Financial accounting (102)

Report on: Hire Purchase System

Prepared for:

Md. Golam Mortuza

(Lecturer)

Submitted By

1. Sabrina Sultana Sanam (103-497-045)

2. Faiza Nuzhat (103-481-045)

3. Khadiza Aktar (103-541-045)

4. Raisul Islam (103-417-045)

5. Moshiur Rahman (103-397-045)

6. Yassin Ahmmad (101-522-045)

PRIMEASIA UNIVERSITY

Date: 10.4.2011
Introduction:

Now-a-days the books of accounts are maintained under double entry system by all big
business houses and multinationals. You know that the sales are the Key factor of success of
business. The profit of a business always depends on the volume of its sales. A big business
house can affect sales on cash basis as well as on credit basis. The credit sales are very
important and essential for the growth of business. The sale proceeds under such sales are not
immediately collected but are collected under certain arrangements such as Hire-purchase
system or Installment payment system or collection after a certain period together with interest
on outstanding balances. Hire-purchase system is the most secured and effective tool of
collecting the proceeds of a credit sale.

Hire purchase (abbreviated HP) is the legal term for a contract, in this persons usually agree to
pay for goods in parts or a percentage at a time. It was developed in the United Kingdom and
can now be found in China, Japan, Malaysia, India, Australia, and New Zealand. It is also called
closed-end leasing. In cases where a buyer cannot afford to pay the asked price for an item of
property as a lump sum but can afford to pay a percentage as a deposit, a hire-purchase
contract allows the buyer to hire the goods for a monthly rent. When a sum equal to the original
full price plus interest has been paid in equal installments, the buyer may then exercise an
option to buy the goods at a predetermined price (usually a nominal sum) or return the goods to
the owner. In Canada and the United States, a hire purchase is termed an installment plan;
other analogous practices are described as closed-end leasing or rent to own.

Hire purchase differs from a mortgage and similar forms of lien-secured credit in that the so-
called buyer who has the use of the goods is not the legal owner during the term of the hire-
purchase contract. If the buyer defaults in paying the installments, the owner may repossess the
goods, a vendor protection not available with unsecured-consumer-credit systems. HP is
frequently advantageous to consumers because it spreads the cost of expensive items over an
extended time period. Business consumers may find the different balance sheet and taxation
treatment of hire-purchased goods beneficial to their taxable income. The need for HP is
reduced when consumers have collateral or other forms of credit readily available.

Meaning and Concept of Hire-purchase system:

Hire-purchase system is a special system of purchase and sale of goods. Under this system
purchaser pays the price of the goods in installments. The installments may be annual, six
monthly, quarterly, monthly fortnightly etc. Under this system the goods are delivered to the
purchaser at the time of agreement before the payment of installments but the title on the goods
is transferred after the payment of all installments as per the hire-purchase agreement. The
special feature of a hire-purchase transaction is that the payment of every installment is treated
as the payment of hire charges by the purchaser to the hire vendor till the payment of the last
installment. After the payment of the last installment, the amount of various installments paid is
appropriated towards the payment of the price of the goods sold and the ownership or the
goods is transferred to the purchaser. Thus hire-purchase means a transaction where the goods
are sold by vendor to the purchaser under the following conditions:
 • The goods will be delivered to the purchaser at the time of agreement.
• The purchaser has a right to use the goods delivered.
• The price of the goods will be paid in installments.
• Every installment will be treated to be the hire charges of the goods which is being used
by the purchaser.
• If all installments are paid as per the terms of agreement, the title of the goods is
transferred by vendor to the purchaser.
• If there is a default in the payment of any of the installments, the vendor will take away
the goods from the possession of the purchaser without refunding him any amount
received earlier in the form of various installments.

The contents of a hire-purchase agreement:

Hire-purchase agreement means a contract between the hire vendor and the hire purchaser
regarding the sale of goods under certain conditions. Usually every hire-purchase agreement
shall contain the following terms:

• A clear description of the goods.

• The cash price of the goods, cash price means the price at which goods may be
purchased against cash payment.
• The hire-purchase price, hire purchase price means the total amount which is payable
by the hire-purchase under the agreement.
• The date on which the hire-purchase agreement will commence.
• The description of the goods that will be delivered to the hire-purchase at the
commencement of the agreement.
• The number of installments to be paid by the hire-purchase along with the amount of
each installment and the date of payment of each installment.
• The down payment if any, the down payment means the amount which is required to be
paid by hire-purchase to the hire vendor at the time of commencement of hire-purchase
agreement.
• The rate interest charged by the hire vendor (optional).
• A reasonably comprehensive statement of the parties' rights (sometimes including the
right to cancel the agreement during a "cooling-off" period).
• The right of the hirer to terminate the contract when he feels like doing so with a valid
reason.

