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t Cpo L. 1, 2, § D. De justitia et jure (Ulpianus). Publicum jus est quod ad statum rei Hornanae spectat, privatum quod ad singulorum utilitatem Sunt enim quaedam publice utilia, quaedam privatim»,

-4'IHTe.llbHO eMY nPHHaMelKarn;HM'h MMyrn;ecTBOlll'h, yno.llO(').111eTClI qaCTHOMY .~M14Y,lI, no)l,'h BMil.OllI'h KaaHbI, caxo CTaHOBHTCH '1aCTHbIIII'h .110QOM'h. Tax's, )l,aJI1le, nO.llHTH'IeCKiH npa:a.c OT.llt.lIbHbIX'h .IIMQ'h, (narrp, npaBO nporneaia, CBOOOJla nesarn.) HaXO)l,H1''h cens MtCTO He B'h -racrnows, a B'h rOCY.llapC1'BeHHOM~ npaBt, nOTOMY 'ITO OHH OCHOBhlBaIDTCIi aa oruourenia IfH.llHBH.llYYMOB'h K'h rOCY.llapC1'BY, M C.IIt.llOaareasno B'h HHX'h npeonraaaer-s nYO.llM'IHbIii, no.mrnaecRiii xapaarep s. OTCID.lla BbIXO.llMT'h, '1'(0 rocynapernennoe npaBo, no cBoeMY coaepa.auho, onpejrsaaercs roc y.a,a P c T B 0 M'h H HeaaBlICMT'h OT'h np01l3BO.lla qaCTHbIX'h .IIHQ'h. Hanporua's, qaCTHOe npaBo B'h 60.llbmeti '1aCTM C.IIY'IaeB'h 3aMMcTByeT'h csoe conepxaaie aoorime H3'h n p H pO;J, bI H CO C T 0 H H i ii 'I a CTHbIX'h .IIHQ'h, H B'h '1aCTHOCTH H3'h M X'h B 0.11M. B'h rOCY.llapCTBeHHOM'h npan's rocnoncrnyer-s iJ:YXl> 1\t.ll aro, B'h 'IaCTHOM'h .a,YX'h 0 T.a,tJI bHbI X'h 'I aCT e ii. IIo3TOMY MH.llHBlI.llYYMaM'h He .ll03BOJIJIeTCJI H3MtHJITb HJIH yHH'ITOmaTh ny6.11H'IHO~ npaao nocpe.a,CTBOM'h ).I,OrOBOpOB'h, MelK.a,y TtM'h 1\31\'h npaBO '1aCTHOe OHH MoryT'h nocpeacrnows norOBOpOB'h BH).I,OH3MtHJITb no COOC'fBeHHOii BOJIt. Ho qtM'h 60JIte nozoarenia -racraaro npaBa conpaaacarorca C'h ny6JIH'IHbIMH rocyzapcmeaasraa YIHTepeCaMH, TtM'h MeH1le npOH3BO.llbHO MoryT'h orcrynars O1''h HHX'h '1aCTHbIe ).1,0-

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1.

AaJIte, K'h rOCY).I,apCTBeHHOMY npany npHMtHJIeTCJI CJIt.llyIDrn;ee npaBHJIO: n y o r a-r a o e npaBO e e r s BMtCT1> H ny6.11H'IHali OOJI3aHHOCTb IIl\1'laOrn;iii npaBo 06113aH'h npaaarars ero K'h .lltJIy. Ilpanareas He TOJIbKO HM'BeT'h npaso, H 0 II 06113aH'h ynpaBJIJITb, CYiJ:bJI-CY).l,HTb H npo'l. Ih qaCTHOMY npaBY, HanpOTHB'h, np"M'BHJIeTCJI nporaaonoJIOiKHOe npaBHJIO. IIpMJIoiKeHie H.lIH aenpaaoaceuie lIpaBa 3aBMCHT'h 3J1.1lCb OT'h "POM3BOJIa IIM1mrn;aro npano 2.
t Cp, 1. 38. D. de pactis (Papinianus): «Jus publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest». Code Civ. 6., "On ne peut deroger par des conventions particulieres, aux lois, qui interessent I' ordre public et les bonnes moeurs», • c. un. C. ut. nemo invitus (Imp. Diocletianus): «Invitus agere vel accusare nemo cogitur». A'I>OPlf3M'J. uac'rnaro npaaa. Jure suo uti nemo cogitur.

-5OCHOBaHie i1JIJI rasoro paaamia MOiKHO HaHTl! B,]) TOM']), qTO qaCTHOe npano opMHa,Ll,.IIeiKl1T,]) OT,LI,'t.!IbHOMY JIMQY, H 60.lIblllelD sacriio cymecrsyer-s TOJlbJW ,LI,.IIJI nero; ny6.11MqHoe JlW opaBO npMHa,Ll,JleiKllT']) lI't.llOMY M cymecrnyer-s B,]) aurepecs QtJIaro. IIOaTOMY OTKa3aTbClI OT,]) csoero npaua llJIH OT,]) npuroarenia ero MOilWT']) 1'O.llbKO caxo rocyaapCTBOj OT,LI,t.llbHbIe iKe opraasr M 'I.lleHbI rocyaapcrna CAtJlaTb aToro He B,]) npaBt. BOpOqeM,]) 06a npaaara HMtlDT,]) xaoro MCKJllDqeHiii, KOTOPbIlI caaa C060lD BbITeKalDT,]) U3,]) MX']) npMHQflOOB,]). 9TO MOiKHO OOJICHflTb HtCKOJlbKHMM rrpmrspaua: 1. OT,LI,tJIbHbIM rpaiK,LI,aHHH']) MOiKe1',]) no npOU3BO.llY upnaarars II He npIIJIaraTb npaBO rrpoureaia, IIJIII npaBO yqa cria B'b rrO.aHTHqeCKIIX'b coopaaiax-s. 1160 npana ;)TH, XOTfI II ny6JIIIQHbIlI. HO npHHal.reiKaT']) K'b 'IucJlY TaKUX'b, IWTOpbllI cooomaiorca OTJl.tJIbHO)IY JlulIY 60Jlte B'b narepecs ero IIH,J,IIBfl)l,yaJIbHOii CB060,Ll,bJ, HeiKeJlH B'b mrrepecs rocyaapC1'BeHHaro 6.rara. 2. Ho npasoareaie npana BbI60pa YiKe He BOOJIHt II He 6e3'b orpaaaseaia 3aBHCIIT']) OT'b npOU3BOJIa OT,LI,tJlbHbIX'b H36HpaTeJleii. Kor,Ll,a II36upaTeJlbHOe npaao pacupocrpaHJIe1'ClI aa 3Ha'IIITeJlbHbIJI MaCCbI .llIIQ'b, II.IIII, BCJlt,Ll,CTBie ocooeuaaro aaaseaia ero, oopamaerca raaaaoe BHIIlIlaHie aa npaaoaosia aaoupareaea, rOCY,Ll,apcTBeHHbIlI iKe nOTpe6HOCTII OTcTynalDT'b na 3a,Ll,Hiii naam., rorna no.rs30BaHie aTHM'b npaBOM'b 3aBIICHT'b, KOHeqHO, OT'b BO.llH 01' AtJlhHarO H36HpaTeJlJIj B'b npOTHBHOM,]) c.IIY'Iat, II 3AtCb QaCTO ousaer-s HyiKHO II cnpanearaao nplIHYiKJl.eHie. 3. AaiKe B'b qaCTHOM'b npasf nparoareaie npam, OllCK II COCTaBJIn:eT'b 06J13allHOCTb .IIHlIa, HMtlDu,aro HX'b, nOTOM y qTO OHII cylllecTBylDT'b He TO.1bKO B'b no.rsay oneayaa, H0 H B,]) aarepecf COCTOJl~arO no,Ll,'b oneuoti. Ha COe,Ll,HHeHie npaBa II 06J13aHHOCTII B'b O,Ll,HOM'b II TOM'b iKe JlHlIt HyiKHO CMOTptTb He KaJ{'b na He,Ll,OCTaTOK'b, a aanpo raa's KaK'b ua npeaayruecrao ny6!IHQHare npasa. EJiarOp01Hhlii HpaBCTBeHHhlii xapaKTep'b ny6J1HQHarO npaBa CTaHOBHTCJI 3,L1,tCb B'b JIBHylD nporuaono.roaraocrs C']) aroHCTII4eCKOlD TeH,LI,CHlIielD npaBa HMy~ecTBeHHaro. qt~rb ssnne npaaa npaaare.rscma, 'ftM,]) aepaapsmtrse CBJl3aHa C'b HII~IH 061I3aHHOCTb II1HI.IIardTb HX'b. Ilp a s a KOPOHbi

