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The user has to show his voter ID card whenever he goes to the polling
booth to poll his vote. This is a time consuming process as the person has to
check the voter ID card with the list he has, confirm it as an authorized card
and then allow the person to poll his vote. Thus, to avoid this kind of
problems, we have designed a finger print based voting machine where the
person no need to carry his ID which contains his entire details.
The person at the polling booth has to show his Finger. This Finger
print reader reads the details from the tag. This data is passed to the
controlling unit for the verification. The controller reads the data from the
reader and compares this data with the already existing data. If the data
matches with the already stored information, the person is allowed to poll his
vote. If not, a message is displayed on LCD and the person is not allowed to
poll his vote. The polling mechanism carries out manually using the switches.
LCD is used to display the related messages.
system reads the data from the Finger print and verifies this data with the
already stored data in its database. If the details present in the data base it
matches with the stored data, the system allows the person to enter into and
poll his vote. If the details of the Finger do not match with the stored data,
the system immediately activates the display and the security authorities
can come and take the further action.
This project is a device that collects data from the tag and codes the
data into a format that can be understood by the controlling section. This
system also collects information from the master device and implements
commands that are directed by the master.
The objective of the project is to develop a microcontroller based
security and alert system. It consists of a Finger print reader, microcontroller,
the interfacing unit to allow the communication between the microcontroller
and Finger print module, and the LCD.
Chapter 2
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Finger print based electronic voting machine
Chapter 3
Power
Finger Supply
Print
Module
16 X 2
LCD
MAX 232
EEPROM
ARM
7TDMI
Crystal LPC2148
Oscillato
r Switches
to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a
pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output
voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components
present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage. The block diagram of
regulated power supply is shown in the figure 3.2
Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the
output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes.
Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are
required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage
regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply
and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels
LPC2148:
LPC2148 arm processor is used for controlling. ARM processor is used
because of its extra features when compared to microcontroller. It controls
LCD and finger print module. It receives input commands from switches and
control finger print module when to receive the data, performs comparison ,
gives command to LCD to display messages to direct the users to use it
properly and also displays the results.
of the finger library. For 1:1 matching, system will compare the live finger
with specific template designated in the Module; for 1:N matching, or
searching, system will search the whole finger library for the matching
finger. In both circumstances, system will return the matching result, success
or failure.
The switches are used to activate the controller for registration during
enrollment, for comparisons to the database while identifying the user, for
selecting the party while casting the vote, finally for display of results.
LCD screen functions as interface between the user and
microcontroller, which displays messages that facilitates the user to know
when to register and when to vote, and also whether their vote is valid are
not.
It displays “welcome” messages initially and “enrolling” message
during enrollment, “identifying” message when controller is comparing the
data base whether the user is valid are not, if valid displays “please vote”
message, if not displays “no access” message, and finally displays the result
with party name with their respective number of votes.
The user, who wants to poll his vote, has to submit the identity proof at
the counter at the polling booth. In this project, the necessary and, upto an
extent, the sufficient material, the user no need to carry with him is the
Voter card.
Voter card is nothing but an Finger Print which stores the details of the
person like the name of the user, location of place, mobile number for
contact etc. When the user is asked to show his Finger print. The Finger print
module reads the data present.
Before casting the vote the candidate has to check for validity .so after
user pressing the identify button the controller displays “identifying ..“
message. During this mode the fingerprint of the candidate casting the vote
is compared with the finger prints already enrolled in the memory. If it is
matched a message “PLEASE VOTE……” will be displayed on LCD. Once the
voter presses the button corresponding to the candidate of her/his choice, a
four-bit code is generated and sent to the control unit. Once the casting is
over message is displayed to whom they voted for.”No ACCESS..” message
will be displayed if the same user tries to cast again. The machine returns to
the identifying mode and starts all over again for next voting.
RESULTS MODE
The contestant name and the secured votes will be displayed on the
LCD when the controller receives results instruction through the switches.
