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Herbal Antibiotics
Natural Alternatives for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Schoolhouse Road
Pownal, Vermont 05261
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Dedication
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Barbara Griggs for the Latin quotation in the Epilogue which is from the Middle Ages text, A
Treatise on Scurvy. Thanks are also due to Paul Bergner and K. P. Khalsa for the excellence of their clinical
work and research, and to Marc Lappé for understanding that bacterial resistance is an ecological and not an
overuse problem.
Contents
Foreword
by James A. Duke, Ph.D v
Preface vii
1
The End of Antibiotics? 1
2
Botanical Medicines with the Strongest Antibiotic Properties 18
3
The First Line of Defense: Strengthening the Immune System 67
4
Making and Using Herbal Medicines 85
Epilogue 106
Glossary 107
Resources 110
Suggested Reading 110
Selected Bibliography 110
General References 127
Index 128
Foreword
by James A. Duke, Ph.D.
Stephen Buhner has arrived at (and shares with you, the reader) the frightening truth that you won't find in the
Journal of the American Medical Association: We are running out of weapons in the war on germs. Since
germs can go through a generation in 20 minutes or so, instead of the 20 years or so it takes us humans to
reproduce ourselves, it's no small wonder that the germs are evolving resistance to our chemical weapons as
rapidly as we develop them.
When the drug vancomycin falls completely by the wayside, as it will, we may, just as Stephen predicts here
and I have predicted elsewhere, fall back on the bimillennial biblical medicinal herbs such as garlic and onion.
These herbs each contain dozens of mild antibiotic compounds (some people object to using the term
"antibiotic" to refer to higher plant phytochemicals, but I do not share their disdain for such terminology). It is
easy for a rapidly reproducing bug or bacterial species to outwit (out-evolve) a single compound by learning to
break it down or even to use it in its own metabolism, but not so easy for it to outwit the complex compounds
found in herbs. Scientists are recognizing this fact and developing more complex compounds such as the AIDS
cocktail and multiple chemotherapies for cancer. The same super-scientists who downplay the herbalists' claims
of synergies that account for the effectiveness of particular herbs and herbal formulas, are now resorting to
synergies of three or four compounds in their pharmaceutical formulas.
It is certainly easier to demonstrate how two compounds can work synergistically than it is to figure out how
200 or 2000 different compounds (and more, as are present in all herbs) can work synergistically.
Preface
I came to herbal medicine as many of us do: I became ill, and modern medicine could not help me. I felt
betrayed. I was shocked, then angry. Then I began to think about a great many things in new ways.
Because I was raised in a family of powerful political physicians, I was raised with the belief that after
millennia, man (and modern medical science) had defeated disease. I was taught to believe that we were all on
the threshold of everlasting, disease-free life. It was a tremendous shock, then, when reality took me aside and
whispered in my ear. That murmured secret was an antibiotic-resistant ear infection. My physician at the time
leafed futilely through pharmaceutical advertising circulars, trying one antibiotic after another to no avail.
Unknown to both of us, all that we were doing was killing off the friendly bacteria in my body and leaving the
way open to the antibiotic-resistant strain to multiply unhindered.
Eventually I turned to herbs for treatment when it was clear that pharmaceuticals could not help. And, as they
often do, herbal medicines worked. This was not the first time the plant world had cured what, for me, was a
painful disease. But it was the final catalyst that caused me to abandon modern approaches and enter fully into
the plant world. It was also the catalyst for my interest in epidemic disease and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
In the many years since that painful event, I have continued to deepen my knowledge and interest in such
bacteria, and to write and speak often about them. They fascinate me. They are also the origin of a
1
The End of Antibiotics?
There is a unique smell to hospitals, composed of equal parts illness, rubbing alcohol, fear, and hope. Few of us
who have been in a hospital can forget that smell or the feelings it engenders. But underneath those memory-
laden smells and feelings is the belief that in this place, this hospital, there is an army of men and women
fighting for our lives, working to bring us back from the brink of death. We have learned, been taught, know,
that this army is winning the war against disease, that antibiotics have made an end to most bacterial diseases.
It is a comforting belief. Unfortunately, what we "know" couldn't be more wrong.
Late in 1993, as Newsweek's Sharon Begley reported, infectious disease specialist Dr. Cynthia Gilbert entered
the room of a patient with a long-term kidney condition. Her face was set in the mask that physicians have used
for centuries when coming to pass sentence on their patients. The man was not fooled; he took it in at a glance.
"You're coming to tell me I'm dying," he said.
She paused, then nodded curtly. "There's just nothing we can do."
They each paused, then. One contemplating the end of life; the other, the failure of her craft and the loss that
goes with it.
Dr. Gilbert took a deep and shuddering breath. "I'm sorry," she said.
The man said nothing; for what he was contemplating, there were no words. His physician nodded sharply as if
settling her mind. Then she turned and left him, facing once again the long hall filled with the smells of illness,
rubbing alcohol, fear, hope, and questions for which she had no answer.
We have let our profligate use of antibiotics reshape the evolution of the
microbial world and wrest ant hope of safe management from us. . . . Resistance
to antibiotics has spread to so many different, and such unanticipated types of
bacteria, that the only fair appraisal is that we have succeeded in upsetting the
balance if nature.
Marc Lappé, Ph. D., Author of When Antibiotics Fail
This picture, inconceivable a decade ago, is growing ever more common. Some three million people a year are
admitted to hospitals with difficult-to-treat resistant infections, and another two million (5 percent of hospital
patients) become infected while visiting hospitals for routine medical procedures. More and more of these
patients are succumbing to disease as the virulence and resistance of bacteria increase. In fact, as pathologist
and author Marc Lappé of the University of Illinois College of Medicine observes, "by conservative estimate,
such infections are responsible for at least a hundred thousand deaths a year, and the toll is mounting." The toll
is mounting because the number of people infected by resistant bacteria is increasing, especially in places where
the ill, the young or old, or the poor congregate, such as homeless shelters, hospitals, inner cities, prisons, and
child care centers. Perhaps the best-known and most-loved casualty to date is Jim Henson, the creator of
Kermit the Frog, who died in 1990. In the face of the enormous inroads that resistant bacteria are making,
world-renowned authority on bacterial resistance, Dr. Stuart Levy, comments, "This situation raises the
staggering possibility that a time will come when antibiotics as a mode of therapy will be only a fact of historic
interest." Marc Lappé is more blunt: "The period once euphemistically called the Age of Miracle Drugs is
dead.'' Human-kind now faces the threat of epidemic diseases more powerful, and less treatable, than any
known before.
Such vehement antipathy toward any corner of the living world should have given
us pause. Through our related mistakes in the world of higher animals, we should
have gained the evolutionary wisdom to predict the outcome.
Marc Lappé, Ph. D.
Throughout our history on this planet, our species has lived in an ecological balance with many other life-
forms, including the bacterial. Epidemic diseases did flash through the human population from time to time,
usually in response to local overpopulation or unsanitary conditions. But epidemics like the bubonic plague that
decimated Europe were relatively uncommon. At the end of World War II, this relationship was significantly
altered when antibiotics were introduced. For the first time in human history, the microbial world was
intentionally being affected on a large scale. In the heady euphoria of discovery, an ancient human hubris again
raised its head when science declared war on bacteria. And like all wars, this one is likely to cause the deaths of
thousands, if not millions, of noncombatants.
Evolution of Antibiotic Use
Though it is not commonly known, our ancestors had used both penicillin and tetracycline in raw form, as
bread mold or as soil fungi, directly on wounds or even ingested to treat disease. As physician Stuart Levy
reveals in his book The Antibiotic Paradox, thousand-year-old Nubian mummies have been found to have
significant amounts of tetracycline in their systems. Even though several of the antibiotics we now use come
from such naturally occurring organisms, they are usually refined into a single substance, a silver bullet, a form
not normally present in nature. And the quantities being produced are staggering.
In December 1942, almost the entire manufactured supply of penicillin 8 1/2 gallons (32 liters) was used to
treat the survivors of the Coconut Grove restaurant fire. By 1949, 156 thousand pounds (70,762 kg) a year of
penicillin and a new antibiotic, streptomycin, were being produced. By 1992, in the United States alone, this
figure grew to an incredible 40 million pounds (18,144,000 kg) a year of
But when we become ill, the ecological balance in our body is disturbed, and some of the friendly bacteria are
displaced enough to allow pathogenic bacteria to gain a toehold. As our body tries to throw off the infection we
show classic symptoms of disease, such as fever, chills, vomiting, or diarrhea. In some cases we then go to a
doctor and are given antibiotics to kill the disease organisms. However, there is not just one kind of that
particular disease bacterium in our bodies; there are many, a few of which are naturally immune or resistant to
antibiotics. Generally, these few resistant bacteria are in competition with their nonresistant cousins (and all the
other helpful bacteria) for living space in
What We Can Do
If antibiotics are severely curtailed, if they are not used at all in farm production, if they are only used in
hospital settings when there is an absolute and verifiable need for them, if general use is strictly confined to
cases where there is imminent threat of death or disability, there is every reason to believe that antibiotics can
be around for a long time to come. Researchers have found that when bacteria do not encounter antibiotics
regularly, they begin to forget how to resist them. A few countries, such as Sweden as Levy notes, that have
severely curtailed their antibiotic use have found this to be true in practice as well. A return to farming
practices of the past that genuinely care for farm animals and do not treat them like manufacturing units will
end the antibiotic resistance problems of factory farming. Keeping the immune system healthy is also
important; the human body can fight off most disease if it is well tuned. Finally, the use of herbal alternatives to
antibiotics for the treatment of most diseases will ensure that when antibiotics are needed in exceptionally
serious conditions, they will still be there.
2
Botanical Medicines with the Strongest Antibiotic Properties
Many herbs have historically been used to treat those infections caused by bacteria that are now antibiotic
resistant. Medical research outside the United States has been exploring plants that can treat antibiotic-resistant
disease. From before recorded history, plants have been used as the primary healing medicines for human
beings. In fact, anthropologists have found medicinal herbs intentionally placed in the grave of a Neanderthal
man over 60 thousand years ago. Indigenous cultures throughout the world have long established and highly
sophisticated systems of healing using plant medicines. Modern medical researchers have not found any thing
new, but within their framework they have confirmed the power of plant medicines that have been used for
healing for thousands of years.
As they fell from heaven, the plants said, "Whichever living soul we pervade, that
man will suffer no harm."
The Rig-Veda
This research has been sparked in part by a resolution passed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in May
1978. This resolution adopted the contents of a report commissioned by WHO, which noted that for all people
to have adequate health care by the year 2000, sources other than Western, technological medicine would have
to be used. The report concluded with the recommendation that traditional forms of healing and medicine be
pursued to meet the emerging needs of a burgeoning world population.
The Top 15
Antibiotic Herbs
Acacia
Aloe
Cryptolepsis
Echinacea
Eucalyptus
Garlic
Ginger
Goldenseal
Grapefruit Seed Extract
Honey
Juniper
Licorice
Sage
Usnea
Wormwood
For ease of flow in the text, the scientific studies and references for this chapter can be found at the back of the
book (see pages 110126).
A Note on the
Use of Acacia
Other than Michael
Moore, Western
herbalists rarely mention
Acacia, and it is seldom
used. Acacia's common
usage among traditional
cultures throughout the
world and modern
research findings
showing its medicinal
strength supports a
broader use among
herbalists everywhere.
