Bmjv‡g Pyw³ AvBb : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. ‡gvt gvmy` Avjg

gynv¤§` Rvwn`yj Bmjvg

mvi-ms‡¶c
Bmjvg GKwU cwic~Y© Rxeb weavb| G‡Z i‡q‡Q gvbeRxe‡bi mKj wel‡qi
c~Y©v½ w`K wb‡`©kbv| gvbeRxe‡bi cÖwZwU wefvMB †Kvb bv †Kvb ch©v‡q
AvB‡bi mv‡_ mswkó| e¨w³, mgvR, ivóª m‡e©vcwi RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK
Rxe‡bi wewfbœ AvB‡bi g‡a¨ ÔPzw³ AvBbÕ Ab¨Zg| Pzw³ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK c¶ wbwe©‡Nœ Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ AR©‡bi wbðqZv jvf K‡i| Pzw³ AvBb
m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi i‡q‡Q my¯úó bxwZgvjv| e¶gvb cÖe‡Ü Pzw³ AvB‡bi c×wZ,
Pzw³i kZ©vejx, Pzw³i welqe¯‘, Pzw³i ‡kªYxwefvM, Pzw³ AvB‡b cÖwZwbwaZ¡,
cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i mxgv, cÖwZwbwai f~wgKv, e¨emvq cÖwZôvb ev G‡RÝx
evwZj, wmIwiwU ev M¨vivw›U Pzw³, FY cwi‡kva Pzw³ BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z
wel‡q Bmjv‡gi `„wófw½ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
f~wgKv
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³, †Mvôx ev c‡¶i g‡a¨ AvBb m¤§Z m¤§wZ ev g
‰Z‡K¨i bvg Pzw³| e¨w³, mgvR, ivóª Z_v RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK cwigʇj
Pzw³ AvBb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Pzw³i gva¨‡g `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c¶
wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡qi wbðqZv cvq| gnvMÖš’ Avj-KziÕAvb I Avj-
nv`x‡m Pzw³ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` i‡q‡Q| Z‡e ev¯—‡e Aw¯—Z¡ †bB Ges
Bmjv‡g bvRv‡qh Ggb wel‡qi Pzw³ Bmjvgx AvB‡b MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
Pzw³
Pzw³ evsjv kã| Gi kvwãK A_© kZ©| Pyw³i Aviwe kã AvK&` (‫ )العقد‬hv
Bs‡iRx†Z e¨eüZ K›Uªv± (Contract) k‡ãi cÖwZiƒc| Gi A_© ms‡hvM ev eÜb|
ÔAvK&`Õ kãwUi D‡jL Avj-KziÕAv‡b i‡q‡Q| †hgb- Avjvn& e‡jb, Ò‡n
wek¦vmxMY! †Zvgiv Av½xKvimg~n (Pzw³mg~n) c~Y© Ki|Ó1 Pzw³ A_©
GKÎxKiY| Pzw³ Ki‡Z `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ g‰Z‡K¨i cª‡qvRb| Z‡e
†mB g‰ZK¨ AvB‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cªPwjZ
1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi `yB(R) avivq Pzw³i msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e-
AvBb Øviv Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq Ggb m¤§wZ‡K Pzw³ ejv nq| (An agreement
enforceable by law is a contract.) m¨vi DBwjqvg G¨vbmb (William Anson)
Pzw³i msÁv cÖm‡½ e‡jb, AvB‡bi Øviv ejer‡hvM¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i
g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z †h m¤§wZi Øviv GKc¶ Ab¨ c‡¶i Kvh© ev Kvh© n‡Z weiZ

mnKvix Aa¨vcK, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv-1000

‡jKPvivi, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv-1000
_vKevi AwaKvi jvf K‡i _v‡K Zv‡KB Pzw³ e‡j|2 AvBb kv‡¯¿ Pzw³ n‡jv
wØgyLx †jb‡`b| GB Pzw³ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| Zv mvaviYZ Pzw³i mswk-
ó Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ GKB ˆeV‡K (Awa‡ekb, gmwjm) AbywôZ n‡q _v‡K|
Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z ‡M‡j Pzw³ nIqvi R‡b¨ `yÕwU c‡¶i cÖ‡qvRb| GKc¶ †NvlYv
Ki‡e; Ab¨c¶ Zv M«nY Ki‡e| A_©vr Df‡qi gZvgZ GK Ges †NvlYvI GKB
wel‡qi Dci n‡Z n‡e, Pzw³i Øviv GKwU ˆea d‡ji m„wó n‡e| cÖ¯—vebv I
cÖ¯—vebv MÖnY Pzw³i †kªô Dcv`vb, hvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Pzw³ n‡Z cv‡i
bv|3
Pzw³i Øviv cvi¯úwiK myweav cvIqv hv‡e Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB| †hgb wnev
ev `vbI GK ai‡bi Pzw³| hw`I Avw_©K myweavUv GK cvw¶K A_©vr GUv
ïay `vb MÖnYKvixi DciB eZ©vq| gymwjg AvB‡b Pzw³i cÖavb K_v n‡jv,
†Kvb AwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i `yÔc‡¶i m¤§wZ‡Z GKwU ˆea m¤úK©© cÖwZôv|4

Pyw³i c×wZ
gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi g`xbv Rxe‡bi †kl ch©v‡qB Avw_©K