Chapter 4
Microcontroller
4.1.Definition of a Microcontroller
Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. They are
like single chip computers that are often embedded into other systems to
The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past this has
traditionally been based on an 8-bit microprocessor unit. Figure 4.1 above
Shows a typical microcontroller device and its different subunits
4.3 LPC214x
4.3.1Key features
great degree of flexibility for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due
to the architectural solution chosen for an on-chip boot loader, flash memory
available for user’s code on LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB,
256 kB and 500 kB respectively. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 flash memory
provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-
retention.
can run from the interrupt vector location. If more than one request is
assigned to the FIQ class, the FIQ service routine will read a word from the
VIC that identifies which FIQ source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt.
Vectored IRQs have the middle priority. Sixteen of the interrupt requests can
be assigned to this category. Any of the interrupt requests can be assigned
to any of the 16 vectored IRQ slots, among which slot 0 has the highest
priority and slot 15 has the lowest. Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest
priority. The VIC combines the requests from all the vectored and non-
vectored IRQs to produce the IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ
service routine can start by reading a register from the VIC and jumping
there. If any of the vectored IRQs are pending, the VIC provides the address
of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine, otherwise it provides
the address of a default routine that is shared by all the non-vectored IRQs.
The default routine can read another VIC register to see what IRQs are
active.
Interrupt sources
Each peripheral device has one interrupt line connected to the
Vectored Interrupt Controller, but may have several internal interrupt flags.
Individual interrupt flags may also represent more than one interrupt source.
• Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group, leaving other bits
unchanged.
• All GPIO registers are byte addressable.
• Entire port value can be written in one instruction.
Features
• Bit-level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any
number of bits in one port.
• Direction control of individual bits.
• Separate control of output set and clear.
• All I/O default to inputs after reset.
10-bit ADC
Features
• Measurement range of 0 V to VREF (2.0 V ≤ VREF ≤ VDDA).
• Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples
per second.
• Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt
overhead.
• Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
10-bit DAC
Features
• 10-bit DAC.
• Buffered output.
• Power-down mode available.
• Selectable speed versus power.
Features
• Compliant with standard I2C-bus interface.
• Easy to configure as master, slave, or master/slave.
• Programmable clocks allow versatile rate control.
• Bidirectional data transfer between masters and slaves.
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Finger print based electronic voting machine
Features
• Compliant with Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) specification.
• Synchronous, Serial, Full Duplex, Communication.
• Combined SPI master and slave.
• Maximum data bit rate of one eighth of the input clock rate.
Features
• Compatible with Motorola’s SPI, TI’s 4-wire SSI and National
Semiconductor’s
Microwire buses.
• Synchronous serial communication.
• Master or slave operation.
• 8-frame FIFOs for both transmit and receive.
• Four bits to 16 bits per frame.
General purpose timers/external event counters
The Timer/Counter is designed to count cycles of the peripheral clock
(PCLK) or an externally supplied clock and optionally generate interrupts or
perform other actions at specified timer values, based on four match
registers. It also includes four capture inputs to trap the timer value when an
input signal transitions, optionally generating an interrupt. Multiple pins can
be selected to perform a single capture or match function, providing an
application with ‘or’ and ‘and’, as well as ‘broadcast’ functions among them.
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 can count external events on one of the capture
inputs if the minimum external pulse is equal or longer than a period of the
PCLK. In this configuration, unused capture lines can be selected as regular
timer capture inputs, or used as external interrupts.
Features
• A 32-bit timer/counter with a programmable 32-bit prescaler.
• External event counter or timer operation.
• Four 32-bit capture channels per timer/counter that can take a snapshot of
the timer value when an input signal transitions. A capture event may also
optionally generate an interrupt.
• Four 32-bit match registers that allow:
– Continuous operation with optional interrupt generation on match.
– Stop timer on match with optional interrupt generation.
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Finger print based electronic voting machine
Real-time clock
The RTC is designed to provide a set of counters to measure time when
normal or idle operating mode is selected. The RTC has been designed to use
little power, making it suitable for battery powered systems where the CPU is
not running continuously (Idle mode).
