e-NOTES by: Dr.N.

Balasubramanya, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

M.S.R.I.T., Bangalore

FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

Definition: An open channel is a passage in which liquid flows with a free surface, open
channel flow has uniform atmospheric pressure exerted on its surface and is produced
under the action of fluid weight. It is more difficult to analyse open channel flow due to
its free surface. Flow is an open channel is essentially governed by Gravity force apart
from inertia and viscous forces.
Classification: An open channel can be natural or artificial.

Natural: Open channels are streams,rivers,estuaries,etc.Such channels are irregular in

shape,alignment and surface roughness.

Artificial open channels are built for some specific purpose, such as irrigation, water
supply, water power development etc. Such channels are regular in shape and alignment.
Surface roughness is also uniform.

Depending upon the shape, a channel is either prismatic or non-prismatic.

A channel is said to be prismatic when the cross section is uniform and the bed slope is
constant. Ex. Rectangular, trapezoidal, circular, parabolic.
A channel is said to be non-prismatic when its cross section and for slope change. Ex:
River,Streams & Estuary.

Depending upon the form, a channel is either exponential or non exponential.

A channel is said to be exponential when its area of cross section can be expressed in the
form where, A = area of cross section
K = constant, y = depth of flow m= exponent.

Examples for exponential channel are: Rectangular, parabolic and triangular. Examples
for non-exponential channels are trapezoidal & circular channels.

Depending upon the material a channel is said to be rigid boundary channel or mobile
boundary channel or alluvial channel.

A channel with immovable bed and sides is known as rigid boundary channel. Ex:
Concrete channel.
A channel composed of loose sedimentary particles moving under the action of flowing
water is known as mobile boundary channel or alluvial channel.

1
 Difference b/w pipe flow and open channel flow:

pipe Flow Open Channel Flow

1. Flow occurs due to difference of 1. Flow occurs due to the slope of the channel
pressure
2. Free surface is absent in a pipe flow 2. Free surface is present in an open channel
flow.

3. Line joining piezometric surface 3. Liquid surface itself represents the hydraulic
(Z+p/γ ) indicates the hydraulic Grade linegrade line (HGL)
4. There is no relation b/w the drop of the 4. For uniform flow in an open channel, the drop
energy gradient line and slope of the pipe in the energy gradient line is equal to the drop in
axis. the bed.

Types of flow in open channel

Flow in an open channel can be classified into different types based on different criteria.
a) Laminar and Turbulent flow: The ratio of inertia force to viscous force is known
VL
as Reynold’s number Re and is written as Re =
ν
V=characteristic velocity (generally average velocity)
L=characteristic length
ν = Kinematic viscosity of the liquid.

Based on Reynold’s number Re flow is said to be laminar when layers of liquid slide
one over the other. This generally occurs at low Reynold’s numbers. (Re is less than
equal to 500)
where g=acceleration due to gravity.
Flow is critical if F=1.0
Flow is sub critical by F<1.
Flow is super critical if F>1
On the other hand flow in an open channel is also classified on the values of Froude’s
number and Reynold’s number as
On the other hand flow in an open channel is also classified on the values of Froude
number and Reynold’s number as:

Subcritical laminar – F<1, Re ≤ 500

Supercritical laminar – F>1, Re ≤ 500
Subcritical laminar F<1, Re ≥ 2000
Supercritical turbulent F>1, Re ≥ 2000

2
c) Steady and Unsteady flow
Flow is an open channel is said to be steady when the depth, discharge mean velocity
∂Q
do not change with time.Ex: =0
∂t
∂Q
When these quantities change with time flow is know as unsteady Ex: ≠0
∂t

d) Uniform and Non uniform flows

Uniform flow is one in which the depth, discharge, mean velocity etc. do not change
∂Q
along the channel at any given instant. =0
∂l
Non uniform flow is one in which the above quantities change along the channel at
∂Q
any given instant. ≠0
∂l
Non Uniform flow is also known as varied flow such a flow can be further divided
into gradually varied and rapidly flows, depending on whether these flow variations
are gradual or rapid.
In a gradually varied flow (GVF) the change occurs over a large length of the
channel.
Ex: Flow behind a dam, flow over a spillway etc.,
In a rapidly varied flow (RVF) the change occurs over a short length of the channel.
Ex: Hydraulic jump
.
Geometric properties of open channels
Depth of flow (y): It is the vertical distance between the lowest point of the channel
sections from the free liquid surface. It is expressed in meters.

Area of cross section or Wetted area (A) It is the area of the liquid surface when a
cross section is taken normal to the direction of flow. It is expressed in meter2.
Wetted perimeter (P): It is the length of the channel boundary in contact with the
flowing liquid at any section. It is expressed in meters.

Hydraulics radius or Hydraulic mean depth (R): It is the ratio of area of cross section
 A
(A) to the wetted perimeter(P). ∴R =   R is expressed in meters.
P
Top width (T): It is the width of the channel at the free surface as measured
perpendicular to the direction of flow at any given section. It is expressed in meters.

Hydraulic depth (D) It is the ratio of area of cross section (A) to the top width (T).
 A
∴D =   It is expressed in meters.
T 
Section factors (Z): It is the product of the area of cross section (A) to the square root
of the hydraulic depth (D).
1
 A3 2
∴Z = A D = 
T 
 Z is expressed in meters.
 

3
Hydraulic Slope (S): Hydraulic slope of the total energy line is defined as the ratio of
drop in total energy line (hf) to the channel length (L).

 hf 
∴S = 
 L 
 

Geometric properties for different types of prismatic channels

• Rectangular Channel
B=Bed width
y=Depth of flow
Area of cross section A= B x y
Wetted perimeter P = (B+2y)

A  By 
Hydraulic radius R = = 
P  B + 2 y 
Top width T=B
A By
Hydraulic depth D = = =y
T B

b) Trapezoidal channel

n or θ is side slope of the channel.

Area of flow A = (Area of rectangular 2x Area of the half triangle)
1 
By + 2 ny x y 
2 
(
A = By + ny 2
)
1 
A = By + 2  y tan θ x y 
2 
(
A = By + y tan θ
2
)
Wetted perimeter P = B +2 n 2 y 2 + y 2

[
P = B = 2 y 1 + n2 ]
(
P = B +2 y y 2 tan 2 θ + y 2 )
(
P = B + 2 y 1 + tan 2 θ )
Hydraulic radius

A 
 By + ny 2 
   By + y 2 tan θ 

R= =  Or R =  
P 
B + 2 y 1 + n
2

 
 B + 2 y 1 + tan θ 
2


Top Width
T = ( B + 2ny ) or T = ( B + 2 y tan θ )

4
Hydraulic Depth

A  By + ny 2  By + y 2 tan θ
D= =  or
T  B + 2ny  B + 2 y 1 + tan 2 θ

Triangular channel

Area of cross section

1  1 
A = 2  Base x altitude  = 2  ny x y 
 2   2 
 1 
A = ny 2 or A = 2  y tan θ x y  A = y 2 tan θ
2 
Wetted Perimeter
P =2 x n2 y 2 +y 2 P = 2 y 1 +n 2
P =2 x y 2 tan 2 θ + y 2 (
P = 2 y 1 + tan 2 θ )
Top Width
T = 2ny Or 2 y tan θ
Hydraulic Radius
A  ny 2   y 2 tan θ 
R= =  =  
P 
 2 y 1+n
2 
  2 y 1 + tan 2
θ 


Hydraulic Depth
A ny 2 y 2 tan θ
D= = =y or = =y
T 2ny 2 2 y 1 + tan θ 2 2

Circular Channel
oa=ob=oc=r (radius)
bd=y (depth of flow)
aoˆd = θ( centralang le )
Area of Flow A=[Area of sector oabc-Area of triangle oac
 1  1
= r 2θ − 2  r sin θ x r cos θ  = r 2θ − r 2 ( 2 sin θ cos θ )
 2  2
 2 sin θ cos θ 
= r θ − 
 2 
 sin 2θ 
A = r 2 θ − 
 2 
θ Should be in radians Π radians=1800
Wetted Perimeter P = Arc length oabc =r x 2θ P = 2 rθ
Hydraulic radius
 2 sin 2θ 
r θ − 
A   2  
R= = 
P  2 r θ 

 


5
 Uniform Flow in open channels
Flow in an open channel is said to be uniform when the parameters such as depth area
of cross section, velocity discharge etc., remain constant throughout the entire length
of the channel.

Features of Uniform flow

a] Depth of flow, area of cross section, velocity and discharge are constant at every
section along the channel reach.
b] Total energy line, water surface and channel bottom are parallel to each other, also
their slopes are
Equal or s0 = sw = s f
S 0 = channel bed slope , s w = water surface slope ,
s f = energy line slope .

CHEZY’S FORMULA
Consider uniform flow between two sections 11 and 2 2, L distant apart as shown
Various forces acting on the control volume are:
i] Hydrostatic forces
ii] Component of weight w sin θ , along the flow.
iii] Shear or resistance to flow acting along the wetted perimeter and opposite to
the direction of motion
From second law of Newton
Force = Mass x acceleration
As the flow is uniform, acceleration = Zero (O) ∴ ∑ forces = 0
Or
forces = + F1 − F2 + w sin θ − τ 0 x contact area = 0
Again F1 = F2  Flow is uniform
∴ w sin θ − τ 0 x contact area = 0
∴ w sin θ = τ 0 x contact area − ( 1)
weight
From the definition of specific weight γ =
volume
Weight w = γ x volume
=γ xAxL

Contact area = wetted perimeter x length =PxL

Also, for small values of θ , sin θ ≈ tan θ = S 0

Substituting all values in eq 1 and simplifying

6
AL S 0 =τ 0 PL A
τ0 = S0
P
A
But , = R ( Hydraulic radius )
P
∴τ0 =γRS 0 − ( 2)
f
From experiment it is established that shear stress τ0 = ρV 2
8
f 8γ
∴ ρV 2 = γRS 0 V = RS 0 or
8 ρf
V =C RS
8γ
Where, C = C= Chezy’s constant
ρf
From continuity equation Q=AV
∴Q = AC RS 0 −(3)
It should be noted that chezy’s C is not just a non – dimensional number and it has a
 12 −1
dimension of L T 
 
Chezy’s equation is used in pipe flow also. The value of Chezy’s C is different for
Different types of channels.

