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MODULE
OF
THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
Reference Books:
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3
THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
MOTIVATION:
Present chapter deals with three phase systems and the behavior of the three phase system for 3-ph
circuit with the concept of phaser diagram. The Chapter also highlights the comparision of single phase
and three phase supply system.
SYLLABUS:
OBJECTIVE:
KEY NOTATIONS :
IL = line current
Zph = impedance/phase
P = Total power
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KEY DEFINITIONS:
Single Phase System – It is a system which generates single alternating voltage and current.
It uses only one winding.
Phase sequence or phase order – The sequence in which the voltage in the three phases reaches maximum
positive value. Phase sequence of three phase system is R-Y-B. The direction of rotation of the three phase
machines depends on the phase sequence.
Line voltage – It is the voltage at any instant between two lines. Between R and Y line we have VRY.
Phase voltage – It is the voltage of individual phases with respect to neutral. We have VR, VY, VB.
Line current – It is the Phase current in any phase. We have IR, IY, IB
LEARNING RESOURCES:
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IMPORTANT RELATIONS:
VL = √3Vph
IL = Iph
Reactive power Q = 3Vph Iph sin ǿ
VL = Vph
IL = √3 Iph
S = 3Vph Iph
= √3 VL IL
Q = √3 VL IL sin ǿ
S = √3 VL IL
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INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC:
Generation of three phase voltages: A system which generates a single alternating voltage and
current is termed as single phase system. It utilizes only one winding. A polyphase system utilizes
more than one winding. It will produce as many induced voltages as the number of winding.
A three phase system consists of three separate but identical windings that are displaced by 120
electrical degrees from each other. When these three windings are rotated in an anticlockwise
direction with constant angular velocity in a uniform magnetic field, the emfs are induced in each
winding which have same magnitude and frequency but displaced 1200 from one another
Fig:3.1
The instantaneous values of generated voltage in winding RR1, YY1 and BB1 are given by
eR = Em sin ө
eY = Em sin (ө - 1200)
eB = EB sin (ө - 2400)
(All are in time domain)
Where Em is the maximum value of induced voltage in each winding. The waveform of these three
voltages is shown in Fig
Fig 3.2.
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Fig3.3
STAR OR WYE CONNECTION: In the method, similar terminals (start or finish) of the three
winding are joined together as shown in Fig. 3.5. The common point is called star or neutral point.
Fig.3.4
iR = Im sin ө
iY = Im sin (ө - 1200)
iB = Im sin (ө - 2400)
iR + iy + iB = Im sin ө +Im sin (ө - 1200) + Im sin (ө - 2400) = 0
(All are in time domain)
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Fig.3.5
DELTA OR MESH CONNECTION: In this method, dissimilar terminals of the three winding are
joined together i.e. ‘finish’ terminal of one winding is connected to ‘start’ terminal of other winding
and so on as shown in Fig.3.8 This system is also called three phase, three wire system.
Fig.3.6
For a balanced system sum of the three phase voltages round the closed mesh is zero. The three emfs
are equal in magnitude but differ in phase from one another by 1200.
eR = Em sin ө
eY = Em sin (ө - 1200)
eB = Em sin (ө - 2400)
eR + eY + eB = Em sin ө + Em sin (ө – 1200) + Em sin (ө - 2400) = 0
(All are in time domain)
APPLICATIONS:
KEY DERIVATIONS:
Relation between line voltage and phase voltage: Since the system is balanced, the three phase
voltages VRN, VYN and VBN are equal in magnitude and differ in phase from one another by 1200.
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Fig. 3.7
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Fig. 3.8
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Fig. 3.9
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Fig.3.10
Power:
Total power P = 3 Vph Iph cos ǿ
In a delta connected three phase system,
Vph = VL
Iph = IL/
P = 3 VL IL / 3 cos ǿ
= VL IL cos ǿ
Total reactive power Q = 3Vph Iph sin ǿ
= VL IL sin ǿ
Total apparent power S = 3 Vph Iph
= VL I L
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Vph = VL
Iph = I L/
Z = Vph / Iph = VL / IL / VL / IL = 3ZY
ZY = Z /3
Let a balanced load be connected in star having impedance per phase as Zph.
For star connected load,
Vph = VL /
Iph = Vph / Zph = VL / Zph
IL = Iph = VL / Zph
Now PY = VL IL cos ǿ
= VL VL / Zph cos ǿ = / Zph cos ǿ
For delta connected load,
Vph = VL
Iph = Vph / Zph = VL / Zph
IL = Iph
= VL/Zph
Now P = VL IL cos ǿ
= VL VL / Zph cos ǿ
= 3 Zph cos ǿ
=3 PY
Thus power consumed by a balanced star connected load is one third of that in the case of delta
connected load.
SOLVED NUMERICALS:
1. Three equal impedances each 8 + j10 ohms are connected in star. This is further connected to a 440
V, 50 Hz, three phase supply. Calculate the active and reactive power and line and phase currents.