A Note on
the Use of Aloe
The dried plant was
historically used for
constipation in Western
medical practice. It is
almost never used this
way now; the plant is
strongly active, with
potential unpleasant side
effects from internal use,
and there are easier
alternatives. For burns
and infected wounds,
aloe and honey are both
powerful choices. Several
research studies have
noted that the fresh aloe
juice alone is active;
activity declines with
time and with any change
in color of the juice. The
dried plant, with the juice
extracted, has been found
to be inert against staph
bacteria.
Finding Cryptolepsis
Cryptolepsis is somewhat
difficult to obtain in the
United States. It can be
ordered from Nana
Nkatiah (see Resources)
or from importers
specializing in African
herbs.
Internal Uses:
Tincture: Make a 1:5 mixture in 60 percent alcohol. Use 20 to 40 drops up to 4 times a day.
Tea: For a preventative tea, combine 1 teaspoon of the herb with 6 ounces (170 ml) of water to make a strong
infusion, and take 1 or 2 times a day. For acute conditions, take up to 6 cups (1 1/2 l) a day of the same
infusion.
Capsules: As a preventative, take 3 double-ought capsules 2 times a day. In acute conditions, take up to 20
capsules a day.
Dosage for Malaria: 25 milligrams per kilogram (3 pounds) body weight of cryptolepsis extract 3 times daily
after meals.
Side Effects and Contraindications
None noted.
Alternatives to Cryptolepsis
For malaria: Artemisia annua or A. absinthium, Brucea javanica (fruit, root, or leaf), Uvaria spp. (any species,
rootbark, stembark, or leaf), garlic vine (Mansoa standleyi), or the bark of Cinchona spp. from which quinine
was made can be used. Though malaria is resistant to quinine, it does not seem to have developed resistance to
the more chemically complex Cinchona plant itself.
Endangered Echinacea
Like goldenseal, echinacea is
one of the most overused herbs
in the world and is commonly
used for conditions that it will
not help. As a result, echinacea
in the wild is endangered, and
whole ecosystems of the herb are
being backhoed into oblivion.
Unfortunately, Echinacea
angustifolia is not very easy to
grow, though one or two farms
produce it in moderate quantities
(not enough to meet demand). In
my experience, angustifolia root
is the herb of choice only for
abnormal pap smear. The rest of
the conditions for which
echinacea is indicated can rely
on the use of E. purpurea
blossoms, which naturally renew
themselves each year.
Venomous stings and bites: Echinacea has a long history of successful use with venomous stings and bites,
from bees to rattlesnakes to scorpions.
Serious blood infections (bacteremia): Though I have not met any modern clinicians who have used echinacea
in this most serious of conditions, the eclectic physicians, botanical doctors that practiced in the early part of
the twentieth century, used it for this condition, apparently with success. Its proven ability to stimulate white
blood cell counts appears to support the use of massive doses for this condition.
Antimalarial Properties
Note: Though I have
been unable to find any
clinical trial data for the
use of eucalyptus as an
antimalaria agent, it has
been found specific (and
powerful) for that
microbial disease in
several in vitro studies.
Historical use, both in
indigeneous practice and
in medicine, shows it to
be specific as a treatment
for malaria as well as
typhoid, diphtheria, and
influenza, especially with
attending fetid conditions
such as upper respiratory
infection with foul breath
or fetid catarrh, infected
wound with foul
discharge, foul diarrhea,
vaginal infection with
foul discharge, and
gangrenous conditions.
Controlling
Garlic Odor
The difficulty with garlic
is, of course, its strong
odor, and many people
are uncomfortable using
it for this reason.
Deodorized garlic
capsules are now
available through many
health food stores.
For stimulating immune function and for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol counts, garlic works well
either raw, cooked, or encapsulated. For treating active bacterial infection, it should be consumed either in
uncooked whole form or as juice.
Raw garlic or its juice kills bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract as soon as it comes into direct contact
with the organisms. When used as a douche, the garlic juice (or even a garlic clove inserted in the vagina) will
kill bacterial infection. When used in nose drops, the garlic covers the surface of the nasal passages and sinuses
and kills off infection there. When used on athlete's foot and surface skin infections, its action is sure and rapid.
In just a few of the many trials, researchers have used garlic in both humans and animals to successfully treat
the four strains of bacteria that cause most of the world's dysentery. Chinese physicians have found garlic
exceptionally effective against cryptococcal meningitis and viral encephalitis. African physicians have used it
as primary medicine successfully against amebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, Cryptosponridium spp., and
pneumocystis spp. American researchers have shown that garlic activates the immune system to help protect the
body from infection and, when infection occurs, to stimulate the immune system to attack invading bacteria
more effectively. Beyond these potent actions, garlic has also shown repeatable and impressive clinical results
in the treatment of heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cancer, stress, fatigue, and aging.
If only one herb could be used to combat an epidemic spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, this would be it.
Enjoying Ginger
Two of the best ways to
take ginger as food are
pickled ginger, often
served along with sushi
in Japanese restaurants,
and candied ginger root
slices. Both make great
snacks, can be eaten in
large quantities, and are a
healthy stimulant for the
system.
Like many traditional fever herbs, it is specific against malaria. It is anticramping and reduces or eliminates
diarrhea, making it highly useful for dysentery. It is an antinausea herb, helping to prevent vomiting. Since it
stimulates peripheral circulation, it is warming to the extremities and helps prevent the kinds of chills associated
with malaria, colds, and flus.
One of its clinical uses is for burns. The juice of fresh ginger, soaked into a cotton ball and applied to burns,
acts as an immediate pain reliever (even on open blisters), reduces blistering and inflammation, and provides
antibacterial protection against infection.
It has a wide range of action in the human body, having been found effective in the treatment of cataracts, heart
disease, migraines, stroke, amenorrhea, angina, athlete's foot, bursitis, chronic fatigue, colds and flu, coughs,
depression, dizziness, fever, infertility, erection problems, kidney stones, Raynaud's disease, sciatica, tendinitis,
and viral infections.
Preparation and Dosage
May be taken as tea, in capsules, as tincture, or in food.
Tea: Fresh root 1 ounce (25 g) steeped for 5 minutes in 8 ounces (237 ml) water. Dried root 1 1/2 teaspoons in
8 ounces (237 ml) water, simmered for 10 minutes. During acute episodes, drink throughout the day.
Capsules: Grind herb to powder and encapsulate; take 3 capsules 3 times a day as stimulant to circulatory and
immune systems. During acute episodes, take up to 25 capsules a day.
Tincture: Fresh root 1:2 with 95 percent alcohol, 10 to 20 drops up to 4 times a day. Dried root (not as good)
1:5 in 60 percent alcohol, 20 to 40 drops up to 4 times a day.
Food: In everything and anything, often.
Help Protect
Endangered Goldenseal
Goldenseal is extremely
expensive and is rarely
indicated. Use alternatives
when possible, as it is an
endangered plant because of
overuse. When possible, you
should use organically grown
roots and never harvest the
wild populations unless you
are the caretaker of a large
population and can reliably
harvest for your community's
use without endangering the
plant population's survival.
Though some herbalists insist
it's not true, laboratory study
shows that the herb, though
weaker than the root, may be
used interchangeably with
the root for medicine, and
this is encouraged to protect
plant populations in the wild.
The above-ground plant is
used throughout the
Caribbean and in Europe as
tea for medicinal use.
Citrus Oil
Antibacterial Activity
Though it has proved
impossible to discover the
process used to make
commercial GSE, there is
significant evidence that the
grapefruit plant and all the
citrus family possess potent
antibacterial activity. A
cursory reading of the
Literature shows reliable
activity against
Staphylococcus, Salmonella,
Pseudomonas, and Shigella
organisms from grapefruit,
lemon, and lime: peel, seed,
leaf, and essential oil. One of
the most potent essential oils,
used for broad-spectrum
antibiotic action, is Citrus
bergamia. (Called bergamot
in common use, it is often
confused with plants of the
Monarda species.) The
essential oils from citrus
species are generally made
from the peel or rinds of the
fruit. Alt have shown strong
antibacterial activity. The
peels have historically been
used as medicine throughout
the world, in many instances
for bacterial and amebic
diseases.
Commercial extract dosages: Extensive animal treatment has shown that high levels can be tolerated in the
treatment of acute disease in farm stock. The usual dosage for humans is much smaller.
Animal dosages: Many animal trials have shown that in the treatment of diseases caused by viruses, parasites,
bacteria, and fungi; 1 drop of extract per 2 pounds (1 kg) of body weight may be used. This amount is
increased in especially acute conditions.
Internal use (human): 3 to 15 drops in citrus juice 2 to 3 times a day. In any disease condition, the minimum
should be used and the dose only
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increased if no adverse reactions occur. The possible side effects and contraindications should be kept in mind.
Douche: 6 to 12 drops in 1 pint (475 ml) water 2 times a day for up to 1 week.
Nasal spray: 3 to 5 drops in nasal spray bottle up to 6 times a day.
Wash: 20 to 40 drops in 1 pint (475 ml) water for infected wounds.
Diarrhea or dysentery preventative: 3 drops per day when traveling.
To purify water: 3 drops per 8 ounces (237 ml) water (or 350 gallons [906 l] per 1 million gallons [3,785,400 l]
for municipal water supply).
Disinfectant: 30 to 40 drops per 1 quart (1 l) water. Use to clean hands, surgical instruments, rooms, linens.
For bandages: 30 to 40 drops in 1 quart (1 l) distilled water in spray bottle; spray on bandages before use.
Side Effects and Contraindications
GSE must be diluted before use. Excessive internal doses over extended periods can kill off all intestinal
bacteria much as broad-spectrum antibiotics will, with the same problematic side effects. The undiluted extract
can cause skin and mucous membrane irritation. The extract will cause severe eye irritation. Generally, the
extract should always be used diluted and not used for eye infections. Keep it out of the reach of children.
Caution is indicated in pregnancy. If it is used for serious bacterial infection to the extent that intestinal bacteria
are killed off, the gut should be repopulated as soon as possible. Yogurt and acidophilus are recommended for
this purpose.
Alternatives to Grapefruit Seed Extract
Garlic. All citrus species, which have shown remarkable antibiotic activity in both traditional use and scientific
study. The most powerful appear to be Citrus bergamia, C. limetta, C. limon, C. aurantiifolia, C. grandis, C.
reticulata, and C. sinensis.
Why Wildflower
Honey Only?
Wildflower honey should be
used, not the clover or alfalfa
honey readily available in
grocery stores. Alfalfa and
clover crops are heavily
sprayed with pesticides and
do not have the broad
activity available in multiple-
plant honeys. Furthermore,
large commercial honey
growers may often
supplement their bees' food
with sugar water, which
dilutes the honey's power.
Pure wild-flower honey
should lightly burn or sting
the back of the throat when
taken undiluted.
Honey has been effectively used clinically for the treatment of fist-sized ulcers extending to the bone and for
third-degree burns. Complete healing has consistently been reported without the need for skin grafts and with
no infection or muscle loss. Additionally, honey has outperformed antibiotics in the treatment of stomach
ulceration, gangrene, surgical wound infections, surgical incisions, and the protection of skin grafts, corneas,
blood vessels, and bones during storage and shipment.