-6He npI'lH3AJieji\aT'h rOCYAaplO C3l\'10MY no ee6t; 0 H H eyn BMtCTt C'b 'ftM'h Ii 06 Jl3 a H HOC Tn 06a33HHOCTl1 O'fHOCIl'reJIbHO rOCYAapCTBa (uapo.ia) pOTI'lBOnOJIOiKHOCTb ny6JII1'1HarO n 'IaCTHaro IIpaBa (jus publicum et privatum) ncsepnuaaer-s nee coneparauie II pana. IIpaBAa, ecrs nepexomsre I1HCTI1TYTbI, Be,LI.YIll,ie 113'h o,LI.Hoii 06JIaCTl1 B'h ApyrylO,' Hanp. 06Ill,I1HbI n nsrcuria ¢Op~lbl TOBapIIIll,eCTB'h II xopnoj.auifi, lIO 1I1E'iKAY IIl1l1lIl H'tT'h erne rpersea caMOCTOJITeJIbHoji 06JIaCTI1. To, 'ITO Ha3blBaeTCH oomecrac aasurs npanou:s, ecrt, IfJIll 'IaCTHOe, , I HJIH ny6.IIH'IHoe npaBO, I1JII1 ji\e cMtweHle 06011X'h

l'.JlABA TPETbH.
,ZJ;aJI:bHililmee onpe,n;tJIeHie 06JIaCTH rocynapCTBeHHarO rrpanu.
1. Meji'i1.YHapOAHoe n p a n o UpOCTMpaeTCH sa npet\tJIbl OT,LI.t.lhHaro rOCYAapCTBa, YCTaHOBJIHH 06Ill,iii nopaI\OK'b MejJ\i1.Y pa3JIII'IHhlllnI OAHO 1l0,UJI'E APyraro CYIl\eCTBylOIl\I'lMI1 rOCYAapCTBaMH. OHO He ecri, pacumpeaie qaCTHaro IJ paBa, up [uomeHie no CJIt,UHJlrO In IIIHOrI1M'h rOCYACl]1CTBeHHhIIIl'h l1HAI1BI1AYYMaM'h; ero yqpea'AeHiH 11 1OIHJ,LI.uqeCliiH HOpMhl MMtIOT'h npnpOAY lIy6JIWlHarO npaBel B'h npeIIl\IYIll,eCTBeHHOM'h CMhlCJI'E, n60 !,aCaIOTCH Cal\IOH 06IlII1pFlOi1 ¢OpMhl 06Ill,eilHlTiJl. Meil\Aynap0,UHoe rrpano OCHOBblBaeTCJJ na ep,VlHCTB'E 'IeJIOB'E'IeCI,aro pona. Ecan 6hl 'IeAOB'E'IeCTBO, ,J.MI BhHIOJIHeHiH 06Ill,HX'h BcelllY eMY !rt.n, opr-aaaaoaaaoei, B'b 6JIarOYCTpoeHHoe l\'EJIoe C'b c06CTBeHHhIIII'h 3a1WHOilaTe.IIbCTBOl\l'h, CY,UOM'h I1 pacnpaaoio, TO lIIeil\AYHap0,UHoe npaso JlBHJIOCh 6hl B'b nsrcuien ¢OPM'E a c e n i p n o= r-o c yaa p c r s euu or o n p a n a. Orcyrcrnie nOAo6HoH opr aaaaa• OT.IHIIHoe OT1, aaurero Mutllill IJpeACTaIlJU'h Rob. v. Mold, (Geschichte und Literatur der Staats wissenschait Rd. 1). Cp. R I u n t s chi i iiber die neuen Bcgriindnngsn ocr Gesellschaft
und des Gesellschilftsrechts in der kritische n Ueberschau dcr deutschen Gesetzgebung lind Bechtswissenschaft, Bd III. II T rei t s C h k e. Die Gesellschnftswisssenschaft, KplITll'leCKin OllbI11 Leipzig 1~J9.
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--- 7 -uia COCTaBJIJ1eT'b npH'lIlH"y roro , 'ITO MellitJ,YHapOAHoe npaBO J1BJIJ1eTCJ1 B'b HilCTOJ11l\ee BpeMJ1 euie B'b HeCOBepweHHO~I'b BlI)l,'t. Bo BCJl!,OM'b CJIY'Iat, Tt HeCOBepWeHHbIJ1 HOPMbI, KOTOPbIJ1 !\IbI naasrnaem, MeinIWHap0tJ,HbIM'b npason-s , 0'1'JIIl'IHbl OT'L rOCYJI,apCTBeHHbIX'b HOPM'b. II09TOMY HaYKa roc)' Aa pCTBeHHaro npana paacxarpuaaer-s rOCY,lJ,apCTBO, Ran'b ny6.H1'IHOe JIIll\O, CY1l\eCTBYI01l\ee caao no ce6t, II npeaocranJlJ1eT'b II3JIOineHie B3aUlI1HbIX'b OTHOII1eHiii rOCY,J,apCTB'b OCO60ii HaYKt Meil,tJ,YHapoAHaro npana. 2. Bo BTOPbIX'b, rocyaapcraeuace npano HYil\HO OTJI,t.I11Tb OT'b II e P K 0 B H a ron P a B a. IIpOTIIBOnOJIOil\HOCTb rocyaapcrna II nepxnn, XOTJ1 YiKe ll'b .lI.peBHOCTIf HaXO,LfllJ1aCh B'b saponsnnt, II 6bIJIa 3aMtTHa, HO erne He paanaracs Jo otleBIl,lJ,HarO 11 nOJIHarO paarpauu'IeHiJ1. PUMJlJIHe erne C'II1Ta.an jus sacrum COCTaBHOIO'JaCTbIO jus publicum. TOJlbKO C'L noaareniews xpncriaacraa, II e p K OBb, I{aK'b pe.mrioaaoe oomeuie J1IOtJ,eii, nOJlY'II1JIa caMOCTOJITeJIbHOe MtCTO PJl,lJ,OM'b C'b rocy i-\apCTBOM'b, Ka1\'b no JIII T U'I eCIt HM'b 061l\eCTB01\1'b. Tam, KaIt'b l\epIWBh InI'EeT'b c06CTBeHHYIO M,lJ,eIO Ii opraaaaauiro, 3apO.J.I1BII1yIOCJI He na rOCY,lI,apCTBeHHoii nO'IBt II B03POClI1PO He B'b rocyaapCTBeHHoii 06JIaCTH, Ta!('L I{aK'b, AaJIte, OHa CY1l\eCTByeT'b OT,Q'£JIbHO OT'b rOCY,1\apCTBa, TO no::rfO;\IY (xpncriaacxoe) I1epROBHoe npaBO rpenyer-s 1I3JIOiKeHiH OT)l,tJIhHarO OT'b r ocynapcrneaaar o npasa. Ho eCJII1 CMOTptTb na npano qepI\BIi He C'b ea oc060i1 TO'IKI1 spsnia, a pa3cMaTp11Ba'lb .11I1Wb o THO UI e Hie roc Y tJ,a p C T B a I, 'b II e p 1\ B II 11 II e p !{ 0 BH bI 1\1 Y 'I P e iI, )l. e H i JI iii 'L, C 'b T 0 'I K 11 3 P t H i JI roc Y ,lI, a p'b c TB a, TO nO)l,06HOe Ii3CJIt)l,OBaHie BnoJIHt OTHOCHTCH K'b 06.11aCTll rocyaapcrseaaaro npasa. 3. ,LI,aJIte, r p a a a a u c ai a n p o u e c c r, no 60JIhII1ei1 'IaCTH, U nee yrOJIOBHOe n p a a o BMtCTt C'b y r o.1 0 B H hI M'b n POI, e C COM 'b, He 6e3'h OCHOBaHill npl1"iI'I:c.IllIOTCJI !{'h ny6JIH'IHOMY npany. B'b nponeccs rOCYMpCTBO )l,OCTaBJIJIeT'b 'IaCTHbIM'b .nrqa~1'b 3alI,IITY OT'L aropzseHiii ,1,pyrI1X'b .HIl1']) B'b c¢epy nx'h nparn.; B'h nparrs, B'h HOntiiWel\I'h ero paaanrin, npOHBJIHeTCH cnpaaearaaocri, rocYiJ,apC'lBa, so i opaa He TOJIbKO aamamaer's 1I0CTpa,(aBWa-

