First Aid Training Caring

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Module A •Module A
• Essential of First Aid
• Asas Pertolongan Cemas
• Wounds & Bleeding
• Luka & Pendarahan
• Burns and Scalds
• Luka Terbakar dan Lecur
Module B
Modul B
• Fracture & Dislocation
• Patah & Terkehel
• Choking
• Tercekik
Module C
Modul C
• Medical Emergencies
• Kecemasan Perubatan
• Triage
• Kenal Pasti Keutamaan
• Cardio-Pulmonary • Pemulihan Jantung-Peparu
Resuscitation (CPR)
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Definition & Aims of First Aid

Definisi dan Tujuan Pertolongan Cemas

Treatment  Casualty / Rawatan  Mangsa

Before arrival of ambulance/send to hospital
Sebelum ambulance tiba/ hantar ke hospital
Anything (Around you) Apa-apa sahaja (Di sekeliling anda)
Correct Fist Aid PRINCIPLE / Prinsip Pertolongan Cemas yang betul
- To SAVE life / Untuk MENYELAMATKAN nyawa
- To PREVENT become worse / Untuk MENGELAKKAN keadaan
menjadi lebih teruk
- To promote RECOVERY / Untuk menggalakkan PEMULIHAN
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Vital Signs Tanda-tanda Penting

1. Level of Response (Tahap Kesedaran)

- Alert - Sedar
- Voice - Suara
- Pain - Sakit
- Unresponsive - Tidak Sedar

2. Pulse Rate (Kadar Nadi)

3. Breathing Rate (Kadar Pernafasan)

- Look, Listen & Feel- Lihat, Dengar & Rasa
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Secondary Survey Pemeriksaan Sekunder

1. S – Sign & Symptoms - Tanda & Gejala
2. A – Allergy - Alahan
3. M – Medication Taken - Ubat yang diambil
4. P – Past Illness - Penyakit lepas
5. L – Last Meal - Makan & minum terakhir
6. E – Event - Kejadian

M L E
A P
S
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Senario Praktikal
Secondary Examination – Pemeriksaan Sekunder
Head to Toe survey – Tinjauan Kepala ke Kaki
- Head (Eye, Nose, Ear, Mouth & Neck)
Kepala (Mata, Hidung, Telinga, Mulut & Leher
- Chest (Shoulder & Chest) Dada (Bahu & Dada)

- Abdomen & Pelvic Perut & Pelvis

- Extremities (Upper & Lower limbs)

Keterlaluan (Tangan dan Kaki)
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Action at an Emergency Tindakan ketika kecemasan

ASSESS the situation Menilai situasi

- Look, Listen, Feel & smell - Lihat, Dengar, Rasa & Hidu

MAKE the area SAFE Pastikan kawasan adalah SELAMAT

- Safety first! - Utamakan Keselamatan

GIVE Emergency Aid Beri Rawatan Kecemasan

- Unconscious / Severe Bleeding - Tidak sedar / Perdarahan Teruk

GET HELP from others Dapatkan Bantuan Lain

- Teamwork (Public / Bystander)

SCENARIO PRACTICAL Senario Praktikal

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Telephoning For Help Panggilan kecemasan

1. 999/112 999/112
2. Your name & Tel Nama & Tel
3. The emergency Kecemasan
4. The condition Keadaan
5. The location Lokasi
SCENARIO TRAINING LATIHAN SENARIO
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Casualty Handling Pengendalian Mangsa

Leave the casualty in the position which you found them

Kekalkan kedudukan mangsa
Move a casualty if he is in danger
Alihkan mangsa jika dia dalam bahaya
Make sure you are safe first
Utamakan keselamatan anda
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Types of Wound Jenis Luka

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Cut & Abrasion Luka & Lecet

1. Wash hand
- Cuci tangan
2. Wash with water
- Cuci dengan air
3. Wash with antiseptic
- Cuci dengan antiseptik
4. Apply medication
- Sapu ubat
5. Plaster it / Uncover
- Balut luka / dedahkan
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Severe Bleeding Perdarahan Teruk

1. Wear Gloves
- Pakai Sarung Tangan

2. Compress (with Gauze)

- Tekan (dengan Kain Kasar)