Honey is also exceptionally effective in respiratory ailments. A Bulgarian study of 17,862 patients found that
honey was effective in improving chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic and
allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. It is effective in the treatment of colds, flu, respiratory infections, and general
depressed immune problems.
Source of Vitamin C
One of the often overlooked
attributes of the evergreens is
their vitamin C content. All
animals except the higher
primates synthesize their
own vitamin C. The new
spring growth of the
evergreens is lighter in color,
less astringent, and decidedly
more citrus-tasting than older
growth (it has a definite
lemon-lime flavor). This new
growth has traditionally been
used in the human diet in
scores of cultures as a source
of vitamin C, a vitamin that
research has shown
contributes significantly to
healthy immune functioning
(see chapter 4).
Go for Organic
Most of the licorice in
commerce comes from
Eastern Europe, which
possesses some of the
highest levels of soil and
air pollution in the world.
It makes no sense to buy
potentially contaminated
herbs that have broad-
spectrum immune and
liver actions. Organically
grown licorice is much
better. If you buy both
and compare them, you
will find a significant
difference in quality.
Unlike many herbs, licorice has a long history of clinical human trials; its side effects and strengths are well
documented. It is specific for upper respiratory infections, coughs, colds, and ulcerations anywhere in the
gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach. It is highly useful for helping repair damaged adrenals, and this
helps restore overall system health and vitality. There is good evidence that it stimulates the thymus gland, one
of the most important organs in the immune system, in that extremely large doses in rats begin to destroy that
organ and it decreases substantially in weight. Scientific studies have shown that licorice increases the
generation and activity of white blood cells, stimulates interferon production in the body, and enhances
antibody formation. Several trials have shown that it also possesses a distinct immunomodulator activity. That
is, if the immune system is overactive, licorice calms it down; if underactive, it pumps its up.
Licorice has shown distinct antifatigue and antistress activity, and in vivo studies have shown strong activity
against cancerous tumors and some protection from the effects of radiation. Perhaps it is best known for its
estrogenic effects, which make it a useful herb for menopause, and its antiulcer activity, making it an herb of
choice for both stomach and duodenal ulceration. Because it stimulates expectoration and is powerfully healing
for mucous membrane systems, it has a long history of use for upper respiratory infections.
The best way to use licorice is in combination with other herbs, especially for bacteria for which it is specific.
Used in proper doses in moderation, licorice is one of the most powerful members of the herbal family. It may
be used for restoring immune function or in active disease conditions. It is especially useful for any mucous
membrane infection, cancer, radiation treatment, general fatigue, or immune suppression.
Sage Advantage
Note: Most salvias can be
used in much the same
way. Generally, white
sage is stronger than its
culinary cousin, but
overall the sages are not
as strong as the
wormwoods, with which
they are often confused.
Though they have similar
antibacterial and
antiseptic action, the
wormwoods are bitter
and increase secretions in
the body. The sages are
tasty and decrease
secretions.
Internal Uses:
Tincture: 1:5 with 50 percent alcohol. (Note: usnea is not easily soluble in alcohol unless it is mechanically
ground first. The outer, green sheath will powder; the inner cord will remain unpowdered and appear much like
a ball of white hair. Both will give up their constituents to an alcohol/water combination). As a preventative or
for immune stimulation: 30 to 60 drops up to 4 times a day. For acute bacterial infections, including
tuberculosis: 1 teaspoon (5 ml) up to 6 times a day.
Tea: For disease prevention or immune stimulation: 1 teaspoon (5 ml) herb in 6 ounces (177 ml) hot water,
steep 20 minutes; 2 to 6 ounces (59 to 177 ml) up to 3 times a day. In acute conditions: up to 1 quart (1 1) a
day.
Nasal spray: 10 drops in water in nasal sprayer; use as needed for colds and flu.
Douche for vaginal infections: 1/2 ounce (15 ml) tincture in 1 pint (475 ml) water. Douche 2 times a day, upon
rising and before retiring, for 3 days.
Side Effects and Contraindications
Usnea tincture is often irritating to the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat; it should be diluted in a
glass of water (or any suitable liquid) before consumption.
Though animal testing has shown that excessively large amounts of usnic acid, one of the components of usnea,
is toxic to animals, no toxicity has been noted in human use. Usnea also readily absorbs heavy metals in
potentially toxic amounts. This is particularly problematic in far northern latitudes. Generally, the amount of
usnea taken internally will
Inevitably, medical researchers have insisted on isolating a chemical component of wormwood, called
artemesinin, for use in treating malaria. Artemesinin has been further processed into a specific drug, artemether.
Clinical trials have shown that artemether is as effective as quinine in treating both resistant and nonresistant
strains of malaria; trials in Gambia and Vietnam showed similar results. In the Vietnamese study, malarial
symptoms cleared in 30 hours with artemether, 33 hours with quinine. Parasite clearance was markedly shorter
with artemether in all trials; in the Vietnamese study it was 48 hours, versus 60 hours with quinine. However,
patients given artemether experienced several unpleasant side effects from the drug (as is often the case with
pharmaceuticals). As with all searches for ''active constituents" there is some question about its necessity.
Taiwanese researchers have found the whole herb to be as effective with fewer side effects than the isolated
component. Furthermore, extracts of Artemisia annua that contained no artemesinin were just as effective an
antimalarial (though at twice the dosage for artemesinin).
Preparation and Dosage
The above-ground plant may be used as tea, tincture, capsules, smoke, or essential oil, or in whole form.
3
The First Line of Defense:
Strengthening the Immune System
The man is not sick because he has an illness; he has an illness because he is sick.
Chinese proverb
Generally, no matter how virulent a disease and this includes fearsome diseases like that caused by the Ebola
virus many people remain healthy in spite of being exposed. In fact, medical studies have consistently shown
the presence of virulent bacteria in many peoples' systems though they themselves never become ill.
Unfortunately, few studies have been conducted on why these people do not get ill; most of the focus has been
on "fighting" the disease. But those people who do not get ill all have something in common that their ill
neighbors do not: their immune systems successfully keep an infection from taking over their bodies. Our
immune systems are, in fact, our first line of defense. The job of the immune system is to protect us from
disease and, if disease occurs, to cure it. A healthy immune system, then, is the most important thing we can
possess to help us remain healthy.
A basic truism of antibiotic treatment is that it just will not work under most
circumstances unless the body can mount its own attack against invading bacteria.
Marc Lappé, Ph. D.
Over the past three decades there has been a great deal of exploration of just what is involved in creating and
maintaining overall health and vitality. This includes things that can be done to restore and revitalize a
suppressed or damaged immune system or keep an already healthy immune system functioning well. Roughly,
these measures fall into three categories: herbs, foods and vitamins, and lifestyle choices.
A Ginseng Substitute
Similar in its effects
to ginseng,
ashwagandha is much
cheaper, not yet being
an "herb-of-the-day"
in the West.
Purchasing Astragalus
Astragalus can be quite
expensive when
purchased from herbal
suppliers or health food
stores. The same product
can be purchased from
most Chinese or Asian
markets, sometimes for
as little as one-tenth the
price charged by herbal
marketers.
Alterantives to Astragalus
Ashwagandha, Siberian ginseng, shiitake mushroom.
Astragalus Broth
Robyn Landis's and K.P Khalsa's recipe in Herbal Defense
was the original inspiration for this powerful recipe.
3 cups (750 ml) water or vegetable broth
1/2 cup (or to taste) vegebroth powder*
(or vegetable soup stock, if desired)
6 slices dried astragalus root
3 tablespoons dried garlic powder
or 10 cloves peeled fresh garlic
Place all ingredients in pot and simmer for two to three hours,
covered.
To Use: If you feel you are getting sick make and consume the
entire recipe. As a preventative take a cup or two during the
week. If you use fresh garlic, eat it after the broth is done or as
the broth is consumed.
*Available from Trinity Herb see Resources
Immune-Enhancing Rice
8 slices dried astragalus root
4 cups (1 l) water
2 cups brown rice
Add astragalus to water, bring to boil, and simmer for 2 hours,
covered. Remove from heat and let stand overnight. Remove
astragalus, add water to bring back up to 4 cups (1 l), add rice,
and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer until done,
approximately 1 hour. Use this rice as you would any rice, as a
base for meals throughout the week.
Things to Know
about Boneset
Boneset is unpleasantly
bitter to most people. It
can cause vomiting if
large doses are taken hot,
so care is indicated unless
that is your desire.
It is inexpensive and a
reliable alternative and
better for most of the
things for which
echinacea is wrongly
prescribed. The
homeopathic tincture (6x)
has been found in human
trials to be exceptionally
effective in the treatment
of colds and flus. During
the nineteenth century,
few farmhouses did not
have bundles of boneset
hung from the rafters for
use at the first onset of
chills and fever.
The plant, indigenous to North America, was extensively used by native peoples for hundreds if not thousands
of years specifically for intermittent fevers and chills, with pain in the bones, weakness, and debility.
Interestingly, all Eupatorium species are used alike throughout the world. Other species, though also used for
colds and flus, tend to be primarily used for urinary tract and uric acid problems (like Joe Pye weed, gravel
root). Interesting also is the traditional use of boneset (and many of the Eupatorium species) for snakebite as an
antivenin throughout the world. Echinacea is also used in this manner, and like echinacea, boneset stimulates
phagocytosis: the number and aggressiveness of white blood cells in the blood.
Clinical trials have shown that boneset stimulates phagocytosis better than echinacea, is analgesic (at least as
effective, as aspirin), and reduces cold and flu symptoms. In mice it has shown strong immunostimulant activity
and cytotoxic action against cancer cells.
Increasing numbers of practicing herbalists report that boneset is a reliable and effective immunostimulant,
especially in infections that just
Identifying Red
Root in the Wild
Red root can be a low-lying
shrub or a tallish bush. The
only thing that is reliably
similar between species are
the unique tiny, triangular
seed pods. When ripe they
are the same color as the
tincture: a brilliant burgundy
red. It is pervasive in its
range. All species can be
used interchangeably. It is a
potent and useful member of
any herbal repertory and one
of my "if I could choose only
ten herbs" list.
Caution for
Those under Forty
Siberian ginseng is the
ginseng to be used by anyone
under 40 years of age. In
general, neither American
nor Asian ginseng should be
used by young people,
especially men under 40.
Those ginsengs possess
strong estrogenic effects, and
consistent use can interfere
with sexual development.
However, they are definitely
indicated for anyone over 40.
They have shown reliable
anti-fatigue, antitumor,
radioprotective, antiviral, and
antioxidant activity. Those
taking the herbs have
consistently shown increased
response to visual stimuli
and increased alertness,
power of concentration, and
grasp of abstract concepts.
Basically, these two ginsengs
are herbs for those
experiencing the side effects
of aging. However, they are
both very expensive. Siberian
ginseng is an effective
alternative unless there is
accompanying sexual and/or
mental debility, or for those
with cancer and
accompanying immune
depression.
Vitamin C is most effective when 1000 to 2000 milligrams are taken two to three times per day. It needs to be
taken at least twice daily to keep it present in the body at necessary levels. At larger dosages it will cause
flatulence and diarrhea, though the amount that produces this effect varies for each person. To find your dose
level of vitamin C, take it in increasing amounts until the stools become soft, then reduce the amount slightly
until they become
Finding Shiitake
Mushrooms
Shiitake is relatively easy
to find in bulk at decent
prices. The mushrooms
can be bought dried in
whole form and
reconstituted for use as
food or ground for
encapsulation or use as a
powder. The other two
potent Asian mushrooms,
maitake and reishi, are
much harder to find.
