Night Light Saver

NLS (NIGHT LIGHT SAVER) 2011
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION –
Engineering is not only a theoretical study but it is a implementation of all we study for creating
something new and making things more easy and useful through practical study. It is an art
which can be gained with systematic study, observation and practice. In the college curriculum
we usually get the theoretical knowledge of industries, and a little bit of implementation
knowledge that how it is works? But how can we prove our practical knowledge to increase the
productivity or efficiency of the industry?
Just imagine a light which automatically turns ON and
OFF at a particular time. It obviously suits the daily routine of a person such that he/she doesn’t
need to take care of the light. This also saves electricity, and hence is known as NLS (Night
Light Saver). This microcontroller based project is very useful especially for personal use.
The saver turns a night light on and off with preset time. The design features low
cost, easy installation, no battery backup and no EMI. The microcontroller used is AT89C2051.
The AT89C2051 uses external oscillator generated by Schmitt trigger gate CD4093, ~680kHz.
Reference frequency was derived from 50Hz main line. If main line has failed, functioning LED
will blink at high rate. Since there is no battery backup, thus repressing the button is then
needed.
Fig 1: Microcontroller based NLS
ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 1

CHAPTER: 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –
Fig 1: Circuit Diagram of NLS
Explanation of the circuit operation for each part is as follows:

1) R1 and C1 form a simple current limiting AC source. D1 and D2 converts AC to DC with C2
performing a reservoir. D3 limits voltage across the circuit to ~5V.
2) External oscillator: A reliable Schmitt gate oscillator with R8 and C5 produces clock approx.
680 kHz. One machine cycle is ~18us.
3) 89C2051 circuits: C4, 33uF and R4, 10k forms a reset circuit that need time for raising logic
at least two machines cycle. S1 is a momentary button for setting time to 18:00 by pulling P3.0
to logic low. The functioning LED is connected to P3.7. Q2 is a small Triac MAC97A6, and is
derived by Q1, PNP transistor sinking through P1.7.
4) Reference frequency: R3 and C3 integrate a 50Hz main frequency and unwanted transients
producing triangle-like waveform which is fed to U2 Schmitt gate. The output pin4 is clean 50Hz
square wave tied to int0.

CHAPTER: 3
COMPONENTS LISTING AND DESCRIPTION –
The components used in this project are as following:
 C1 0.44 uF 250Vac AC capacitor

 C2 330 uF 25V electrolytic capacitor
 C3 1uF 16V nonpolar polyester capacitor
 C4 33uF 16V electrolytic capacitor
 C5 50pF disceramic capacitor
 R1 50Ohm 1/4W resistor
 R2 1M 1/4W
 R3,R4,R8 10k 1/4W
 R5 220Ohm 1/4W
 R6,R7 1k 1/4W
 D1,D2 1N4007 rectifying diode
 D3 zener diode 5.1V 1/2W
 D4 small LED
 Q1 2N2907 PNP transistor
 Q2 MAC97A6 triac
 U1 AT89C2051 Flash Microcontroller
 U2 CD4093 schmitt nand gate
 T1 Transformer

Capacitor :
Fig 1: Different types of capacitors: From left: multilayer ceramic, ceramic disc, multilayer polyester film,
tubular ceramic, polystyrene, metalized polyester film, aluminum electrolytic. Major scale divisions are in
centimeters.
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-
conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair
of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage)
across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive
charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the
electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them.

Resistor :
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic

component which implements resistances a
circuit element. When a voltage V is applied
across the terminals of a resistor, a current I
will flow through the resistor in direct
proportion to that voltage. Resistors are
common elements of electrical networks and
electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome).
Resistors are also implemented
within integrated circuits, particularly analog
devices, and can also be integrated
into hybrid and printed circuits.
Fig 2: Various types of Resistances
Rectifying Diode :
Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies to convert alternating

current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process called rectification.
They are also used elsewhere in circuits where a large current must
pass through the diode. All rectifier diodes are made from silicon and
therefore have a forward voltage drop of 0.7V. The 1N4001 is suitable
for most low voltage circuits with a current of less than 1A.
Fig 3: Rectifying Diodes

Zener Diode: A Zener diode is a type of diode that

permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode,
but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than
the voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage". The
device was named after Clarence Zener, who discovered this
electrical property.
Fig 4: Zener Diode
Light Emitting Diode : A light-emitting diode is

a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for
other lighting. When a light-emitting diode is
forward biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with electron within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy gap of the semiconductor.
Fig 5: LED
PNP Transistor : The PNP consists of a layer of N-

doped semiconductor between two layers of P-doped material. A
small current leaving the base is amplified in the collector output.
That is, a PNP transistor is "on" when its base is pulled low relative
to the emitter. The majority current carriers in the PNP transistor are
holes.
Fig 6: PNP Transistor

