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    Ganna Grebennikova
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    good articles on great German philosophers in the US

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
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    669 просмотров19 страниц

    Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss

    Загружено:

    Ganna Grebennikova
    good articles on great German philosophers in the US

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
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    Hannah Arendt and the Theory of Democracy: A Critical Reconstruction (On Rayluion is Hannah Arent’ major cntibtion to pital theory, snd although che Book's potential a= source of theory of democrsey pot immediatly apparent, iis not nceaary to dig very fe to unearth the treasure ths work conti, Arend’ notion of the scalar fonndaon of polis thority and of communicative power at well a her concep: of public freedom” and the “ounding a” have since been adopted the standard compontns of umes theories of democracy tht ate based on £ pllopica proach, Ye i ite thatthe book's potential dot not Speak to theoriet anented toward current iar, ‘Tere are to Teton forehi int the pats of her wor tht can be elated to sptemaic ques of s theory of democriy are msily ca inthe guise of comparative recon frnicon of the concepial worlds of men who lived daring and reflected spon the Amencan and French revoladons la other words, the reader ntnly forced to ke the wouble of exacting a stematc pla theory fom a sopebly presented history of ideas. The second reson why (On Rests potenti for theory of democracy isnot immediatly =p prreat i Arends ideltion ofthe founding of the Nowth American fonfideration, which she tex as though epresented hires tion ofthe weopian democratic repubbe. This tendeney, which determines the penpectv she adops throughout the hook, compels her to conceive fal the plcal developments ofthe Cllowing two cents 2 coma tutng a dedin. The impresion that Arend’ chosen form of presenting politcal hoy is ted on a theory of deine har eared her the rept Yon of a“coneratve sopian” ors “polis ansimoders” and ths impresin al che szonge when vowel in the light oF other pats of ber vel oewte 1" 2 Heat Diet In er famous The Hamen Condition Arec contac & etspecie ‘model of Greek ansquty sa hierarchy of mol of sexy and thea sim indy aces is progressive decline over the coun of ocidentalhisory- In the potent conten, however, ths conception of Ueor af deci by no ‘meats expan the pasion wih which Hannah Arendt flowed ongoing developments in American democracy. Her public statements on the po $e of ric integration, on the Vietam War, on de ci ight and dent movement and on Watergate ae no at ll what could be expected fiom someone whore outlook onthe coun ofthe world wat one of de- tached melancholia! Ts thre ses fo bea cntatction between her ‘heory of deine and he esque of contemporary society. Yeti We focus ‘more closely on Arends understanding fer ov methodology, we fd ‘his contradiction, nt reraed, then len losing some of kn ‘Arendt only comment qpracaly and spately onthe method adopted in her books the mow explicit instance beng the Foreword to Bete Pat ‘nd Fut? She likes to deteribe hee method sing the rene epithet of “reling 2 ory.” By this she mea nether recounting + mere Bitary oF ideas nor providing sor of idea hintorogapy thst purport to gmp seal histor by econsucing the mos prominent document afinteletal story. Fr Arent» thoroughly consent posmesphyil thinker, sy form of bstocoptloophieaconscton of dhe past has long ine be- come imponible.Fllowing te secularization of eligious views ofthe ‘Woda an the dsiategason of absoltst ations of inepresing the ‘wor he blheves no that the pana ich but rather the nner band dat (vet ler connor has disaved. She eyprees ths modern experience ‘ts pat da ino longer sceible croup ubwanve wadions with one fof the aphorisms of René Char, the French pace “Note hetage ne rich dnocan etament.” To Arends mind and here ncdently, her thought sembly that of Welter Benjamin — wring htory is oaly posible inthe form of exploratory mode's No Tonge is there a lw com ‘esting pat and present. Ie xno more posable to expin the coure of ‘modem history conclaiely by tleriag to consalatans ofthe pa than seit peelade the incusion of something acl new ia hia. Ths sndiealyancimephyical conception of history ao proseibesany ret tome hstoricophonopicl sarge. Andie denies the vali of any evo sonar notion of progres or «theory afar decline In power image, Arendt characeies the procedue she flows, ‘which both a form of concepal hry and tthe same time sway of "tp mh 22 eo an 2 ln el, me a Fernand New ak 15 ay 8. Hon Arendt ad the Toy of Demsoacy 8 conesving of oll cheory, a “albaging peas ander the rabble hit tory Indeed, in both The Hanae Coton and On Reston, she re ‘omtruce and anangestopicly lst yes of meting that Ive been {elimentd concepualy and handed down in documents from clic (Greece andthe ey modem revltions Her intrest i thee sedimented layers of meaning isnot hstseal bu eter ass wid View toward can semporay needs My sump sta shoogh ge sou onions of Wing experience nd ‘htreman bound» thm he oly gue pos by which ose ngs [mn Hinnah Arend’ eyes, the pial theor wh focus on itlec- ‘ual inary somehow keeps allve hase extinct waitns that have rendered past expedences useful asa point of oremation inthe present. Agate background of her exisque of philorophy ot hizo, however, Arend it compa oar hatte connection beoween te lyers of meming r= ‘Constructed fom the standpoint of concept hor andthe orenatonal poten dey offer is iselfhivoriallyabiray. The deo him o¢ her Sef dos not somtal the conditions under which theory tl alo conveys s mesage. Whether or noe the last potential ofthe pst can realy be u- Cazthed depends also onthe present “The history af veins. could be eld in parte form thee of a ge ‘were which, under