(Dec-10,
10marks)
VL = 440 V
f = 50 Hz
For star connected load,
Vph = VL/√3 = 440/√3 = 254.03V
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Zph = 12.81 Ω
ǿ = 51.340
IL = Iph = 19.83 A
= 9.44 kW
= 11.81kVAR. (Ans)
2. 415 V. 50 Hz, three phase voltage is applied to three star connected identical impedances. Each
impedance consists of a resistance of 15 Ώ, capacitance of 177 µF and inductance of 0.1 Henry in series.
Find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii) power factor (iv) active power (v) reactive power (vi) total
VA.Draw a neat phasor diagram. If the same impedances are connected in delta, find (i) line current (ii)
power consumed.
Data: VL = 415 Ω F = 50 Hz
R = 15 Ω C = 177 µF
L = 0.1 H
For star connected load,
= 20.14 <41.860 Ω
Zph = 20.14
ǿ = 41.860
= 0.744 (lagging)
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IL = Iph = 11.9 A
P = √3VL IL cos ǿ
= 6.36 kW
Q = √3 VL IL sin ǿ
= 5.71 kVAR
S = √3VL IL
= √3 415 11.9
= 8.55 kVA
VL = Vph = 415 V
Zph = 20.14 Ω
P = √3 VL IL cos ǿ
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= 19.09 kW (Ans)
5.Three equal impedances each 8 + j10 ohms are connected in star. This is further
connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, 3φ supply. Calculate the active and reactive power and
line and phase currents. (Dec-10,Dec. 88)
10Marks[9.458 KW, 11.806 KVAR, 19.85 A, 19.85
A]
6.A balanced delta connected load of impedance (8 – j6) ohm per phase is connected
to a three phase 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate : (i) line current (ii) power factor (iii)
reactive power. Draw phasor diagram. (May 94)
10Marks [39.83 A, 0.8 leading, 9.52 KVAR]
7.Three coils, each having resistance of 8 Ω inductance of 0.02 H are connected in (i)
star (ii) delta to a 3φ, 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Calculate in both cases, the various line
and phase quantities and the total power absorbed. (May 98)
[ 13.05 A, 132.79V, 10.17Ω, 4.088 kW, 39.33 A, 68.12A, 10.17Ω, 37.124kW]
8.Three similar coils A, B, and C are available. Each coil has 9 _ resistance and 12 _
reactance. They are connected in delta to a 3φ, 440 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate phase
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current, line current, power factor, total kVA, active power and reactive power. If these
coils are connected in star across same supply, calculate all the above quantities.
10Marks [May 91]
[29.33 A, 50.8 A, 0.6 lagging, 38.72 KVA, 23.23 KW, 30.97 KVAR, 16.94 A,
16.94 A, 0.6 lagging,12.91 KVA, 7.74 KW, 10.33 KVAR]
9.415 V, 50 Hz, three phase voltage is applied to three star connected identical
impedances. Each impedance consists of a resistance of 15 _, capacitance of 177 µF
and inductance of 0.1 henry in series. Find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii) power
factor (iv) active power (v) reactive power (vi) total VA. Draw a neat phasor diagram. If
the same impedances are connected in delta, find (i) line current (ii) power consumed.
10
Marks (May 88)
[11.9 A, 11.9 A, 0.744 lagging, 6.36 KW, 5.71 KVAR, 8.55 KVA, 35.69 A, 19.09
KW]
10.Each phase of a delta connected load consists of a 50 mH inductor in series with a
parallel combination of 50 Ω resistor and 50 µF capacitor. The load is connected to
three phase, 550 V, 800 rad/sec AC supply. Find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii)
power drawn (iv) power factor (v) reactive power (vi) kVA rating of the load. 10Marks
(May 95,Dec-10)
[24.59 A, 42.604 A, 18.151 KW, 0.447 lagging, 36.3 KVAR, 40.59 KVA]
11.Calculate the active and reactive components of the current in each phase of a star
connected 5000 V, 3φ, alternator supplying 3000 KW at a pf of 0.8. 8
Marks (May 98)
[250 A, 150A]
12.A three phase, 208 volt generator supplies a total of 1800 W at a line current of 10
A when three identical impedances are arranged in Wye connection across the line
terminals of the generator. Compute the resistive and reactive components of each
phase impedance. 8 Marks (Dec. 89)
[6 Ω , 10.39 Ω]
13.Three similar choke coils are connected in star to a 3φ supply. If the line current is
15 A, the total power consumed is 11 kW and the volt-ampere input is 15 kVA, find the
line and phase voltages, the VAR input and the reactance and resistance of each coil. If
these coils are now connected in delta to same supply, calculate phase and line
currents, active and reactive power. 10Marks (Dec. 92)
(Dec. 91, May 97, Jan 2004)
[577.36 V, 333.35 V, 10.19 KVAR, 15.11 Ω, 18.289 Ω, 25.98 A, 45 A, 32.98 KW,
30.59 KVAR]
14.Three identical coils connected in delta to a 440 V, three phase supply take a total
power of 50 kW and a line current of 90 A. Find phase current, power factor, total
apparent power taken by the coils. (Dec. 92)
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MEASUREMENT OF POWER:
Example:
Three coils each with a resistance of 10 Ω and reactance of 10 Ω are connected in star across a three phase,
50 Hz, 400 V supply. Calculate (i) Line current and (ii) Readings on the two wattmeter’s connected to
measure the power.
