BIOLOGY FORM 4

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
THE CELL
 CARBOHYDRATES
Organic compounds formed by; carbon
hydrogen and oxygen.

Ratio = C:H:O  1:2:1

Example : glucose (C6H12O6)

Glucose
 Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

 Taste :
Examples : glucose sweet
(grape sugar)
Fructose (in fruits and
honey Solubility
Galactose (milk sugar) in water
: dissolve
Known
as: simple
Monosaccharides
sugar

Reducing
molecular
sugar : yes
formula
C6H12O6
 Examples :
maltose (malt Taste :
sugars) Reducing
sweet sugar : yes for
Sucrose (in
sugar cane and maltose and
sugar beet) lactose but not
Lactose (milk for sucrose
sugar)
Disaccharides
Molecular
formula Known as:
C12H12O11 complex sugars
( made up of two
molecules of
Solubility in monosaccharides
water
: dissolve
 Examples :
Taste :
Reducing
sugar :

Molecular
formula Polysaccharides
(C6H1oO5 )n

Solubility in Known as:

water
:
Formation and breakdown
of disaccharides and
polysaccharides
 Disaccharides
1. Condensation reaction :
Two monosaccharides joined together to
produce a disaccharides
Water molecules is removed.
2. Hydrolytic reaction :
Disaccharides split into two monosaccharides
Water molecules is added.
Sucrose + +H2O

C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C12H12O11

Glucose fructose sucrose

Maltose + +H2O

C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C12H12O11

Glucose glucose maltose
 + +H2O
Lactose C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C12H12O11
Glucose galactose lactose
 Polysaccharides formation
Many monosaccharide's molecules join together
to form large polysaccharides molecules.
Condensations reaction
Process called polymerization
Forms glycogen (animal) and starch and cellulose
in plants.
Each has different physical and chemical
properties, glucose linked and arranged differently.
 Polysaccharides breakdown
Polysaccharides undergoes hydrolysis to form
monosaccharides
Heating a starch solution in hydrochloric acids
hydrolyse starch to glucose
enzymes involved: amylase (starch to
maltose), maltase (maltose to glucose)
Glycogen hydrolyse to glucose in liver
 Assesment
1. Name the element present in carbohydrates.
(3m)
2. Name the monosacharides units that are
formed when maltose, sucrose, and lactose
are hydrolysed. (3m)
3. How are polysaccharides formed from
monosaccharides? (4m)
 Conclusion
What you have learned
today?
 That’s All
Thank you