TRIAC : TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is

a generalized tradename for an electronic
component which can conduct current in either direction
when it is triggered (turned on), and is formally called
a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor.
A TRIAC is approximately equivalent to two
complementary unilateral thyristors (one is anode
triggered and another is cathode triggered SCR) joined
Fig 7: TRIAC
in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected
together. It can be triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to
its gate electrode (with respect to A1, otherwise known as MT1). Once triggered, the device
continues to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value,
the holding current, such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains power.
This makes the TRIAC a very convenient switch for AC circuits, allowing the control of very
large power flows with milliampere-scale control currents. In addition, applying a trigger pulse
at a controllable point in an AC cycle allows one to control the percentage of current that flows
through the TRIAC to the load (phase control).
AT89C2051 Flash Microcontroller : The

AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance
CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of
Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a
Fig 8: AT89C2051 Flash Microcontroller

versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
Features
Compatible with MCS-51 ™ Products

2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2.7V to 6V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Two-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
15 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial UART Channel
Direct LED Drive Outputs
On-chip Analog Comparator
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

CD4093 Schmitt Nand Gate : The CD4093B consists

of four Schmitt-trigger circuits. Each circuit functions as a
2-input NAND gate with Schmitt-trigger action on both
inputs. The gate switches at different points for positive and
negative-going signals. The difference between the positive
(VTa) and the negative voltage (VTb) is defined as
hysteresis voltage (VH). All outputs have equal source and
sink currents and conform to standard B-series output drive.
Fig 9: NAND Gate
Transformer : A transformer makes use of Faraday's

law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course
cannot increase power so that if the voltage is raised,
the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
Electronic transformers are usually much smaller and
lighter, so tend to lack the "solid quality" feel, but most
are either reasonably or very efficient, typically wasting
less than 10% of the total power. Lower losses mean
less heat and marginally lower power bills. Although
the dissipation of each unit individually may seem
reasonable, when thousands of them are running the
extra loss becomes significant.
Fig 10: Transformer

CHAPTER: 4
PCB DESIGNING –
Layout Formation
Integrated circuit layout, also known IC layout, IC mask layout, or mask design, is the
representation of an integrated circuit in terms of planar geometric shapes which correspond to
the patterns of metal, oxide, or semiconductor layers that make up the components of the
integrated circuit. IC Layout is done with the aid of editor software, or even automatically
using EDA tools, including place and route tools or schematic driven layout tools. For designing
the layout from the circuit diagram we have used the “EAGLE” software.
Fig 1: Layout formation in EAGLE software

The final layout prepared is as following:
Fig 2: Layout of NLS
Layout Masking on Copper Plate
The layout thus drawn is printed on a glossy paper.
Fig 3: Print out of the layout prepared

Then it is masked or pasted on a copper plate. This is done using a red hot iron.
Fig 4: Ironing
After that, etching is done (to remove the unwanted copper) using FeCl3. The final view of PCB
after etching is as following:
Fig 5: Final view of PCB
Drilling
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made of solid tungsten carbide.
The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by
a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled
drill (NCD) files or "Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of each

drilled hole. These holes are often filled with annular rings (hollow rivets) to create vias.
Vias allow the electrical and thermal connection of conductors on opposite sides of the PCB.
The PCB after drilling looks like:
Fig 6: View after Drilling
After all these processes, the components are mounted upon the PCB and are thus soldered upon.

CHAPTER: 5
PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER –
Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language, but various high-level
programming languages are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages
are either designed specially for the purpose, or versions of general purpose languages such as
the C programming language. Compilers for general purpose languages will typically have some
restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics of
microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid developing certain types of
applications. Microcontroller vendors often make tools freely available to make it easier to adopt
their hardware.
Here we have used “MICRO C” compiler and have generated the .hex file.
Fig 1: Compiling a program

After the generation of the hex code, the .hex file is burned into the microcontroller using a
burner.
Fig 2: Burning of HEX Code

