EXPLANATORY HANDBOOK ON

CODES· FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

(IS : 1893-1975 AND IS : 4326-"'6)

(laeorpoYatia.er"at ••• d otla." editorial cornetlo •• )

SP 22: 1982

FIRST PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 1983 FIRST REPRINT FEBR{JARY 1989 SECOND REPRINT OCTOBER 1993 THIRD REPRINT OCTOBER 1995 FOURTH REPRINT FEBRUARY 1999

<D BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

unc 699-841 (021) ISBN 81-7061-016-8

PRICE Rs 225.00

PRINTED IN INDIA

AT CENTRAL ELECTRIC PRESS. NEW DELHI t 10028 AND PUBLISHED BY

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI 110002

-- ------------------------------- -- ------

FOREWORD

Usen of varioUi civil eqiDeerin, codes have been feeU. the Deed for nplaaatory handbooks and other oompilatioDi buod on IndiaD :staadards. The DOId baa boea twther OIIlpbuized in view of the publication of the Natioaal Baitdiq Code of India 1910 and ita implementation. In 1972, the DeJart,meDt of Scienoe and TecbnolOlY Jet up aD Expert Group on Housilll uaCI CoDttruction TeclmoIoI)' UDder tbe CbairlDlUllhip or Maj-Oen Harkirat s~· . TbiI Group c::arrled out in-depth ltW:lieI in YanoUi areas of civil engin.and COIlItruction practicea. DurinJ the preparation of tbe Fifth Five- Year Plan in t 5, the Group W&I ... iped the task of pi-oducinJ a Science and Technology plan for research. development aDd ell.tenaion work in the &eCtor of howS and construCtion tecbnololY. ODe of the itelDl or tbia plaD was the production of desip. bandboob. aplaDatory bandboob and cleIian aids hued on the National Bui1dill Code and various Indian StaGdarda and ocher ICtivitiea in the promotion of the Natioual Buildin, Code. The Expert Group aavc bi,h priority to this item and on the recommendation of the Department of Science and Technology the Planning Commission approved the follo"jlll two projects which were assianed to the Indian Standards Institution.

a) Development programme on Code implementation for buildin& and civil cngineerin, eonstruction, and

b) Typification for industrial buildings.

A special Committee for Implementation of ScieDOt and TechnolOlY Projectl (SCIP) conaistilll of _perts connected with different uptCb (.. pqe vi) was let up in 1974 to advise the lSI Directorate General in icIIJotifIc:ati and for auidinl the development of the work under the Cbairmanahip of Maj-OeD Harkitat SiDJh. Retired Ensineer-in-Chief. Army Headquarten and fOiIDillrlJ AcIriIer (CoDItruction) Planning Commission, Government of India. The ConuIIitIIt baa 10 far identified subjects for several explanatory handbookt,lcompiiatioDS ecweri., appropriate Indian Standarda/Codes/Speciftcations which include the followiq:

Deqn Aidl tor Reinforced Coacretl to IS : 456-1978 Expluatory Handbook on Muonry Code

Expluatory Halldbook OIl Codes for Eartbquake E ........... (IS: 1893-1975.

IS : 4126-191d) CoDCnlle Mix.

Summariel of lDdiaa Standards for BuiJdiIll Materials

&pIaaatory Handbook on I'" Studard eocs. of PNctice for PlaiD aDd

Reial'orcecl CoDCl'Ote (IS : 4~lml . eau. and Pnveation of Cracka in BuUctinp Foundation of BuJldiqa

Timber Eqiaeoring

FUDctioul Requirements of Buildinp Functional Requinnents of Industrial Buildings Concrete Reinforcement

Buildina Construction Practices

Fire Safety

TaU Buildinp

Bulk Storap Structurea in Steel CoDltrucnon Safety Practicea Steel Code (IS: BOO)

Form Work

Prefabrication

Loading Code

Design of Industrial Steel Structura

Inspection of Different Items or Buildill8 Work

One or the expiaaatory hlDdboob i_dfted is on codes for earthquab eDJiDeet· ing. This handbook ii-in two pull: Pan I Explanations 'on IS: J893-197S Crileria

1 •• 22·1112

for Earthquake Jleaistant Desilll of Structurtl 51drd MIllion) and Part II EsplaDa-

doni 08 ra: 4326-1976 Codo of Pracdc:e for . ke Rcaistaat Doaip. and

\ CoDltnlCtion lfirll n"""'). ThIs Haoclboot pro' informatioll OIl the IOUItIC,

iDtefpntadoD/a))ianatioDi to certain claUiel and worked out examplea to illustrate the application or codal provisiODI wherever required.

Some importaDt points to be kept in view in the use of thillfaDdbook are u follows:

a) In tbis Handbook wherever the expression ·,the Code" is uted it reten to either IS: 1893-1915 or IS: 4326-1976 dependin8 upon tile part in whfcb it is used.

b) This Handbook is to be read alon, with the releftnt codes.

c) The clause nlllDben in tbe Explanatory Handbook correspond to the comapoDdiq clauae num~·in the relevant code. 0aIy thote claUIII for whicb UpianatiODS are required flDd a mention in tbo HaIldbook in the I&IDe ICIQUODCO as they occur in the respective codes.

d) W.rever thoro is any dispute about tho intorpretation or opiDion .pn •• ed in Chit Handbook. tho proVisIOns ot tbe code only ahall apply; the provisiODI in tbis Handbook should be considered as only lupplemontary and inf'ormativo.

Tho Explanatory Handbook is based on the draft prepared by Departmeat of Earthquake Enaineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkec. The draft Hudbook W&I circulated for review to Central Pubtic Worb Department, New Delhi: India MeteoroloJicaI Department. New Delhi: Bagineer-in-ClUer. Branch. Army Head· quarten, New Delhi; Tata Consult in, Bngineers. Bombay; Dr Jai Krlshaa,

. Chairman or Earthquake Bnpncerin8 Sectional CommiUee. BDC 39; IntematioDal Airports Authority of India. New Delhi; GeolosiCll Survey of India. Calcutta; Central Water Commission. New Delhi and the views received were takeD into consideration while.finalizing the Handbook.

SPECIAL COMMmEE FOR. IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS (SCIP)

Chairman

MAJ-GIN HAllmtAT SINGH

W·Sl Greater Kailash I. New Delhi 110048

Rqresentlrtg

Member!

SHRI A. K. BANEIU1!II

Metalluraical and EnJiDeeriDI Consultant. (India)

Limited, Ruchi

Central Buildins Research Institute, Roorkoe Department of Science and TechnolOJ)'. New DeIh Structural Bngiaeering Research Centre, Madras Central Public Works Department. New Delhi

PROF DINBSH MOHAN DR S. MAUDGAL

DR M. RAMAlAH SURI A. SANkAllAN

SlUt.! A. CHAJCJlA~OllTY (AlternQte) SIUU T. K. SARAN

DR H. C. VISVI!SV All ... r A

SOlO. RAMAN (Member Secretary)

Bureau of Public Enterprises, New Delhi Cement Research Inltitutt of India, New DcJhi Indian Standards Institution. New Delhi

PART I EXPLANATIONS ON

IS : 1893-1975 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(Third Revision)

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.2 Centre of R ..... ty - The point throuJh which the resultant of the restorinl forces due to stift'nesleS of tbe various structural elements of a system acts il called the centre of rigidity. In Itructures which are symmetrical in plan and elevation and baving constant stiffness, centre of mass and centre of rigidity are coincident. However, when the structure is unsymmetrical, the centre of riSidity would be closer to the stiffer section of the Itructure, and the centre of mass could be away from the centre of rigidity causing tonion.

2.3 Crttlea. o..piq - Friction with air, friction between particles CODltituting a structure, friction at junctions of structural clements, yielding of the structural material and other processes of dissipation of energy depress the amplitude of motion of a vibrating structure and the vibrations die out in course of time. Wben such internal and or external friction fully dissipates the energy of the structural system during its motion from a displaced position to its initial position of rest, inhibiting oscillations of the structure, the structure is considered to be critically damped. Thus the damping beyond which the motion will not be oscillatory. is described as 'critical damping'.

2.4 Damping - The effect of energy dissipation in reducing the successive amplitude of vibrations of a structure displaced from its position of static equilibrium is called damping and is expressed as a percentage of critical damping.

2.S Epicentre - The point on the earth's surface located at the source or vertically above the source of such seismic waves originating from an earthquake is known as epicentrc and its location is described by its latitude and longitude.

2.6 Focus - The source propagating seismic waves is called focus of the earthquake and is also designated as hypocentre. The depth of the source (focus) below the earth's surface is referred to as focal depth.

2. 7 JatellSlty of Earthquake - The intensity of an earthquake at a place is a measure of the degree of shaking caused during the earthquake and thus characterises the effects of the earthquake. Most of the study of earthquakes up to the begining of the twentieth century dealt only with various effects of earthquakes and in order to express these effects in a quantitative way. intensity scales were introduced by various investigators. De Rossi in Italy proposed the first more commoply used intensity scale between 1874 and 1878. In 1881 Forel in Swi;zerland proposed a similar scale and soon thereafter they jointly developed the RossiForel Scale. This Rossi-Forel intensity scale had ten subdivisions. This scale has undergone several revisions Mercalli in 1888 proposed a scale with twelve subdivisions to permit a clearer distinction

SP: 22 - 1182

in shocks of extreme intensity or the great catastrophic dearee X in Rossi~ForeJ Scale. In 1904 Cancani suagested that the de,reos of the M~ri sc:ale be correlated with the maximum ground particle acceleration produced by the earthquake. An elaboration of the Morcalli seale incorporating earthquake effects of many kinds was published by Seiberg in 1923, which was subsequently revised by Wood and Newmann in the USA in 1931, and was called the Modified MercalH Scale or simply the MM scale. Another revision of MM seale was made by Richter in 1956. An abridJCd version of M M scale of seismic iotensities is given in Appendix D of the Code.

3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN

CRITERIA

3.1 The various sub-clauses under this clause are self explanatory. However, for a few clauses additional clarifications are given below:

a) Ground vibrates (moves) in all directions during earthq uakes. The horizontal components of the ground motion is generally more intense than that of vertical components during strong earthquakes. The ground motion is random in nature and generally the maximum peaks of various directions may not occur simultaneously. Hence, for design purposes, at anyone time. it is assumed that only one horizontal component acts in anyone direction.

b) AU structures are designed for withstanding their own weight. This could be deemed. as though a vertical acceleration of one gravity is applied to various masses of the system. Since the design vertical forces proposed in the Code are small as compared to the acceleration of one &ravity. the same emphasis has not been given to vertical forces as compared to horizontal forces. However, the Code emphasizes that in case of structures. where stability is a criterion for design, vertical seismic forces must be considered.

3.2 Assumptions - Earthquake causes impulsive ground motion which is complex and irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for small duration. Therefore. resonance of the type as visualized under steady state sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to build up such amplitudes.

a) The first assumption is amply proved. by case studies of several strong motion aceelerograms. For example, if . the damping in an idealized linear single de,ree freedom system is S percent, then for any period the ratio of the peak response acceleration to the peak: ground

3

SP t 22 -1t82

acceleration is of the order of three. but in the c::ue of steady atate excitation this ratio would be ten. It is, therefore, obvious that full resonance is not achieved duriDa: eanhquakcs.

b) It is a fact that earthquakes are a rare phenomena. It is. therefore. very unlikely that the maximum earthquake will coincide with maximum of other occasional forces lib wind. floods. etc. Therefore. for desip purposes, these are assumed not to occur simultaneously.

3.3 PermilsJble Jaereue la Sm.es aDd Load

Pacton .

. 3.3.1 The Code specifies the use of elastic d~i8n (working stress method) permitting an increase of ~3. percent in the normal working stresses' in materials (concrete, steel. wood, ete.) when the oft'ects of earthquake load are combined with other normal dead and Jive loads. In prestressed concrete members. the tensile stress in an extreme fibre of the concrete is permitted up to a maximum of f of the modulus of rupture of concrete. It is restricted chat the stress io steel with a definite yield point should remain below the yield stress, and in steel without a definite yield point. the &tress should remain less than 80 percent of the ultimate strength. The increase in stresses is permitted in view of the occasional nature and mstantaneous action of the load. Earthquake and wind effects are not to be considered simultaneously.

3.3.2 Since the increase of permissible stresses cuts into the factor of safety. it is natural tbat load factor in the ultimate load method of llDalysis should be reduced proportionately as compared with normal dead and live loads. Taking an average load factor of I'S5 for DL and LL for reinforced concrete (IS: 456-196~) and Steel (IS: 8O()..1962) structures. the load factor for earthquake

condition was kept as : :~~ - 1'4. Similarly taking average load factor of 2 for prestressed concrete (IS: 1343-1964) for DL and LL the load factor for earthquake condition wu kept as 1'5.

The load factor (partial safety factor) for concrete structures in limit state method of design is to. be taken as 1'2 when dead load. live load and earthquake load are combined in accordancc with IS: 456-1978 and IS : 1343-1980.

Since earthquake OCCUR suddenly and' without warning. it is very neceuary to avoid construction practices that cause brittle failure (sudden collapse). The current philosophy relies heavily on the action of membcn to absorb the vibrational energy resulting from strong ground motion by designing members to behave in a ductile manner. In this manner even if earthquake of greater intensity than foreseen occurs. complete collapse of the structure will be avoided.

Ductile coefficients are givcn in IS: 4326- 1976- ..

~.3 P,rmiulble Incre~e In Al/owQbl, Bearbtt Preuure 0/ Solis - SImilar to the increase in stresses in tho materials of construction. the allowable bearing pressure in.' soils also has beeD increased whencver the earthquake forteS are considered alongwith other normal. design' forces. However. the factor of safcty apinst failure has been reduced for materials of construction; the same is not true for all soils under .11 conditioDs, This is because unlike other materials. the allow. able beario. pressure of soils is obtained either by adopting a factor of safety against shear failure in the soil or by considering the permissible settlements of the foundations. If the allowable bearing pressure is governed by til: former criterion the permissible increase in its value can be lo'oked upon as a permissible reduction in factor of safety. However, under most of the circumstances, the latter criterion, namely. settlement of foundation. will be the governing Factor. Here, the earthquake induced settlement which evidently is a function of the soil-foundation system will govern the permissible increase in the allowable bearing pressure. Where the earthquakes are not expected to cause any significant settlement, it is imperative that tbe allowable bearing pressure be increased for earthquake loading conditions so as to avoid undesirable differential settlements wbich can take place prior to earthquake occurrence. This is iUustrated below:

Since the earthquake resistant designs are generally performed by pseudo-static analysis, the earthquake loads on the foundations are considere j as static loads and thus capable of producing settlements as under the dead loads. Therefore, as the footings are usually designed for equal stresses under them. the footings for exterior columns will have to be made wider. This is because the earthquake forces will cause larger str.esses below the exterior columns (see Fig. I). Prior to the earthquake, however, tbis design wiU lead to a condition of unequal stresses and hence larger settlements of the column foundations with heavier stress intensities. The differential settlements in the structure is thus increased and to avoid this. the allowable bearing pressure is increased. Consequently. this will necessitate only smaller amount of enlargement of foundations when eartbquake fQfCCS arc also included and will thus be causing only smaller amount of differential settlements. In poor soil foundation systems. ground shaking of even short duration can cause fairly large settlements and so any increase in allowable bearing pressure will Jead to unsafe designs. In short. the permissible increase in the allowable bearing pressure will have to depend on the soil-foundation system. Wberc "mall settlements are likely to occur duriog earthquakes

·Code ~r practi~ ~or earthquake resbtant delip ud constructIon of buddllllS (foSI rnilioll).

4

SP I 22 - 1M2

I.. I .J I..

ENLARGED FOR l

SEISMIC LOAOS~I ----i

I I

, ~A

NO ENLARGEMENT ~"'''' SETTLEMENTS ..... -~

FOR SEISMIC LOAOS....J.....o'"'-:::.::::::~.::=-==..........,.:- __ .,;::.: ... ;::..- - I

HORIZONTAL SEISMIC .... .....aI ...... FORCE

FOOTING DESIGN FOR STATIC LOAD

~FOOTIN" ENLARGED TO ACCOUNT FOR SEISMIC LOAD~

FIG. 1 EFFICT OF SBISMIC loADS ON THE SBT'I1.BJUlNT BEHAVIOUR OF A TYPICAL BUILDING

laracr increase can be permitted and vice- versa. The quantity of increase in the allowable bearing pressure has been arrived at on the basis of experience and engineering judgement. For the prescnt. the permissible increase has been based

only on the soil- foundation systems though there appears to be some scope of identifying the influence of the superstructure as well. The prcsent provisions and explanations to Table 1 of the Code are as below:

PERMISSIBLE INCREASE IN ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE OR RESISTANCE. OF SOILS

Typ! Of SoIL

TYPE Of PERMISSIBLE EXPlANA TJONS

FOUNDATION INCllEASE IN Al.l.oWABU!

BRAllING PR£lStrRlt, PEIlCl!NT AOE

1'Jw 1/ M«Iium Soli - All .oil. with lI&etweell 10 and lOand poorly araded tandJ or gravelly sand. with little or DO 6nes (SP·) with N > IS

Piles paniDI tbtoulh this $Oil but mUnl on Type I soil

(2) (3) (4)

All types of foun- 50 Only small settlements of foundations

dations are expected duringeanhQuakea thoulh for cohcsionleSi solll short duration loads also can cause deformations, the soils are considered to be It iff enou,b so as to have .utlk:lent factor of safety apinst failure under earthquake 10ildinS conditions

Since the piles will act as bearioa piles on Type J, the PQllibility of larae settlements is ruled out

(I)

1'JIrn 1 .Rock or Hard Soli, - Well JRded aravela and land IT_vel mixtures with or without clay binder and clayey IUd. poorly Jl'lded or sand clay mixtures (OB. CWo SB, SW and Sq· avin. N above 30, wbere N i. the .tandard peDettatiOD value

Piles DOt covered undor the above

Raft foundation

'0

For friction piles the resisting fore .. IU'C fouild to be Jess durlDl vibration and hence larpr settlements. Same will hold .ood even for riles with enla,pd base contained wholly in lOil of Type 11

Difrercctial settlement. will be much less and hence lerser increase permit· ted

The soil itself beil1l leu dense than Type I. more settlement can be expected

25

Other types of foundations

(Contimud)

5

SP: 22 ~ 1182

PER~IBLE INCREASE IN AlLOWABLE BEAIlING PRESSURB OR RESISTANCE os sons - COIfIli

TYPE orSon.

TYPB O. PDMJIIIKI EXPLANATION!

FOUNDAnON INCaEAIIlN

ALLOWAIILI BL\IUNO PiullluRB.

PBRCBNTAOI

rn ru 00

Pilei pusina SO Same as for Type II

through this lOiI

but restina OD

Type I soil

Pila not covered under the above

(I) Type III Solt Soils

Raft fouodltiona CombiDed or isolated RCe foot· inl with tie bwnI

Isolated RCC footin. without tie beams or UDreinforced .trip foundarioDf

Well foundation

Same u for Type II

so 2'

Same u for Type D

BecaUIC of the tie --. the chane:. of d&maae due to cUft"ereadll Mute. mentl are CODIidcred _11er

UDder rheM C:ODdltiODl the round.tioDi are conIidend to be liable to damap wbcD IUbjecIed to ICtdemellrl and hence DO I&x:reUe iI permitted

From the c1auiflcatioa of IOU it will be nolicecl that IOIla litaly to 11que" have beeD excluded whIn IiquefaclioD does Dot occur. Tho well fOUDdatiOlll have beeD found to be lltisfKtory with little IettlemeDts and beace 25 perccDt iDc:rcuc baa been permitted

TABU! I, Non 3 -It bas bccm observed in m&D)' earthquakes that Ibe fOUDdadoa soil coasiJtin, of saturated sand behaved jutC lite a fluid. The usociated phcnomco.on baa boon termed .. liquefaction; !iquefactioa. of loose IUUl bad been loW), responsible for the danaap: to many structures durinJ lOme of the past eartbquabalike Bihar-Nepal I 934J Niipta (Japan) 1964, etc. The Itructurol rcstiq on .uch soils expericllOld ..... lCItIementa and tilts. The lOiIs lOle shear atrensth due to eanhquake prcuure whicb is found to be dopendent on the earthquake ..,ametenJ mainly acceleration. amplitude and dlll'ation of aroulld .batiq. and the fOil puametera. ute the relativo deosity and pn size. If this factor is DOt taken care of. l.Dy amount of .rely in the superstructure wiU not be of an)' help in the evcot of aD eanbqualte lcadiq to liquefaction of fOIlD- . dation soil. Therefore, the ZODII where earthquakes farce enough to cause tiQlIOt"aGtiOD of .oils falling under soil clusi6catioD SP have been identiftcd with standard penetration values (IN Note S of Table I of the Code).

Methods are available at present to evaluate the liqu~faction Potential of lOils based on the soil data and tbe desip earthquake force for the lite. Such procedures have been sucx:essfuUy used to analyse the oPCUrrenc:e of liquefaction in some of the past cases and are heiDI increasingly UICd to predict the liquefaction potential of sites of important structures. If a site is found lusceptible to

liquefaction. pteYO!ltive IDCUUreI lite densjficatioo or. use of deep foundations to avoid c:IamageI durina eartbquatCi arc found suitable. If deep foundations are IISed, it mllSt be bome in mind that it is not a preventive measure of liquefactioo itself. LiquotaCtion usually initiates at some depth below the around surface aDd propaa&teI downwards to different depths depending upon tho dlll'atioa of sround shaking. The dissipation of the cxc:ess pore pl'Cllurea also make the top .oil to lose ita .treqth. Thus the .hear atrength of the soil utendiq from the ground surface to somo depth below will be totally lost duriDJ JiquefactioD and heoco .bauld Dot be conaidered to contribute aay resiataace to fOllDdatiOD displacements. Tho lateral resistance of the pile fOllDdatiODI must. therefore. be calculated taking this factor into account .. speoifted In Note 4 of Tablo I of the Code which states 'The pi.. should be desigued for lateral loads uealeCtina lateral resiltance or soil layers liable to liquefy'. Some of tbe references for further study OD the evaluation of liquefaction potential of lOil. are Biven below:

a) Seed (HB) and I driss (1M). SimpJjfied Procedufc . for Evaluatiq Liquefaction Potential. Journal of the Soil MecluurJcl aM Foundation DMslon, ASCE. Vol 97. 8M No.9; P 1249-1973; (1971).

6

b) Gupta (M K). Liquefaction of Sands DUring Earthquakes (1911) Ph.D. Thesis. University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India.

c) Arya (A S). Nandakumaran (P), Puri (V K) and Mukerjce (S) 1978. Verification of Liquefaction Potential by Field Blast Tests. Proc. 2nd International Conference on Microzooation. Seattle. U. S. A. Vol II; 'P 865.

d) Nandakumaran (P) and Mukerjce (S).

Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential for Silty Soils (1981). Proc. National Sympo. sium on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation. University of J(oorkee. Roorkee, India.

3.4 DeIIp Sehale CoeItdeat lor DilFereat Zoaes - Backgound leadiq to the present seismic zoning map of India (lee Fig. 1 of the Code) is described in Appendix A.

Pblloaplty- The force attracted by a structure during an earthquake is dynamic in nature and is a function of the IfOUDd motion and the properties of tho structure it.lf. The dominant effect is equivtalent to a horizontal force varying over the hei.bt of structure. Therefore. the assumption of a uniform force to be applied alons one axis at a time is an over timplific:ation which can be justified for tcaIOllI of lavin, efforts in dynamic analysis. However, a large number of structures dcsi8JlCd on this basis have wiwtood earthquake shocks durin, the past ei,bty yean or so, which justifies the Il1O of uniform seismic coofIicient in a seismic desiSO. 10 the Code, therefore, it is considered adequate to provide uniform seitmic coefficient for ordinary structures. Important and special stru~ ctum. however. need to be desjgned on the basis of d)'llamic analysis.

Seismic coefficients specified in the Code are based on a compromise witb reprcl to degree of desired sarety and the cost of eartbquake resistant conltruction. In an effort to economise. it is C$scntial to rully utilise the total energy absorbing capacity of the structure without multing in a complete collapse. This has resulted in the current philosophy of earthquake resistant design: <al to adopt lower seismic coeffi<:ient and Jow working stresses. and (b) to have high seismIC coefBcient and bigh working stresses. The values of coefficients are fbed arbitrarily on safety and minimum darnaae criteria. In the Code the maximum value was fixed at 0'08 because the practice in Assam before the Code was originally written in 1960 was to desian structures for this value arbitrarily. The structures thus designed withstood the 1950 Assam earthquake (Richter's Magnitude 8'3) whicb had caused MM intensity rx. With this backJ1'Ound the basic seismic cofficient for Zone V bas been ftxej at 0'08. In other zones the values have been reduced as 0'05,

SP : 22·1982

0'04.0'02 and 0'01 for IV, nr, II and I, respectively (see Appendix A).,

The Code also provides for design to be carried out using response spectrum approach. For this purpose, it is recommended tbat average spectra be used together with different multiplying factors for ea.<:h seismic zone. These factors have been determined in such a way that in the short period range (small structures like two or three storeyed buildings) tbe seismic coefficient derived from spectral considerations would be nearly the same as the basic seismic coefficients mentioned earlier. The multiplying factors are interpreted as seismic zone factors and are given as 0-4, 0' 2', 0'20.0'10 and 0'05 for Zone V. IV. III, II and I, respectively. It may be noted that these have the same relative values as the corresponding seismic coefficients.

3.4.2 (8) - Seismic Coefficient Method - In this method, mass of the structure multiplied by design seismic coefficient, acts statically in a horizontal direction. It is also assumed here that the magnitude of the coefficient is uniform for tbe entire members of the structure. Design shears at different levels in a building shall be computed from the assumption of linear distribution horizontal accelerations. varying from zero at the base of the structure to a maximum at the top, For important and complicated structures this method is not adequate (see 4.2 and 5.1.2 of the Code).

b) Respmue Spectrum Method - It is a d)ID.amic method of analysis. In the calculation of structural response (whether modal analysis or otberwise), the structure should be so represented by means of an analytical or computational model that reasonable and rational results can be obtained by its behaviour. Whe;-e response spectrum method is used with modal analysis procedure. at least 3 modes of response of the structure should be considered except in those cases where it can be shown qualitatively that either third mode or the second mode produces negligible response. Wben appropriate. thcmodel maxima should be combinedusing the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual model values. In this method the building is considered as a ftexibl,e structure with lumped masses concentrated at floor levels. with each mass having one degree of freedom that of lateral displacement in the direction under eonsideration.

3.4.%.2 In both the above methods, importance of the structure and its soil foundation system shall be considered and also the increase in bearing stress of the foundation soil shall be checked according to Table I of the Code.

3.4.2.3 The value of ~ (coefficient depending on soil-foundation system) shan be obtained from Table 3 of the Code, The value of I (coefficient depending upon the importance of the structure) shall be based on Table 4 of the Code.

1

SP : 22·1982

The value of lie (basic horizontal seismic coefficient) and F. (seismic lone factor for average acceleration spectra) shall be obtained from Table 2 of the Code.

s~ (average acceleration coefficient) shall be

g

read from Fig. 2 of the Code for appropriate natural period of time (sI:'e Note below 4.2.1.1 of the Code) and damping of the structure. The damping to be adopted for different types of structures arc given in Appendix F of the Code. The method of using the spectra for calculating the horizontal seismic force is also indicated in Appendix: F of the Code.