-8ro OT'I. npaaouapyurenia II YHlfqTOiKaeT1> CaMOe npaaouapyureaie , HO B1> TO iKe apexa HaKa3bIBaeT1> npecrynaoe nanaaenie aa 06~eC'fneHHI.lti nopmos's. He CMOTPH aa aro, rpaiK)J,aHcKiti nponeccs II yroaonaoe rrpaso nee TaKIl .IIyqwe BhI)J,'EJlHTb 1131> rOCY)J,apCTBeHHarO npaBa II paacaarpanars KaK1> OTA'E.lIbHhIH )J,IlCQllnJIIIHbI. CTaTO'lHbIM1> OCHOBaHieM1> ,ll,JIH raxoro BbI)J,'EJIeHiHcJlymMT1> saoruo T'ECHOe oruotueaie aTMX1>.ll.IICI~llnJlIIH1> K1>qaCTHOMY "paBY, C1> KOTO{H>IM1>OH'E cnaereasr caMbIMH T'ECHbIMIl y3aMil M 6e30naCHOCTb KOToparo IIM'EeT1> B1> Bll)J,Y sees rpaar J(aHcKiii: M no 60Jlbweii: qaCTII yro.lI"oBHblii: npouecc's, sacruo llX1> 06WllPHOCTb M naiKHOCTb, Tpe6YIO~aH OTA'EJIbuaro M3J10meHiH.

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Oc06eHHoe rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHoe npaBO OTHOCMTCH K1> OTJ('EJIbHOMY onpeafuenaosry rOCY.lI.apCTBY. TaK1> HanpMM'Ep1> rOBOpHT1> 061> oc06eHHOM1> npaB'E PHMCKoii: pecny6JIMKM, lUll aar J1iiicKaro rocY)J,apcTBa, M.fIll H'EMe.QKoii MMnepi!1. 6 ~ e e roc Y ,II, a p C T B e H Hoe n p aBO. KacaeTCII He OT.lI.'E.fIbHarO rOCY.lI.apCTBa, a rOCY.lI.apCTBa Bo06~e. IhaK1> , ocoriennoe rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHoe npano OTUpaBJIHeTCH OT1> o n p e a-s r e a n a r o u a p o a a, oomee iKe onpamaercs npeacae acero K1> qeJIOB'EqeCKoii: npMpOA'E, M OTnpaB.fIHeTCH OT1> q e.II 0 B 'E q e C T B a I.

fOCY,!I.apCTBeHHoe npano qaCTO npMHIIMaIOT1> aa npoAYKT1> [JAeaJIbHOii MbIC.fIM II nblTaIOTCH BbIBeCTIl ero M31> crreKYJIHTMBHaro xipocoaepnaaia rrYTeM1> npOCTbJX1> .IIOrMQeCKMX1> 3aKJIIOQeHiii. TaKMM1> 06pa30M1> B03HMK'[M xaot-ia
1 Tame MblC.lb .IemllT'L B'L ocnonania p n M C K a r 0 B033p1lHiR. 1. 9. (Gaius) D. de Justitia et Jure: «Ornnes populi, qui legibus et moribus reguntur, partim suo proprio, partim communi omnium hominum jure utuntur. Nam quod quisque populus ipse sibi jus constituit, ill ipsius proprium civitatis est, vocaturque jus civile: quod vero naturalis ratio inter ornnes homines. constituit, id apud omnes peraeque custoditur, vocaturque JUs gentium, quasi quo jure ornnes gentes utuntur.»

-9
CI1CTeMbI ram-naasmaenaro <pI1JIOCO<pCKarO MJIlI e CT eCT B e HHa r 0 rOCY;J.apCTBeHHarO npaaa , npOTl'IBOnOJIaraBmiaca TaK'b-Ha3bIBael\lOMY no JI 0 iK II T e JI b HOM Y II lICTOPlI'IeCKOMY· H naaxe nOHlIMalO ary npOTlIBOnOJIOlKHOCTb. HYiKHO II <plIJIOCO<pCKlI nOHJlTb rOCYAapCTBO H n03HaTb ero I1CTOPH'IeCKlI: OT'b aroro ,lI.BoiiHaro TpYAa oomee rOCY.llapCTBeHHoe npano HM'EeT'b TaKiKe MaJIO ocaonaaia OTKa3aTbCJI, KaK'b H ocooeaaoe. Oc06eHHoe rOCYAapCTBeHHoe npaBO npemoraraere ooinee, KaK'b OTA'EJIbHbIli: Hapo;J,'b npemo.raraer-s Q'EJIYIO 'IeJIOB'E'IeCKYIO npHpO.llY. HaYKa oomaro rOCYAapCTBeHnaro npaaa uararaer-s OCHOBHbIJI nOHJITiJI, B'b paanooopaaHbIX'b BH.llaX'b nPOJIBJIHlOrn;iHCH B'b ocoeeuaows rocyaapCTBeHHOM'b npaas. OHa HM'EeT'b B'b BII)l,Y B C e xi p HYlO HCTOpilO, a He y3KYIO HCTOpilO OT.ll'EJIbHoii CTpaHbI, 06'bHCHHeMYIO oc06eHHbIM'b rOCY.llapCTBeHHblM'b npanosrs. Do nceaipaoa HCTOpiH MbI HaXOAlIM'b nporrspny <plIJIOCO<pCKlIX'b MbICJIeii; B'b Heii oTKpbIBaeTcH nOJIHOTa rrOJIOiKIITeJIbHarO coaepacaaia, KOToparo TaK'b 'IaCTO He nocraer's cneKYJIJITHBHOMY H3CJI'E.llOBaHilO. Bcenipaaa IJCTopiH YKaauaaer-s pa3JIH'IHbIH cryneaa pa3BIJTiJI, nepexurrsra 'IeJIOB'E'IeCTBOM'b co BpeMeHlI ero MJIa)l,eH'IeCTBa, IJ Ha KaiK.llOH crynean xsr BII,UfM'b oc06eHHbIJI B033P'EHiJI aa rOCY.llapCTBO, II pa3JIH'IHbIJI rOCY;J,apcTBeUHbIJI <pOpMhI. OHa 06'blICHJ!eT'b crenens Y'IacTiJI B'b 06rn;eii 3a.lla'I'E 'IeJIOB'E'IeCTBa, KOTOpaJI BblIIaJIa aa .llOJIIO paaasixt, HapOAOB'b. Ho He BC'E nepio.rsr nceaipuoa HCTOpiH H He BC'E aaPO,ll.bI HM'EIOT'b OAMHaKOBoe aaaseaie ,lI.JIH aanreti HaYKM. EJI aaaasa COCTOMT'b npeMMyru;eCTBeHHO B'b n03HaHiM oontaro rocyaapcrseanaro npana HaCTOHrn;arO. AHTII'IHbIJI II CpeiI,HeB1>KoBbIJI rocYiI,apCTBeHHbIJI nocrpoeuia BXOAJIT'b B'b pa3CMOTp'EHie TOJIbKO KaK'b npejuuecrnyiomia cryneua, MJIH iKe BBOAHTCII B'b HaYKY C'b TOIO Q'EJIilO, 'IT06bI nporasonOJIOiKHOCTblO IJX'b renepeumeay rocy)l,apcTBY JIY'Iwe yHCHIITb nOCJI1>)l,Hee. 3Ha'IeHie pa3JIII'IHbIX'b HapOAOB'b ,II,J1H oomaro rocyaapcrneaaarc npaBa Mbl onpe)l,'EJIJIell1'b co06pa3Ho lIX'b yxacriio B'b nponeccs nOJIHTH'IeCKoii: QlIB HJII13aQiH T. e. 'IeJIOB'E'IeCKH ycrpoeaaaro H 'IeJlOB'E'IeCIm: cnonoaaaro o6ru;eaulTilI. Bo acenipaoa acropin a pi ii-