Features
• Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.
System control
Crystal oscillator
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with external crystal in range of
1 MHz to 25 MHz. The oscillator output frequency is called fosc and the ARM
processor clock frequency is referred to as CCLK for purposes of rate
equations, etc. fosc and CCLK are the same value unless the PLL is running
and connected.
PLL
The PLL accepts an input clock frequency in the range of 10 MHz to 25
MHz. The input frequency is multiplied up into the range of 10 MHz to 60
MHz with a Current Controlled Oscillator (CCO). The multiplier can be an
integer value from 1 to 32 (in practice, the multiplier value cannot be higher
than 6 on this family of microcontrollers due to the upper frequency limit of
the CPU). The CCO operates in the range of 156 MHz to 320 MHz, so there is
an additional divider in the loop to keep the CCO within its frequency range
while the PLL is providing the desired output frequency. The output divider
may be set to divide by 2, 4, 8, or 16 to produce the output clock. Since the
minimum output divider value is 2, it is insured that the PLL output has a 50
% duty cycle. The PLL is turned off and bypassed following a chip reset and
may be enabled by software. The program must configure and activate the
PLL, wait for the PLL to Lock, then connect to the PLL as a clock source. The
PLL settling time is 100 μs.
Reset and wake-up timer
Reset has two sources on the LPC2141/42/44/46/48: the RESET pin and
watchdog reset. The RESET pin is a Schmitt trigger input pin with an
additional glitch filter. Assertion of chip reset by any source starts the Wake-
up Timer (see Wake-up Timer description below), causing the internal chip
reset to remain asserted until the external reset is de-asserted, the oscillator
is running, a fixed number of clocks have passed, and the on-chip flash
controller has completed its initialization. When the internal reset is
removed, the processor begins executing at address 0, which is the reset
vector. At that point, all of the processor and peripheral registers have been
initialized to predetermined values. The Wake-up Timer ensures that the
oscillator and other analog functions required for chip operation are fully
functional before the processor is allowed to execute instructions. This is
important at power on, all types of reset, and whenever any of the
aforementioned functions are turned off for any reason. Since the oscillator
and other functions are turned off during Power-down mode, any wake-up of
the processor from Power-down mode makes use of the Wake-up Timer.
The Wake-up Timer monitors the crystal oscillator as the means of
checking whether it is safe to begin code execution. When power is applied
to the chip, or some event caused the chip to exit Power-down mode, some
time is required for the oscillator to produce a signal of sufficient amplitude
to drive the clock logic. The amount of time depends on many factors,
including the rate of VDD ramp (in the case of power on), the type of crystal
and its electrical characteristics (if a quartz crystal is used), as well as any
other external circuitry (e.g. capacitors), and the characteristics of the
oscillator itself under the existing ambient conditions.
Brownout detector
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 include 2-stage monitoring of the voltage on
the VDD pins. If this voltage falls below 2.9 V, the BOD asserts an interrupt
signal to the VIC. This signal can be enabled for interrupt; if not, software can
monitor the signal by reading dedicated register. The second stage of low
voltage detection asserts reset to inactivate the LPC2141/42/44/46/48 when
the voltage on the VDD pins falls below 2.6 V. This reset prevents alteration
of the flash as operation of the various elements of the chip would otherwise
become unreliable due to low voltage. The BOD circuit maintains this reset
down below 1 V, at which point the POR circuitry maintains the overall reset.
Both the 2.9 V and 2.6 V thresholds include some hysteresis. In normal
operation, this hysteresis allows the 2.9 V detection to reliably interrupt, or a
regularly-executed event loop to sense the condition.
Code security
This feature of the LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allow an application to control
whether it can be debugged or protected from observation. If after reset on-
chip boot loader detects a valid checksum in flash and reads 0x8765 4321
from address 0x1FC in flash, debugging will be disabled and thus the code in
flash will be protected from observation. Once debugging is disabled, it can
be enabled only by performing a full chip erase using the ISP.