Natural period (T) of any structure is a function of the structural characteristics and the distribution of the structural masses. It is the time taken by the system in completing one cycle of vibration. In calculating the natural period of vibrations, it is assumed that the structure is fixed at the base. The values given in 4.2.1.1 of the Code may be adopted when exact analysis is not required.

3.4.3 Soil-Foundation Factor - To take into account the soll-foundation systems on which the structure is founded. a factor ~ for various cases is given in Table 3 of the Code.

The effect of the scil-foundation system on the ~rthquake effect on structures is two-fold: (a) the tntc,raction between the soil foundation system and the super-structure. and (b) the behaviour of the foundation itself under the induced load. It is essentially the latter which is taken care of by the factor specified in the Code. In other words since the effect. of the soil·foundation system o~ the natural period of the structure (determined on the assumption of infinitely rigid foundation) is t~ elo~gat~ the natural periods, the use of spectra given In Fig. 2 of the Code will show smaller

values of s~ for larger flexibility of the soil

g

foundation system. The effect of flexibility of the soil alone (indicated by bardness and softness of the soil) may. to some extent, be taken care of if soil-dependent spectra were to be used. However, the effect of foundation type on the soil structure interactio~ can be accounted for, only if the structure IS modelled properly and a dynamic analysis is carried out. Because of the large number of variables involved, it would not be possible nor would it be rationa) to specify coefti· cients to account for this effect without specifying the type of superstructure as weU. Moreover. as already stated, the natural periods of structures are ordinarily computed on the basis of fixed hue and sin~e the flexibility of the foundations elongate the periods the spectrum method as given in this Code gives conservative values of seismic coefftcient jf soil-structure interaction effects are neglected.

The effects of the earthquake ground motion on the damage that can be caused to the structure arc

indeed dependent on the soil at site as well as the type of foundation. This is obvious because or tbe fact that though the softness or the soU founda· tion system will cause only smaner forces to be transmitted through it to the luper·structure the strains in the sub-structure will tbemselv~ be quite large enough thereby causing excessive aild sometimes objectionable deformatioDs of the super. st~ucture. As can be readily seen, the type of soil, has the greatest influence in this reprd' the poorer the soil, larger the chances of~. A lot of this possible damage can be avoided by engineering better type of foundations, to judiciously transmit the loads to the subsoil.

Table 3 of the Code is self explanatory as far as the type of soil and different types of foundations are concerned. as already explained und.er 3.4. Because of the uniform loading on the foundation ~oil and the associated settlements, the value of e. IS taken as equal to 1'0 for dams.

. As can be seen! isolated RCC footings without tie beams of unreinforced strip foundations and well foundations have been considered most v.ulnerable while in soft soils, only raft founda. ttons, due to its possibility of reducing differential settlements have been considered eff~ve.

It is observed by past experience that founda· ~ion of a building sbould act in . an integral manner If damage is to be the minimum. In this context it is recommended that foundation units be tied together.

3.4.4 Additional factor of safety is required to be provided &pinst earthquake damage for struc· tures whose f'unctioning is of special importance after an earthquake. such as hospitals. And aJao for structures whose damage is CEltastrophic to life and property, such as atomic power reactors and dams. The same has been identified and given in Table 4 of the Code. As per the note the impor. tance factors given are for guidance and it is to be based on judsement in every particular case.

3.4.5 Since the ground moves in all directions in an earthquake and even tilts and rotates; consideration of the combined effect of aU these motions must be included in the design of important structures. In most cases, only lateral forces aro created by earthquakes, but in actual fact larae vertical accelerations can also occur. particularly in epieentral regions. The same mUlt be taken into account particularly where stability is a criterion for design. The veniall seismic codk:icnt (or the avera. acceleration coefflcient in respoDJe spectrum approach) is recommended . to be lakea as half of horizontal coe16cient altboush it variea considerably with distance from epic:cntte. It may be about 0'2' to 0·75 times the borizontal component, the higher values being at places close to the epieentre. In the Code therefore, an averap value of O· ~ iI recommended.

8

... BUILDINGS

".1 .o.tp IJYe ~

4.1.1 The weisht at any loor Jevel of a building 'WOuld equal the dead load plus live load present, In cue of live load. only a fraction of value normally taken for Italic deaiJn is recommended by the Code. This is in view of tbe probability of ita presence durin, the time of eart\lquake and abo because the live .loads providc;dArt" the relevant code iDcluded impact eft'ect of live load whicb doea not possess raass. For load class 200. 250 and 300 catelOry buildbl,S. only 2S percent of normal delisn live loads arc recommended whUe for boavier cateJOry tbat is, 400 and above class tbe recommended values arc SO percent because mostly office buildings and other public buildings rill in this category where quite a good percentage of live l~d is always present. The Code correctly recommends that if Jive load at the time of earthquake can be assessed, the same may be used in the seismic design. However the value of design live load assumed sball not be less than the values Ip'ccified in the Code.

It is to be noted that the same fraction of live loads mentioned above shall also be used for computing stresses due to vertical loads for combining with those due to earthquake forces. The Code recommends that under this condition. the entire building frame may be assumed loaded with the above fraction of live load except the roof.

4.2 DesiaaCriterfl for Multistoreyed BulldlapIt is recognjzed that dynamic forces on multistoreyed buildings are best computed through a detailed vibration analysis. This. however, is a costly preposition for certain buildings and, therefore. it is recommended that detailed dynamic analysis or modal analysis or pseudo static analysis should be carried out depending on the importance of the problem. With this background, it is essential to make detailed dynamic analysis for buildings taller than 90 m in ZODes m. IV and V while modal analysis is recommended for such buildings in Zones I and II. Buildings baving heights between 40 m and 90 m in Zones IV and V must be analysed by modal method while either modal method or pseudo static:: method is recommended for Zones I to TIl. .. Buildin~s baving height less than 40 m may be analysed by pseudo static method.

P8eUdo Static Method

In all the methods of analysing multistorcy buildings recommended in tho Code, the structure is treated as discrete system having concentrated masses at floor levels which include balf that of columns and ",aUs above and below tbe floor. In addition. the appropriate amount of live load at this loor is also lumped with it. It is also 8Slumed that the structure is ftexible and wi1J de80ct with respect to the position of the founda-

_ ... _- _._. ----

SP t 22·1982

tion. The lumped mass system reduces to the solution of a system of second-order differential equation. These equations are formed by distribution of mass and stiffness in a structure. together with its damping characteristics and the dynamic characteristics of the ground motion. In this method. which is also referred to as seismic coefficient method, the design base shear is worked out by the equation given in the Code.

... (1)

This method though called pseudo static method, does take into account the fact that with increase in period (T) of a building the seismic shear must reduce. Factor C bas a value 1'0 up to period equal to about 0·35 seconds and reduces to about 0-2 at period of 3-0 seconds. The method. therefor. requires an estimate of period (T) of the building to choose the value of C in equation (1). For this purpose the Code provides use on two empirical formulae".

1n case, the designer is able toget better estimates of T. that is. either experimentally or otherwise, the same may be used to obtain the value of C above.

Distribution of Seismic Fore! along Height of Building

Dynamic analysis of buildings has indicated that the seismic forces. increase from zero at base to maximum at the top- One type of distribution of this force is an inverted triangle which is used by many designers. This is suitable only for structures in which mass and stiffness in each storey is equal. but since it is usually not so the distribution. suggested in the Code gives parabolic distribution of seismic forces such that tbe seismic shears are higher near top storeys for the same base shear. The distribution of forces along with the height of the building is given by the formula given in tbe Code.

W;h:

Q = VB i---n-E W,h!

;=1

... (2)

The Code restricts the use of pseudo static metbod to ordinary or normal structures/buildings and excludes all special layouts like Plaza type building or building with flexible first storey or building on hill slopes (see Fig. 4 of the Code). For such buildings. modal method of analysis is recommended.

·A. W. AndenoD, J. A. Blume. H. J. Deaenkolb. H. B.

JammiJI. E. M. Knapik. H. L. Marchand. H. C. Powen. J. E. Rinne. O. A Sedv;nick. and H O. Sioberg. Lateral Forces or Earlhquake and Wind. Trans. ASCE. Vol. I J 7; P 716-780 (l9S2).

9

sp: 22· 1982

r

E

so em It 'Oem

I.--- 3@7'5m:22.sm----l PLAN

r--

E
..
N
•
I
tot
•
•


r" .""" , , , / , """ " ELEVATlON FIG. 2

In calculations of buikliaa as regards the influCD<:e of seismic forteS. they will be considered &I static. The static parametm (bending moments. shear IDd normal forces. moments due to tonion). which arc the result of their inftuence on the bullciing, will be obtained by the usual static methods.

Bxample I

An eight storcyod RCC framed building with live 10a:1 of 300 kllm' (IU Fi,. 2) is to be constructed in Agra (seismic zone Ill). Work out seismic forces on the structure. All beam' and columns may be assumed to be of 2S x 40 em and 40 x 50 em respectively. The roof and floor

slabs may be assumecf" as U em tbick. The wall alround il 12 em thick.

a) Dead weights Weiabt of beam.

= 24 x 7'S x 0"4 x ()02S x 2'4 ... 43'2 t

Weight of columns

= 16 x 3 x 0'4 X ()oS X 2'4 - 23'04t

10

Weipt of Ilab

= 22'S x 22'S X 0'15 X 2'4 = 182'25 t

Weight of wallJ

= 22'S x 4 x 3 x 0'12 x 2'0 = 64'8 t

b) Live load at all 800n except roofftoor = 22'S x 22'S x 0'3 x 0'25 =,37'97t

c) Lumped _at loor level!

= WI = 43'2 + 23'04 + 182'25 + 64'8 + 37'97 - 351'26 t

SimilarJy

WI = WI -= W, = W, = W, = W. =W. = 351'26 t

Lumped mau at roof Boor,

W. = 313'29 t

d) Base sbear, V. = Cell W

W = Total gravity load of the building

= 2772'11 t

The building is without bracing or sbear waUs,

Therefore, T = 0'1 n = 0'1 x 8

= O'S seconds

Design seismic cocfDeientell =~II .. Forthe present cue it is asswncd that foundation It of pile foundation restiDB OD hard soil which would Jive ~ = 1'0; importance factor will be taken as 1'0 (&iDCC it is an ordinary office building) and 010 = 0'04.

.', alII == I x I x 0'04 = 0'04

C ( r;om Fig, 3 of the Co(~e ) .-= 0'62 1=8

VB = C alA 1: W 1=1

= 0'62 x 0'04 X 2 772'11 = 68'75 t

c) Distribution of lateral seismic Ihear fon::e induced along tbe beiaht of tbe building is Jiven. by the formula.

W.h:

Q~ = V .. -.1-_-,,--

E W,Ir: 1-1

in whicb h, i. the hoiJht of Ith floor mcuured from the bate of the buildina.

8P.22·I112

,'. hI - 3m, hs = 6m.lr. -- 9m.1r. - 12m.

Irl .... 15 m, ,,_ = 18 m, "" =: 21 m lad II. = 24 m.

Witb thole forces Qa to Q. ate worked out and shear forces in the various storeys are also computed as shown in Table I.

TABLE I NODAL FORCII'B AND SEISMIC SH&AIl POIlCES AT VARIOUS LBVB.lS

FLooa W_ It, w_,,: Q, Y, (StWa FOIlCII)
(0 (m) (t) (t)
1 351'26 3 3161'34 0'3$ 6&'75
2 do 6 1264"36 1'39 68'40
3 do 9 284'2'06 3'14 67'01
4 do 12 so '81"44 "58 63'87
5 do 15 79 03]'SO 8'72 51"29
6 do 18 113808'24 JB6 49'57
7 do 21 U490S'66 IHYJ 37'01
8 313'29 24 1804'5'04 19'!U 19'91 623 042'64

The seismic Ihear force for which the buildlaa II to be desiped it iadicated In the last column or Table I,

4.2.2 MDdaI AnalYJIs - This method of aD~l1.'k is based on the dynamic resPODse of the b~ ideaUzod as havillg a lumped mass and stiftDcltel in various ItOreys. It is Mown that response of a N-dcgree freedom system (or N-storoyed buildiDl) can be computed by using the normal mode theory in wbich the lJ"Stem can be considered as if made of N single degrees or freedom systems whole reaponso is IUperimposed., For this purpose. the fint three modes of the buildiDg mponac are COIlIidered to be adequate [.fee commentary OD 3,4.2 (b)1. Response iD each mode is determined fint by using the following relationship:

...(3)

in which Q~.' = Force at tth floor level when vibrating in iu',th mode,

W, "'" dead load + appropriate pcn:ea.taae of live load at Iovel he measured above the ground leVel.

;(~' - mode shape coeOicieDt for Ith Boor level when vibratiDg in rth mode. &Del

Cr = mode participation factor for

different floor ]evell when vibratina in the rth mode,

11

where II is total Dumber of ItOreys in the buildiD&

.rt ... DeIian seismiocoe8icient correspond~ iDI to I'fIl mode aiWD by.

~

art - ~-F. 6

where ~ and I Ire lOH-fouadatioD factor aod sir,

•

importaDCO f'Iotor, ~- is the average accelera~ . ,

don ~t ia rth modo <from Fi,. 2 of

Code) aDd F. is zoae factor.

After obtaiDiII f1.~t ¥II... Ibear fOlOOl _ ~ 1tOIW)'I- obtained by .ummjn, up Q. wi.. from top _ up to die Itorey in question.

'I'heIo are III'IDed II J1P' vaIuet. which mUll be computed (or atteut the tnt three lIlodes. The

~-.:- or ~..... ." _r.:- of vario .. modal

GOJD__ ... . ,t'V"NVU

_ .. of (0""" thea carried out uaina the followiq law:

y, = (1- y) J:yr' + y J E{vt'}· ... (4)

where y il a ftmetion .of the height of buildiDS as defined. in tho code; Vr) = absolute value of maximum shear at the Ith storey in the rth mode.

DetermlntJtlon. of ItfOfk Ihspe coefficlntt (;~rl

NIue,,) - The Code has limply stated that ;~r) wlues arc obtained from free vibration analysis, but bas not .U8IItted any method of doina: so because such metiods arc ,h'eD in detail in boob on theory of vibration. However. a brief description of the fOl'llMation of problem is included in the tollowina pa ...... phs:

A popular _0<1 for the detcfminatioD of the fundameftll1 mode il the iterative Stodola method. as thiS method is usually formulated usinl matrix notationa, it is also. called matrix iteration. TIle ,,-:'ionof motIon for a freely vtbratiDlmotiDa of a multi-storeyed lumped mau (undamped) can be written as:

[M] (XJ'+ [K] [X] = 0 ... (a)

in which M is UIe diqoul mass matm. K the stift'ness matriX in relation to lateral dispiace-

ments and, X aad X are displacement vector correspoadina to storey disp~ments and acceleration ~or COrrllpODdinl to storey acderations matrices, respectively. Assuming the free Vl'bration is simple harmonic.

[X] = (.J sin pt ... (b)

; represents the shape of vibratiDJ system which docs DOt change with time 'I' but variel

only with amplitude. P lCpl'ctmlts circular frequency of the Iystem.

Equatioa <a) can be rewritten &I,

-pi [M) [;] + [X] [;] - 0 or pi [MJr~J = [X] r~J Premultiplying by lC-l on obtain,

rKr'lMJ[;J= Jr [~] ... (e)

puttiq K-l as G (or flexibility matrix). EquatiOil (e) assumes the following form •

[G] [MJ [;] - jr [;] Equatioa (f) is of the form

~X=AX

which represents an eigen value problem who. solutioD leads to evaluation of natural froquenciel and corresponding mode shapes. Tho metb~ of solution are aencrally iterative and. are easily amenable to computer proarammUas-. To start With, triatsbape ~(o) ,batl be assumed. If the usumed shape were a true mode sbapo t/I (J). then the same frequenq would be obtained by taking the coordinate of the structure. However, the desired shape will differ from ;(0). and a different result will be obtained for each displacement coordinate. Because of tbis reason a better approximation of frequency can be obtained by an averaging process. The best averasing procedure consists of inclucJing the mass distribution a weightin, factor. Knowinl P. the fundamental period for mode one may be computed as:

2~ Ts =PI

•.. (c) .•. (d) both sidcs, ono

... (f)

Example 2

Analyse a ] s.storeyed RC buiJdin, as shown in Fig. 3, The live load on all the floors is 200 kg/m' and·soil below the building is hard. The site lies in Zone V. All the beams arc of size 40 x SO em and slabs are IS em thick. The sizes of columns are 60 x 60 em in all the storeys and the wall alround

is 12 em thick. .

Analysis of tlte Building

a) Calculation of dead load. live load' and storey .tift'nesses: As in case of seismic coefficient method, dead loads and Hve loads at ea.cb 800r are computed and lumped. Stift'nCN in a storey is'lumped assuming aU the columns to be acting in paralJeJ with each column contributing stiffness correspondin, to K; = l2El/LI, where I is the momeBt of inertia about bending axis, L the column height and E the clastic modulus of column material. The total stiffness of a storey js thus :EKe. The lumped mass at all

'For details. fere~ may be made to aDy book OD Theory of VitlratioD.

12

--- -- -- ----

L a---I:~~-c::I e

1ft

N N ,I

e

1ft c:..

...

r L,IP 7-5 mdooomj PLAN

floor levels is '2'43 (t.s'/m) and at roof level is 4O(t.st/m). ne values of I, K. and l:K. for .n the: floors/storeys is 1'08 x 10' em', 9024 tIm and 180 480t/m, respectively.

b) The first three natural frequencies and the corrcspondins mode shapes are determined using Stodola Vienello iteration procedure and are given in Table 2,

TABLE 1 PIIlIOO8 AND MODE SHAPE COEFFIC'lDnS AT VARIOUS LEVRLS FOR PIRST THREE MODES

Mode (r) Period in So=onds

Mode shape coeffic:lonts at VlriOUS ftoor level.

... 1';) 0'3'6 -0-35$ 0'353

... 1.) 0"353 -o-no 0-283

... 1;) 0"341 -0'213 0'140

;W 0'336 -0'190 -0'039

"'W 0'323 -0"089 -0"208

,,\~ 0.30S 0'019 -0-324

",,;) 0·28S 0"127 -0'3"

... ~) 0-261 0'222 -0296

"'¥) O"23S 0'296 -O'lSl

"'~) 0*206 00342 0'019

"'~) 0"17.5 0-3.56 0'192

"'~:, O"J43 6-33() O'3lS

t'j') 0'108 0'285 0'356

'''If) 0'013 0'206 O,)OS

... ~,) 0'031 0"108 0"175

"042

2 0'348

0'210

3

IP 122-1_

15
"
13
12
11
10
9
•
7
6
5
,
l
2
1
" """'",,,1, ", .", r

e

1ft ..

"

E

o ,;.

t

j

---1307'5 m = 22· 5 m I..ELEVATI9N

FlO. 3

c) Horizontal seismic coefficient for desip iI given by.

Assuming S percent damping in all the three modes, /.= 1'0 and p == ] '0, from Table S of Code. the design seismie coefticient for zone V{F. = 0'40) in the three mode work out as follows:

S(1)

..

1st Mode - = O'IOS; ac~u = 0'042 g

S(I) ..

2nd Mode - = 0'184; ac~l) = 0-073 7 g

S·3) ..

3rd Mode - = 0'200; ac~" = 0·080 g

d) The next step is to obtain ICismic forces at each floor level in each individual mode as required in Equation (3), Mode participation factors in each mode is to be obtained. For this. Table 3 would be found convenient wherein the method is' explained for computation of C1 (mode participation factor for first mode).

13

TA.8LB JCDaVI'4"IlOfi OP NODB PAIrt'EIPAftON PAC'l'OR C1

Ftooa WBlOR'I' MoD_

No. W, Coa'noIatr'JPr#f

..

1 2 3 4 5

(;

1 I ,

10 11 11 13 14 IS

5l4'34 514"34 514'34 514'34 514'34

514'34 514'34 514'34 514'34 514'34 '14'34 514'34 5)4'34 514'34 39NO

0't31 0'173 O'las 0'143 0'175

00206 0'235 0'16. 0'285

0-* 0'323

0'336 0'341 0'3$3 0"56

19'03 3'7'55 5"S, 13'55 90-01

10'." 120'17 134'24 146'59 156'11 16&13 In'IZ 178'41 111'" 139'"

0'70 2'14 6'00

10'52 15'15

I m'sl 21'83 C1- 4911)8

28'40 -3.". 35-03

41'18

41'8'

53'66

,8-07

61'93

64'09

49"73

II 118... M98'08

No.

I 514'34

2 '14'34 3 514'34

.. 5101'34

S '14'34 , 514'34

1 '14'34 • 51434 , 514'34

10 514'34 II S14'34 12 514'34 U n.·34 14 51"'34 JJ 392"40

0'037

0'150 x 0'042.

do do do do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do do

do

x~ 2'11

S'58 1'30 11'03 llU~ u-n 11-03 201M 21'14 23'42 24'74 25'10 26'59 21'10 20'14

262"98 256-90

241'" 231f7

224'22 2OI.<tO

1510'31 170'33 1 ... ·.., 125'07 100'33

74'53 41'94 20'84

0'013 0'101 0'10 0'175 0'. 0'235 0'261 0'28' 0'305 0'323 0'336 0'U1 0'353 0'356

TABLB S QOMPlJTA11ON O' L\TaAL JfOaCD AND 8HItAR (MOD. 2)

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 B 9

10 II

514'34 SA'" '14'34 514'34 ~14'34 514'34 '14'34 '.4'34 '14'34 514"4 '14'34

()o206 0'285 0'336 0'356 0'341 0-296 0'222 0'111 0'019

-O-OS9

0'108

C .... '" rL21 _ c;..I.2)

x Will

1'18 x 4'87

0'0717

do 9"21

do 11'82

do 15'14

do 16'03

do 15'40

do 13'32

do 9'"

do 5'10

do 0017

do -4'03

do -8'"

do -12'27

do -14'83

do -12'19

J'fI'-

JOPt

'.'53

*" 37"31

24'"

"oil

-6"1

-22"01

-35'33

-45'31

-5)'01

-51'.

-47"5

-39"29

-27'02

-12'.'

12 514'34 -0"190

n 514'34 -0-115

14 514'34 -0'330

IS 392'..0 -O·3~.5

TABLE' COMPUTATION OP LATERAL PORCES AND SHEARS (MODE 3)

Pl.ooa WI ~I

No,

I 514"34 0'175 (1-698 x 0080

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 J4 U

514'34 O'30S

514'34 0'3~6

514'34 O'3lS

514'34 0'192

5.4-34 0'019

~14'34 -0'158 514'34 -0-29.5 514'34 -0'3.55 514'34 -0'324 514'34 -0'208 514'34 -Oi)39

514'34 0'140

514'34 0-213

392'<40 0"353

do do do do do do do do do do do do do do

S'73

10'lS

"00 5"49

0'.56

-4'.52

-8'42

-10'1.5

-9'2.5

-.5-95

~I'12 4'01 8'10 "70

~.' 19'37

14'36 S'63

-4'55

-13'SS

-19'04

-19'60

-1.5"08

-6'66

3"49 12'74 11-69 19'8J 15'10

"70

14

0) Combination of shean for the three modes:

After JCttiag shear forces in each indiYidual mode. the total shear force in each storey is obtained in accordan~ with 4.2.2.2 of the Code. total abear ro~.,.

y, - (1 -,,) lW:'" + T J E(V!')' For hoiaht of building equal to 45 ED.

T -.0'65. shear in any storey .. y top (15dl), is Jiven by.

... 22 - 1912

~:---__..

Flo.4 PLAN OP UNSYlOIB'I'RJCAL SnUCTtJJtII

'Y1I.= (1 - 0-65) [(20"84 + 12'19 + 7'70)] + 0·6S.{(20-84)i + (12'19)' + (7'7)1 = 30'73 t

Similarly,.hear in all other ItOreyI (to be taken by aU columns.) arc computed as foUows:

VI == 391'37 t VI - 382'93 t VI = 367'19t V" = 346'10 t V, = 321'95 t

V. - 296'95 t V, = 272'81 t V. - 245'96t

The above val.. of tbear rorcet in various .toreyi arc to be taken for _Olio condition in ..,.. Table 7 J'ves maximum. intentore)' displacement tho building.

V, = 217-14 t VII = t88-17 t 'Yu'" 161"08 t Y11 ... 132·71 t Yll = 103"03 t Yu = 68-98 t Yat - 3O'73t

NOTE 1 - In buildiq in which the Hoon and roor. consilt of loUd or hollow Il.~ or oC other .lemealS with an equiYalellt boriliollt.l riC!dlcy, the Ib._rine force Vi acting al level i ,ball be dillributed .Jema the various vertical elementt ift proportion to tbelr rigidity,

NOTE 2 - Thel'itidity .nd tb ..... j'lanc. of the sla'b .hall be verified to determille lUt tbey are capable or providing lucb diltributioll of loacll~, If the amouDt or deformation or the .tab is not aeahlibfe. lhe ~Jft!ct of their HexibUity .hall be taken bito account ill the distribution or the ,h.rilll rorees.

•• 2.3 Drift (LalI,al DiljIltJt;nll4n1 or SWQ)') - The drift limitation" necess.l')' to save elements (non-structural elements) which (orm an integral part of the structure and to avoid upsetting of the

TABLE 1 DaJlIT OR MAXIMUM IN'I'BRSTOREY
DlSPLAaIMENT OP BUILDING (I:XAMPLE
MODAL ANALYSIS)
SroJ.IY SHlAR, STJnttds. 1W.A11VB
i ,., (t) Kl(t/em) DIIPLACIMBNT.
MAX
Yi/Ki (em)
391·37 J 804-80 0'217
2 382'93 1 804'80 0'212
3 3f7'19 J 804'80 0'203
" 346·10 1804·80 0'192
S 321·95 1804'80 O'J78
ti 296"95 ] 804·80 0'16S
7 212·81 1804'80 0'151
8 24'"96 1804'80 0'136
9' 217·14 1804·80 0'120
10 188·17 1804·80 0'104
11 161·08 1804'80 0'089
11 131·71 1804'80 0'074
13 103'03 1804'80 0'057
14 68:98 ] 804-80 0-038
IS 30'73 1804'80 0"017 occupants psychologically, It is felt that 0-004 of the intentorey height is a sood limit for this purpose. Buildings analysed for seismic forces must be checRd for this drift limitation also.

In a 15 storeyed buildina: aaalylCdin Example 2. the drift i. worked out in Table 7. It is seen that in a fow Moreya the drift exceeds 01)04 x 3 = 0-012 m and lienee the design needs revision from this point of 'View." '

4.2.4 Tonion of Bull4lngl - Horizon.tal twi .. tina occun inbuildinp when CCDtte of IDUI and centre of riPlty do not coincide, The diltaDCO between tbcsetwo ia called ec::centricity (e). Lateral force multipl!ed by this 'eo cause a' torsional moment whidl must be resiIted by tl1c structure

IS

SP.22·1_

y
4

3
X,
C'-t-
...
C~
m 2

Y,
1 ....
X E .. ,.----~, .. ,., ."0 .. ------.1.., Flo. 5 PLAN OF 4-STOUYBD STIlUCTlll.B

e

.. N N

"

E

u

A

B C

in addition to the normal seismic force. Tberefore. the Code stipulates that provision aball be made for increase inaheat forces acting on particular elements resultiq from the horizontal torsion due to an eccentricity between the centre of mass and the centre of riaidity.