Maitake is also edible
and can found wild in the
United States, where it is
called hen of the woods.
Maitake has the
additional property of
being active against HIV
in vitro. Reishi is not
edible, being a hard
woody mushroom.
Unfortunately, the
commercial supplies of
these two alternatives are
limited, and they
generally command
unrealistic prices.
About Shiitake
Shiitake mobilizes the immune system against viruses, bacteria, cancer, and parasites. One of its major
constituents, lentinan, has been shown to stimulate immunocompetent cells (T cell production and
aggressiveness, natural killer cells, and macrophages), to be directly active against viral encephalitis, and to
have potent antitumor activity, preventing metastasis of cancer to the lungs. In general, shiitake increases the
activity and aggressiveness of the human immune system against abnormal cells and organisms defined as ''not
us."
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Immune Soup
Andrew Weil's recipe in Eight Weeks To Optimum Health is
the original inspiration for this potent immune soup. Like most
cooks, I couldn't resist adding my two cents' worth. It is
especially useful as fall turns to winter.
8 cups (237 ml) water
1 tablespoon (15 ml) olive oil
1 onion, diced
1 bulb garlic (at least 10 cloves), minced
One 1 1/2-inch (3 1/2 cm) piece of fresh gingerroot,
grated
1 1/2 cups salted vegebroth powder*
(or vegetable soup stock, if desired)
5 pieces sliced dried astragalus root
2 cups fresh, sliced shiitake mushrooms
(or 1 cup dried)
1 large reishi mushroom
Cayenne powder, if desired
1. Bring water to boil in large pot.
2. Heat olive oil, sauté garlic, onions, and ginger until soft and
aromatic. Add contents of skillet to water. Add vegebroth
powder, shiitake, astragalus, and reishi. Simmer covered two
hours.
3. Remove from heat, allow to sit for two more hours.
4. Remove astragalus and reishi mushroom. Reheat.
5. Add salt and pepper to taste, and cayenne powder if desired
(just enough so that it just brings out a light sweat).
*Available from Trinity Herb see Resources
Lifestyle Choices
Though lifestyle choices are beyond the scope of this book, several of them significantly enhance immune
functioning. They are sweat bathing or saunas at least once per month and more often when ill (in controlled
trials, length and severity of illness has been reduced), moderate exercise (releases toxins from the body and
works the lymph system), touching and massage (there is a direct correlation between being touched and
immune health; additionally, massage stimulates lymph system functioning), positive thinking (if life is more
fun to live, there is less unconscious desire to become ill), and diet (reducing commercial factory-farmed meats,
increasing organic meats, and eating plants that have known effects on overall health).
4
Making and Using Herbal Medicines
In general, plants are used as medicines or made into medicines in five traditional ways: by infusing the herb in
water (as teas, infusions, decoctions, washes, beers, or steams), by infusing the herb in alcohol or an alcohol-
and-water combination (tinctures, fluid extracts, and, when diluted, as washes or sprays), by transferring the
power of the herb to an oil base (salves and oils), by using the plant itself (eaten whole, wound powders, in
capsules, smoking, or smudging), or by distilling and using the essential oil of the plant.
There are, of course, other media in which herbs can be extracted for use as medicine; vinegar, glycerine, and
honey are three very good ones. They all will extract the medicinal qualities of a plant to differing degrees. The
whole herb, water, and alcohol are the strongest; glycerin and honey are next; and vinegar and oil are next.
Glycerine and honey extractions are extremely useful for children because of the sweet taste.
Each tree, each shrub, and herb, down even to the grasses and mosses, agreed to
furnish a remedy for some one of the diseases [of humankind] and each said: "I
shall appear to help man whenever he calls upon me in his need."
The Teachings of the Cherokee Nation
Making Infusions
An infusion is made by immersing an herb in either cold or hot, not boiling, water for an extended time.
(Basically, a tea is a weak
Five Forms of
Herbal Medicine
Infusion
Tincture
Oil
Essential Oil
Whole Plant
Cold Infusions
Cold infusions are preferable for some herbs. The bitter components of herbs tend to be less water soluble.
Yarrow, for instance, is much less bitter when prepared in cold water. Cold infusions usually need to steep for
much longer periods of time. Each herb is different.
Making Decoctions
Decoctions, prepared with boiling, can be much more potent than infusions and are generally prepared for use
as compresses, enemas, and syrups. Like infusions, decoctions should be kept only for a maximum of 3 days if
refrigerated, 1 or 2 days if not refrigerated.
Wound Powder
1 ounce (25 g) goldenseal root
1 ounce (25 g) usnea
1 ounce (25 g) echinacea root or seed
1 ounce (25 g) eucalyptus leaf
1 ounce (25 g) juniper leaf
1. Powder all herbs as fine as possible. Usually I begin with a
Vita-mix and then move the powder to a nut or coffee grinder
for further powdering.
2. After the herbs have been powdered, sift through a fine
mesh sieve.
3. Store this powder in the freezer or in a securely closed
container and out of the sunlight. Powdered herbs loose their
potency fairly quickly unless protected. At the least, this
mixture should be replaced every 6 months unless it is frozen;
in that case, at minimum every year.
To Use: When the powder is needed, sprinkle it liberally on
wet wounds. It will stop the bleeding, prevent infection, and
stimulate cell wall binding. Infected, oozing, pus-filled
wounds should be opened up and cleaned, and the powder
liberally sprinkled on as often as needed. Once the wound is
healing cleanly it should not be disturbed (i.e., by scrubbing or
trying to open it up again); just add more wound powder as
needed.
This same formula can be sprinkled onto feet or into shoes and
socks for athlete's foot fungal infections. It may also be used
on babies for diaper rash.
Caution
As with all medicines, it
is important with both
adults and children to
pay close attention to
how they respond to
herbs. Start with small
doses and work up. At
any sign of adverse
reactions, the herb should
be discontinued. If severe
symptoms persist, consult
a competent health care
provider.
Caution
The digestive system of
children under one year
old has not formed
enough to protect itself
from botulism organisms
sometimes found in raw,
uncooked honey. The
Centers for Disease
Control recommends that
raw honey not be given
to children under one
year old as it can cause a
sometimes fatal diarrhea.
After one year the
digestive and immune
systems are able to
protect the child from the
organism. You should
exercise caution in giving
honey to younger
children.
Epilogue
Underestimating the evolutionary potential of living organisms is the single most important mistake made by
those who use chemical means to subdue nature.
Marc Lappé, Ph. D.
One most important lessons from our ancient legends and myths is that the gods take a dim view of human
arrogance. Ancient versions of this message are to be found in the story of the woman who thought she could
weave better than the gods and, after losing a weaving contest, was turned into a spider for her presumption.
Another is the legend of Achilles, whose mother dipped him into water that made him invulnerable except, of
course, for the heel by which she held him. To this day, an "Achilles' heel" serves to remind us of the
foolishness of thinking ourselves invulnerable. An even more recent warning to us is Mary Shelley's book
Frankenstein. The message in her book was the same as that of the ancient legends and myths; in this instance,
the warning was specifically about the arrogance of medical science in thinking it could take upon itself the
capacities of the gods. In spite of our learning and great technology, these older warnings are still relevant to
our species. As Vaclav Havel so eloquently put it, there are powers in the Universe against which it is advisable
not to blaspheme. Perhaps it is fitting that the lowly bacteria will be the one to teach us humility.break
Chymia egregia ancilla medicinae; non alia pejor domina.
(Chemistry makes an excellent handmaid but the worst possible mistress.)
Glossary
A
Abortificant or Abortifacient: An agent that causes abortion, usually by increasing blood flow to the uterus.
Sometimes a substance that causes deformation of the fetus, inducding the body to spontaneously abort.
Acute: An illness that comes on quickly, has severe symptoms, and a generally short duration, e.g., measles or
colds. The opposite of chronic.
Allopathic: Conventional modern medicine. Originally only one of eight or so schools of medicine in the
United States. By 1930, through a brilliant blend of legislative action, money generation through advertising in
the Journal of the American Medical Association, control over the licensing of medical schools, and deceptive
conciliation of other medical organizations, the allopaths gained complete control over American medicine.
Prices and quality of health care suffered accordingly.
Alterative: Term not used in allopathic (or conventional) medicine that means a plant or procedure that
stimulates physical changes in the body that will appropriately deal with chronic or acute diseases. A substance
that renews tissues and improves function slowly and efficiently, culminating in health. Many herbs show their
alterative aspect only in the presence of disease symptoms. In a healthy person, nothing or something entirely
different happens.
Amenorrhea: Absence or abnormal cessation of menses.
Anaphrodisiac: Substance that depresses sexual desire and drive.
Analgesic: Substance that relieves pain without unconsciousness.
Anesthetic: Substance that decreases the capacity of nerves to experience pain.
Anodyne: Substance that eases pain.
Anthelmintic: Substance that is destructive to worms, usually taken internally.
Antibiotic: Substance that selectively depresses or destroys bacteria (literally ''antilife").
Antibody: Entities in the cells and blood that actively attack and destroy disease pathogens.
Anticatarrhal: Catarrh is the inflammation of a mucous membrane, usually the air passages of the head or
throat, with subsequent copious discharge of mucus. An anticatarrhal is a substance that reduces, prevents, or
eliminates catarrh.
Anticoagulant: Substance that slows or stops the clotting of blood.
Antidepressant: Substance that counters depression or sadness.
Antifungal: Substance that kills or inhibits fungus.
Antihemorrhagic: A hemostatic.
Antihepatoxic: Substance that prevents toxins from negatively affecting the liver.
Antihypertensive: Substance that lowers blood pressure.
Anti-inflammatory: Substance that reduces inflammation.
Antimicrobial: Substance that inhibits or kills microorganisms.
Antimutagenic: Substance that reduces or interferes with mutagenic activity of other substances.
Antioxidant: Substance that slows or stops oxidation. In herbalism, specifically one that slows the formation of
free-radicals.
Antipyretic: Substance that reduces fever.
Antirheumatic: Substance that eases, prevents, or reduces rheumatic symptoms.
Antiscorbutic: Substance that prevents scurvy, usually one that contains vitamin C.
Antiseptic: Substance that prevents putrefaction, the decay of cells, and infection.
B
Bitter tonic: Bitter-tasting substance that increases gastric secretions, tonifies the stomach, increases deficient
appetite, and increases stomach acidity. These all aid deficient digestion.
Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial mucous membranes.
C
Candidiasis: Any disease condition caused by the yeast Candida albicans. It is commonly found on the skin
and in the mouth, vagina, and rectum. Overuse of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, which interfere with
the normal metabolic checks and balances of the body, has caused many people to suffer from candidiasis and
allowed the once rare disease to become something of a national celebrity.
Cardiotonic: Substance that regulates or strengthens heart action and metabolism; whatever the condition of the
heart, a cardiotonic brings it back to a normal range of action.
Carminative: An agent that aids the elimination of gas.
Cathartic: Substance that eases griping and expels gas.