the mot uel ereuntance, ape sb. wae ely ed ips in nde ot ti non hg Whether Arendt consstenly adhere thi method in her own work it 4 moot question snd one that cannot concer sere. Foe its mos cer any the ese thar the vantage pont of history of dln, which she her ‘ef enciaes infrms her pli theary toa restr exon han does hat sath of exemplary mode of thought tha allows history to be inked 0 fasten problems of orientation. Neves, eis the er method that ‘ve wl flowin oar econsroction ofthe elements fs theory of democ- ‘ey inherent ia Arends work, “osx ti sll common among historians wo post a ivrable connection beeween modem ple revolsons and Chrisianeaditon n patel, ‘hey dt the rebelion of easly Cian secs agin the secular power of | Sp Sf oh ‘Mo of Pe SH he rd Ton ie 2h ed mrp lh ary S00 Sn Bok “4 Heit Dae ‘he dy, hee acl egtaranisn, and ei promise of sven elm st examples that demomtrate chat modem revoltionarie te mete #c- ‘eso to betage tt, liough now gens scar form, dates bck 3 ‘howrand year. Arend ccizes the notion of continuity in intellectual is ‘ory inherent in his const. In contas she proposes sharp rupture be- ‘sien Chan eaion ana poll modernity, an agument tat she 3 {he sme dime use to prepare the way for her thery of democrt=revo- Jaton. She does not, however, ree tothe complex of nly Csi iss {jut mentioned but rater othe phenomenon of how pb ator i legitimized To Arends, the phenomenon of secular lgstimaton of poke Jal rales someching aicaly new. Even hough modem revalasonsres may bie cled metaphor and images fom the Christan tain to de~ ‘ere what hey thought snd dd, Arend conde wrong view hit at 4 mere secultation ofan originally Christian doerne, Instexd these ough and deeds were something objectively new in hory. Given the burden ofa tadion that had sedimented overtwo thousand years the sel snindetandings and mikconerptone of recltonary polis expreaed In thse borowings were tus absolutely ineviable, The wanscendetl as ‘Seaton of polsel thority hatha een prevalent in the Ween work adi roe inthe Roman tinty of religion, ead, and poi thos. The mest recent fon tis took 2nd one that consinue to hve an Impact well into modem history, waste sbslusst doctine ofthe divine Fight of ngs. "The cover ofthe fit eon of Hobbes Leste, polished inthe sev- enteath century s bet suited to dlsate the undenanding of poles, prevalent a that tne. I isan understanding sll steeped inthe Chvisian tradon Ie depict the hed and tro ofthe monateh His crovened hes, Tis sceper,and is sword wach the edge of heaven and the upper bal of his vas body, large enough ro encompas the globe, & compote ofan ‘erable minite aman gure. The lower half gradually merger with por- tryal ofa spacious Rersisnce lndeape, decorated oth cals 20d Pula. This pice gers ogeder ll dhe element of sn image of pli tics that had emerged over very long tine. And is aly agatha bck found that we can truly undensand the rapture thi the democratic evolutions in France and America cortisted inthis alegeialy repre sented wadton, ruperevisble only rewospectvl. “The sbolte monarch jai i sbeclte rule by appslng to divine sight Inthe pice row septer and sword appear oat ike steanic onveying the wanscendentmesage tothe stele socl order. Atthe ame time, the monarchs physi elf directly embodies the soc unity. It aanah Arent a he Ther of Daccy 15 ‘within the monarchs body thar hs subject fe themselves nied wit he polis communiy In other words, the monstch wa he pnnace ofthe funbly pyramid of resp, and a such drew together al cla power “Ths pinnacle was aso the jncture where early power cosesced with dhe ‘cantendenal order, grounding once and forall he citer for good and Jt ae on cart, unaffected by the page of me. The constant ele- ‘ment of his image, amely che elgousfamework oferty rule and he ‘monarchs embodiment of egtimatin, are all invalidated by democratic fevolaton. With the behesding ofthe abniste monarch for example, (Chvls In England or Lous XVI in France dhe two embed ‘meat ofan invioible divine arder is brought to an abrpt end. Behexing [ing war an 2 tht shoul sho be undertood metaphors, paving he ‘way fora moder, mundane undentinding of pole. ‘Using Hannah Arends tem, we can now sy that a publi space based ‘on eligioutlegtimation ii contisted ar polical pce tothe extent that secular power ces tobe smetioned by selon tnd rigors cor ‘clon Become conned to the eve sper. An automous public ‘phere ~that one that obey a ational and criteria of legiaton of ‘own fie come into exitence once the ele dorsi is red il fom the immediate tutelage of the church. In other word, we cn St speak of "pais" in the moder sense once slslute power —be they Clotbed in religious or metphyscal guse~ can no longer cam any au ‘honky inthe ple space ‘Seen fom the venfpoint of the hsory of ideas i as Machisel who Steere onthe problemas involved here. Adaitedly, his sole com cem ws the subordination ofl poll maxims fo ction othe imper>- tive of the al preeration of the ete, an imperative that he posed s loot Neverthle, ths ed hin to agate the possblity of ype of Sate legimation tat id not actualy ake it place on the tage of history ‘nt tonal foo fartvng a united plies will had bee largely ‘ecuenzed. The ype in qucson ithe restion of legitimacy tit id rnotely ors ality on some tanicendentalaushony. Arendt Earned tee ir tha the shift fom a acral oa wcule foundation of egiinacy that occured in the cou ofthe French Revolton war noe adequately tdertood by the very people who et tin maton. By continaing to search for some aisle autloty, something that could a bat be a mundane repli of complete divine author, che filed to recogni dhe inti logic and dignity ofa purely mendane foundation oflegiimacy. Sect si, Te ig Te NA Sdn Pd Ts i, Nite 6 Hab Died In it book The Lapin ofthe Mado Age, ins Blamenberg ender the heist the development of systems of ineepreting the would mus bbe conceived of at lowly unfolding dle of quetons and answer -Epodhs ean be delinted withthe Dux of ce a tenn