It is desirable to plan structural elements of the buildinB in such a way that there is no eccentricity or the building is .)'JDIIletricaIly planned with respect to the mall centre. However. it is YCf"j difficult to do so in pracdcc and some provision has to be made for it.

Since there could be quite a bit of variation in

. computed value of #. it is recommended by the Code tbat design eccentricity shalt be I-S e. The net eft'ect of tbis tonion is to increase ahear in certain structural elCiments and ncluction in certain others. The Code recommends that reduction in shear on account of tonion sbould not be .Pplied and only increued ,bean in the elements be considered.

The torsional forces sbaU be distributed to the various vertical components of the seismic resistiq system with due coDJideration aiven to the relative stiffncsscs of the vertical components and the diaphragm. It is thea corrected (or tonion taking into account the increases produced. but not the decreases as speciied in the Code.

In order to understand the method of determining the additional shean due to tcrsioa, tho building plan given in Fig. 4 may be examined.

o

Assuming tIac origin at point O. the coordinates. of centre of rigidity (geometric centre of stift'DesseB of various vet'l:Jeal resistance elements) or point of rotation are computed as follows:

v EX"x v EK.y Ar-~ • .Ir=U.

in which x, y are the coordinates of and x.. K. are stiffness of the various elements in the two. directions, respectively. The rotational stift'ncss I., of the structure about centre of rotation C,. is. given by.

I .. = ~ [K •. Y' + K, . XI]

jn which" and y are the distances of clements. from the centre of rigidity Cr. If the torsional moment i. T (equal to YI). the toniona] shears. P. and J', OIl auy column Une can be computed. as:

T·

V. = J; . y . K_. and

T

r .. = - - " . K",

I,

in which K.. aod Ko are the total stiffness of the column line WIler consideration in tbe x aud y directiODS. respiOctively.

Example 3

A fourltoreyed building (with load

300 kJ/ml) baa the plan as shown in Fig. S and is to be detiped in seismic Zone III. Work out the seilmicsbears in the various storeys of the-

16

proposed buildilll. The factor, may be auumcd as 1'0 and importance factor 1 also as 1'0.

a) Total weiJbt of beams in a storey

= 14 x 7-S x 0'4 x n'~ x 2'4 ,= 50'4 t

Total weight of columns in a storey = J 8 x 3 x 0'4 x 0'6 x 2'4 = 31'10 t

Total wei.ht of slab in a storey

= (22-5 x IS + 15·x 15) x 0-15 x 2'4 = 202-5 t

Total wei,ht of waUs

,~ (22'S + 15 + 7'5 + 30 + 15 + 15) x 0'2 x 3 x 2'0 = 126 t

Live load in each floor

= (22-5 x IS + 15 x 15) xO'3xO'25 = 42-18 t

Lumped weight at loon 1. 2 and 3 = (410'00 + 42-18) = 452'18 t

Lumped weight at roof floor

= 410'OOt

Total weigbt of building

= 452')8 x 3 + 410-00 = I 766'5 t

b) Base sbear:

T = 0'( X 4 - 0'4 5

C (from Fig, 3 of the Code) = 0'90 VB = filII- C.W.

="'. J x 1 x 0'04 x 0'90 x 1 766'S = 63'59 t

c) The shear forces in various storeys are computed as shown in Table 8:

TABLE 8. NODAL FORCES AND SEISMIC SHEAR FORCES AT VARIOUS LEVELS

d) t. and e., ,arc computed as:

e ..... J3'75 - 13'51- O-24m (design \'alae == O'36m) = &3Sm (for top floor. design value

= 0'52)

e ... 10'00 - 9'76 = O'24m (design value = 0'36 m) = 0'30 m (for top floor. desilll value = 0-45 m)

Total rotational stitl'ness I. about centre of rigidity is given by.

I. = (K.Y' + K.xt)

K.Y' = 2 673'78 [5(101) + 5 (2.51) + 5(52) X 3 (12'5)11]

= 3016023'8

K.X' = 6016[4(13'75') + 4 (6'25') + 4(1'251) + 3(8-75')+ 3(16-251)) = II 674. 799'0

/p = 3 016 023'8 + I J 674 799'0 = 1469() 822-8

e) Torsional moment T at various loon il as follows, considering seismic force in X-

direction only. .

T, = 63'59 x 0'36 = 22'89 t.m T. = 61'36 x 0'36 = 22'18 t.m T3 = 52-44 X 0'~6 = 18'88 t.m T. = 32'36 x 0'45 = 14'56 t.m

Torsional shear at each column line is worked out in Table 9 by using equation:

T

v. = - 'y - K •• t,

TABLE' TORSIONAL SHEARS IN VARIOUS STOREYS IN X·DIRECfION (IN TONNES)

FLOOR h, W,h: . v, CoLUMN FIRST SECOSO THIRD FOURTH
W, Q, (SHEAR FORCE) Lll'oIE STOllEY STOItEY Sl'ORJ::Y STOREY
(t) (m, (t) tt) (I) (2) (J) (4,
452'18 3 4069'62 2'23 63-59 V,. V. V. v.
2 .. 6 16 278'48 8'92 61-36 0'20 0'178 0'140 0-119
3 9 36626'58 20-07 51'44 2 0'50 0'044 0'034 0'029
4 410'00 12 59040'00 32'36 32'36 3 0'10 -0'088 -0'071 -0'060
---
I 1601468 4 0'15 -0'132 ~'JOS ~'89J 17

8P &22 -1M2

o Torsional moment in the various storeys considerinl seismic force to be actina in Y -direction:

T 1 = 63'59 x 0'36 = 22'89 t.m T. = 61'36 X 0-36""" 22-18 t.m T, = 52-44 x 0'36 = 18'88 t.m T. = 32'36 x 0'52 == 16'82 t.m

Torsional shears at each column line in this direction are worked out in Table 10 according to expression for

T· x-X ..

VI' = /, .

NOll! - It will be noted from Tablcl 9 and 10 that column lines l. 1 (in c:ue of leltmit force in X-direetionleft 10 rilhl or riJht to leff) and A. B (in Y-dlrectioD) will be ha"io, increate of lhear due to tonion. Other column lines will be relieved of lOme shear but Code recommends not to roduce the seismic ,hear on account of s ucb relief.

TABLE 10 TORSIONAL SHEARS IN VARIOUS STOREYS IN Y -DIRECTION (IN TONNES)

CoLUMN LINE

Plan SECOND THIRD FOUR.TH
STOREY STOREY STOREY STOkEY
(I) (2) (3) (4)
V. V. V. V.
0'49 0'428 0'342 0'362
0'277 0'194 0-IS9 ' 0'162
0'049 &039 0'032 0-032
&242 0'207 0'169 O'17S
0'444 0'380 0'309 C;'318 A B C o E

4.4 MiscellueollS

4_4.1 aad 4.4.2 Under these clauses the Code advises the designer to be extra careful in design of vertical and horizontal projections like towers, tanks, chimneys, balconies and other cantilever projections or appendages in buildings. Experience from past earthquakes has shown that such appendages get damaFd considerably and many lives are lost due to tbeir collapse. Such systems are subject to larger motions than the building to wbich they arc attacbed. fherefore, the Code recommends that lhe seismic coefficient for the design of vertical cantilever projections attached to tne building should be taken as five times the Go" specified for the main structure. Similarly. the vertical seismic coefficient for all horizontal projections shall be S times «y. However. it must be

clearly understood that this provision is only for designing the projecting part and their conncctions with the main structure. This provision is not to be applied to main structure,

Example 4 - A vertical appendage of size 30 x 30 em and 1'0 m high is attached to a four storeyed building in Zone m. Work out the design forces for the appendage structure. Take impor-

tance factor as 1'0 and lOll foundation factor. as 1'2.

For the Zone IU. basic seismic coe1Iicient it 0'04. The design horizontal IOiamic coefIlcient for the· structure is given by.

«. == 1-0 x 1'2 x 0'04 == 0'048

For the appendage the seismic coefficient =5 x 01)0$8 = 0'24. The ecilmic fon:e on the appendage ilgiven b,.

F = &24 x 0-3 x 0'3 x 1 x 2'4 = 0'052 t The ap~dap connection should be desiped for a sbearforce equal to 0'0'2 t and bendin, moment equal to 0'052 x 0'5 = 0'026 t.m.

Example 5 - A horizontal cantilever of' lize 1 x I m hal'iog average thickllOll of 6 em projects. out from the wall of a brick buiklinS room (size 5 x 4·5 m). The building baa. heiabt of 3 m and has:Oat roof with 12 em slab and roof finishing with 240 kslml. Thickness of wall islO em. The building is located in seismic Zone V (see Fig. 6).

The cantilever is to be deaigned for a vcrticaJ seismic coefllcient equal to five times the vertical

,

1-0 mJ

Gcm

~Om

FIG. 6

18

coefficient for tbe zone .'. II. == S x I x 0'08 0: 0'20. The cantilever if designed for static forces will be found to be safe because under seismic condition the moments and shears will increase only by 20 percent whereas the allowable .treases arc to be increased by 33i percent as per 3.3 of the Code.

For cbccking the stability of the cantilever, bowever, it is important to use II. as acting downward for the cantilever and upward for tbe main structure which may be the worst condition in view of difference in characteristics of the two portions (main building and cantilever). This leads t~ increased overturning moment and reduced stabslizing moment. Referring to Fig. 7 where forces arc indicated. the stabilizing moment is given by;

. t

M. = W( 1 - ca.) T

and overturning moment by:

L Me = W)(t + IX .. ) "2

For stability, M. must be greater than Mo.

WI = 1 x I x 0·06 x 2'4 = 0'144 t Mo = 0'144 (I + 0'2) x 0'5

= 0'086 4 t.m,

Weight of the wall above the cantilever = 0'2 x 1'0 X x 2'0 = 0'4 X t

Weight of roof slab per metre run including finishes = 0'8 t

.', W= 0'4X+ 0'8X= l'2X :. M. = )'2 X x 0'1 x (1 - 0'2) .... 0'096 X t.m.

Equating M. and Mo.

0'096 X = 0'086 4 0'086 4

X = 0'096 = 0-9 m = 1'0 m (say),

The cantilever will have to be embedded under t '0 m length of wall. In other words the anchorage length will be 1'0 m or equal to the width of the

cantilever itself. '

5.2 Eleyated Tower Sup-ported Taab - No empirical formulae are avadable for prediction of period of water towers. and even though water towers amorally have longer period and effective acccleratior. coefBcientl arc smaller than tbe peak of the acceleration response .pectra. this reduction is not made use of in the seismic coefficient method. It would be desirable that in future rcvMon of the Code. response spectrum method for determina· tion gf II, is recommended for all zoncs. AItcmatively. since a majority of protot} pe water towers tested bave period. loager than 0'6 It for preliminary desiJn a reduction factor of 0'7' be used auc:h that the desip seismic coefficient

II, = 0'75 ~.I, 110

SP: 22 -1912

t

',0 m

-"
w,
l
J
L_j
W
~t

'" FIG. 7

5.2.4 The analysis based on CDCrlY consideration (RefereDCe 1) shows that when the mass m of the tank (including contents) is much greater than the mass of the staging mo. the equivalent mass will be

M=m+tm"

and when the mass m i. BmaDer than '"0. the equivalent mass will be

M=m+im.

In general the mass of the staging would be smaller than the mIllS of tbe tank (including water) and hence the equivalent mass recommended in the Code is I of actual mass.

The reason for considering only t of the stqins weight at the centroid of tbe tank is that f of the staging weight will act at the bottom of the tank at ground level and hence will not contribute to vibration.

5.2.7 HydroJyltlllffic Pre..,./! In Ttm/c8 - When a tank containinl ftuid with • froe surface i. subjected to eanhquake ground motion. it experiences dynamic duid pressures of two types. Firstly. when the walls of tank accelerate. the adjacent 8uid also acc::clerates and exerts on the wall an impulsive p~re which is directly proportional to the acx:eleration of the wall. Secondly. the effect of the impuJsive pressure exerted by the wall on the fluid is to excite the fluid Iato oscillation and tbe oscillatory accelera· don of the ftuid producea coovectivc pressures on the walls and bottom wbose amplitudes are proportional to the amplitude of oscillation,

19

s. ,22-1-

r

'II'

''''

"

4SSUMED DIRECTION

OF '"'OTIO .... ~

FOR THE !)I'A .. PLE

FIG. 8 EuvATID WATBR. TANK:

AuuminJ tile fluid to be iDcom 'ble and

luid displacemeata IIIII1I. aaalytical':lta have beeD obtained Cor ncIaDpIar and cylindrical type or tanka (Refereac:e 2). The convective preaurea during eartbquat. are couiderably leu in mapitude u compared to i_paWve pressures and are therefore usually _'0CI0d.

5.2.7.2 ... 5.2.7.3 In CUI of tanks restin& on JI'Ouod, the accoIeration or the flWcl in tile tank is deemed to be tho same U tbat of around wbereu for tanks supported OD '.,. the acceJeratioa may correspond to the I'OIpOnae acceleration of tank which would be different from that of tho grouoci.

Nowadays. sophiatic:ated method •• such as apace frame aualylil, are available for evaluation of tho

atifl'nea (or ita invene, the 1eIdNIity) 01 ... Itqiq. However. the approai-.te IDItIaocI u illustrated ill Example 6 would do.

~ 6 - Consider an eIeftttd. triter tower supported on a concrete ataaiaa of • columDI located OIl the circumference of a chcle of 9 m diameter. The height of the.... is 16 m ud horizontal bracina is providod at a vertical ..... 4 m. Tho circular columna are 52 em in diameter. Diqonal ateel bracing in the form of 18 mID dia ban are provided in aU bay. (.ru Fit. 8).

Equivalmt Spring C01IItDllt

The '.a i. asaumed to be composed of sprinp ill aeries connected at the horizontal brace level. The stiffness of the sprinl in one bay is IDIdo up of ltiftDesa of columns and diqonal braceI IICtina as parallel springs.

a) StiftDess of a column in a bay

k 12£1

• r=»:

Let

E - 2 x 10' tIm';

L == 4 m (centre to centre distance)

The moment of inertia is assumed to be ovaluated based on the Jl'OSI area of concrete.

1;= JfdV64 = .. x (0·S21164 _ 3·589 x 1Q-4m'

k, = 12 x 2 x 10' x 3'589 x lo-a/4· -1345'9 tim

Stiffness of 8 columns actilll in paraDel Ek. = 8 X 1 345'9 = 10 767'2 tIm

b) Stiffness of diagonals ill a bay (Re Fig- 8) It is assumed tbat only the tension diqonals contribute to stiffness. The stift"Dess may be taken

as:

AE

k. -. T co.'8

where A is the area of CI'OII--sectioD. B the modulua of elasticity, L the length and e the anp with tho

horizontal.

.4 = II: x (01)18)'/4 - 2'545 x lQ-4m'; £ """ 1'1 x 10' t/m-

The projected lcostba of tile diaaonab on a vertical plane in the db'ection of lI11bqoato Il'O different. Donotina them by La and La

~ - 3'444aec ',; La == 2'435 ICC' .. tu. " = 4/3'444 and taD '. =- 412'435.

k.:. - 430-84 tim and.t.. - 308'58 tim

20

AI there are 2 braces in tho plane parallel to the direction of motion· and 4 braces at an inclination to it. 2 braces do not contribute to stiffness being in a plane at rigbt &nJles to the direction of motion. This gives

Eka - 2kbl + 4k .. = 2 096 tIm

c) Stiffness of one bay is given by

k = Ek. + l:kll = 12 863'2 tim

d) There are 4 bays. The equivalent spring of the system. Ie is obtained by summing the stiff~ neues of all bays in series.

i = ~~

K = kl4 = 12 863'2/4 = 3 2] 5'8 t/m

A similar procedure may be used if earthquake force is applied in any other direction and the wont situation evaluated. for design.

Example 7 - An elevated water tank has a capacity of 600 ml, The tank is circular with an internal diameter of 12 m and height 6 m. The tank is supported on a concrete staging 16 m in height. The staging consists of columns. and horizontal and diagonal bracings. The structure is located in Zone IV and founded on Type II medium type of soil.

Let the weight of empty tank be 250 t. The weight of water in the tank when it is full is 600 t. Let the weight of staging consisting of columns and bracings be 1 SO t and the stiffness of the .taging in any direction is 3200 tIm The value of stiffness K may be obtained by any method of static analysis known to the designer (see Example 6). K is the lateral force required to cause unit deftection at the centre of gravity of the tank.

Lumped Weighu

a) Tank empty

Equivalent weitht acting at the centre of JI1lvity of tank

W. = 250 + t x ISO = 300 t

b) Tankfull

Equivalent weight.

W, = 300 + 600 = 900 t

Fundar.tental Period

T ~-= 2ft J ~-. 6 = ~

. Here W is the lumped weight at centre of gra~ Vlty of the tank and X is the stiffness of the staging.

I. t22~ 1982

Therefore,

T- 2RJ;; a) Tank empty

T = 2. fgW-K- = 2ft J 300

\j . 9'81 x 3 200

= 0'614 s ,

b) Tankfull

T = 21C Jri = 2ft J9'81 ~ 200 = 1'064 s,

A'ierage Acceleration Coefficient

Assuming a damping of 5 percent of critical. for the above periods. the average acceleration coefficient (from Fig. 2 of the Code) would be:

a) Tank empty,

SQ/g = 0'148

b) Tank full.

Salg = 0- 10.;

IX" = ~ I.Fo• Salg

~ = ]-0, 1= 1'5 and Fo = 0'25

a) Tank emp,y,

lit" = 0'055 5 b) Tankfull.

lit" = 0-039

Shear Force V=c",W a) Tank empty,

V = _II' W. = 0'0555 X 300 = 16-65 t b) Tank full.

V =.11 WI = 0'0390 x 900 = 35'10 t

Tank full is the severest condition. The force 35'10 t acts horizontally at the centre of gravity of the tank in the plane in whic b the structure i. assumed to oscillate.

Hydrodynamic PreSsure

The tank wall will be subjected to an acceleration of (lit" g) 38'259 em/sl (corresponding to lit" = 0'039) with a natural period of 1 064 s, this would correspond to a displacement of

21

IPI22-1.2

7'1 38'lS9 x (1'064)' 1·n&7 em

Q' .... - 4" = V71

where a is acceIeratiOD,

l".,.,ut.e Pf'UIMI'e

Heisht of water in tank 600

- ft6t - S'305 m

Pressure on Wallt

p. = ".-w-h-y-real /it [~ -«~)1

p. is maximum when cos _' = 1 (for~' - 0)

/Jill - 0-039 x 1 000 x 5-305 x v'T[ f- ~

x ( f)1 tanh V3(~)'

.m)' I (Y )']3'612 = 206'895 x v"l"-2' 71· fm

= 345'3S[ f ~ t( t )1

at Y - 0'2"

p. == 345'35 x 0'18 - 62'16kg/ml

at y == 0'4h

P. - 345'35 x 0'42 = 145'06 kg/ml at y == 0-6h

p- == 345'35 x 0-42 = 145'06 kg/m'

at y - O'S h

p. == 345'35 x 0'48 == 165-76 kg/m,I

at y ... l'Oh

P. - 345'35 x O'S ... 172'20 kgJml

PreNure on thc bottom of the tank on a strip of width 21' is

J3 { sinh v'3( 1-) }

p. = •• ' w, h· '2 _( R)

cosh v'3- Ii

1'732 - ::I: (1)39 x 1 000 x S'30S x -r

{ainhV3(i-) }

x cosh \1'3 (~)

179'17) - h • ir(~) - 3'612 lID v II

- 48-71 sinh v3 (~ )

at x- 0 P. = 0

at x == ± 0'2 R

lit == 48-71 x 0'401 9 =- ± 19'60 kJlmat x = ± 0'4 R

p. == 48-77 x 0-866 3 = ::I: 42'25 kg/m' at x== ± O'6R

p. = 48'77 x 1'465 3 = ± 71'46 kgfmi at x = ± 0'8 R

p. = 48-77 x 2'292 1 = ± 1 t 1'78 k&lm' at x = ± 1-0 R

p. == 48'77 x 3'475 3 = ± 169'49 k&/m'

The distribution of pressure along the wall and at the base are as shown in Fig. . 98 for _' = 0 and t' - R. Similarly. pressure distributions along the wall and base at 'Iarious locations can be found out by cbangina the \'&lues of ~. and " and studied (or dcsign.

o

0-2

" ...

"'~WALL ,

,

-,

,

"

,

\

,

\

0·'

&: ....

>0-

Il!:

o

.... 0'6 x

0'8

PReSSURE IN kg/,.2 Pto,9A R.BcrANGUl.AI. TANE

22

B#Jmple 8 - An elevated water tank has a capacity of fiOO mi. The tank is re<:t&nguJar 12 m x 9 m in size and 6 m in height. Tho tank is supported on a concreto stagio,g ]6 m high. The staling consists of colomu, horizontal and diagonal bracings. The Itructu~ is located in Zone IV and founded on a Type II medium type of soil.

Let the weight of the empty tank be 250 1. The weipt of the water in the tank when it is full is 600 1. Let the weight of the _sing; consisting of columns and braci. be 1 SO t and tbe stiffness of the .taging in any direction is 3200 tIm.

Lumped Weight,

a) Tank empty

Equivalent weight acting at the centre of gravity of tank

W. = 250 + i X ISO = 300 t

b) Tank/ull Equivalent Weight

W, = 300 + 600 = 900 t

, Fundamental Period

T= 2ft J'1

Here A is the static horizontal deflection at the top of the tank which can be fouod out by any of the methods from structural analysi •.

Using the relation A. - ;'

where W is the lumped weight at centre of gravity of the tank and K the atift'ncss of the staging the expression for fundamental period becomes

T: 2TCJ-;K

a) Tank empty

T = 2TC J W. = 2TC r 300 .

g K V 9-8J X 3 200

= 0'6148

b) Tanic full

T = 2TC J W, = 21tJ 900

g K 9'81 X 3,200

= 1'064 s.

Average AcceleraliOlJ COfjJicient

Assuming ciampini as S percent of the critical value. for the above periods. the avera. acceleration coefficients (from Fig. 2 of the Code) would be

SP 122-1_

a) Tank empty

s. = (1'148 g

b) Tank/ull

s. = 0'104 g

Seismic Coefficient

Sa lit" = ~ .1.F,

g

~ = 1'0, Fo = 0'25

a) Tank empty lit" = 0'0555

b) Tank/ull '«,. = 0'039

Shear Force V = lit", W

a) Tank empty

V = IXA'W. = 0'05S 5 x 300 = 16'6S t

b) Tank Full

V = IX", W, = 0'039 x 900 = 35'10 t Tank full is the severest condition.

The force 35'10 t acts horizontally at the centre of gravity of the tank in the plane in which the structure is assumed to oscillate,

Hydrodynamic pressure

The tank wall will be subjected to an acceleration of (1I".g) 38'259 cm/sl (corresponding to lit" = 0'039) with a natural period of 1'064 s, this would correspond to a displacement of

a x ~ - 38'259 x 0'064)' - 1'097 em

4nl - 4TC' -

where a is acceleration.

Impulsive Pressure

600 Height of water in the tank = 12 x 9

= S'SS6 m

Pressure on the wall.

p. = .".w.h -Ir[~ -i ( ~ rJ X tanh 43 (~)

= 0'039 X I 000 X s· 556

x tanh .f3(5'~S6)

23

sp: 22· 1982

= 375'262 9 [: - t ( ~ rJ

x Oo9S363

= 357'862 4 [ ~ - t ( ~ rJ

y

at 7; = 0

p. = 0

at ~ = 0'2

PI/) = 357'8624 x 0'18 = 64'4 kg/rna

at 1- "'= 0'4

h

p", :" 357'8624 x 0-32 = 114'5 kg/ml

at z_ = 0'6

h

p. = 357'8624 x 0'42 = 150'3 kg/m'

at]'_ = O,g

h

p. = 357'8624 x 0'48 - 171'8 kg/mt

at ~ = 1'0

p. = 357'8624 x 0'5 = 178'9 kg/m1 The pressure on the bottom of the tank

= 0'039 x 1 000 x S'SS6 x ~3

[ sinh 43 ( F ) ]

cosh ff x 5'5~6

0-039 x 1 000 x 5'556 x 4r

=

2 x 3'323

x sinh ff( Z )

56'464 5 sinh ff ( Z )

x

atT = 0

p.=O

x

at T = ±O'2

p. = 56'464 5 X 0'3829 = 21'621::gfmt at ; -= ±0-4

p. = 56-464 5 x 0'82 = 46-30 kg/mt

x

at T = ±O'6

p& = 56'464 5 x 1-373 = 77'54 kg/mt

x

atT = ±O'g

po = 56'464 5 x 2']209 = 119'76 kg/mt

x

at T = ±1'0

Po = 56-464 5 x 3'168 9 = 178-93 kg/rnt The above type of pressure distribution are plotted and are shown in Figure 9A

5.3 Stac::kllkt Structure

General - Stack like structures are those in which mass and stiffness is more or less uniformly distributed along the height. For the purpose of analysis these could be treated as cantilever beams,

If the structure is long compared to its crosssectional dimensions, bending deformations are predominant. but in general shear and rotary inertia deformations should also be considered in the analysis,

24

The formulae PveD in the Code concemiDa period of vibration, bale Iboar and base momenta are baaed on the research work (Reforeuce 3). The following parameters have been varied in the analysis of variOUl typoI of chimneys:

Tho a1endel'lleN ratio at bale, f., baa been varied from': to SO where the lower limit correspoads to short and stout cbilimeya and the upper limit to lona and Ilonder ones. The radius of IYration, r, a wei) as tho area or crou-section. A, varied linearly along the lealth L. nat is. at any section. distance "X' from the base,

1'./1'. - A./A. = 1 - (1 -~) xlL

In addition. for a few cases. the variation of A. is assumed as,

A./A. :s 1 - [(I - ~) xlL'1

The taper ratio (l baa been varied· from a value of 1'0 to 0'2 whicJa coven a wide raap. In all cues. bendin, molDent and shear have been computed both at the base as weU as along the length. The term. retpODIe Jw been used hero to denote luch quantities.

Recorded around motion correapondiDg to ICtUal earthquakes, namely. NS component of El Centro earthquab of 18 May J940 and N69W component of Taft earthqui.te of 21 Iuly 1952 bave been used to compute tho various response. The undamped fad_mental period of vibration had two values, namely. two MCOnds cotre8pOndiDa to larger values of '. and ODO second correspondiog to shorter valua of 1'.. Where r. i. slenderness ratio =L/r. , beiDa radiUs of J)'ration, The first three modes of vibration bave been used for mode: superposition~. Modes of higher order have not been CODIIdered as the cOfTCIpood-

. iDa period. are 50 short that Found motion ac::celerations are not doftned for such periods, Two combinatioDl or dam. have been coDlkJercd, In one case. dam pia, baa been assumed. to be the same in all modCt and in the other, dampin, increased with increaII in order of modes thus representiDg structural dampin. phenomenon, The fint case, in wbicb. dampina is the same in all modes, would be coaservative and gives .fiahtly larger response. For the Combination of modes, response has been obtained time-wise and maximum values have also been determhted,

In another method of determinina reapolllO. groUDd motion hu bcea IIIIQDI.CCl to be nc:b that

the velocity spectra i. S. iI indepeudent of

, od. This baa been termed II ·ftat .pectra'.