CHAPTER: 6
SOURCE CODE –
#include c:\mc51\8051io.h
#include c:\mc51\8051reg.h
/*-------- turn lamp on/off after reset time to 18:00 ---------*/
#define onHour1 18 /* 18:00 turn lamp on */
#define onMin1 00
#define offHour1 18 /* 18:01 turn off */
#define offMin1 01
/* every day turn on at 19:00 and and off at 22:00 */
#define onHour2 19
#define onMin2 00
#define offHour2 22
#define offMin2 00
/* set clock to 18:00 when press P3.0 */
#define setHour 18
#define setMin 00
/*-------------------------------------------------------------*/
extern register char cputick;
unsigned register char sec25,sec50,sec,sec5,min,hour,flag1,temp,led,blink_rate;
/* variables description
cputick - increments by one every 20ms
sec25 - half second counter, sec50 - 2*25Hz counter
sec - current second, sec5 - 5 second counter
min - current min, hour - current hour
temp - temp register, led - counter for led on duration (times cputick)
blink_rate 0 = high blink rate, 10 low blink rate
flag1 - intertask signaling (mask byte), flag1.0 - set every 1 second (0x01)

flag1.1 - set every 1 min (0x02), flag1.2 - not use (0x04)

flag1.3 - set every 0.5 second (0x08), flag1.4 - set after P3.2 has been pressed (0x10)
flag1.5 - disable turn on/off 18:00-18:01 if set (0x20), flag1.6-7 (not use)
*/
main()
{
cputick = 0;
hour = 18;
min = 0;
sec = 0;
sec25 = 0;
sec50 = 0;
flag1 = 0;
blink_rate = 0; /* indicate reset time to 18:00 is needed */
asm "LAMP EQU $97"; /* P1.7 */
asm{
SETB $AF /* setb EA */
SETB $A8 /* enable external interrupt */
SETB $88 /* negative edge triggering */
}
while(1)
{
while ( cputick < 1);
cputick = 0; /* 20ms has elapsed */
/*------------- the following tasks execute every 10ms ------*/
time();
comparetime();
cpubeat();
settime();
/* waithigh(); */

}
/*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
}
time ()
/* update real-time clock, date */
{
sec25++;
if (sec25 >= 25) /* now 25 times means half second */
{sec25 = 0;
flag1 |= 0x08; /* set bit 3 every 0.5 s */
sec50++;
if (sec50 >= 2) /* 2 * 25 * 20 ms = 1 s */
{sec50 = 0;
flag1 |= 0x01; /* set bit 0 */
sec++;
if (sec >= 60)
{sec = 0;
flag1 |= 0x02; /* set bit 1 */
min++;
if (min >= 60)
{min = 0;
hour++;
if (hour >= 24)
{hour = 0;
}
}
}
}
}
}

comparetime()
{
if ((flag1 & 0x10) != 0) /* enabled only after P3.2 has been pressed */
{
compareTimeOn_Off();
}
}
compareTimeOn_Off()
{
if ((flag1 & 0x01)!=0)
{
testOnOff();
if(hour == onHour2 && min == onMin2)
asm" CLR LAMP";
if(hour == offHour2 && min == offMin2)
asm" SETB LAMP";
}
}
testOnOff()
{
if ((flag1 & 0x20) == 0)
{
if(hour == onHour1 && min == onMin1)
asm" CLR LAMP";
if(hour == offHour1 && min == offMin1)
{
asm" SETB LAMP";
flag1 |= 0x20; /* disable further test on off */
}
}

}
cpubeat()
{
beat5sec();
livecpu();
}
beat5sec() /* clear P3.7 every blink rate */
{
if ((flag1 & 0x08)!=0)
{
flag1 &= ~0x08; /* clear bit 3 of flag1 */
sec5++;
if (sec5 > blink_rate)
{sec5 = 0;
flag1 |= 0x40; /* set bit 6 of flag1 to signal livecpu task */
asm " clr P3.7"; /* make led on */
led = 2; /* load time on duration times cputick */
}
}
}
livecpu()
{
if ((flag1 & 0x40) != 0)
{
led--;
if (led == 0)
{
asm " setb P3.7";
flag1 &= ~0x40;
}

}
}
settime()
{
if ((P3 & 0x01) == 0) /* reset time to 18:00 if P3.1 low */
{
hour = setHour;
min = setMin;
sec = 0;
sec50 = 0;
flag1 |= 0x10; /* enable compare time on/off */
flag1 &= ~0x20; /* reenable testOnOff after pressing set clock to 18:00 */
blink_rate = 10;
}
}
/*
waithigh()
{
asm" jnb P3.2,*"; pause(2); asm" jnb P3.2,*"; pause(2);
}
pause(j)
int j;
{
int i;
for (i=0;i<j;i++);
}
*/

CHAPTER: 7
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS WORKING – The block diagram of NLS is as

following:
BULB
(O/P)
MICROCON PNP
-TROLLER TRANSIS-
TOR
AC TRIAC
TRANSFORMER AT89C2051
SUPPLY
~ 680 kHz
50 Hz
NAND NAND
GATE GATE
Fig1: Block Diagram of NLS
WORKING – AC supply through transformer is converted into DC. This DC along with two
other frequencies (generated from the two nand gates), 50 Hz & 680 kHz, is given to the
microcontroller as input. The output from the microcontroller is given to a PNP transistor. And
the output from transistor is again given to the TRIAC. The final output i.e., the bulb glowing, is
obtained on the two legs of the TRIAC.