of he calles ‘of answers that can be give 2 telaely sabi, hough not suprahisoe= ‘lst of existential questons. Thus 2 new epoch can never retain fom rswering questons bequeathed it by a previous epoch. Many problems ‘concerning the easton a modem history Gom one epochto the ext nd the reals of the hiory of ides in parca an, sccording o Bla ‘menberg, be explained by rersng to thi phenomenon of he recsmence ‘of prescribed questions In our ete, the search foran saat oureofle- ‘iimacy dha tanscended the here and now eve afer the Revation was the consequence of sucha recarent question. Hannah Arendt merely a> [ronches tis prem ins diferent way when the notes that he fore and ‘oure taken bythe Prench Revolution were ako shaped bythe eine dat Jebrough to an end* To Arend, che nason-sate that ntrged dung the ge ofaboltiam harbored the poten fra form of politcal onganizaton {lar could survive without ke Borrowed glory emansing fom 2 eanecen- ‘ene sphete Beyond poles. However, the sbslust ste rowed to be no substi for he lo rebgous sanctioning ofthe wood. The dominion with ‘which the monarch wat ive inthe age of abot comaptd that Sat, for, bere. of any transcendental sbi became even e Ins always been a findamenal principe of divine w that its rales do noe apply ro ive and the aioe monarch inheited hit loge, Hannah ‘Arend points ot that he ancient Greek aiedy ep sles who wat ‘ot bound by his own om a3 eyzant Inthe blue state the morarch ‘embodied the unity ofthe nation ad God's will on each. However, athe French Revoluon the throne vacated by the monarch wat now occpied bythe “people” who were invented with the seb onginal accorded othe foe. Quast dvi, ney of wil sd embodiment of ‘he nation now beeane atures ofthe people Lik he abslute monarch, {he people were lated ouside the dorsi of pli, The burdensome leper of vine ight das cared vera to be sen inthe ft hat the sevoluinares in France regarded the people a the source ofboth power ‘andthe law. Amey the best-known smptom of hit sesh or a ‘Senden source of authonty, x oandaon for legitimacy beyond the po- lial dontn i Rbespere's cl freon, 2 Hg het. Teeny Maes Ao Ra MWe Cd, Mo 1th Aas Rei, adn 968,158 Hank Arendt and the They of Desoney ” “To ue Blamenber’ terminology, t's the prescbed question ofan ab- sole and uansendentl foundation of egitimacy cad over nto moder iy thas the major seme addrened in Arends police plsopy. She renee quite needle delay before the spt behind such egitim, ‘whic seeks wo provide mundane jsications fr all tems of human oF “es manages to ake root he poticaldomin. In her book Or Resi tim, Arendt doce noe cate tobe saze bythe thatthe revoltionaics ofthe eighteen, ninetent, and indeed weaded ceaus were relly nal to conceive ofa adcaly hs-woraly form of legitimation foe po Tse rle, one tht as therefore necesary file and conan ia need of revision. The wodd has szen 3 whole range of atemps 0 coat the ‘rashsoriallegitimation ofthe publi sphere with secular means. One ‘need think only ofthe cul of reson, the hyposatizations of rationalism, the procamasons of shore-erm hstoncophlophial sims, the soca subrirtes fr celigion known 3 Sls and fem, or indeed the no ‘on tha remains intuenal tay ta poles should be determined by he ‘ovecding imperatives of growth 2nd technology. Al ches legiimations of polis based on metapolitil quanses ae dence ofthe fare toe Sha 2 radially new source of authority commensrae with the spit of modem Hanna Arend dew findamentl diction between two model for funding polis inetd communis. The nt eeresponds to he social contact saggeted by Hobbes in Lesa. Is truce is ver, ‘with dhe peopl conclding a conuact with thee ue. The term “ounds- Son” meading for wha we have here sa contact between an extant ‘acinar ler lean outside. The hype eigal contact n= ‘aged ere hs che sole Raneton of sting frm of ue that lead “ein exercised. Ever individual fregoes his or her chance eo iience ‘he courte of public ais. He orahe sho forts potential power ofa Akan the wold rsa fom voluntary liane within sci, teal be owingall sstonomy ofaction onthe sovereign, To the extent consent ag any roe at alin this comet, ie merely che geneeied consent © low oneself t be ruled, This vertical model presimes the rracteral dn fon of rulers and ruled. Beate the relationship between the two pate, ‘tanot be changed by procedures foreseen within the model sel the oly ‘oune open to thowe who are diated with the way mule i exercised ‘eto seine power themecve by wolent meant. Ths mode, haeng aren 18 Het Dab rng the eanston fom an sist aa coneotona monarchy, a ao ‘not exancpated self Gomn the notion of divine sigh. Altbough religious ‘Snctioning of secular ue no longer occurs in the authentic context af an frat Chrssan endison, enonethelessrvvesin the secondary, if Wee, finetionl sere: ar means oftablising aster frente no longer ‘Wishes fo rey solely on te thea of vlence Testes one decisive dae ceric orth that older tadison which pts 0 ie oom insrument nd, and dai location athe community's higher story, nd hat ‘he source ofthat community's legitimacy, ouside the Eamewark of the poy 2 sch Hobbes model provides an admirably sted fol guint which o con tease Hanah Arends concept of democrane soil conta. Tit ster contacts not coneluded between a people and is ruler but rater within 2 group of private individuals who recognize eachother equal. They ‘hereby se thei olted eapacityforsvon ito one power eractee bed fon solidi. Ths hoszomalzather an veral contact ante 083 r= {3procal promise to standup foreach oter inthe shared knowledge Ua there canbe no guarantee for the ime of the community beyond the bound of this contact. Thi horizontal model of wall eorac i en- tiny made in tha ic dpentes with any fem of reigious or socially trancendene anton. To the eet tht autho is now inverted in the polisaly united commaniy, a other words tothe exe tht the com Trunity isl becomes the source of power, che authority to define the bounds of legitimate rule sans othe synbolic