C an UlUlDPtioD. nearly corraponda to that of Housner', .verap apeetra. Plat.poetra criterion generaUy gives I..... resPODIO for hiJber model compared to actual JI'Ound motion if the data is 10 normalized such 1hat tint mode roaponae is tho SlIDe in aU cues. AIsUmiq ciampini to be tho

... 22· ..

lime in alllDodOl and 1IIiq let IPICtI'L ___ value of reipOOIC in 0ICb lIlode ......... worbd out The total reapoDIO baa beea .. meet to be equal to the root me&D1qUU8 YIlue or the flnt three model.

As far u the dilttJ.'butiOD of tho Ibear Cen. and bendiDJ momenta alona the bliJbt it 0DD0efD00 eel. the fOl'lDUlae have been kept UDCIIII",. rJabt from the fiJ'lt vcnion of IS : 1 A93 aDd it buod OD; Housno:(s paper <.w Reference 4).

The Code provisiona should not: apply to thole CUC8 where lOme heavy concentrated me-. may be located at some levelt or to structures supported on stagings lite .ilol.

The Code also assumes that foundatioD condi. tiODS are reasonably JOod and structure could be assUmed to be fixed at tbe foundation level,

Example 9 - A reinforced concrete chimney of hciaht 28 m is located in seismic Zone V. Tho outer diameten at bale and top are 3'0 m and 1-8 m, respectively. The wall thicbaou of the stnJo.. tura1 mell is 0'3 m throughout the hcisht and the asbestolliniDg is 0'10 m thick. It is required to evaluate earthquake foreca on thi. c:him.ney. The m04ulus of elasticity of the Itructural material it 2'1 x 10' tIm',

a) Period 01 nbfation

Area of cross section A at the bile

= : (Dt - tP)

= : (3' - 2'4') = 2'54 ml

Moment of inertia I at the bile - ~(D' - 4') -= ~ (3'0' - 2'4·) - 2'347 m·

Radius of 8)'l'ltion r = J !

= J2~~ -= 0-96 m

28

Slenderneu ratio = Llf -- 0:96 = 29'167

Coefticient Cr - 54'534

WeiJht of Chimney:

Let the deDlity or the aU aDd linins be 2'4 tim' and 2"6 tim', respectively.

Mean diameter of the shell D.

- 1 (mean diameter at top + mean diameter at base)

.... t (2'7 + l"S) = 2'10 m

25

SP: 22·1912

The volume of the shell = 11: • Dm , T _ h' = 11: x 2-10 x 0'3 x 28

= 55-39 m'

at X' = 0 v=O

at X'= 0'2 h'

V = 20'848 (0'333 2 - 0'0261) = 6'39 t

Mean diameter of lining = i (2'3 + 1'1) = 1'7 m at X' = 0'4 h'

Volume of the lilting = 1'7 x 0-1 x 28

= 14'95 mt V = 20'848 (0'666 2 - 0'106 62) = 11'67 t

Total weight of chimney

W, = 55'39 x 2'4 + 14'95 x 2'0

- 162'84 t

Period of vibration

T = CT f1Vi'7i' 4.JBT:"g

== 54'534 f 162'84 x 28

4.J 2'1 x 1()i x 2- 54~x--=9~'8:-:-1

- 0'509 s

b) Design Selmric Coefficient

The acceleration coefDcient SJg corresponding to 5 percent damping is 0"159. The design seismic

m· A S.

eoe eient c&,\ - t" ' 1, F. -. For hard and

g

medium. soils for the type of foundation used '" .." 1'0. Assuming that the chimney is the part of power house complex, the importance factor 1= 1'5. In Zone V, F. = 0'4.

IX" = 1'0 x 1'5 x 0'4 x 0'159 = 0'095 4

c) Shear Forte tm4 Smt/lng Moment

The design shear force Yat a distance X' from the top is calculated by the following formula:

[ 5 ( X' ) 2 ( X' )']

V = C.c&" w. "3 ¥ - T 71

Coefficient c. = 1'342 (from Table 5 of the Code)

V = 1'342 x 0'09' 4 x 162'84[ i (~)

- : ( ;~r]

= 20'848 [0'059 5 X' - 0'000 85 (X')']

at X' = 0-6 h'

V=::: 20-848 (0'999 6 - 0'2299) = 15'84 t at X' = 0'8 h'

V = 20'848 (1'332 8 - 0-426 5) = 18'89 t at X' = h'

V = 20-848 (J'666 - 0'666 4) = 2O'85t

The design bending moment M at a distance X~ from the top is calculated by the following formula:

M - CIA We ii [ 0'6 ( f)'IJ +0-4 (;')']

r "'" 0'458 h' = 12'834 m

M - 0'0954 x 162'84 X 12'834

[ 0·6 ( :;)'JI + 0'4 (;,')']

= 199'37S[ 0'6(;"y" +0'4(;")']

at X' = 0 M=O

at X' = 0'2h'

M e=: 199'375 [0'6 (0'2)1/1 + 0-4 (0-2)'] = 199'375 (0'268 3 + 0'000 64)

= 53'62 t.m

at X' == 0'4h'

M ... 199'375 [0'6 (0'4)," + 0'4 (0-4),]

'"" 199'375 (0'379 5 + 0'010 24)

... 77·70t.m

at X' == 0'6 /a'

M - 199'37510'6 (0'6)1/' + 0'4 (0'6)') = 199'375 (0'464 8 + 0-051 84)

-,

== 103'00 t.m

at X' "'" 0'8 h'

M =: 199'375 [0'6 (0"8)'11 + 0'4 (0'8)4) = 199'375 (0'536 7 + 0-163 8)

= 139'67 t.m

26

at X' .. 1'0 ,,,

M - 199-375 [0'6 (1'0)111 + 0'4 (1'0)'] - 199'31 t.m

~ BRIDGES

~1.1 The aarely of bridae .. a wbole ADd that or ill individual COIDpcmenta, IUCb. u IUpoI'ItrUCo tare. beariap. ,.... ao.cl foaadation iI. important dllliDa an .. ~ The two dinctiODS critical for the earthquake ..... t deIip. are the aU aloaa the leogtll or tho bridae and perpoadicular to the axil of the bridae. Tho horizontal Beiamic force is auumed to act in ODe of these directions at a time. For the pUIpOIIe of doai,p. bridge .could be divided into IOVeral e1emonta, I1ICh u.upentncture, beariDp. pion, etc. The leiamic fOlQt equal to weiaht of tho clcmeIlt times the design seismic coefticient thould be applied at

... 22·1_ the centre of pavity or tho elomeDt. The application of -.me fome to'varioaa ..... tI in tbo two ~ directiou of the bridae is IbowD in FIg. lOA and JOB.

6.103 11ao demap ibid, of bridaII dlU'iq put eartbquaket baa dearly Ihown tbIt mIlOIII)' ardl bridaes .... more vufnerable to ckma. due to brittJeDcIa of material. furtbel the failure of one of the OODtiDuoua arch 1paDI:'" die &iJ.1IIe in other.... Theref'ore. oollltr1lcdon of IDIIOItry an:b bri4IIDa of IpIA more than 10 m are DOt recommoacleid in ZoDea IV and V. Slab, box ad pipe culverts aro uuaUy nOC deliped for .,.. quake force. Briel .. of Jeaatb smaller tIIan Q) m and spans ... than J5 m are .. IUICOptiblo to dam.., duo to nUnor Ihocb and 1bouId. theretore, be ~ for earthquake fol'COl 0DlJ in IC¥VO ZoDel V and V. Lcnstbs aDd IpIDI mentiooed

w,& WEIGHT 0' GIRDER Wz. MIGHT 0' 8EAJlINGS W,. WE IG"'1 0' ~IEIit

W,. WEI GHT OF WELL

FOUNDATION

FlO. lOA SIIIMIC Foaa ON BamalIN DIJIIIIIRBNT'CoJototans IN loNOrruDlNAL DDlBCTJoN DECK

-------------

---------~- ---

BRIDGE 'IER

27

SP J 22 • 1112·

above are more or leu arbi~ latina into could be tranamitted to" the Iuppordq ItrUCtaro. coasideration the obIerfttionl during past eanlJ. In view of thia. a factor or" SO peroeot of deIip quakes. live load (without impact) for railway bridaeI and

25 porceat of desi ... live 1_ (without impact) for

6.1.3 Tbe special tJI*: of btidgcs. such u road bridps for the purpose or IOiamic load IUlpeDlion bridae. bucuIe bridae. cable ltayed evaluation OD live load in traDlYOl'It" directioa briase. horizonllDy curvod bridao. roiDIorcod (eurreat dirwctfon) is recommended.

coocrete arch bridal or lteet bddae aDd tho bridpI

hav.lDa piers taller dian 30 m and SpIUIJ more thaD 6.4..1 BeIides horizontal aoillD1c CQeJIlcient. the 120 m. are suaptibIe to .ftIIIp due to structural " ~ure Ihould also be deeipecl for vertical vibratiooa. It is, tborefore,ncommended that IOlIDlic force. The venical seillDic force baa dyaamic behaviour of brid" ill lOCh caMI must oauaed JumpiDl, of girders in SOlDO cues aDd c:aa be taken into acco_ 'J."be modal ana1)aiI ahoukI C&UIO additio'" forces and ddecdon in the Jinlet be carried out particUlady.for brid.,. ill ZoneI IV puticu1arly for longer apans. The vcrdcaI MiIlDio and V. All other bridlOl sJiouJd be deaiped by force should also be conaidered OD 100 perooat _mic coefBcient method. deIip live load (without i.mpact) for rallway brid,_ and SO percent or desisn Uveload (witllout impact) for road b~_.

6A.2 Tho proper securing of IU~ with the IUbstructure throuah the beariDp iI required due to foUowioa reasons:

a) The anchor bolta can shear off d~ .. earthquake. In order to pnvent .UGh actioD. anchor bolts mould be desiped for horizontal Hillllic force on the sirder.

6.1.4 Earthquake Coree tball be calculated OD the basis of dePth of icour caued by the ditcharp correspondina to mean llUlual flood. The diIchafge corresponding to IDOI!l annual ftood ihouJd be worked out by takIq the averaJe of muimum yearly Iood dilcbaraea. The deai ... value of earthquake and maximum flood shall be assumed not to occur simultaneously.

6.2 The ·significant point to be noted ill this Clause is regarding tbe weiabt W •• The reciUCUoDI due to buoyancy or uplift are neglected because buoyancy is a force. The iGerti& forces a... Dot calculated 00 a foroe, theee are calculated oDly 00 mass.

b) The rollm am be dislodpd oft' their bearia8s durin. aD earthquake. In order to prevent such an action connecting pl.tea or aegmeDtal rollers or stoppen should be uaed. To avoid tho jumpmg of girder. IpeciaJ boob

6.3.1 The live load ~ implies "vebicDlar must be employed. which conaect the top and

traffic. The seismic force actiOl on the live load the bottom shoe. ".typical arrangement for

is ignored in the direction of traflic because such roller beating is IhoWn in Fig. 11.

a force would cause the wheels to roll and very - 6 .. .3 n.. • .--. • of m...._· th

little or no inertia force would be transmitted to • vn:nUmlng. &'" ......... ID e tra.Dna1JO

the substructure on tbis acoount. Since the bridps direction is one of 'the possible model of failure are designed for loqiludinal folCO due to braklDg of superstructure during an earthquake. Therefore. c1fects. it is assumed tbat any inertia force tran.. it is recommended that a factor of .... ety of I'S mUted to the substructure in tbe trafIk: direction apinst ovcrtuming should be ensured (or superwould be covered by the deqn for longitudinal ItrUCture. The ",rticaJ scrismic force mould also braking force. Since the roUi. of wheels is not be considered as,' explained in ' .... 1 while possible in transverse dina-ion. tho seismic eft'ecls coDsidering stabUity. The direction of vertical OD live" loaJ should be included ill this directiOD. IOismic force should be .uch that it sives tho wont

effect.

6.3.2 The amount of design live load to be considered for seismic force evaluation 00 live Joad is dependent upon the probability of its presence on the brid&e at the time of an earthquake. It is assumed that 100 percent of deaign live load may be present i4 railway bridges aDd SO percent of design live load may be present on road bridges at the instant of earthquake. These figures are based on probabUiItic considerations and shpq}d be used for computinl .tresses due to live loads when combined with earthquake etrocts. The seismic force OD live load is recommended to be considered on 50 percent of the design. live load at the time of earthquake. The reduction in dosisa live load for seismic toad evaluation is based on the fact that the live load is friction supported on the eJeck or on the rail and only partial eff'ect

(;.5.1 a) The traDafer of forces from .uperltr'UCturo to IUbstrocture tbroUlh the beariop is worked out in example 10 .. von below:

Exomple 10 - {see Fig. 7A of the Code) W' = 800 t, e = 6'8 m, ~ = 0'3.

e. = O'OS

L' = 90m.c, = 0'0

Horizontal seismic force on girder

F - Ca W' =.O-OS x 800 =- 40 t

28

IP.22-I.

SPEelAL HOOK TO

PREveNT JUMPING

LOCK BARS

PLATES TO PREVENT ESCAP~ OF ROLLER

FlO, II DESION OF ROLLER. DIAllING' FOR PRBVENTlNO EscAPING OF RoLLIIRS

Change in vertical reactions

= ± ~; = ± 40 ~ 6'8 = ± 3'022 t

Rl = 400 ± 3'022 = 403-022 t and 396'978 t p.RI = 120'90 t and 119'09 t

F'12 = 20t

Fl = F'12 = 20 t since ~Rl > F'll F. = F' - Fl = 40 - 20 = 20 t

H Ib = 0'025. there will be further change in vertical reaction = ± 0'025 x 800 = ± 20 t. With this chan., in vertical reaction included. pRl will be still greater than F" 12, Therefore, FI = F, = 20 t in thil case also.

b) Horizontal and vertical seismic forces on the piers and wells should be appUed at the centre of mas_ respectively. The effects of buoyancy and uplift sbould be neglected as these are reactive forces.

6.5.2 The additional dynamic force in tho form of hydrodynanUc force arises on the submersed portion of the piers. This force ia primarily due to the vibration of certain mau of water surrounding tbe pier alon, wiUl the Dier and this is assumed to act in the direction Of seismic force. The computation of hydrodynamic force is based on cylinder analogy. For the purpose of simplifyiD, the ualysis. this analoay aaumel that certain portion of water in the envelopm, cylinder formed for the plan of pier acta alODJ with th, mass of the pier and gives rise to hydrodynamic force. The circular cross-sectional area to be adopted for enveloping cylinder is dependent upon orientatiou of pier witb respect to earthquake force, Some typical cases of envelopiDa: cyliDdcrs are illustrated in Fig. 9 of tbe Code.

6.5,2.1 Example II below demonstrates the method of calculating hydrodynamic forco and hydrodynamic pressure distribution for substructure of a bridge,

Examplt! II - Calculation of hydrodynamic force and pressure distribution OD bridp substructure (lee Fi •. 12).

F ' ,ht 15'24

or pier portion. ,-; ..... 1-2

= 12'7 > 4'0 (C. - 0'73)

. h 30'55

For well portion. ~ - "PJS

= 11'09 > 4-0 (C, - 0'73)

«" = .tll .• " = 0'08 x l'S x I'S = 0'18 Weight of water in envelopin. cylinder for pier

W.l = ; X 2'41 x 15'24 x I = 69'Ot Weight of water in enveloping CYlin~ for wen w •• =: x 5'S' x 30'55 x 1 - 726'0 t Hydrodynamic fora: on pier,

Fl - 0'73 x 0-18 x 69'0""" 9'06 t Hydrodynamic force on weD,

F. = 0'73 x 0'18 x 726 - 9S'SOt

F = FI + F. = 9'06 + 95'5 - J04'56 t For pier.

F 9'06

Ptl - )'2 ~ - 1'2 x 15'24 - 0'714 tim

The pressure distribution for the pier i. worked out and is presented in Table 11.

2 F.

For wcU. Ph'" I' X:;;;

95'5

- 1'2 )( '"'iF3J - "75 tIm

The pressure diltributioD for the well portion it worked out IUd is presented in Table 12.

The pressure distributioD illhOWD. in Fia. 13.

29

...

M

.'m __ t-I ,..... 1m

HWL ,

Flo. 12:IUXJB..SVIInUCTUU

Nan! -In actual pncdae euth4aab fOl'Cel would be caIcaIated .bow ICOUI dIpIb ill ecordaDce with UA of .. Code.

TABLB II """"DB'I'aIBI1nON ON'PIER

Gi CJi. C. ChCf/m)
0-1 1'524 0'410 0"292
0'% 3"011 0-673 ChIlO
0'3 4'512 0"83% 0'5M
0'4 6'ON o-92l &658
0'5 7"620 0't70 0-692
. CHi "144 0'990 0'707
" 12'1. "" 0'713
1'0 I'" 1'000 &714 30

40

tOOO 2000 3000 4000 5000

PRESSURE. IIg 1m 2

FlO. 13 HVDRODYNAMJC PltBssUU DlSTRIBunON ON BRJooI! S ..... UCTUJtB

TABLE 12 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN

WELLPORDON

C, C,". c. C,P .. (tim)

0-1 3-055 0'410 2'2$2

O'l "110 0'673 3'234

0" ,.'65 0"832 "834

&4 12'220 0'922 4'172

0-, 15'27$ 0'9'70 4'351

0-6 11'330 0-990 4-427

0'1 24'440 ()0999 4'4(1)

1'0 »550 1'000 4'464

BJUJmpk 12 - no pier well of a lubmersible bridge is shown in Fig. 14 •

Design horizontal Jeismic coefficieDt CI. - 0'18

Hydrod)'D&lDic preuures at ,,4, 8, and Care aiVOll below:

PA ... 87S x ()OJ8 .J36'OO x S'OO - 2 11S-7 kalm'

, WL

~-- ... I- 8

300H m

SCOUR LEVEL

,,~, C "" ""

FlO. 14 SUBSTRUC'IlJU POll StJJUa.sJILB BRIDOB

P. "'" 875 x 0'18 .36'09 x 20'24 = 4 256'76 ks/m'

Pc = 875 X 0"18 .36-09 x 36'09 = 5 684' J 8 trim'

Toeal horizontal shear aad moment per metre width.at A. Band C due to hydrodynamic pres· lure arc as follows:

VA = ; x 2 115'72 x 5 = 7052'40 kslm

M A = ~ x 2 1l s·n x 5'

= 14104'80 kgm/m

v. = i x 4 256'76 x 20'24 :::0 57 437'88 talm

M. = ~ x "256-76 X 20-241 :::: 46S 017-06 kJlDlm

Yc eo ; X 5 684'18 x 36'09 = 136761'35 k8/m

4

Me 0::: 13 x 5 684'18 x J6.()9I

= ] 974287']0 kam/m

7.3 GraYity Ib ... - At the time of an eaJt.b.. quake, besides the norma) forces. namely, IeJf weight. water pressure and ailt or earth pteSI1IN. inertia and hydrodynamic forces act on a dam.

The inertia force is the product of mill and acceleration and this force acts in the direction opposite to that of the lfOund motion. The horizontal inertia force acts from upstnam to dowD stream as wen as from daViD .u.a,m to upstream. Similarly the 'Vertical inertia fon:o acta from dowowards as well as tram upward. to downwardt direction. An acceleration downward, decreaseI the weight. The dam is deligncd for the wo~t combination that is for the horizontal and vertical iDertia folCCl.

The interaction ctrect between the dam and reservoir caues the hydrodynamic forces OD the dam. The direction of hydrodynamic force is opposite to the direction of earthquake acceleration but tbe acceleration cbanges sign in practice. Hence, tbe force could be either pressure or suction. Zanpr"s method (Reforence 5) i, generally adopted in design practice to find the hydrodynamic forces and It is based on the foUowina assumptions:

a) The fluid is incompressible. and

b) The dam is rigid and hence has the samo motion tbroughout its body as that of the base of the dam.

The dynamic behaviour or dam- reservoir system is usually evaluated treating the dam and reservoir as two uncoupled. systems, namely. dynamic response of ~ dam ignoring the off'ect of reservoir warcr and hydrodynamic pressure on the dam to represent the effect of reservoir water. It is invariably assumed tbat the interaction eft'ects between tbe clam and reservoir are small so that' the solutions of the uncoupled S)'Item can be combined to obtain a complete solution for the response of the dam.

For determination of earthquake forces on dams. two methods aro suggcsted, <a> one based on seismic coemcient method. and (b) the other OD response spectrum method. The seismic coe8ldent method bas been sugested for dams up to 100 metres in hciPt and the response spectrum method baa to be usod. for dams above this height. The idea of choosing a value of 100 meters is that most of tbe dams up to tbis heiJht will have periods sborter than 0'3 sand the spectral acceleration may not be influenced by change of period in

31

SP 122- 1112

this range. Furt ... dams beyond 100 metres in heigbt may be _uaht to be more important requiring more sopltist_ted analYsis.

In the seismic codicient method. the horizontal acceleration is assumed to have the sbape of an inverted. triangle. 'The value at tbe top bas been taken as 1'5 timet tM seismic coefficient c •. If ODe takes the shapc of tbe dam II triangular and the distribution of ~dOD as an inverted triangle. the base shear WOUld be equal to O'S W •• (see Fig. ] S), but siMI tho section of tbe dam is Dot a triangle. the bale shear tends to be 0'6 "'II •.

V. = 1(; y ) (I -yIN) I·S ••. w .. dy

= r-s ••. : ('; -rn)w-

Y" =:01.0'25 ... BHw_ = 0".,,' W

This compares well with the base shear coefficient liven in reapoftIC tpcCtnun method

V. - 0'6 W ••

The various formulae given in the response spectrum method are based on research work carried out at Roorlcec University. (Reference 6 and 7).

'Yertkal EDr,.,"

In both the , the ftrticalacccleration

his been _ .., llave • "'pc of an inverted

triaDsie with tile vQae at the top of dam beiDg equal to hair tb" Ilorizontal acceleration. This

H

.... --8----- ....

DAM SECTION

value of bait implies that tho vertical intensity or earthquake is equal to halftbe horizontal intensity. However. in the case of the response spectrum method this value may not be exactly half because of tbe different definitions of tbe term c~.

An example illustrating the pertinent clauses of the Code is gtven below:

Example 13 - A 1 ()() metre high concrete gravity dam, as shown in Fig. 16 is located in seismic Zone Y. Unit .... eight of the material of dam is 2'S tim' and modulus of elasticity of the material is 2'1 x lO't/ml• Work out the earthquake forces by aeismic oocf6.cient method add as weD as by respoDSe spectrum method for a unit leoath of ~.m.

a) Sei3mic CoeffiCient Method - Horizontal

seismic coefficient .~ at the top of thedam. is given by

c! :::0 I'S~ll1o [from clause 3.4.2.3 (8)1 ~ = 1"0.

1 = 2'0.

lXo = 0'08,

.~ = l'S x 1'0 x 2'0 x O'OS = 0'24.

It varies linearly from a value of 0'24 at thetop to zero at the base.

"'r .. ---1·5 Olh ---.... ...

Pro. IS bAM SIICTION wnH ACCBLEtAnON

ACCELERATION

32

90 m

.-~--~--~ ~1.~---70m---- __ ~~·

Flo. 16 SBC110N OP A CoNcum DAM At 10 m from top

W. "'" weight abo.,. thia IeYeI for a uuit length and height 4x

= 1 x 7 x 2'5 x 4x - 17" h

Shear force

10

== l" . W. where .. - (1 - &Olx) 0'24

10

V. == ! (I - O-Olz) (0-24) (17"5) dx - 39'9 t

10

MotneDt MIl - L", W. ('10 - x)

10

"'" L (I - O'OIx) 0-24 X 17-5 <10 - x) 4x

= 203·Ot.m

10m and

- 0"7 x X 2'5 dx "'" 1'7Sxh

100

y 1M = VII + I (1 - O+OI.x) (0-24) 1'75 dx 10

SP: 22.1982

= 39'9 + 680'4 = 720'3 t 100

M. = Mll + YIO X 90 + I (I - O'Olx) 10

x (0'24) (I'75x) (100 - x)tbc == 602 + 33 ]69'5

- 33 771'5 t.m

b) Re!p01lM Spectrum Method

i) The fundamental period of vibration of the dam is given by

T _ 5'55 H' rw..

B \liE.

= 5'55 (100)1 ~ 2 SOO

70 9'81 x 2 100 x 10'

= 0'278 I

u) Dengn seismic cM.f/iclent

Po s; ell = PI 0-

g

Values of p and I are same as taken in previoul ease.

F. = 0'4 and ~ = 0'19, for 5 percent g.

damping

ell == 1'0 x 2'0 x 0'4 x 0'19 == 0'152

iii) Bau shear

Y. = 0'6 Will = 0'6 x 1 x 2'5

x (7 x 100 + 63 ~ 90) x 0'152 = 8OS'98 t

iv) Btm motttmt

M. - 0'9 W , I . Cll

(7 x 100 x l~ + ~ x 63 x 90 x ~)

I = ~ _ .. -----

7 x 100 + 1 x 63 x 90

== 33'96 m

M. == 0'9 x 8 837'5 x 33'96 x 0' 152 =0 41 056'62 t.m

v) Shear at depth y from top is Biven by Y, - c; V.

33

At 10 m from top

C' = 0'08, VI. = (1)8 x 805'98

•

= 64'48 t

vi) Moment at depth y from top is given by

M. = C':' M.

At ]0 m from top

C.:. = 0-02, MI. = 0-02 x 41 0S6'62

= 821'13 Lip

It is seen tbat seismic coefBcient method aives somewhat lower values at the base but considerably lower valuei near the top. This is due to the load diagram which is IpeCified in first method. whereas in the second methodlhears and mOD1Cnts arc specified.

Hydrodynamic PrellUre (or Suction)

a) The hydrodynamic pre_are at depth y below the reservoir .urface is given by,

p= C •. II,' ., ..

C. = ;- r~ ( 2 - ~ ) + J ~ ( 2 - ~ )}

C. = 0-735 (from Fig. 10 for e = (0)

C - 0'73SfL (2 - y )

• -- -2- 91 91

+Jh(2-:8)} p = O-~5{h( 2 - ji)

+J:s(2-1s)J x 0-152 x I x 98 = 5'4743 {li( l-Is)

+ J :a( l-Is)}

At depth 8 m from reservoir level or 10 m from top dam

p" = 3'023 tim'

At deplh 18 m from reservoir level PIG = 4'99 tIm'

At depth 38 m rromreservoir level Pit => 7'75 tim'

At depth 58 m from reservior level

PIG = 9'56 tIm'

At depth 78 m from l'CIOt'fOir level Pao = 10'60 tIm'

At deptl98 m from teletYoir ImtJ PlM = 10'95 tIm'

b) Horir.outal shear "t any deptD. , from reservoir level due to bydrodynlmic pftlIIUI'6 is Jiven by,

V. - 0'726py

At depth 8 m from reservoir level or 10 ID from tOp of dam

VI. = 0'726 x 3'023 x 8 - 17'$6 tIm At depth 18 m from reservoir level

V" = 0'726 x 4'99 x 18 - 65'2, tim At depth 38 m from reservoir JevoJ

V" ....: 0-726 x 7'7S1 X 38

== 213'84 tIm

At depth 58 m from reservoir J.cvel

Y .. = 0'726 x 9'56 x 58 == 401'SS tj_ At depth 78 m from reservoir level

V .. == 0-726 x 10'606 X 78

..." 600-60 tIm

At deptJa 98 m from reservoir ~ VIae = 0-726 x 10'949 X 98 .... 778'99 tim

0) Moment at any depth y from reservoir IImI due to hydrodyJWllic pressure iJ ciWa by.