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l\l'lmeHiIO. TaK1> aaasraaeaaa npI'lpOjla nemejt, ua CKOJIbKO OHa cxaraercn 06pa3yIOm;eIO npaBO, ecrs He 'ITO I'IHOe, l\aK1> CI'IJIa cym;ecTByIOm;I'IX1> p e 3 JI b H LI X 1> 0 THO III e Hi ii, (cpI'l3MqeCKI'IX1> M nCMXM'leCKMX1», COe)UIHeHHa.ll y aapoaa C1> 'lYBCTBOM1> 'foro, 'ITO ornourenin 3TH .l(OJllKHhI 6hITh npH3HaHhI HpaBCTBeHHO HOpMaJlbHhIMH M TaKMM1> 06pa30M1> MMtIOT1> IOpn)lI'lIJeCKOe arianie M IOpH)lMlJeClWe He IlpHBXOilHT1> B1> nema, KaK1> HtllTO 'lylKAoe; ero HeJlh3.11BhIAt.ll.llT1 H, TaK1> cnaaars, OTTOpraTh OT1>BeII~eii. B1> cym;HOCTH npano ecrr, onpeasaeuaaa CPOpM3 M nanpasseaie caxaro 6hlTi.ll. rOCY)lapCTBO, KaK1> OHO eCTh, COCTaBJI.IIeT1> rOCY)lapCTBeHHoe npaBO. II p H M t 'l a Hi JI. 1. 06hI'lHOe Il paBo H3AaBHanpU3tIaBaAOChBe3/11>. C ice rode Invent. 11. 22. «Consuetndinis autem jus esse putatur id, quod voluntate omnium sine lege vetustas comprobavit», Puc h t a, Gewohnheitsrecht II, 8. 06hIqaW CAYiKHT'h AAJI HapoAa, U3b KlpUAu'leCKHXb B3rAJIAOB'bIwroparo OH1, BblTeKaeTb, RaKb ObI aepuaaojn., Bb IWTOpO~1b HapoAb Y3Haen, coricraeaaoe I!:JI». 2. IIo MHtHiKl Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois 1.1, 2. npaso. Bb OOllIHpH'llwlIIeMb CMhICAt ecrs He 'lTO auoe, KaK'b ue otix o aaMbIll OT H 0 III e HiJI, BbIBeAeUHhIJI U3b npUpO,4hI aeurea: «Les lois sont les rapports necessaires, qui derivent de la nature des choses, et dans ce sens tous les etres ont leur lois». Ilpaao Oe3'b coausaia npeano.raraer-s nepaoaasaasuoe raopeaie, T. e. ObITie pa3AUIJUbIX'bcyru;ecTBb, IWTOPbIX'becreCTBeHUbIJI oTHOlIIeuiJI OHO 1103HaeT'b U coXpaUJIeT'b, KOTOPblX'hrrOpJIAOKb OUO COCTaBAJIeT'h. Schmidthenner (XII Bucher vom State) rOBOpJI, 'lTO MOIlrecase rrocTyrrUJlb 6bl ropa3AO npaaarsrrse, eCAHObI amaca.rr, «qui constituent» la nature des choses, naaparnaer-r, AtwCTBRTeAbHYKl MbICAb1>paHqY3clwro IOpHcTa. Thiers (de la proprietc ch. 2), lKeJlall 1l0rrpaBHTb MH'imie MOHTecKbe, BblpaiKaeT1, TOiKe canoe MHtIiie, HO TOJlblW Bb Apyrow <I>OpMt. Bor-s CJlOBa ero: «Le3 lois sont la permanence des choses»

aaasenie. Ilpaao

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D.
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Haanaseaie HayKH npaaa CTOUT'b He B'b 06pa30BaHiH

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-16 cy~ecTsylO~aro npaBa. IIoaTOMY OHa B,]) cy~eCTB8HHOM caoen )I.taTeJbHOCTH He npHHail.IIelKHT']) K,]) IfCTOqHIfKaM,]) npasa, a orpaaa-taaaerca 3alfMCTBOBaHieM,]) M3'b aasaaaauxr, YlKe MCTOqHlfKOB'b. Ho KpOM't roro HaYKa MMteT'b If np o ay s r an HO e 3Haxeaie , BCJt,llCTBie xoroparo caxa OHa CTaHOBMTca If CT 0 '1HMKOM'b rrpaBa, M npnroa's B'b ,J,BoaKOM'b OTHOIIIeHilf. Bo nepnsrxn, RaYKa OTHOClfTca K'b )I.pyrlfM'b MCTOqHlIKaM'b npaBa He MCK.lIlOqlfTe.IIhHO peQenTMBHO OHa He TO.lIbKO cooapaer-s 10plf!l.M'IeCKiti xarepiar's, HO II e pep a 60 T un a e r-s ero, M'Ipe3,]) :ny uepepaooray IIHOr)l,a pacIIIlfpaeT'b cyuiecrnyiomee npano. Hanpasrspr., OHa aanrenaer-s M3,]) 3aKOHOB'b rasie BhI80)\bl, 0 KOTOPhIX'b CaM'b 3aKOHO.n:aTeJlb, MOlKeT'b 6blTb, If He AYMaJl'b, soropsre MelKilY T'tM'b He TO.IIbKO J10rMqeCKM noc.rsnonareasnsr, HO B'b TOlKe apexa, cooopaaasr C'b Qt.IJ.OIO CMCTellfOIOlIpaBa, If MllftIOT'b KaK'b BHYTPCHHIOIO OCHOBaTeJlbHOCTh, TaK'b M rrplfllftneaie K'b BH'tIIIHeMY IOpMillfqeCKOMY nopanry. ,LI,aJlte, B'b nparoareuia K'b 06blqHOMY npaBY, OHa He TOJlhKO nplIBO)l.M1'b K'b (ioJlbIIIeii aCHOCTM ero OT)I.'tJlhHblH IOpMAMqeCKia upennacaaia, HO M AOnOJIHaeT'b ero, COCTaBJlaa nepexcat, OT'b Hero K'b nlfcaHHOMY "paBY. EIQe BalKH'te nropaa raop-recsaa )I.taTeJlbHOCTb HaYKIf, OCi'baCHaIOIQaaCa lI3'b npapo.asr n p a a o n srx-s If)l.eii. IIlIfeHHO npaBOBhIH MAeM caaa no ce6't He COCTaBJIHIOT'b JI.'tiiCTBMTeJlhHarO npaBa; noaroxy noauanie MX']) npearae ncero ecrs )I.'tJlO CB060J),HOti AtaTeJlbHOCTIf: HaYKIf:, He If:M'tIOIQeii aenocpeacrneaaaro BJlilIHiH ua IOpM)(lIqeCKiii nopaJl.OK'b Ilpaaonua HAelf CTaHOBaTca npanosrs TOJlbKO roraa, KorAa OH't, TaK'b CKa3aTb, B0l1J10IQaIOTCa, T. e. npM3 a aio T C II B 'b roc Y JI. P CT B't T B e p ;I. hI M M n p a B If JIa MIf 11 a npioopnraior-s n o ao ara r e s s ao e a a a s e a ie. EYAY'IM npMaaaasr aanioaan.asnrt, C03HaHieM'b sa orrpeanreansra M oCin3aTeJlbHbIH, nOCTOHHHO npaaaraacs B'b rOCYJl.apCTB't, npaaosaa IfJl.eM qpe3'b aTO caxoe M3'b <pMJlOC0<pCKHX'bMblcJleii H MOpaJlbHbIX'b npennacaniji npeBpaIQalOTCH B'b IOpMJl.HQeCKill noaosreuia (Rechtssatze). Iloaoeuoe Ipa311lHpeHie CYIQeCTBYIOIQaro npasa npOH3BO)l.lfTCH qaCTO He 3aKOHO)l.aTeJbCTBOM'b, a HaYKOIO, If nOTOMY HaYKa MOlKeT'b CiblTb IIOCTaBJeHa HavaJJ,Y C'b )l.pyrlfMM MCTOqHIIKaMM .npana .