ad isutonal practi which Kep alive that inl reciprocal promi, Fahermore, 0 Hina Arendt the democratic soci contact © not tome hypothetical consuct oud hry that an eased goverment aructure laes to just self eoacivey. Rather, asi prebgued inthe French and par- fury the American revolusons, i 4 rel hori oecamence in which the evoluonay pioneer of modernity become aware ofthe im ‘es driving them forward. In the horaonal model, the dvsion into rules and raed isnot completely abandoned, bat instead given als ‘pd procedural form, les only with the advent of the image of demo- crue foundation that «ditnction can be made between on the one ‘hand, a pola suthorty that demands blind subordination snd, onthe ‘othe, + pragmatic obedience to the lw bom ost ofthe ronal reogni= Son of actions pertive. “Arend reads this concept of democratic social contact into the proces ‘ofthe foundation ofthe American Constitution an buttresses ee argument by ofring 2 communicative concept of olscal power According othe | Hannch Arena the Tory of Day 9 ate, the exitence of modem political nsittion dor not depend on i= ther rome (eupersmposed)tnscendenal gzratecs dat dey sal pest, focon sine police bared capacity for epson, but raer onthe coms itive energies of eigen who recognize eachother at eqs, energies {bat wen ito founding the ineasont In his conception he stabi of a poise orderno longer ess precisely on Some nonspecicwillngaes of ‘hizens to obey the sate sovereign but instead on te reciprocal uty they Jave seamed to crests contiston and 9 standup frit. Hannah Arent sums up the esence ofthis concept in what ba snce Become a casi rd In dsincion co sent, which the ian the psesion a very man in his {ison apne lotr men, ower comes it bang oly and whe nen i ‘Remuera forte pro oon anit aap when, fr wa ‘Serrenon, hy diene and doer on sooser. Hence, binding snd pomiing, {Subhning tnd Covenecng athe ean by wich power Lepen cxtene Stren when men ered ia Heping int the power cpg op be ‘Shes them cng th cour fap parca ed, hey ae eny the rose ftbundn, contains sae wordy smocie bose, were, {Bercombine power facton? “Throvghovt On Revlon, Arendt orients henelf toward thi notion of social power ap somthing, genented communictivel, preserved sa “founding” sstcasons and epeatedl seterted ough ybrlicacs. She expla icby adesing the ambiguity of the concept of “constuton. “The later ix ambigious besa refr to the 0 veparte pee ofthe proces ofeetng a contaton in that erga this both m1 completed cznow ext in documentary form snd sa process of redial col fxion, dscusion, and debae tat preceded she act. eis Arend’ theory of power that ir enables sco gp that thi proce of nating = writen ‘onstinuson = hich she deeibes by taking the example of the American (Constition is atleast a important a the docament thit ates fis completion. The document's pl authori, something ha as 0 a5- serve, for example, n mediating in fare conic x nly peas the ‘communicative enegy that weat into it dang the proces of dacuion por ois eodation. nts conception, a constuton decred by pro- Essional politicians onde bya mall group of constisiconal exper an never become an independent source of leptin. “The problem that Arent has to wrest with athe end of On Reon, anu for which she finds no convincing answer, is boughs tight by this Sdenicaton ofthe founding se ith the hitorcly nique isan of » Hele Dei {he proclamation ofthe US. Contizsion. The problem show tis pob- lie demonseation of promise of recproca solidity by dhe tens in the {om ofthe unique ae of procaming a constsuon canbe given ending form in poli nestons and rmbolic practise once whether ‘Arend es hel eeely ea hit poner ors rpung spotted ‘eorst when she speaks of the way in which commemeration af the founding acecan become amosta cl as witness inthe ae ofthe Amet- sean Revoluson. She describes, bit without wing the concept the cp ‘ozligion woshiping ofthe Contin in the Unied Sates, Without lain for the tender whether she regards such form of lgiimtion {ounded on cil rqpn a desiable fr the preter, he goes ont poresy (gts exensely the eqanologialongins of the word "religion," which in {he context of ancient Rome mean inking oneself back to 2 begining ‘She aeibutes the sabi of the young American republic othe seule Ione ofthe Coniston; tht, her point of onenttion is again i religion. No doubeshe would here cone quite decidedly har thsi an expression ofan incomplete process of seculnzation. The aucosry ofthe {young repable ems, he cms, preiely no rom rome “immortal lege ‘las but ether Bom the phenomenon of thoroughly cua founding 4c To shed ight onthe sete of sch a mundane founding ct she clesey {0c beyond the Bounds of pol science asa dscpline and alo aban ‘done any clear, concepely tinct hitonngrphiel line. She moves with prope demeanor alongthe heights ofexstentl anhopelogy when ty Ingo solve the de of the mondane holiness of he Constution: ‘ra mae acon en he uy Ra tin dhl de ‘ences dt mena equpped forthe lal pracoie ms frag Se ‘pning brane they emcee begicingeand ence eganes = ‘She was well aware tha er approach was aught witht inmate ten ‘on berwen thir worldly communicative concept of cal conact nd {he hori uniqueness ofthe founding ste, which an only be kept alive by cil eighous practices of pble commemoration. Ths, many of her concading comment on the council stem oe on the pony of espetsting the nding at by mers sopra remernbenesa- ‘ough sb never satisctonly explains what the posit nay be Forex ample, she deliberes as follows: Once the revolution hs teached is goal ‘vith the founding at ofthe consttaton the rvaltonay mind then Op posezzome new beginning. An nti tha seconds withthe pi of hie How Aro aed the Thy of Domacy a new beginning would continually cat aperiont on the sevoisonary Atievemens of the founding act Ie 2 wellknown fet tht Thoma JeSeson proposed the following solution othe problem: The act of evo fesonory foundation shold be sepeated by tach new generation ap proximal twenty-year