M.= 0'299 py'

At de.,. 8 m from l'CICrVoir level or 10 m from tbe top of the dam

M. == 0'299 x 3'023 X (8)S = 57'85 t,m/m

At depda: 18 m from reservoir level

M. = 0'299 x 4'99 x (18)' = 483-41 t.m/m

At deptJI. 38 m from raervoit level M ...... 8-299 x 7'751 X (38)· -= 3 346'54 t.m,lm

At deptIa 58 m from reservoir Inc) M .. = 0'299 x 9'56 x (58)' -= 9615'79 c.mjm

34

At deptb 18 m from nacrvoir level Mao == 0'299 X 10'606 x (78)' -= 19293'54 t.m/m

At depth 98 m from reservoir level M_ = 0'299 x 10-949 x (98)' - 31441'10 un/m

Exmnple 14 - A 100 m high concrete dam as shown in Fig. 17 is located in seismic Zone V, has to resist pressure from 98 m depth of water. Find the hydrod)'lWD.ic pressure at base and at depth 10m from top of tbe dam. Take value of "A as

0'152. .

.) The bydrodynamic pressure at any depth y bolow the reservoir surface is given by.

p - C,.cr.,·w - II

here C. == ~·f ~ ( 2 - f ) +,,~ (2- ~ )}

The height of tho vertical portion of tho upstream face of the dam is Jeas than one balf tbe total height of dam. 1'hcalont. modified slope tor desiJn purpose is obtained by joining tbe point of intersection of the UpatNam face of the dam and reservoir surface with the point of intersection of upstream face of the duD. and the foundation

SP f 22 - Ita

(4'5)

e == tan-) 98 == 2-630

C. "'" 0'725 (from Fia. 10 of the Code)

o.nsf>' ( Y) fy (2 Y)1

c. == -2- 98 2 - 98 + \198 - 98

p =- 0'~25 {if ( 2 - ~ )

+ J t~( 2- :8)} X 0'152 x 1 x !IS

- 5'399 8 {t8 (2 - :8)

+ J:8( ;=-:S)}

At depth 8 In from reservoir level or 10 m from top of dam

110 = 2-982 tIm'

At depth 48 m from reservoir level PIO = 8-638 tIm'

At depth 98 m from reservoir level PlOO = 10'8 tIm'

b) HotizoDtat.bear at any depth J: from relC!w voir level due to hydtodyUamic prcssuro II

IiYell by

. y, = 0'726 py

t

10m

"'1------.,,·5 m ---"~1IIf

FlO. J 7 A SBC'I1ON OF A CoNcIInI DAM

w. = iDcnaIe or docreue in vertical compo.

DeDt or load due to hydrodynamic force,

V. """ total ahear duo to horizontal component of hydrodyDamic force at the elevation of

the aect.lon beiDa ooaaidercd, At the base,

Yl .... total shear due to 'horizontal compoDODt W., weiPtfor beiahtdx(between 10 mud bile)

ofbycJrod)'llUlio force at the elevation at = I x {1 + 0"1 (x _ JO)} dx 2'S

which the slope or the dam race com· menees, and

8 = angle between the f'ace of the dam and Increase or dccteasc in weiaht

vertical '

At the depth 10 m from top of dam. from where the upstream slope comlllClllCel, W 1t = 0-0 t

At depth SO m from top of daal

-------

IP 122· 1M2

At depth 8 III 'from reservoir level or 10 m from top of dam

YII = 0'726 x 2'98 x 8 = 17'32 tim At depth 48 m from reaervoir level

Y.I - 0'726 x 8'638 x 48 = 301'02 tIm

At depth 98 m from reservoir level

Vito = 0'726 x 1&8 x 98 = 768'40 tim

c) MOJDCDt at any depth y from reservoir level due to hydrodynamic preasare is Biven by.

M. - 0'299 PY'

At depth 8 m from reacrYOir level or 10 m from topotdam

MJI == 0'299 x 2'982 x (8)' = 57-06 t.m/m At depth 48 m from reeervoir Iovel

Mit = 0'299 x 8'638 x (48)111':5950"68 tom/m At depth 98 III from l'CICrVoir level

M .. - 0'299 x 10'8 x (98)1 ... 31013'26 t.mjm Jf!«t 9/ Horizontal E4rl/aquake CoejJictmt 011 1M Vertlctd COMp(IffnIt 01 Re.noir

Sinc:o the hydrodynamic pfflllW'e acta normal to tho face of the dam. there will be a vortica1 com. ~DeDt of thi. force. if'tho face of tho dam qainst Which it ia actina is lIopiaa. The mqn1tude of this load at any horizoatal Iection it given by

w. "'" (V. - YJtan 8

whero

Y • .". 301'02 t YI -= 17'32 t tan.... O-OS

JV. - (301'017 - 17'319) O'OS = 14'18 t At depth 100 m from top of dam

"1-768'40

YI = 17'32t tant == &05

WlOO .... (768'398 - 17'319) (1)S = 37'55 t E.ff~ct of rertlcaJ &rthquake Acceleration

a) Sellmic CoeJficlent Method

Vertical Seismic ~t.~ at the top of the dam is taken as.

.'1' -0'75.'1'

• •

wbere

"

c& .... ~Ic&o

a.

Here P. I and ClIo have the same values u U8Cd earlier,

." = 1'0 x 2'0 x 0'08 = 0-16 •

~'I' -= 0'75 x 0'16 == 0'12

• •

It variellincatly from a value of O· 12 at tho top to zero at the base.

At 10 m (rom top

W. - weight above this level fot a unit 1eDMth, and hciabt dx so I x 7 x 2'5 x 4x -= n·s dx

Increase or decrease in weight

10

= 1".' W.·ch (where ... = (I - O'Olx) 0-12}

10

= L (I - &01 x) (0'12) (17'S)dx = 19'95 t

= 1'75 x x dx

100

- 19'951 (1 - &lx) (0·12) 1'75x, tb 10

=- 19"95 + 34&2 = 36&15 t

b) Re;,t»ue Spectrum Metltod c&. '"'" 0'152 (as taken earlier)

.'1' _ 0-75 x 0'152 - 0'114

•

It varicI from a value of 0'114 at the top to zero at basc.

At 10 m from top

Increase or decrease in weight JO

= J"'-. W.· dx 0-

(where .. = (I - O'Olx) 0'114) 10

= I (I - O'Olx) 0'114 x 17'5 dx o

- 18'95 t At the base

Increase or decrease in weight 100

- 18'95 + f (I - O'Olx) 0'114 x ]'7S dx 10

= 18'95 + 323' J9 = 342'14 t

7.4 Eartbud Roetftll D ... IUd EmbaDkmentsThe dynamic analysis of a dam should be directed towards dcterminins the deformations that an earthquake will cause. Once this is known. a design to prevent ca~strophic failure is possible. Theconcept of a factor of safety is sufficient and reliable for . design when earthquake forces are absent because factor of safety less than unity will mean failure along the critical slip surface. However, under the dynamic loads, as during an earthquake, the factor of safety greater than unity does not guarantee safety against failure while a value less than unity does not necessarily mean failure. The rcuons for this are as follows:

a) The factor of safety is determined from Itatics where an additional horizontal (oree i.s included to account for the dynamic loads.

b) While the horizontal load as given above is taken to act permanently. the earthquake forces are actin, only for short periods and reverse in direction many times during tbese periods.

C) The strength characteristics of the materials forming tho dam does not figure in these types of analysis, While in certain conditions the strength of eartb under the dynamic loads are greater than its static strength. in some others there may be considerable reduction in strength due to increase in pore pressures, etc. Therefore. a blanket increase or decrease in strength to account for dynamic loads will furnish erroneous information on the safety of dams from the concept of a 'factor of safety".

Therefore. a proper dynamic analysis should consist of the fonowing steps:

a) Determination of stress conditions and displacement in the dam at various points due to earthquake.

sit : 22 • 1982

b) Determination of the strength properties of tbe materials under the computed stress conditions,

c) Determination of the displacement at all points in the dam section from the knowledge of stresses and stress strain characteristics.

From the above, it can be seen that all the quantities are time dependent and so, very much complicated and difficult to be made use of in design.

New analytical techniques, such as the finite element method. have made it possible to determine the stress conditions in the dam section considering even the non-linear behaviour of soils. However. the non-linear behaviour of soils can be determined only after step (b) has been performed. Thus step (b) and (c) are complementary to each other. The Jack of proper apparatus for determining the strength characteristics of earth materials lander dynamic condition, therefore is a serious draw back in conducting a proper dynamic analysis of earth and rockfill dams.

In the absence of a proper dynamic analysis it will be worthwhile to consider a safe analysis. Unless excess pore pressures are allowed to develop within the dam section 'thereby causing undesirable consequences. the concept of 'factor of safety' can be seen to be a safe form of design. However. it is possible to extend this concept nearer to the actual behaviour of dams by considering realistic forces for design.

7.4.2 Seismic Force on Soil Mass - The fundamental period of an embankment dam can be

d T KH,

expresse as 1 =-v.-

where

K = a vaJue dependent on the assumption of the shape of the darn.

= 2'404 8 for triangular sections,

= 2'38 for trapezoidal sections. (This value becomes 2'9 when the value of shear modulus is changed to account for nonuniformity of stresses along horizontal

anes.).

H, - hcisbt of the dam, and

V, = velocity of shear waves through the dam. The above formula is based on the assumption

of shear deformation only and has been adopted in the Code.

It will be seen that the value of the fundamental natural period is dependent on the velocity of shear waves propagating tbrough the dam. This quantity cannot be a constant one as it depends on the value of the shear modulus of the material which increases with increase in confinement pressure in granular materials. Therefore. it is desirable

37

"122·1912

to consider the value of G in the equation in tho form G = (K.)... {tI.)'·'. The value of (Ka>-d may be suitably determined by field or laboratory tests and a_ may be considered at mid·height of the dam.

From the elastic analysis of a typical dam section, it can be found that the crest of the dam is subjected to much larger forces than the toe the increase in acceleration from the toe to the ~rest being almost parabolic in nature. This behaviour has been borne out even by actual measurements in different dams in Japan. Therefore. design of upper portio~tI of !he dam to ~esist larger forces become essential. ThiS can be achieved by assuming probable slip surf~ces entirely in the upper ranges onlYt say extending to the upper 7/8 to 3/4 range from the top. Because of the larger horizontal forces, the stabUity will be least for such slip circles especially in the absence of cohesion. Therefore. in clauses 7.4.2.1 and 7.4.2.2 of the Code the method of determining the sclRmic coefficients have been liven ~or any slip circle whether extending for the lull ~eJght from top or contained only for a limited portion from top. The procedure can be summarized as below:

After obtaining pte fundamental period, the spectral acceleration (So) can be read from the average acceleration spectra as given in Fig. 2 of the Code. Damping values of 10 percent of critical would be appropriate as it is not desirable to permit large deformations.

From the above value of spectral acceleration, the design seismic coefficient Ala can be worked out as 2 FoC.Sa/g) where 2 is the importance factor and Po is the zone factor. If the lowest point of the rupture wedge considered extends to a distance of only y below the crest of the dam. instead of the full height of the dam. then the equivalent uniform seismic coefficient for design wHl be given as,

"_ = ( 4'0 -2'4 ~) rI" (1)

The inertia force acting at the centre of gravity of the rupture wedge will be equal to rI_ times the

weight of the wedge. Where H is the .height of the dl_I.m. This relationship is shown diapamatic:aIly ill FJg. 18.

Wt and WI are the weight of the rupture wcdaa acting at their centre of gravity.

If, ~owever, the design spectra for the dam site is available after rigorous seismological studies tho

equation (I) can be rewritten as: '

«.= (2'5 - 1'5 ~);

where So is the spectral acceleration for the computed fundament:!1 period of the dam from the spectra for the site.

7.4.3.3 As bydrcdynamic suction due to the acceleration on water bas already been taken into account as per 7.4.3.2 of the Code, it is considered not necessary to consider any increase in pore pressure also because it is unlikely that in the well compacted embankments Jarger pore pteSlUlel than the hydrodynamic suction will develop.

All the above provisions are for the stability of slips alone. assuming that a traaaverse modon of the ground takes place during an earthquake. However, there are many more compJox problem. connected with the stability of a dam for which code provisions are impossible with the present state of knowledge. The important factors to be cons idercd in this regard are:

a) Spillways, their connections with tho main dam, spin way lining. etc;

b) Drainage provisions, in case failure of the dam takes place and ernptYiDa oftbe reservoir becomes necessary to facilitate repain,

c) Abutments of the dam; and

d) Other appurtenant structures which may have any connections with the main dam.

For embankment dams, the Code specifies only a pseudo static stability analysis wb.creiD. a factor

L

DAM SECTION AND ASSUMED RUPTURE SURFACE

FIG. 18 SEISMIC Co-BPPlCIBNT DISTlUBUI10N WITH HEIGHT-DAM SBCIlON AND AssUMED RUPTURB SU'IlFACB

38

of safety is aSUflained for the upstream and down- 5tream slopes. The inertia force considered in the above analysis is fairly rational since the height of the dam, the aver~e material properties and also the response characteristics are accounted for to some extent. The main drawback. of this method however, is that the averaging technique used for obtaining the seismic coefficient considers only the shear forces and not the duration for which these forces are operative. In other words, the damage potential. of these forces have not been considered in this method at aU. Obviously. the damage potential of the forces depends on the magnitude of the forces, the duration for which the forces act and also the strength (or stress-strain] characteristics of the dam material. Thus even if the factor of safety as calculated by the method specified is less than unity, it may not mean 'failure' by any means if the total duration of the earthquake is short or if the dynamic strength of the dam material considered is that corresponding to a larger number of cycles of loading than that during the actual earthquake. Conversely. if the dynamic strength considered is on the unsafe side (when few Dumber of cycles of 10ading than the earthquake has been considered for ftxina the dynamic strength <:haracteristics) even Ii factor of safety of unity and more cannot guarantee sarety of the dam since undesirably lar,e deformation could result. The deformation of the dam will manifest itself on the dam in the form of settlement or slumping of the crest, flattening of the slopes, minor or major longitudinal cracks or minor or major transverse crac:k:s. If these def'onnations had been anticipated and measures adopted to avoid undesirable consequences, these deformations .eould be termed as permissible and repairs undertaken after the event. For example. a slumpina: of the crest of the dam if anticipated, can be taken eare of by provision of additional free board: cracb in the dam made less harmful by ellIineerin, tho structure to prevent .concentrated leab, etc, are some of the more commonly adopted techniques.

It thus becomes clear that a proper and rational method or arriving at the seismic stability of embankment dams is 10 ascertain the deformation 0( the dam wben subjected to the earthquake forces. Tho methods that can be used are:

a) DcterminiDl the yield acceleration of the structure considering the cft'ective stress parameters and compuq the displacements on the uaumptioo that the ruptured man is similar to a riJid IIlIII restiDg on an inclined plane (Referonc:e 8).

b) ~termiDin. the averqe stress coaditions along poteatiaJ .up ciroIes prior to 8Dd durin, the euthquab and ucertaiDiq the strains tbeIe ItreaeI will C8UO on representative soil _plea tested in tho laboratory. Sum-mini up the atrainlto obtain 1011' of free board has

aIao been attempted. .

SP ~ 22 ·1112

c) Use of averages from a parametric study to obtaia the order of deformations.

8. RetaiDi. Walls

8.1 RetainiQg walls arc designed to resist the lateral earth pressure caused by the backfill. The earth pressure is dependent on the geometry. the back~ fill properties as well as the wall movements. The stability ofretainingwaffs. therefore. is calculated in terms of factors of safety apiMt slidin,. againat overturning and against failure of foundation. Sojl~ survey of damage during past earthquakes shows that eartb retaining structures have moved out away from the backfill. In the absence of a theory to predict the displacement of retaining waUl under earthquake loading conditions, the philosopby of design adopted is the one in which the active earth pressures have been considered to increase and the lateral earth resistance to decrease during earthquakes.

The earliest approach to account for the above was to consider a reduction in the value of the angle of internal friction of the backfill material. The reduced value was recommended as .p • .".. the angle of repose of a cohesionless material. under the influence of a horizontal acceleratiOll in addition to the vertical acceleration due to gravity. The value of ; .... to be used for dcsilll would thus be,

t/I,.,. - tP - tan-I_"

where" is the angle of internal friction of the backfill material and CIA is the borizontal seismic coeJficient.

When the vertical earthquakes accelerations are also considered,

where IlL. is the vertical seismic coefficient.

Accordinl to the practice. the modiHed value of t/I • ., .. was used in conjunction with either Rankioc's theory or Coulomb's theory. the two classical earth pressure theories widely used allover the world.

8.1.1 The formula .given is the result of tho modification or the wedge theory of Coulomb. AU the assumptions of the Coulomb's theory are, \herefore, made in this as well. In addition. it IS assumed that the eardlquake forces can be represented by inertia forces acting as static forces. The eqUilibrium of the wedJes are ascertained with two additional forces besides the forees considered in Coulomb", theory. Tbese forces are:

a) A. horizontal force equal to the horizontal seismic coefficient times tbe weight of tbe wedge, and

39

SP: 22 -1m

b) A vertical force equal to the vertical seismic coefficient ti rnes the weight of the wedge. The horizontal force bas been considered to act away from the backfill.

The vertical force, however, has to be considered in conjunction with tbe lltability of the retaining wall. Here, depending upon the properties of the waJl, a vertical downward inertia force may mean larger pressure as well as larger resistance. Therefore, both the directions of the force will have to be considered to ascertain the critical one for design. Accordingly. the sign preceding Gt. has been specified as either positive or negative.

When inertia forces are considered in addition to the forces in Coulomb's theory, the resultant of the weight and the inertia force is weight component (say W) of the wedge becomes inclined at

an angle A equal to tan-11 ~ 1:'- and also its value . . d W( I ± Gt.) N if I f IS Increase to -'--(:os-:\-' ow, I the pane 0

the problem is given a rotation through an angle ..\ so as to make the resistant weight component vertical. COUlomb's theory can be used as such. However, the rotation effected as described above causes the inclination of the face of the wall with vertical to increase from a to (Gt + A) and the slope of the backfill with horizontal to increase from i to (i + "\). But. the length of the face of the wall

remains equal to -C h where h is the height of

os ar.

the wall. Thus, substituting (Gt + .\) for Gt and (i +.\) for i in tbe Coulomb's theory. the active earth pressure on the retaining walls is obtained as per tbe formula given.

It will be noticed that the term lIC!s-)') is associated with the increase in the weight component while the terms Cos· ar. in the denominator which remains unaltered as compared to Coulomb's theory is indicative of the length of the face of the wall remaining unaltered due to the rotation.

8.1.1.1 The arapbical method due to Culmano is a procedure of graphical differentiation of the problem of tbe equilibrium of the rupture wedge with a prane rupture surface that is CouJomb's theory itself. The procedure given in Appendix H of tbe Code is a modification of the oripaal Culmann's procedure wherein the inertia forces are also considered. For simple geometry as sbown in the method, the rupture wedJCs are taken to be of weight as simple multiples of the first wedge. This will reduce the calculations to the minimum ..

NOTl - If the method is to be used for tho cases where tbe back611 bas a broken aurface or carries a lurcharae. suitable modl&atioDl wiD be Deceaary. It needs to be remembeted that the resuitaDt of tbe weiaht and iDum

forces are marked OD the Br liDe (1ft' Pi .. 19 of tfte. Code).

8.1.1.2 As has been amply described in literature~ Coulomb theory does not give any idea of thedistribution of eartb pressure on the retaininS wall. The mapitude of pressure alone i. given by the theory. However, the form or the final equatioD and the use of Rankine's theory had led desisners to adopt a bydrostatic distribution of Coulomb pressures. Also, a large number of laboratory tests appear to support this assumption.

When Coulomb's theory was modified by Japanese investigators Monomobe and Okabe to derive the equation given under 8.1.1, the distribution of pressures was not considered differently from tbe static case.

Different laboratory tests have led to the distribution of dynamic pressures being assumed to be of di fI'erent types. All the experimental stu dies have demonstrated that the magnitude of the dynamic component of the earth pressure does not increase with depth but has the maximum value somewhere in between the top and the base of the wall. If a. simple form of distribution of the dynamic component of pressures is desired. a parabola is found to be quite accurate and sufficient. This will mean that the dynamic component will have a point of application at mid-height of the waH. Thus, the' earth-pressure on the wall. computed in accordance with tbe formula given in 1.1.1 of the Code and which consists of tbe effects of the static forces as well as the inertia forces. is spJitinto two; the ltatic component by neglectin, the inertia forces and tbe dynamic component beiDg the difl'erence between the dynamic pressure and tbe static component. Whiltt the static component is assumed to be distributed hydrostatically, a parabolic pressure distribution with the maximum value at mid-height of the wall is considered for the dynamic component. As already described, since the point of application ill immaterial in Coulomb's theory. none of the conditions of the derivation of the formula is vitiated by such assumptions of tbe pressure distribution.

8.1.2 to 8.1.2.1 The passive pressure which in reality ia equal to the lateral earth resistance, ia also calculated on the same principles as for the active earth pressure, that is, as a modification or Coulomb's theory. The only difference in this case is that the inertia forces are considered to act towards the backfill as this condition gives the minimum value of passive pressures.

8.1.2.2 In the absence of any laboratory test data a very conservative assumption reprding tbe paint of application of the passive pressures is made. Accordingly, the dynamic component (reduction over the static passive pressures) is arbitrarily assumed to have a point of application at t the height of the wall above its base.

8.1.3 The concept i. the same as Coulomb'~ theory.

40

1.1.3.1 A.. deIcn'bed .rlier. the static earth ~ ~ue to the paYity etreot, is. distributed hyclroMticaIly tborebY iadIcadq a CODitant value of.rth pressure coefIcient with depth. (The earth .... ure coefficient II the ratio between the lateral pralUro and the e6ctive vertical pressure at any point). But the dynamic compoaent of earth presaure i, distributed in a parabolic fashion which indic:ates that the coefBcieat of earth pressure is distributed as an invertod triaqIo with the !arseat valuo at the top ind decreuiq to zero at the base of the wall.

Since the uniform surcbarp. on the surface of the backfill leads to a constaDt increase in the vertical pressure at aU depths. tbe lateral pressure due to surcharge will have a distribution similar to tbe distribution of tbe eartb pressure coefficient with deptb. Aocordingly, tbe dynamic increment in active pressures due to uniform surcharge sball be applied at an elevation of 0'66 h above the base of the wall while the static component shall be applied at mid-height of the wall.

8.1.4 This forms modification of Coulomb's theory.

8.1.4.1 In the absence of data, the same provision a~ for active pressures will apply.

8.2.2 The value of tan A is increased by a factor

~1 where w. is the saturated unit weight of the w. -

backfill material. This is based on the consideration that while the reaction alonl the rupture plane is a function of the effective pressures and hence the submerged unit weight, the inertia force is the prod uet of the dcsip acceleration and the mass of the solid particles as 91011 as the water in the pores. Thus, the inertia force on the wedJC is equal to (Volume) x (w.) x (II,,) while tbe effective weight is equal to (Volume) x (WI - 1) x (I ± IX.) thus,

tan .\ = w,. Cl_

(w. - 1) (I ± II.).

8.2.3 Due to the fact that the inertia force due to the mass of wlter contained in the pores has already been taken into account, as stated above. hydrodynamic pressure is not taken separately.

.8.3 Partially Sub ....... BIck8IJ - It has already been described that the earth pressure coefficients are different for tho lublllC'tpd and dry backfills because of the challlcs in the values of a. the angle of wall friction and A. Thus. the distribution of the cocfBcieDt of dynamic increment with beight will be as shown in Fig. 13 of the Code. The value of tho earth pressure coeftlcient at different elevations has been worked out on the basis of the total pressure whICh has been kept equal to tbe one computed by the formula giVen. in 8.1.1 of tbe Code.

8.3.2 If the ratio of dynamic decrement of passive pressures with the vertical eJfectivo stress is

IP. 22. ,II:&derived from a stepped triangular distribution limilar to that of Fig. 13 of tho Code. the point of application of dynamic decrement of passive pressure. wUl be below 0'66 h from the base, which would be in violation of 8.1.2.2 and 8 ...... 1 of the Code. The procedure to be utilized in this c1auo tor evaluation of distribution of dynamic: deerements of passive pressures will have suitable inverted triangular distribution of ratio of lateral dynamic decrement in passive pressures to the vertical effective pressures so that tho point of application of dynamic decrement of passive pressures is at a height of 0'66 h from the hue in accordance with 8.1.2.2 and 8.1.4.1 of the Code.

8.4 Concrete or masonry inertia force will have to be considered whiJe ascertaining the stability of retaining wails. Also in view of the shorter duration of the earthquake vibrations. tbe factors of safety against sliding. overtuning and failure of tbe foundation soil have been kept at lower levels tban under a static loading conditions as can be seen in the Note under 8.4 of the Code.

Example )5

Height = 12m

Slope of carthfill (I) = S°

Inclinanon of wall with vertieal IX = 15° Angle of internal friction; = 30°

Angle of friction between wall and carthfill

3' = 20°

Density of saturated soil W, = 2 tIm' Density of dry/moist soil = J'6 tImRetaining wall is located in seismic Zone V Height of water table = 6 m

Horizontal seismie eoefficient IXA- = It I. IXo = I x 1 x 0'08 = 0'08

Vertical seismic coeffiCient may be taken as: 11.. = lilA- = 0'04

A = tan-l[~ . 2L_] w. -] I ± IX.

A = (Corresponding to + IX.) = 8'746 .\ = (Corresponding to - IX.) = 9'462

ilctive ~rth ~nt~re

llor Submerged Soil a = I 3 (by)]

For + IX,:

Cos (jI - .\ - Cl) = Cos (30 - 8'746 - 15) = 0'994

Cos (3 + at + .\) = Cos (10 + IS + 8'746) = 0'831

Sin (~ - i-A) = Sin (30 - S - 8'746) = 0'279

41

SP a 22 - 1912

COl A = Cos (8·746) ..... 6-988 Cos & - Col (15) - 0'96~

Cos (<< - I) == Col (1 S - S) = 0'984 Sin (; + 3) = Sin (30 + 10) = 0'642

c: (I -t- lie) Cos' (~ - « - A)

• "'" Cos A Coil • COl (3 + • ~ A)

x [ 1 + Sin (" + 3) I in (~ - t - A) <:os (& - I) COS (I + • + A)

C' _ 1'04 X (0'994)'

• - 0-988 X (0'965)1 x &831

X['d~t~~'~J

= I' 344 x 0-464 = 0-623

For -Ch:

Cos (p - .\ - II) = COl (30 - 9'462 - 1 S) = 0-995

Cos (I + .. + A) = eo. (10 + IS + 9'462) = 0'824

Sin (; - i-A) == Sin (30 - 5 - 9'462) = 0'267

Cos (A) == Cos (9'462) = 0'986 Cos (.) = Cos (I S) .... 0'965

Cos (cc - I) == Cos (15 - 5) = 0'984 Sin (t/J + 3) = Sin (30 + 10) = 0'642

• _ 0'96 x ,(0'995)'

C. - O'9'S6X(&96S)"i x 0'824

x [I {~2 ~ ow}'''J

+ 0-984 x 0'824

= 1'256 x 0'469 :::: 0'S89 when II" = II. = .\ = 0

Cos (; - A - tA) = Cos 150:: 0'965 Cos (3 + « + .\) = Cos 25 - 0-906 Sin (; - I - .\) = Sin 25 = 0'422 Cos A = Cos 0 == 1

Cos II "'" CoS ] 5 .... 0'965 Cos (Cl - i) == Cos 10 == 0'984 Sin (t/J + 3) = Sin 40 0= '0-642

J X (0'965)1

r. - 1 X (CF965)i X 0'906

X [I + =I==r- J

= 1-103 X 0-415 - 0-4S7

J For Dry/Mollt Back Fila, a - 2Cr:

." &08

,\ = tan-' -1 -- - tan-J JC:A7

±.. 1±U'U4

,\ (corresponding to + •• ) == 4'398 A (corresponding to - Ih) =4-763 For + «.:

Cos (; - ,\ - .) = Cos (30 - 4'398 - 15) = 0'982

Cos (3 + • + A) = Cos (20 + 15 + 4'398) = 0'772

Sin (I(> - i - .\) = Sin (30 - 5 - 4'398) = 0'35]

Cos.\ = Cos 4'398 = 0'997 Cos« = Cos 15 = 0-965 Cos (Cl - I) = Cos 10 =0'984

SiD (; + 3) = Sin (30 + 20) = 0'766 "04.~ JO·98~l~.

c. = 0'991 x (0'965)* x 0:712

[ . I J'

x (0'766 x 0·S5]. lilt

I + IO'984 x 0'7721

.