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-- 35 --.
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I'IAeJi obl.1a

HCHa.

Hist. de

Rex terrarurn
Droit

omnium ac rnundi Justin. des Gens II. 5.262.

XU. 16. Laurent.

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• Frederici Const. Regni Siculi 1. 30. Oportet Caesarem fore justitiae patrem et filium, dorninum et ministrum, patrern et dominurn in edendo justitiarn et editam conservando: sic et in venerando justitiam sit filius et in ipsius copiam ministrando minister. • B1> coxaueuiu ero de monarchia npOC..IaBAReTcn I:IMllepin; B·J:. «Bcarecraeuuoa KOIlWAiw, OH1> BI:IAI:IT'J:.B'b uxueparop's BtHeQ'b 60acecrsenaaro nopaasa Mipa. Cp. Wig e I e Dante's Leben und "Yerke. lena 1852.

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49-

B'L ::lToii rocY)l.apCTBeHHOH H)l.et COe)l.HHJIJOTCR BCt CTpeM.IIeHiH SUHHOB'L, npoJtBIfBIlIiHCH B'L pe.llIfriIf M npas's, B'L HpaBCTBeHHOCTM M 06ru;ecTBeHHoH iKII3HIf, B'b HCKYCCTB'6 II HaYKt, 'B'b c06CTBeHHOCTU II x03aHcTBt, B'L TOprOB.IIt II npOMbIIlIJIeHHOCTM. TOJlbKO B'L rocyaapcras OT,Il,tAbHbIH 'leJlOBtK'L npaaaaerca CYU1eCTBOM'b HMtlOru;IfM'L npana , 6e3'L noxomn iKe rOCYMpCTBa OH'b He HaXO,J,HT'L 8If oe30naCHOCTU, HH CB060)l.bI. Bapnap's ecrs eCTeCTBeHHblH spar-s, a trosopeansre apara CTaHOBJITCJI paoaxa, KOTOpsre HCK.JIIO'IaIOTCHH3'L rOCYAapCTBeHHaro 06II\eHia II BC.JItAcraie roro noaepracrca B'L YHII)lWHHOe, aeaocrojiaoe seJOBtKa COcToHHie. :JulIHcKoe t-ocynapcrno, liaK'L H noocme aHTlI'IHblH rocyaapcrsa, HMteT'b 6e3npe)l,tJIbHO Be.IIHKYIO BJI8CTb; OHO CTUlTaeTCH BceMoryru;UM'L. OHO nee BO ncesrs, rpaiK)\aHl1H'b no.rysaer-s anasenie TOJIbKO KaK'L 'IJIeH'L rocyaapcraa. Bee ero cymecrsonanie 3aBlICHT'b OT'b rocyaapcraa, nO,il.'IHHeHO rocy)l.apcTBy. ECJIU aeHHHHe 06JIa)l.aJIlI CB0(0)l.OlO )l.yxa, TO 9TO npOIfCXO)l.HJIO TOJIbKO OTToro, 'ITO aeHHCKoe rocy,Il,apCTBO nooome BblCOKO rJ;'BHHJIOCB0(0)\Y, a He OTToro , 'ITO OHO npaaaasaro '1eJIOBt'leCKia npaBa. CB0(0)l.HOe aeuacnoe rOCYMpCTBO OCY)l.I1JIO aa Ra3Hh Coapara, C'b nOJIHOIO yBtpeHHOCThIO 'ITO OHO asmo.raaer-s caoe npano. CexeaCTBO, nepnoaasarsnoe aocnaraaie H )l,a)lw cynpYiKeCliaH BtPHOCTh He 6hlJIH nno.nrs 6e30naCHhI OT'b BM'BIlIaTeJlhCTBa rOCY)l.apCTBa; TtM'b YiKe 60Jl'Be He 6bua CB0(0)l.Ha OT'b TaKHX'b BM'BmaTeJIhCTB'b sacrnaa c06CTBeHHOCTh rpast)l,aH'b. I'ocynapcrao ncrynaerca BO BCt Jl,t.qa, He saaer-s HM HpaBCTBeHHhIX'b HH IOpH,!I,H'IeCKMX'b rpaHHQ'b caoea BJIa· CT(I[, OHO pacnopaaraerca iK(I[3HiIO 11 MiKe TaJIaHTaM(I[ rpaiK.a:aH'b. OHO npMHYil\)l.aeT'h R'b 3aHaTiIO )l.OJIiKHOCTeii, TaKiKe RaK'b K'b BoeHHoii c.I1yiK6t. IIHJI,HBH)l.YYM'b )l.OJIil\eH'b cnepBa llorlI6HYTh B'b rOCYJl.apcTBt, II 3a TtM'L yme rocy,ll.apCTBO B'L H1moTopoti crenena noapaxnaer-s ero R'b CB06o,ll.Hofi H OJIaropo)l.Hoii iKII3HH. EJ(IIHCTBeHHbIH CpeJl,CTBa, YM'Bpastuia a6COJIIOTHYIO BJIaCTh rOCY)l.apCTBa, KpOM't Cl'IJIbI apesI H(I[X'L 06bI'laeB'L, COCTOHJIH:BOUepBbIX'L B'L TOM'L, 'ITO caaa rpazsaaae npHHHMaJIH ysacrie B'L nepxoanoa BJIaCTH, M onacaacs Bpe)l.HhIX'L 1l0CJlt,LlCTBiti, KOTOphIll MOUII npon30fiATl'I .a:JIa HHX'L CaMIIX'L OT'L iI.eClIoTlI3Ma ,ll.eMOca, u36t-

raJllI Hll3Ma; cnoeu's KpaMHllX':h

50
rocyaapc'raenaaro uprr crpacrn KOMMYB'D H He3Ha'lllTeJlbHOCTIl 1I101'.IIH llM'tTh cpeacrna,

pe3YJlbTaTOB':h

BOBTOPbIX':h B':h TOM'D, 'ITO pacnopaarenia

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6blJIIl

.IIHlllr,... He3Ha'lHTe.IIbHbIlI OO{lCa1'bCII coc'£Aeii. C.WiKeHbI IIJIeMeH'D Il HaA'D sacren

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B'D peaJIbHOM'D ea nblpaiI,eHill,

CBJl3aHHblJl OAHO C'D APYI'I1M'D B'D lIB.1eHiJl nOBJITiJl 0 rocyaapcrrrs, CTeneHI1 BeJIllKarO,

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B.