Data: R = 10 Ω XL = 10 Ω
VL = 400 V
Zph = 14.14 Ω
ǿ = 450
IL = Iph = 16.33 A
P = √3VLIL cos ǿ
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= 7998.83 W
W1 – W2 = 7998.83 W
Also
Tan ǿ = √3 W1–W2 / W1+W2
W1-W2 = 4618.13 W
W1 = 6308.48 W
W2 = 1690.35W
1. Three identical coils each having a resistance of 8 Ω and inductance of 0.02 H are
connected in (i) star and (ii) Delta across 3φ, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Draw neat phasor
diagram and calculate the readings of two wattmeters connected to measure power.
Also calculate pf of the circuit. 10 Marks (May 2000)
[W1=8.99kW, W2=3.38kW, 0.7866 lag W1=26.979kW, W1=10.144kW, 0.7866
lag]
2. Thre identical coils each having a reactance of 20Ω and resistance of 10Ω are
connected in (i) star (ii) delta across a 440 V, 3 phase line. Calculate for each method
of connection the line current and readings on each of the two watt meters connected
to measure the power. 10 Marks (Jan 2003)
[11.3609A, 4171.79 W. -299.073 W, 34.083 A, 12515.59W, -697.227W]
4. Find the power and power factor of the balanced circuit in which the wattmeter
readings are 5 kΩ and 0.5 kW, the latter being obtained after the reversal of current coil
terminals of the wattmeter. (May 96)
8 Marks
[4.5 kW, 0.427 lagging]
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5. Three star connected impedances Z1 = ( 20+ j37.7 ) per phase are conncted in
parallel with thre delta connected impedances Z2 = ( 30- j59.3 ) per phase. The line
voltage is 398 V. Find line current, p.f, power and reactive VA taken by the
combination. 10Marks ( Dec 2006 )
6. 3 - phase ,220 V ,50 Hz ,11.2 KW induction motor has full load efficiency 88%
and draws a line current of 38 A under full load when connected to 3 hase 220 V
supply. Find thwe reading on the two wattmeter connected in the circuit to measure
the input to the motor. Determine also the pf at whichh the motor is operating.
8Marks ( June 2007 )
SHORT QUESTIONS:
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1. Explain two wattmeter method for power measurement in 3-ph delta connected
balance load. Also draw the phasor diagram.
10 marks (Dec-10)
2. Show only two wattmeter are sufficient to measure 3-ph power. Also state advantages of two wattmeter.
10 marks
(May-10)
3. Show that the algebraic sum of all potential difference in delta nerwork is zero.
(Show graphically).
8 marks
(Dec 2007)
4. Prove that for 3 phase balanced delta connected lode line current is 3 times phase
current. Also define power triangle in 3 phase circuits.
10 marks (June 2008)
5.Deduce the relationship between phase and line quantities (voltage, current, power)
in the circuit of a three phase delta connected system. Also draw neat diagram
6.Deduce the relationship between phase and line quantities (voltage, current, power)
in the circuit of a three phase star connected system. Also draw neat diagrams.
7. Explain merits of two wattmeter method for power measurement, giving circuit
diagram and phasor.
5marks
(Jan 2004, June 2008)
8. Explain with phasor diagram of how two wattmeter can be used to measure power
in 3phase system. Also
explain the variations in the wattmeter readings with load power factors.
5marks (Jan 2003)
OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS:
1. A delta circuit has each element of value R/2. The equivalent elements of star circuit will be
(a) 2R (b) 6R
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2. In case of delta connected circuit, when one resistor is open, power will be
(a) zero (b) reduced to 1/3
(c) reduced by 1/3 (d) unaltered
Ans:(--)
4. Which of the following is true for a three phase delta connected circuit
(a) Line voltage = phase voltage (b) Line current= phase current
(c) Line current = 1/√3 phase voltage (d) Line current = √3 phase current
Outcomes:
1. In some applications single phase ac supply is not suitable; so some load needs a polyphase
ac supply. The word polyphase means many, thus a polyphase ac supply is the one which
produces many phases simultaneously.
2. A polyphase system has an advantage of more output, smaller size, more power is
transmitted, small cross sectional area of conductors, better power factor, high transmission
efficiency etc over the single phase system. Hence they are preferred practically.
3. Secondly the power is dependent on power factor cosΦ alongwith Voltage & Current. So in
order to measure the 3 ph active power, we need to use an instrument which will sanse
voltage, current as well as the power factor and give the reading directly in watts. The
instrument which can do this is a Wattmeter.
Ans:(--)
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