MANNING’S FORMULA
2
1 1
Robert Manning in 1889, proposed the formula V = R 3 S0 2
N
The above formula is known as Manning’s formula where N is Manning’s roughness or
rugosity coefficient. Similar to Chezy’s C

Table 1 gives the range of value of the Manning’s constant N

No Surface Recommended Value of N

1 Glass, Plastic, Brass 0.010

2 Timber 0.011 – 0.014

7
3 Cement plaster 0.011

4 Cast iron 0.013

5 Concrete 0.012 – 0.017

6 Drainage tile 0.013

7 Brickwork 0.014

8 Rubble masonry 0.017 – 0.025

9 Rock cut 0.035 – 0.040

PROBLEMS:-
1. Establish a relation between Chezy’s C and Manning’s N

Soln: Chezy’s equation is V =C RS 0

2
1 1
Manning’s equation is V = R 3 S0 2
n
1 2
1 1 3 1 1 6
1
Equating the two equations CR S 0 2 = R S 0 2
2 C= R
n N

 − 1

Manning’s N has dimensions. The dimensions of N being TL 
3

 

2. A rectangular channel 1.5 m wide with a bed slope of 0.0001 carries water to a depth
of 1.2m. The channel has Manning’s N=0.025. Calculate the rate of uniform flow in the
channel.
Soln: B=1.5m, y=1.2m, N=0.025,

2
A 1
Q = R 3 S0 2
N
where A = BY =1.5 x 1.2 =1.8 m 2
P = B + 2 y = (1.5 + 2 x 1.2 ) = 3.9 m
A 1.8
R= = = 0.4615 m
P 3.9
1.8 2 1
∴Q = x ( 0.4615 ) 3 ( 0.0001) 2
0.025
Q = 0.43 m 3 / s

3. Calculate the uniform depth of flow in a rectangular channel of 3m width designed to

carry 10 cumecs of water.Given Chezy’s C=65 and channel bed slope= 0.025 %.
Ans. B=3m, y=?,Q=10 cumecs,

8
C=65,S0=0.025%
Chezy’s eqn is Q=AC(RS0)0.5
A=By=3y m2
A  3y 
P = B + 2 y = (3 + 2 y ) m R= = 
P  
3+2y 
 3 y  0.025 
Substituting all values in chezy’s eqn 10 = 3 y x 65 x  
 
 3 + 2 y  100 
1
3
 y 2 1
1.8726 = y x 
3 +2 y 
 1.8726 ( 3 + 2 y ) 2 = y 2
 
3.5065 ( 3 + 2 y ) = y 3 ∴y 3 −7.013 y −10 .519 = 0

Solving by trial and error y=3.21m

4. Find the rate of flow of water through a triangular channel having the total angle
between the sides as 60. Take the value of N=0.015 and the slope bed as 1m in 1km. The
depth of flow is 1.6m

1
Q = ?, θ = 30 0 , N = 0.015, S 0 = 1m in 1km =
1000
2
A 3 1
y = 1.6m Manning' s equation Q = R S0 2
N

1 
A = 2 x y tan θ x y  =1.6 2 tan 30 0 =1.478 m 2
2 
P = 2 y 1 +tan 2 θ = 2 x 1.6 x 1 +tan 2
30 0 =3.695 m
A 1.478
R= = = 0.40 m
P 3.695
1
3
1.478  1 2
∴Q = x 0.4 2 x   = 0.789 m / s
3

0.015 1000 

5. Water flows at a velocity of 1 m/s in a rectangular channel 1m wide. The bed slope is
2x10-3 area N=0.015. find the depth of flow under uniform flow conditions.
Soln: v=1 m/s ,B=1m,S =2x10, N=0.015, y=?
2
1 3 1
From Manning’s equation V = R S0 2
N
If the depth of flow is constant at 1.7m calculate (a) the hydraulic mean depth (b) the
velocity of flow (c) the volume rate of flow. Assume that the value of coefficient C in the
Chezy’s formula is 50.
Soln:
1
B = 2.5M , S 0 = , Y = 1.7 m, R = ?, V = ? Q=?, C=50
500
A = BY = 2.5 X 1.7 = 4.25 m 2

9
P = B + 2Y = ( 2.5 + 2 X 1.7 ) = 5.9 m
A 4.25
R= = = 0.72 m
P 5.9
1
V = C RS 0 = 50 X = 1 .9 m / s
0.72 X
500
Q = AV = 4.325 X 1.9 = 8.066 m 3 / s

7. An open channel of trapezoidal section base width 1.5m and side slopes 60 to the
horizontal is used to convey water at a constant depth of 1m. If the channel bed slope is
1: 400. Compute the discharge in cumecs. The Chezy’s constant may be evaluated using
87
C=
the relation
(
1 + 0 .2 / R ) Where R is the hydraulic radius (VTU, Aug 2005)
( By + y 2
tan θ ) = (1.5 x 1 +12 x tan 30 0 ) = 2.077 m 2

( ) (
p= B + 2 y 1 + tan 2 θ = 1.5 + 2 x 1 x 1 + tan 2 30 0 = 3.81 m )
A 2.077
Hyd radius R = = = 0.545 m
P 3.81
From chezy ' s eqn Q = AC RS 0
1
= 2.077 x 68 .46 x 0.545 x
400
∴Q = 5.25 m 3 / s or cumecs

8.A channel 5m wide at the top and 2m deep has sides sloping 2v:1H. The volume rate of
flow when the depth of water is constant at 1m. Take C=53. What would be the depth of
water if the flow were to be doubled.
Soln: From fig T=B+2ny
1
5 = B +2 x x 2 ∴B = 3 m
2
Given the depth of flow y=1m
1
A = By + ny 2 = 3 x 1 + x 12 = 3.5 m 2
2

 2 1  
2

P = B + 2 y 1 + n = 3 + 2 x 1 x 1 +    = 5.24 m

 2  
A 3 .5
R= = = 0.669 m
P 5.24
From Chezy ' s eqn Q = AC RS 0

 1 
= 3.5 x 53 x 0.669 x  Q = 4.8 m 3 / s
 1000 

Now , Q = 2 x 4.8 = 9.6 m 3 / s, y1 = ?

From Chezy ' s eqn Q = AC RS 0

10
 1 2
3 y1 + y1
 1 2 2
9.6 =  3 x y1 + x y1  x 53 x 2
 2  1
3 + 2 y1 x 1 +  
2
Solving by trial and error y1 = 1.6m

9. A trapezoidal channel 1.8 m wide at the bottom and having sides of slope 1:1 is laid on
a slope of 0.0016. If the depth of the water is 1.5m. Find the rate of uniform flow
Assume N=0.014
Soln: B=1.8m, n=1, S0 =0.0016, y=1.5m Q=? N=0.014
A = By + ny 2 = (1.8 x 1.5 +1 x 1.5 2 ) = 4.95 m 2
P =( B +2 y 1 +n 2 =(1.8 + 2 x1.5 x 1 +1.52 ) = 7.21 m
A 4.95
R= = = 0.687 m
P 7.21
2
A 3 1
F rom M anning' s eqn Q = R S0 2
N
2 1
4.95
= x (0.687 ) (0.0016 ) 2
3
0.014
Q =11 m 3 / s

10. A concrete lined trapezoidal channel with side slope 2H:IV has a base width of 3m
and carries 5.5 m 3/s of water on a slope of 1m 10000. Find the depth of flow. Assume
N=0.011
1
Soln: n=2,B=3m, Q=5.5 m 3/s,y=?, N=0.011, S 0 =
10000
2
A 1
Q = R 3 S0 2 A = By + ny 2 = 3 y + 2 y 2
N
P = B +2 y 1 +n 2 = B +2 y 1 +2 2 = 3 +4.47 y

A 3 y +2 y 2
R= =( )
P 3 + 4.47 y
2 1
 3 y +2 y 2   3 y +2 y 2 3  1 2
∴5.5 =
 0.011 
x 
 3 +4.47 y 
 10 ,000 
     

Solving by trial and error y=1.32m

11. A trapezoidal channel is designed to convey 1.5 cumces of water at a depth of 1m if

the mean velocity of flow is0.5 m/s and side slopes are1:1 find the base width and the bed
slope. Take C=60
Soln: Q=1.5 cumecs y=1m, v=0.5m/s
n=1 B=? C=60

11
 Q 1.5
From continuity eqn A = = = 3m 2 A = By + ny 2
V 0.5
3 =B x 1 +1 x 12 ∴B =2m
P = B +2 y 1 +n 2
(
= 2 +2 x 1 x )
1 +12 = 4.828 m
A 3
R= = = 0.621 m
P 4.828
Now from chezy ' s eqn V = C RS 0
1
0.5 =60 x 0.621 x S 0 S 0 =1.118 x 10 −4 =
8947

12.Water flows through a channel of circular section of 600mm diameter at the rate of
200lps the slope of the channel is 1m in 2.5km and the depth of flow is 0.45m.
Calculate the mean velocity and the value of chezy’s coefficient
Soln: Q=200lps=0.20m 3/s
Ac=y=0.45m
Oc=r=600/2=300mm=0.3m
Oa=(ac-oc)=(0.45-0.3)=0.15m
From triangle oab
oa 0.15
= cos α cos α = = 0 .5
ob 0.3

λ
α = 60 0 and θ = (180 − α ) = 120 0 = x 120 0 = 2.094
180
 sin 2 x 2.094 
= 0.32  2.094 −  A = 0.2275 m 2
 2 
Wetted perimeter P=2rθ =2x0.3x2.094=1.2564m
A 0.2275
Hydraulic radius R = = = 0.181 m
P 1.2564
From Chery ' s eqn Q = AC RS 0
 
 
 0.2 
C =  C=103.3
0.2275  1 

x 0.181 x 
  2500 
Q 0.2
From continuity eqn V = =
A 0.2275
V=0.88m/s

12
13. An open channel has a cross section semicircular at the bottom with vertical sides and
is 1.2m wide. It is laid at a bed slope of 0.375m per km. Calculate the values of chezy’s C
and Manning’s N, if the depth of flow Is 1.2m while the discharge is 0.85 m3/s
0.375
Soln: C=? N=? Y=1.2m, Q= 0.85m 3/s, S 0 =
1000
Area of flow A=(Area of rectangle A1 + Area of semicircle A2 )
 πx 0.6 2 
=
0.6 x 1.2 + 
 A =1.2856 m
2

 2 
Wetted perimeter P=[2 x 0.6+ Π 0.6] = 3.085 m
A 1.2856
Hydraulic radius R = = = 0.417 m
P 3.085
From Chezy ' s eqn Q = AC RS 0

 

 0.85 

∴C = 
1.2856 0.375 
x 0.417 x

 1000 
A = 52 .9
Relation between Manning’s N and Chezy’s C is
1
1 6
C= R
N
 16   1

R  ( 0.417 ) 6 
∴N =  =  N=0.0163
C   52 .9 
   

14. Water is conveyed in a channel of semicircular cross section with a stage of 1 in

2500. The chezy’s coefficient C has a value of 56. If the radius of the channel is 0.55 m.
what will be the volume rate of flow in m3 /s flowing when the depth is equal to the
radius?
If the channel had been rectangular in the form with the same width of
The form width the same width of 1.1m and depth of flow of 0.55m. What would be the
discharge for the same slope and value of C ?.

Soln: Case (i) Semicircular channel

1
C=56, r=0.55m,Q=?,y=r=0.55m i.e the channel is flowing full. S 0 =
2500
πr 2 π x 0.55 2
A= = = 0.475 m 2
2 2
P =πr =π x 0.55 =1.728 m
A 0.475
R= = = 0.275 m
P 1.728
 1 
Q = AC RS 0 = 0.475 x 56 x  0.275 x 
 2500 
Q = 0.279 m 3 / S

13
Case (ii) Rectangular channel
1
B=1.1m,y=0.55m,C=56,Q=? S0 =
2500
A=By=1.1 x 0.55=0.605
P=B+2y=1.1+2x0.55=2.2m
A 0.605
R= = = 0.275 m
P 2.2
Q = AC RS 0

 1 
= 0.605 x 56 x 0.275 x 
 2500 
Q = 0.3553 m 3 / S

15. A rectangular channel conveys a discharge of 9.6 cumecs. If the width of channel is
6m, find the depth of flow.
Take C=55 and bed slope = 2x10-4
Soln:
Q = AC RS 0 A = By = 6 ym 2 ; P = B + 2 y = (6 + 2 y)m
A 6y
R= = C = 55 , S 0 = 2 x10 −4
P 6 +2 y
Substituting all values in eq (i)
 6y  y3
9.6 = 6 yx 55 x  6 +2 y 
x 2 x10
−4
= 0.705
  6 =2y
Solving by trial and error y =1.92 m

16. A flow of 100 lps flow down in a rectangular flume of 60cm width and having
adjustable bottom slope if Chezy’s constant C is 56, find the bottom slope necessary for
uniform flow with a depth of flow of 30cm. Also calculate the conveyance k for the
flume.