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(virtus),
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11 o(hJlCHaeT'1, He npllB'D OCHOBaHiu If

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1 Cicerode Rep ..11L25. «Neque est ulla res, in qua propius ad Deorum nurnen virtus accedat humane, quam civitates aut condere novas aut conservare jam conditas-

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rronarie 0 ornoureaiaxr,

rocY)l.apCTB'B

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a po a a,
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rocyaapcraa

(respublica).

1 Cicero de Sep. 111. 25. "Sic regum, sic imperatorum, sic magistratuum, sic patrum, sic populorum imperia civibus sociis que praesunt, ut corporibus animus.» . 2 C ice rode Rep. 1. 25. "Est igitur, inquit (Scipio) A~rJcanus, res publica res populi, populus autem non om~is ~l~ml~ur_n COetu'l quoque modo aggregatus, sed coetus rnultitudinis JUrIS consensu et utilitatis communione sociatus 1. 26. CIvitas est constitutio populi. Gajus lust. 1. §. 1.» Nam qu.o~ quisque populus ipse sibi jus constituit, ill ipsius proprtum ctvitaus est, VO~ caturque JUS civile.

52 3. KpOMt roro pHMcRoe rocyaapcrno 6bJ.i10 cnoconao pacllmpMTbcH AO BceMip~aro. ITo B?eH PUMCROH MCTOpin npOXO;I,MT'b CTpel\lJIeHle I{'b BgeM1PHOMY rocnoacrny: BD aanioaan.aosrs jus civile yme ClaRJlroqaJlCH 3apO)l,bIIll'b 06IQeqeJloBtqeCRarO jus gentium. IH;qHblH ropo,il,'b, urbs, c,iI,tJlaJICR CTOJII'IQero orbis; imperium PI'IMCRI'IX'b caHOBHHKOB'b imperium mundi, PUMCRiH CeHClT'b ceuarows BCtX'b HaQiH C'b MXD QapRMn. B'b Be.lluqiH MMnepaTOpCIWH B.IIaCTl'I aa Ill.ll 0 asrcuree supaareaie BeJll'lqie Pl'lMcsaro napona. IIcTopiR Paxa , cAt.ll3J1aCb no rOpJlOMY nsipaareuiio «p.IIepa, ncropieio qeJloBtqeCTBa. Tasoe CTpeMneaie npuaaro Pl1MCKOH rOCYJlapCTBeHHOH ll)let IIIMpOTy. KOTOPOH He MorAn HMtTb rpesecnia rOCY)lapCTBa, 1'I Be.lIUqie, n peA'b KOTOPbIM'b OHli )lOJlmHbI 6bI.IIn CK.IIOHMTbCH. He nycTYIO Mrpy <t>aHTa3il'l. a ml'lByro ,il,tHcTBl'ITe.llbHOCTb npe)lCTaBJlH.IIO corimo pFlMcKoe rOCY!lapCTBO, uoropoe 06.~a)laAO BCtl\I'b aHTJilQHhIM'b lIIipOM'b M COnpOTIlB.mThCH ROTOposry OTBamJilBaJiMCb na sanars TOJIbRO repnaauer. a ua BOCTOI,t nepCb!.

rJIABA llETBEPTAJI.
II. CP
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1;

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xp a c r ia a c r a o a-s H t-e p a a a n a n a. A. Xp n c r ia a c r a o.
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IX

KRHrt.

• Hi n c mar i de Ordine Palatii S. Duo sunt, quibus priricipaliter mundus hie regitur: avctoritas sacra Pontificum et Regalis potestas. - Sac h sen S p. 1. 1. «Tveisvert lit got in ertrike to bescermene de kristenheit. Deme pavese is gesat dat geistlike, deme kaisere dat wertlike».

1I\U3Hb BbIBO)J,I1JIaCL I13'b QepKBI1, naeuoe 3a KaK'b Ht'ITO Y3KOii TtJIeCHOe, OTHOllleHie K'b nepxaa.

TO rOCY)J,apCTBO, cTalo B'b 6hlJIb

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ara.

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H l\Ie'lb HaXO!l.llJlnCb ae.rsaa npH3HaTb

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Onn
06910, a6co-

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CTOPOHHJiKOB'L eCTeCTBeHHaro JiHAMBM,waJIbHarO 'ITO

MOlKHO ynpeKHYTb l1AeJJ: CJIYiRll'f'L C'L Apyroii iRaTb erne HbIMH ynpena CBJI3aHHbI no

B'L TOM'L, 'ITO Y HllX'L

rOCYAapCTBeHHaJJ: npOM3BOJIa,

opYAieM'L B'L TOM'L,

CTOPOHbI liCTop"4eCK3JJ: C'L CTapMHHbIMll

IllKOJIa He MOiReT'L M36'BH 3aB'Bm;aH-

eJJ: rOCYA3pCTSeHHbIJJ: nonaria aBTopMTeTaMH

npeaaaito

npenpaacyaxaaa.
CHOBa A'BJIaJIa IIOnbITlHI r JIy6iRe

5)

HOBaa:

<pHJIoco<pia:

nOHJl.Tb MAelO rOCYAapCTBa. MelK,lY H'BM[(aMM

r ere

JIb

B'L oc06eHHOCTH 3Ha4eHill no

CMJIbHO aaH, B'L KOTOPOMY OHO

CTaMB3JI'L Ha Hp3BCTBeHHOM'L npOTMBOnOJIOiRHOC'fb ecrs npasa. aeocxonanoe ee Ho ero c o s a am

rOCYA3pCTBa

iRaJIKOMY B3r JIlI)1,Y,

3JIO, BOCXBaJIlIJI'L rOCYAapCTBO KaK'L a

H n p e a p a cu-s rocYAapCTBO

tt me

u-

ocymecraseuie JIOrn4eCKaJI

HAeH

ecrt,

a6CTpaKQiH

6e3'b .purypa !J,titcTBHTe.llbHOii CJIOBa~ HO He «I>p.

66,ll,iaAeKTfPIeCKaa Jl'b .pHAoco.piro HanpaBJIeHiIO, n:rpa MbIC.IlH, npaaa npH-

mU3HH, nepenec's

6)

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cnoen

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ar s

BJJ33HHOCTb K'b HCTOpHqeCKoMY E.Ilaro.il.apJI B3rJIR!J,'b, aapcrneaaoa BamHblM'b onparuaaia HH,Hl lIlHoro

BpeMJI B0306HOB11A'b pe.lIHri03HO-nOAWfl1l1eCKOe .il.iaAeK1'I1qeCKoii: acroparo sa

I1 npaarnsecaoa eMY Y!laJIOCb

CTI1, OH'b O1'bICKaA'b MHOriJI HOBbiJI TOQKI1 3p'EHiJI. Ero npH IIOM01ll,H HaYK'E. Ho H·.!HWTOPblJI TeMHblJI M'ECTa, CKOM'b 06pa30BaHil1 OKa3aXb 1IlHOrO

ocrpsra

OCB'ETHTb

nOJIb3bl rocy-

TO Heil,OCTaTOK'b B'b HCTOpHqeHOBhlJI .pOpMy JIhl )J,.IlJI npHqHrocYJl,arr-

I1 YCAYiKJII1BaJI CO.pI1CTfIKa, !J,OCTaBHBlllaa rocno.aau's npasaaaauocreji,

I1 HeBamHblM'b speaa

HX'b pOMaHTI1QeCKllX'b H HaYK'E.