itera In ight ofthe approach she has ken, ‘Arendt fils thc thsi an inappropriate suggestion. Vee she concedes at ‘hs proposal acura eee the problem involved, namely, thatthe poo ple are given feed bythe revoltion bat re not given = lace to exer ‘e that edo “Azend’s ast romanticied descrpion ofthe revolutionary act of| founding 3 democratic epub prompi two objections And they ar both 9 obvious hat Arendt Rene edt ake them itp accounts pce abe ‘wot later on “iil disobedience.” By ecoding theoretical pede of place tthe revoluionary big bang tat generates a space fr public eedony, she tthe ame ime dumatcalydevaer thor commeeeonal and iesatons [rovtiona fr maintaining plc Gedo inthe Lng ten. Aad dhe seo to ply that for dhe generations that alowed the Founding Father, the nly valle means of collectively reasring chemselves of the leinacy bf ther own action war the ci mligios pre of stl remembrance fs revolutionary new begining hat chen sccomplued. IF thee 60 premises ate accepted, one hound, not only in practice but on a theo fete evel as wel, to adopt penpectiveffom which the project of Alemocrtc republic smow newly Forgets evolutionary ong 2nd Aegencrate nto the mere representations of priate interes T as fre tsely this phenomenon that Arendt, eighty or wrongly, believed she had ‘ented in contemporary Wesem democracies. "A pespectve tat would hve boon commensat with her cwa thes set premises would lave envied the revoluionary emphasis ofthe foundation ofa demacairepblc being preserved preci nthe pci ‘al ilinaon of tore paces or pble Redom tha he epi provided “This viewpoint woul! spd ac of foundation” or conten” of ts toil niquenest and ake pao everyday ina dame vee Ta her say on cv disobedience, read alludes o this conception of founding at embeded in everday hfe. Allude ithe appote verb here became the only develop the noi of mc oeding tex mata, thats Bom the penpecive of the consequnces ht coud ese should the proces afeneval be permanent dared, Civil disobedience isone pos ble way in which eizen can reac ouch a dbance, Arend speaks ‘meaphorilly of “sternal immigration” when refering 19 the sange Phenomenon whereby every new generation and every ne individual las 2 Heat Debi oe sociied in terms ofthe established politi order, which tha in cum repeated renewed. Cerin conditions have wo be met in ore to ca- ‘re that th tl ejavenson or perpetsl renewal pemanent. For thee part dhe "newcomes” have to recognize the consstational Eamework ‘within which change inthe exablshed order perms, Arendt ues he mileading conept of ace conten” to dei this acceptance ofthe conteasond Eamework [eis mleating bees tan eau one f= {that ecopnon ofthe rules governing legitimate change iin ur de- Pendent on the avasbity of legitimate opportunites for disene and ‘hanger 2 pli poin of ew hes. clled concep af ce con- ‘ent thus has two dimensions, On the one hand, a duy canbe desived efor dsenting minorities ro accep (at east temporary) deisions and in- sation of the majority tha have solidified inthe course oftime ort mot to change them in terms ofthe consisatolly guaranteed right > fee- dom of opinion and to ee expresion of wal On te other, fr the re ‘pectve majority andthe publi authors, cit consent implies the dary ‘erly to reproent the power ofthe people and no ossime i perma enly a posession. Thee two dimensions of ace consent eee quite logialy fiom Arends model af «horizontal social contact which allows foro flegitmate) guarantees fr ce continuane of that contac she than {he resprcl pledge ofthe zens to stand up forthe integrity of polit ‘el onder dey have join esablshed. If he public authorises, be ton thei own naive athe bees ofa song jor, should revoke de second dimension to tai consent by cuaing the space fr public action, then ht do affects the fiat distension. rth amounts tos breach ofthe promise ro stnd up seipocally for the imegrity of « mutaly supported fre. However, this des not mean that he disening minorities sre no longer obliged to remain within che consitona framework. Rather, © the eet tat the majority occlude acces tothe polite vam, they now have the te of ining. by meats of symbolic plea practice, upon ‘open acess tothe polite sphere In tis manner they repenely recreate the precondition for the crave pail activity ofthe founding act. Prompted by the contemporary examples of the cn nights movement and potest aginst the Vietnam War, Hannah Arent interpreted the prac ‘fel daobedience in preiely thi ny. Arends seory conte sarly with che wok of Cal Schmit, who ‘maintained da the sce ofthe poy layin the by to ue lence farce the bw. For Arend, however, "volenee™ i the opposte of “power that ia poll order wl being fh symptoms ofa cent a tare to the extent dat no longer backed by the consent of citizens. YT | | | | | | | | | Haanch Arena he They of Denaccy 2 _Everan Arion, Arend see an inner connection beeen the pls Crate ofhaman exizence sd ngage that the by to coordinate Sail pla for setion by mean of speceh, Whoever conceives of pal- ‘is ia hit manner most invaablyexchde the phenomenon of violence fom defnison ofpaises “Violence,” Arendt siggete, "itl napa cfspeech." Itcannot be an objsc of politeal dete because ec only be dcsed inthe echnical logic of mulary and police exper. Violence Istherefore related ro the poly only exeraly and not inns: can (nly gud the liters bordes Thi at the same tine, the eterioa for Jeplinating the we of violence. The sate can lepiatly deploy violent, seats othe exes tat the sponsible agents ofthat violence protect he ‘onumonicaive mods opera ofthe poli sphere. However, should the executive or other relevant socal pris toa confi area concep tz dhe controvenie t band in er ofthe argc logic of pote ‘ul war then the deach kel of pois wl have bee sounded, Violence ‘escoyr the inne log of poi Taking thi dex one step fiber, t ‘woeld therfore make sens o replace the notion ofthe sates monopaly ‘on vilence with an equivalent dr fom. theory of demorracy, namely, {he public monopoly