†jb‡`‡bi Pzw³mg~n wjwce× K‡i ivLvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© weavbvejx cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q|
G wel‡q Avj-KziÕAv‡b wb‡`©k G‡m‡Q- Ò‡n gywgbMY! hLb †Zvgiv
†Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi R‡b¨ F‡Yi Av`vb cª`vb Ki, ZLb Zv wjwce× K‡i bvI
Ges †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb †jLK b¨vqm½Zfv‡e Zv wj‡L w`‡e; †jLK wjL‡Z
A¯^xKvi Ki‡e bv| Avjvn& Zv‡K †hgb wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb, Zvi DwPZ Zv wj‡L
†`qv| Ges FY MÖnxZv †hb †jLvi welq e‡j †`q Ges ‡m †hb ¯^xq cvjbKZ©v
Avjvn&‡K fq K‡i Ges †jLvi g‡a¨ we›`y gvÎI †ek-Kg bv K‡i| AZtci
FYMÖnxZv hw` wb‡e©va nq wKsev `ye©j nq A_ev wb‡R †jLvi welqe¯‘
e‡j w`‡Z A¶g nq, Z‡e Zvi AwffveK b¨vqm½Zfv‡e wjL‡e| `yÕRb mv¶x Ki,
†Zvgv‡`i cyi“l‡`i ga¨ ‡_‡K| hw` `yÕRb cyi“l bv nq, Z‡e GKRb cyi“l I
`yÕRb gwnjv| H mv¶x‡`i ga¨ †_‡K hv‡`i‡K †Zvgiv cQ›` Ki- hv‡Z GKRb
hw` fz‡j hvq, Z‡e GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q ‡`q| hLb WvKv nq, ZLb
mv¶x‡`i A¯^xKvi Kiv DwPZ bq| †Zvgiv GUv wjL‡Z AjmZv K‡iv bv| Zv
†QvU ‡nvK wKsev eo, wbw`©ó mgq ch©š—| G wjwce×KiY Avjvn&i
Kv‡Q mywePvi‡K AwaK Kv‡qg iv‡L, mv¶¨‡K AwaK mymsnZ iv‡L Ges
†Zvgv‡`i m‡›`‡n cwZZ bv nIqvi c‡¶ AwaK Dchy³| wKš‘ hw` Kvievi bM`
nq, ci¯úi nv‡Z nv‡Z Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki, Z‡e Zv bv wjL‡j †Zvgv‡`i cªwZ †Kvb
Awf‡hvM †bB| †Zvgiv µq-weµ‡qi mgq mv¶x ivL| †Kvb †jLK I mv¶x‡K
¶wZMª¯— K‡iv bv| hw` †Zvgviv Giƒc Ki, Z‡e Zv †Zvgv‡`i c‡¶ cv‡ci welq|
Avjvn&‡K fq Ki| wZwb †Zvgv‡`i‡K wk¶v †`b| Avjvn& me wKQz
Rv‡bbÓ|5 Avj-KziÕAv‡bi G Avqv‡Z e¨emvwqK †jb‡`b m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi
Ri“ix g~jbxwZ e¨³ n‡q‡Q| hv‡K Pzw³bvgvI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gici mv¶¨wewai
we‡kl aviv D‡jwLZ n‡q‡Q| AvRKvj †jLv‡jwLi hyM| †jLvB gy‡Li K_vi
¯’jvwfwm³ n‡q †M‡Q| wKš‘ 1400 eQi c~‡e©i BwZnvm mv¶¨ ‡`q ZLb
`ywbqvi me KvR-Kvievi I e¨emv-evwYR¨ gy‡L gy‡LB Pj‡Zv| †jLv‡jLx Ges
`jxj-`¯—v‡eR Z_v Pzw³bvgvi †Kvb cÖPjb wQj bv| me©cÖ_g KziÕAvb cvK
G w`‡K gvby‡li `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| hv c~‡e©v³ Avqv‡Z wee„Z n‡q‡Q|
D³ Avqv‡Z e¨emvqx Pzw³i †h cÖavb `ywU bxwZgvjv wee„Z n‡q‡Q Zv
n‡jv:
GK. avi-K‡R©i †jb-†`‡b `jxj-`¯—v‡eR wjwce× Kiv DwPZ| hv‡Z fzj åvwš
— A_ev †Kvb c¶ †_‡K A¯^xK…wZi †Kvb cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e n‡j ZLb
Kv‡R jv‡M|
`yB. avi K‡R©i e¨vcv‡i †gqv` Aek¨B wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e| Awbw`©ó mg‡qi
Rb¨ avi-K‡R©i †jb-†`b Rv‡qh bq| G‡Z Kjn-weev‡`i Øvi D´y³ nq| G
Kvi‡YB wdKn&we`MY e‡j‡Qb: †gqv`I Ggb wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z
†Kvbiƒc A¯úóZv bv _v‡K| gvm Ges w`b ZvwiLmn wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kvbiƒc A¯úó †ghv`, †hgb ÔavbKvUvi mgqÕ wba©vwiZ Kiv hv‡e bv|
†Kbbv AvenvIqvi cwieZ©‡b avbKUvi mgq Av‡M-wc‡Q n‡q †h‡Z
cv‡i| †h‡nZy †mhy‡M †jLvi e¨vcK cªPjb wQjbv Ges AvRI e¨vcK
cÖPj‡bi ci c„w_exi AwaKvsk †jvK †jLv Rv‡b bv, ZvB m¤¢vebv wQj
†h , †jLK wK‡mi ¯’‡j wK wj‡L †dj‡e| d‡j KviI ¶wZ Ges KviI jvf n‡q
hv‡e| G m¤¢vebvi Kvi‡YB AZtci ejv n‡q‡Q- ‫ب بِالْ َع ْد ِل‬ ِ
ٌ ‫ب َبْينَ ُك ْم َك ات‬
ْ ُ‫َولْيَكْت‬
A_©vr, GUv Ri“ix †h, †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb †jLK b¨vqm½Zfv‡e wjL‡e|
G‡Z GKw`‡K wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q †h, †jLK †Kv‡bv GKc‡¶i †jvK
n‡Z cvi‡e bv; eis wbi‡c¶ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z KviI g‡b m‡›`n ev LU&Kv bv
_v‡K| Aciw`‡K ‡jLK‡K b¨vqm½Zfv‡e wjL‡Z wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
A‡b¨i ¶Y¯’vqx DcKvi K‡i wb‡Ri wPi¯’vqx ¶wZ Kiv Zvi c‡¶ DwPZ
n‡e bv| Gici †jLK‡K ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Avjvn& ZvÔAvjv Zv‡K †jLvi
we`¨v `vb K‡i‡Qb| Gi K…ZÁZv GB †h, †m wjL‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡e bv|6