The seller and the owner

If the seller has the resources and the legal right to sell the goods on credit (which usually
depends on a licensing system in most countries), the seller and the owner will be the same
person. But most sellers prefer to receive a cash payment immediately. To achieve this, the
seller transfers ownership of the goods to a Finance Company, usually at a discounted price,
and it is this company that hires and sells the goods to the buyer. This introduction of a third
party complicates the transaction. Suppose that the seller makes false claims as to the quality
and reliability of the goods that induce the buyer to "buy". In a conventional contract of sale, the
seller will be liable to the buyer if these representations prove false. But, in this instance, the
seller who makes the representation is not the owner who sells the goods to the buyer only after
all the installments have been paid. To combat this, some jurisdictions, including Ireland, make
the seller and the finance house jointly and severally liable to answer for breaches of the
purchase contract.

Implied warranties and conditions to protect the hirer

The extent to which buyers are protected varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but the following
are usually present:

• The hirer will be allowed to enjoy quiet possession of the goods, i.e. no-one will interfere
with the hirer's possession during the term of this contract
• The owner will be able to pass title to, or ownership of, the goods when the contract
requires it
• That the goods are of merchantable quality and fit for their purpose, save that exclusion
clauses may, to a greater or lesser extent, limit the Finance Company's liability
• Where the goods are let by reference to a description or to a sample, what is actually
supplied must correspond with the description and the sample.

The hirer's rights

The hirer usually has the following rights:

• To buy the goods at any time by giving notice to the owner and paying the balance of the
HP price less a rebate (each jurisdiction has a different formula for calculating the
amount of this rebate)
• To return the goods to the owner — this is subject to the payment of a penalty to reflect
the owner's loss of profit but subject to a maximum specified in each jurisdiction's law to
strike a balance between the need for the buyer to minimize liability and the fact that the
owner now has possession of an obsolescent asset of reduced value
• With the consent of the owner, to assign both the benefit and the burden of the contract
to a third person. The owner cannot unreasonably refuse consent where the nominated
third party has good credit rating
• Where the owner wrongfully repossesses the goods, either to recover the goods plus
damages for loss of quiet possession or to damages representing the value of the goods
lost.

Basically hirer have following rights-

1. Rights of protection

2. Rights of notice

3. Rights of repossession

4. Rights of Statement

5. Rights of excess amount

The hirer's obligations

The hirer usually has the following obligations:

• To pay the hire installments

• To take reasonable care of the goods (if the hirer damages the goods by using them in a
non-standard way, he or she must continue to pay the installments and, if appropriate,
compensate the owner for any loss in asset value)
• To inform the owner where the goods will be kept.
• A hirer can sell the products if an only if he has purchased the goods finally or else not to
any other third party.

The owner's rights

The owner usually has the right to terminate the agreement where the hirer defaults in paying
the installments or breaches any of the other terms in the agreement. This entitles the owner:

• to forfeit the deposit

• to retain the installments already paid and recover the balance due
• to repossess the goods (which may have to be by application to a Court depending on
the nature of the goods and the percentage of the total price paid)
• to claim damages for any loss suffered

Characteristics of Hire-Purchase System:

The characteristics of hire-purchase system are as under:

• Hire-purchase is a credit purchase.

• The price under hire-purchase system is paid in installments.
• The goods are delivered in the possession of the purchaser at the time of
commencement of the agreement.
• Hire vendor continues to be the owner of the goods till the payment of last installment.
• The hire-purchase has a right to use the goods as a bailer.
• The hire-purchase has a right to terminate the agreement at any time in the capacity of a
hirer.
• The hire-purchase becomes the owner of the goods after the payment of all installments
as per the agreement.
• If there is a default in the payment of any installment, the hire vendor will take away the
goods from the possession of the purchaser without refunding him any amount.
Difference between Hire-purchase system and Installment payment system