3. Elevate
- Angkat

4. Bandage (Roller Bandage)

- Balut (Pembalut Bergulung)
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Wounds & Bleeding Luka-luka dan pendarahan

* Bleeding from ear
* Pendarahan daripada telinga
Lie casualty down
Baringkan mangsa
Turn head to injured side
Alihkan kepala ke arah kecederaan
Cover with clean dressing
Tutup dengan kain atau pembalut yang bersih

Keep casualty warm/sent to hospital

Pastikan mangsa dalam keadaan suhu yang sesuai/ hantar ke
hospital
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Foreign Object in a Cut Benda Asing dalam Luka

1. Remove it? Cabutkan?
 No.  Tidak

2. If bleeding? Jika berdarah?

 C & E (at both sides).  T & A (di dua tepi)
3. Send & monitor Hantar & Mengawas
4. Infection? Jangkitan?
 Tetanus  Tetanus
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ABDOMINAL WOUND LUKA di PERUT

Lie casualty down (Baringkan mangsa)

Loosen tight clothing (Longgarkan pakaian ketat)

Cover wound (Tutup luka)

Treat for shock (Rawatan untuk Renjatan)

Call (Panggilan)

Monitor (Mengawasi)
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CHEST WOUND LUKA DADA

Sit casualty
(Dudukan mangsa)

Place sterile dressing & cover with plastic bag

(Gunakan pembalut steril & tutup dengan beg plastik)

Call
(Panggilan)

Monitor
(Mengawasi)
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CRUSH INJURY KECEDERAAN REMUK

• If less than 15 mins • Jika kurang daripada 15 mins
– Release him - Lepaskan dia
– Give emergency aid - Berikan bantuan kecemasan
•If more than 15 mins • Jika lebih daripada 15 mins
– Leave him - Tinggalkan dia
•Treat for Shock • Rawatan untuk Renjatan
•Call • Panggilan
•Monitor • Mengawasi
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SCENARIO- WOUNDS & BLEEDING

SENARIO- LUKA & DARAH
A victim fell into a deep drain and has multiple
injuries.
Seorang mangsa terjatuh dalam sebuah
longkang yang dalam dan terdapat beberapa
kecederaan.

How do you respond?

Bagaimana anda bertindak?
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Definition & Aims Definiti & Tujuan

1° 2° 3°
Superficial Partial-thickness Full-thickness
- Luaran - Separa-dalam - Mendalam

Aims of Treatment Tujuan Rawatan

1. Cold & stop pain 1. Sejukkan & hentikan sakit
2. Prevent infection 2. Elakkan jangkitan
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Treatment Rawatan

1. RUNNING WATER
- Alirkan dengan AIR
2. Remove
- Tanggalkan
3. Cover
- Tutup
4. Send
- Hantar

1. Severe Burn Teruk

2. Minor Burn Ringgan
3. Chemical Burn Bahan Kimia
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Electrical Burn Luka Terbakar akibat Elektrik

1. Danger?! 1. Bahaya?!
 Off MAIN Switch  Matikan suis UTAMA
 Dry Isolating Material  Penebat yg kering

2. DRABC / Burns 2. DRABC / Luka Terbakar

3. Send & Monitor 3. Hantar & Mengawas
4. Electric  Heart? 4. Elektrik  Jantung?
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SCENARIO - BURNS
Senario - Kebakaran
Victim was rescued from a burning house with
multiple burns.
Seorang mangsa telah diselamatkan dari
sebuah rumah yang terbakar dan mempunyai
beberapa luka terbakar.

How do you respond?