Cholagogue: Substance that induces gallbladder contraction.
Choleretic: Substance that encourages the liver to produce bile.
Chronic: Disease that is of long, slow duration marked by general debility, sometimes with interspersed acute
episodes. The opposite of acute.
Colitis: Inflammation of the colon.
Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eye or eyelid.
Counterirritant: Substance applied to the skin that produces an irritation, heating, or vasodilating action.
Generally, it speeds healing by increasing blood circulation and warming deep (usually joint) inflammations.
D
Demulcent: Substance that reduces, relieves, or soothes irritation, particularly of mucous membrane surfaces.
Depurant: Substance that stimulates excretion.
Diaphoretic: Substance that increases perspiration.
Diuretic: Substance that increases the flow of urine.
Duodenum: The beginning of the small intestine; lies just below the stomach.
Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation.
Dyspepsia: Poor digestion, often with heart-burn and stomach acid reflux.
E
Eczema: Chronic skin inflammation.
F
Febrifuge: Substance that reduces fever.
G
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Gout: Inflammation of joints caused by uric acid crystals lodging in them.
H
Hemostatic: Substance that either slows or stops bleeding.
Hepatic: Substance that acts on the liver.
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver.
Herb: Plant used for medicinal or culinary purposes.
Hiatus hernia: Protrusion of the stomach through a tear in the diaphragm wall.
Hypnotic: An herb that induces sleep.
Hypotensive: A substance that lowers blood pressure.
I
Immunostimulant: A substance that stimulates the immune system's health and ability to respond to disease
either gradually or quickly.
Infusion: An extremely strong tea made with either hot or cold water and an herb.
In vitro: In a test tube.
In vivo: In a live animal.
M
Metrorrhagia: Normal uterine bleeding at an abnormal time.
Mucilaginous: Substance that is slimy, gooey, sticky. It has the property of moistening, soothing, and helping
heal skin and mucous membranes.
Mutagenic: Substance that has the property of being able to induce genetic mutation.
N
Narcotic: Substance that lessens pain by causing depression of the central nervous system. Derived from the
Greek narkotikos, meaning "benumbing."
Neuralgia: Pain in and originating along nerve fibers.
Nutritive: Substance that is ingested and provides nutrition.
P
Plant: Any flora of the Earth.
Pruritus: Itching; an inflammation of the skin that produces itching.
Purgative: Substance that cleanses the bowels.
R
Rhinitis: Inflammation of the sinus membranes beginning in the mucous membranes of the nose (rhino means
"nose").
S
Sedative: Substance that has a calming and quieting action on specific organs or systems: cardiac, nervous,
cerebral, spinal, etc.
Soporific: Producing sleep.
Spasmolytic: Antispasmodic.
Stimulant: Substance that increases the action of a specific organ system and/or induces a sense of well-being.
Sudorific: Substance that produces sweat.
T
Tannins: Astringent compounds in plants that protect the plant from yeasts, being eaten, and bacterial decay.
Tincture: Usually a combination of an herb, alcohol, and water. Useful because of the preservative and
extractive properties of alcohol on herbs.
Tonic: Substance taken to strengthen the body or a particular system of the body, generally in the treatment of
chronic disease. Loosely, a tonic "tones" whatever system it affects.
U
Urinary antiseptic: Substance that is antiseptic to the urinary tract.
Uterine tonifier: Substance that has a strengthening activity on the tissues of the uterus.
V
Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina, from irritation or infection.
W
Weed: Derogatory term for a plant, similar to a racial epithet.
Wort: From the old English wyrt, meaning a root or plant. In herbalism, an herb, usually used as a combined
term, e.g., St. John's wort, liverwort.
Resources
Cryptolepsis
Nana Nkatiah, P.O. Box 22489, Seattle, WA 98122
Vitamin C
Wholesale Nutrition, P.O. Box 3345, Saratoga, CA 95070 (800) 325-2664, (408) 871-9519, www.nutri.com
Suggested Reading
Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy, Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 1998.
Fox, Nicols. Spoiled. New York: Basic Books, 1998. (The best overview of the rise of resistant bacteria in our
food supply.)
Green, James. The Herbal Medicine Maker's Handbook. Forestville, CA: Wildlife and Green Publications,
1990.
Green, Mindy, and Kathi Keville. Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art. Watsonville, CA:
Crossing Press, 1995.
Griggs, Barbara. Green Pharmacy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1997.
Hoffmann, David. The New Holistic Herbal. Rockport, MA: Element, 1992.
Lappé, Marc. When Antibiotics Fail. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1986. (The best overview of the
subject and the only one that puts it in its proper ecological perspective.)
Levy, Stuart. The Antibiotic Paradox. New York: Plenum, 1992.
Preston, Richard. The Hot Zone. New York: Random House, 1997.
Selected Bibliography
Acacia
Arvigo, Rosita, and Michael Balick. Rainforest Remedies: One Hundred Healing Herbs of Belize. Twin Lakes,
WI: Lotus Press, 1993.
Avirutnant, W., and A. Pongpan. "The Antimicrobial Activity of Some Thai Flowers and Plants." Mahidol
Univ J Pharm Sci 10(3):8186, 1983. Abstract.
Caceres, A., O. Cano, B. Samayoa, and L. Aguilar. "Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of
Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1. Screening of 84 Plants Against Enterobacteria." J Ethnopharmacol 301:5573,
1990. Abstract.
Chhabra, S., and F. Uiso. "Antibacterial Activity of Some Tanzanian Plants Used in Traditional Medicine."
Fitoterapia 62(6):499503, 1991. Abstract.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Etkin, N. "Antimalarial Plants Used by Hausa in Northern Nigeria." Trop Doctor 27(1):1216, 1997. Abstract.
Farouk, A., et al. "Antiomicrobial Activity of Certain Sudanese Plants Used in Folkloric Medicine. Screening
for Antibacterial Activity (1)." Fitoterapia 54(1):37, 1983. Abstract.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Gessler, M., et al. "Screening Tanzanian Medicinal Plants for Antimalarial Activity." Acta Tropica 56(1):6577,
1994. Abstract.
Le Grand, A., et al. "Anti-Infectious Phytotherapies of the Tree-Savannah of Senegal (West Africa). 2.
Antimicrobial Activity of 33 species." J Ethnopharmacol 22(1):2531, 1988. Abstract.
Majupuria, Trilock Chandra, and D. P. Joshi. Religious and Useful Plants of Nepal and India. Lashkar
(Gwalior), India: M. Gupta, Lalitpur Colony, 1989.
Moore, Michael. Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Danyon West. Sante Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press,
1989.
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Page 113
Nabi, Q., et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex del. var. nilotica (mimosaceae)." J
Ethnopharmacol 37(1):779, 1992. Abstract.
Ray, R., and S. Majumdar. "Antimicrobial Activity of Some Indian Plants." Econ Bot 30:317320, 1976.
Abstract.
Sawhney, A., et al. "Studies on the Rationale of African Traditional Medicine. Part 2. Preliminary Screening of
Medicinal Plants for Anti-Gonoccoci Activity." Pak J Sci Ind Res 21(5/6):189192, 1978. Abstract.
Wassel, G., et al. "Phytochemical Examination and Biological Studies of Acacia nilotica L. Willd and Acacia
farnesiana L. Willd Growing in Egypt." Egypt J Pharm Sci 33(1/2):327340, 1992. Abstract.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts.
Aloe
Arvigo, Rosita, and Michael Balick. Rainforest Remedies: One Hundred Healing Herbs of Belize. Twin Lakes,
WI: Lotus Press, 1993.
Chen, C., et al. "Development of Natural Crude Drug Resources from Taiwan (IV). In Vitro Studies of the
Inhibitory Effect on 12 Microorganisms." Shoyakugaku Zasshi 41(3):215225, 1987. Abstract.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Gottshall, R., et al. "The Occurrence of Antibacteial Substances Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
Seed Plants." J Clin Invest 28:920923, 1949. Abstract.
Higgers, J., et al. "Dermaide Aloe/Aloe Vera Gel: Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effects." J Am Med
Technol 41:293294, 1979. Abstract.
Lorenzetti, L., et al. "Bacteriostatic Property of Aloe Vera." J Pharm Sci 53:1287, 1964. Abstract.
Suga, T., and T. Hirata. "The Efficacy of the Aloe Plant's Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities."
Cosmet Toiletries 98(6):105108, 1983. Abstract.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts.
Cyptolepsis
Boye, G. L. "Antimalarial Action of Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta Extract." The International Symposium on
East-West Medicine, chapter 14, pages 242255, 1989.
Cimanga, K., et al. "In Vitro Activities of Alkaloids from Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta." Planta Medica
62(1):2227, 1996. Abstract.
. "In Vitro and Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Cryptolepene and Related Alkaloids from Cryptolepsis
sanguinolenta." J Natural Products 60(7):688691, 1997. Abstract.
Dean, Karen. "Cryptolepine Analogs" and "Cryptolepis." HerbalGram, no. 42, spring 1998, page 21.
Greller, P., et al. "Antimalarial Activity of Cryptolepine and Isocryptolepine, Alkaloids Isolated from
Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta." Phytother Res 10(4):317321, 1996. Abstract.
Paulo, A., et al. "In Vitro Screening of Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta Alkaloids,." J Ethnopharmacol
44(2):127130, 1994. Abstract.
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Echinacea
Bergner, Paul. The Healing Power of Echinacea and Goldenseal. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1997.
Multiple trials and studies listed.
Blumenthal, Mark. "Echinacea Highlighted as Cold and Flu Remedy." HerbalGram, no. 29, spring/summer
1993, page 8.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Hobbs, Christopher. The Echinacea Handbook. Portland, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1989. Multiple
studies and trials listed.
McCaleb, Rob. "Echinacea Prevents Systemic Candida and Listeria." HerbalGram, no. 26, winter 1992, page
26.
Moore, Michael. Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Danyon West. Sante Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press,
1989.
Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1986. Lists multiple
abstracts of clinical trials and studies.
Weiss, Rudolph. Herbal Medicine. Sweden: Beaconsfield, 1988.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts of clinical trials and studies.
Eucalyptus
Alkofahi, A., et al. "Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts of Traditional Medicine of Jordan." Alex
J Pharm Sci 10(2):123126, 1996. Abstract.
Aswal, B., et al. "Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity, Part X." Indian J Exp Biol 22(6):312332,
1984. Abstract.
Badam, L., et al. "In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Medicial Plants of India." Indian J Med Res 87(4):379383,
1988. Abstract.
Barnabas, C., and S. Nagarajan. "Antimicrobial Activity of Flavionoids of Some Medicinal Plants." Fitoterapia
59(6):508510, 1988. Abstract.
Begun, J., et al. "Studies of Essential Oils for Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties. Part 1. Preliminary
Screening of 35 Essential Oils." Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 28(4):2534, 1993. Abstract.
Benouda, A., et al. "In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oils, Tested against Hospital Pathogenic
Bacteria." Fitoterapia 59(2):115119, 1988. Abstract.
"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." Protocol Journal of
Botanical Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, summer 1995, pages 144146.
Brantner, A., and E. Grein. "Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts Used Externally in Traditional Medicine."
J Ethnopharmacol, 44(1):3540, 1994. Abstract.
Chaudhari, D., and R. Suri. "Comparitive Studies on Chemical and Antimicrobial Activities of Fast Growing
Eucalyptus Hybrid (fri-4 and fri-5) with Their Parents." Indian Perfum 35(1):3034, 1991. Abstract.