Installment Payment System is system of purchase and sale of goods in which title of goods is
immediately transferred to the purchaser at the time of sale of goods and the sale price of the
goods is paid in installments. In the event of default in payment of any installment, the seller has
no right to take back goods from the possession of the purchaser. He can file a suit for the
recovery of the outstanding balance of the price of goods sold. The followings are the
differences between Hire-purchase system and Installment payment system:

• In Hire-purchase system, the transfer of ownership takes place after the payment of all
installments while in case of Installment payment system, the ownership is transferred
immediately at the time of agreement.
• In Hire-purchase system, the hire-purchase agreement is like a contract of hire though
later on it may become a purchase after the payment of last installment while in
Installment payment system, the agreement is like a contract of credit purchase.
• In case of default in payment, in Hire-purchase system the vendor has a right to back
goods from the possession of the hire-purchase while in case of Installment payment
system, the vendor has no right to take back the goods from the possession of the
purchaser; he can simply sue for the balance due.
• In Hire-purchase system, if the purchaser sells the goods to a third party before the
payment of last installment, the third party does not get a better title on the goods
purchased. But in case of Installment payment system, the third party gets a better title
on the goods purchased.
• In Hire-purchase system the provisions of the Hire-purchase Act apply to the transaction
while in case of Installment payment system, the provisions of Sale of Goods Act apply
to the transaction.

Accounting In the books of Hire-purchaser:

There are two methods of accounting in the books of Hire-purchaser. Their detailed description
is as under:

Asset Accrual Method:

Under this method it is considered that the hire-purchaser is the owner of the asset up to the
value of the cash price paid by him in the form of down payment or the cash price paid included
in various installments. The following journal entries are recorded under this method.
(i)On taking the delivery of asset:

No entry is recorded.

(ii)On making the down payment (if any)

Asset A/c Dr. (Amount of down payment)

To Cash/Bank A/c.

(iii)On becoming the installment due

Asset a/c. Dr (Balancing figure)

Installment. A/c. Dr. (Amt. of Installment)

To Hire-Vendor A/c. (Amt. of Installment)

(iv)On payment of installment:

Hire-Vendor A/c Dr. (Amt. of Installment)

To Cash/Bank A/c.

(v)On charging the Depreciation:

Depreciation A/c Dr. (Amt. of Depreciation)

To Asset A/c.

(vi)On Transfer of interest and depreciation to P/L A/c:

P/L A/c. Dr. (Total amount.)

To Interest A/c (Bal. of interest. A/c.)

To Depreciation A/c. (Bal. of Depreciation. A/c.)

Under Total Assets Value Method:

Under this method of accounting in the books of hire-purchaser, is done on the assumption that
the ownership of the asset is also transferred to the purchaser with the delivery of goods. The
following journal entries are recorded under this method.
(i)On taking the delivery of assets at the time of agreement:

Asset A/c Dr. (Cash price of Asset)

To Hire vendor A/c.

(ii)On making the down-payment (if any):

Hire-Vendor....... A/c. Dr. (Amount of down payment)

To Cash/Bank A/c

(iii)On becoming the installment due:

Interest A/c. Dr. (Amount of interest)

To Hire-Vendor A/c

(iv)On payment of installment:

Hire-Vendor a/c Dr. (Amount of installment)

To Cash/Bank A/c

(v)On charging the depreciations:

Depreciation A/c. Dr. (Amount of depreciation)

To Asset A/c.

(vi)On Transfer of interest and depreciation to P/L A/c:

P/L A/c. Dr. (Total)

To Interest A/c. (Bal. of Interest. A/c.)

To Depreciation A/c. (Bal. of Dep. A/c.)

Posting in Ledger Accounts:

After passing journal entries under any of the methods discussed above then the following
ledger accounts are opened in the ledger and the postings are made accordingly.

(i) Asset A/c. (e.g. Trucks A/c, Machinery A/c. etc.)

(ii) Vendor's A/c.
(iii) Interest A/c.
(iv) Depreciation A/c.

Note: Before recording the entries the amounts of interest and depreciation will be calculated in
two separate tables showing the calculations of interest and depreciation.