External interrupt inputs
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 include up to nine edge or level sensitive
External Interrupt Inputs as selectable pin functions. When the pins are
combined, external events can be processed as four independent interrupt
signals. The External Interrupt Inputs can optionally be used to wake-up the
processor from Power-down mode. Additionally capture input pins can also
be used as external interrupts without the option to wake the device up from
Power-down mode.
Memory mapping control
The Memory Mapping Control alters the mapping of the interrupt
vectors that appear beginning at address 0x0000 0000. Vectors may be
mapped to the bottom of the on-chip flash memory, or to the on-chip static
RAM. This allows code running in different memory spaces to have control of
the interrupts
Power control
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 supports two reduced power modes: Idle
mode and Power-down mode. In Idle mode, execution of instructions is
suspended until either a reset or interrupt occurs. Peripheral functions
continue operation during Idle mode and may generate interrupts to cause
the processor to resume execution. Idle mode eliminates power used by the
processor itself, memory systems and related controllers, and internal buses.
In Power-down mode, the oscillator is shut down and the chip receives no
internal clocks. The processor state and registers, peripheral registers, and
internal SRAM values are preserved throughout Power-down mode and the
logic levels of chip output pins remain static. The Power-down mode can be
terminated and normal operation resumed by either a reset or certain
specific interrupts that are able to function without clocks. Since all dynamic
EmbeddedICE
Standard ARM EmbeddedICE logic provides on-chip debug support. The
debugging of the target system requires a host computer running the
debugger software and an EmbeddedICE protocol convertor. EmbeddedICE
Real Monitor
Real Monitor is a configurable software module, developed by ARM
Inc., which enables real-time debug. It is a lightweight debug monitor that
runs in the background while users debug their foreground application. It
communicates with the host using the DCC, which is present in the
Embedded ICE logic. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 contains a specific
configuration of Real Monitor software programmed into the on-chip flash
memory.
UARTs
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 each contain two UARTs. In addition to
standard transmit and receive data lines, the LPC2144/46/48 UART1 also
provide a full modem control handshake interface. Compared to previous
LPC2000 microcontrollers, UARTs in LPC2141/42/44/46/48 introduce a
fractional baud rate generator for both UARTs, enabling these
microcontrollers to achieve standard baud rates such as 115200 with any
Register description
contains at least one character and no UART0 Rx FIFO activity has occurred
in 3.5 to 4.5 character times. Any UART0 Rx FIFO activity (read or write of
UART0 RSR) will clear the interrupt. This interrupt is intended to flush the
UART0 RBR after a message has been received that is not a multiple of the
trigger level size. For example, if a peripheral wished to send a 105 character
message and the trigger level was 10 characters, the CPU would receive 10
RDA interrupts resulting in the transfer of 100 characters and 1 to 5 CTI
interrupts (depending on the service routine) resulting in the transfer of the
remaining 5 characters.
held two or more characters at one time and currently, the U0THR is empty.
The THRE interrupt is reset when a U0THR write occurs or a read of the U0IIR
occurs and the THRE is the highest interrupt (U0IIR[3:1] = 001).
Architecture
The architecture of the UART0 is shown below in the block diagram 4.3.
The VPB interface provides a communications link between the CPU or host
and the UART0. The UART0 receiver block, U0RX, monitors the serial input
line, RXD0, for valid input. The UART0 RX Shift Register (U0RSR) accepts
valid characters via RXD0. After a valid character is assembled in the U0RSR,
it is passed to the UART0 RX Buffer Register FIFO to await access by the CPU
or host via the generic host interface. The UART0 transmitter block, U0TX,
accepts data written by the CPU or host and buffers the data in the UART0
TX Holding Register FIFO (U0THR). The UART0 TX Shift Register (U0TSR)
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Finger print based electronic voting machine
reads the data stored in the U0THR and assembles the data to transmit via
the serial output pin, TXD0. The UART0 Baud Rate Generator block, U0BRG,
generates the timing enables used by the UART0 TX block. The U0BRG clock
input source is the VPB clock (PCLK). The main clock is divided down per the
divisor specified in the U0DLL and U0DLM registers. This divided down clock
is a 16x oversample clock, NBAUDOUT. The interrupt interface contains
registers U0IER and U0IIR. The interrupt interface receives several one clock
wide enables from the U0TX and U0RX blocks. Status information from the
U0TX and U0RX is stored in the U0LSR. Control information for the U0TX and
U0RX is stored in the U0LCR.
