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AIM :- To perform water absorption test on given aggregate sample by oven drying
method.
APPARATUS :-
Measuring weights , aggregates immersed in water for 24 hrs , oven .
FORMULA :-
Where
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
Stones having higher water absorption values are porous
and hence weak . They are generally suitable unless found acceptable based
on crushing and grinding . The sample is weighted on water and the
buoyant weight is found . The aggregate is taken out and weighted after the
surface is dried . The specific gravity can be calculated by diving dry
weight of aggregate by weight of equal volume of water.
The water absorption is expressed as percentage water absorption in terms
of oven dried weight of aggregate . The specific gravity of rock varies from
2.6 to 2.9 . Rock specimen having more than 0.6 percent of water
absorption are considered unsatisfactory values found acceptable based
upon strength tests . However slightly higher value of porosity may be
acceptable for aggregate used in bitumen pavement construction of the
aggregate are otherwise suitable
PROCEDURE :-
OBSERVATION :-
Weight of empty container = W1 = _____ Gm
CALCULATION :-
RESULT :-
Percentage of water absorption for a given sample of aggregate is found to
be _________ %.
PRECAUTION :-
DISCUSSION :-
Rock specimen having more than 0.6 % water absorption
values are considered unsatisfactory unless found acceptable based on
strength test . However slightly higher value of porosity may be acceptable
for aggregate used in bituminous pavement construction if aggregate is
found otherwise suitable.
EXPERIMENT NO
APPARATUS :-
Aggregate, set of sieves, tray, weight box etc.
FORMULA :-
Where,
w = Weight of aggregate passing
W = Weight of aggregate retained
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
The principal shape of Aggregate mass is determine by the
percentage of flaky and elongated particles contained in it and by its
angularity . The evaluation of shape of particles made of flakiness index
and elongated index and angularity numbers .
The flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage by
weight of aggregate particles whose least dimensional thickness is less
than 0.6 times their mean dimension. The test is applicable to size larger
than 6.3 mm standard thickness is used to guage the thickness of sample .
PROCEDURE :-
1
2
3
4
5
6
CALCULATION :-
RESULT :-
The Flakiness Index of a given aggregate sample is found to be _______ %.
DISCUSSION :-
Elongated aggregate are less workable , they are also likely to
break under smaller loads than the aggregate which are spherical or cubical
, flakiness index values in excess of 15 % are generally consider
undesirable . If is desirable that flakiness index of aggregate used in road
construction is less than 15 % and normally does not exceed 25 %.
APPLICATION :-
If the flakiness index is more than the aggregate can take less
loads and are liable to fail under less load . So it is not desirable to use
aggregate of higher flakiness index is permanent .
EXPERIMENT NO
APPARATUS:-
Pycnometer balance, Weight –box, aggregate
FORMULA:-
(W2-W1)
Specific gravity =
(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)
Where
Weight of empty Pycnometer = W1 gms
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of given volume of
dry aggregate to the weight of equal volume of distilled water.
(W2-W1)
Specific gravity =
(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)
PROCEDURE:-
(1)Make the Pycnometer dry &Weight it with its cap &ring
(2)Unscrew the cap &Rut 200 gms of aggregate &Weight it
(3)Add water to the top of brass cap. Remove all the trapped dir by pouring
additional water
(4)Dry the Pycnometer & fell it to the top with & weight it
(5)Repeat the Procedure
(6)Find the average specific gravity by using formula
OBSERVATION TABLE :-
SAMPLE CALCULATION:-
(W2-W1)
Specific gravity =
(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)
G =
RESULT:-
Average specific gravity is found to be ___________
PRECAUTIONS:-
DISCUSSIONS:-
The value of specific gravity of aggregate is required for
concrete mix design and useful for calculating water content. Stone having
higher water absorptions values are porous and this weaker specific gravity
also indicates strong specimen.
EXPERIMENT NO
AIM: - To determine the Flash &Fire point for the sample of bitumen taken.