gymwjg AvB‡b Pzw³ Kivi R‡b¨ mvaviYZ †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZvi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o bv| cÖ‡Z¨K c‡¶i Pzw³i AbyK‚‡j †NvlYv `vbB cª‡qvRbxq kZ©| cÖ_g †h
†NvlYv †`qv n‡e Zv n‡jv, cª¯—ve Dc¯’vcb Avi wØZxq Dc¯’vwcZ cÖ¯—ve
MÖnY| ev¯—eZvi wfwˇZ A_ev AvBb †hfv‡e e‡j †mfv‡e GKB ˆeV‡K cª¯
—ve DÌvcb Ges DÌvwcZ cÖ¯—ve MÖnY m¤úbœ n‡e|7 aiv hvK †Kvb GK
e¨w³ Ab¨ GK e¨w³‡K Zvi wbKU GKwU †Nvov wewµi cÖ¯—ve w`j wKš‘
mswkó †jvK (we‡µZv) cÖ¯—ve MÖnY Ki‡jv bv Ges †m we`vq wbj| ZLb
†m cÖ¯—v‡ei ‡mLv‡bB mgvwß NU‡e| †Kbbv G cÖ¯—ve cvj‡b gvwj‡Ki
†Kvb eva¨evaKZv †bB| hw` wewµi cÖ¯—ve cÎevnK ev wPwVi gva¨‡g
cvVv‡bv nq Zvn‡j cÖ¯—ve MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb I mgq, hvi wbKU cÖ¯—ve
cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zvi wm×vš— Abyhvqx n‡e|
Pzw³i kZv©ejx
AvBbm¤§Z Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri b¨vq Pzw³i ˆeaZv Pzw³Kvix e¨w³i †hvM¨Zvi Dci
wbf©i K‡i| Pzw³Kvix †Kvb e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvg_©¨ bv _vK‡j GKB m‡½
Zv evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| ˆea Pzw³i R‡b¨ Av‡iKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© n‡jv,
AvBbm¤§Z Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri b¨vq welqe¯‘i (gnj) †hvM¨Zv _vKv PvB|
welqe¯‘i hw` †hvM¨Zv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j G m¤úwK©Z Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨
n‡e|8 GKRb †jv‡Ki Dci Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb cÖ‡qvM Kiv †M‡j
Zv‡K ejv n‡e ˆea †hvM¨Zv| G ˆea †hvM¨Zv‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1. AwaKvi Av`v‡qi †hvM¨Zv I
2. KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi †hvM¨Zv| cÖ_gwUi †hvM¨Zv wbf©i K‡i GKwU wkk~i
R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB; wKš‘ c‡iiwUi c~Y©Zv wbf©i K‡i hLb wkïwU cÖvßeq¯‹,
my¯’ gw¯—®‹ m¤úbœ, ¯^vaxbZv I Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖwZ wek¦vmx Ges
gvivZœK Amy¯’Zv ev FY`vqMÖ¯—Zv †_‡K gy&³ _vK‡e| GLv‡b D‡jL¨,
‡ewki fvM †¶‡ÎB mswkó evjKwU c‡bi eQ‡i DcbxZ n‡jB Zvi ‰`wnK
cwic°Zv A_ev `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †hvM¨Zv Awc©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e|9

Pzw³i welqe¯‘
Bmjvgx AvB‡b Pzw³i cÖavb welqe¯‘ n‡e wbgœiƒc:
1. Pyw³i welqe¯‘ Ggb n‡Z n‡e ‡h Pzw³ Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ welqwU n¯—vš
—i Kiv hv‡e| †hgb, Wyeš— GKwU RvnvR hv cvwbi Zjv †_‡K DVv‡bv
m¤¢e bq ev GKwU Rš‘ hv aiv hvq bv Ges n¯—vš—i Kiv hvq bv †m
†¶‡Î Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
2. GwU n‡e we‡kl ai‡bi e¯‘ Ges Pzw³Kvix c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ ‡ek mywew`Z|
3. ev¯—‡e Gi Aw¯—Z¡ _vK‡Z n‡e|
4. Bmjvgx AvB‡b Rv‡qh n‡Z n‡e| †hgb k~K‡ii gvsm , g` I my` hv Bmjv‡g
bvRv‡qh †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv gymwjg AvB‡b Pyw&³i welqe¯‘ n‡Z
cvi‡e bv|10
GLv‡b GKUv K_v g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ‡h, gymwjg AvBbwe`M‡Yi g‡Z
(Muhammadan Jurists) †Kvb wKQyi gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—‡ii mgq gvwjK
KZ©„K Gi n¯—MZ ev evwn¨K n¯—vš—i wb®úbœ n‡Z n‡e| AvBbkv‡¯¿i
wbi‡c¶ `„wó‡Z G aviYv m¤cÖmviYkxj mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~i‡Yi R‡b¨
Rywo‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q hv AvRI m¤úwË AvB‡bi n¯—vš—i cvwiPvjbv
m¤úwK©Z AvB‡b cÖZ¨¶ Kiv hvq| GLv‡b †hgb jxR (Leage) Ges fvov
†`qv‡K fwel¨‡Z †`q my‡`i wewbg‡q A‡b¨i m¤úwË `Lj Kiv‡K †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q †Zgwb mvjvg11 Ges Bw¯—mbv‡K12 Pzw³i mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨wZµg
e‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| m¤úwË RvZxq ‡Kvb wKQy ‡¯^”Qvq n¯—vš—‡ii †ejvqI G
aviYv we`¨gvb| `vb ev IqvK&d RvZxq Pzw³i welqe¯‘wU n¯—vš—‡ii mgq
ev¯—e n‡Z n‡e Ges `vZv Zvr¶wYK Zvi gvwjKvbvi ¯^v_© Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨
_vK‡e13|
Pzw³wU‡Z †Kvb f~j- åvwš—, fyj Dc¯’vcbv, Qj-PvZzix, Rei`w¯— ev
eva¨eaKZvi wKQy _vK‡e bv| †Kvb e¯‘ wewµi †ejvq `ªe¨ µq ‡kl n‡q †M‡j
ev e¯‘ mieivn n‡q †M‡jI `i KlvKwli nvZ †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jv‡K `„wó ev ΓwUi my‡hvM ejv hv‡e A_©vr †µZv hw` µ‡qi mgq
wRwbwU bv ‡`‡L _v‡K ev hw` †`‡LI _v‡K Ges c‡i Gi ΓwU aiv c‡o Zvn‡j
†µZv `i KlvKwl evwZj K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GLv‡b hv †`L‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv
†µZvi Dci †Kvb PvZyix Kiv n‡jv wKbv ev GKUy mvaviY Kó Ki‡jB
ΓwUwU aiv ‡hZ wKbv GUv GLv‡b Av‡jvP¨ welq bq| hv we‡eP¨, Zv n‡jv
†µZv hv µ‡qi R‡b¨ ivhx n‡qwQj Zv †m †cj wKbv,hw` †m Hme ΓwUmn
e¯‘wU µq K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi †Kvb evQvBKi‡Yi AwaKvi _vK‡e bv|14
Pzw³i †kªYxwefvM
gymwjg AvB‡b g~j ˆewk‡ó¨i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Pzw³i wbæiƒc †kªYxwefvM
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡it
1| ‰eafv‡e m¤úwËi AwaKvi n¯—vš—i Pzw³| †hgb:
(K) wewbg‡qi wbwg‡Ë m¤úwËi n¯—vš—i Pzw³ (µq-weµq Pzw³)
(L) Awewbg‡qi wbwg‡Ë Pzw³| †hgb, wnev ev mvaviY `vb|
(M) Drm‡M©i R‡b¨ Pzw³| †hgb, IqvK&d m¤ú‡K© Pzw³|
(N) DËivwaKv‡ii Pzw³| †hgb, DB‡ji gva¨‡g m¤úwË cª`vb Pzw³|
2| Ab¨vqfv‡e m¤cwËi AwaKvi n¯—vš—i Pzw³| †hgb:
(K) wewbg‡qi wbwg‡Ë m¤úwË BRvivÑ A_©vr fvov †`Iqvi R‡b¨ ¯’vei I
A¯’vei mKj m¤úwË; `ªe¨ cvwienb, m¤úwËi wbivc` wh¤§v`vix,
cvwievwiK I †ckvMZ †mevi R‡b¨ wewfbœ wel‡q KvR Gi Aš—©fy³|
(L) m¤úwËi wewbg‡q bq †hgb, FY Gi Rgvi e¨e¯’v|
3| (K) †Kvb eva¨evaKZv cvj‡bi Pzw³| †hgb, eÜK I RvgvbZ|
(L) G‡RwÝ ev Askx`vwi Kviev‡i cªwZwbwaZ¡ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨|
4| ˆeevwnK KvRKg© n¯—vš—i Pzw³|15
Dc‡iv³ Pzw³mg~‡ni g‡a¨ weµqPzw³ me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| †Kbbv
mgv‡Ri mKj gvbylB µq-weµ‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e m¤ú„³|
e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Pzw³
G‡RwÝi Aviex cwifvlv IqvKvjv| wb‡R Ab¨ K‡iv ¯’v‡b e¨emvq K‡g©
A‡b¨i n‡q cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi bvgB IqvKvjvZ| †h cÖwZwbwaZ¡ `vb Ki‡e
Zv‡K fwKj (Vakil) ev G‡R›U ejv nq| e¨emv‡qi †h Avmj gvwjK Zv‡K ejv nq
gyqvw°j ev wcªwÝcvj ev gvwjK| Bmjv‡g Pyw³ cÖ¯—ve Kiv Ges cÖ¯—ve
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g IqvKvj MwVZ nq|16
cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i mxgv
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ mKj cÖKv‡ii e¨emv‡qB ¯^xK…Z | †hgb µq- weµq, fvov
†`Iqv, fvov MÖnY, avi MÖnY, A½xKv‡ii gva¨‡g avi †`qv, Rvwgb ivLv,
†Kvb wKQy `vb Kiv, Ae¨vnwZ cÖ`vb, ¯^xKvi K‡i †`qv, gvgjv Kiv,
AMÖvwaKv‡ii `vwe, wcwUkb, FY cwi‡kva, weevn Pzw³ m¤úwË `L‡ji b¨vq
welq| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z Ggb †Kvb cÖwZwbwaZ¡ ¯^xK„Z bq hv‡Z gvwj‡Ki
¶gZv Le© n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr GLv‡b Ab¨vqfv‡e †Kvb cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv, ‡hLv‡b Acivax ïay A‡b¨i cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q I K_v
e‡j wb‡`v©l cÖgvY Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i|17
cY¨`ª‡e¨i F‡Yi †ejvq A½xKv‡ii gva¨‡g avi ‡`qv, Rvwgb ivLv, FY cÖ`vb,
Askx`vwi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g e¨emvq, gy`vivevi (†hŠ_ Askx`vwiZ¡) †¶‡Î hw`
G‡R›U ev cÖwZwbwa ¯úófv‡e gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ Pzw³ bv K‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j †m
(cÖwZwbwa) Kvh©Kjv‡ci R‡b¨ gvwj‡Ki wbKU `vqe× _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
wKš‘ weµ‡qi †ejvq ev AvswkK A_© cÖZ¨qbc~e©K FY cwi‡kv‡ai Pzw³‡Z
gvwj‡Ki ¯úó nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| G †¶‡Î gvwjKB Pzw³i myweav †fvM
Ki‡e| wKš‘ GLv‡bB †kl bq| cÖwZwbwa Pzw³Kvix c¶ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges
Pzw³i mv‡_ mswkó mKj `vq-`vwqZ¡ Zvi DciB eZ©v‡e| Ab¨_vq AwaKvi ev
`vwei eva¨evaKZv gvwjK I cÖwZwbwa Df‡qi DciB co‡e|18
cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM ev cÖwZwbwai f~wgKv cvjb
AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z my¯’ gvbwmKZvm¤úbœ †h †Kvb cÖvß eq¯‹‡KB
cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
‡h †KD cÖwZwbwa n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ AcÖvßeq¯‹ ev gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’
e¨w³‡K gvwj‡Ki cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv hv‡K gvwj‡Ki wbKU
e¨w³MZfv‡e `vqx Kiv hvq bv| †Kvb Acªvßeq¯‹ e¨w³‡K hw` cÖwZwbwa
wb‡qvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B gvwjK Ges Z„Zxq †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_
Pzw³wfwËK m¤úK© m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ e¨w³MZfv‡e †m gvwj‡Ki
wbKU `vqx _vK‡e bv Ges †h ØvwqZ¡ †m MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zvi R‡b¨ ‡m
gvwj‡Ki wbKU `vqx _vK‡e| Gi Øviv †evSv hvh †h, wb‡Ri Øvwq‡Z¡B †m
Acªvßeq¯‹ cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM Ki‡e| AcÖvß eq®‹ cÖwZwbwai
Ae¨¯’vcbvi Øviv hw` Zvi m¤úwËi †Kvb †jvKmvb n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j †m Zvi
wbKU †_‡K †Kvb ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|19
cÖwZwbwai cÖKvi‡f`
cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i cÖKvi wbgœiƒc n‡Z cv‡i|
1. KZ…©‡Z¡i (‫ارة‬5555‫ )اج‬gva¨‡g cÖwZwbwaZ¡ : GUv Pzw³wfw³K
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| Pzw³i ¯^v‡_© mswkó KZ…©Z¡ ¯úó ev
A¯úó `yÕ‡UvB n‡Z cv‡i| KZ©„KZ¡‡K ¯úó ejv hv‡e hw` Zv
 †gŠwLKfv‡e ev wjwLZfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| hw` Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z
KZ©„Z¡ wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡K A¯úó (‫ )كناية‬ejv n‡e|
2. Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZwbwaZ¡ : G RvZxq cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i m„wó
nq hLb †Kvb e¨w³ AÁv‡Z ev webv AbygwZ‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i c¶ n‡q
†Kvb KvR K‡i| c~e© KZ…©‡Z¡i R‡b¨ AvB‡bi Aby‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb|
hLb G RvZxq cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Aby‡gvw`Z n‡e ZLb gvwj‡Ki ¶wZi R‡b¨
†nvK ev myweavi R‡b¨ †nvK gvwjK‡K Zv ‡g‡b wb‡Z n‡e|20
gvwj‡Ki cÖwZ cÖwZwbwai ØvwqZ¡
gvwj‡Ki Dci cÖwZwbwai wbæ ewY©Z `vwqZ¡ _vK‡e t
1. gvwj‡Ki †`qv kZ©vbymv‡i cÖwZwbwa Zvi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z eva¨| gvwj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K †Kvb kZ© bv _vK‡j e¨emvq ¯’v‡b †h
ixwZbxwZ cÖPwjZ ZvB cÖwZwbwa gvb‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| cÖwZwbwa
hw` Zv bv cv‡i Zvn‡j gvwjK‡K cÖwZwbwa hv ¶wZ n‡q‡Q Zvi
¶wZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e|
2. †h e¨emvi R‡b¨ GKRb cÖwZwbwa wbhy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q GKB iKg
e¨emv‡q gvby‡li †h ¯^vfvweK `¶Zv _v‡K Zvi gva¨‡g †m e¨emvq
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z eva¨| cªwZwbwai `¶Zvi Afve m¤ú‡K© gvwj‡Ki wbKU
Rvbv bv _vK‡j mvaviY A`¶Zvi Kvi‡Y e¨emv‡q †jvKmvb n‡j gvwjK‡K
cÖwZwbwai ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZwbwa gvwjK‡K h_v_© wnmve w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e|
4. mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j cÖwZwbwa Zvi gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i
wb‡`©kbv MÖnY Ki‡e, hw` †Kvb hw³hy³ KviY QvovB †m wb‡`©k
MÖn‡Y AcviM nq Ges G AcviMZvi R‡b¨ e¨emvq †jvKmvb nq Zvn‡j
†m gvwjK‡K ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e|
5. wba©vwiZ Kwgkb ev m¤§vbx e¨wZZ Zvi Dci b¨¯— e¨emvq ev †jb‡`b
†_‡K Df‡qi g‡a¨ Pzw³ ewn©f~Z †Kvb gybvdv cÖwZwbwa MÖnY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g hZ gybvdv AwR©Z n‡e AwP‡iB gvwjK
Zvi AwaKvix n‡e|