Soln:
Area of flow A=By=0.6x0.3=0.18m2

Wetted perimeterP= B+2y=0.6+2x0.3

Hydraulic radius R=A/P=0.18/1.2=0.15m
From Chezy’s formula Q = AC RS 0
Q2 0.12
∴S 0 = 2 2 = 2 = 6.56 x10 −4
C RA 56 x 0.15 x 0.18 2
1
∴S 0 =
1524
Conveyance K = AC R =0.18 x56 x 0.15 = 3.904 cumec

17. A channel of trapezoidal section has a bottom width of 5m, one side is sloping at 400
with the vertical and the other has a slope of 1V to 2H. If the depth of flow is 1.5m, find
the bed slope required to discharge 35 cumecs. Taking Manning’s N=0.017.

14
  1 1 
A = 5 x1.5 + x1.26 x1.5 + x3 x1.5  =10 .69 m 2
 2 2 
(
P = 5 + 32 +1.5 2 + 1.26 2 +1.5 2 =10 .313 m )
2
A 10 .69 A 3 12
R= = = 1.0365 m Q= R S 0
P 10 .313 N
10.69 2 1
35 = x(1.0365 ) 3 ( S 0 ) 2
0.017
S = 1 / 338 .6

18. An earthen canal in good condition is 16.8 wide at the bottom and has side slopes of
2H to 1V. One side slope extends to a height of 2.52m above the bottom level and the
other side extends flat to a distance of 150m and rises vertically. If the slope of the canal
is 69cm per 1584m estimate the discharge when the depth of water is 2.52m. Assume
C=35

Wetted perimeter P=length AB+BC+CD+DE+EF.

= 2.52 2 +5.04 2 +16 .80 1.8 2 +3.6 2 +150 +0.72
∴P =177 .2m

Cross section area A=A1+A2+A3+A4

2.52 + 0.72
= 0.5 X 2.52 X 5.04 +16 .80 X 2.52 + X 3.6 +150 X 0.72
2
A =160 .5m 2
Hydraulic radius R=A/P= 160.5/177.2=0.906m
 0.69 
From Chezy’s equation Q = AC RS 0 =160 .5 X 35 X 0.906 X 
 15 .84 
Q =111 .6m 3 S −1

19. A circular sewer of 500mm internal dia, has a slope of 1in 144. Find the depth when
the discharge is 0.3 cumecs.Take Chezy’s C=50.
Soln:
Let 2α be the angle subtended by the free surface at the centre.
d2 d2 
Area of flow A =  α − Sin 2α 
 4 8 
Wetted perimeter P = αd
 0.69 
=160 .5 X 35 X 0.906 X 
 15 .84 
Q =111 .6m 3 S −1
3 1 1
Now, Q = AC RS 0
= C A S0 / P
2 2 2

Squaring both the sides

15
 C 2 A3 S 0
Q2 =
P
Substituting all values
3
d2 d2 
50 x
 4 α
2
− Sin 2α 
 x1
 8 
0.3 =
2

αd x 144
Substituting d=0.5m
( 2α − Sin 2α ) 3 = 85α
Solving by trial & error α = 2.5radians = 143 0
The corresponding depth of flow
D = (1 − cos 143 0 ) =
d
2
0.5
2
1 − cos1430 ( )
∴ D = 0.45m

20. A trapezoidal channel having a cross sectional area A1, wetted perimeter P1,
Manning’s N is laid to a slope of S, carries a certain discharge Q1, at a depth of flow
equal to d. To increase the discharge, the base width of the channel is widened by x,
3 2 5
 Q2   x  xd 
keeping all other parameters same. Prove that   = 1 +  = 1 + 
 Q1   P1   A1 

2
1  A1 3 12
So ln : Q1 = A1 x 
P   S
N  1
In the second case,
2
1  A2 3  A2 
Q2 = A2 x 
P 
  

N  2   A1 
2
Q  A2 P1  3  A2 
∴ 2 = x 2 
  
Q1  P2 P2

  A1


3
 Q2  A5 P 2
  = 25 12
 Q1  A1 P2
Now, P2 = P1 + x A2 = A1 + xd
Substituting these values & simplifying
5 2
Q  A + xd   P1 
∴ 2 =  1   
Q1  A1   P1 + x 
Or,
3 2 5
Q   x  xd 
∴ 2  = 1 +  = 1 + 
 Q1   P1   A1 

16
21. Water is flowing through a circular open channel at the rate of 400lps. When the
channel is having a bed slope of 1in 9000. Find the diameter of the channel, if the depth
of flow is 1.25 times the radius of the channel. Take N=0.015.
Solution;
2
A 3 1
Q = R S0 2
N
0.25 r
From Figure cos α = = 0.25
r
α = 75 .52 0 , θ =104 .48 0 =1.8235 radians
 Sin 2θ  2 Sin 2 x1.8235 
A = r 2 θ −  = r 1.8235 − 
 2   2 
A = 2.0655 r 2
P = 2rθ = 2rx1.8235 = 3.647 r
A 2.0655 r 2
R= = = 0.566 r
P 3.647 r
1
2.0655 r 2 2
 1 2
∴0.4 = x( 0.566 r ) 3  
0.015  9000 
3
8
 0.4 8
0.4 = 0.9936 r 3 r =  = 0.71 m
 0.9936 
∴Diameter of the channel d = 2r =1.422 m

17
 MOST ECONOMICAL
OR
MOST EFFICIENT
OR
BEST HYDRAULIC OPEN CHANNEL

Definition: The most efficient cross section may be defined as that offers least resistance
to flow and hence passes maximum discharge for a given slope, area and roughness.

From continuity equation Q=AV, Discharge Q is maximum when the velocity V is

maximum for a given area of cross section A
From Chezy’s equation V = c RS 0 ,Velocity V is maximum when the hydraulic radius
R is maximum for given values of Chezy’s C and bed slope S 0
Area ( A)
But, by definition Hydraulic radius R = Wetted Perimeter ( P )
Therefore hydraulic radius R is maximum when the wetted perimeter P is minimum for a
given area of cross section A
Hence an open channel is most economical when the wetted perimeter P is least or
minimum for a given area of cross section A.

MOST ECONOMICAL RECTANGULAR OPEN CHANNEL

Area A=BY (i)

B=A/Y (ii)
Wetted perimeter P=B+2Y (iii)
Substituting eq (ii) in eq (iii)
A
P= + 2Y
Y
For the channel to be most economical wetted perimeter should be minimum. But from
Eq (iv) we see that P is a function of the depth of flow Y, for a given area of cross section
dP
A. Hence for the condition is that =0
dY
d A 
i.e  +2 y = 0
dy  y 
−A
Differenti ating +2 =0
Y2
Or, A=2Y2 --(v)
Equating Eq (i) and (v) we have

BY=2Y2 or B=2Y --(vi)

A  BY   ( 2Y )Y 
Also, Hydraulic radius R = =  = 
P  B + 2Y   2Y + 2Y 
Y 
Therefore , R =  
2 

18
It may thus be concluded that for a rectangular channel to be most economical or efficient
the bed width Should be twice the depth of flow or the hydraulic radius R should be half
the depth of the flow.

MOST ECONOMICAL TRIANGULAR CHANNEL

2θ= Central angle

Side slopes of the channel is IV:nH
Y= Depth of the flow
1
Area of cross section A = ( 2ny ) x Y
2
A = ny 2 − − − (i )
1 
A = 2 Y tan θ x Y  = Y 2 tan θ
 2 

A
∴Y = − −(ii )
tan θ
Wetted perimeter P =2 y 2 tan 2 θ + y 2 = 2 y 1 +tan 2 θ −−−(iii )
Substituting eq(i) in eq (iii) and simplifying
y
P =2 x 1 + tan 2 θ − − − (iv )
tan θ
1 + tan 2 θ
P =2 y x
tan θ
dP
Channel is most economical when the wetted perimeter P is minimum i.e when =0
dθ
because P is a function of θ for a given value of Y
∂ 1 + tan 2 θ  ∂  1  ∂
∴  =0 ,  + tan θ  = 0 , {cot θ + tan θ} = 0
∂θ  tan θ  ∂θ  tan θ  ∂θ
Differianting and simplifying sin θ = cos θ or tan θ =1 or θ = 45 0 n =1

Hence the triangular channel is most economical when the side slopes are IV:IH or the
side slope at 45 with the vertical.
The corresponding hydraulic radius R for a most economical triangular section would be
A y 2 tan θ y 2 tan 45 0  y 
R= = = = 
P 2 y 1 + tan 2 0 2 y 1 + tan 45 0 2 2 

MOST ECONOMICAL TRAPEZODIAL CHANNEL

From the geometry of such a channel we see that it is a combination of a rectangular and
a triangle. In a rectangular channel for a given bed width B the hydraulic radius R was a
function of the depth of flow y. while in the case of a triangular channel it was a function
of side slope
Hence, the condition for most economical trapezodial channel may be discussed under
the following two headings.
In a rectangular channel for a given bed width B the hydraulic radius R was a function of
the depth of flow y. while in the case of a triangular channel it was a function of side
slope

19
a)Depth of flow y varying but side slope n constant
A=By+ny (i)
A − ny 2 A 
B= or B =  − ny  − − − (ii )
y  y 

{
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y 1 + n 2 − − − (iii )}
Substituting the value of B from Eq (ii) in Eq(iii)
A 
P =  − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2  − − − (iv )
 y 
∂P
For given values of A and n, P is a function of y. therefore P is minimum when ∂y = 0
∂ A 2 
 − ny + 2 y 1 + n  = 0
∂y  y 
−A
Differenti ating , − n + 2 1 + n2 = 0
y2
( )
A = 2 1 + n 2 − n y 2 − − − (v )
Equating (i) and (v)
By + ny 2 = 2 y 2 1 +n 2 −ny 2
2 y 2 1 +n 2 = By +2ny 2
or , 2 y 1 + n 2 = ( B + 2ny ) vi
Substiuting eq(vi) in eq(iii)
P=B+(B+2ny) or P=2B+2ny
A By + ny 2 y ( B + ny ) y
Hydraulic radius R= = = ∴R =
P 2 B + 2ny 2( B + ny ) 2
Hence the trapezodial channel is most economical when the hydraulic depth is half the
depth of flow for given values of area of cross section A, and side slopes n

b) Depth of flow y constant side slopes n variable

A= By+ny (i)

A
B= − ny (ii )
y
P = B + 2 y 1 + n 2 (iii )
Substituting eq(ii) in eq(iii)
A
P= − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2 (iv )
y
For given value of A and y, p the wetted perimeter is a function of the side slope n. P is
∂p
minimum when =0
∂n
∂ A 2 
i.e,  − ny + 2 y 1 + n  = 0
∂n  y 
Differentiating and equating to zero

∂
( ) ( ) ( 2n)  = 0
1
1
1 −1
− y + 2 y x 1 + n
2
O − y + 2y 1+ n2 2 = 0 2
∂n  2 

20
 2n
−1 + =0
( )
1
or , 2n = 1 + n 2
(1 + n )
1 2
2 2

 1 
Squaring both sides and simplifying 3n = 1 or n =  
2

 3
ny  1 
from fig , tan θ = = n , i.e, tan θ =   ∴ θ = 30 0 with the vertical
y  3
Or, 600 with the horizontal or bed of the channel.
From the geometry of a regular hexagon, we know that the external angle of 600
corresponds to a regular hexagon. Hence, we can conclude that a best hydraulic
trapezodial channel corresponds to half of a regular hexagon.

MOST ECONOMICAL CIRCULAR CHANNEL

2 sin 2θ 
For a circular channel A = r θ −  P = 2 rθ
 2 
From the above two equations, we see that both A and P are functions of θ only. But
for the channel to be most economical we know that P should be minimum which means
that θ should be zero. However when θ = 0 0 the channel cannot exist.