Dellacassa, E., et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Eucalyptus Essential Oils." Fitoterapia 60(6):544546, 1989.
Abstract.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Garlic
Abdullah, T. H., et al. "Garlic Revisited: Therapeutic for the Major Diseases of Our Time?" J Nat Med Assoc
80(4):439445, 1988.
Ahsan, M., et al. "Garlic Extracts and Allicin: Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Agents Effective against Multiple
Drug Resistant Strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shigella flexneri, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and
Vibrio cholerae." Phytother Res 10(4):329331, 1996. Abstract.
Anon. "Garlic in Cryptoccal Meningitis. A Preliminary Report of 21 Cases. Chung-Hua I hsueh Tsa Chih
(English Edition) 93:123126, 1980. Abstract.
Bergner, Paul. The Healing Power of Garlic. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1996. Multiple abstracts and
sources listed.
Block, Eric. "The Chemistry of Garlic and Onions." Scientific American, 252:114119, 1985.
Chowdhury, A., et al. "Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Garlic and Allicin in Experimental Shigellosis in
Rabbits." Indian J Med Res [A] 93(1):3336, 1991. Abstract.
Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 1998.
Ginger
"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." Protocol Journal of
Botanical Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, summer 1995, pages 144146.
Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 1998.
Etkin, N. "Antimalarial Plants Used by Hausa in Northern Nigeria." Trop Doctor 27(1):1216, 1997. Abstract.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Fulder, Stephen. The Ginger Book. New York: Avery, 1996.
George, M., and K. Pandalai. "Investigations on Plant Antibiotics. Part IV. Further Research for Antibiotic
Substances in Indian Medicinal Plants." Indian J Med Res 37:169181, 1949. Abstract.
Janssen, A., and J. Scheffer. "Acetoxychavicol Acetate, an Antifungal Component of Alpinia galanga." Planta
Med 1985(6):507511, 1985. Abstract.
Landis, Robyn, and K. P. Khalsa. Herbal Defense. New York: Warner Books, 1997.
Mascolo, N. "Ethnopharmacologic Investigation of Ginger (Zingiber officinale)."
J Ethnopharmacol 27(1/2):129140, 1989. Abstract.
McCaleb, Rob. "Fresh Ginger Juice in Treatment of Kitchen Burns." HerbalGram, no. 16, spring 1988, page 6,
citing Cai Liang-Ping. J New Chinese Med, 2:22, 1984.
Misas, C., et al. "Contribution to the Biological Evaluation of Cuban Plants, II." Rev Cub Med Trop 31:1319,
1979. Abstract.
Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1986. Lists multiple
abstracts of clinical trials.
Oloke, J., et al. "The Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Certain Components of Aframomun melegueta
Fruits." Fitoterapia 59(5):384388, 1988. Abstract.
Ontengco, D., et al. "Screening for the Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Some Philippine Plants."
Acta Manilana 43:1923, 1995. Abstract.
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< previous page page_117 next page >
Page 117
Ray, R., and S. Majumdar. ''Antimicrobial Activity of Some Indian Plants." Econ Bot 30:317320, 1976.
Abstract.
Ross, S., et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Some Egyptian Aromatic Plants." Fitoterapia 51:201205, 1980.
Abstract.
Schmidt, M., et al. Beyond Antibiotics. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic, 1994. Multiple studies listed.
Sinha, A., et al. "Antibacterial Study of Some Essential Oils." Indian Perfum 20:2527, 1979. Abstract.
. "Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils from Zingiber chrysthanum Leaves and Rhizomes." Fitoterapia
63(1):7375, 1992. Abstract.
Weil, Andrew. Eight Weeks to Optimum Health, New York: Knopf, 1998.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts of clinical trials and studies.
Goldenseal
Bergner, Paul. The Healing Power of Echinacea and Goldenseal and Other Immune System Herbs. Rocklin,
CA: Prima Publishing, 1997.
Cech, Richo. "Comparison of a Few Goldenseal Analogues." Self-published, 1996.
Cech, R., et al. "The Presence of Significant Quantities of Berberine and Hydrastine in the Leaf and Stem of
Organically Cultivated Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)." Publication data not available, from a copy of the
analysis, 1996.
D'Amico, M. "Investigation of the Presence of Substances Having Antibiotic Action in Higher Plants."
Fitoterapia 21:7782, 1950. Abstract.
Foster, Steven. Goldenseal. Botanical Series No. 309. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, 1991.
Gottshall, R., et al. "The Occurrence of Antibacterial Substances Active Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
Seed Plants." J Clin Invest 28:920923, 1949. Abstract.
Gupte, S. "Use of Berbenine in Treatment of Giardiasis." Am J Dis Child 129:866, 1975. Abstract.
Hartzell, A., and F. Wilcoxon. "A Survey of Plant Products for Insecticidal Properties." Contr Boyce Thompson
Inst 12:127141, 1941. Abstract.
Kaneyda, Y., et al. "In Vitro Effects of Berberine Sulphate on the Growth and Structure of Entamorba
histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas vaginalis." Ann Tropical Med Parasitol 85(4):417425, 1991.
Abstract.
Maung, U., et al. "Clinical Trial of Berberine in Acute Watery Diarrhea." Br Med J, 291(7):16011605, 1985.
Abstract.
Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1986. Lists multiple
abstracts of clinical trials, primarily on berberine.
Rabbani, G. H., et al. "Randomized Controlled Trial of Berberine Sulphate Therapy for Diarrhea Due to
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae." J Infect Dis, 155(5):979984, 1985.
Sack, R., et al. "Berberine Inhibits Intestinal Secretory Response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli
enterotoxins." Infection Immunity 35(2):471475, 1982. Abstract.
Snow, Joanne Marie. "Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae)." Protocol Journal of Botanical Medicine, vol.
2, no. 2, 1997. Lists multiple abstracts of clinical trials and laboratory studies mostly on berberine.
< previous page page_117 next page >
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Page 118
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts of clinical trials, primarily on berberine.
Honey
Aasved, Mikal. Alcohol, Drinking and Intoxication in Preindustrial Society: Theoretical, Nutritional, and
Religious Considerations. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1988.
al Somal, N., et al. J R Soc Med, 87(1): 9, 1994, and Postmes, T. et al. Lancet 341: 756, 1993 [see also 341:90,
1993] cited in Patrick Quillin, Honey, Garlic, and Vinegar. North Canton, OH: The Leader Company, 1996.
Ali, A. T., and M. N. Chowdhury, et al. "Inhibitory Effect of Natural Honey on Helicobacter pylori." Trop
Gastroenterol 12(3):139143, 1991 cited in Elkins, Bee Pollen.
Beck, Bodog, and Doree Smedley. Honey and Your Health. New York:Robert McBride, 1944, page 35.
Brown, Royden. Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible. Garden City, NY: Avery Publishing, 1993.
Dustmann, J.H. "Bee Products for Human Health." American Bee Journal, vol. 136, no.4, 1996, page 275.
Juniper
Bagci, E., and M. Digrak. "Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Some Abies (fir) Species from Turkey."
Flavour Fragrance J 11(4):251256, 1996. Abstract.
Bhakuni, D., et al. "Screening of Indian Plants for Biological Activity, Part III." Indian J Exp Biol 9:91, 1971.
Abstract.
Bonsignore, L., et al. "A Preliminary Screening of Sardinian Plants." Fitoterapia 61(4):339341, 1990. Abstract.
"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." The Protocol Journal of
Botanical Medicine, vol. 1 no. 1, 1995, pages 144146.
Buhner, Stephen Harrod. Sacred and Herbal Healing Beers. Boulder, CO: Siris, 1998.
Clark, A., et al. "Antimicrobial Properties of Heartwood, Bark/Sapwood and Leaves of Juniperus Species."
Phytother Res 4(1):1519, 1990. Abstract.
Dye, Michael. "Our Health, Disease, and 'Old Age' Are Formed on the Molecular Battlefield of Antioxidents
vs. Free Radicals." Back to the Garden, Winter 1994/95.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Janssen, A., et al. "Screening for Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils by the Agar Overlay
Technique." Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 8(6):289292, 1986. Abstract.
Kartning, T., et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Young Pine Shoots (Picea abies L.)." J
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Kindra, K., and T. Satyanarayana. "Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oils of Some Plants against Pathogenic
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Licorice
Acharya, S., et al. "A Preliminary Open Trial on Interferon Stimulator Derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra in the
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Al-shamma, A., and Mitscher, L. "Comprehensive Survey of Indigenous Iraqi Plants for Potential Economic
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1979.
Bannister, B. "Cardiac Arrest Due to Liquorice-Induced Hypokalemia." Br Med J 1977(2):738, 1977.
"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." Protocol Journal of
Botanical Medicine, 1(1):144146, 1995.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Fitzpatrick, F. "Plant Substances Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Antibiot Chemother 4:528, 1954.
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Hrelia, P., et al. "Potential Antimutagenic Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract." Phytother Res 10:S101S103,
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Leslie, G. "A Pharmacometric Evaluation of Nine Bio-Strath Herbal Remedies." Medita 8(10):319, 1978.
Abstract.
Mira, P., et al. "Antimalarial Activity of Traditional Plants against Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium
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Mitscher, L., et al. "Antimicrobial Agents from Higher Plants. Antimicrobial Isoflavionoids and Related
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. "Antimicrobial Agents from Higher Plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra (var. Spanish): I. Some Antimicrobial
Isoflavans, Isoflavenes, Flavones, and Isoflavones. Heterocycles 9:1533, 1978. Abstract.
Sage
Alkofahi, A., et al. "Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts of Traditional Medicine of Jordan." Alex
J Pharm Sci 10(2):123126, 1996 Abstract.
Ahmed, S., et al. "Antibacterial Activity of Salvia santolinifolia." Fitoterapia 65(3):271272, 1994. Abstract.
Alkofahi, A., et al. "Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts of Traditional Medicine of Jordan." Alex
J Pharm Sci 10(2):123126, 1996 Abstract.
Anesini, C., and C. Perez. "Screening of Plants Used in Argentine Folk Medicine for Antimicrobrial Activity."
J Ethnopharmacol 39(2):119128, 1993. Abstract.
"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." Protocol Journal of
Botanical Medicine. 1(1):144146,1995.
Brantner, A., and E. Grein. "Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts Used Externally in Traditional Medicine."
J Ethnopharmacol, 44(1):3540, 1994. Abstract.
Derbentseva, N., et al. "Antimicrobial Substances from Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis L.)" Mikrobiol Zhur
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Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1998.
El-keltawi, N., et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Some Egyptian Aromatic Plants." Herba Pol 26(4):245250,
1980. Abstract.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Usnea
Ahmadjian, V., and M. Hale. The Lichens. London: Academic Press, 1973, pages 547713.
Al-Meshal, I., et al. "Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Saudi Medicinal Plants, Part I." Fitoterapia
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Buhner, Stephen Harrod. Sacred Plant Medicine. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart, 1996.
Hale, Mason. The Biology of Lichens. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, 1974.
Hobbs, Christopher. Usnea: The Herbal Antibiotic. Capitola, CA: Botanica Press, 1990.