on valent meant. Arends communicative concept lofpower would ger that westiey Kt tesa fhe pie and {he jody to thse act at protect those penile and gh of pli ‘al communication that serve to ent che integrity of the pol phere. In other wordy for Hanna Arendt there it dec nd positive ink be ‘ean power and edo. She repeatedly points out by references to the ‘wings ofthe leaders ofthe American Revolution eh they were con- ‘cared nt jt with freedom inthe ene ofthe abrene of compisons on ‘he indiidual~ that isthe ue of wate power to gurantee the pouty of {individuals —but rather with the ebldhmen of "pubic freedom,” 4 ‘concep they defined posvey. Although public feedom seems to sand in ‘ont to npitive liberal rights ons coeeptl level thi in ct not tree when viewed interme ofa lastory. The experience oftotitarian o- ee has taught even those who had nor razed it eater thatthe esab- Tirumene of negative right of freedom i the very precondion fo the ‘esitence af pois space hat could bento embody publ feesom Following Arendt, we could dtngush between thre sages inthe ra 4 Heat Diet inason of feedom conceived inthis manner. The fi stage i represented by the existence of ibe negative rigs of sl defn mach a the base ght rtecing fe and prope "Thss merely preliminary forma Eee ‘dm becae i sl mie in tem ofthe social els to which ep plier. The second sage that reached when dove fedoms are exended to "everthing with human fc,” that once ber negative rigs ve been aed by revolusonary meas to dhe sans of universal human is. Tei not an the hid sage eached that publi redom is esate, that the public exerci ofthe inition, poiscoclurl pracices, sod legal prncpes da maintain the itegety of the pois communi tnd give ia form that can sand the te of ime, Te dint between “pertion” and "Reedom,” Fequeny ced by Arendt in order‘o pinpoint stagein elution, andere dis logo the development of plc ee hom, Liberon soll involves rugging o gain negative eights thee tubishment of feedom involves seing up those nsiaions and practices thst pblely embody eedom. Understood tha, feedom can by no mes ‘be reduced simply co the unhindered punt of unpoltel sce, the spaces for which ate defined by the sare The concep ofp feeder frplaned frtber by he concept of public happines, which follows fom feleisonce more the example ofthe leaden of the American Revoation that Arend eons to inorder to demonstrate that in «democratic epub- ici is noe a burden forthe czas to participate in pblic if. Noe does sch parsipaon stem floma tate intention geted toward secsring + porate advange but rather nyable as manner uke any private se Uv. This enjoyment of things oll is what she ems plc happines. Teis dear if een aguas the background of her communicative concept ‘of power da thi Isppinen by np meu refers & some hedonistic By prodact ofa Machisvllan siving fr power but rather ha pecs fom bf exjoyment that can ase fom opening yp and pacpuing na palit oman. She thor mainains tat the mots reference tothe “port of happen” by no mens simply meane dt each cizen was to be Bee 0 pusue hs oe her ov pivtehappines, Jeon, at lest in pr, ws abo thinking ofeablishing by pbtcl meas eam of pblc happines. And, she continue, only ths concept of public happines tha explains the {eon forthe founder? rial ectique ofthe monarchy, fo the ate tem involved banishing the monate’s subjees tom the public domain However, i ieno accident hae Arends constantly read he notion of pub lic hapine nt te history ofthe Greek pois or the Amencan Revol tion but ot into any other historical phenomena. There iso other element ‘other pola philosophy on which the theory of desine mentioned athe ] | | | | | Hach Ara he Tory of Denaccy 2% ‘use ar more bessng than in the way she wets the phenomenon of the Enjoyment public fe, Kis away deverbed in terms of deci What semaines ofthe nth county, the revluonary i hd been or ote, wate ler the inal wee fe res are, dpa {pnw the rome fre ming a ean, demncre ocd theta 0 ke sun pone governed bt fs pe (Sis gp Tir andoctely more dan mere rman, bit eer ‘Spal sd day snd determin ofsmetng at once ely exited” Hannah Arend explains dhe decline of the wopi of pubic Seedom, wich ence took on concrete form inthe ereton of he United Stats, by Ieésing to # figure of thought that remained in the background of ee fomparson of he French and Ameria revolutions bc aeverheles in fenced he spas of them, namely, the separation ofthe political om he {tl alongte line of he hia Greek model Arend wes the te "po- la” to designate the space in which, given forous histor icum Suances, publ feedom can be founded and lent «permanent inanatons form. ‘The “socal” refer tothe whole complex of soca abor. Arendt, transl the abtes that cnet Greece ad ts contemporary phil Sophia elGinerpretaions reserved forthe domain of the material fepo- thcion ofthe fly onto the moder form of organizing the satscon ‘bso nees. "The reasons forthe schematic mature of her approach ae fr Gm eve ent. The confi that ase Goxn problems of toi nbor ae thus © ‘Aen nthe fal instance not police fr they to ae gma be {ng purely private, a eing sntd ar belonging the sphere of organic re- production. Ie sa if she were sing that human selepreservaon i Sprahiril andi the Scala apo phenomenon ~and hat {he base ancopoogial pattem of ti phenomenon was id down con ‘eepuily once ad fo alin Greek ies. in The Haman Condon, Arends exteasively tines the theory ofthe teltiondip between the public and the prvte as prefgered in lascl ‘Grek thought She accepted thi theory a the normative agp fr the two modem revoltions In the cae of The Human Condo, one fe ‘gently doesnot know whether Arent i prtening her own opinion, ‘poving an live description of someone ee’ opinion, os imply ‘poring ah histor of des, Tit re, for example, when she ss hac modem socieey is only 2 “Emily eollcive which undewtands els pint mper Gly and the pis form of organization of which isthe 42 sd ome nh A i, 26 elt Dai ration." Or, fr example, when se ses that “erdom