Hence the following two conditions.

a) Condition for maximum velocity
From chezy’s equation V= C√RS0
For given values of C and velocity V is maximum when the hydraulic radius R is
∂( R )
maximum i.e = 0  R is a function of θ
∂θ

∂  A
or ,  =0
∂θ  P 
 ∂A ∂P 
P ∂θ − A ∂θ   ∂A ∂P 
Differiant ing ,  =0 or , P −A =0
 P2   ∂θ ∂θ 
 
Substituting for A and P and simplifying tan 2θ = 2θ
θ = 2.247 Radians =128 0 45 1
The corresponding depth of flow is given by y = r (1+ cos α)
where , α = (180 0 −128 0 451 ) = 510151 ∴y = r (1+ cos 51 015 1 )
Y=1.626r=0.813 x diameter also the corresponding depth of hydraulic radius
R=0.608r=0.304 x diameter.

b) Condition for maximum discharge

Again from chezy’s equation Q = AC RS 0
For given values of c and S 0 discharge Q is a function of A & R Q is maximum when
∂( Q )
( )
1
∂ ∂  A 3
 ∂  A3 
=0 
 P 
2
i.e, A R = 0 ie ,   = 0 or , =0
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ  P 
 ∂θ  
Differentiating and simplifying, 4θ − 6θ cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 0

21
The value of θ satisfying the above equation is θ = 2.688 radians
The corresponding depth of flow y = r (1+ cos α) = r (1+ cos 26 0 ) =1.899
radius=0.955X diameter. The corresponding Hydraulic radius R=A/P
=0.573xradius =0.287 x diameter
Hence we see that when the velocity is maximum discharge is not maximum and vice
versa.

Problems:
1. A rectangular channel carries water at the rate of 2.25 m3 /s when the slope of the
channel is 0.025 % find the most economical dimensions of the channel if the
manning’s N=0.020
Soln: For a rectangular channel
A=BY (i)
P=B+2y (ii)
Condition for most economic channel is B=2y and R=y/2 (iii)
2
A 3 1  
2 1
2 y x y  y 3  0.025 2 
From manning’s equation Q = R S0 2 2.25 =
 0.020
x  
 2   100  
 
N  

Q 12
or , A = = = 6m 2
V 2
But, A=By or 6=2y+y y=1.732m
And hydraulic radius R=y/2=0.833m
From chezy’s equation V = C RS 0
 22  −4 1
S0 =  2  = 90426 x 10 =
70 x 0.866  1061

2. A rectangular channel is designed for maximum efficiency, if the wetted perimeter is

8m and the bed slope is 1 in 100 calculate the discharge, given manning’s N=0.025

Soln: for a rectangular channel P=(B+2y) & for it to be most efficient B=2y & R=y/2

P=(2y+2y)=4y
i.e, 8=4y or y=2m B=4m R=1m
Area of cross section A=By=4x2=8m
2
A 3 1 8
2
 1 2
1

From manning’s equation , Q = R S0 2 Q= x (1) 3 x  

N 0.025 1000 
Q =10 .12 m 3 s −1

3.A rectangular channel 4.5m wide 1.2 m deep is laid on a slope of 0.0009 and is laid
with rubber masonry N=0.017, what saving in excavation and lining can be had by using
the best hydraulic dimensions, but at the same time keeping the same shape, discharge
and slope.
2
A 1
Soln: From manning’s equation Q = R 3 S0 2
N

22
Where, A=By=4.5x1.2=5.40m
P=B+2y=4.5+2X1.2=6.9m
A 5.4
R= = = 0.7826 m S 0 = 0.0009 Q = 8.09 m 3 / s
P 6.9
Now, considering the channel to be most economical or best hydraulic section B=2y
R=y/2 A=2y

(8.09 ) = (2 y ) x y  x( 0.0009 )

2
2 1
3
Again, from manning’s equation 2
 0.017 2
y =1.62 m, R = 0.81 m, B = 3.246 m, A = 5.27 m 2
% Saving in excavation in terms of area=2.5%.

4. Find the maximum discharge for least excavation of a rectangular channel 3m wide,
when c=65 and bed slope 1m in 1.25km

Soln: for a best hydraulic rectangular channel B=2y y=B/2 R=y/2

From chezy’s equation Q = AC RS 0
 3 3 1
Q = 3 x x 65 x x = 7.165 m 3 / s
 2 2 x 2 1250

5. It is proposed to provide a rectangular channel of best section of area 12.5m2, find the
breadth and depth. If the bed slope is 1 in 2000. find the discharge, take C=45.

Soln: for a best rectangular channel

B=2y R=y/2
1

A=By i.e 12.5=(2y)(y) ∴y =12 .5  2

  = 2.5m ( Depth )
 2 
and , B = 2 y = 5.0m (breadth)
From chezy’s equation Q = AC RS 0

Q = 12.5 x 45 x (1.25)  1 
 = 14.06 m3 / s
 2000 

6. A triangular channel section 20m, what is the apex angle and depth for the condition
of maximum discharge.

Soln: when the channel carries the maximum discharge it will be most economical or best
y
hydraulic section. For such a channel R =
2 2
And side slopes are θ = 45 with the vertical.
0

1
A= ( 2 y tan θ x y ) = y 2 tan θ = y 2 tan 45 0
2
∴A = y 2 or y = A = 20 = 4.47 m

7. An open channel is to be excavated in trapezodial section with side slopes of 1:1 find
the proportions for minimum excavation.

23
Soln: for a trapezodial channel A = By + ny 2 givenn =1( side slope )
∴A = By + y 2 (i )
A 
B =
 y − y
 (ii )
 
P = B +2 y 1 +n 2 = B +2 y 1 +12 P = B +2 2 y
Substituting eq(ii) in eq(iii)
A A
P= − y + 2 2 y ∴P = +1.82 y (iv )
y y
∂P
For minimum excavation the channel has to be most economical ie ∂y = 0 (n the
side slope is constant)
∂P −A 
From eq (iv) ∂y = 0 , gives  2 +1.82  = 0 ∴A =1.82 y 2
 y 
Equating eq(iv) and eq(v)
B
By+y=1.82y Or By=0.82y B=0.82y or = 0.82
y

8. A discharge of 170 cubic meters per minute of water is to be carried in a trapezoidal

channel of best hydraulic Efficiency. The bed slope is 1 in 5000 and side slopes is 1:1
compute the bottom width and depth of flow chezy’s C=50
Soln: for a trapezodial channel
A=By+ny (i) B=A/y-ny (ii)
P = B +2 y 1 +n 2
Substituting eq (ii) in eq(iii)
A
P= − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2
y
For best hydraulic efficiency wetted perimeter P should be minimum i.e
∂P
(n the side slope is constant) ∂y = 0
∂ A 
∴  − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2  = 0
∂y  y 
given ,
−A
y2
−n + 2 1+ n = 0
2
(
∴A = 2 1 + n 2 −n y 2 )
Substituting eq (i) in eq(v)
By + ny 2 = 2 y 2 1 +n 2 −ny 2

B +2ny = 2 y 1 +n 2
Substituting n=1 B +2 y = 2 y 1 +12
(
∴B = 2 2 −2 y )
B=2x0.41y or B= 0.82y
A By + ny 2 y
Hydraulic radius R = = =
P B + 2 y 1+ n 2 2
From chezy’s equation Q = AC RS 0

24
 3
170
where , Q = 170 m min = = 2.83m 3 s −1
60
( y
∴2.83 = 0.82 y + y 2 x50 x  x
1 
)
 2 5000 
Solving for y=1.572m (depth)
And B=0.82x1.572=1.302 bottom width.

9. A trapezodial channel of best section carries a discharge of 13.7 cumecs at velocity of

0.9m/s the side slopes are2H:IV, find the bed width and depth of flow. Find also the bed
slope if the value of manning’s N=0.025.

Soln: from continuity equation Q=AV

Q 13.7
Area of cross section A = = = 15.22m 2
V 0.9
A = By + ny 2 (i )

A
B= − ny (ii )
y
P = B +2 y 1 +n 2
Substituting eq(ii) in eq(iii)
A
P= − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2 (iv )
y
∂P ∂ A 
For best section, ∂y = 0  − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2 
 =0
∂y 
y 
−A 
∴ 2 − n + 2 1 + n 2  = 0
 y 
(
∴A = 2 1 + n 2 −n y 2 )
Substituting n=2 the given value of the side slopes. ( )
A = 2 1 +22 −2 y 2
A =2 ( 5 −1 y) 2
or , 15 .22 = 2 ( )
5 −1 y 2

 15 .22 
Y=2.48m (Depth of flow) and , B =  − 2 x 2.48 
 2 . 48 
=1.174 m (Bottom width of channel)
y 2.48
also , R = = = 1.24 m
2 2
2
A 3 1
From manning’s equation Q = R S0 2
N
1 2 1
0.9 = x(1.24 ) 3 ( S 0 ) 2
0.025
 1 
S 0 = 3.8 x10 −4 =  
 2631 .41 

25
11. A trapezodial channel of best form has a cross sectional area of 37.2m and side slopes
of 0.5H:IV, if the bed slope is 1 in 2000 and chezy’s C=65. Compute the total flow in the
channel.

(
Soln: for a best trapezodial channel A = 2 1 + n 2 − n y 2 )
(
37 .2 = 2 1 +.05 −.05 y
2
) 2

Y=4.629 m
y 4.629
Hydraulic radius R = = = 2.315 m
2 2
1
From chezy’s equation Q = AC RS 0 = 37 .2 x 65 x 2.315 x
2000
∴Q =82 .26 m 3 S −1

12.A power canal of trapezodial section has to be excavated through hard clay at the least
cost. Determine the dimensions of the channel given discharge equal to 14m 3/s bed
slope 1 in 2500 and manning’s N=0.020. assume side slopes as 60 with the horizontal.

Soln: the cost of the channel will be least when it is economical section.
A
We know A = By + ny 2 (i ) B= − ny (ii )
y
P = B +2 y 1+n2 (iii )

Substituting (ii) in (iii)

A
P= − ny + 2 y 1 + n 2
y
∂P
For most economical channel =0
∂y

∴
−A
y2
− n + 2 1 + n2 = 0 (
A = 2 1+ n2 −n y 2 ) (iv )

1
Given side slopes as 60 with the horizontal n =
3
  1 
2
1 
  2
From eq (iv) A = 2 1 +   − y or , A = (1.7321 ) y 2

  3 3

For a most economical trapezodial channel R=y/2
2
A 1
Now from manning’s equation Q = R 3 S0 2
N
2 1
(1.732 ) y 2  y 3  1 2
14 = x   
0.02  2   2500 
Simplifyin g , y = 2.60 m ( Depth )
From Eq (ii ), B = 3.00 m ( Bed Width )

26
13. A trapezodial channel with side slopes of 1:1 has to be designed to carry at a
velocity of so that amount of concrete lining for the bed and sides is minimum. Calculate
the area of lining required for 1m length of the cannal.

Q 10
Soln: from continuity equation Q=AV A = = = 5m 2
V 2
( )
For a most economical trapezodial channel A = 2 1 + n 2 − n y 2
Substituting n=1 (side slope) and A=5m solving for y we have
5 =( 2 1 +12 −1) y 2 ∴y =1.66 m ( Depth )
A
Also , B = − ny
y
 5 
= −1x (1.66 ) =1.364 m (bed width )
(1.66 ) 
now, wetted perimeter P = B +2 y 1 +n 2 =6.06 m
Area of lining for 1 m length of the canal Px1= 6.06m2

27
14. Determine the bed width and discharge of the most economical trapezodial channel
with side slopes Of IV:2H and bed slope of 1m per km and depth of flow equal to
1.25m. Roughness coefficient of channel=0.024.