= 1-399 x 0'393 = 0'549

For - cc.:

Cos (~ - .\ - II) = Cos (30 - 4'763 - ]5) = 0'984

Cos (8 + • + A) = Cos (20 + 1 s. + 4'763) = 0'1768

Sin (; - i - .\) == Sin (30 - S - 4'763) = 0'346

Cos .\ = Cos (4'763) .... 0'996

Cos tIC

Cos (II - i) SiD (;'+ 3)

= Cos (1 S) - &965

= COs (15 - 5) = 0'984 = Sin (30 + 20) - 0'766

42

c. - 0'996 x (0' " x 0"768

x [, + {::'==r J

= I-lOS X 0"394 = 0"514

When « .. = «. == .\ - 0

Cot (; - A - II) = Cae (30 - IS) = 0"965 Cos (; + tl + A) == Cos (20 + 5) = &819 Sin (; - i - .\) = Sin (30 - S) - 0'422

Cosl=CosO =1

Cos« = Cos IS = 0-965

Cos (IX - i) = Cos (15 - 5) = 0'984 Sin (; + 3) = Sin (30 + 20) = 0'766

1 x (0'965)1

K. = 1 X (0'965)1 x 0'819

x [ f7~ x 00422}lfiJ

1 + &984 x &819

= 1'221 x 0'374 == 0'4S6

P_lIe Earth P,e$stU'e for Submerged Soil:

For + «.:

Cos (r; +, II - A) == Cos (30 + 15 - 8'746) = &806

Co. (8 - II + A) - Cos (10 - 15 + 8'746) = 0'997

Sin (; + i-A) = Sin (30 + 5 - 8'746) = 0'442

Cos A = Cos (8'746) = 0'988 Coser. = Cos (IS) = 0'965 Sin (r; + 8) = Sin (30 + 10) = 0'624 Cos (II - j) = Cos (IS - 5) = &984

1'04 X (0'806~

c. = 0'988 x (0'965)1 x 997

x[,-{=f~=}"" J

= 0'736 X 4'531 = 3'335

IP,22-I_

For-a. :

Cos (; + a-A) =- Cos (30 + 1$ - 9'462) - &813

Cos (8 - • + .\) == Cot (10 - IS + 9'462) ""'" 0'991.,

Sin <; + 1 - .\) - Sin (30 + S - 9-462) = 0'431

Cos .\ == Cos 9'462 = 0-986 Cos « == Cos 15 == O'96S

Sin (; + 3) = Sin (30 + 10) = 0'624 Cos (. - I) = Cos (IS - S) = 0"984,

• 0'96 x (0-813)1

C. = 0'986 x (0'965)1 x o·m

x [ _ e06J x 0043'rJ

1 0'984 x 0'997

= 0'693 x 4'406 = 3'053

when at" = •• = A = 0

Cos (; +. - A) == Co. (30 + IS) ",.. 0'707 Cos (3 -. + A) = Cos (10 - U) - 0'996 Sin (r; + 1- .\) = Sin (30 + 5) = 0'573

Cosl-CosO .. 1

Cos II = Cos 15 = 0'965

Sin (~ + 3) = Sin (30 + 10) - &642 Cos (. - i) = Cos (15 - S) .... 0'984

X' I X (0'707)'

• - I x (O'96S)i x (0'996)

x [ - {'h42 ! 00573 r J

I 0'984 x 0'996

= 0'539 x 6'665 = 3'592

For Dry/Moist BacJifiII, 8 = 20°

For + at. =

Cos (; +. - A) - eo. (30 + 15 - 4'398) = 0'759

Cos (3 - • + ~) =- Cos (20 - 15 + 4'398) = 0'986

Sin (; + I - A) - SiD (30 + S -:- 4'398) = &509

Cos ~ = Cos (4'398) - &997

43

... 22 .1112 Cos.

ec. (II - t) Sin (~+ I)

-= Cos 15 - &967

- Cot (15 - 5) .... 0-984

- Sia (30 + 20) - ()O766

1'CM JI;".

C. -0'997 x CO-x

X[I-u:=::rJ

- 0'651 X 7'<462 - 4'851

For - .,,:

Col (~ + • - A) = COl (30 + IS - 4'763) = 0'763

Cos (3 - _ + A) = Cos (20 - 15 + 4'763) = 0-985

Sin (~ + I - A) = Sin (30 + 5 - 4'763) = 0'S03

Cos .\ Cosac.

Cos (_ - i) Sin (~ + 3)

= Cos (4-763) = 0-996 = eo. (15) = 0-965 = COl (15 - 5) = 0'984 = Sin (30 + 20) = 0'766

0-96 X (0'763)'

C. = 0'996 x {O'96Sj' x 0'985

x [ I - {O:766_~~r J

0'984 x 0'985

- 0'611 x 7'324 = 4'475

For ... - .. = A ;;;; 0 :

Cos (1ft +« -A) = Cos (30 + IS) -0-707 Col (3 - oa + A) = Cot (20 -IS) =- 0'996 Sin (~ + i-A) = Sin(30 + S) "'" 0'S?3

Cos A = CosO =)

Cos II = Cos IS - O'96S

Cos (. - i) = Cos (IS - S) = 0-984

Sin (~ 4- 3) = Sin (30 + 20) = 0'766

I x (0'707)·

K. -= 1 x (0'965)1 x 0'996

x [ I - {0'766 \ D'S') r" J

0'984 x 0'996

= 0'539 x 9-139 = 4-926

Active Ear,h PreS.lUre (Dry or MIIb, Cue) Pd (for + •• ) = I wh' (C .. )

= i x 1-6 x 12 x 12 x 0'549 = 63'244 t

P. (for -a.) = I wh' (C.)

= i x 1'6 x 12 X 12 xO'514 = 59'212 t

Pa (static active pres.rure)

= i X 1-6 X 12 X 12 X 0'456 = 52'531 t

This will be acting at a height of 4 m from the base of wall (see Fig. (9).

12m

10·11t

ttORM4L TO WALL FACE

52-53 t NORMAL TO WALL FACE

Fla. 19 DIly OR MOIST CASI POI. +tb 44

ro,z.~.

~ ---7

I ,/

/

I

I

'm

SP 122 ~ 1 .. 2

Diltribution of th. ,.tlo (Lalltll Dvnamic VertiCil EfflCtivl Dvnllmk: Increment Static Prellure Wlter p,. .. ure

IncremenllVertlcal Effective Pr.llure) Prn.ure

FIG, 20 DISnIBUTION OF PltEssUJUl wrm HElOHT OF WALL

Dynamic Increment for Active Pressure

(for +- II.) = 63'244 - 52'531 = 10'713 t

This will·be acting at a height of 6 m from the base of wall <,ee Fig, 19 and 20).

3 (Co - Ka) = 3 (0'549 - O'4S6) = 0'28

3 (C~ - K~) ~ = 3 (0'623 - 0'457) I~ = 0-25

3 (Co - Ko) = 3 (0'514 - 0'456) = 0'174 3 (C~ - X:> :' = (3(O'589 - O'4S7)} I~ - 0')98

Ptuslve Barth Pressure (Dry or Moist CQ.Je) P, (for +11.) = i wit' ell

= t x 1'6 x 12 x 12 x 3'335 = 384-192

P, (for .-.11) = i wh' C.

= i x 1'6 x 12 x 12 x 3'053 = 351'705t

Dynamic Increment /01' ACli'rle Pressure (For -«.)

= 59'212 - 52'531 = 6'681

This will be acting at a height of 6 m from the base of wall (Fig, 21),

FlO, 21 DRy 01. MoIST CAlI FOJ. -.

4S

SPI22-1112

DI.tributlon of tIM ratio (lAl"" Vertlc.1

Dynamic 1nctem#lnl/Vertlcal Effective Pr ..... r.

Effectlv. Pr •• lUr.)

~ ~--~--~ - ---

ld

Dyn.mlc Increm.nt

Static P, ••• ure

W.t., Pf ... U ...

Flo. 22 DlmuBunON OF Pussu:a.a WITH HmOHT OF WALL

413 ·19 t _..I ..... _'" -- ......... t'm

FlO, 23 Day OIl MOIST CASH FOR. +-.

P. (static ptUsive ,reuure)

= I X 1'6 X 12 X 12 x3'S92 == 413'798 t This will act at a height of 4 m from the base of the wall (see Fig. 22).

Dynamic Decrement for PtuSi~ Pressure for + •• = 413'798 - 384'192 - 29'606 t

Flo,24 DIly OR MOIST CASE FOR -ac.

This will be acting at a height of (&66 Is) = 7'92 m from the bale of wall (.fee Fig. 23).

Dynamic DICremmt for PaJSive Pressure (for --.) (fee Fig. 24)

= 413'798 - 351'705 = ~'09 t

This will act at a height of (7'92 m) from the base of wall.

' ... 22-1_

APPENDIX A (C/tlU.ft 3.4)

BACKGROUND TO SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA

Varioul attempts have been made in the past for seismic zooiD, or India baaed OD available .~OOQ~ ~~. ~m~ ~~ were prepared in which the CPUDtry wu classified into different zona iadicatiD, intcaaity of damage or frequency oC earthquake occurren~ ofprobab~e accelerations or factor of safety to -be adopted an the seismic desi.n of structures. These maps provided a qualitative schematization of earthquake effects and thus served limited purpose. In 1960, the Indian Standards Institution initiated action for tho formulation of unified recommendations for earthquake resistant design of structures which resulted in publication of IS: 1893- 1962 Recommelldations for earthquake resistant design of structures. This standard incorporated a seismic zonin, map of India to provide a unified picture of seismicity taking into consideration the available data 00 earthquake occurrence and sciJmotectonic frame-work of the country. This portrayed the probable maximum intensity of earthquake for evaluation of strong ground 'motion characteristics to evaluate the basic design seismic coefficients for earthquake resistant design of structures in different parts of the country. A brief description of tbe general approach followed in the preparation of seismic zoning maps in 1962 and its subsequent revision. in 1966 and 1970 is given in the following paragraphs.

SEISMIC ZONING MAPS

. Seismic zoning was undertaken to demarcate the characteristics of eanbquake occurrence in future so that the raul tin, map of the region can be utilized to provide information of expected earthquake effccts. Maximum. intensity of earthquake (M. M. Intensity). or peak ground motion (acceleration, velocity. displacement. etc) to evaluate design response spectra or seismic coefficient (expressed as a fraction of g) are generally portrayed in seismic zonillJ maps, and associated background information in the form of epicentral map, tectonic map. etc, helps in making various decisions for earthqua1cc resistant design of structures,

SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA IN IS : 1893-1962

With the development or systematic study of earthquake engineering problems in the country. it was considered neces.ry to have a seismic zoning map to indicate broadly the seismic coefficients that could generally be adopted for design in different parts of the country. The data avail-

able in the preparation of the seismic zoning map included· in IS : 1893-1962 consisted of cpicentral distribution of earthquakes of lUchters magnitude S and above, and known tectonic and geological feather or the country. The following procedure has been (ollowed in preparing the seismic zoning map shown in Fig. 25 :

a) The epicentres of all known earthquakes of magnitude S and above. and maximum Modified Mercalli intensities at various points were plotted from the i50seismaJe of major eathquakes for which records were available. Since the 1819 Kutch earthquake, 1897 and 19SO Assam earthquakes, 1905 Kangra earthquake. and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake were of very higb magnitudes; they adequately encompassed the effects of the lesser magnitude eatthquakes occurring in different regions. In addition to these severe earthquakes, a number of other earthquakes taken into consideration including a few smaller earthquakes in the Himalayas, Delhi earthquakes. Satpura and Rewa earthquakes, Bellary earthquake and tbe Zone of minor tremors from Trivandrum to Madras and East Coast regions.

b) After plotting the idealized iscseismals for the earthquakes. enveloping lines for different M. M. intensities were dmwn. These lines were modified where necessary, taking into account the magnitude of intervening earthquakes, local ground conditions. principal tectonic trends as portrayed in the preliminary Tectonic Map of India (Prepared by the Geological Survey of India in 1962). basement configuration of the Indo-Gangetic Plains and other alluvial basins as revealed by geophysical surveys of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission and the likely trend of the Ganga-Brahmaputra rift :postulated by Mithal and Srivastava (1959).

After d ra wing the modified isoseismals, the zones with M. M. intensity. V. VI.

VII. VIII, IX and X and above were designated as seismic zones I. II, III. IV, Y and VI and the region with M. M. intensity less than V was designated as seismic Zone 0, This zero Zone was not a Zone of zero earthquakes, but the designation was given to suggest that no earthquake problem of any significance may occur in this region.

c)

47

----------------------------------------------------------- -- .. -----------------------------------

.P,.22-1_

d) Suitable seismic coeftleients were assigned based on an enaineering judsement of tho Ukely intensity in each zone and variation of these coefficients accord ins to ground conditions and type of structure were specified.

It is important to note that the seismic coefficient. used in the desip of any structure is dependent on lIUUly variable factors includin, the influence of local soil conditions and soil-foundation-structure interaction. It is, therefore. necessary to indicate broadly the seismic coefficients that could generally be adopted in dift'erent parts of Zones of the country though of course a rigorous analysis considering all the factors involved has Jot to be made in tbe case of all important projeCts in order to arrive at suitable time-history of around motion for evaluation of design forces. The object of seismic zan ina map is to classify the area of the country into a number of zones in which one can reasonably forecast the characteristics of the strong ground motion shocks which will occur in the event of a future earthquake which need not necessarily be always the severest that would occur anywhere within the given zone. It is possible in some cases that earthquake resulting in more severe strong ground motion may occur at any particular place which is unpredictable. The probabilities. however, are that a structure designed on the assumption that strong .round motion characteristics indicated for each Zone are about the maximum that are likely to occur, would ensure a reasonable amount of

safety. .

It has to he appreciated that in view of scanty data a'failable. the statistical approKh is not likely to give realistic estimate of earthquake parameters or ground motion characteristics, and zoning is also not possible based entirely on scientific basis. Though the magnitudes of different earthquak"es which have occurred in the past are known to a reasonable amount of accuracy, the strong ground motion caused by these earthquakes at various distances have so far been mostly estimated from ratinJS of intensity of earthquakes based on damage surveys and there is little instrumental evidence to corroborate the conclusions arrived therefrom. Maximum intensity of earthquake at different places is rated on the basis of the observations made and recorded after the earthquake and thus a toning map which is based on such ratings is likely to lead in some cases to an incorrect conclusion in view of: (a) incorrectness in the assessment of earthquake intensity rating: (b) human error in jud@cment during the damage survey; and (c) variation in quality and design of structures causing variation in type and extent of damage to the structures for the same intensity of earthquake. However. in the absence of strong ground motion data. a rational approach to the problem would be to arrive at intensity map based on available data on earthquake occurrence in terms of intensity rating magnitudes and

epic:entrallocatio,llS assumin, aU other conditions. as being a"eragc, and to modify such an avcrap idealized isoseismal map in the liaht of tectonics, lithology aDd the maximum intensities as recorded from da.ma&e surveys, etc.

The seismic zoning map of India in IS: 1893- 1962 utilized intensity of earthquako based on data on earthquake occutrence .. the main para~ meter for zoning with the basic assumption that the geology or the area is the domilNUll controllina factor, both for intensities and frequencies of" major earthquake occurrence. Thus. seismic zone based on intensity evaluation would be in conformity with earthquake occurrence and geololY (including tectonics) of the region. However. such an assumption will be valid if data on earthquake occurrence are available for sufficiently lon, duration. Epieentral distribution could then be considered to demonstrate the trend and extent of tho seismotectonic belts conforming to the geology (and tectonics) of tbe region and earthquake intensities can be utilized as quantitative measures of seismicity in different parts of the region for preparation of seismic zoning maps. However. as data on earthquake occurrence in India is not available for a long period. seismic zoning maps prepared on statistical evaluation of Ions term seismicity from limited and or short data OD earthquake occurrence due to lack of historical records and suitable network of seismological observatories, presents a picture with greater influence of known earthquakes and does not necessarily reflect the seismotectonic set up or the region, in which major earthquakes could occur due to tbe occurrence of ,eotectonic processes. With this in view when additional data on geology, tectonics and earthquake occurrence became available for the revision of the seismic Zoning map 1966 (rs: 1893-1966) sbown in Fig. 26. in 1970 (IS: 1893-(970) and in 1975 (IS: 1893.1975) shown in Fig. 27 and the seismotectonic set up of the country was given greater significance.

SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA IN IS: 1893-1966 AND IS 1893-1970

The seismic zoning map of India in IS : J 893 - J966 (Fig. 26) took into account additional data on earthquake occurrence and detailed information on the tectonic framework of the country by (Geological Survey of India Tectonic Map of India published at the time of the International Geological Congress held at New Delhi in J 964) and followed the same general approach as for the 1962 map except that a greater recognition was given to the tectonic features.

In both seismic zoning maps of India in IS: t 893·1962 and IS: 1893-1966 outlined mostly data on' past eanhquake occurrence and it was assumed that the J.'8.ttem of eanhquakeoccurrence in the past will repeat itself in future. However, as data on earthquake occurrence and

48

its effects was not sliD available for a considerably Ionl duration, theIO maps did Jlot provide realistic and reasonable ...... ot of intCDsity of earthquake in future and the intensityestimatcs for .. ny parts of t'- country wore conjectural or arbitrary in charaCter. In 1968 after the Koyna earthquake of 11 Dcoeznber 1967. it was considered .scntial to give greater emphasis to the geotectonic set up so that the seismotectonic features as source regions of eartbquake occurrence in future were identiled with ,eaetic sianiflcance and estimates of eanliquate intensity were consistent witb tbe geological. cause. seismotectonic Iramework and the pattern of earthquake occurrence in each seismic zone, Thus tiking into consideration the tectogenesis and geological history of the country and the understanding of the operative processes responsible for the development of the various structural. and . related phYliographical features which could lead to earthquake occurrencC in future. tbe seisIDic zones were demarcated to broadly follow the areal extent and distribution of five principal seiSll1otectonic units of India (.ree Table 13):

t) the orogenic unit of Cainozonic folding and faulting;

2) tbe unit of Himalayan fore deep and marginal depression;

3) the unit of Peninsular Shield segmented by territory;

4) quaternary fault movements, including the Gondawan. graben and adjacent parts of the Shiel~ as well as marginal parts of the Peninsular Shield with platform cover of Mesozoic-Cainozoic sediments: and

5) the unit of ICfteraily stabb Peninsular Shield with locally partitioned areas bearing relatively ancient faults and localized seismic activity (.ree Table 13).

Though a reasonable estimate of the probable maximum magnitude in each of the tectonic units could be obtained. little information was available on depth of focus. It was difficult to establish definite associations of earthquake occurrence with tectonic features in tbese tectonic units. Thus probable maximum intensities around the tectonic features, baNd on known earthquake data. were mostly tentative. till evidence of movements along these featu ... during earthquakes could be confirmed. It was also considered desirable to reduce the number of zones from seveD' zones in IS: 1893-1966 map to five zones in IS: 189].. J 970 map, as tbe earthquake effects below Modi-

.. 122 -1912

fied MercaJU intensity VI (seismic zones 0 and I of IS: 189:).1962 and IS: 1893-1966 seismic zoning maps of India) are insipificant in terms of design to call for a separation, Likewise the seismic zone V[ of IS : 189341962 and IS: 1893·1966 seismic zonina maps for M.M. intensity and above was omitted as recorded strong ground motion characteristics in regions with Modified Mercalli intensity IX and above show comparable ground acceleratioDS. tbough with lODger durations of strong ground motion with increase in magnitude. Thus the separation between seismic zone V and VI was considered to be of little practical utility.

From the roregoing description it will be notcd that seismic zoning based on data on past earthquake occurrence bad. greater acceptability by the users in the initial stages of the implementation of the Indian Standard recommendations for earthquake resistant design of structures. The seismic zoning maps in ]S: 1893-1962 and IS: 1893·1966 were thus mostly based on data OD past earthquake occurrence and probable correlations with known tectonic features. With the gcneral understanding of the earthquake engineering problems, greater recognition to seismotectonic framework of the various parts of the country to predict new potential earthquake source regions and their oWects could be given in the preparation of the 1970 seismic zoniDg map included in IS: 1893-1970. This made it possible to take into consideration the probable seismic activity in potential earthquake source regions where there had been a pp in activity during the period for which data is available. and serious economic losses could be reduced due to seismological uprise in such gaps in future. This has been incorporated in the third revision of the Code ([S : 1893-197S) without any modification. All these maps arc based on subjective estimates of intensity from available information on earthquake occurrence. geology and tectonics of the country. However. as more data on earthquake occurrence in fndia and their .. sociated seismotectonic elements become available for seismic risk analysis to provide adequate safety during the desired life of tbe structures these zones will need revision. It is emphasized that seismic zoning of a country is. continuous process depending on its gradual acceptance by users. and the guiding philosophy and methodology of analysis. evaluation of sei,mic risk for seismic zoning depend on the available data and state of knowledge of the fundamental seismological. geological and tectonic principles for the physical undcrstanding and forecasting earthquake occurrence in future.

49

W_ CoaIt aa4

Narmada Tapti unit

Delcrlption Oroeeoic anlt ofCaiIlOZOic foIdlna and fauJtIn.. The Sb", IDMIif. wbidl .. .... peally a«ected by lb. fauldq bat .... iadWed iD thiI ZODe

Unit or Himllayan fore.. aad ........ cleprelIIoD (wbere the boundary II DOt poIItlwJy .tabu.. Ihed. lOme of tbe Shield may rMlty be iDdoded In this Zone. The tectoDic map proyiIkJnaIly de80eI tho boadary at 200 to I 000 • contour of the "'_t at maram of the SbieJ4)

Uaft of Shield with tertiary qUll'twDlU'J fault m0vement fllcJudfol the WOIt Coat leiImoteDic Zoae. &be NIrmada-5oD rift Zooo. tbe Tapti rift ZoDe ad their pottulatecl ateaaioaa

Unit or Sbilid wilh Mel- 0I0ic fault IDOWIDCIIII aDCI later ...... ta. ioduclel die Goaclwaoa rift lODe ad ..... t partI 01 the SItWd. maraiDaI parts or tho PtaIMuIar Shield to the .. _ DOrtb with

platform COWl' of M.,.. zoio.CaIDoz:oIc MClimaati

o....u, • lIIImopaic aa4 )llUtitkmed areu 01 .. PooIaIu1ar SbieIcl with UllCieat taultl aDd witb localized rault, and with loc:aJad IeIImoJeDfc rea· tares

Common ,boca of mqnitucie '-6'$ with a nwnber of _hocks of mapitucie 6"5·7", a few Ihock. of IDIInltude 7' S-8 and oc::c:uional abocb anater than 8 orijiDatiDi on IOIDO of the ~ Himal&ylD thnIIt IDd faults (SatJitta thrust, PAItiaJ thrust. Central Himalayan thrust, Daukl rault. etc.)

Common shocks of mapitudo S-6 with a few shocks of ma,Ditude 6-7 and occuionaJ shoeb of lDI.IOitude 7·'-1 oriaiDatlD. alonl active faults in tbe basement (Patna fallit of other basement faults, KUlch faulta)

ComJraon shoekl of mqnitude S;-6 with few shoc:b of lDIIDitude 6-7 in the Narmada and Tapti rifts, put epiccntra CID be related to erteosions of partly mapped faults_ Maximum recorded maanitudo on WOIt Caut Zooe 6'6-7. on Narmda rin "'. Tapti rift "2S

0ccasi00aJ Ihocb of mapi. tude S-6 wllb few ceatree which may bl,vc mqnJhJde 6-6'$ _ may be reJated. to

bouDclary fauIta of the Goodwaoa basin aDd fao1lta of limited _teat ill abe MCiIOZOicCainozoic COYer OIl tbepla,form

OccuIonal Ibocu of mqllitude S-6 with nceptiODal aetfvity a10q local faultl In tho ArcbaeaDI with mqnftude 6-6"

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PART II EXPLANATIONS ON

IS : 4326-1976 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

( First Revision)

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

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o. FOREWORD

The Code of practice for earthquake resistant design of structures was originally brought out in 1962 and has been revised three times and the current version of the Code in use being IS : 1893- 1!175. This Code deals with the seismic forces to be taken into account 'while designing different structures in various parts of the country. However, a need was felt to lay down specific provisions indicating various construction features to be incorporated in buildings to be constructed in various seismic regions. IS: 4326 was. therefore, brought out for . this purpose originally in 1967 and has been revised in 1976. This Code takes into account the prevailing construction practices in the country and Jays down guidelines for construction of steel, reinforced concrete, masonry and timber buildings.

2. TERMINOLOGY

1.1.1 Crumple Section - A separation section filled with appropriate material like sheet metal flashing, particle board. cork, etc, which can crumple OT fracture in an earthquake. The material filled will not obstruct the free movement of the building when it vibrates during an earthquake.

2.2 Centre of Riglclity - The centre of rigidity and centre of mass at which the lateral load acts are two different terms. Centre of rigidity is calculated considering the stiff'nesses of resisting elements like columns and walls in the respective directions. Centre of rigidity is the point in a structure where a lateral force shall be applied to produce equal deflections of its components at anyone level in any particular direction.

2.3 Shear Wall- See Fig. 1. 2.4 Space Frame - See Fig. 2.

2.4.2 Moment Resistant Frame - See Fig. 3. 1.4.3. Moment Resistant Frame with Shear Walls - See Fig. 4.

2.5 Box System - The box system utilizes walls which support vertical loads and also resist seismic forces. There may be other elements, such as a partial simple frame system, which support a portion of the vertical loads. This system also hac; horizontal resisting elements, such as diaphragms and trusses, which transmit the seismic forces to the walls.

Box S ystem functions in the same manner as a rectangular box in resisting the internal forces in an earthquake. As illustrated in Fig. 5, tbe principal elements of the system are as follows:

... 22·1_

a) Vertical Beams - The exterior walls and interior partitions act as vertical beams delivering reactions to the floors.

b) Horizontal Diaphragms - The floor and roof act as horizontal girders which resist the reactions from the vertical clement ..