The following table 5.1 gives the specifications of finger print module R303a
Power supply
The logic levels and their corresponding voltage levels are given in the
table 5.3 below
IV System Resources
To address demands of different customer, Module system provides
abundant resources at user’s use.
Notepad
The system sets aside a 512-bytes memory (16 pages* 32 bytes) for
user’s notepad, where data requiring power-off protection can be stored. The
host can access the page by instructions of PS_WriteNotepad and PS_Read
Notepad.
Note: when write on one page of the pad, the entire 32 bytes will be
written in wholly covering the original contents.
Buffer
There are an image buffer and two 512-byte-character-file buffer
within the RAM space of the module. Users can read & write any of the
buffers by instructions.
Note: Contents of the above buffers will be lost at power-off.
Image buffer
Image Buffer serves for image storage and the image format is
256*288 pixels. When transferring through UART, to quicken speed, only the
upper 4 bits of the pixel is transferred (that is 16 grey degrees). And two
adjacent pixels of the same row will form a byte before the transferring.
When uploaded to PC, the 16-grey-degree image will be extended to 256-
grey-degree format. That’s 8-bit BMP format. When transferring through USB,
the image is 8-bit pixel, that’s 256 grey degrees.
Character file buffer
Character file buffer, CharBuffer1, CharBuffer2, can be used to store
both character file and template file.
Note:
Busy:1 bit. 1: system is executing commands; 0: system is free;
Pass:1 bit. 1: find the matching finger; 0: wrong finger;
PWD:1 bit. 1: Verified device’s handshaking password.
ImgBufStat:1 bit. 1: image buffer contains valid image.
Module password
At power-on reset, system first checks whether the handshaking
password has been modified. If not, system deems upper computer has no
requirement of verifying password and will enter into normal operation
mode. That’s, when Module password remains the default, verifying process
can be jumped. The password length is 4 bytes, and its default factory value
is 0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH. Should the password have be modified, refer to
instruction SetPwd, then Module (or device) handshaking password must be
verified before the system enter into normal operation mode. Or else, system
will refuse to execute and command. The new modified password is stored in
Flash and remains at power off.
Module address:
Each module has an identifying address. When communicating with
upper computer, each instruction/data is transferred in data package form,
which contains the address item. Module system only responds to data
package whose address item value is the same with its identifying address.
The address length is 4 bytes, and its default factory value is 0xFFFFFFFF.
User may modify the address via instruction SetAdder. The new modified
address remains at power off.
Random number generator Module integrates a hardware 32-bit
random number generator (RNG) (without seed). Via instruction
GetRandomCode, system will generate a random number and upload it.
Communication Protocol
The protocol defines the data exchanging format when ZFM-20 series
communicates with upper computer. The protocol and instruction sets apples
for both UART and USB communication mode. For PC, USB interface is
strongly recommended to improve the exchanging speed, especially in
fingerprint scanning device.
Data package format
When communicating, the transferring and receiving of
command/data/result are all wrapped in data package format.
The new modified password is stored in Flash and remains at power off.
Module address
Each module has an identifying address. When communicating with
upper computer, each instruction/data is transferred in data package form,
which contains the address item. Module system only responds to data
package whose address item value is the same with its identifying address.
The address length is 4 bytes, and its default factory value is 0xFFFFFFFF.
User may modify the address via instruction SetAdder. The new modified
address remains at power off. Random number generator Module integrates
a hardware 32-bit random number generator (RNG) (without seed). Via
instruction GetRandomCode, system will generate a random number and
upload it.