6. gvwj‡Ki m¤§wZ e¨wZZ cªwZwbwa wbR `vwq‡Z¡ GR‡Ýx ev e¨emvq
Kviev‡ii cÖavb c¶ n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
7. mvaviY wbqg Abymv‡i gvwj‡Ki ¯úó gÄyix ev ¯^we‡ePbvcÖm~Z ¶gZv
we‡ePbvcÖm~Z ¶gZv e¨wZZ GKRb cªwZwbwa Dc-cÖwZwbwa wbhy³
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|21

e¨emvq cÖwZôvb ev G‡RwÝ evwZj

cÖwZwbwa e¨emvq cÖwZôvb ‡Q‡o †`qv ev gvwjK KZ…©K
cÖwZwbwa‡K AcmviY Kivi D‡jL‡hvM¨ wZbwU weavb wbgœiƒc|
1. hLbB BPQv gvwjK cÖwZwbwa‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘
cÖwZwbwa Zvi Acmvi‡Yi †bvwUk bv cvIqv ch©š— e¨emvq cªwZôv‡b
Zvi ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© Pvjy ivL‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e cÖwZwbwa hLbB
B”Qv e¨emv‡qi cÖwZôvb †_‡K m‡i ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
2. gvwjK hw` gviv hvq ev Roeyw× n‡q hvq ev ¯^ag© Z¨vM K‡i Zvn‡j
cÖwZwbwai Kwgkb evwZj n‡q hv‡e| †Kbbv e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi
Kwgkb Ggb bq †h Zv cÖZ¨nvi Kiv hvq bv, ev jsNb Kiv hvq bv †h‡nZz
Zv gvwj‡Ki AvIZvax‡b Ges cÖwZwbwai m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡KB Zv‡K
eiLv¯— Kiv †h‡Z cv‡e|
3. Ab¨‡`i DËvivwaKv‡ii K_v ej‡Z †M‡j D`vniY¯^iƒc ej‡Z nq †h, †Kvb
FY MÖnxZv hw` Zvi m¤úwË eÜK w`‡q _v‡K Avi Pzw³i mgq ev FY
cwi‡kv‡ai mgq AwZevwnZ nIqvi c~‡e© eÜKx `ªe¨ weµ‡qi R‡b¨
cÖwZwbwa wbhy³ Kiv nq Zvn‡j eÜK MÖnxZvi m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ
cÖwZwbwa‡K AcmviY Kiv hv‡e bv ev gvwj‡Ki n‡jI e¨emvq cªwZôvbB
D‡V hv‡e bv ev cÖwZwbwa GKevi cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i
ØvwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡j Zv cwiZ¨vM K‡i P‡j †h‡Z cvi‡e bv|22

wmIwiwU ev M¨vivw›U Pzw³

Aviex‡Z Kvdvjv (‫ )كفالة‬kãwU wmIwiwU Pzw³i R‡b¨ e¨eüZ nq| KvdvjvZ
A_© n‡jv ms‡hvM | gymwjg AvB‡b †Kvb wKQyi R‡b¨ Kv‡iv c¶ n‡q †Kvb
`vq-`vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kivi bvg wmIwiwU Pzw³| ‡h e¨w³ M¨vivw›Ui
`vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K wmIwiwU( Avj- Kvwdj) ejv nq| †h e¨w³ ev
m¤úwËi R‡b¨ M¨vivw›U †`qv nq Zv‡K Aviex‡Z gvKdyj wenx ejv nq| FY
cwi‡kv‡a A¶g †h e¨w³i R‡b¨ M¨vivw›U †`qv nq Zv‡K cÖavb FYx (gvKdzj
Avbû) ejv nq| †h e¨w³‡K G M¨ivw›U †`qv nq Zv‡K cvIbv`vi ejv nq|23
M¨viw›U `yÕcÖKv‡ii Ñ 1. e¨w³i R‡b¨ M¨vivw›U I
2. m¤úwËi R‡b¨ M¨vivw›U |
myZivs e¨w³i Drcv`b Kv‡Ri R‡b¨, FY ev Avw_©K eva¨- evaKZvi R‡b¨
m¤úwË mieiv‡ni b¨vq wel‡qi R‡b¨ M¨vivw›U ‡`qv n‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b Avgiv
ïay m¤úwËi wmIwiwU ev M¨vivw›Ui K_vB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
1872 mv‡j BwÛqvb K›Uªv± AvB‡bi 126 Aby‡”Q‡` M¨vivw›Ui Pzw³
m¤ú‡K© ejv nqt Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³i FY cwi‡kv‡ai A¶gZvq Zvi `vq-`vwqZ¡
MÖnY Kivi cÖwZÁvB M¨vivw›Ui Pyw³ bv‡g AwfwnZ|24
GUv wmIwiwUi Pzw³i mvaviY wbqg †h, cÖK…Z FYx ev cÖavb FYx‡K
Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai R‡b¨ `vwe`vi ev cvIbv`vi †h Avnevb Rvbv‡eb G‡Z Zvi
¯^vfvweK ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e | †`bv cwi‡kva bv n‡q _vK‡j FYxi cÖwZ
cvIbv`v‡ii `vwe Ab¨vq wKQy n‡e bv| hw` Pzw³ Ggb n‡h _v‡K ‡h, FY
cwi‡kv‡ai `vq-`vwqZ¡ †_‡K cÖK…Z FYx‡K Ae¨vnwZ w`‡q †`Iqv n‡e
Zvn‡j Zv wmIwiwUi Pzw³ bv n‡q nvIqvjvZ (`vwqZ¡ n¯—vš—i) n‡e|
GwU fwel¨Z †Kvb NUbvi mvaviY kZ© mv‡c¶ ev Avbylw½K welq n‡Z
cv‡i| Dfq cªKvi wmIwiwUB FY-`vZvi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ nIqv kZ©, wKš‘
cÖavb FYxi †h m¤úwËi Dci `vwe i‡q‡Q, Zvi DciB wmIwiwUi cÖ‡qvRb|
myZivs kvw¯— ev cªwZ‡kv‡ai †ejvq Zv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Aci c‡¶ ïay A_©F‡Yi
†¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨ bq eis wKwg (†h mKj mvaviY `ªe¨ mvaviYZ IRb ev
cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g wewµ nq bv) RvZxq `ª‡e¨i25 †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨|