ist be located ‘lively inthe pla resi, that neces i repli phenome on characteris f the eal of the private hwiehol and that force and Wolence can only e juste in this domsin, fr they comprise the only ‘She azusee modem Werem thooght aa whole, ands ate variants of iberaiso and Manas in parila, of obecring and inverting ei ancient Avion and hierarchy beau the only tet pits a2 fancion of so ‘ey that tert in economic terms tin fice common today, both in scala and in ay dcanons to cif societies by seference nt to their pl eonscuson bu othe frm of economic orgnision. Te has especlly been the Westen Lf that ha lang tended oy the con ‘ng Wester and Eaterm world tems in economic ter andes with regu to some poi pine of comparison, tat i, the degre to which they provide opportunites for Gesdorn. Arndt rejects he asumption im pet inthis approach, namely, thatthe economy monocauly predicates Political Geedom To Azend, both he growth andthe cri-relted weak tring of rodactive forces always contain the danger of overbudening the polial phere with scot problems feign toi, a danger hain e0- Domicaly developed mas societies takes the form of pli spay, pr ‘ai, and consumer Thi dvion ofthe “poi” andthe “sci” spheres inspired by its predeceor in casi angi, io the bs for her dtingiing be tweens "polia evolution” and socal revolution "She mains het ‘ofall cevolason ony the American one, promoted by economia worble dreumstances, rly genested feedom. By conta the French [Revolution degenerated into oc revolution under the pesue of Est spreading mas povery, sa consequence of which the nal conpalion, that, necessity of physical survival acupie the poliseal pace, Factual ‘exmisrtion, now ins publicly vnble fom, tured the thst of the French revolutionaries ay fom che goal of cheving poll emancip tion fr the Third sate, ths burdening the pois space with hater of problems foreign fe The schematics of Arends theory of desing, bated on the divkon in (Grek asguty between the polieal an the social as an even stronger impact on the shorter exces in which Aree focwes om al Hedged {spin societies, without admiedly ning this designation for them, The selFeomecting mechani bueno mo capt ~be iti the tape anschArendt nd th Ty of Demscary 2 of the welfre state guarantees or types of sate interven —is always Fked toa reduction in complexity inthe reason beoween stat ad soc fy. And Arends only able fo undersand the thst ofthis lo of i mist in one oy on acount ofthe interpretative blueprint she Flows, aml the colonization of poli bysoctery. She claims hat he “ove brrdening” ofthe public pace im which Beedom ean occur with problems that, by vie of this (opposed) mature, ress poll solution, redaces, Sch an interpretation bo schematic ad elit Iischemaicbecause ‘taecordsnoxmative stats to one historical form sumed by the reason Benveen pla and priv reproduction, king isthe yrdcick~ abs tne that i history and sociologically aneitable fr macrodevel- ‘pens in captlse modem. "The normative sats ented the sc ‘Zpuntc of pola! and econome production insite in casa ‘Suni inewbly prompts he gusto 0 wat prie om the mod tr poi of ev bara be forth sprtion. The pla he pce itch» fom of pe feedom could snfld waren pout be tase women dove, cten, wove and Grek whe had 0c igs sercode for a pace, And berth abr of elt oe se {ee cis the eure wo indulge in ple wich Aen tn “pe Iappins andthe decline of which he cans modernity. Trend sinepremion of node sneer shes not end Sested those traces of exclasiventse fom her key concep of the "ule sphere” that adhered to iin clisiealatguty. The semantics tached © fe concept precisely doting the French Revoluon — which Arend afer ilidescribed fom a etialsod tance viewpoint ~has nothing in com mnon with the agonistic ble wherein whieh a alee Sew ctzens dly eis own motel in noble compestion for moa statute and policl honor tthe modern understunding, that excaive character ar Been Te paced by an swatenrs tht she public phere cannor be blocked off in one Fimenson or other, peviouly excluded socal groupe cannot be excluded tro now push their way even into te pace ia whieh public feedom oe Tu. Nor ean tbe dosed off to ise thar were tadiionaly considered pre" ot sanpolisealy” ot alta specie pater tae atempeo pee- sere wiat th bases between the private and pu spheres are once {nd foral. A modem nocon ofthe public sphere ez be described a three ive, namely "aca," “socal.” and “temporal” open-ended ‘pice in which te conics between citizens with regard to coordinating Common afi tke place. By “folly open-ended” mean that sues te perme objects fr debate inthe pu space In Socieces ofthe 8 Hele Diet ‘ypein which we ive une sigan ako ui the nineteenth cn ‘ry elevdent separation of the poi and unlit ypheres of He no longer exit The deveopment ofthe were and interventions sae has undee- mined the libel disinction, vad for long between 2 sate-contlled Public sphere anda private spre ceay sealed of fom ths. No one to fay wil sil claim that she relation Berween worker and entcprenets rnonpolsil and based on private nw. Arte sie ime, unde the ban ner of the pre ithe pollci” socal movements especialy the Femi nist movement, have washed away the dam tat hither conctaled fom the public eye the pa ily spheres, "Amodemand democasc concep ofthe public sphere mus continue to be undestood to sity socially open-ended space. “Sovlly ope ended” ised here wo mean that no socal group can contin tobe denied cus othe pubic sphere. The history ofthe des of the pul sphere has alays been secompaned by the csque that it only salable to cee social ses o imited to oe ex. The history ofthe sage fox ple rights in Western democracies bas slay been sage by no means {ended in which workes, women, subpoletarin sat ee minor and homoseaual ave fought to gin equal cca fo he public sphere Finally, the model eutined here ao hs etporl dimension, Because {he conc over the shape public afi should take is permanent the pub le aphere rly an open-ended proces: One parla cizen