APPARATUS: -
Flash point set up, thermometer, heating arrangement etc.
FIGURE:-
THEORY: -
This test gives up the indications of the critical temperature
at which the suitable precautions should be taken while heating bitumen .
Flash Point:-The temperature at which the volatile material i.e. bitumen
emits vapours and it catches fire momentarily in the form of flash.
Fire Point :-The temperature at which the volatile nature i.e. bitumen emits
vapours get ignited and burns
PROCEDURE: -
The material is filled up to the mark of filling in the cup
liquid is placed too dose to the cup .All accessories including thermometers
are fixed .The sample is heated at rate of 50to60 0C/min. The first flash as
applied at test 170 C below actual flash point.
The flash point as taken as the temperature reading on the
thermometer at the time of applications of flame that causes bright flash in
the interior of cup. The heating is continuous till the material’s ignited. This
gives the fire point.
RESULT: -
i) Flash Point =
DISCUSSION:-
The bitumen material leaves out volatile at high temperature
depending up on their grades. These volatile catch fire causing a flash. This
condition is very hazardous.
PRECAUTION: -
If the candle is used as a flame then it should be seen that
flame should not fall in the bitumen, otherwise it would give flame at less
Temperature as wax will catch fire.
APPLICATION: -
Bitumen is used in construction of pavements so the flash & fire
point is determined to check for the amount of heating to avoid any
accidents.
EXPERIMENT NO
APPARTAUS:-
Impact testing machine, aggregates, sieves, weight box, weighing balance
FORMULA:-
Impact Value = W3 / (W2 – W1) X100
Where,
W1 = empty wt of cylinder.
W2= wt of Cylinder + aggregate.
W3= wt of fines passing through 2.25 mm sieve
FIGURE :-
THEORY: -
A test designed for to evaluate the toughness of stone or the
resistance of aggregate to fracture under repeated impact is called impact
test. The aggregate impact value indicates relative measures of resistance of
aggregate to impact, which has different effect then the resistance to
gradually increasing compression stress. The aggregate impact testing
machine consists of a metal case and a cylindrical cap of internal dia of 10.2
cm and a depth of 5 cm in which the aggregate specimen is placed A
hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 kg having a free fall from height 38 cm is
arranged to drop through a vertical height.
PROCEDURE: -
(1)Aggregate specimen passing through 12mm sieve retained on 10mm
sieve is filled in the cylinder in 3 layers by tamping each other or each layer
by 25 flows and then measures it.
OBSERVATION:-
(1)Weight of empty mould = W1 =
CALCULATION:-
Impact Value = W3 / (W2 – W1) X100
RESULT: -
The impact value of given sample of aggregate found out to be
__________.
PRECAUTIONS:-
(1)The aggregate used should be of good quality.
(2)Hammer should be properly handed otherwise it may cause physical
damage or injury.
DISCUSSION:-
The impact value indicates the relative measurement of
resistance of aggregate to impact, which has a different effect then the
résistance to gradually increased compressive stress. The value less then 10
% to 20 % is satisfactory for wads. The aggregates should not have impact
value more then 30 % & if it is used to say to be weaker for base course the
value should not exceed 40%
EXPERIMENT NO
AIM:- To Determine California Bearing ratio [CBR] value and sub grade thickness
for compacted soil under given traffic load.
APPARTAUS:-
CBR apparatus consisting of mould of 150mm dia with a base plate and a
collar, a 50mm dia, gauge for measuring expansion soaking and penetration
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
This method was originally devised by O. J. Parter, then the
California State Highway, by other authority in USA, notably the US
Corporation Of Engineering. The method combines a load penetration test
perform in a lab. This is probably the most widely used method for the
design of flexible pavement.