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. "New Study of Antimicrobrial Activity and Identification of Lichenical Substances of Some Lichens From
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Wormwood
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Akbar, S. "Anti-Hepatoxic Activity of Salvia haematodes (Wall.) and Artemesia absinthium (Linn.)." IRCS
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Al-Yahya, M., et al. "Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Saudi Medicinal Plants, Part II." Fitoterapia
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Anesini, C., and C. Perez. "Inhibition of Pseudomonas aerguinosa by Argentinean Medicinal Plants."
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. "Screening of Plants Used in Argentine Folk Medicine for Antimicrobial Activity." J Ethnopharmacol
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Caceres, A., et al. "Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Dermatophytic Infections. 1. Screening for
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. "Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1. Screening of 84 Plants Against
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. "Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Popularly Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of
Dermatomucosal Diseases." J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223237,1987. Abstract.
Carron, R., et al. "Antimicrobial Properties of Different Extracts Obtained from Some Mediterranean Plants of
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Chen, C., et al. "Development of Natural Crude Drug Resources from Taiwan (VI). In Vitro Studies of the
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Chopra, C., et al. "In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Oils from Indian Medicinal Plants." J Am Pharm Assoc Sci
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Demidov, V. "Biological Antiseptics in Certain Plants." Bor'ba Potery v Zhivotnovodstve 1963:183200, 1963.
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Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
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Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Francois, G., et al. "Antiplasmodial Activities of Sesquiterpent Lactones and Other Compounds in Organic
Extracts of Artemesia annua." Planta Medica Suppl 59(7):A677A678, 1993. Abstract.
George, M., and Pandalai, K. "Investigations on Plant Antibiotics. Part IV. Further Research for Antibiotic
Substances in Indian Medicinal Plants." Indian J Med Res 37:169181, 1949. Abstract.
Gilani, A., and K. Janbaz. "Preventative and Curative Effects of Artemesia absinthium on Acetaminophen and
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Hernandez, H., et al. "Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Artemesia on the In Vitro Culture of Plasmodium
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Janssen, A., et al. "Screening for Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils by the Agar Overlay
Technique." Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 8(6):289292, 1986. Abstract.
Ashwagandha
Al-Meshal, I., et al. "Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Saudi Medicinal Plants, Part I." Fitoterapia
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Boily, Y. "Screening of Medicinal Plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) for Antimicrobial Activity." J
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"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." Protocol Journal of
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Farouk, A. "Antimicrobial Activity of Certain Sudanese Plants Used in Folkloric Medicine. Screening for
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Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
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Gaind, K., and R, Budhiraja. "Antibacterial and Anthelmintic Activity of Withania coagulans." Indian J
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Jaffer, H., et al. "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Withania somnifera Extracts." Fitoterapia
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Khan, M., et al. "Antibacterial Activity of Withania coagulans." Fitoterapia 64(4):367370, 1993. Abstract.
Landis, Robyn, and K. P. Khalsa. Herbal Defense. New York: Warner Books, 1997.
Ray, R., and S. Majumdar. "Antimicrobial Activity of Some Indian Plants." Econ Bot 30:317320, 1976.
Abstract.
Weil, Andrew. Eight Weeks to Optimum Health. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Multiple abstract listings.
Astragalus
"Botanicals Containing Phytochemical Antagonists of Specific Micro-Organisms." Protocol Journal of
Botanical Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, summer 1995, pages 144146.
Choe, I. "Antibacterial Activities of Some Herb Drugs." Korean J Pharmacog 17(4):302307, 1986. Abstract.
Gagnon, Daniel. "Seven Top Cold and Flu-Fighting Herbs." Prevention, December 1998.
Landis, Robyn, and K. P. Khalsa. Herbal Defense. Warner Books, 1997.
McCaleb, Rob. "Astragalus and Viral Heart Disease." HerbalGram, no. 24, winter 1991, page 20, citing Jiang
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. "Astragalus for the Liver." HerbalGram, no. 25, summer 1991, page 19, citing Yang, Y. Z., et al., Chinese
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. "Immune System Stimulation from Astragalus." HerbalGram, no. 17, summer 1988, page 24, citing Cancer
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Ross, S., et al. "Studies for Determining Antibiotic Substances in Some Egyptian Plants. Part I. Screening for
Antimicrobial Activity." Fitoterapia 51:303308, 1980. Abstract.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Multiple abstract listings.
Zolotnitskaya, S., et al. "The Antimicrobial Activity of Some Alkaloid-Containing Plants of the Armenian
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Boneset
Bergner, Paul. The Healing Power of Echinacea and Goldenseal. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1997.
Boyd, L. "Pharmacology of the Homeopathic Drugs." J Am Inst Homeopathy 21:209, 1928. Abstract.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
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Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
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Page 126
Gassinger, C., et al. "A Controlled Clinical Trial for Testing the Efficacy of the Homeopathic Drug Eupatorium
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Moerman, Daniel. Medicinal Plants of Native America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Museum of
Anthropology, Technical Reports, No. 19, 1986.
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Vollmar, A., et al. "Immunologically Active Polysaccharides of Eupatorium cannabinum and Eupatorium
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Weiss, Rudolph. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield, England: Beaconsfield Pub. Ltd., 1988.
Wood, Matthew. The Book of Herbal Wisdom." Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1998.
Red Root
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Moerman, Daniel. Medicinal Plants of Native America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Museum of
Anthropology, Technical Reports, No. 19, 1986.
Moore, Michael. Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. Sante Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1979.
. Medicinal Plants of the Pacific West. Sante Fe: Red Crane Books, 1993. Wood, Matthew. The Book of Herbal
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Siberian Ginseng
Bergner, Paul. The Healing Power of Ginseng and the Tonic Herbs. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1996.
Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1998.
Foster, Steven. Siberian Ginseng. Austin,TX: American Botanical Council, 1991.
McCaleb, Rob. "Interview with I. I. Brekhman." HerbalGram, no. 16, spring 1988.
. "Nature's Medicine for Memory Loss." HerbalGram, no. 23, summer 1990, page 15.
Weil, Andrew. Eight Weeks to Optimum Health. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts of clinical trials and studies.
Shiitake
Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 1998.
Herb Research Foundation. Herbal Immunity Boosters. Boulder, CO: HRF, 1995.
Hobbs, Christopher. Medicinal Mushrooms. Capitola, CA: Botanica, 1995.
Landis, Robyn, and K. P Khalsa. Herbal Defense. New York: Warner Books, 1997.
McCaleb, Rob. "Anti-Cancer Effects of Herbs." HerbalGram, no. 30, winter 1994, page 10.
Schmidt, M., et al. Beyond Antibiotics. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic, 1994.
Werbach, Melvyn, and Michael Murray. Botanical Influences on Illness. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994.
Lists multiple abstracts of clinical trials and studies.
General References
Duke, James A. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 1998.
Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy. Cincinnati: Eclectic
Publications, 1919.
Farnsworth, Norman. ''The Present and Future of Pharmacognosy." American Botanical Council Reprint No.
209, reprinted from American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 43:239243 (1979). World Health
Organization mandate on traditional medicines.
Felter, Harvey, and John Uri Lloyd. King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Eclectic Publications, 1895.
Herb Research Foundation. Herbal Immunity Boosters. Boulder, CO: HRF, 1995.
"Herbal Bacteria Busters." Psychology and Health, vol. 8, no. 6, November/December 1998, page 4. Essential
oils of thyme, rosewood, and oregano effective in treatment of pneumonia.
Hoffmann, David. The New Holistic Herbal. Rockport, MA: Element, 1992.
Landis, Robyn, and K. P. Khalsa. Herbal Defense. New York: Warner Books, 1997.
Lifeline: "Berry Good." USA Today, October 8, 1998, page D1. (Cranberry juice found to prevent E. coli from
adhering to urinary tract walls, citing New England Journal of Medicine, October 8, 1998.)
Medical Herbalism, all issues.
Moerman, Daniel. Medicinal Plants of Native America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Museum of
Anthropology, Technical Reports, no. 19, 1986.
Moore, Michael. Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. Sante Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1976.
NAPRALERT Database of Botanicals Effective against Human Pathogenic Bacteria as of 12/1/1998.
NAPRALERT (SM) is an acronym for Natural Products ALERT, a dynamic database that is updated
periodically and which has been copyrighted from 1975 to date by the Board of Trustees, The University of
Illinois. NAPRALERT(SM) is currently maintaind by the Program for Collaborative Research in the
Pharmaceutical Sciences, within the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, in the College of
Pharmacy of the University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (m/c 877), Chicago, IL 60612.
Phone: 312-996-2246.
The data in NAPRALERT(SM) represents a synthesis of information from more than 150,000 scientific
journal articles, books, abstracts, and patents, collected systematically from the global literature, since 1975.
The Protocol Journal of Botanic Medicine, all issues.
Schmidt, Michael, et al. Beyond Antibiotics. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1994.
Sparrow. "Medicine Garden Wheel." In: Buhner, Stephen (editor). Plants of Power. Unpublished manuscript.
Use of garlic vine for malaria.
Tucker, Arthur O. "Heal Yourself With Aromatherapy." Herbs for Health, January/February 1999.
Weil, Andrew. Eight Weeks to Optimum Health. New York: Knopf, 1998.
Weiss, Rudolph. Herbal Medicine. Sweden: Beaconsfield, 1988.
Index
Bold type indicates recipe name
A
Acacia (Acacia spp.)
about, 21-22
alternatives to, 23
preparation/dosage, 22-23
recipes, 93, 94, 98, 105
side effects/contraindications, 23
Aerobic bacteria, 8
Age, ginseng and, 80
Agribusiness. See Factory farms
AIDS, 39
Airborne Infections, Essential Oil Mix for, 99
Alcohol tinctures. See Tinctures, alcohol
Allicin, 33
Album sativum. See Garlic
Aloe (Aloe spp.)
about, 23-24
alternatives to, 25
preparation/dosage, 24
side effects/contraindications, 24
Animal dosages, of GSE, 45
Antibacterial herbs, 63-66
Antibiotic Paradox, The (book), 4, 13
Antibiotics.
