Storage Foundations

Alexandre Chaves
 FC SAN Volume Manager
SCSI-3 iSCSI
IP SAN HBA TOE
Device Driver
Multi-Core Disk Drive
Track Front-End
HDA
CDP
Spindle Block Back-End
Sector Buffer
Gbps LUN Cache Interface
Seek
RAID Hit
Time EFD
Controller Disk RPM
HD SSD Partition Miss
Latency QoS
Rotational SAS FC NFS
IOPS NAS
10 GbE
Array CIFS
Sizing SATA Bandwidth
File System
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Client / Server Architecture

LAN (Local Area Network)

NAS (Network Attached Storage)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
SAN (Storage Area Network)

IP (Internet Protocol)
FC / FCP (Fibre Channel Protocol)
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Host: Logical & Physical Components

Host

Applications

Operating System
Logical
DBMS File System
Components

Volume Manager

Device Drivers

HBA HBA HBA

Physical Host Bus Adapter Host Bus Adapter Host Bus Adapter
Physical
Devices Components

Network Interface Card Hard Disk Drives (HDs)

(NIC - GbE)
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Physical Disk Structure

Read/Write Head

Controller

HDA
(Head Disk Assembly)

Disk = Drive = Disk Drive = Hard Drive Interface

- SAS/SATA
Power
Connector - Fibre Channel
Global Marketing
- USB
 CONCEPTS

Physical Disk Structure

Spindle Sector
Track

Sector

Cylinder

Track

Platter

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Logical Block Addressing

Sector 10

Head 0 Block 0
(Upper Surface)

Cylinder 2 Block 8
(Lower Surface)

Block 16

Block 32

Block 48

Physical Address= CHS Logical Block Address= Block#

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Disk Drive Performance: Data Transfer Rate

• Average amount of data per unit time

• Internal Transfer Rate
– Speed at which data moves from a track to disk internal buffer
– Seek Time (Rotational Latency)
• External Transfer Rate
– The advertised speed of the interface

External transfer rate Internal transfer rate

measured here measured here
Disk
Drive
Host Bus Adapter
Head Disk
HBA SCSI Interface Buffer Assembly

SAS/SATA,
Fibre Channel,
TCP/IP SCSI block access (>= 512 bytes)

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

RAID Array Components

RAID Array Physical
Protection + Capacity + Performance
Array
Disks, Controller

Logical
DAS HD
Array
RAID Groups
HBA SCSI RAID HBA (1, 10, 3, 5 ,6)
SAS/SATA, SCSI
Controller
SCSI
Fibre Channel,
IP, USB HD

Host
FC DAS (Direct Attached Storage) 4 Gbps RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
eSATA DAS (Direct Attached Storage) 3 Gbps SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

iSCSI DAS (Direct Attached Storage) 1 Gbps Gbps (Gigabit per second)
SAS/SATA (Serial Attached SCSI / Serial ATA)
USB DAS (Direct Attached Storage) 0,5 Gbps (480 Mbps)
USB (Universal Serial Bus - eSATA)
IP (Internet Protocol)
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Components of an Intelligent Storage System

RAID Array

NAS

CIFS & NFS

HBA over TCP/IP

CIFS, NFS SCSI SAS/SATA,

HBA Fibre Channel
HBA

NAS (Network Attached Storage) 1 Gbps I 10 Gbps

CIFS (Common Internet File System) NAS : File System access +

NFS (Network File System) SCSI block access (>= 512 bytes)

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Components of an Intelligent Storage System

RAID Array

SCSI
HBA over TCP/IP
and FC
FC & IP SCSI SAS/SATA,
SCSI HBA Fibre Channel
HBA

FC SAN (Fibre Channel Storage Area Network) 4 Gbps I 8 Gbps SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

IP SAN (iSCSI Storage Area Network) 1 Gbps I 10 Gbps RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
Gbps (Gigabit per second)
SAN : SCSI block access (>= 512 bytes) HBA (Host Bus Adapter - I/O Controller)
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

RAID Array Components

What the Host Sees: RAID Sets and LUNs

FC & IP SCSI SAS/SATA,

SCSI Fibre Channel

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

www.snia.org
Education - Tutorial

1/3/4 Gbps
4/8 Gbps 1/10 Gbps 1/10 Gbps

FC,
eSATA/SAS

FC, FC,
eSAS, SATA eSAS, SATA

DAS (Direct Attached Storage) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