Calculation of Interest

The total payment made under hire-purchase system is more than cash price. In fact, this
excess of payment over the cash price is interest. It is very essential to calculate interest
because the amount paid for interest is charged to revenue and the asset is capitalized at cash
price. Thus normally all installments will include a part of cash price and a part of interest on the
outstanding balance. However the amount paid at the time of agreement (down payment) will
not include any interest. The calculation of interest is made under two conditions:

(a)When interest is included in amount of installment:

Where the hire-purchase price i.e. payment made in the form of down payment and all
installments is more than the cash price, it is regarded that the interest is included in
installments. It is explained in the following example.
Worked out Example-1 (Calculation of Interest)

On Its April,2005 Mr. X purchased from M/s Y & Co. one 'Motor Truck' under hire-purchase
system, Rs. 5,000 being paid on delivery and the balance in five annual installments of Rs.
7,500 each payable on 31st March each year. The cash price of the motor truck is Rs. 37,500
and vendors charge interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum on yearly balances. Find out the
amounts of principal and interest included in each installment.

Calculation of interest

Calculation of interest Cash price Installment

Principal Interest Total Rs
Rs Rs
Cash price 37500

Less paid on delivery (5000) 5000 ------- 5000

32500

First installment 7,500

Less interest on

Rs.3200@5% 1,625

Principal 5,875 (5,875) 5875 1625 7500

26,625

Second installment 7,500

Less interest on

Rs.3200@5% 1,331

Principal 6,169 (6,169) 6,169 1,331 7500

20,456

Third installment 7,500

Less interest on

Rs.3200@5% 1,023

Principal 6,477 (6,477) 6,477 1,023 7500

13,979

Fourth installment 7,500

Less interest on
 Rs.3200@5% 699 (6,801) 6,801 699 7,500

Principal 6,801 7,178

Fifth installment 7,500

Less Amount unpaid 7,178

Interest 322 (7178) 7,178 322 7,500

Total: Nil 37,500 5,000 42,500

(b) When interest is not included in installments:

Where the total amount paid in the form of down payment and all installments is exactly
equal to the cash price, it is regarded that the interest is not included in installments. It
means that interest is payable in addition to the agreed amount of installment. It is
explained in the following example.

Worked out Example-2 (Calculation of Interest):

On April 1,2005, A Transport Company purchased a Motor Lorry from Motor Supply Co. Ltd. on
hire-purchase basis, the cash price being Rs. 60,000. Rs. 15,000 on signing of the contract and
balance in three annual installments of Rs. 15,000 each on 31st March every year. In addition to
it, interest at 5 per cent per annum was also payable to vendors on outstanding balances.
 Description Cash installments
price Principal interest total
Cash Price 60,000
Less :down payment (15,000) 15,000 - 15,000
45,000

1st installment 15,000

Int.@5% on 45,000 2,250
Total: 17,250 15,000 15,000 2,250 17,250
30,000

2nd installment 15,000

Int.@5% on 30,000 1,500
Total: 16,500 15,000
15,000 15,000 1,250 16,500

3rd installment 15,000

Int.@5% on 15,000 750 -
Total: 15,750 15,000 15,000 750 15,750

Nil
Total: 60,000 4,500 64,500

Accounting in the books of Hire-vendor

Hire Vendor: There is only one method of recording the entries in the books of hire-vendor.
Irrespective of the fact whether the entries in the books of hire-purchaser are passed under the
Asset Accrual Method or under the Total asset value Method. But the accounting entries in the
books of hire-vendor are always passed under the total Asset Method. These entries are as
under:-

(i)On delivery of goods to the hire-purchaser at the time of agreement:

Hire – purchaser A/c Dr. Cash Price

To Hire – Sales A/c.

(ii)On receipt of cash at the time of agreement (down payment), if any:

Cash/Bank A/c. Dr. (Amt. of down payment)

To Hire-Purchaser

(iii)On interest being due:

Hire – Purchaser A/c Dr. Amt. of Interest

To Interest A/c.

(iv)On receipt of installment:

Cash/bank A/c. (Amt. of Installment)

To Hire – Purchaser

(v)On Transfer of Balance of Hire-Sales A/c. to Trading A/c. (at the end of
first year only):

Hire – Sales A/c Dr. Cash Price

To Trading A/c.

(vi)On Transfer of amount of interest to P/L A/c:

Interest A/c. Dr. (Balance of Intt. A/c.)

To P/L A/c.

Note: In solving a numerical problem, before recording the entries, the amount of interest
included in various instalments will be separately calculated as already explained.

Posting in Ledger Accounts:

After passing entries in the journal of hire – vendor the following accounts will be opened in the
ledger of hire – vendor and the postings will be made accordingly.

• (i) Hire – Purchaser A/c.

• (ii) Hire – Sales A/c. (only in first year)
• (iii) Interest A/c.