(
Soln: for a most economical trapezodial channel A = 2 1 + n 2 − n y 2 )
Substituting n=2 and y=1.25m
( )
A = 2 1 + 2 2 −2 x 1.25 2 = 3.863 m ( Area of cross sec tion )
2

A
But , Bed Width B = − ny
y

∴B =
( 3.863 ) − 2 x 1.25 = 0.59 m
1.25
y 1.25
Also , Hydraulic radius R = = = 0.625 m
2 2
2
A 3 1 ( 3.863 ) x ( 06 .25 ) 23  1 2
1

Now from manning’s equation Q = R S0 2 = x 

N 0.024 1000 
−1
∴Q = 3.721 m S 3
( disch arg e)

15. Find the maximum velocity and maximum discharge through a circular sewer 0.75m
radius given N=0.016 channel bed slope = 0.1 percent.

Soln: Case( a) Maximum velocity

For a maximum velocity θ =128 0 45 1 = 2.247 radians
 sin 2θ  2 sin 2 x 2.247 
Area A = r 2 θ −  = 0.75  2.247 −  = 1.538 m
2

 2   2 
wetted Perimeter P = 2rθ = 2 x 0.75 x 2.247 = 3.37 m

A 1.538
Hydraulic Radius , R = = = 0.456 m
P 3.37
2
A 1
1
2
 0.1 2
1

Now from manning’s equation Q = R 3 S0 2 = x (0.456 ) 3  

N 0.016 100 
m
∴V =1.17
s

Case (b) Maximum discharge

For maximum discharge θ =154 = 2.688 radians
A =1.733 m 2 , P = 4.032 m, R = 0.43 m
2
A 1
(1.733 ) x( 0.43 ) 23  0.1 2
1

Now from manning’s equation Q = R 3 S0 2 =  

N ( 0.016 ) 100 
=1.961 m 3 / s

16. Find the depth of flow for maximum velocity in a circular sewer 1.50m diameter
Soln: for maximum velocity ∴α = (180 0 −128 0 451 ) = 510151
The corresponding depth of flow y is given by y = ( r + r cos α ) = r (1+ cos α)

28
=
1.50
2
(1 +cos 51015 1 ) ∴y =1.215 m

17. Find the depth of flow for maximum discharge in a circular sewer 1.25m diameter.

Soln: condition for maximum discharge is θ = 154 0 and α = (180 −154 ) = 26 0

The corresponding depth of flow is y = r (1+ cos α) =
1.25
2
(1 + cos 26 0 ) ,
y =1.1875 m

18. The cross section of an open channel is a square with diagonal vertical S is the side of
the square and y is the portion of the water line below the apex, show that for maximum
discharge, ratio is 0.127 While it is 0.414 for maximum velocity.

Soln: from figure BE = S − y 2 EF = 2 y

Wetted Perimeter , P =2 S +2( S − y 2)
1
Area of Flow A = S 2 − x 2 yxy =S 2 −y2
2
 3
∂Q ∂ A 
For maximum discharge, ∂y = 0  P =0
∂y
∂A ∂P
∴3P −A =0
∂y ∂y
Substituting for A & P solving y/s=0.127 (proved)
∂V ∂  A
For maximum velocity ∂y = 0   =0
∂y  P 

y
Substituting for A & P solving = 2 −1 = 0.414 ( proved )
S

19. A rectangular channel 5.5 m wide and 1.25m depth has a slope of 1 in 900 determine
the discharge when manning’s N=0.015 if it is desired to increase the discharge to a
maximum. By changing the size of the channel but keeping the same quantity of lining
determine the new dimensions and percentage increase in discharge.

Soln: A =5.5 x 1.25 = 6.875 m 2 P =5.5 +2 x 1.25 =8m

A 6.875
R= = = 0.859m
P 8
2
A 1
Now from manning’s equation Q = R 3 S 0 2
N
1
6.875 2
 1 2
= x ( 0.859 ) 3 x  = 13 .805 m 3 / s
0.015  900 
Let B and y be the new width and depth. In order to have the same amount of lining the
wetted perimeter should be the same or unchanged.
i.e., B+2y=8.0
For maximum discharge i.e the channel to be best efficient B=2y

29
2y+2y=8 or y=2m (depth)
B=2x2=4m (bed width)
A 8
A = 4 x 2 = 8m 2 R= = = 1m
P 8
2
A 1
And discharge Q = R 3 S0 2
N
1
2
8  1 2
= x(1) 3   =17 .778 m / s
3

0.015  900 

17 .778 −13 .805

Increase in discharge = x100 = 28.78%
13 .805

20. A trapezodial channel carries a discharge of 28.5m3/s, with a mean velocity of 1.5
m/s when lined with rubble masonry N=0.017 one side is vertical and the other has a
slope of 2H:IV. Determine the minimum slope and dimensions of the channel.

Sol: From continuity equation Q=AV

Q 28 .5
A= = = 19 m 2
V 1. 5
1 2
But from figure A = By + ny (1)
2
Wetted perimeter P =B + y + n2 y 2 + y 2 = B + y + y 1 +n 2
(
P = B + y 1 + 1 +n2 ) (ii )
−A 1
y2
(
− n + 1+ 1 + n2 = 0
2
)
Substituting A=19m, n=2 & solving y=2.92m (depth)

 (19 ) 1 
B = − x 2 x( 2.92 )  =3.60m (Bed Width)
 ( 2.92 ) 2 
A
Hydraulic radius R = = 1.456 m
P
2
A 3 1
Now from manning’s equation Q = R S0 2
N
Substituting for V,N & R solving for S
 1 
S 0 = 3.94 x10 −4 or   (bed slope )
 2537 .9 

30
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

A pump is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
or pressure energy.
A centrifugal pump is also known as a Rotodynamic pump or dynamic pressure pump. It
works on the principle of centrifugal force. In this type of pump the liquid is subjected to
whirling motion by the rotating impeller which is made of a number of backward curved
vanes. The liquid enters this impeller at its center or the eye and gets discharged into the
casing enclosing the outer edge of the impeller. The rise in the pressure head at any
point/outlet of the impeller is Proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the
u2
liquid at that point (i.e, α ). Hence at the outlet of the impeller where the radius is
2g
more the rise In pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet
with a high pressure head. Due to this high pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a
higher level. Generally centrifugal pumps are made of the radial flow type only. But
there are also axial flow or propeller pumps which are particularly adopted for low heads.
Advantages of centrifugal pumps:-
1. Its initial cost is low
2. Efficiency is high.
3. Discharge is uniform and continuous
4. Installation and maintenance is easy.
5. It can run at high speeds,without the risk of separation of flow

Classification of centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps may be classified
Into the following types
1.According to casing design
a) Volute pump b) diffuser or turbine pump
2. According to number of impellers
a) Single stage pump b) multistage or multi impeller pump
3. According to number of entrances
to the impeller:
a) Single suction pump (FOR FIGURES DOWNLOAD PRESENTATION)
b) Double suction pump
4. According to disposition of shaft
a) Vertical shaft pump
b) Horizontal shaft pump
5. According to liquid handled
a) Semi open impeller
b) Open impeller pump

6.According to specific speed

a) Low specific speed or radial flow impeller pump
b) Shrouded impeller
c) Medium specific speed or mixed flow impeller pump
c) High specific speed or axial flow type or propeller pump.

31
7. According to head (H)
• Low head if H<15m
• Medium head if 15<H<40m
• High head if H>40m
In the case of a volute pump a spiral casing is provided around
the impeller. The water which leaves the vanes is directed to flow in the volute chamber
circumferentially. The area of the volute chamber gradually increases in the direction
flow. Thereby the velocity reduces and hence the pressure increases. As the water reaches
the delivery pipe a considerable part of kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
However, the eddies are not completely avoided , therefore some loss of energy takes
place due to the continually increasing quantity of water through the volute chamber.
In the case of a diffuser pump the guide wheel containing a series of guide vanes or
diffuser is the additional component. The diffuser blades which provides gradually
enlarging passages surround the impeller periphery. They serve to augment the process of
pressure built up that is normally achieved in the volute casing. Diffuser pumps are also
called turbine pumps in view of their resemblance to a reaction turbine.
Multistage pumps and vertical shaft deep-well pumps fall under this category.
Centrifugal pumps can normally develop pressures upto 1000kpa (100m). If higher
pressures are required there are three options.a) Increase of impeller diameter.
b)Increase of Rpm. c)Use of two or more impellers in series.
The pump looks clumsy in option (a). The impeller material is heavily stressed in option
(b) The third choice is the best and is generally adopted, the impellers which are usually
of the same size are mounted on the same shaft. The unit is called a multistage pump. It
discharges the same quantity of fluid as a single stage pump but the head developed is
high. There are centrifugal pumps upto 54 stages. However, generally not more than 10
stages are required. In the case of the double suction impeller, two impellers are set back
to back. The two suction eyes together reduce the intake. The two suction eyes together
reduce the intake velocity reduce the risk of cavitations. Mixed flow type double suction
axial flow pumps besides are capable of developing higher heads. For convenience of
operation and maintenance, horizontal shaft settings are the preferred setups for
centrifugal pumps. The exceptions are deep-well turbine pumps and axial flow pumps,
these have vertical shafts. Restricted space conditions usually require a vertical shaft
setting. Centrifugal impellers usually have vanes fitted between the shroudes or plate.

The crown plate has the suction eye and the base plate is mounted on a sleeve which
is keyed to the shaft. An impeller without the crown plate is called the non-clog or semi-
open impeller. In an open impeller both crown plate and the base plate are absent.
Only clear liquids, can be safely pumped by a shrouded impeller pump. The semi-open
impeller is useful for pumping liquids containing suspended solids, such as sewage,
molasses or paper pulp. The open-vane impeller pump is employed for dredging
operations in harbours and rivers. Shrouded and semi open impellers may be made of cast
iron Or cast steel. Open vane impellers are usually made of forged steel. If the liquid
pumped are corrosive, brass, bronze or gun metal are the best materials for making the
impellers.
A radial flow impeller has small specific speeds (300 to 1000) & is suitable for
discharging relatively small quantities of flow against high heads. The direction of flow
at exit of the impeller is radial. The mixed flow type of impellers has a high specific
speed (2500 to 5000), has large inlet diameter D and impeller width B to handle relatively

32
large discharges against medium heads. The axial flow type or propeller impellers have
the highest speed range (5000 to 10,000). They are capable of pumping large discharges
against small heads. The specific speed of radial pump will be 10<Ns<80, Axial pump
100<Ns<450, Mixed flow pump 80<Ns<160.
Components of a centrifugal pump
The main components of a centrifugal pump are:
i) Impeller ii) Casing iii) Suction pipe iv) Foot valve with strainer, v) Delivery pipe vi)
Delivery valve.
Impeller is the rotating component of the pump. It is made up of a series of curved
vanes. The impeller is mounted on the shaft connecting an electric motor.
Casing is an air tight chamber surrounding the impeller. The shape of the casing is
designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the impeller is gradually changed to
potential energy. This is achieved by gradually increasing the area of cross section in the
direction of flow.
Suction pipe It is the pipe connecting the pump to the sump, from where the liquid has to
be lifted up.
Foot valve with strainer the foot valve is a non-return valve which permits the flow of
the liquid from the sump towards the pump. In other words the foot valve opens only in
the upward direction.
The strainer is a mesh surrounding the valve, it prevents the entry of debris and silt into
the pump.
Delivery pipe is a pipe connected to the pump to the overhead tank.
Delivery valve is a valve which can regulate the flow of liquid from the pump.
Priming of a centrifugal pump
Priming is the process of filling the suction pipe, casing of the pump and the delivery
pipe upto the delivery valve with the liquid to be pumped.
If priming is not done the pump cannot deliver the liquid due to the fact that the
head generated by the Impeller will be in terms of meters of air which will be very small
(because specific weight of air is very much smaller than that of water).
Priming of a centrifugal pump can be done by any one of the following methods:
i) Priming with suction/vacuum pump.
ii) Priming with a jet pump.
iii) Priming with separator.
iv) Automatic or self priming.
Heads on a centrifugal pump:
Suction head (hs): it is the vertical distance between the liquid level
in the sump and the centre line of the pump. It is expressed as meters.
Delivery head (hd): It is the vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and
the liquid level in the overhead tank or the supply point. It is expressed in meters.
Static head (Hs): It is the vertical difference between the liquid levels
In the overhead tank and the sump, when the pump is not working. It is expressed as
meters.
Therefore, HS= (hs+ hd)
Friction head (hf): It is the sum of the head loss due to the friction in the suction and
delivery pipes. The friction loss in both the pipes is calculated using the Darcy’s
equation, hf=(fLV2/2gD).