Module Instruction System
R303A series provide 23 instructions. Through combination of different
instructions, application program may realize muti finger authentication
functions. All commands/data are transferred in package format.
Chapter-6
Switches and Pushbuttons and LCD display
6.1Switches and Pushbuttons
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use
replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because
of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in
contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving
the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be
refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
Pins Functions
There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for
connection to the microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with
numbers (16 in case the background light is built in). Their function is
described in the table 6.1 below:
Pin Logic
Function Name Description
Number State
Ground 1 Vss - 0V
Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V
Contrast 3 Vee - 0 – Vdd
D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0 commands
4 RS
1 D0 – D7 are interpreted as
data
Write data (from controller
Control of 0 to LCD)
5 R/W
operating 1 Read data (from LCD to
controller)
0 Access to LCD disabled
1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 Data/commands are
to 0 transferred to LCD
7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1
9 D2 0/1 Bit 2
Data / 10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
commands 11 D4 0/1 Bit 4
12 D5 0/1 Bit 5
13 D6 0/1 Bit 6
14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB
Table 6.1 pin description of LCD
LCD screen:
Execution
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Time
Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS
Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS
Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS
Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS
Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L X x 40uS
Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F X x 40uS
Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS
Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS
Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -
Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
0 Cursor shift
LCD Connection
Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the
microcontroller, there are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode
is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase called
“initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-
D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake
of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits
(D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left unconnected.
Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits
are sent first (that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower
bits are sent afterwards. With the help of initialization, LCD will correctly
connect and interpret each data received. Besides, with regards to the fact
that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from
microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting
R/W pin to the Ground. Even though message displaying will be normally
performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not
possible to read from display.
LCD Initialization
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This
process lasts for approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate.
The mode of operating is set by default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
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Finger print based electronic voting machine
Contrast Control:
To have a clear view of the characters on the LCD, contrast should be
adjusted. To adjust the contrast, the voltage should be varied. For this, a
preset is used which can behave like a variable voltage device. As the
voltage of this preset is varied, the contrast of the LCD can be adjusted.
Potentiometer
Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals
connected. This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example
to set the switching point of a circuit with a sensor, or control the volume
(loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at the ends of the track are
connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will provide a
voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.
LCD interface with the microcontroller (4-bit mode):
Chapter 7
Firmware Implementation of the project design
3. and display the command and display the result with respect to
the switch operations.
KEIL ARM Is Used For The Development Of Finger Print Based Electronic
Voting Machine
7.1.µVision3 Overview
The µVision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you
quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to
use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals.
The µVision3 IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil
development tool chain. µVision3 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.In
the µVision3 Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the
application.
In the µVision3 Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful
CPU and peripheral simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or
other AGDI drivers) that connect the debugger to the target system. The
ULINK allows you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your
target system.
Feature Benefit
The µVision3 Simulator is the only Write and test application code before
debugger that completely production hardware is available.
simulates all on-chip peripherals. Investigate different hardware
configurations to optimize the hardware
design.
The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter The same tool can be used for debugging
supports both Debugging and and programming. No extra configuration
Flash programming with time required.
configurable algorithm files.
Interface
toolbars and the status bar can be enabled or disabled from the View
Menu commands.
The following sections list the µVision3 commands that can be reached by
menu commands, toolbar buttons, and keyboard shortcuts. The µVision3
commands are grouped mainly based on the appearance in the menu bar:
• Outlining Menu
• Advanced Menu
• Selecting Text Commands
• View Menu
• Flash Menu
• Peripherals Menu
• Tools Menu
• SVCS Menu
• Window Menu
• Help Menu
7.2.Creating Applications
This chapter describes the Build Mode of µVision3 and is grouped into the
following sections:
This chapter uses the ARM as target architecture and only explains
generic features of the µVision3 IDE. Architecture specific information
(like bank switching for 8051) can be found in the Getting Started
User's Guide of the related toolchain.
Debugging
This chapter describes the Debug Mode of µVision3 and shows you how
to use the user interface to test a sample program. Also discussed are
simulation mode and the different options available for program debugging.