Ill'rars

aaasiaaer-s
napcrsom,»,

C1'BO «HpaBC1'BeHHO-I1H1'eueK1'yaJlhHhIM'b .ll,I'lHeHieM'b 06LI~emHTie, CllAbl aiexn, MHO"\t'(~1'Ba .nO,ll,eii: B'b O,nIO YCTaHOBAeHieM'b

«coe11 He-

6JIarOYCTpoeHHoe aaropnrera mHB'Ee, 11 llo,J,QI1Herocy)1,ap-

HpaBC1'BeHBaro 11 neJHlqieM'b

C'b I1X'b npeBOCXO,lCTBOM'b IIO)1,)1,aHBhlX'b.» Ero

l1)J,eJI rOCY)J,apCTBa

meJIH l1)1,ell I'er-eaa; CTBa «orpanasena 30M'b Ho no JiI36'EraeT'b BceMY BKYCy ero

OH'b npaaaaer-s, Kpaii:HocTeii:

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JiI 1'aKHM'b ooparOCY!lapC1'Ba. BeTX03aS'ET-

y seaim

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qepTa, HOBOMY B'b ero

BCA'E,II,C1'BieROTopoH OBO npnXO;J,I1TCJI

He qeAOB'EqeCltOe

eaponekcnony Mipy DomecTBeHHoe nemsie rOCYAapC1'BeHHoii: BAaC1'H,

yqeHill, BpeMJI lUI erne ltaK'b He MOmeT'b CB060,Il,0ii:. nOHHMaBie nCHXO.IOrI1npI1-

npOlIOB'E,weMOe

MI1PHThCJI C'b qeJIOS'EQeCKn-rpamil,aHCKOIO

7)

B'b

HaCTOJI1ll,ee

Hepa3Bl11'O I1Haqe,

o p r a a a s e c a ar o HJIll, qeCKH-QeJIOB'EqeCKaro rie aToii: OTBail,llBaIOTCJI OCHoBHOii: lIlhlC.Hi

Bblpamallch

npI13HaTh

cymecraa rocY,Il,apc1'Ba, n nexnoaeonxo.muue peay .n.rars:

Ho HeJIb3JI crpauart,

aa HayqHhle.

'1'01'0, q1'O HaYKa nanpaareaia

B'b IIOcJI'E)1,Hee Bpe~1H c,il,'E.fIaJIa B"b aTOM'b Bnepel~'b.

H'BCROJIbIW tnaroa's

1 He gel Rechtsphilosophie § 57. «I'ocyaapcruo ecrs Mli1:CTBIITe.lbHOCTb HpaBcrBeHlIOH MAeH, HpaBcTBeHHbIH .iyx», (IaK'b (ITKpOBeHHall, caaa A.HI ceria acnaa cy6craHI\iCl.lbHall IJO.IA, KOTOpall aucaar-s, lJ03HaeT'b II BbInOAHlleT'b TO, 'ITO OHa U03HaeT'b Il'b rasoil CTeneHH, B'b KaKOH uoaaaer-s Cp. Werke. IX § 4.11.

- 67<l>p. lliMlI)I, cY)I,apCTBO T re HHep'b (Schmidthenner) opraHVl3MOM'b, OH'b )l,t.~3MlI BHtulHeti: C'IIITaeT'b mU3HlI, ro-

HpaBCTBeHHbIM'b II

Ha3Ha'IeHHblM'b "paBa,

)l,JIJl 3aBt)l,bIBaHiJl 06rW'lMlI 6JIarococToJlHiJI npoJIomI'lJI'b "yn

06pa30BaHiJl. (Vollgraf)

O)l,IIH'b II3'b HaYKI'l.

nepasix's
nonsrrHapo-

HOBOMY HanpaBJIeHiIO 0 rocy .rapcrrrt

<I> 0 JIb r
)l,OB'bI. II,

p a <p'b

c)I,tJIaJI'b 3aMt'IaTeJIbHYIO na

KY OCHOBaTb Y'IeHie

ncaxo.roria

Caaoe CO'IlI fie Hi e ero Ha3bIBaeTCJI «nepssnn, onsrrowsK3K'b nepnsifi OIIbIT'b, JJ,OCTOtiHO BHIIMaHiJI. Ho OHO HeBHYlIIl'lTh YBameHie K'b UCI'lXOJIOrH'IeCKoMY MeCI'lJI'b pa3JIU'IHbIX'b HeYAOBJIe1'BOpU1'eJIhHbI KaK'b I'l3JIOmeHie )l,YIIIH, 1'aK'b U

onocoriao
1'OflY. 1'OB'b. Bt'IeCKOii

orrsaaa

reanepaxen3aMtTOK'b

se.rol'l

3Ha'IM1'eJIbHaJI M CJIlllllKOM'b

Macca

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pa3JIM'IHbIX'b H36JIIOAeHiii TM'IeCKM <paH1'a3iu.

CJIHlJIKOM'bM3JIO 06pa601'3H3 uepenoaaena

KpM-

nycruxa
y s e a ie

o6pa3aMII Ilpe,ll.-

Ap
C1'Bt». csoe

e a c r,

2,

IlOCJItJJ,OBa1'eJIb <PVlJIoco<j>aHp a y ae, «o p r-a a aae c ao e JIll'IIIOe 06rn;eil\VI1'ie, IlpaBa. rOBOpl11''b JIIO!l,eti,

nplIHJIJI'b nanacars neCTOJIbKO mllBoe Y'IpemAeHie

0 rocY,lI.ap-

Ho IlO,ll.'b OpraHI'l3MOM'b rocYil.apC1'Ba ,lI.JIJIoomeuia 'b :> (Waitz) Ht[ITO

OH'b IlOHI'lMae1''b

CKOJIhKO OpraHI1'Ie0 rocyaapcran: nOCpe!l,C1'BOM'b

Haaoaerrs
HI'lKIIIee craer-s aa

B aiiQ

«rOCY)I,3pC1'BO He ecrs CI'lJIbI o.aaoro

np0113BOJIhHO C03,l1.aHHOe, B03-

nOCpe,ll,CTBOM'b !l,OrOBOpa OpraHIi'IeCKH,

IIJII'l HtCKOJIhKI1X'b JIUQ'b. fOCY,II,apC1'BO B03paKaK'b OpraHI'l3M'b, HO He no 3aKOHaM'b OHO OCHOBbIBae1'CJI JIIO,lI.eti, na HeOHO ecrs eC1'eC1'BelUJOii mI'l3HI1. HpaBCTBeHIlbIX'b HpaBCTBeHHbIX'b

I'l He !l,JIJI QtJIll BbICIIIl1X'b

CIIoc06HOCTllX'b lI,lI.eJIX'b.

I1X'b I'lCTl1HHbIX'b,

ecrecrneaasiti, a 9TlI'IeCKiii opraanaarria na poza .»

Il
dien
ByIO

OpraHI'l3M'b.

fOCY!I,apCTBO eors

p II Mt

'I aui e. B'L MOe~l1, CO'IIIHeHiII «Psychologische Stutiber Staat und Kirche. Zurich 1844 r. II CAt.lWXh ncpnOllblTKY 06'bJlCHIHb rocYAapCTBO aa ocnoaanin ucnxoaoria

I Erster Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Begriindung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie wie auch der Staats- und Rechtsphilosophie durch die Ethnologic oder Nationalitat der Volker. III 'IaCTll 1851 - 53. 2 H. Ah r ens, die organische Staatslehre T. I. B1ma, 1850. 3 Politika 1862 1. I.

5"

tPp. .lIlX'b

68 onIH6Kt II IlpeAnOJlOiKMJI'b HaYKOlO, ua OI1hITt. 4allW HO q ro E'b'lHTaresro B'b rauoro reneMbIMOM nJlOALI C'b 3['0[0 1f3J10ilteliHOlO

Poaepa
0

(Rohmer). napriaxs»,

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HO y61qMACII

HOTOJlbKO He cyr:qeCTByeT'b, lJOTepHJlOCb HYTLI c.i)qaHX'b nOBClOAY Tt~l'b

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uucuie 3noALI ['JlynocTb 1t'llepb llylb, aa I bCH lapcrBa. 0

W[WJlbHOM'b oopaaoaaaia rOCYAapCl'Bt; oTllepl B'b AP)'rI1X'b

BCHKOO nCMXOJlOnIqeClwe If Ka)l;CTCH cTpaHHLIM'b. [taK'b qeJloBtlw. B'b Y'llIaro npHllllfLl Ho

obl.m

coapeaeuaaaaaa, B'b IIOCJltAc

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opraUUqeCKll-IlCllXOJl:OJ'HqeCKllMl. MO)KHO 6YAer'b MOllX'b 311OAOB'b.