Bagaimana anda bertindak?
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Definition & Aims Definiti & Tujuan

FRACTURE
- Patah

DISLOCATION
- Terkehel
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Treatment Rawatan
1. No move, no pain Tak gerak, tak sakit

2. SUPPORT & IMMOBILISE Sokong & Tetapkan

3. Send & monitor Hantar & mengawas
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Treatment Rawatan

1. Arm Injury (Cedera Lengan)

 Arm Sling (Anduh Lengan)

2. Leg Injury (Cedera Kaki)

 Improvised Splint (Splin Ubahsuai)

3. Spinal Injury (Cedera Tulang Belakang)

 Improvised Immobiliser (Penetap Ubahsuai)
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The major causes of spine injury in adults in order of

frequency are :
1.Car accidents
2.Shallow-water diving accidents
3.Motorcycle accidents
4.All other injuries and falls

The major causes of spinal trauma in pediatric patients

are:
1.Falls from heights
2.Falls from a tricycle or bicycle
3.Being struck by a motor vehicle
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Punca utama kecederaan tulang belakang pada orang

dewasa dalam susunan kekerapan adalah:
1.Kemalangan kereta
2.Kemalangan semasa menyelam
3.Kemalangan motorsikal
4.Semua luka lain dan jatuh

Penyebab utama untuk kecederaan tulang belakang di

kalangan kanak-kanak adalah:
1.Jatuh dari tempat tinggi
2.Jatuh dari basikal (beroda 2 atau 3)
3.Dilanggar oleh kenderaan bermotor
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The presence of the following also indicate the need for

management of spinal trauma :

1. Pain to the neck or back

2. Pain on movement of the neck or back
3. Pain on palpation of the posterior neck or midline of
the back
4. Any deformity of the spinal column
5. Guarding or splinting of the neck or back
6. Paralysis, paresis, numbness or tingling in the legs or arms
7. Signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock
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Keadaan seperti di bawah perlukan pengurusan kecederaan

tulang belakang:

1.Sakit pada leher atau belakang

2.Sakit semasa gerakan leher atau belakang
3.Sakit semasa sentuhan pada leher atau tulang belakang
4.Sebarang bentuk luar biasa pada tulang belakang
5.Rasa keras pada bahagian leher atau belakang
6.Kebas, gigir atau tidak boleh bergerak di bahagian kaki atau

tangan
7. Tanda dan gejala renjatan akibat masalah
saraf
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To roll an injured person two people are needed. One person is

stationed at the head and the other at the victim's side. The person on
the side places one hand on the victim's shoulder and the other on the
victim's thigh area. The person at the victim's head stabilizes the head
and neck so that the head and neck does not bend, move, or twist in any
direction
Untuk megguling orang yang terluka, dua orang diperlukan. Seorang di
bahagian kepala, dan seorang di sisi mangsa. Orang di sebelah tempat satu
tangan di bahu mangsa dan satu tangan lagi pada peha mangsa. Orang
yabg pegang kepala akan menstabilkan kepala dan leher sehingga kepala
dan leher tidak menekuk, memindahkan, atau memain ke arah berlainan
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With the coordinated movement of the rescue team the victim is

carefully rolled on his side while the head and neck are supported and
kept in alignment. Paying proper attention to the care of an injured
victim can help prevent additional spinal cord injury

Dengan gerakan yang berkoordinat, pasukan penyelamatan berhati-

hati menggguling mangsa ke pihaknya sementara kepala dan leher
yang disokong dan berada di keadaan keselarasan. Memperhatikan
tepat yang diberikan dapat membantu mengelakkan kecederaan
tulang belakang bertambah teruk
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Cervical Collars are made of rigid plastic with a Styrofoam

lining. They are used when a patient has a suspected neck or
spinal injury. They are wrapped around the patients' neck and
so prevent the patient from moving their head left/right and
up/down and causing further injury. Collars come in different
sizes from child to Adult and are color coded so that they are
easy to find.
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Kerah leher rahim dibuat daripada plastik kaku dengan lapisan