You can use µVision3 Debugger to test the applications you develop.
The µVision3 Debugger offers two operating modes that are selected in the
Options for Target — Debug dialog.
external I/O, and timers. The peripheral set is selected when you select
a CPU from the device database for your target.
Use Advanced GDI drivers, like the ULINK Debugger to interface to your
target hardware. For µVision3 various drivers are available that
interface to:
The Status Bar shows the current active debugging tool. In simulation
mode, timing statistics are provided.
Simulation
The chapter contains several Signal function temples that you may use
to simulate:
• Digital Input
• Push Button
• Interrupt Signal
• Impulse Patterns
• Analog Input
• Sine Wave
• Noise Signal
• Signal Combination
• UART Communication
• CAN Communication
• I²C Communication
• SPI Communication
You may use external command-line driven utilities (usually provided by the
chip vendor) or the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter. The Flash Programming
Utilities are configured under
Flash Programming may be started from the Flash Menu or before starting
the µVision3 Debugger when you enable Project — Options — Utilities —
Update Target before Debugging.
Configure Flash Menu: configures the Flash Menu for using an external
command-line based utility or the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.
HEX File Flash Download: explains how to program existing HEX files.
#include <lpc214x.h>
#include "serial.h"
#include"lcd.h"
unsignedchar
enroll[12]={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X03,0X01,0X00,0X05};
unsignedchar
generate_ch[13]={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X04,0x02,0X01,0X00,0X
08};
unsignedchar store[11]={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X06,0X06,0X01};
unsignedchar
identify[12]={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X03,0X11,0X00,0X15};
void clearfp(void);
unsignedchar part_A=0,part_B=0,part_C=0,part_D=0,check=0,count=0,enroll_check=0,en_byte;
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
main program
--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int main (void )
{
lcd_init();
again:
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
delay(1000);
message(0," welcome ");
//lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
lcd_cmd(0xc0,0);
message(0,"EVM with FP");
delay(1000);
i=0;
while(1)
{
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(0,"Enrolling not ok");
goto again;
}
i=0;
while(i<13)
{
send_ch_UART0(generate_ch[i]);
i++;
}
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
dummy=UART1_getch();
dummy=UART1_getch();
if(!rec)
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(0,"gen char ok");
}
else
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(0,"genchar not ok");
goto again;
}
i=0;
while(i<11)
{
send_ch_UART0(store[i]);
i++;
}
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
rec=UART1_getch();
dummy=UART1_getch();
dummy=UART1_getch();
if(!rec)
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(0,"store ok");
}
else
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(0,"store not ok");
goto again;
}
//check=1;
//enroll_check =0;
//en_byte=12;
}
message(0,"Identfying...");
i=0;
while(i<12)
{
send_ch_UART0(identify[i]);
i++;
}
check=1;
enroll_check =1;
en_byte=16;
part_A=part_B=part_C=part_D=0;
goto again;
if(check==1)
{
count=0;
check=0;
while(count<en_byte)
{
fp[count]=UART0_getch();
count++;
}
long_delay();
n=0;
while(n<20)
{
if((fp[n]==0xEF)&&(fp[n+1]==0x01)&&(fp[n+9]==0x00))
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
lcd_cmd(0x80,0);
message(1," Successfully ");
lcd_cmd(0xc0,0);
message(0xc0," completed");
b1=0; b2=0; i1=0; i2=0; id=0;
b1=fp[n+11]/10;
b2=fp[n+11]%10;
long_delay();
long_delay();
long_delay();
// lcd_cmd(0xc0,0);
// message(0xc0,"Id:");
// lcd_cmd(0xC3,0);
// lcd_cmd(b1+0x30,1);
// lcd_cmd(b2+0x30,1);
i1=b1-48;
i1=i1*10;
i2=b2-48;
i2=i2*1;
id=i1+i2;
long_delay();
if(enroll_check ==1)
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(1," Plz poll ur vote ");
// clearfp();
enroll_check=0;
goto poll;
}
goto again;
}
else
{
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(1," Failed");
long_delay();
goto again;
}
}
}
}
/*-----------------------------------------------------
polling your vote
----------------------------------------------------*/
poll:
while(1)
{
if((IOPIN0&sw1)==0) //sw1
{
part_A++;
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(1,"Vote for part A");
long_delay();
goto again;
}
if((IOPIN0&sw2)==0) //sw2
{
part_B++;
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(1,"Vote for part B");
long_delay();
goto again;
