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Major Areas
Definitionsof Immunity
Antibody dependent protective
mechanisms
Complement mediated protection
Cell mediated protective
mechanisms
Parasite and microbe evasion
immune stratagems
Vaccines
Infection and Immunity
Infants depend on maternal protective
antibodies, principally IgG, in the first 6-9
months in life.
sIgA secretion in human colostrums and milk
confers maternal immunity to suckling infants.
IgG crosses the placenta from the eighth week
of gestation by passive and active
transmission.
Maternal IgG – Fc receptors on the placenta
syncytiotrophoblasts facilitate the active
transfer of the IgG antibodies.
Maternal derived antibodies interfere with
vaccination of infants (measles, mumps and
rubella infections).
Immunity Profile
Sterile Immunity
State of protection when all the
infectious agents are eliminated in the
host.
Premunition
Low-grade infection providing
protection in subsequent asymptomatic
chronic infections
Occurs in several infections, malaria
and diphtheria (Corynebacterium
diphtheria).
Immunity Profile cont
Concomitant Immunity
Age dependent resistance to reinfection
directed at the early larval stages
Adult forms unaffected (schistosomiasis,
filariasis and echinococcosis diseases).
Herd Immunity
Community protection or resistance
conferred to susceptible proportion of
individuals in a vaccinated population
(>=95%) and
Infection does not result in an epidemic
Innate Determinants of Immunity
Genetic Determinants
Physical Barriers
Soluble Factors
Cellular Components
Innate Mediated Factors
Metabolites:
Reactive oxygen intermediates Inflammation and intracellular
(ROI) killing
Reactive nitrogen Inflammation and intracellular
intermediates (RNI) killing
Eicosanoids, prostaglandins Regulation, inflammation
Cytokines:
leukotrienes Recruitment
Inflammation and activation of
IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6
Platelet activating factor platelets.
Th1 activation
IFN-α
IL-10 Th1 suppression, Th2 activation
IL-12, IL-18 Activation of NK and T cells
TGF- β Inflammation, tissue repair
Adhesion molecules:
Fibronectin Opsonisation
Thrombospondin Adhesion, phagocytosis
Complement:
C3b, C4b and C2b Opsonisation
Enzymes:
Lysozyme Degrades bacterial cell walls
Collagenase, elactase Matrix catabolism
Complement Mediated Protection
C3b-R and C4b-R mediated
opsonization and phagocytosis
C3b-R and C4b-R potentiation of
ADCC
MAC (C5b-9) mediated lysis and
neutralization
Complement AssociatedPhagocytosis
C3b-R and C4b-R mediated opsonization and
phagocytosis effective protective mechanism
against
Gram-positive bacterial infections
Streptococcal (S. pyogenes and S.pneumoniae)
Staphylococcal (S. aureus)
Meningococcal (N.meningitidis)
Plaque (Y.pestis); cryptococcal and anthrax
(B.anthracis).
C3b and C4b potentiate ADCC mechanisms against
various pathogens.
Membrane attack complex activity
Responsible for
Neutralization of gram-negative bacteria
o E. coli, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, N.
meningitides, N. gonorrhea),
Damage of
o Filarial worms (microfilariae),
o Tapeworms (protoscolices of E. granulosus)
and
o Amastigotes of leishmania parasites.
Antibody Dependent Mechanisms
Inhibitionof epithelial
attachment
Neutralization activity
Fc-R mediated opsonization and
phagocytosis
Fc-R potentiation ofADCC
importance of antibody – mediated mechanisms
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertusis, polio and Uses acellular pertusis and IPV (Salk) Combination vaccine given in 3 doses to
hepatitis B infants
Measles Attenuated virus Often given as a mixture (MMR). Do not
increase the risk of autism.
Mumps Attenuated virus
Chicken pox (Varicella) Attenuated virus Caused by the variecella-zoster virus (VZV)
Age Vaccine