV2 nhir so d6 nguyen lY. Theo tinh toan thi R17 = 10 Kn, ta chon R17 = 4.7 Kn nen chon RV2 = 10 Kn.

- Chan Vref/2 duoc n6i voi bien tro RV1 d~ co th~ di~u chinh dien ap tir 1.6V d~n 3.75V. Theo tinh toan thi chan Vref/2 = 2.5V nlnrng do chan Vin(+) thuc t~ co sai s6 (sai s6 chu y~u tren cAu phan ap R16 va R17) nen chan Vref/2 thuc t~ se khong bang 2.5V. Do do bien tro RV1 duoc sir dung d~ giam sai s6 nay. Thay d6i Vref/2 d6ng nghia voi viec thay d6i day dien ap ngo vao.

- T6c d9 chuyen d6i ADC0804 (T c): 1

Tc = 66-1 Chon Tc = lOOflS = O.lms. Suy ra fCLK = 660KHz

CLK

I

Ta lai co: f eLK = I. IRe voi fCLK = 660KHz = 660000Hz

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Suy ra, RC;::::: 1.4x10-6• Chon R = 10Kn suy ra C = 1.4x10-1o F. Chon C = 150pF

- Diode D4

- Bang ti 1~ giira VDC, Vin(+) va ngo ra DB:

VDC (V) Vin(+) (V) DB(Hex)
0 0 0
1 5x(1/250) = 0.02 1
2 5x(2/250) = 0.04 2
3 5x(3/250) = 0.06 3
4 5x(4/250) = 0.08 4
5 5x(5/250) = 0.1 5
10 5x(10/250) = 0.2 A (10D)
50 5x(50/250) = 1 32(50D)
100 5x(100/250) = 2 64(100D)
200 5x(200/250) = 4 C8(200D) Ta co ADC0804 co d9 phan giai la 28 = 256 (0 - 255) tuong irng (0 - 5V). GQi n Ia kich thuoc bmrc 1 buoc (V). Ta co:

5

n = 255 ~ 0.0196V (chia 255 vi tir 0 - 255 co 255 buoc)

Ta chon lai n = 0.02V d~ tim ra s6 buoc moi tuong irng (0 - 5V).

Voi n = 0.02V thi s6 buoc = 5/0.02 = 250 (nghia la (0 - 5V) tuong irng (0 - 250) voi n = 0.02V).

Luc nay, Vin(+) = 0 - 5V duoc bieu dien b~ng ngo ra DB = 0 - 250 4) Sa d6 nguyen ly:

21

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22

CHUaNG III: LUU DO THU~T GIAI vA CHUaNG TRINH

Trong chuang trinh sir dung bon heat d9ng ng~t: ng~t timer 0, ng~t timer 1,

ng~t ngoai 0 va ng~t ngoai 1. Chirc nang cua cac ng~t nlnr sau: - N g~t timer 0: dimg2 d~ tao g6c kich.

- N g~t timer 1: dung d~ hien thi.

- N g~t ngoai 0: so sanh gia tri d~t va gia tri h6i ti~p v~ d~ dieu chinh g6c

kich.

- N g~t ngoai 1: doc ADC

I) LU1I dB thuat giii: 1) Ng~t ngoai 0:

s

s

TAM--

s

s

TAM++

f)

END

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2) N g~t ngoai 1:

[ BEGIN 1

1

RD=O SOTHUC=DULIEU

TONG=TONG+DULIEU I-----~ STBINH++

SOTHUC=TONG/STBINH

RD=l WR=O WR=l

END

3) Ng~t timer 0:

THO=-20»8 TLO=-20

KICH=l DEM=TAM TRO=O KICH=O

END

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DEM--

4) Ng~t timer 1:

THI = -400»8; TLl= -400; chontang++;

s

chgiam++;

chgiam=O; tam--;