// goto again;
}
if((IOPIN0&sw3)==0) //sw3
{
part_C++;
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(1,"Vote for part C");
long_delay();
goto again;
// goto again;
}
if((IOPIN0&sw4)==0) //sw4
{
part_D++;
lcd_cmd(0x01,0);
message(1,"Vote for part D");
long_delay();
goto again;
// goto again;
}
}
}
/*------------------------------------------------
Clear the string clearfp
------------------------------------------------*/
void clearfp(void)
{
unsigned char cl=0;
while(cl<20)
{
fp[cl]=' ';
cl++;
}
j=0;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;convertion program Binary to ASCii ;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
unsigned char value,d1,d2,d3,k=0;
temp_value = temp_value;
value=temp_value/10;
d3=temp_value%10;
d1=value/10;
d2=value%10;
d1=d1+30;
// lcddata(d1);
delay(10);
d2=d2+30;
lcd_cmd(d2,1);
delay(4);
k++;
// msgdisplay(".");
d3=d3+0x30;
lcd_cmd(d3,1);
delay(10);
k=0;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; long delay ;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void long_delay (void )
{
unsigned int g;
for(g=0;g<500;g++)
delay(40000);
}
Chapter 8
Results and Discussions
8.1 Results
Assemble the circuit on the PCB as shown in Fig 5.1. After assembling
the circuit on the PCB, check it for proper connections before switching on
the power supply.
The EVM consists of a controller and switching unit , both the units are
working independently and in collaboration with each other as well.
The CU is accepting fingerprints in enrolling mode and is responding
accordingly.
In identifying and vote casting mode, the CU checks for finger print
detection routine
In identifying and vote casting mode, CU communicates with switching
unit in order to exchange various signals.
CU is counting the votes for individual candidate (20 in number) and total
number of votes cast can be checked at anytime.
In result mode, the CU displays the votes of individual candidate, in
consecutive order, whenever the “Result Button” is pressed.
The total number of votes can be checked in result mode.
In total, the complete system (including all the hardware components and
software routines) is working as per the initial specifications and
requirements of our project. Because of the creative nature of the design,
and due to lack of time, some features could not be fine-tuned and are not
working properly. So certain aspects of the system can be modified as
operational experience is gained with it. As the users work with the system,
they develop various new ideas for the development and enhancement of
the project
8.2 Conclusion
The implementation of Finger print based voting machine using
microcontroller is done successfully. The communication is properly done
without any interference between different modules in the design. Design is
done to meet all the specifications and requirements. Software tools like Keil
Uvision Simulator, Flash Magic to dump the source code into the
microcontroller, Orcad Lite for the schematic diagram have been used to
develop the software code before realizing the hardware.
The performance of the system is more efficient. Reading the Data and
verifying the information with the already stored data and perform the
specified task is the main job of the microcontroller. The mechanism is
controlled by the microcontroller.
CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
Number of candidates could be increased.
It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result
almost instantly from the machine itself.
It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be
stored in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other
backend servers.
Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network
to various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project
could make the result available any corner of the world in a matter of
seconds
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
1. http://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.asp
2. http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq
3. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp
4. http://www.perada.eu/documents/articles-perspectives/an-introduction-
to-rfid-technology.pdf
5. http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-98/SP800-98_RFID-
2007.pdf
6. www.ieee.org
7. http://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.pdf
8. http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro-sc.html
9. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/max232.pdf
10. http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/89prog/index.html
11. http://www.microdigitaled.com/8051/Software/keil_tutorial.pdf