CHAPTER: 8
TESTING AND MEASURMENT – Whenever an AC supply is given to the circuit, after

pressing the switch, both the LED’s will glow. The red LED indicates that the circuit is in
running mode. The latter LED just glows for a minute and then automatically turns OFF, which
is in accordance with the coding.
If the red LED blinks at a higher rate, it indicates power

failure. The figure below shows the project is in running mode.
Fig 1: Final View of the Circuit along with testing and measurements

CHAPTER: 9
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE

ENHANCEMENT –
Advantages :
 It saves electricity and energy.
 It is cheaper.
 It is easy to use.
 It is portable.
 There is no need of battery.
Disadvantages :
 It gets OFF after a fixed interval of time (not according to our wish).
Applications :
 Used in homes for saving electricity.
 In street lights.
 In offices and public places.
Future Enhancement : In future, the source code can be modified to a certain extent and
can be made more user-friendly. Even the AC supply can also be eliminated. By
generating more frequency, bulbs with larger power capability can also glow.

CHAPTER: 10
CONCLUSION –
Finally in conclusion the NLS (Night Light Saver) is a very useful circuit that can be used by
each and every one. Just imagine a light which automatically turns ON and OFF at a particular
time. It obviously suits the daily routine of a person such that he/she doesn’t need to take care of
the light. This also saves electricity, and hence is known as NLS (Night Light Saver). This
microcontroller based project is very useful especially for personal use. It is portable, cheap, easy
to use and it also saves electricity.
Despite being its various advantages, it has a disadvantage that is it

cannot be timed or scheduled by each and every one. Further, in future it can be extended such
that its major drawback of time scheduling may be eliminated.

APPENDIX I
AT89C2051 Microcontroller



APPENDIX II
MAC97A6 Triac –

APPENDIX III
CD4093 Schmitt Nand Gate –

APPENDIX IV
References –
i) www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/saver5/saver5.htm
ii) www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_night_light_saver.html
iii) www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/gadget-master/2007/07/sleep-easy-with-the-night-light-saver.html
iv) www.electronicsinfoline.com/CircuitBook/Microcontroller/Microcontroller_Projects/13655.html
v) www.scribd.com/doc/44970819/Night-Light-Saver-V5-0
vi) www.howcircuits.com/at89c2051-night-light-saver.html
vii) www.next.gr/microcontrollers/at89c2051-4051/Night-Light-Saver-II-
viii) Minor Project Report by Hitesh Vijayvargiya and Kundan Rathore (Year 2007-08)

Night Light Saver

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NLS (NIGHT LIGHT SAVER) 2011

Fig 1: Microcontroller based NLS

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 1

Fig 1: Circuit Diagram of NLS

Explanation of the circuit operation for each part is as follows:

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 2

COMPONENTS LISTING AND DESCRIPTION –

The components used in this project are as following:

 C1 0.44 uF 250Vac AC capacitor

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 3

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 4

A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic

Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies to convert alternating

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 5

Zener Diode: A Zener diode is a type of diode that

Light Emitting Diode : A light-emitting diode is

PNP Transistor : The PNP consists of a layer of N-

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 6

TRIAC : TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is

AT89C2051 Flash Microcontroller : The

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 7

Compatible with MCS-51 ™ Products

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 8

CD4093 Schmitt Nand Gate : The CD4093B consists

Transformer : A transformer makes use of Faraday's

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 9

Fig 1: Layout formation in EAGLE software

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 10

The final layout prepared is as following:

Fig 2: Layout of NLS

Layout Masking on Copper Plate

The layout thus drawn is printed on a glossy paper.

Fig 3: Print out of the layout prepared

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 11

Fig 5: Final view of PCB

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 12

Fig 6: View after Drilling

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 13

PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER –

Fig 1: Compiling a program

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 14

Fig 2: Burning of HEX Code

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 15

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 16

flag1.1 - set every 1 min (0x02), flag1.2 - not use (0x04)

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 17

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 18

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 19

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 20

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 21

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS WORKING – The block diagram of NLS is as

Fig1: Block Diagram of NLS

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 22

TESTING AND MEASURMENT – Whenever an AC supply is given to the circuit, after

If the red LED blinks at a higher rate, it indicates power

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 23

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE

 It saves electricity and energy.

 There is no need of battery.

 Used in homes for saving electricity.

 In offices and public places.

ECE, MIT MANDSAUR Page 24

Despite being its various advantages, it has a disadvantage that is it