GL

FIG.) SHEAlt WALL

Gl

FIG. 2 SPACE FRAME

61

SP 122 .. 1_

BEAM SHEAR

~~~ f '- ... EAR to 'OVNOAfJON

FRAME ELEVAtiON

rI'

~ ..-OVERTURNING y' FORCE sSUM OF

IEAM ~HI!"'RS

FIG. 3 MOMINT RESISTING PltAMII

as well as inertia forteS generated from themass of the ftoor or roof itself.

c) Sh,ar Walls - The structural wau. orierattd parallel to the direction of the load railt tbe reactions from the diapbra&m as well as iDertia fon:es from the IDUI of the wall itself. The shear wall then lets .. a vertical cantilevered beam supported at the base of it. foundation.

The basic elements of the box system lilted above am take anyone of a number of forms, but the basic function wiJI remain same. The diaphraam caJl COD,ist of allnost Btly structural material or could be repJaced by horizontal trusses or bracing

systems consisting of steel. wood or concrete members witbout departing from the basic system. Similarly. the shear walls could consist of any of many different materials or even replac:ed by a system of bracing or vertical trusses.

2.6 Baad - A reinforced concrete or reinforced brick runner provided in the walls to tie them together. so that the structure acts as one unit to raist the earthquake effects. These bands are generally provided at plinth. lintel or roof level. The most common among these is the lintel band.

FIG. 4 MOMBNT RJmSTANT f'ltAMI WttH SHIWt WALLS

ENLARGEMENT A1 A

3.2 Coaduity or ~ODStructiOD

3.2.1 Generally all parts. of the building should be tied toaether in such a manncr that the building acts as one unit. Plinth band. lintel band or roof band are used for this in brick masonry construction.

3.2.3 Continuous rows of openings in a load bearing wan makes it weak: and hence it should be preferably avoided or otherwise the openings should be sta"ered. The openings should also be reinforced all round.

62

GL

1P.22 - 1912

BUILDING BOX {Re:_CTlON AT ROOF

INERT[__{AL ~

FORCE. S ( REACTION

IN SIDE ..,_ AT FLOOR

WAle

SECTION AA

REACTION FROM WALLS

INERTIAL FORCES IN ROOF

f:~,t.CTION FROM ~F DIAPHRAGM

ERTIAL

ORe!S'N

NO WALL

l

PLAN OF ROOF DIAPHRAGM

.... ~ IN
~ F
..... >- E
.....
GL _._ G I ~REAC'IONS t AT GROUND

ELE VAT ION OF END WALL

FIG. S Box SVSTBM

3.2.4 If a new structure is built by the side of :an existing structure adequate precaution should

be taken to provide separation between them to avoid hammering durin, seismic vibration.

3.3 ProJedbll Pm.

3.3.1 OvcrhaogiDa pats. ncb u projectiDs COmK:es, belconies, puapeta and chimneys are the firat to (all durin, an ~. Not only that there is dImqO to tho buildiD. but such parts, "hID they fall, iDjure the people who may be lUIlDiDi out of tho hoUICI or movin, OD tho 'Streets. Such projectin. and OverbaDJlI18 puts Ihould be avoided.. far as pouible or eoouah

care should be taken to reinforce them and anchor them to tho main structure adequately.

3.3.2 Celli .. plaster should be u thin as possible and the 8U8~ ceiling should be avoided u far as POSSIble. Lipt nipt suspended ceiliq in any buildinl'should be adequately fastened. Such cellinI' often used for aesthetic reasons are usually brittle and weak and incapable or resistiDJ horizontal vibrations. Thus special care is required in the -an of suspended cdlinJS if they cannot be avoided. They should be Itrona and riJidly tied to the roof truss or be ductile CDOUgh to withstand the strains durina grOlJDfi motion.

63

•• : 22- 1112

3.4 Shape of Balldlag

3.4.1 Unsymmetrical buildings usually develop torsion due to seismic forces. Hence tho building should have a simple rectangular plan and be symmetrical both with respect to mass and rigidity, so that tbe centre of mass and centre of rigidity of the building coincide with each other and there is no eccentricity. Since zero ecceatricity is very difficult to achieve in design, efforts should be made to have minimum eccentricity in the building witb suitable erovisions for torsional effect. Irregular shape buildings may be designed as a combination of few regular shapes with suitable construction joints, The design requirements for torsion are covered in IS : 1893-1975*,

3.4.2 If symmetry of the structure is not possible in plan and elevation, provisions should be made for torsional effect due to earthquake forces in the structural design by increasing the lateral shear. Also parts of ditl'erent rigidities may be separated. Between the separation 'sections the length to width ratio of the buildings should not

PLANS

DO DON'T

~

@O

CJCJ

J

P D 9

q D P

D

r

(a

nonnally exceed three. Simple rules for pllD layouts are illustrated iD Fig. 6.

3.5 Streaatb In Various DireCtioM - The structure should be !icsigned to have adequate strength apinst earthquake effects along both tbe horizontal axes. In providing resisting elements care should be taken to sec that the struoture has more or less equal stiffness in both directions. Large di.ft'erences in stiffness in two directions may lead to large eccentricity causing torsion in the structure.

3.6 FOIIldations - The foundations founded on soils Babic to liquefy need dOli gn considerations to avoid damage to the structure due to foundation failure. However, such designs will be much expensive.

3.7 DactUlty - To avoid sudden collapse of the structures during an earthquake and to enable tbem to absorb energy by deformation beyond yield point, the main structural ele~nts ,,,d their connections should be so designed that the failure

REMARKS

Ideal for behaviour and analysis

Good symmetry, analydi leu easy

Beware at differential behavic ur at opposite ends of Jon, bulldinp

Bad for asymmetrical effects

Although .ymmetrical lao, winp live behaviour predictiOD problem

ProjcctiDJ access tower., problems with analysis and detailiDI

Asymmetry of mcmbul .... tio, borizootal .hear auaJ.yiii and toltiOD problema.

FIG. 6 GUIDELINES FOlt. PLANNING OP SEISMIC BUILDINGS

·Criteria for earthquake resiataDt daip of .ttuc:tura (third ''''isIon).

64

is of a ductile Dature. From earthquake considerations a ductile structure is preferable as it ba, enousb energy to absorb the shock.. Therefore. detailing of the member (including minimum reinforcement) Ihould be such that the sudden collapse of structure is avoided in the event of any failure.

Ductile structure yields and absorbs and dissipates very large amounts of energy by moving out of the elastic raQge well into the inelastic range. In favourable eases, the displacements of tbe inelastic structure are similar to those of elastic structure and, therefore. the forces in the elastic yielding structure are much less.

3.8 Damage to Noa-Structural Parts - Nonstructural parts, such as filler walls. partitions, etc, should be designed and connected to the main structure in such a manner so as to minimize their damage during an earthquake. The reason for this arc that in addition to being hazardous, repairs or replacement of such parts is quite costly.

3.9 Fire Safety -- It has been observed that fire frequently follows an earthquake and, therefore, the buildings should be constructed to make them fire resistant in accordance with the provisions of relevant Indian standards for fire safety. If fire breaks out, the components of the building should be able to retard the.fire for a few hours. that is the material used in construction should have fire resistance ratings specified in the National Building Code.

4. SPECIAL CONSTRUcrroN FEATURES

4.1 The Code specifies the gap widths for the various types of buildings and for different seismic coefficients.

The separation of the joints should be complete except below the plinth level, since the structure is assumed fixed at that level and only the structure above vibrates.

~.l.1 The clearance between adjacent structures or parts of the same structure which are dissimilar in mass or stiffness should provide for maximum amplitudes of the motion of each structure or part thereof. FragUe crumple joints continuous through 'waUs and roof, arc often used to cover this gap. The Code suggests details of such crumple sections (see Fig. 2 of the Code).

4.3 FGUIldatioas

4.3.1 The following Indian standards are useful in the desisn of building foundations which should take into account seismic forces on the structure specified in IS : 1893·197S*;

tQitetia for earthquake resiltant detiaD of tlructures (third nllilion).

SP t 22·1982

Code ofpractic:e for dosign and construction of aimple spread foundation. (first rnlslo1f)

Code of practice for structural safety of buildings :

Shallow foundations (second revU/on)

Code of Practice for design and construction of raft foundations: Part I

Design ( second revision)

4) IS: 2911 Code of practice for design

(Part I/Sec l}- and construction of pile 1979 foundations: Part I Concrete piles, Section 1 Driven cast in·sltuconcrcto piles (first revisloll)

J) IS: lO8().1980

2) IS: 19()4..l978

3) IS: 2950

(Part I} 1982

5) IS: 2911 (Part II Code of practice for

Sec 2)-1979 design and construction of pile foundations: Part I Concrete piles, Section 2 Bored cast in-situ piles (first revision)

6) IS: 291 I (Part II Code of practice for dCligD

Sec 3}-1979 and construction of pile foundations : Part I Concrete piles, Section 3 Driven precast concrete piles (first rev/sion)

7) IS: 2911

(Part 111)·1980

Code of practice (or design and construction of pile foundations : Part III Under-reamed piles (first rel'isioll)

4.3.2 The Code recommends that as far as possible entire building should be founded on the same typo of soil in order to avoid differential settlement.

4.3.3 Loose fine sand, soft silt and expansive clays may/ive rise to large differential settlements and shoul generally be avoided. However. a raft foundation in such soils is less vulnerable and may be used. Alternatively, a pile foundation would also obviate such a problem. If the structure is Jiaht (where a pile/raft foundation is not required). the Code IUggests some methods for improving the foundation soil.

4.3.4 To avoid large differential settlements. all the individual footings or pile caps in Type III sort soils shall be connected by ties or slab. The tics or the slab should be designed to take up the forces resulting from the seismic forces. The magnitudo of these forces is difficult to determine.

65

IP 122.1 .. 2

A conservative approach for desip. of thcso memo S. TYPES OF CONSTRVcnON bers is indicated in tho Code. recognizing the bucklins aspect of the members.

...... 1 " ...... 1.1 ,The floor and roof construction should be made as risid as possible in the horizontal plane and shall be built into the walls along their perimeter. There have been evidences in 1934 eart~uak:e of Bibar tbat the verandah and porches WIth series of independent piUan with roof merely resting on top had failed badly; jack arched roofs and roofs consisting of beams and raflers supporting brick tiles were damaged and ill maintained tiled roof proved very hazardous. Due to ,shaking. the gap. between two joists widened, and tiles and bricks feU. Such ro06ng and flooring units. where used instead of monolithic dabs, are to be tied together and fixed to the supporting members so as to prevent their dislodging due to shaking. For this reason. corrugated iron or asbestos sheets would be found better than earthern tiles. slates. etc. Joists. timber or reinforced concrete. if used for supporting flooring units. sbould be blocked at ends and tied together so as to prevent any relative displacement between them.

4.4.2 Pent Roof~

4.4.2.1 Due to the horizontal force acting on the truss at the time of an earthquake, if the ends are not held down by bolts. the truss will be displaced horizontally and may fall off its bearing and may be hazardous. Hence, it is recommended that ends of the truss should be bolted down to take up the required seismic force.

4.4.2.2 Diagonal bracing should also be provided at the tie level of the trusses so as to make them stiffer and distribute the horizontal forces due to the earthquakes.

4.4.3 Jack Arches - The behaviour of arches has been found to be unsatisfactory in resisting the horizontal loads due to earthquake as they ha ve a tendency to separate out and collapse. To prevent this. the Code recommends that Jack arch roofs or Boors where used should be provided with mild steel ties in the end spaDS and wbere the number of spans is larJC_ such ties should also be provided in every fourth span.

4.5 Staircases

4.5.1 Concrete stairways often sder seismic damage due to differential displacement of the connected ftoon. Tbis can be avoided by providing open joints in each 800r at the stairway to eliminate the bracing effects or by providing an adequate load path for the forces by usioS stairwalls extending the fuJI height of stain. Three types of staircases are recommended in tbe Code.

5.2 Fr.... CCJMtraetloa - This coDltnlctiOll iI auitable where heavy loads are expected lUCIa u in multi storeyed buildings and also in industrial structures.

S.2.2.1 In the case of design of momCDt resistant frames with shear walls the total lateral force due to earthquake should be distributed to framo and the shear wall. Altbough the sbear wall would take up most of the lateral load in view of ita large in plane stiffness. the frame by itself should also be capable of resisting some part of load. A minimum value equivalent to 2S percent of total earthquake force is recommended by the Code for this purpose.

5.2.2.3 On the basis of studies carried out, it is observed that if the height of shear waUs is about 85 percent of the total height of building, the efficiency is optimum.

S.3 Box Type COIl5trllctioD - See Fig. 5. 6. STEEL CONSTRUCfION

Steel frames consist of four main parts which play their role in lateral load resistance: beams. columns, connections and diaphragms. All parts must be so designed that they have adequate stiffness. strength and plastic deformation capacity. The significant features are:

a) Beams - The factors to be checked besides bending strength are:

I) Local buckling of plate elements in compression,

2) Lateral buckling of compressionfianse.

and

3) Ultimate shear strength.

Since tbe moments due to earthquake forces are reversible in nature, both Banses must be checked for local and lateral buckling. It may be pointed out that since the criterion of desip now is deformation capacity. the limits on minimum dimensions will be more than in the clastic range particularly in tho plastic hinge zones. The momeat gradient along tbe lenflh of beam should be taken into account m determining more economic limits of buckliog parameters.

b) Columns - Under earthquake condition, the columns are usuaUy bent into double curvature and carry axial loading which may be from IS to SO percent of the yie,d load Py of the section. The plutic hinge", if any, occur at the end of columns. The bucklinS of column in tbo plane of

66

bending or in the perpendicular plane decreaies the rotation capacity at the enda. Therefore, it is important to check the column section for slenderness ratio in both the principal planes, local buckling of plate elements. twist buckling of the section and combined axial load and bending. Again, the restriction will be much more severe tban in the elastic range. Since the collapse of a column will lead to the collapse of a part of the building. this type of damage is too serious to be left to chance. The best course perhaps would be to avoid this problem by preparin, a weak-girder strong-column design of the steel frame forcing the plastic hinges to develop in the beams rather than in the columns.

c) Connections - In steel frame buildings. usually the columns are made continuous through the joints and the beams are connected to them. If the plastic hinges under earthquake or wind loading are forced to form at the beam ends. .the connections are automatically required to have adequate strength and ductility to meet the demand. Where connections are made by riveting or bolting. the ductility is provided by connecting angles and tees. Where connections are made by welding. such details should be adopted that the welds are not required to yield but the connecting plates should provide the yielding. In each case, stitfners must be included on column webs to prevent web crippling and shear buckling and all plate elements must aatisfy ihe local buckling design criteria for plastic deformations.

d) Diaphragms - In all tier buildings. the floors act as the horizontal diaphragms and transmit the lateral load to the stiff~r elements. that is. vertical diaphragms like shear waUs. The connecting elements between the two will have to carry heavy axial and lateral forces and must be designed adequately. Diagonal bracing elements including tension members should also have such slenderness ratios that elastic buckling does not occur.

7. REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

7.1.1 The primary members of stiucture. such as beams and columns. are subject: to stress reversals (rom earthquake Joads. The reinforcement must be provided considering the reversal of sign of moments in the beams aDd columns.

7.1.3 The monolithic beam-column connections are desirable so to accommodate reversible lateral deformations after the formation of plastic binges. The maximum moments caused by earthquake

IP I 22 -1M2

occur near tbe ends of the beams and columns the plaatic hinges are likely to occur there and most of the ductility requirement appJy to sections ncar the junctions.

. 7 .~.4 The earthquake sh_car forces can change sign m the beam. The vertical closed stirrups are preferable to inclined ban because the vertical closed stirrups can resist shears of any sign. The ~od.e recommends to restrict the shear capacity of mchned bars to 50 percent because of its partial effectiveness in resisting reversible sbears. The close spacing of steel stirrups is desirable because it increases the ultimate strain in concrete and improves the behaviour of beam in diagonal tension.

7.1.5 The earthquake motion often induces forces large enough to cause inelastic deformations in the structure. If the structure is brittle sudden failure could occur. But if the structur~ had ductile behaviour, the structure will be able to sustain the earthquake effect with some deflection ~,!J larger than the yield deflection fly by absorption of energy. Therefore. besides the design for strength of the frame. ductility is also required as an essential element for safety from sudden collapse during. severe shocks. The past expenenee on the behaviour of buildings during earthquakes has clearly shown that structures designed for low seismic coefficients of the Code survived the severe earthquake because of energy absorptio.n in plastic deformations. The plastic deformations are, therefore. considered to bring down the effective values of design seismic coefficients. The decision on the extent of admissible plastic deformation should rest with the designer. A ductility factor of about 5 is considered adequate for reinforced concrete. To withstand the severe shocks. the Code recommends that ductility provisions be carefully adopted. This recommendation is generally applicable to all seismic zones but its importance is greater where the severe earthquake loading will become much more significant than other concurrent loads, as may be the case where the design seismic coefficient (including the effects of soil-foundation and importance factors) will be 0'05 or more. Therefore. the Code specifies these requirements especially in these cases. It will certainly be safer to adopt them for smaller design coefficient cases as well.

7.2 Flexunll\1embers

a) OlJjtclil'e 0/ Delign - The purpose of earthquake resistant design in reinforced concrete 15 to avoid SUdden collapse due to diagonal tension. buckling or bond failure. The possibility of such failures should not arise at all before the members become fully plastic and achieve their ultimate strength in flexure.

67

SP 122 -1112

b) Flexural c..my _ UhWu St,.,,"Membon dll.... to llliat ~ drecta Ihoukttie ... tbIt the upper liDdt or strain or COlIIftIMd. coaorete nacheI after yieJdil2l of featjon ... TJUa may be achieved by ....".. teDIIa Itcel ratio suBiclontly less _ ~ value. Such

lOCtions are cIusUled .. moderately reinforced ICICtiona. thcIe may contain 0'75 to 2 ,..,., steel for M 150 coucrete. ThOle scctiODS will attain their ultimate capacity after ~PDlellt of considerable inelastic strain in steel. 'I1lo over reinforced 1CCCi0ns in w_ the u",.. Omit of sttain of compreaed coacrore ...... before yieJdiD, of teuile steel are undellrable in earthquake resistant d-. because of their restricted encl'l)' absorpdon capacity.

c) Ductility Ratio - Tbo dootility ratio of a member: in tile limit sate delian is often de8ned as the ratio or deformation at uJtimate to that at yield. A con_ent measute of 41IctiIity is thus a ratio •• ,;,. tho ratio of curvature at ultimate to that at yield.

7.2.t F.or moderately reinforced section with miaimum tenlne .teel ratio (K.). the ratio of depth of neutta1 axis at ultimate to elfective depth will lie in. the fonowing limits:

In > K. > Ie. . .. (1)

'. 1- lou f~ 1- I ••

where

I." = Concreto strain at ultimate I, = yield strain of steel

.~ = strain at strain hardening in steel

v pF.

.n... = J;:

p :::r A.,bd tensile steel ratio F, ::s yield strell in steel

I •• - average stress in coacrete in tho compressioD zone at ultimate

= 0'7/;

- O'SS F.

f; =- 28 day cylinder streqth

F. = 28 day cube .tteqth.

Tbo minimum and maximum atoe1 ratio can be obtaiaed from equation (1), that ii,

F, > ". ""r.; •• +1 ••

F. < I ..

,.. .. ,;; S" + I ••

•.• (2)

.•• (3)

HIre ~ factor S is iDOlucled ia deaomi-

D&tor of . n (3). TbilllltlUl that Iteel atraia

is req to be 5 times IIIOre tbIIl I.. Por

memben with compression ,teet ratio. Po tile oxpnrasioD tor X. takes the foJJowiq form·:

K _ (p - P,) F,

• - 7'

J'.

where p = teDsile steel ratio.

Making use of (3) and (4). the muimwn telllile steel ratio CIn be obtained from.

.~.(4)

)F, « ..

(Pm"& - P, r < 5 +

JI" «, r,.

Using 'e. :::: 0'033. u = 0'024,

I.,. = 0'55 F. in Equation (2)

PlntD = 0'06) I ;;

ForM ISO concrete, P, = 150 kg/em', and FII = 2 000 kg/em'

• PalID = 0'003 52

Under the action of an actual earthquake. flexural members will probably be subjected to a number of reversals of bending moment. To meet this situation. a minimum amount of compression steel equal to about 0'35 percent of the section must be provided whieh should be anchored adequately so as to be able to act as tension reinforcement also. Similarly. the same minimum amount of reinforcement shouJd also be provided at the top at' beam tbroughout the length so as to take- care of the shifting of the points of contraflexure towards the centre of span due to increase of negative moment at one end and decrease at the other. Not Jess than 2 bars each should be provided at top as well as bottom of any section .

7.2.2 The maximum tensilc steel ratio in a doubly reinforced member specified in this clause

can be obtained trom equation (5) :

Calculation of amount of maximum tensile steel, Pmu: : substitutiDg/." = 0'55 F. in equation (5),

... (5)

P - ... + 0'55 I.. ~. . .. (6\

maa - ry • (5., + I~.) 1", 'I

Using, ••• = &003. " = 0'001 2

pmu = p. 1- 0'19 F,/F,

. For M 150 concrete, F. = ISO kgfcm'. and F, - 2 600 kg/cm'

fmaE = p. + 0'011 ... (7)

For concrete reinf'orced with cold worked deformed. ban,

'BhiIDi J. A.. Newmark N. M. and ~~L. r·

Delila of MuitiItONy It.IiDfcmlOd ~__ SA-or

Bartbcluake MotioaL Portlaod CemeDt -

68

,[ANCHORAGE -~..,.""''''

rCONTINUOUS lARS NOT I USS THAN _ AREA OF BARS OF COLUMN

5.122-1_

A~ I I

.(2 STIRRUPS 1\ TIES "'hto .....-11+..,

I.A__'I/ \r--A-:--1rrSTIRRUPS-

STIRRUPS ---+'7,--1 II '1 SPLICE I

J

•

SPLlCtU

...._ .... -"-_ ....... ------- L------ -L_.,J-----l---

A-distance to point of iDflcctiOD plus aochotaae Icnl.h but not less than L/4. Daiper mar cut IOIDC bars ahorter than this but at least ODe third tbe area of ban of the column must extend tbi, distance

d-beam deaian depth

IR-4D minimum, .60 preferable

1.-disIaDCO required by deIian for mOtnCDt plus anchorage !enath

D-diamct .. of bar

1!XAMPLI! OF TYPICAL BAR D1!TAILS FOR SPBCIAL Docraa MOMENT RSSISTING FRAMES

DeaiJner .hould pro'Vide dimeasion A. I, d. II anchoraac leqth, curoft' points of discontinuous ban, etc

Flo. 7

... = 0'00167 •• , .. = 0'003 Pmu = p, + O-IS FelF"

7.2.3 The requi.-ed amount of IOqitudjnal reinforcement sbaU be continuous through intermediate supports. When framing into external eolumns. it shall be extended to the far face of the "onftned rcaion and aoebond by bond. books. or mechanical anebots to develop the yield strength of the reinforcement at the support. Figure 7 shows the typical detail for a beam framing into eolumn from one side or two sides. Such an arrangement wiR easure a ductile junction and provide adequate anchorap of beam reir.foreement into columns. Top and bottom longitudinal steel for beams framin, into both sides of column should extend through the column without splicing.

7.2.4 The tensile steel bars should not be spliced at sections of DIalimum tension. Continuous top bars should be spliced ncar the centre of a span in regular frames wbere earthquake moments are usually minimum and aravity load moments do not usually produee tensile stress. For splices in the reinforcement. full boDd length (development len,th) preferably with standard books at the ends should be used and the splice should be contained within at least two stirrup tics so that the splice does not open out. The stirrup tics should be of closed type (se~ Fig, 8),

·Provide not less than two stirrup ties throuabout splice lenath. lpaced no further aput than 16 bar diameters or 30 em

7.2.S Slrear Reinforcement - Let a beam of span (I) carry dead and loadand Jive load (DandL) and let the plastic moment capacities at ends of the beam be M.a and Mp• for hogging, and M'

••

and M;. for sagging moments respectively. The

maximum and minimum shears that can be caused at the two ends of the beam will be as follows:

(Y")lI1u = JlD+L. + !!,'! .. ±_¥_~.

.. I

M' M'

D+L, , .. + Jill

(JI.)mID = JI -r --~----

• I

(Jlb)max = r:" + ~". _j1: M" ..

69

FlO. 8 CLOSED STIRRUP

SP f 22 .1912

Non - In the above lIated equations 'a' is for left support and 'b' ill for rlJht aupport or 1M beam. V" is the Ihear rorce taken upward to the lert of Ill.: section. Moments arc taken positi .... ir M .. and M"b are hogging and M;" and M;'" are sagging.

It can be seen from the above that the minimum ,beare forces may change their sign and shear failure is particularly undesirable. Therefore, vertical closed stirrups will be preferable to inclined bars because the vertical stirrups will be able to resist shears of any sign. The sectional area as of aU vertical Jegs of a stirrup and spacing of the stirrups may be designed for the maximum shear force using yield stress in steel F. as usual. For good behaviour of beam in diasonal tension, th'eir spacing should not exceed tit'! in a length of the beam equal to 2t1 measured from the face of column. The first stirrup may be located 5 em from the face of the column. In the remaining length of the beam, the maximum spacing should be limited to an.

7.3 CoIUIDDS Sulljeeled to Axial Load aDd Bead.... -- Ductility requirement is more diffiCult to achjev.: in columns because of buckling effects. The ductility in the column section can be increased considerably by the confinement of concrete by means of special lateral reinforcement in the form of spirals or clotefy spaeed lateral hoops particularly near tbe jUDQtioos of beam. In addition to this, the dimensions of tho column section should be chosen so that it does not become a long column.

While designing columns. it is to be kept in view [bat columna should not fail before beams. as Joss of the columns support may allow collapse

of the floor system. '

7.3.2 Special R~inf(}rc{'ment in Columns -._ For working out the amount of lateral hoops for necessary confinement, the criterion may be adopted that the load carrying capacity of the cross-section of the column may be made equal to that of the column without the shell concrete. Load deformation behaviour of such a column is superior to ordinarily tied co1umns. Usin, this criterion. the cross-sectional area of the bar forming circular hoops ora spiral used for confinement of concrete is given in the Code.

7.3.3 As with flexural members the most critical situation for column is adjacent to the beam column joint. This claGSe defines the range within which the required transverse reinforcement is to be provided.

7.3.4 In addition to the .. abov~. transverse reinforcement should be provided throughout the length of .the column to resist shear force, the spacing of which shan not be less than a12.

7.4 Bea. CoIlIIIUl Coaaecd .. - 10ints between exterior columns and adjoining flexural members: shall be conl:ned by transverse column reinforcement throup. the joint. Such reinforcement shall, consist of herical reinforcement or ties as required at the columo ends. This is required because on exterior and corner columns tbe joint core is not confined by flexural members OD all sides. To provide some measure of confinement in these situations givinl( some strength against brittle failure in the joint core, transverse reinforcement as required at the column ends is continued throul(h the joint core (fee Fig. 9).