wmIwiwUi `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b

wmIwiwUi `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b wb‡gœv³fv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|26
1. g~j Pyw³i mv‡_ cv_©‡K¨i gva¨‡g
wmIwiwUi m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K `vZv I cÖavb MÖnxZv Pzw³‡Z †Kvb
cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡j cyivZb Pzw³ evwZj n‡q hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ G RvZxq
cwieZ©b mva‡bi d‡j msMwVZ †jb‡`b RvZxq wmIwiwUi `vq-`vwqZ¡I
evwZj e‡j cwiMwYZ nq| †hgb †Kvb `ªe¨ weµ‡qi Rb¨ A evrmwiK
‡eZ‡bi wfwˇZ B-‡K K¬vK© wbhy³ Ki‡jv G k‡Z© †h, B -†K K¬vK©
wn‡m‡e A‡_©i wewbg‡q Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lvi R‡b¨
A C Gi wmIwiwU n‡jv; wKš‘ c‡i hw` †`Lv hvq ‡h, A -‡K ÁvZ Kiv‡bv
e¨wZ‡i‡K ev Zvi m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ B I C ivhx n‡jv †h, wRwbmcÎ wewµi
nvi Abymv‡i wba©vwiZ †eZ‡bi cwie‡Z© B-‡K Kwgkb †`qv n‡e| G
†¶‡Î c‡i B-Gi Am`vPi‡Yi R‡b¨ A `vqx _vK‡e bv|
2. g~j MÖnxZv‡K AcmviY ev Ae¨vnwZ `v‡bi gva¨‡g
g~j MÖnxZvi eva¨evaKZv AcmvwiZ n‡j wmIwiwUi eva¨evaKZvI
AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| g~j MÖnxZvi eva¨evaKZv ZLbB AcmvwiZ n‡e hLb
bZzbfv‡e Pzw³ Kiv nq ev `vZv Pzw³ evwZj K‡i ev Ab¨ wKQy Kivi
R‡b¨ cyivZb Pzw³i †gqv` n«vm K‡i, hvi ˆea cwiYvg g~j MÖnxZvi
AcmviY | †hgb t
K. C-Gi c‡¶ A GB e‡j M¨vivw›U †`q †h, B -‡K `ªe¨vw` mieivn Kiv
n‡e, C Pzw³ Abymv‡i B -‡K `ªe¨vw` mieivn Ki‡j B nZevK n‡jv
Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ (C mn) Pzw³ Abymv‡i `vwe †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi
R‡b¨ Zvi m¤úwË Zv‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j w`j| Gi d‡j C -Gi mv‡_ Pzw³
Abymv‡i B FY †_‡K gyw³ †cj Ges A wmIwiwUi `vwqZ¡ †_‡K
Ae¨vnwZ †cj|
 L. B cÖ‡qvRbxq KvV mieivn Ki‡e Ges wbw`ó g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q B -Gi
R‡b¨ evwo evbv‡bv n‡e G k‡Z© A-Gi mv‡_ B-Gi Pzw³ n‡jv| A
-Gi Kg© m¤úv`b m¤ú‡K© C M¨vivw›U cª`vb Ki‡jv | B KvVwU
mieivn Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡j C -‡K wmIwiwUi `vwqZ¡ †_‡K
Ae¨vnwZ †`qv n‡jv|
3. AvswkK A‡_©i gva¨‡g FY cwi‡kv‡ai Pzw³i A½xKvi
`vZv I g~j MÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Ggb Pzw³ nq hv‡Z `vZv AvswkK A_©
cwi‡kv‡ai gva¨‡g FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbwg‡Ë mgq w`‡Z cÖwZkÖ“wZ
w`‡q _v‡K ev g~j MÖnxZv‡K Awfhy³ Kiv nq bv G me Pyw³‡Z
wmIwiwU m‡gZ bv n‡j wmIwiwU‡K Ae¨vnwZ †`qv nq|
m¤úwËi R‡b¨ †h wmIwiwU wbhy³ nq Zvi g„Zz¨ NU‡j Pyw³ evwZj n‡q hvq
bv, †Kbbv m¤úwËi wmIwiwUi g„Zz¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ wmIwiwU eva¨evaKZv
†kl n‡q hvq bv, †h‡nZz Zvi †h ‡Kvb cwigvY m¤úwËi gva¨‡g Zv cvjb Kiv
`vwqZ¡ n‡q `vuovq| Gfv‡e m¤úwË D×v‡ii gva¨‡g wmIwiwUi Ae¨vnwZ
N‡U|
Dcmsnvi
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv Avgv‡`i wbKU my¯úó †h, Bmjv‡gi wewa-
weavb I AvBb c×wZ gnvb Avjvn cÖ`Ë weavq Zv gvbe iwPZ AvB‡bi duvK
Ges ΓwU-wePy¨wZ gy³| Bmjv‡gi Pzw³ AvB‡b †bB †Kvb QjPvZzwi ev
†auvKv-cÖZviYv| RvwZ, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvbe‡Mvôxi
Rb¨ G AvBb Kj¨vYKi| Bmjv‡gi Pzw³ AvBb Kv‡iv Rb¨B AKj¨vYKi bq| ZvB
mgvR I iv‡óªi me©vZ¥K kvwš—, mg„w× I AMÖMwZ mva‡b Bmjv‡gi
Pzw³ AvBb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi|

Z_¨m~Î
1 ِ ‫( يا أَيُّها الَّ ِذين آَمنُوا أَوفُوا بِالْع ُق‬Avj-KziÕAvb, 5:1)
. ‫ود‬ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ
2
. A contract is an agreement enforceable at law made between two or more persons,
by which rights are required by one or more by to acts of forbearances on the part of
the other or others. (we¯—vwiZ `ª. ˆmq` nvmvb Rvwgj, Pzw³ AvBb, XvKv; nxiv jÕ
eyK †m›Uvi, 2007, c„. 9)
3
. G, we, Gg †nvmvBb (Aby: Gg i“ûj Avwgb), Bmjv‡gi evwYR¨ AvBb, XvKv:
BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, †g 2000, c„. 1
4
. cÖv¸³
ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ
. ُ‫ب َك َما َعلَّ َمه‬ َ ُ‫َن يَ ْكت‬
ْ‫ب أ‬ٌ ‫ب َكات‬ َ ْ‫ب بِالْ َع ْدل َواَل يَأ‬ ٌ ‫ب َبْينَ ُك ْم َكات‬ ْ ُ‫اكتُبُوهُ َولْيَ ْكت‬
ْ َ‫س ًّمى ف‬ ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫ين آَ َمنُوا إذَا تَ َد َايْنتُ ْم ب َديْ ٍن إىَل أ‬
َ ‫َج ٍل ُم‬ َ ‫يَا أَيُّ َها الذ‬
5

‫َن مُيِ َّل‬ ِ ‫َّق اللَّه ربَّه واَل يبخس ِمْنه َشيئًا فَِإ ْن َكا َن الَّ ِذي علَي ِه احْل ُّق س ِفيها أَو ضعِي ًفا أَو اَل ي‬ ِ ِ ِ
ْ ‫يع أ‬ ُ ‫ستَط‬ َْ ْ َ ْ ً َ َ َْ ْ ُ ْ َ َْ َ ُ َ َ ِ ‫ب َولْيُ ْمل ِل الَّذي َعلَْيه احْلَ ُّق َولْيَت‬ ْ ُ‫اللَّهُ َف ْليَ ْكت‬
ِ َ‫َن ت‬ْ ‫ُّه َد ِاء أ‬ ِ ‫ِ مِم‬ ِ ِ ِ َ ‫ش ِه ُدوا َش ِه‬ ِ ِ ِ
‫ض َّل‬ َ ‫ض ْو َن م َن الش‬ ْ ‫ج ٌل َو ْامَرأَتَان‬
َ ‫َّن َت ْر‬ ُ ‫جلَنْي ِ َفَر‬
ُ ‫يديْ ِن م ْن ِر َجال ُك ْم فَإ ْن مَلْ يَ ُكونَا َر‬ ْ َ‫است‬ْ ‫ُه َو َف ْليُ ْمل ْل َوليُّهُ بِالْ َع ْدل َو‬
‫ط ِعْن َد اللَّ ِه‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫إِح َدامُه ا َفت َذ ِّكر إِح َدامُه ا اأْل ُخرى واَل يأْب الشُّه َداء إِ َذا ما دعوا واَل تَسأَموا أَ ْن تَ ْكتبوه صغِريا أَو َكبِريا إِىَل أ‬
ُ‫س‬ َ ْ‫َجله َذل ُك ْم أَق‬
َ ً ْ ً َ ُ ُُ ُ ْ َ ُ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َْ َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ
ِ ِ ‫اَّل‬ ِ ِ ‫جِت‬ ْ ‫اد ِة َوأَدْىَن أَاَّل َت ْرتَابُوا إِاَّل أ‬ ِ
َ َ‫وها َوأَ ْشه ُدوا إذَا َتب‬
‫اي ْعتُ ْم َواَل‬ َ ُ‫اح أَ تَ ْكتُب‬ ٌ َ‫جن‬
ُ ‫س َعلَْي ُك ْم‬ َ ‫ارةً َحاضَرةً تُد ُيرونَ َها َبْينَ ُك ْم َفلَْي‬ َ َ ‫َن تَ ُكو َن‬ َ ‫َوأَْق َو ُم للش‬
َ ‫َّه‬
ِ ٍ ِ ِ ٌ ‫ار َكاتِب واَل َش ِهي ٌد وإِ ْن َت ْف َعلُوا فَِإنَّهُ فُس‬
ٌ ‫وق ب ُك ْم َو َّات ُقوا اللَّهَ َويُ َعلِّ ُم ُك ُم اللَّهُ َواللَّهُ ب ُك ِّل َش ْيء َعل‬
‫يم‬ ُ َ َ ٌ َّ ‫ض‬
َ ُ‫( ي‬Avj-KziAvb, 2:282)
6
. gydZx gynv¤§` kdx (in.), Zdmxi gvAv‡idyj †K¡viAvb, (Aby: I m¤úvv; gvIjvbv
gywnDÏxb Lvb, ‡KviAvbyj Kixg evsjv Abyev` I msw&¶ß Zdmxi,) g`xbv gybvIqviv:
Lv‡`gyj nvivgvBb ev`kvn dvn` †KviAvb gy`ªY cÖKí, 1413 wn. c„. 158|
7
. eyinvb DÏxb Avj-gyiMwbvbx,Avj-wn`vqv, w`jx: Avkivdx eyK wW‡cv, 1324 wn.
L.3, c„. 2-3
8
. Dr. Muhammad Musleh Uddin, Insurance and Islamic law, Lahore: Islamic
Publication Ltd. 1969, P. 108
9
. cÖv¸³|
10
. G, we, Gg, †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 10
11
. GLv‡b mvjvg A_© AwMÖg µq-weµq Pzw³| AvMvgx‡Z †Kvb GK mgq mieiv‡ni
k‡Z© Ges Zvr¶wYK m¤§Z g~j¨ cwi‡kva mv‡c‡¶ wbw`©ó cwigvY kixÔAvn
Aby‡gvw`Z cY¨-mvgMÖx AwMÖg µq-weµq‡K ÔevB mvjvgÕ e‡j| (`ª. †gvt Avey
Zv‡ni, Bmjv‡gi A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm I e¨vswKs, XvKv: PjK cÖKvkbx, wW‡m¤^i
2006, c„. 305)
12
. Bw¯—mbv n‡jv Kvh©v‡`‡ki wfwˇZ cY¨µq Pzw³| A_©vr fwel¨‡Z wba©vwiZ
†Kvb mg‡q A_ev wba©vwiZ wKw¯—‡Z m¤§Zg~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© †µZvi digv‡qk
Abyhvqx wbw`©ó cwigvY kixÔAvn Aby‡gvw`Z cY¨mvgMÖx ˆZix K‡i weµq
Kiv‡K ÔBw¯—mbvÕ ejv nq| (`ª. †gvt Avey Zv‡ni, cÖv¸³, c„. 306)
13
. G, we, Gg, †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 10-11|
14
. Chachat, An Introduction to Islamic Law, London: Oxford University Press, 1964,
p. 152
15
. G, we, Gg, †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 11-12
16
. eyinvb DÏxb Avj-gviMxbvbx, cÖv¸³, c„. 161
17
. G, we, Gg, †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 31
18
. Dr. Muhammad Musleh Uddin, Op.cit, p. 322.
19
. G. we. Gg. †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 32
20
. Chachat, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Op.cit, P. 122
21
. G. we. Gg. †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 32-33
22
. Abdur Rahim, Muhammadan Jurisprudence, Lahore: Islamic Publication Ltd.
(n.d), P. 322
23
. G. we. Gg. †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 35
24
. cÖv¸³
25
. Chachat, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Op.cit, pp. 158-159
26
. G. we. Gg †nvmvBb, cÖv¸³, c„. 36