or total \goup canoe be alowed ko ocspy the tein of public communication forlong. The history of pale communication ako weaches us tha he big do not say big nor do the small ean small ever ~if we view them tinough the wide angle lens ofthe hstovogepher In mode. No ke woslview, no singe tem of belt can pe to aecupy the pubic sphere permanently in some hegeronilfshion. These thee dimension penomena of suet violence within the inte (or levels of the poll public sphere can be considered se 2 uty when viewed om th penpecive of completed proces of Enlightenment one hat furs i back on any defn tit les beyond the public spre of ‘who or what canbe banned om dhe domain of public dcson when ad far bow lng The Questionable Influence of Arendt (and Strauss) “The inuence of Hannah Ate and Leo Sera on pli dheory in the United Sates hat been considerable, 1 Rave no wih to deny thatthe gre power of ther work eed them thee sanding Sel, tei infsence 0 Tome nontrivial extent, worrisome, The nab ofthe mater shat both = flue Giopproval of modern democracy. In 2 very sleeve wa, would ke wo take up the bearing of Arends work on modern democracy, 2nd to leer degie, that of Sauron the sme, My hope 0 maze at anyone commited to modern democracy shold ree de iuence of torn tse Geman-Amerian phiosopter whe not being tally sper ious to iI therfore amt qusoon dhe ungdesionbleinfaence of rend ad Stra ‘Now it would be instructive to consider Herbert M ‘rent and Stra, He wi, fora time, even moze prominent than they were, One ca sty tha in any ese, Marcuse, Arend, and Sess wer probably the zee mot inlsentalEmigré Geman political eosin the United State. Maree provides yet another kind of host or skepticism toward modem democracy to go with hat of Arendt and Sas. Tein tenlaonip can be a finasing abject for rellection al he moreso be {Gus their common bond was Heidegger, OF the three, whose work wl ive on? Whose work wil Hive the longes? No one can ay. At the les, inci reputations wl ave ope ad ows rise alongside ' Let us stay with Arcade and Stas, two whos love of Greece, infamed ze mediated by Geonan pilesophy, st them gins modem democracy. My sense is that, ofthe tv, Ate may be the more sous enemy of Inodern democrsy even though, and bees, he clr soobbism in her S much es than i Sus, So the ealeral pessimism. Thus, the demos 10 Hoot Mewes For Stas, in contadsnction to Heidegger, the coneadicrory demands ‘of Bibie and Greek raion philosophy eannoc be harmonized sn 2 phil sophie yma Lead, we fave to accep the oppestin atthe hear of ‘Wee clare your te.” This ie "the be beeen to code, afin Almera tension” which the olimate "eee ofthe vitlty of Wesem “Sutfscon «Can the recognition and acepance of or fe be explained ‘aleve which es “above” both the tandpint ofthe ble and of ong fl pilsophy? What ace the grounds, the foundations of this fe? For bieby meas of "tanicending” the asi en- Sion beoreen the two. “But everyone of can be nd aught to be ether tne or he other" pilooper ora Sic believer Each, moreover, frm conan eles upon the posible meanings and significance ofthe ‘tence ofthe other demative wars, For the beeveri evo, the ‘eitene ofthe philosopher a constant reminder, one assumes, tober Sonble. Foe the philoso, the extene of the bebever isa einer of the ned for pies and hurly event empe his Pisophical mani From Sess vantage point appeas tha Heidegger, ater chan haw ing scequed the Weer “Ete” a an unviable dalsm providing dhe ‘West with is fandamentl vali, aempted ond the explanation of tt Als inthe very essence of mpeenous being self. es mo character ic of Sau’ way of thinking that, given his understanding ofthe "So Cenc sa” in puloophy, he tefier 9 fallow Heidegger. Intend he onjecutes onl so fr 3 to sugges har che te of Wester cvztion i {he fipring ofa "finden ular in man,” rather than being. Human tnt, not inate (anknowabl) Being mst serve a Ss, however inal ‘hate, eplanaton-‘The dalsm of speech sod dee, of thought and ac- Sion. which constitutes human nature eereore ao consis our mos ‘he “te” By eanspesng this ds inthe wey core of being, Het ger nly nags omy rhe rather han o “ep” mai te ee tihncy” or human ature, And whee fr Stas, he orignal Greek ‘Bscovery of human nate” enables to sere tha all uman progres imately Ke by unchanging human nares, for Heidegger even the igestex need reuking fom forgeflnes of ffl being sll aes un Bounded hope fora "highec" determination of human esenc. The Bsa ttueronsleness ofthese hopes i peape the cena indication of the price Heidegger pid or is pric endesworta overcome the ite = asm ofthe Wet Leo Strauss: German Origin and American Impact Leo Seau sone ofthe mt inet figues of cwenreth-cetiry Po- Teal plop. He has published ffeen books and tics his work covers the ocedenal story of though aenumber of om is begining to the present apd lnk sever ater daciplines, such halon asia philology, and medieval, with ts phlowphical or, Arthe ame ime, Sau has eran one ofthe mor contoversl Suze within this di ouse. This, among other thingy duet the ft that he advocate vt remote epistemologiel Med, that of Greek antiquity, while ining 5 multneoaly on direct and practi topicality. The flowing ine fre toning i founded onthe convieson tha thi schol’ way of thinking is tard to cst and bred on plies dat could be called “ul ‘raconservaive” aterm that will have tobe defined more cle, Hit way ofthinking canbe diferente rom modem piloropy of he xy swer ‘Seth century by rum to Jewish adson and flows an inne ope dae Can be reconstructed according vs secuazation model ofticlogil or {Sin Accondingy the accent in this ay wl be pt on both he les wel [sown ey writings andthe formative wring fhe mid period, whale ie later works wll only be touched upon becuse yee too ite is known Altuough Straus objected to contextlexplanntons ofthe vad of plilosphicalanimenttion beesse he coniered them "stores," in Nisa ifthe epetely sored bi readers a sight into the ogi and

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