The transverse reinforcement as required at the end of the column applies to connection as wetl. If the connection is confined by beams from all four sides. the amount of transverse reinforcement may· be reduced to half this value. The tie reinforcement may be reduced to halrthis value. The tie reinforcement at beam column joints may be provided by V-sbaped ties. the length of the legs beyond the columns being kept is dictated by bond requirements so as to develop full strength of the tics.

"""
If'


END REGION "" ct.
rBEAM
\.
•
..
COLUMN CORE •
•



END REGION ISu ct.


.... r-
!'-COLUMN
~ ....
r F Vlt ,.,.,.

·Column core has to be confined by boo" or helical reinrorcement in accordance with end reaion spacinl

FlO. 9 BBA,\f-CoLUMN JOINT AT EXTERNAL COLUMNS

70

8. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

8.1 General - From the numerous observations of damage, it appears dlat unreinforced brick. composite constructions, aDd adobe houses are not the suitable forms of construction in seismic areas since these have larae weight and almost no lateral strength or ductility. Besides, workmanship is yot another factor which effects its performance and hence emphasis should be given on good quality of workman~hip in order to achieve best r-.suhs in this material. The basic advantage of this construotion lies in the fact that it is possible to use the same elements to perform a variety of functions which in a framed building have to be provided for separately with consequent complication in detailed construction. This form thus simultaneously provides the structure, subdivision of space. thermal and acoustic insulation. fire and other weather protection. Therefore, finding effective methods of improving their earthquake resistance is of utmost importance for a vast majority of people throughout the world.

For closer examination, building components could be studied separately also to establish where each one lacks sirengthandshould be strengthened. The following paragraphs discuss the behaviour of such buildings in detail and make a review of the methods of strengthcoingsuch buildings against seismic forces.

Structural A.ction of Building Elements - Buildings respond to ground motion like all other structures and attract inertia forces depending on their stiffness and damping characteristics. Following this. the roof tends to separate frClm supports. the roof 'covering tends to be dislodged and walls tend to tear apart. If unable to do so, the walls tend to shear 011' dia,ooally in the direction of motion. In case or Iller walls in reinforced concrete or timber frame, these may fan out of the frame unless properly tied to tbe frame. In tbis section. however, only load bearing wall type construction are discussed. For this, some of tbe basic ideas must be understood first. The walls which resist forces in their own planes will be referred to as shear walls and those in perpendi-

~y.

Y~X

o 10B

o

SP I 22 -1t12

cular direction as cross walls. It is thus clear that in • building the same walls could act as shear walls or cross walls depending on direction of earthquake motion. Referring to Fig. 10, for tho X-dirOCtion of motion, walts B act as shear walls while offering resistance against the collapse of wall A as well. Wan A acts as vertical slab supported on two vertical sides and bottom and subjected to inertia force of its own mass. Ncar the edges. the wall will have bending moments in the horizenta! plane for which brickwork has little streqth. This may result in cracking and separation of the walls. If, however. a horizontal b~nding member is introduced at a suitable level in wall A and continued in wall B. the tension in horizontal plane may be taken carl! of. Tension on account of vertical bending may generally get relieved due to self weia',t and can be made to take care of bending tensions. The same will be true for wall B when ground motion is in Y-dire<:~ tion. Thus the horizontal bending member is a very desirable provision in such buildings. Such a member is called a runner or a band and depending 00 its location it may be called a roof band. lintel band, or gable band.

The roof slab transfers its inertia force at top of the walls causing shearing and overturning forces in them. Major portion of this load is taken up by the shear walls on account of their large inplane still'ne&s compared to tbe cross waUs. However, the slab must have enough strength in bending in horizontal plane to be able to transfer the force in the aforesaid manner. Reinforced concrete or reinforced brick slabs would normally possess this but other types of roof/floor, such as brick·tilc coverings or timber planks-joists Boors. must be connected together and fixed to walls suitably to achieve this purpose. Shear walls should of course be able to take the shear of the slab in addition to its own inertia forces and should be designed safe for the bending and normal stresses resulting from such forces.

In the barrack type construction. the roof trusses rat on walls 'A' while the walls 'B' arc

x

o

FlO. 10 SHIIAR WALLS AND CRoss WALLS 71

8.,22· 1112

x

FIG. 11 BAUACK 1'YPB SnUC'l'tJRB

pbled to receive the purlios (.see Fig. J J). In such cases. the trusses mlllt be aucbored into tbc waUs by 'holdi. down bolts' and tbe walls 'A' must be treated as vertical cantilevers. Abo a band may be aecessary to traosfer the horizontal fon::c:a. Alternately. diaaooal bracing may be provided at the main tie level extending from one pble end to the other.

The above structural behaviour leads to the (ollowing requimDeots or structural aafety of brick building apinst earthquake forces:

a) A free wall must be desianed as vcrtkal cantilever;

b) Shear walls must resist forces transferred to it by its deformation;

c) Roof/ftoor elemeDt. must be tied topther and be capablC' of tranaferrioa their inertia forces to the wails; and

d) Walls must be e.trectively tied together to avoid separation at joiots due to sbaking. Horizontal bands may be provided for this purpose at suitable p_s.

BehaViour of Brick Shear Walls - Shear walls are the main clements resisting the lateral forces in a building. In fact, the strength of such walls determines the lateral load carrying capacity of the building. However, their strength depends on a number of factors which are sometimes very di1Bcu1t to take into account in a theoretical analysis. The main source or error and uncertainty iI the workmanship. With this difficult parameter playing an important part in the stren,tb of a shear wall. any drort to use the more sophisticated methods may appear to be an exercise in 'utility. Simpler approaches were. therefore. suuested in which a masonry wall was Created as a series o( pien formed by the c;peninr in a shear wall (s('t Fis. 12). For calculatioa streues in such piers, if is

assumed that the rotational component of deformations of the portions above and below theopenings are small compared to those of the piers between the openings and are neglected. The points of contra1lcxure are assumed at the mid height of such piers and the forces (the lateral shear) are shared among tbe piers such that their tops defiectby equal amount. The deflection of each pier is calculated by assuming the ends to be restrained apinst rotation. Thus the de8ection is given by:

!J. = VI&' + ]'2Vh

12E1 AG

... (1)

in whicb V is sbear in the pier, h its height, A the area of crop-section. 1 the moment of inertia, E the mochddS of elasticity and G the modulus of rigidity of the material. The shear stiffness S. of tbe pier is ,iven by.

s= VIA

... (2)

The total horizontal shear in a wall will, therefore. be diltributcd in the various pien in proportion to their shear stiffnesses. This shear causes bendin, moment equal to Vh/2 at the top and bottom sections of the pier. Also, there would be overturning forces in these piers on account of this horizobtal force in addition to the direct stresses due to the dead load of the building above' tbe lintel level. The total stress (J is given by.

a = at + a. + (10

... (3)

in which ~ is the stress due to bending, fl. the stress due to the dead load and ao the stress due to overtumiDaforces. Such computations should be made alon ... cb axis of the building for reversible earthquake force. If the combined stress a exceeds the ultimate strength of brickwork in tension, cracking "'CItlld occ:ur. The sec:tions of the piers.

72

PIER 8

p

.... ----- L ---- .....

J2A Wall with door aDd Mallow

... 22-1_

PIER

llB DeIIectIOD of a typical pier

Flo. 12 A TYPICAL SHEAR WALL WITH PmRs AND THI BEHAVIOUR OF PIER UNDBR LATBllAL FORCES

should either be desiped such that tension does intervals of 60 em and also hollow concrete block not appear or else provision should be made tor masonry whicb'possesses adequate strenath as laid

reinforcing the aection at such crucial points. down in the remant standards.

Sections along the jambs of openings and the corners in a shear Wall have bceD identified as the vulnerable points in tho WAIls. Since the ordinary brickwork has very little streqth in tcDsion, it may seem essential that such wall sections be strengthened by reiDfoICiDa afeel in vertical direction, particularly in active sliamic zoncs. Taking a clue from here, the efticacy of sucb strengthening measures was eumined'aod experimental study of house models was carried out. Tbe various strengthening measures ltuctied included vertical steel at corners, vertical steel at jambs and their combinations with the lintel band. It was found that the strensth of models iacreucd many folds with the introduction of these methods. Further. it became very (llear that such measures would not allow the entire building to coIlapeoduring an earthquake, The quantity of such rcinfOtaDg steel would naturally depend on the number of storeys in a building and on the severity of the zone. With these methods, it is possible to go up· to four storeyed constructicn. The Code provides for such special measures in detail. Special features of design and <:onstrU<:tioD for earthquake resistance masonry buildiDp, in Zones m. IV and V are also covered in IS: 1905·1980·.

8.1.1 Materials - In view of the explanation given under 8.1 the Code recommends good quality bricks, and prohibits the use of lun dried bricks. It also permits use of squared stone masonry or random rubble masonry brought to couraes at regular

·Code or practice rOt" structural wety or bulldlD .. :

Muoary wall, (MCOItIi'rllliolf).

8.1.2 MorttU" - Sinco strength of 1DU0nry buildins is largely dependent upon the strenath of mortar

= !o':w~~u: ':;cq<;:t: t~!!l

cbaracteristk:s he used in construction. On thi; basis. Table 3 ill the Code is formulated,

If a reinforcing bar is used in masonry, it is desirable to bate richer material around it to ensure proper bOnd. For this purpose. either 1 : 4 cement·sand monar or M 10 or MIS grade concrete is recommendodfor usc.

8.2 WaDs

. 8.2.1 The CQI!Ie recommends that load ~1lJ masonry waUs .uld not be more tbaIl ISm total ,he.iaht or four _oreys. Moinf. (1972) from hla experience OD. ObservatioDs of earthquake damaac to brick muonrt buildiDp in Iran bas reported that for ordinary w~ansbip end quality of building materials the h4bt of a dwelling should not exceed three storeys. jteferably two, and under DO circumstances sho1pd the total heip't of the dwellina exceed I J m intudin. tho height of the parapet. However. this 4Perience is based on ObeOrvatioDs of unrclnf~ .•. · •.• bUildiop Hcre . up to 4 storeys are anowed in YiIw of proposed remtorcin"

Random rubble masonry (brought to counes at 60 em. vertical illterVll.) is recommended only up to 2 storeys or (B m in height) in vicw of its poor performance obIerved during the past earthquakes.

8.2.2 Tho load bearing walls must be ItraiJht and aymmctrical::in plan so that torsional', shean are avoided or lDinimized.

73

r

3·5 ...

L~~

l ... -----&-4 ... ----- ....

FIo.13

IP a22- 1"2

8.2.3 As explained. in 8.1 (lee Fi,. 10) wall .4 acts as & vertical slab supported on two shear waUs. the bottom and the roof dab. It is subjected to inertia forCe on itI own mass and thus deforms 11& plate under the action of such forces. For simplicity of computations, the Code advises that a check should be made on the strength of a unit width of such walls assuming thom to be vertical beam. subjected to inertia forces of their own mass, This would be a conservative check II far II safety is concerned.

Example 1 - Check a wall panel of a room 6'4 m x 4'4 m in plan havioa 20 em thick. 3'5 m hip brick masonry wall. in I : 6 corneDt sand mortar. The roof is in RB weiJhiq 300 kalm', The design seismic coellcieat is 0'04 (He Fig. 13).

Considering 1 m wide strip of the wall, the bending moment at the point A. (and B) wiU be Jiven by

wht

M-T

in which w is inertia force per unit lcmgth of vertical strip and " is the height of room. At eection .4 the compressive stress will be the minimum because the lelf weight of wall is nil and only the RD slab gives some compression. From the safety point of view tension should not exceed the safe limit for the 1 : 6 ecment-sand mortar.

w - 0'04 x 1'0 x 1'0 x 0'20 x 1'92 = 1'54 x 10-- tIm

Bending moment at A,

1'54 x 10-' x 3'"

M,,= 12

= }'S7 x 10-' kg.m

Z =!~ = 0'00667ml 6

.', Bendiag stress 0'016

o. - 81)06 67 """ 2'4 t/mI (H4 "emI)

Weight of ltD slab per metre

= 0-300 x 6'4 x 4'4 _ 0'406 t 2(6'2+4'2)

.: '. Direct stress

0'406

'Sd == o:iX1 :: 2'03 tim' (0'203 kg/em')

Therefore, the net tCJlSiIe stress in the brick element _ks out as (.'2 - 0'203) - 0'997 ka/cm' (~p) which i, well within the permissible value of tedlion in brick masonry with 1: 6 cement mortar,

It turns out that panel walla havine storey heights of the order of 3'S m or so and Jaterally supported at top will be found to be safe and. therefore, ~e Code mentions this in the Note following tbis clause,

8.2." A tee stand ina wall is recommcndcd to have a f~or of safety of )·s in overturning in view of tbeimportanee of such walls,

Example 2 - Check overturnina 'actor of safety for a 3 m high 20 em thick uniform brict wall formin, boundary of a factory, located jn seismic Zone IV (see Fig. 14),

Considering unit length of waU the ovcrturoins; moment (due to inertia fon:cs) Mo is given by.

Mo = 01)4 x 1'0 x 3-0 x 0'2 x 1'92 -x 1'5 =Q0089 t.m

Stabilizing moment (due to dead weight) about point A is siven by

M, = 3 x 1'0 x 0-20 x 1-92 x 0'10 = 0'115 tom

7 ..

FIG. 14

The wall. therefore, has a factor of safety against overturning

0'115

= 0'069 -6>1'5 (O.K.)

8.2.5 During an earthquake shaking, in1illa in framed building will behave according to its physical connection with the frames. The infills usually add to the atiffnesa and strength of a building if bonded properly with the frame. It is, therefore, recollUDCDdeci in the Code that the bonding should be done properly either by suitable mortar or dowels. If this is not achieved. the infiJls would behave just like a free standing wall. In either situation, tbe infill mould be checked for safety apinst inertia force actinS on its own maas as provided in 8.2.3 or 8.2.4 of the Code.

8.3 Opealap lD ....... W."

8.3.1 to 8.3.6 Openings divide a bearing wall into a series of piers wbose Itrcngtb determines the strength of the wall element. Analysis has shown that sections around jambs of openings are the vulnerable sections and must be safeguarded. It is also seen that the larger the opening. smaller is the strength of wall. Also the strength of wall depends upon the placing of opening in the wall. The more central location of opening leads to a higher strength and higher tho opening higher is , the strength. In view of these. the Code reeom-

mcnds certain speciftcations as regards the size and placing of openinl' in load bearing walls.

If openings do not comply with the recommendations made in the various IUbcJauses. the Code recommends strengthening of openings by providing steel at jambs or by framing the opening in reinforced concrete as shown in Fig. 11 of the Code.

It also suggests tbat as far II possible all openings in a storey should bave their top at the same level to facilitate provisJon of continuous reinforced concrete band alround the building.

8.3.7 Projecting parts are always potential hazards during an earthquake and, therefore, these must be well ancbored in reinforced masonry or. concrete.

SPI22-1M2

8.3.1 ObsenatiO,DI ill put earthquakes have mown that Ole of archet to IpU acroas· openinp is a lOuroct of weakness and mUlt be avoided uaJ. .. steel tiea are provided.

804 ~.r A.nua •• t •

..... 1 This is the most important operative clause of tho Code. It speciftes the Itren&thenia& me&lURi to be adopted ill cue of muonrY bw16- inp for which desip seismic cocfBciont is worked out first in accordance with provisions of IS: 1893-1975*. It may be recalled that design seiamic coefftdent is worked out on the batis of seismic zone, soil-foundation factor (~) and importaDcc· factor (1).

Depending upon the value of desip seismic coefficient. the strengthening arranscmcnts vary - higher seismic coefficient inviting more elaborate provisions compared to those for lower coeftlcients. BasicaJly the following six provisions are specified:

a) Masonry mortar (see explanatory 8.1.2);

b) Lintel band a1round to tie up the building;

c) Roof band (and gable band in case of slop. ing roofs);

d) Vertical steel at corners and junctions of walls to take up tension which occurs at these points;

e) Vertical steel in jambs of openings (.fee explanatory 8.3.6); and

f) Bracinl in plan at tie level (lee explanatory ... 4.2.2).

(b). (c) and (d) are explained. in the following subclauses.

8.4.2 to 8.4.5 Bands or Runner» - Lack of

. proper connection between various elements of the buildillJS. like walls or between walls and roof (or floor). has often resulted in damage to masonry buildings duriq earthquakes. As explain-. ed in 8, runners or bands of reinforced concreto or reinforced brickwork provided in all the load bearing walls at different levels together with vertical reinforced concrete elements which are not necessarily load bearing. provide excellent connections for tbe building to act as one unit under earthquake motion. thus increasiog considerably its resistance and minimizing damage. Locating the runners at lintel andlor roof level is recommended depending upon the seismic intensity, type of construction and soil strength.

The various bands may be made in M 15 or ricber concrete on reinforced brickwork in cement sand monar not leaner than J : 3. A minimum thickness of 7'S em and width equal to thickness of the wall is recommended.

·Criteria for earthquake rcsiItant desip 01 structurea {Ihlrd revision,.

75

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SP,22 -1912

One steel bar near each face of the wall is recommended in the reinforced concrete band. In reinforced brickwork, the reinforcement may be provided in two consecutive courses with two bars near eacb tace of the wall so tbat the total' area of steel is the same as in a reinforced concrete band. That is, with the number of bars doubled. the diameter of ban may be reduced to 70 percent for obtaining the same total steel area. The joints in reinforced brickwork containing the steel ban should be increased so as to have a minimum mortar cover of 6 mm around the bar. Figure 1 S shows typical sections of such bands. Example 3 illustrates the design of such bands.

Example 3 :

Figure 16 shows a single room building with brick masonry walls (20 em thick) 3'5 m high. The reinforced brickwork roof slab weighs 300 kg/mi. The design seismic coefficient is. 0'08. Design the lintel band and the roof band.

a) Design 0/ Lintel Balui

Neglecting openings, horizontal seismic load coming on lintel band (perpendicular - to plane of wall)

2'( + 1'4

q,. = 0'08 x ---2- x 0'20 x I 920

= 53-76 kg/m

Assuming continuity of band at corners of walls. maximum bending moment in the band (borizontal bending) is given by

6'2· .W: = 53'76 x T6

= 206'66 kg. m

Alto maximum shear force is pven by 6'0

F= 53'66 x 2'

= 160'98 qJm

Taking the normal allowable beDding comprasion in coacrete as SO ks/cml and shear .. S kalcml with tensile stress in steel &I I 400 kg{cm' and allowiDg an increase of 33i percent in those values for seismic condition. the area of steel reinforcement (on either face) is worked out u follows:

" 206'66 x 100 =0'738 eml

J'U = 1'33 x I 400 xiS

in which IS em is the distance between the steel reinforcement at the inner and the outer faces.

The thickness of band from consideration of diagonal tension works out to

]60'98 .

t - 1'33 x --86-· 7 5- = I 61 em

5xO' x rr-

However a minimum thickness of 7'5 em is recommended in view of the proper cover for steel on both tbe sides. The requirement of steel is also less but a minimum of one bar of 12 mm diameter on each face is recommended togetber with links of 6 mm. dis spaced at 15 em apart for tying tbe two ban together. However. this arrangement is valid for spans say up to 8 m or 60 beyond which the adequacy of band must be checked as above.

r.-=- 20 em ~ _ I r 15 eml r2'5 em

,

10em

,

I. BARS ON EACH FACE OF WALL

1 SA Coocrcte band

FIG. 15 CRoss SBC110N OP RUNNBRS

1 sa ReJnforct:d brick work band FIG.]5 CRoss SBCTION OF RUNNIIU

76

r-----·z • ,EFFECTIVE)

---~--~ -

--,

ROOF BAND .. , ..

~~--t

2-'.

__ G_(~ .. ~m- __ ~ __ ~~~ _jl

FlO, 16 BUILDING WITH 1(00' BAND AND LINTBL'BAND

b) Dellgn of Roof Band

The inertia force due to load comins On roof band depends upon tho arrangement oC roofina material, Assuming tut tbe roofiq elementl are tied to longitudinal waIls, tho inertia Coree on roof band is given by

4'4

q,. = 0'08 x 300 x r + 0'20 x 1 920

1'4

x T = 74'30 kg/m

Bending moment is then obtained as 6·2'

M = 74'30 x 10 = 285'62 kg.m

and shear force

6'0

F = 74'30 x 2" === 222'90 kg

Assuming samo working streaos as in tbe earUer example,

285'62 x 100

.41= 1'33 x 1400 x IS = 11U em'

Thickness of band

222'90

t = 1'33 X 5 X 0"86 X 11'5 = 2'23 em

Minimum reinforcement and thickilOll as in case of lintel band are to be UIed.

In case of .loping roofs, the roof bud it made oontinuous over the pble ends of·the ODd wall below the purlins. Obvio1ll1y, the, speci8catiOIlJ for the pble band, roof band and lintel band are, therefOI'C, the same.

In case of structurel where deIIp IOiImio coef6cient works out more tIaan (H)I (duo to impor.tance of the ttructme or soD fouada~ I)'Ite8l). these bandlare proYided w:ith m.ON niaf'OI'OIIIIIIIDt as given in Table 4 of the Code.

Roof bud is Dot required in cue or lWDforoed concrete or reinforced brick IIabI whida are ooatJ.. nuous over the whole building or betweea cnuapled sections, jf any, and cover the width or .... fully as they have a bindina action on the walla and are also capable of transmitdna their iMrtia force to the shear walla.

RUnDen/banda at any Ie¥eJ Ihould be .... continuous at tho comon and juoctioDi of WIllI. The gable band should also be continuous with the roof band at tic level. Typical detaiJa for continuity are IhOWD in Pil. 17.

8.4.6 Horir.ontal ruanen may not be IIRICh effective by themsctvoa in iDcreuiq the ..... resistance of buUdiDp. Vertical IteOI at OOIDln and jambs of opcninp provides much tnatar strongtheniDJ. particuJarly iD comb_doD With tile horizontal atkl reinforcement ban in rtIDDeI'I.

By reinforcing theso critical MGtioDI aloDe, briot buildiDP up to four atonyl we ~ suftlciently at a small extra COlt IDd without adelltiooal still required in coastruotion to eapo collapse even under moat severe eartbquite fortel. The recoJDIIIeDdalioDI of the Code are bUed oa this cost CODIideration rather &baD 00 DO daJDa8e criterion.

Vertical steel need Dot be provided in baDeU. up to 2 ltOreyi in places wbere desip IICIiIIDio coeftlcient worb out as 0'06 < Q < 0"08. How· ever, if in thil situation. 3 or 4 storeyed bui1dinp must have vertical steel in view of pouible ampH.

77

,P.22-1112

B

.
~ I
\
t!> 1.0
•• -, •
"
~
~ ... --
L9S40 17 B

FlO. 17 BAND R1aNFOaCIIMBNT DBTAIL AT COJlN1!1l AND JUNCTION OF WALLS

"lion of acceleration in such ttructures. Of ~ if the delip seismic coeftlcient is greater tban 0'08, aU buildlnp (I to 4 storeys) must be reiDf'cm:ed by mob steel. The quantity of steel in tKh cue itt specified in Table S of the Code. The 4etaD, of provicijq tho vertical steel in brickwork. IaoIlow block and atone muoary at corners, TlICtions aDd jambl of openiup arc also illustrated m Fit. 8. 9 and 10 of the Cod~.

,. TIMBER CONSTllVcnON

, .. TlDlber i. often used for structural work puticuIarIy in hilly repona .. also (or temporary CODItrucIion. It it Well DOwn that timber has poor weather rcsiltanoe and is liable to IIC&lOul daIDpa. cracb and warping.

,.I Earthquake force attracted by a structure is ~aaI to ita 'ftiaht. AIJo it is well known illat failure occun on account of tension in struc:l1U'eI u was explained in 8 on masonry. A .. bIe material for earthquake resistance would. tberefore, be ODe in whiCh the strength per unit weilld is hiaher. Timber hu a ruSh stren,th to 1IDit weiabt ratio and ~ therefore. very suitable tor earthquake raillant CODlU'W:tion.

9.2 Timber is not as strong as otber materials of construction, namely. masonry or reinforced concrete and although it bas a hiBh strength per unit weight its construction is generally advised to be restricted to two storeys in seismic areas.

9.3 Quite often fire breaks out foUowing an earthquake on account of electric short circuiting, kitchen fire. etc, and for this reason the Code recommends that attention should also be paid to fire safety in timber construction.

9.4 In order to ensure an integrated action by the structure during an earthquake. it is necessary to make the superstructure rigid by appropriate techniques so that it behaves as one unit during vibration. Therefore, attention must be paid to suitable construction detailing of junctions of the member. and the wall panels since the rigidity is very intimately associated with such detailing.

9.5 FOUDdatloaS

9.5.1 to 9.5.2.2 For timber buiJdmBs. it must be ensured that tbe structure remains intact all the time for which the Cod,. recommends that the portion of tbe building below the plinth level must

78

.. 00IIItructed ill maaonry or concrete. This is 411irab1e fa view of the fact that timber may 4eCeriorato or rot if taken underground. The JIIPII'III'UCl1 mayor may not be rigidly connected to tile pliGtb maIOnry. Experience from past ~ bu .bOWD tbat buildiDgs not fb:ed with the foundation escape collapse although they ooulct move aide ways. The Code also suggests appropriate details of connection of columns with Gao foundation masonry in c:asc it is desired to have the lupcntructuft rigidly fixed into the plinth IDUODryfcoacrcte foundation. In case of small buildings, however, the Code permits the vertical ~1eI to be embedded into the ground.

'''' Stud wall construction and brick nogged timber frame construction are generally adopted in Jl'ractice wlUle constructing buildings in timber. Tho Code recommends appropriate sizes of structural'members for use in these two types of conslru.ction. These dimensioDl are based on an .limato of earthquake forces expected in the w.rioua seismjc zones and the minimum sizes indicated in the Code correspond to the expected earthquake forces in Zone V.

'.7 Stud Wall CaasttllCtloa

9.7.1 to 9.7.18 In this form of construction. the timber studs and corner posts arc framed into sills, top plates and wall plates. Horizontal studs and cliagonal memben are used to stift'en the frame .. pinlt lateral forces. The joints must be covered 'hl suitable steel strap. The walt cladding can be OJther timber boards or the conventional EKRA construction in some parts of the country. The Code recommends the minimum size of the studs and diagonal bracings depending on the seismic

SP :22-1982

coefficient for two categories of timber, namely. Class I and Class II as defined in IS : 883-1970·.

9.8 Brick Nogged TImber Fume

This form of construction consists of intermediate verticals, columns, sills. wall plates. horizontal nogging members and diagonal members framed into each other and the space between the remaining members is filled with tight fitting masonry. The minimum size of various timber elements to be used in tbis construction is specified in the Code. The joints of wall plate and 8iU plate with studs must be covered with suitable steel straps.

9.9 Coaaectloas BetWeeD Timber MembersCutting and notching are very important and significantly affect the strength of a member. For thi. reason. the Code recommends that notching Of cutting should be limited to about 20 mm in depth unless steel strips are provided to strengthen the notched face of the member to compensate for the· loss of material. Where it is necessary to cut or notch a member by about 40 mm in depth, the steel reinforcing strip should be placed along the .notch only. However, where the cut is more than 40 DUD in depth or a member is coDlpletely cut through steel strips should be placed on both edges of the member. Figure 15 of the Code indicates

tbe detail of such notching and reinforcing.

9.10 Brld'" aad BJocklDg -In order to provide rigidity to tbe timber frame, the Code recommends cross bridging of wooden joists at every 3'5 rn length. The Code also recommends providin, blocks at all bearings of sucb joists to block the space between joists.

·Code or practice for dcsip of structural timber in buildiop (1lUrtl revisl",,).

79