25

s

s

s

s

Chtang=O; Tam++

s

s

HIENTHI=SOTHUC

TRAM = HIENTHIIl 00 DU=HIENTHI%lOO CHUC=DU/lO DONVI=DU%lO

s

LEDl=l RALED=MALED[CHUC] LED2=0 CQUET=3

LED3=1 RALED=MALED[TRAM] LEDl=O CQUET=2

26

s

s

LED2=1 RALED=MALED[DONVI] LED3=O CQUET=l

1

[ END

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5) Chuang trinh chinh:

Nhap dAy du thong tin (timerO,l; che d9 2; ITO=l; ITI =0; kich=l; tam=490; dem=tam; sothuc=O; soao=O; cquet=l; chthi=l; sktra=O; tong=O;stbinh=O; P2=Offh; cho cac ng~t heat d9ng; b~t dAu cho ADC dich; timer chay

CHTHI=2 LAYAO=l SKTRA=O

SKTRA=TRAM* 1 OO+CHUC* 10+DONVI

TRAM=O

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soao=donvi+chuc* 1 G+tram * 1 00 chthi=l layao=O

f)

II) Code chuang trinh: #include <895I.H>

#define led 1 P2 0

#define led2 P2 1

#define led3 P2 2

#define ntram P2 6
#define nchuc P2 5
#define ndonviP24
#define nnhap P2 3
#define nchay P2 7
#define raled PO Ilport data led
#define dulieu PI Ilport de lay so volt
#define kich P3 0 Ilchan kich cho SCR
#define dich P3 6 Ilchan cho ADC bat dau dich #define doc P3 _7 Ilchan lay du lieu ra cua ADC

unsigned char layao,sktra,stbinh,chontang,chtang,chgiam;/ I chon so sanh, lay ao unsigned int dem,tam;/I timerO goc kich

unsigned inttong;/ Ingatl ADC

unsigned char hienthi,sothuc,soao; II ngatO ZERO

unsigned char chthi,cquet,tram,chuc,donvi,du; Iitimerl hien thi unsigned char

maled[IO]={OxII ,Oxd7 ,Ox32,Ox92,Oxd4,Ox98,OxI8,Oxd3,OxIO,Ox90};

1* tam la de tao goc kich, sothuc la so volt thuc te, soao la so volt minh chon hay nhap vao

chthi la chon hien thi, cquet dung de quet led, sktra dung de kiem tra k cho so nhap qua 200

stbinh la so de chia lay' trinh binh cho tat ca cac Ian dich *1

void ngatO(void) interrupt 0 ling at zero

{

THO=-25»8; TLO=-25;

dem=tam;//nap gia tri goc kich moi kich= 1;/ Ichan kich triac

TRO= 1; Ilcho timer chay

}

void timerO(void)interrupt 1 Iitimer dung de tao ra goc kich

{

THO=-25»8; TLO=-25;

if (dem==O)//kiem tra neu du thi kich {

kich=O;//chan kich triac TRO=O;/ I k cho timer chay nua

}

elsellneu k thi giam dem'

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{ }

dem--;

}

void ngat1(void) interrupt 2

{

doc=O;l/dua data ADC ra cac chan ADC if(stbinh==255)//xem du 10lan lay' volt vao chua

{

sothuc=tong/stbinh;l /neu du 10lan thi chi a trung binh ra so thuc tong=O;l/cho tong=O va bat dau cong lai tu dau

stbinh=O;l/cho so trung binh=O de bat dau lai

}

else

{

tong=tong+dulieu;l /neu chua thi cong don vao tong stbinh++;1/tang so de chua lay tong len 1 Ian

}

doc=l;

dich=O;l/tiep tuc cho adc bat dau chuyen doi tiep thea dich=l;

}

void timerl (void)interrupt 3

{

THI =-400»8; TLl=-400; chontang++;

if( chontang>=250) {

chontang=O;

if(sothuc<soao)//volt thuc tu Ion hon volt nhap thi tang goc kich

{

chgiam++;

if( chgiam>=20) {

chgiam=O; tam--; if(tam<=2) {

tam=2;