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qeJlOB't'IeCTBO erne He )l,OCTl'lr.110sceoometi oprauaaaniu BO BceMiIJHO~l'b rocyaapcras. Hcrcpia auaer-s TO.llbKO OT)I,'tJlbHbIJI r oovaapcrna, orpaaa-rnaaiomiaca QaCTllll1.H qe.lloB'tqeCTBa. llOBTOMY cOBpe~eHHoe rocY)I,apCTBeHHoe npaBO opem)l,e Bcero )l,O.llmHO pa3CMOTp'tTb BTH qaCTH II onpe)l,'tJlI1Tb oraoureaie n a p o ao n-s .I\'b qeJlOB'tQeCTBY H rocYJl.apCTBY. Bspa B'b e)J,MHcTBO qeAOB't'leCRarO poaa HeM3f)'tifma )J,JlJInpocasineaaaro peanrioaaaro qYBCTBa. XpHCTiaHCTBO npM3BaJI0 BC'tX'b JlIO.iI,eii 6blTb CblHaMH DomiHMH. UHBH.IIH30BaHHoe rOCYAapCTBO raaare npeano.rar-aer-s BTO eAHHCTBO, II Bl1)l.IIT'b )l.ame B'b HII3111l1X'b pacax-s II nJleMeHaX'b 0611J,YIO 'Ie.llOB'tqeCKYIO npHpO)l,y. HO)l.JI1l rOCYAapCTBa II rocyaapCTBeHHaro npaaa HapJIAY C'b eAllHCTB01\1'b qe.lloB'tqeCTBa H1\1'teT'b Be.llIIKOe auaveaie 1'I p a a r n s ie p a c-s. H60 B'b roCYAapCTB't JlIOAl'l HB.IIJIIOTCHC'b Il3B'tCTlILIM'b YCTpoiiCTBOM'b, a YCTpoiicTBO He MblCJIfMO 6e3'b paarnsia B'b COCTaBHbIX'b 'laCTRX'b. HaYKa eure )J,Q CMX'b nops He ycn'tJl3 npunoaaars noRPbIBClJlO, capuaaioniee OT'b aacr, Tal1HCTBeHHoe npOI1CXOm)l.eHie r r a n a n x-s p a c s 'leJlOB'tqeCTBa. OCHOBblBaIOTCHJlll pacu ua pa3.11M'lHbjX'b asrax-s rnopeaia, upn '1eM'4 OAH't B03HMK.IIII npezaae , a ApyriH nOC.II't, lUM me paaranie npo1130LllJlO y((,e noc.rs eaaaaro rsopeuia , M eC.IIH TaK'b, TO 1:1

ceMeii.

70 aror o Mhl

no rr, B.lIiRHieM'h KaIUIX'h eCTeCTBCHH:bIX'h CllJl'h, He

oprannaaI1iH H IIB1lTY, TaK'h II no )l,YXOBHblM'h otrocoonocrnu-r., CYrn;eCTBOBa.IIO, CKOJIbKOM3BtCTHO, YlKe B'h nepsua apexena
rJlaBHbIX'h pac'h KaK'h ITO IICTOpiH Hll pa3BIITiJl qeJIOBtqeCTBa, II )1,0 CMX'h lJOp'h B'h cyTtM'h IKe. Ho qaB'h COBeplueHHOM B'h qllCTOTt; rn;eCTBeHHbIX'h O)l,Ha paca

anaesrs.

Paarnsie

seprax'r,

OCTaJIOCb O)l,Hl'IM'h II

He YJlepmaJIaCb

paamsnue
pacr, nepb OT'h erne

nepesoporu, orimeaia

nponcxonuaurie aa pcnu.
H

acropia,

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nepB06b1THbIX'h lIaCTiIO npeH reJI 0

B'h HOBbIe meJIToti pasnaria.

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ii,
He

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Hsacropue

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uua nee

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II OAHOCTOPOHHHM'h 06pa30M'h, He HMteT'h acrnaaon neuiu aceraa (!CHQ es

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TnX'L

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Ao

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1'1

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B'b apenaocra. 9TO no

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IIpMhd;qaHiJl. 1. Prichard B'h CBOeAn. CO'IMHG,Hin:Naturgeschichte des Menchengeschlechts (HthWl.\Kiii nepeao.n, Baruepa. Jeiim.lMl"b 1840. 4. lJaCTM). pa3CYiKAaA'b 0 pa3AH'IiJlx'b M C'XOAHhIXl, qepTaXl, pacr, npeHMYIl.\eCTBeHHO no oraoureaito I( J. H13ioJlornQeCliOii opranaaania H crpoeniro Jl3bIlW. Hanpormn, A. de.Gobineau B'bCBOeM'b Essais sur I'inegalite des races humaines, Paris 1852 - 55 r. crapa.rcs llpc4craBIITb I'AaBHbJM'h 06pa30)1'b no.mrnsecxia npOTHBonOAOiKHOCTli.RaJ('b HH anrepecau

- 73ara H3CJlt40BaHill, HO M B'b rosrs H In, 4pyrOill'L oruoureuia eine ~lHoro uyarno C,4t.IaTb, "IT06hI AOCfHrHYTh nposuux'r, pe3YJlbTarom.. Casroe HOBOCM MHoroCfOpOlllIee CO"lMHeHie aacare.n.ao aroro npe.ieera 'I'h. Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvolker.

2. Ha aaaseuie pacbI ,4.111 upaBa II rocyaapcraa ,40Jlroe Bpe~III He 06pam,UM BHl1MaHiII WhHaywE. CO"lMHeHie Gobineau CTapacTclI socno.nnrrs arorr, He,40CTarOK'h, HO HCPSAIW sna.aaer-s B'h rrpo raaono.roxayro OWHOKY: BbIBOAHT?> ace M3'}, npMpO,4HhIX'h ocotieaaocrcil pacs. Rpml't TOIO Gobineau npuaae rs CJlHIIIKOM'h ~lHoro aaaueais nepBopoAHOCTH pacr, H ariaaiio npOHCXOJKAeHilI M KpOBM.CYllleCTBYIOT'h I1eTOJlhKOII p H P 0;( H hI II P a c u - KOHe'lHO caaoe IIepBOHa"laJlbHOe H CCTeCTBeHHoeaaaseaie IIOPOAbIHO KpOME roro H npOM3B0,4HbIR; MX'h MhI 3ailI'S"IaeM'b H B'h oeueticraaxt, M B'b aapoaax s; OHt XOTR BfOpH"IIIarO npOMCXOJKACHiH M B'b 60JIbilleii CTeneHM 3UBMCH1"h Ol'h qeJlOBB"IccKofi CB060ALI, HO rl,;,1'b He MeHte oKa3bIBMOT'h 3Ha'IMre.lbHOC ariaHie aa ofipaaoaauie npaBa. 0 n pac bl HylKIlO 0 rJlll"la rh H 11II MBH,~a, M 06p<1II(aTb He ~IeHte BHUNWHiII 11 Ha MH,(HBI1,lyaJlbHoe lll3iicrBie, Bceuipuaa I1Cl0piH oupe.rsaacrca oOAte I1H.IHBH)l,aMH, HetKeJlM paca~lH. B iKHhJeBbIBOAbl,KOTOPhlC C,(,BJla:I'bOTHOCI1TeJlLHO aTOM npO'IHBOnOJlOJKHOCTI1 Friedr. Rohmer B'h Bl O Lehre von den politichen Parteien (dargestellt von Th. Rohmer Zurich. 1844), erne He pa3CMoTptHfJI M He oirsaeuu B'L Ton MtpB, KaK'h 3aCJlYJKI1BaeT'h aTO CO"lI1HeHie.

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