The thickness of various elements comprising a pavement is
determine by CBR values. It is a small scale penetration test in which a
cylindrical plunger 5 mm dia. is penetrated into a soil mass. The
observation are taken between the penetration resistance into a soil mass at
the ratio of 0.05 inch / min [1.25 mm / min ]. The observations are taken
between the penetration resistance verses the penetration of plunger. The
California Bearing Ratio is defined as the ratio of test load to the standard
load expressed in percentage
Hence
WORKING :-
The CBR test is carried on a compacted soil in a CBR 150
mm dia. and 175 mm height provided with a detachable collar of 50 mm
deep to be kept in the mould during the specimen penetration which
enables a specimen of 125 mm deep to be obtained .
The moulding dry density and water content should be same
as it should be maintained during field compaction. To estimate the worst
moisture condition of the field, the specimen is submerged in water for
about 4 days before testing. Generally CBR value for both soaked and
unsoaked sample and determined both during soaking and penetration the
specimen is carried with equal surcharge weights to estimate the effect of
overlying parameters or particular layer under construction . Each
surcharge weight 147 mm dia with a general hoe of 153 mm in did and
weighing 2.5 kg is considered approximately equivalent to 6.5 cm of
construction . A minimum of two weights are placed as specimen load is
applied on the penetration piston to obtained the penetration of 1.25 mm /
min . The maximum load and penetration is recorded if it occurs for
penetration less than 7 mm.
PROCEDURE :-
The soil sample approximately 2000 gm is weighted and
transformed in a tray . About 7 % of water of total weight of soil sample is
added in the soil and mix it properly This moisturized sample is compacted
in the CBR in different layers . Each layer is compacted by giving 56 no of
blows by tampering rod . After compaction the mould is placed under CBR
testing machine and adjusted properly . The load is applied gradually by
this pressure testing machine and various sets of reading are taken until soil
specimen fails.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Plunger Dia =
Surcharge Wt. =
Test end of specimen = 1 div =
Proving ring constant = 1 div =
CALCULATION:-
= X 100 =
1376
= X 100 =
2055
The sub grade thickness is given by
1.75P A
t = -
CBR 9
P
A = p = 6.5kg/cm2
p
RESULT:-
APPLICATION :-
This test is meant for soils and also carried out on the sub
base and granular base coarse material . The CBR Test values are made use
if an imperial method of flexible pavement design
APPARATUS :-
Penetrometer is penetration test apparatus
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
The penetration test determines the hardness and softness
of bitumen by measuring the depth of needle in mm to which a standard
loaded needle penetrates vertically 5 sec . The sample is maintained at 250
C.
PROCEDURE :-
A bitumen sample of depth about 15mm. is taken into a
container . The sample is arranged on the instrument that the standard
needle just touches the surface of the bitumen sample . The dial is set to
zero . Now initial reading is taken and the needle is released for 5 sec. and
the final reading is taken on the dial gauge . Three reading should be taken.
Each test should be performed for at least 10 min apart from each other and
the mean value is taken .
OBSERVATION TABLE :-
Average
Sr Initial Reading Final Reading Difference Penetration
Penetration
No. 1/10 mm 1/10 mm 1/10 mm Value
Value
1
5
RESULT :-
PRECAUTION :-
APPLICATION :-
It is the most adopted test for bitumen depending on climate
condition , type of construction Various bitumen used in permanent constant range
between 20 to 25 .
EXPERIMENT NO
AIM :- To determine the crushing value of aggregate by aggregate crushed test
APPARATUS :-
Steel cylinder of 152 cm diameter with a base plate and and plunger
compression testing machine , sieves , aggregate etc.
FORMULA :-
Where
W1 = Weight of empty mould = __________ Kg
W2 = Weight of mould + Aggregate = __________ Kg
W3 = Weight of pan + crushed aggregate = ___________ Kg
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
The strength of coarse aggregate may be determine by
aggregate crushing strength test . The aggregate crushing value provides a
relative measure resistance to the crushing order .Gradually applied
compression load , to achieve a high resistance to crushing or low aggregate
crushing value are performed .