}

}

}

if(sothuc==soao)//volt thuc tu bang volt nhap thi tang goc kich

{

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}

if(sothuc>soao)//volt thuc tu nho hon volt nhap thi giam goc kich

{

chtang++;

if( chtang>=20) {

chtang=O; tam++; if(tam>=390) {

tam=390;

}

}

}

}

switch (chthi) {

case 1: hienthi=sothuc;//nhap nut' chay thi lay volt thuc dua vao so' hien thi break;

case 2: hienthi=sktra;//nhap nut' nhap thi lay volt can nhap dua vao so' hi en

thi

break; default: break;

}

tram=hienthiIlOO;//tach so hi en thi thui du=hienthi% 100;

chuc=dull 0;

donvi=du%10;

switch (cquet)// dung de quet led thea thu tu thui ah,hjhj {

case 1: led3=1 ;//lan dau vao quet led1 rui cho cquet=2 de Ian sau vao quet led2

raled=maled[ donvi]; led1 =0;

cquet=2;

break;

case 2: led1 =1 ;//lan2 vao quet led2 rui cho cquet=3 de Ian sau vao quet led3

raled=maled[ chuc]; led2=0;

cquet=3;

break;

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default: led2= 1 ;I flan3 vao quet led3 rui eho equet= 1 de Ian sau vao quet ledl

raled=maled[tram ]; led3=0;

equet=l;

break;

}

}

void main(void) {

kieh=l;

tam=5; dem=tam; sothue=O; soao=200; equet=l; ehthi=l; sktra=O; tong=O; stbinh=O; ehontang=O; ehgiam=O; ehtang=O;

TMOD=Oxll; THO=-25»8; TLO=-25;

THl =-400»8; TLl=-400;

ITO= 1 ;I /ngat ZERO tat dong bang eanh xuong

ITl =O;/fngat ADC tat dong mue 0 eho an toan, hjhjhj ETO=l;

ETl=l;

EXO=l;

EXl=l;

EA=l;

P2=Oxff; doe=l; dieh=l; dieh=O; dieh=l; TRO=O; TRl=l; while(l)

32

{

if(ntram==O)//kiem tra nut tram co duoc nhan' hay khong

{

if(layao== 1 )/ /nut nhap chua nhan' thi k lam tiep

{

tram++;

if( tram == 3) {

tram=O;

} while(ntram==O) {

sktra=tram*100+chuc*10+donvi;//so' de kiem tra so ao if(sktra>200)//neu nhap qua 200 thi tram = 0

{

tram=O;

}

}

}

}

if(nchuc==O)//kiem tra nut chuc co duoc nhan' hay khong

{

if(layao== 1 )/ /nut nhap chua nhan' thi k lam tiep

{

chuc++;

if( chuc== 1 0) {

chuc=O;

} while(nchuc==O) {

sktra=donvi+chuc*10+tram*100;//so' de kiem tra so ao if(sktra>200)//neu nhap qua 200 thi chuc = 0

{

chuc=O;

}

}

}

}

if(ndonvi==O)//kiem tra nut donvi co duoc nhan' hay khong

{

if(layao== 1 )/ /nut nhap chua nhan' thi k lam tiep

{

donvi++;

if( donvi== 1 0)

33

{

donvi=O;

} while(ndonvi==O) {

sktra=donvi+chuc*10+tram*100;//so' de kiem tra so ao if(sktra>200)llneu nhap qua 200 thi donvi = 0

{

donvi=O;

}

}

}

} if(nnhap==O) {

chthi=2;//lay' so ao ra hien thi tat' hien thi so thuc

layao=l ;//cho phep' cac nut tram, chuc, donvi duoc lam viec sktra=O;

while(nnhap==O)

{

}

} if(nchay==O) {

if(layao== 1 )llnut nhap truoc thi nut chay moil co tac dung

{

soao=donvi+chuc* 1 o +tram * 100;//so ao cuoi' cung dung de so sanh de tang giam goc kich

layao=O;/1 lam mat tac' dung cac' nut tram,chuc,donvi,chay chthi= 1;/ Ilay so volt thuc ra hien thi tat' hien thi so' ao

} while(nchay==O) {

}

}

}

}

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