33
Total head (H): It is the sum of the static head Hs, friction head (hf) and the velocity
head in the delivery pipe (Vd 2/2g). Where, Vd=velocity in the delivery pipe.
 Vd 2 
∴Hm = hs + hd + h f +  − − − (1)
 2g 
Manometric head(Hm): It is the total head developed by the pump. This head is slightly
less than the head generated by the impeller due to some losses in the pump
Vs 2 Vd 2
∴Hm = H + −
2g 2g

Working of a centrifugal pump:

A centrifugal pump works on the principal that when a certain mass of fluid is rotated by
an external source, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a centrifugal
head is impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level.
Working operation of a centrifugal pump is explained in the following steps.
1) Close the delivery valve and prime the pump.
2) Start the motor connected to the pump shaft, this causes an increase in the
impeller pressure.
3) Open the delivery valve gradually, so that the liquid starts flowing into the deliver
pipe.
4) A partial vacuum is created at the eye of the centrifugal action, the liquid rushed
from the sump to the pump due to pressure difference at the two ends fo the suction pipe.
5) As the impeller continues to run, move & more liquid is made available to the
pump at its eye. Therefore impeller increases the energy of the liquid and delivers it to
the reservoir.
6) While stopping the pump, the delivery valve should be closed first, otherwise there
may be back flow from the reservoir.
It may be noted that a uniform velocity of flow is maintained in the delivery pipe. This is
due to the special design of the casing. As the flow proceeds from the tongue of the
casing to the delivery pipe, the area of the casing increases. There is a corresponding
change in the quantity of the liquid from the impeller. Thus a uniform flow occurs in the
delivery pipe.
Operation difficulties in centrifugal pumps
a) Pump fails to pump the fluid.

Cause Remedial Measures

1) Improper priming due to leakage of Repair or replace the foot valve,
foot valve or incomplete filling. prime completely.

2) Head more than design head Reduce the head or change the
pump

34
3) Clogging of impeller, suction pipe or Clean the suspected part
strainer

4) Suction lift may be excessive Reduce the height of pump above

the sump

5) Speed more than design speed Connect another prime mover of

higher speed

6) Direction of rotation of impeller is Change the direction.

wrong

B) Pump does not give the required capacity

a) Leakage of air through the suction pipe Stop the leakage

or through the gland packing

b) Damage to some parts of the pump by Replace the damaged parts

wear & tear

c) Clogging of impeller passages Clean the impeller

C) Pump has poor efficiency

a) Higher than design speed Reduce the speed

b) Low head & higher discharge Reduce the discharge

c) Impeller touching, the casing or Carryout the necessary repair.

improper alignment of shaft

D) Pump stops working

35
a) Air entry into suction pipe Stop the pump, plug the leakage,
reprime and start

b) Suction lift is high Reduce the suction lift.

Efficiencies of centrifugal pump

Manometric efficiency (η): it is the ratio of the manometric head to the head actually
 Hm   gHm 
generated by the impeller n mano =  = 
 Vw 2u2/g   Vw 2u2 
Mechanical efficiency(η mech): It is the ratio of the impeller power to the power of the
impeller power 
motor or the prime mover. ∴n mech =  motor power 
 
Overall efficiency(ηo): It is the ratio of the work done by the pump in lifting water
against gravity and friction in the pipes to the energy supplied by the motor.
 work done against gravity friction 
∴no =  
power of the prime mover or motor 
Velocity Triangles of a Centrifugal Pump
Figure shows the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a centrifugal pump.It may be noted
that the inlet velocity triangle is radial,(velocity of whirl is zero at inlet or VW1 =0
Depending on the geometry of the blade at outlet it can be:
Forward:if the blade angle<900 ,Radial if Φ=900 , c) Backward if φ > 90 0

Work done by the impeller of a centrifugal pump:

Figure shows the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet tips of a vane fixed to the
impeller.
Let N=speed of the impeller in RPM
D= Diameter of the impeller at inlet
D=Diameter of the impeller at outlet
U1 = Tangential velocity of the impeller at inlet πD 1N/60
U2= tangential velocity of the impeller at outlet πD 2N/60
V1=absolute velocity of the liquid at inlet
V2= absolute velocity of the liquid at outlet.
Vf 1 & Vf 2 are the velocities of flow at inlet and outlet.
Vr 1 & Vr 2 Relative velocities at inlet and outlet
Vw 2 whirl velocity at outlet
α angle made by V1 with respect to the motion of the vane
θ blade angle at inlet
φ= blade angle at outlet
For a series of curved vanes the force exerted can be determined using the impulse
momentum equation Work=force x distance.

36
similarly the work done/sec/unit weight of the liquid striking the vane=
1
(Vw 2u2 − Vw 1u1 )
g
But for a centrifugal pump Vω1 = 0
Vw 2u2
Work done/sec/unit weight
g
Q
And the work done/sec γ g Vw 2u2 − ( 4)
Where Q=volume of liquid flowing per second = Area x velocity of flow
Q = πD 2B2 Vf 2 − (5)
In eq (5), B2 is the width of the impeller at the outlet.

Design factors of centrifugal pumps:

a) Rim diameter D2
πD 2N
Rim velocity or impeller velocity u2 = = K u 2gHm
60
60 85
Rim diameter D2 = 2gKu Hm = K u Hm
πN N
Where N= speed in RPM Hm= manometric head, m

K u = U2 / 2gHm = speed ratio

Value of varies from 0.95 to 1.8 depending on the specific speed.
b) Pipeline diameter:
The diameter of section and delivery pipes are designed to give velocities not exceeding
1.5 to 3 m/s on section and delivery sides.
c) Discharge (Q): the discharge or capacity of a centrifugal pump is given by
Where k =factor which accounts the reduction in flow area due to
To thickness of impeller vanes,
D2 =Rim diameter,B2 =Rim width,
Vf2=Constant velocity of flow through the impeller. Generally k=1 is considered.

PROBLEMS

1.A centrifugal pump running at 800 Rpm is working against a total head of 20.2 m. the
external diameter of the impeller is 480mm and outlet width 60mm. If the valve angle at
outlet is 40 and manometric efficiency is 70% determine
a)Absolute velocity of water leaving
b) Flow velocity at outlet The valve.
c) Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion at outlet.
d) Rate of flow through the pump.
πD2 N πx0.48 x800
Soln: velocity of valve at outlet u2 = = = 20 .1m / s
60 60
gHm 9.81 x 20 .2
manometric efficiency nmano = , 0.70 = , Vw 2 = 14 .08 m / s
Vw 2u 2 Vw 2 x 20 .1

37
 Vf 2
From the outlet velocity triangle tan φ =
u 2 − Vw2
∴Vf 2 = tan 40 0 x( 20 .1 −14 .08 ) = 5.05 m / s
Absolute velocity of water leaving the valve V2 is given by
V2 = Vf 2
2
+Vw = 5.05 +14 .08 =14 .96 m / s
2
2
2 2

Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion is given by
Vf 5.05
tan β = 2 = = 0.3586 ∴β =19 .7 0
Vw2 14.08
Rate of flow through the pump Q = πD2 B2Vf 2 = πx0.48 x0.06 x5.05 = 0.457 m3 / s

2. A centrifugal pump impeller having external and internal diameter 480mm and
240mm respectively is running at 100 Rpm. The rate of flow through the pump is 0.0576
m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.4m/s. the diameter of the section and
delivery pipes are 180mm and 120mm respectively and section and delivery heads are
6.2m(abs) and 30.2m(abs) of water respectively. If the power required to drive the pump
is 23.3KW and the outlet vane angle is 45 determine. a) inlet vane angle b) Overall
efficiency c) manometric efficiency of the pump

Soln: tangential velocity or impeller velocity at inlet

πD N πx0.24 x1000
u1 = 1 = = 12 .56 m / s
60 60
Vf 1 2.41
From the inlet velocity triangle tan φ = = = 0.191
u1 12 .56
∴θ =10 .80 (inlet vane angle )
rQHm 9.81 x 0.05 xHm
Overall efficiency n0 = = ∴n0 = 0.02387 Hm (1)
P 23 .3

 p V2   p V 2 
but , Hm =  Z 2 + 2 + 2  −  Z1 + 1 + 1 
 r 2g   r 2 g 
4Q 4 x0.0567
where , V2 = Vd = = = 5.01m / s
πd d2 πx0.12 2
4Q 4 x0.0567
where , V2 = Vs = 2 = = 2.23m / s
πd s πx0.18 2
let Z1 = Z 2 i.e pump inlet and outlet are at same level.
p1 p2
= hs = 6.2m( abs ) = hd = 30.2m( abs )
r r

 5.01 2   
2.23 2 
∴Hm =  30 . 2 +  − 6.2 +  = 25 .03 m
 
2 x9.81    
2 x9.81 

 
n0 , overall efficiency of pump
=0.02387x25.03=0.597=59.7%
πD2 N πx0.48 x1000
Velocity of the impeller at outlet u 2 = = = 25 .13m / s
60 60

38
 Vf 2 2.4
From the outlet velocity triangle tan φ = , tan 45 =
0
,
u 2 − Vw2 25 .13 −Vw 2
Vw 2 = 22 .73 m / s
gHm 9.81 x 25 .03
Manometric efficiency nmano = = = 0.43 = 43 %
Vw 2u2 22 .73 x 25 .13

3. It is required to deliver 0.048m3/s of water to a height of 24m through a 150mm

diameter and 120m long pipe by a centrifugal pump. If the overall Efficiency of the
pump is 75% and co efficient of friction f=0.01 for the pipe line. Find the power required
to drive the pump.
4Q 4 x0.048
Soln: velocity of water pipe Vs = Vd = V = 2 = = 2.7 m / s
πd πx0.15 2
rQHm 9.81 x 0.048 x 27 .37
Overall efficiency n0 = 0.75 = , P =17 .2 KW
P P

4. The impeller of a centrifugal pump is of 300mm diameter and 50mm width at the
periphery and has blades whose tip angle incline backwards 60 from the radius. The
pump deliveries 17m3/min of water and the impeller rotates at 1000
Rpm. Assuming that the pump is design to admit radically. calculate

a)Speed and direction of water as it leaves the impeller,

b)Torque exerted by the impeller on water c) Shaft power required
d) Lift of the pump. Take mechanical=95% and hydraulic efficiency=75%

Soln: tangential velocity of the impeller at the outlet

πD2 N πx0.3 x1000
u2 = = = 15 .71m / s
60 60
0.2833
From continuity equation Q = πD2 B2Vf 2 , Vf 2 = = 6m / s
πx0.3 x0.05
Vf 2
From the outlet velocity triangle tan φ =
u 2 − Vw2
 Vf   6 
Vw2 =  u2 − 2  = 15.71 −  = 12.24m / s
 tan φ   tan 60 0 
Absolute velocity of water at the outlet tip of the impeller
V2 = Vf 22 +Vw 22 = 6 2 +12 .24 2 V2 = 13 .63 m / s (magnitude )
 Vf   6 
β = tan −1  2  = tan −1   = 26 .5
0

Vw
 2  12 .24 
Torque exerted by the impeller on water
rQ 9.81 x 0.2833 0.3
T = (Vw 2 R2 ) = x (12 .24 x ) =0.52 KN m
g 9.81 2
2πNT 2πx1000 x0.52
Shaft power (P) impeller or rotor power = = 54 .45 KW
60 60

39
 impeller power 54 .45
But, mechanical efficiency nmech = shaft power i.e, 0.95 =
P
P = 57 .31 KW
Lift of the pump
Impeller power=r(Q+q)H
Where r=sp wt of water=9.81 KN/m3
H =ideal head=(theoretical head-hyd losses)
Q=leakage of water m3/s
Neglecting leakages q we have

54.45=9.81x0.2833xH
Or h =19.59m
Actual head or lift
We know, hydraulic efficiency nh = ideal head
Actual hft = nh xideal head ( H i ) 0.70 x19 .59 =13 .71 m of water

5. The following data relate to a centrifugal pump. Diameter of the impeller at inlet &
outlet =180mm and 360mm respectively. width of impeller at inlet and outlet=144mm &
72mm respectively. rate of flow through the pump=17.28lps. Speed of the impeller =
1500 Rpm. Vane angle at outlet=45 water enters the impeller radially at inlet neglecting
losses through the impeller. Find the pressure rise in the impeller.