PROCEDURE :-
Dry aggregate passing through 12.5 mm sieve and retained
on 10 mm sieve is filled in the cylinder in three layers . Each layer being
compacted by 25 blows of tamping rod of diameter 16 mm.Then the
plunger is placed on the top of the specimen and a load of 40 tones/ min is
applied by the compression machine .The crushed aggregate are removed
and sieved in 2.35 mm sieve . The material which passes through this sieve
is weighed (Ws ). The value of aggregate is in percentage of crushing
material passing through 2.35 mm sieve in term of original weight of
specimen .
OBSERVATION :-
CALCULATION :-
RESULT :-
The crushing value of the given aggregate is found to be ___________ %
PRECAUTION :-
APPLICATION :-
Stone aggregate gives low crushing value . The crushing
value of good quality aggregate to be used in base coarse should not exceed
45 % and the value for the surface coarse should not be less than 30 %.
EXPERIMENT NO
APPARATUS :-
Los Angelis Abrasion Testing Machine , aggregate , cast iron , spear , 17
mm sieve
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
The principle of Los Angelis Abrasion Test is to find out
percentage value due to the relative rubbing action between the aggregate
and the steel ball which are used as an abrasion charge .
PROCEDURE :-
The test procedure consists of a rotating drum . It is rotated
at a speed of 20 – 30 rpm . In this cylinder the sample along with the balls
is added . The total weight of sample depends upon the size of aggregate
and number of steel balls and weight of each steel balls . Maximum weight
of steel ball is limited to 5 Kg . The sample and the steel ball are rotated
upto 500 revolution . After completion of revolution , the sample is taken
out . It is allowed to pass through 1.7 mm sieve size . The percentage
weight passing is called abrasion value of aggregate.
OBSERVATION TABLE :-
Weight Cumulative
Sr Sieve Size %Cumulative
Retained Weight retained % Finess
No (mm) Weight
W(gm) (gm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CALCULATION :-
RESULT :-
Abrasion value is found to be _________ % of given
aggregate sample by Los Angelis Abrasion Testing Machine.
PRECAUTION :-
APPLICATION :-
Abrasion are carried out to test the hardness properly of
coarse aggregate and decide whether they are suitable for different road
construction work.
The Los Angelis Abrasion value of good quality accepted for cement
concrete , bituminous concrete or other high quality bituminous material
should be less than 30% . Here percentage of fines or abrasion value is 10
% , which is less than 30 % and hence given specimen is accepted .
This test is carried out to test the hardness properly of
coarse aggregate and to decide whether they are suitable for road
construction work The test is the best to found out the hardness of
aggregate
EXPERIMENT NO
AIM :- To determine the softening point for the given sample of bitumen
APPARATUS :-
Softening point test set up .
FIGURE :-
THEORY :-
The softening point of any substance is the temperature at
which the substance attain a particular degree of softening under specified
condition of test . The softening point of bitumen is generally found out
by using ring and ball apparatus.
PROCEDURE :-
A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is suspended
in liquid like water . Some times glycerin can be taken at a given bitumen
sample and set up is placed in liquid . The liquid is heated after due coarse
of time the steel ball fall down because the bitumen is very soft . The
temperature at which the ball falls is called as softening point . Hard
bitumen softens at high temperature.
OBSERVATION TABLE :-
CALCULATION :-
Softening Point =
RESULT :-
The softening point of given of bitumen sample is found to be ______ 0C .
PRECAUTION :-
DISCUSSION :-
Temperature at which the substance attends a particular
degree of softening , This temperature must be kept in mind by the engineer
while construction works. Hard grade bitumen posses higher softening than
soft grade bitumen . Therefore the grade of bitumen can be determine by the
test .
APPLICATION :-
The softening point of bitumen is found to check whether is
above the highest surface temperature ,else the bitumen may get slippery .
In slippery the bitumen may even slide down if the softening point is less .