styrofoam. Ia digunakan ketika pesakit mempunyai leher yang disyaki
atau mempunyai kecederaan tulang belakang. Mereka melilit leher
mangsa dan mencegah mangsa dari kepala mereka bergerak kiri /
kanan dan atas / bawah dan mengelakkan kecederaan lebih lanjut.
Kerah datang dalam saiz yang berbeza dari kanak-kanak hingga
dewasa dan mempunyai kod warna yang berbeza agar mudah
membezakannya.
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SPINAL BOARD
The spinal board (as it’s name suggests) is a long board made of a
though plastic or wooden material. When a patient has a suspected
injury to the spine, they may be strapped on a spinal board before being
placed on a trolley-bed and transported to hospital this way. As the
patients' head needs to be kept in neutral alignment; foam head blocks
are used to keep the patients' head straight. Restraining straps are also
used to keep the patient from moving whilst being transported. Several
people are needed to get a patient onto a spinal board as it involves
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SPINAL BOARD
Dewan tulang belakang (seperti nama menyarankan) merupakan sebuah
papan panjang yang terbuat dari bahan plastik atau kayu. Ketika seorang
pesakit dipercayai mempunyai kecederaan pada tulang belakang, mereka
akan diikat di papan tulang belakang sebelum ditempatkan di tempat troli
dan diangkut ke hospital. Kepala pesakit harus tetap selaras neutral; kepala
blok digunakan untuk memastikan kepala pesakit lurus. Penahan tali juga
digunakan untuk menjaga pesakit dari bergerak sementara diangkut.
Beberapa orang diperlukan untuk mengangkut seseorang mangsa ke papan
tulang belakang.
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Made by strong light

weight metal
Diperbuat daripada
logam ringan yang kuat
-transfer a patient from the ground to a stretcher trolley.
memindahkan pesakit dari tanah untuk sebuah troli.
-its shape and design, it has 4 "spade-like" flaps facing inwards.
dari bentuk dan reka, terdapat 4 "spade seperti" flaps menghadap ke dalam.
-the scoop can be extended to fit the length of the patient.
kaki dan sudu itu dapat diperpanjangkan untuk kesesuaian mangsa.
-Prevents them from getting up from the ground themselves
menghalang mereka dari dipindahkan / pergerakan
-not designed for carrying a patient long distances
tidak direka untuk membawa mangsa untuk jarak jauh
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SCENARIO - FRACTURE
SENARIO – PATAH
Victim fell from the balcony of a double storey
house.
Mangsa jatuh dari balkoni rumah dua tingkat
How do you respond?
Apakah anda boleh buat?
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Treatment Rawatan ADULT

1. Ask: Are you choking? Tanya: Anda tercekik?
2. COUGH BATUK
3. Bend Bongkok
4. 5x Back Blow 5x Tepukan Belakang
5. 5x Abdominal Thrust 5x Tolakan Perut
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Treatment Rawatan Infant

Baby unable to cry, breathe & cough?
Bayi tidak boleh nangis, nafas & batuk?
Lay baby face down with head low
Baring bayi menghadap ke bawah dengan kepala rendah?
Give 5 back blows
Beri 5 tepukan dari belakang
Give 5 chest trust
Beri 5 tekanan dada
Send
Hantar
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SCENARIO - CHOKING
SENARIO - TERCEKIK

A victim was eating in a restaurant and

suddenly he grasp his neck.
Seseorang yang sedang makan di restoran dan tiba-
tiba dia pegang lehernya.

How do you respond?

Apakah anda boleh buat?
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A condition arising from stress or

injury producing an insufficient
supply of blood to the brain and
other vital organs.
Satu keadaan yang timbul daripada
tekanan atau luka menyebabkan
kekurangan bekalan darah ke otak dan
organ penting yang lain.
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Acute heat attacks/ Serangan panas

Acute abdominal emergencies/
Keadaan kecemasan abdomen
Severe bleeding/ Pendarahan teruk
Loss of plasma as in burns/
Kehilangan plasma pada luka terbakar
Loss of body fluid/ Kehilangan cecair tubuh
Severe pain/ Sakit parah
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Treatment:

1) Control bleeding (wear gloves)

2) Lay down
3) Support & Elevate legs
4) Send

DO NOT

 let the casualty smoke, eat, drink, or move

unnecessarily
 leave the casualty unattended
 try to warm casualty with a hot-water bottle or any
other direct source of heat
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Rawatan:

1) Kawalan perdarahan (pakai sarung tangan)

2) Baringkan
3) Sokong & Tinggikan kaki
4) Hantar
JANGAN
 membiarkan mangsa merokok, makan, minum, atau membuat
pindah yang tidak perlu
 meninggalkan magsa tanpa pengawasan.
 cuba untuk memanaskan mangsa dengan botol air panas atau
sumber-sumber panas lain secara langsung.
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DEFINITION / DEFINASI
Triage is the screening procedures that identify by
category of injury severity and treatment according to
priority criteria, specific treatment and transfer victim
Separation of patients when the rescue team arrival

Triage adalah satu prosedur pemeriksaan yang mengenal pasti

kecederaan mengikut ketegori ketenatan dan memberi
perawatan mengikut kriteria prioriti, perawatan tertentu dan
pemindahan mangsa
Pengasingan pesakit bermula sebaik sahaja penyelamat terlatih
sampai ke tempat kejadiaan
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TRIAGE will ensure the most appropriate treatment

based on available capacity.