See also Bacterial resistance; Botanical medicines
development of, 3-4
proper use of, 17
use of, evolution of, 4-6
Antioxidants, 52-53
Appendix, 67
Artemisia absinthium. See Wormwood
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
about, 69-70
alternatives to, 71
preparation/dosage, 70
side effects/contraindications, 70
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)
about, 71-72
alternatives to, 72
preparation/dosage, 72
purchasing, 72
recipes for, 73
side effects/contraindications, 72
Astragalus Broth, 73
Athlete's foot, 96
B
Bacteremia
causes of, 10, 11
treatment of, 28, 63, 64
Bacterial resistance
communication of, 8-10
development of, 6-7
factory farms and, 12-15
most common drug-resistant bacteria, 11
places of transmission, 10
slowing emergence of, steps to, 17
Staphylococcus aureus and, 16
Bacterial viruses, 9
Bacteriophages, defined, 9
Baginski, Bodo, 44
Bed sores, 46
Begley, Sharon, 1
Berberine, 38, 39, 40
Best Cold and Flu Tea, The, 49
Bites. See Venomous stings/bites
Blood infections, 10, 28, 63
Bone marrow, 67, 68
Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
about, 74-76
alternatives to, 76
preparation/dosage, 76
side effects/contraindications, 76
C
Campylobacter, spread of, factory farms and, 12, 15
Capsules. See Powders and capsules
Ceanothus. See Red root
Chicken, 12, 14, 15
Children's ailments, preparations for
diarrhea, 104, 105
dosage, determining, 103
ear infections, 100-103
fever, 104
glycerites and honeys, 104
Chlamydia trachomatis, 40
Citrus paradisi. See Grapefruit seed extract (GSE)
Clark's Rule, 103
Coconut Grove restaurant fire (1942), 4, 24
Cold infusions, 87
Colds and Flu, Combination Tincture Formula for, 91
Colds and Flu, Decoction for, 88
Colds and flu, treatment of, 28, 29, 30, 49
Combination Tincture Formula for Colds and Flu, 91
Coral root (Corollorhiza maculata), 104
Corollorhiza maculata (Coral root), 104
Cough, treatment of, 36
Cowling's Rule, 103
Cox, David, 3
Cryptolepsis (Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta)
about, 25-26
alternatives to, 26
preparation/dosage, 26
recipes, 94, 105
side effects/contraindications, 26
Cryptosporidium, spread of, factory farms and, 12
Cyclospora, spread of, factory farms and, 12
D
Decoction for Colds and Flu, 88
Decoctions, making/using
about, 87
proportions/boiling time, 88
recipes, 88
red root, 78
Dengue fever, 74
Diaper rash, 96
Diarrhea
causes of, 10, 11, 101
treatment for, 46
treatment of, 25, 40, 42, 65, 104, 105
Diffusers, defined, 99
Disinfectants, 46
E
Ear Infection, Oil for, 102
Ear infections
causes of, 10, 11
preparations for preventing, 100-101
preparations for treating, 101-3
treatment of, 63
Ear Infection Tincture Combination, 102
Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea)
about, 27-28
alternatives to, 30
as alternative to aloe, 25
preparation/dosage, 29
recipes, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 102
side effects/contraindications, 29-30
Eggs, chicken, 12, 14, 15
Eight Weeks to Optimum Health (book), 82, 83
Eleutherococcus senticosus. See Siberian ginseng
Emetics, 35
Enterococcus
diseases caused by, 10, 11
treatment of, 63
Epidemics, 4
Escherichia coli (E. ccli)
diseases caused by, 40, 41, 104
spread of, factory farms and, 12, 13-14, 15
treatment of, 64
Essential Oil Mix for Airborne Infections, 99
Essential oils
about, 97-100
eucalyptus, 32
juniper, 52
sage, 56
wormwood, 62
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.)
about, 30-31
alternatives to, 32
preparation/dosage, 31-32
recipes, 89, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102
side effects/contraindications, 32
Eupatorium perfoliatum. See Boneset
F
Factory farms
bacterial resistance and, 12-13
E. coli, spread of, 13-14
FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), 39
Fisher, Dr. Jeffery, 7, 12
Five-Step Herbal Regimen for an Ulcerated Stomach, 98
Fleming, Alexander, 3
Flu. See Colds and flu
Foods, for the immune system, 81-84
Formula for a Good Wound Salve, 94
Fox, Nicholas, 12, 14
Free radicals, 52-53
Fresh herbs, using, 90, 93, 104
Fungal infections, 26, 59, 96
Fungi, soil, 4, 5
G
Gargles, making/using
eucalyptus, 32
red root, 78
Garlic (Allium sativum)
about, 33-34, 43-44, 46
active constituents of, 19
alternatives to, 36
as botanical medicine, 19, 81
odor, controlling, 34
preparation/dosage, 35
recipes, 93, 102
side effects/contraindications, 35-36
H
Haemophilus influenzae
diseases caused by, 10, 11
treatment of, 65, 101
Havel, Vaclav, 106
Healing Power of Grapefruit Seed, The (book), 44
Henson, Jim, 2
Herbal Materia Medica (book), 90
Herbal medicines, making/using
alcohol tinctures, 90-92
children's ailments, common, 100-105
decoctions, 87-88
essential oils, 97-100
infusions, 85-87
oil infusions, 92-95
overview, 85, 86
steams, 89
washes, 89
whole herbs, using, 95-97
Herbal Oil for Skin Infections, 93
Herbal Tonic Therapies (book), 55
Herbs, antibacterial
effectiveness of, 66
listed, 63-64
spice blends, 65-66
top 15, listed, 20
Herbs, for the immune system
ashwagandha, 69-71
astragalus, 71-73
boneset, 74-76
red root, 77-78
Siberian ginseng, 79-80
Honey, wildflower
about, 47-48
alternatives to, 50
as alternative to aloe, 25
preparation/dosage, 49
recipes, 98
side effects/contraindications, 50
Honeys, herbal, 102, 104
Horne, Diane, 32
Hospitals, 1, 2, 10
Hot Infusion for Parasites, 87
Hot infusions, 86
Hydrastine, 38
Hydrastis canadensis. See Goldenseal
I
Immune-Enhancing Rice, 73
Immune Soup, 83
J
Juniper (Juniperus spp.)
about, 50-51
alternatives to, 52-53
preparation/dosage, 51-52
recipes, 89, 92, 94, 96
side effects/contraindications, 52
K
Kennedy, Donald, 9
Khalsa, K.P, 71, 73
Klebsiella pneumoniae
diseases caused by, 10, 11
treatment of, 64
L
Landis, Robyn, 71, 73
Lappé, Marc, 2, 4, 5, 68, 106
Lentinus edodes. See Shiitake
Levy, Dr. Stuart, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
about, 53-55
alternatives to, 55
preparation/dosage, 55
recipes, 91, 98, 102, 103
side effects/contraindications, 55
Lifestyle, immune system and, 84
Listeria, spread of, factory farms and, 12, 15
Liver, 67, 68
Lymphocytes, 68
Lymph system, 67, 68
M
Macrophages, 68
Malaria
causes of, 10, 11
treatment of, 25, 26, 31, 37, 61, 65, 87
McCaleb, Rob, 71
McClintock, Barbara, 9
Meningitis, 10, 11
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 16
Mimosas. See Acacia
Miracle drugs. See Antibiotics
Mold, bread, 4, 5
Moore, Michael, 22, 90
Mowrey, Daniel, 55
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus), 16
Mushrooms, shiitake, 82, 84
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 11, 63
N
Nasal Spray Formula for Sinus Infections, 92
Nasal sprays
eucalyptus, 32
GSE, 46
making/using, 91-92
usnea, 59
Neill, Marguerite, 14
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 11, 63
Neutrophils, 68
Nonaerobic bacteria, 8
O
Oil for Ear Infection, 102
Oil infusions, making/using, 92-95
Old man's beard. See Usnea
Onion, as immune system booster, 81
P
Pap smear, abnormal, treatment of, 27, 29, 30
Parasites, Hot Infusion for, 87
Penicillin
active constituents of, 19
development of, 3, 24
Phagocytes, 68
Plague Makers, The (book), 12
Plant medicines. See Botanical medicines
Plasmids, 8, 10
Plasmodium falciparum, 63
Pneumonia
causes of, 10, 11
treatment of, 63, 64
Powders and capsules
acacia, 23
astragalus, 72
cryptolepsis, 26
echinacea, 29
eucalyptus, 32
garlic, 35
ginger, 37
goldenseal, 41
juniper, 52
licorice, 55
making/using, 95, 96, 97
red root, 78
sage, 56
Siberian ginseng, 80
wormwood, 62
Pregnancy, cautions during, 42, 46, 52, 55, 62, 70, 78
Proanthocyanidin, 52, 81
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
diseases caused by, 10, 11
treatment of, 63
R
Red root (Ceanothus spp.)
about, 77-78
alternatives to, 78
identifying in the wild, 78
preparation/dosage, 78
recipes, 91, 102
side effects/contraindications, 78
Resistance, drug. See Bacterial resistance
Rice, Immune-Enhancing, 73
Rosemary Gladstar's Tea for Diarrhea, 105
S
Sage (Salvia officinalis)
about, 56
alternatives to, 57
preparation/dosage, 56-57
recipes, 88, 89, 92, 93
side effects/contraindications, 57
Salmonella
diseases caused by, 11
spread of, factory farms and, 12, 14-15
treatment of, 64
Salves, making/using, 94, 95
Salvia officinalis. See Sage
Scurvy, 53
Sharamon, Shalila, 44
Shigella dysenteriae
diseases caused by, 11, 104
spread of, factory farms and, 14, 15
treatment of, 63
Shiitake (Lentinus edodes), 82, 84
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
about, 79-80
alternatives to, 80
compared to ashwagandha, 70
preparation/dosage, 80
side effects/contraindications, 80
Sinus infections, 91
Sinus Infections, Nasal Spray Formula for, 92
Skin Infections, Herbal Oil for, 93
Snuff, 41, 42
Soil fungi, 4, 5
Soup, Immune, 83
Spices, antibacterial, 65-66
T
Teas
acacia, 22
astragalus, 72
Best Cold and Flu Tea, The, 49
boneset, 76
Brigitte Mars's Herb Tea for Ear Infections, 103
cryptolepsis, 26
eucalyptus, 31
ginger, 37
honey, 49
licorice, 55
red root, 78
Rosemary Gladstar's Tea for Diarrhea, 105
sage, 56
Siberian ginseng, 80
usnea, 59
wormwood, 62
Tea tree oil, 32
Tetracycline
active constituents of, 19
development of, 4, 5
Thymus, 67, 68
Tincture Combination for Diarrhea, 105
Tinctures, alcohol
astragalus, 72
boneset, 76
cryptolepsis, 26
ear infections, 102
eucalyptus, 32
garlic, 35
ginger, 37
goldenseal, 41
licorice, 55
making/using, 90-92
red root, 78
sage, 56
Siberian ginseng, 80
usnea, 59
wormwood, 62
Tonsils, 67
Tuberculosis
causes of, 10, 11
treatment of, 63
U
Ulcers, treatment of, 48, 49, 98
United States Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), 15
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 39
Upper respiratory infections, 88, 89, 91
Upper Respiratory Infections, Steam for, 89
Urinary tract infections
causes of, 10, 11
treatment of, 51, 63, 64
Usnea (Usnea spp.)
about, 57-58
alternatives to, 60
preparation/dosage, 58-59
recipes, 92, 93, 94, 96
side effects/contraindications, 59-60
V
Vancomycin, 16
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus, 16
Venomous stings/bites, treatment of, 22, 28, 29, 30
Viruses, bacterial, 9
Vitamin C, 51, 52-53, 81-82
Vitamins, for the immune system, 81-84
Vomiting, inducing, 35
W
Washes
acacia, 22
echinacea, 29
goldenseal, 42
GSE, 46
making/using, 89
Water purification, 46
Weil, Andrew, 82, 83
Wenzel, Dr. Richard, 9
White blood cells, 68
Wildflower honey. See Honey, wildflower
Withania somnifera. See Ashwagandha
Wood, Matthew, 75
World Health Organization (WHO), 18
Worms, intestinal, 87
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
about, 60-61, 95
alternatives to, 62
compared to sage, 57
preparation/dosage, 61
recipes, 87, 94
side effects/contraindications, 62
Wound Powder, 96
Wounds, external, treatment of, 28, 30, 49, 50, 63, 64, 94
Y
Yarrow, active constituents of, 19
Yersinia, spread of, factory farms and, 12
Young's Rule, 103
Z
Zingiber officinale. See Ginger