Q 0.01728
Soln: velocity of flow at inlet Vf 1 = =
πD1 B1 πx 0.18 x 0.0144
Q 0.01728
Velocity of flow at outlet Vf 2 = = = 2.12 m / s
πD2 B2 πx 0.36 x0.0072
πD2 N πx0.36 x1500
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet u 2 = = = 28.27 m / s
60 60
Pressure rise in the impeller is given by the equation = 2 g {Vf 1 + u 2 −Vf 2 cos ec φ}
1 2 2 2 2

=
1
2 x9.81
{
2.12 2 + 28 .27 2 − 2.12 2 x cos ec 2 45 0 }

6. A centrifugal pump delivers water at the rate of 1800 lpm,to a height of 20m,
Through a 0.1m, dia, 80m. long pipe. Find the power required to drive the pump, if the
overall efficiency is 65%, and Darcy’s friction factor=0.02.

Soln. Discharge Q=1800 lpm=0.03 cumecs.

Delivery head hd =20m
Dia of delivery pipe dd=0.1m
Length of delivery pipe ld = 80 m
Overall efficiency n0 = 0.65 f = 0.02
Vd 2
Total head H = hs + hd + hfs + hfd +
2g
So this prob hs = 0 h fs = 0 (details are not given)
Vd 2
∴H = hd +h fd +
2g

40
 
 8x0.02x80x 0.03 2  4x0.03 
2
1  
= 20 + 2 5
+  2  x  H=32.65m

 9.81x π x0.1  πx0.1  9.81x2 

Output of the pump= γQH =9.81 x 0.03 x32 .65 =9.6kw
Output of the pump
But overall efficieny η0 = power require to drive the pump
Power required to drive the pump = 9.6/0.65=14.8kw

7. A centrifugal pump is required to deliver 280 ltrs of water per second against a head
of 16m, when running at 800rpm. If the blades of the impeller are radial at inlet and
velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2m/sec, find the proportions of the pump.
Assume overall efficiency as 80% and ratio of breadth to diameter at outlet as 0.1

Soln: the inlet and outlet velocity triangles will be as shown

From continuity equation Q = πD2 B2Vf 2 0.28 = πx 0.1xD 2 x 2
∴D2 = 0.67 m(diameter of the impeller at outlet )
B2 = 0.1x0.67 = 0.067 m = 6.7cm (Width of the impeller at outlet).
gHm 9.81 x16
nmano = 0 .8 =
Vw 2 u 2 Vw 2 u 2
πD2 N πx 0.67 x800
Vw 2u 2 = 196 .2 (i ) but u 2 = = = 28.1m / s
60 60
From eq (i) Vw 2 x 2.81 = 196 .2 or Vw 2 = 6.99 m / s
Vf 2  2 
From the outlet velocity triangle tan φ = =  = 0.0947
u 2 − Vw2  28 .1 − 6.99 
Vf 2 2
∴ φ =5.41 0 (Blade angle at outlet) tan β = = = 0.286 ∴ β = 160
Vw2 6.99

8. The following data refer to a centrifugal pump static head = 40m, suction height 5m,
dia of suction and delivery pipes = 0.1m, loss of head in suction pipe = 2m, loss of head
in delivery pipe = 8m, impeller dia at outlet =0.4m, impeller breadth at outlet
25mm.blades occupy 10% of the outlet area, speed 1200rpm. Exit angle of blade = 1500
with the tangent, Manometric efficiency = 80%, overall efficiency = 70%. Find the
power required to drive the pump and what pressures will be indicated by the gauges
mounted on the suction and delivery sides.

Soln: Outlet vane angle ∴φ = 180 − 150 = 300

Delivery head hd = ( H s − hs ) = ( 40 − 5) = 35m
Head on the pump H=40+2+8=50m
 Vf 2 
From the outlet velocity triangle tan φ =  
 u 2 − Vw2 
πD2 N πx0.4 x1200
where , u 2 = = = 25 .13m / s
60 60
gHm 9.81 x50
Also from the equation nmano = Vw 2 = = 24 .4m / s
Vw 2u 2 25 .13 x 0.8

41
Vf 2 = (u2 − Vw2 ) tan φ = ( 25 .13 − 24 .4) tan 30 0 Vf 2 = 0.422 m / s
disch arg e, Q = KπD2 B2Vf 2 = 0.9 xπx0.4 x0.025 x0.422 = 0.0119 m3 / s
Power given to the liquid P=rQH = 9.81 x 0.0119 x50 = 5.85 KW
P 5.85
Power required to drive the pump = = = 8.36 kw
η0 0.7
Pressure gauge reading on the suction side = hs+hfs = 5 + 2 = 7 m of water
Pressure gauge reading on the delivery side = hd + h fd = 35 +8 = 43 m

9. Following data were obtained from a centrifugal pump in a laboratory. Pressure gauge
reading on the suction side 15cm of mercury, pressure gauge reading on the delivery side
170kN/m2. quantity of water raised by the pump =7.5kN/min. vertical height difference
between the gauges =500mm. Total input to the pump = 6.5kw.Find the efficiency of the
pump.

Soln: Suction head hs=0.15x13.5=2.04m of water

Delivery head hd=170/9.81=17.34m of water. Head on the pump = (hs+hd+x+Vd2/2g)
Since the dia of the delivery pipe is not given, velocity in the delivery pipe is ignored.
∴H = ( 2.04 +17 .34 + 5) ) =19 .88 m
7.5 1
Discharge from the pump = x = 0.0127 m 3 / sec
60 9.81
Output of the pump γQH =9.81 x 0.127 x19 .88 = 2.48 kw
Efficiency of the pump =2.48/6.5=0.382.=38.2%

10. The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 40cms
and 80cms respectively. The pump is running at 1200rpm. The vane angles at inlet and
outlet are 200 and 300 respectively. Water enters the impeller radially and velocity of
flow is constant. Determine the workdone by the impeller per kN of water.

πD1 N πx0.4 x1200

so ln : u1 = = = 25.13m / s
60 60
πD N πx0.8 x1200
u2 = 1 = = 50 .26 m / s
60 60
Vf 1
From the inlet velocity triangle tan θ =
u1
∴Vf 1 = Vf 2 = 25 .13 tan 20 0 = 9.15 m / s
From the outlet velocity triangle
tanΦ=Vf2/(u2-vw2)=9.15/(50.26-vw2)
or , Vw2=34.41m/s
Work done/sec=1/g(vw2 u2) =34.41*50.26/9.81=176.3kn-m/s/kn

11. The impeller of a centrifugal pump runs at 90 Rpm and has vaves inclined at 120 to
the direction of motion at exit. If the manometric head is 20m and manometric efficiency
is 75% Vane angles at inlet. Take the velocity of flow as 2.5m/s, throughout and the
diameter of the impeller at exit as twice that at inlet.
a) Diameter of the impeller at exit.

42
Soln: From the definition of manometric efficiency ηmano = gHm / Vw 2u2
9.81 x 20
Vw 2u 2 = = 261 .6 (i )
0.75
Vf 2 2.5
From the outlet velocity triangle (u2 − Vw2 ) = 0
= = 1.44
tan 60 tan 600
Vw 2 = (u 2 −1.44 )
πD2 N
Substituting the value Vw 2 , (u2 −1.44 )u2 = 261 .6 = 16 .9m / s but u2 =
60
60 x16 .9
D2 = = 3.59 m / s
πx90
u 2 16 .9
further u1 = = = 8.45 m / s
2 2
Vf 1 2 .5
From the inlet velocity triangle tan θ = = = 0.2959
u1 8.45
∴θ =16 .48 0 ( Inlet Vane Angle )
12. A centrifugal pump delivers 250lps against a head of 20m. When the impeller rotates
at 1500rpm. If the mano metric efficiency is 75% and the loss of head in the pump is
0.033V22, where V2 is the absolute velocity at exit. The diameter of the impeller
a) The blade angle at exit
Take the width of the impeller at exit as 0.4D where D is the diameter of the impeller
πD2 N πxDx1500 Q 0.25 0.199
Soln: u 2 = = = 78 .5 D Vf 1 = = =
60 60 πDB πxDx 0.4 D D2
gHm
From the definition of manometric efficiency nmano =
Vw 2 u 2
Vw u Hm 20
∴ 2 2 = = = 26 .7
g nmano 0.75
But, manometric head=(workdone the impeller –losses in the pump)
∴0.033V22 = 26 .7 − 20 V2 =14 .25 m / s
From eq (i) and (ii)
Vw x 78 .5 D 3.34
∴ 2 = 26 .7 or Vw 2 =
9.81 D
From the outlet velocity triangle Vf 22 + Vw22 = V12
2 2
 0.199   3.34 
 2 
+  = 14 .2
2

 D   D 
Solving by trial and error D=0.242 m
0.199 0.199
∴u 2 = 78 .5 D = 78 .5 x0.242 = 19 m / s Vf 2 = 2
= = 3.4m / s
D 0.242 2
3.34 3.34 Vf 2  3 .4 
Vw 2 = = = 13 .8m / s tan φ = =  = 0.654
D 0.242 u 2 − Vw2  19 −13 .8 
φ = 33 .2 0 (outlet vane angle )

13. A centrifugal pump lifts water against a static head of 40m. The section and delivery
pipes are each 15cm in diameter. The head loss in the section and delivery pipes are
respectively 2.20m and 7.5m. The impeller is 40cm in diameter and 2.5cm wide at the

43
month. It revolves at 1200Rpm and the vane angle at exit is 30. if the manometric
efficiency is 80%. Calculate the discharge.