These include the efficient transfer of patients from the

scene to the hospital.

TRIAGE akan memastikan rawatan yang paling sesuai

berdasarkan kepada keupayaan yang sedia ada.

Ini termasuk memindahkan mangsa dengan cekap dari

tempat kejadian ke hospital.
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PRINSIP – PRINSIP TRIAGE

Life-threatening injuries must be given priority such as injuries
threaten major functions:

Kecederaan yang mengancam nyawa mesti diutamakan

umpamanya kecederaan yang mengancam fungsi utama :

AIRWAY SALURAN PERNAFASAN

BREATHING PERNAFASAN

CIRCULATION PEREDARAN DARAH

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Example: Airway, Breathing and Blood Circulation

Contoh : Saluran Pernafasan, Pernafasan dan Peredaran
Darah
Separation of the priority categories based on specific
criteria

Pengasingan mengikut keutamaan media berdasarkan kriteria

khusus.

Keutamaan tertinggi (kritikal) Highest Priority

Keutamaan tinggi ( separa kritikal) High Priority
Keutamaan rendah ( tidak kritikal) Low Priority
Kematiaan Dead
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Separation of the victim in order of importance using the

tag mark.
Pengasingan mangsa mengikut keutamaan
menggunakan tanda tag.
Color code based on four colors
Kod warna berdasarkan empat warna

Kod MERAH - kritikal / critical

Kod KUNING - separa kritikal / partial critical
Kod HIJAU - tidak kritikal / not critical
Kod PUTIH - kematian / dead
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SECONDARY TRIAGE Sekunder Triage

Do revaluation – Pernilaian Semula Dilakukan

Basic treatment continued – Rawatan Asas diteruskan

Further recovery continues – Pemulihan lanjutan

diteruskan

Transportation management – Pengangkutan diteruskan

Transfer – Permindahan
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Bahaya
Danger DR. ABC

Respond Gerak Balas

.
Salur Udara
Air Way
Breathing Pernafasan

Circulation Peredaran Darah

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D- Danger

R – Respond
Shout for HELP / 999
A – Airway

B - Breathing

C - Circulation

start CPR
(30 chest compressions +
2 rescue breathes)
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Do CPR until: Buat CPR sehingga

Casualty Start BREATHING

Mula bernafas
AMBULANCE arrived
Ketibaan Ambulans
You are TIRED
Rasa Penat
REPLACED by someone
Ganti orang lain
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Recovery Position Kedudukan Pemulihan

1. Kneel beside the casualty & remove

2. Arm (nearest to you) - 90°
3. Arm (farthest) – across the chest  cheek
4. Pull the far leg (at knee) up  foot flat on the ground
5. Roll the casualty towards you – Leg 90°
6. Tilt the head back – Airway stays open
7. Change every 20min
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Recovery Position Kedudukan Pemulihan

1. Berlutut disamping mangsa kemalangan & mengambil

2. Lengan (terdekat anda) - 90°
3. Lengan (terjauh) – di dada pipi
4. Tarik kaki yang jauh(di lutut) ke atas  kaki rata di atas lantai
5. Gulung mangsa ke arah anda – Kaki 90°
6. Memiringkan kepala ke bahagian belakang – Salur Pernafasan
tetap terbuka
7. Tukar setiap 20min
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SCENARIO - CPR SENARIO - CPR

Victim was electrocuted and collapse

unconsciously to the ground.
Mangsa terkena renjatan elektrik, jatuh ke
tanah dan tidak sedar.

How will you respond?

Bagaimana anda bertindak?
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Any Questions? Sebarang pertanyaan?

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