SAN (Storage Area Network) FCP (Fibre Channel Protocol – FC SAN)
NAS (Network Attached Storage) iSCSI (IP SCSI Protocol – IP SAN)
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Storage Technologies

FC SAN IP SAN

www.snia.org
Education - Tutorial
Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Read Operation with Cache: ‘Hits’ and ‘Misses’

Data found in cache = ‘Hit’

Cache
Read
Request

No data found = ‘Miss’

Cache
Read
Request

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

RAID Protection Comparison

Storage
Min
RAID Efficiency Cost Read Performance Write Performance
Disks
%
Very good for both
STRIPE 0 random and sequential Very good
2 100 Low
(no RAID) read

Good
Slower than a single
Good
disk, as every write
MIRROR Better than a single
1 2 50 High must be committed to
disk
two disks
(n-1)*100/n Poor to fair for small
Good for random reads
where n= random writes
PARITY and very good for
3 3 number of Moderate Good for large,
sequential reads
disks sequential writes
Fair for random write
(n-1)*100/n Very good for random
Slower due to parity
where n= reads
DISTRIB. overhead
5 3 number of Moderate Good for sequential
PARITY Fair to good for
disks reads
sequential writes
(n-2)*100/n Moderate Very good for random
Good for small, random
DOUBLE where n= but more reads
6 4 writes
PARITY number of than RAID Good for sequential
(has write penalty)
disks 5 reads

MIRROR
STRIPE 1+0 4 50 High Very good Very Good

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

RAID Array Performance

Ex: RAID-1 Protection

(2 discos físicos 600 GB 15K RPM)
(10 LUNs de 60 GB)

Ex: RAID-5 (3+1) Protection

www.snia.org (4 discos físicos 600 GB 15K RPM)
Education - Tutorial (1 LUN de 1800 GB)

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

RAID Array Performance

www.snia.org
Education - Tutorial

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Hard Disk Drive Performance

www.snia.org
Education - Tutorial

(I/O Tiers)

IOPS (EMC Engineering) 180 - 160 180 - 160 120 - 60 60

Disk Drive Models: Tier-0 : SSD / EFD 73 GB & 400 GB Tier-1 & Tier-2: FC / SAS 600 GB, 450 GB , 300 GB (15000 RPM & 10000 RPM)
Tier-3 : SATA 1024 GB, 2048 GB (7200 RPM) Tier-4 : SATA 1024 GB, 2048 GB (5400 RPM) Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Concurrent users : 240

Application type : OLTP (On-Line Transaction Processing)
Data Base size : 1600 GB (Oracle 11g)
I/O avg. response time : < 10 ms.
IOPS: 480 ( 50% random read, 20% random write,
20% sequential read, 10% sequential
write,
20% read cache hit, 8 KByte block )
#Disk Drives : __ ?? Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Storage Array Sizing

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Storage Array Sizing

www.snia.org
Education - Tutorial

Tier-o

Tier-1

Tier-2

Tier-3

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Solid State Drive

www.snia.org

HDD (Hard Disk Dr

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS

Solid State Drive

SLC ( Single-Level Cell )

( SSD – Solid State Drive )

MLC ( Multi-Level Cell )

( CFD - Consumer Flash Dri

Global Marketing
 CONCEPTS
F
Solid State Drive

SNIA
www.snia.org
1x Flash drive = 100000 IOPS (read)
1x Flash drive = 20000 IOPS (write)
1x HDD = 200 IOPS (read / write)
--------------------- -----------
1x Flash drive = 500x HDD (read)
1x Flash drive = 100x HDD (write)

HDD (Hard Disk Drive - 15000 RPM, 4 Gbps FC-AL and/or

15000 RPM, 3 Gbps SAS/SATA)
Flash (Flash Drive / Solid State Drive )
512 byte block EFD (Enterprise Flash - 4 Gbps FC-AL)
DDR (Double Date Rate Random Access Memory)

EMC Engineering (512 KB block sequential read miss) EMC Engineering (8 KB block random read miss)

1x HDD 15000 RPM 4 Gbps = 8 MByte/sec 1x HDD 15000 RPM 4 Gbps = 180 IOPS
1x Enterprise Flash drive = 100 MByte/sec 1x Enterprise Flash drive = 2500 IOPS

BANDWIDTH IOPS Global Marketing

Perguntas ?