π
Soln: x 0.15 2 xV s = Q Vs = velocity in the section pipe
4
∴Vs = 56 .6Q (i ) (πD2 B2 )Vf 2 = Q (πx 0.4 x0.025 )Vf 2 = Q Vf 2 = 31 .8Q (ii )
From eq (a) and (b) Vf 2 = 0.56Vs (iii )
πD2 N πx0.4 x1200
now u2 = = = 25 .1m / s
60 60
Vs 2 Vs 2 Vs 2
H m = ( hs + hd ) + hf s + hf d + H m = 40 + 2.2 + 7.5 + H m = 49 .7 + (iv )
2g 2g 2g
gHm
nmano =
Vw 2 u 2
  Vs 2  
0.8 = 9.81 x 49 .7 +
2g 
( )
 / 25 .1 − 0.56Vs x cot 30 x 25 .1
0
Vs2 + 39Vs − 33 = 0
  
∴Vs = 0.83 m / s (velocity in the sec tion pipe )
0.83
&Q = = 0.0147 m3 / s ( Disch arg e)
56 .6

14. A centrifugal pump has a total lift of 15m and is placed 2m above the water level in
the sump. The velocity of water in the delivery pipe is 2m/s. If the radial velocity of flow
through the wheel is 3m/s and tangent to the vane at exit makes an angle of 60 find (a)
the velocity of water at exit (b) the guide vane angle © the pressure at the impeller exit.
Neglect friction and other losses.
Vd 2  22 
Soln: total head =15 + =
15 + 
 =15 .20 m
2g  19 .62 
Vf 2 3
From the outlet velocity triangle Vw2 = u 2 − 0
= u2 − = (u 2 −1.73 )
tan 60 3
Vw 2u 2 (u −1.73 )u 2
now , = Hm i.e 2 = 15 .2 u 2 = 13 .12 m / s
g 9.81
Vw 2 = (13 .12 −1.73 ) = 11 .39 m / s
Vf 2 3
V2 = Vw 22 +Vf 22 = 11 .39 2 + 32 =11 .78 tan β = = = 0.263 β =14 .75 0
Vw2 11.39
(guide vane angle at exist)
Applying bernoulli’s equation to points on the sump water surface and impeller exit,
p2 V22
taking datum at the sump level. + + 2 = 0 + 0 + Hm
r 2g
p2  11 .78 2 
∴ =
15 .2 − 2 − 
 =6.13m of water (gauge)
r  19 .62 
15. The axis of a centrifugal pump is 2.5m above the water level in the sump and the
static lift from the pump centre is 35m. The friction losses in the section and delivery
Pipes are of 15cm diameter. The impeller is 30cm diameter and 2cm wide at outlet and its
speed is 1800 Rpm. The blade angle at exit is 30. calculate the shaft power to be supplied
and the discharge delivered. Take n mano=75% and n o=70%. If the guages are

44
connected to the section and delivery sides of the pump determine the pressure indicated
by these guages.
Soln:
πD2 N πx 0.3x1800
u2 = = = 28.3m / s
60 60
 Q 
Vw2 = (u 2 −Vf 2 cot 30 0 ) = ( 28 .3 −1.732Vf 2 ) Vf 2 =   = 53Q
 πx 0.3 x 0.02 
Vd 2
Vw 2 = ( 28 .3 −1.732 x53Q ) = (28 .3 − 92 Q) H m = 2.5 + 35 +1 +8 +
2g
Vd 2
= (46 .5 + )
2g
Vw 2u 2
∴H m = 46 .5 +163 Q 2 ∴H m = nmano x
g
0.75 x (28 .3 −92 Q ) x 28 .3 
∴46 .5 +163 Q 2 =  
 9.81 
Solving the quadratic equation Q=0.0725 m3/s
rQHm 9.81 x0.0725 x ( 46 .5 +163 x 0.0725 2 )
shaft power = = = 48 .12 KW
n0 0.70
also ,
Ps
r
= −hs −
Vs 2
2g
{
− hf s = − 2.5 +163 x 0.0725 2
+1} = −4.36 m

= 42.77 KN / m 2 (vaccum)
[
Pressure at the exit is given by P1 = ( Ps + rHm) = − 42.77 + (46.5 + 163 x0.07252 ) x9.81]
∴ P1 = 421.8 KN / m 2

16. A centrifugal pump is required to handle a slurry consisting of sand and water
(s=1.08). If the Quantity of slurry to be pumped is 250lps against a head of 15m. Find
the power required by the pump, taking its overall efficiency as 70%. Find also the
pressure developed by the pump.
rQH (1.08 x9.81) x 0.25 x15
Soln: power required = = = 56.76 KW
n0 0.70
Pressure developed rH=9.81x1.08x15 = 159 Kpa or KN / m 2

17. Design centrifugal pump impeller for the following conditions, speed=800Rpm, head
=8m hydraulic efficiency =88%, overall efficiency=80% shaft input =20KW, peripheral
coefficient=1.15 ratio of inlet to outlet diameter=0.6, ratio of width to diameter at
outlet=0.15, flow area blocked by vanes=6%, find to be pumped is gasoline of specific
gravity=0.80.
Soln: u 2 = K u 2 gHm = 1.15 x 19.62 x8 = 14.4m / s
u1 = 0.6u 2 = 0.6 x14.4 = 8.64m / s
60u 2 60 x14.4
outer diameter D2 = = = 0.344m =34.4cm
πN πx800
D1 = 0.6 D1 = 0.6 x34.4
Inlet or eye diameter
∴ D1 = 20.6cm

45
B2 = 0.15 D2 = 0.15 x34.4 = 5.16cm
9.81 x 0.8 xQx 8
∴20 =
Shaft power 0.8
Q =0.255 m3 / s
Q  0.255 
Vf 1 = Vf 2 = = 
KπD2 B2 0.94 xπx0.344 x0.0516 
= 4.86 m / s
gHm 9.81 x8
Vw 2 = = = 6.19 m / s
nh u 2 0.88 x14 .4
−1  Vf  −1  4.86 
From the inlet velocity triangle θ = tan  1  = tan   = 29 .4
0

u
 1   8 .64 
−1  Vf 2   4.86 
From the outlet velocity triangle = tan   = tan −1  ∴= 30 .6 0
 u2 − Vw2   14 .4 − 6.19 

18. Determine the manometric and overall efficiencies of a centrifugal pump from the
following data. Head =22m discharge=160lps liquid pumped=brine of specific
gravity=1.18 speed=1200 Rpm diameter=30cm, width=5cm shaft power=55KW, vane
angle at outlet =35
Soln:
πD2 N πx0.3 x1200 Q 0.16
u2 = = = 18 .85 m / s Vf 2 = = = 3.4m / s
60 60 πD B
2 2 π x 0 .3 x 0.05
From the outlet velocity triangle
Vf 2 3 .4
Vw2 = (u2 − ) = (18.85 − ) = 14m / s
tan θ tan 350
gHm 9.81 x 22
nmano = = = 0.818 = 81 .8%
Vw 2u 2 14 x18 .85

n0 =
rQHm 1.18 x9.81 x0.16 x 22 
overall efficiency =  = 0.741 = 74 .1%
shaft power  55 

Minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump.

When a centrifugal pump is started , Will start delivering liquid only if the pressure rise
in the impeller is more than or equal to the manometric head (H mano). In other words,
there will be no flow of liquid until the speed of the pump is such that the required

46
centrifugal head caused by the centrifugal force or rotating water when the impeller is
u 22 − u12
rotating, but there is no flow i.e flow will commence only if ≥ Hm
2g
u 22 − u12
For minimum starting speed, we must have ≥ Hm
2g
gHm gHm
We know nmano = nmano =
Vw 2 u 2 Vw 2 u 2
πD1 N πD2 N
u1 = , u2 = (3)
60 60
Substituting eqn (2) & (3) in eq (1)
1 
 πD2 N   πD1 N  
2 2
 Vw2 πD2 N
  −    = nmano x x
2g 
 60   60    g 60
πN
Dividing both the sides by 60 g
πN
And simplifying
120
( D22 − D12 ) = nmano xVw 2 D2
 120 nmano xVw2 xD2 
∴ N = N min =  
 π ( D2 − D1 ) 
2 2

Problems
1. The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 1.0m in diameter and 0.1m wide. It delivers
2m3/s of water through a height of 45m while running at 600 Rpm. If the blades are
curved backward and the outlet angle is 30 calculate the manometric efficiency and the
power required to run the pump. Estimate the minimum speed to start the pump if the
impeller diameter at inlet is 0.6m
Soln: from continuity equation Q = πD2 B2Vf 2
2
Vf 2 = velocity of flow at outlet = = 6.37 m / s
πx1x0.1
πD1 N πx0.6 x600
u1 = = = 18 .85 m / s
60 60
πD2 N πx1x600
u2 = = = 31.42 m / s
60 60
Vf 2
From the outlet velocity triangle tan φ =
u 2 − Vw2
6.37
tan 30 0 = orVw 2 = 20 .38 m / s
31 .42 −Vw 2
gHm 9.81 x 45
Manometric efficiency nmano = = = 0.689
Vw 2 u 2 20 .38 x31 .42
Power given to the liquid=rQHm=9.81x2x45=882.9KW
120Vw2 D2 nmano 
Minimum starting speed N min =  
 π ( D2 − D1 ) 
2 2


120 x 20 .38 x1x0.689 

=  = 838 RPm ≈ 840 Rpm

 π(12 −0.6 2 ) 


47
2. The diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 40cm and
80cm respectively. Determine the minimum starting Speed if it works against a head of
25m.
u 22 − u12
Soln: for minimum starting speed ≥ Hm
2g
1 π 2 D22 N 2 π 2 D12 N 2 
i.e,  −  ≥ Hm
2 g  60 2 60 2 
π 2 xN 2
1
2 x9.81
x
60 2
{0.82 − 0.4 2 } = 25
Solving for N, N=610.5Rpm (Min starting speed)

Multistage centrifugal pumps

When a centrifugal pump consist of two or more impellers the pump is know as a
multistage centrifugal pump.
The important functions of a multistage centrifugal pump are;
(i) To produce high head (pumps in series)
(ii) To deliver or discharge large quantities of a liquid (pumps in parallel)
Pumps in parallel: it is an arrangement made by mounting a number of impellers on the
shaft of a motor as shown. Such an arrangement is useful when the liquid has to be
pumped to large heights keeping the discharge constant. If, Hm is the head developed by
one impeller n= number of impellers. Then, nxHm= total head developed by the pump
Q=discharge through the pump.
Pumps in parallel: it is an arrangement made by connecting a number of pumps in
parallel as shown. Such an arrangement is useful when a large quantity of liquid is to be
pumped to a particular height.
If Q=discharge from one pump
N=identical number pumps.
Then, nxQ= total discharge delivered by the pump Hm is the head developed by the
pump.
Problems:
1.A three stage centrifugal pump has an impeller of 40cm diameter and 2.5cm thickness
at outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 30 and reduce the circumfarential area
by 15% the manometric efficiency is 85%and overall efficiency is 75% determine the
head generated by the pump when running at 1200 Rpm and discharging 0.06m 3/s. find
the power required to drive the pump.

Soln: from the continuity equation Q = KπD2 B2Vf 2

K= total percentage area available for flow=(1-0.15)=0.85
∴0.06 = 0.85 xπx0.4 x 0.025 xVf 2 Vf 2 = 2.25 m / s
πD2 N πx0.4 x1200
u2 = = = 25 .13m / s
60 60
Vf 2
From outlet velocity triangle tan φ =
u 2 − Vw2

48
  2.25 
∴Vw2 = 25 .13 −  = 21 .23m / s
 tan 30 0 
gHm
Manometric efficiency nmano =
Vw 2u 2
21 .23 x 25 .13 x 0.85
or H m = = 46 .23 m
9.81
Total head developed by the pump H=3Hm=3x46.23=138.7m
Output of the pump P=rQh=9.81x0.06x138.7=81.64KW
P 81 .64
Power required to drive the pump = = 108 .85 KW
n0 0.75

2. Find the number of impellers and the diameter of each impeller required for a
multistage centrifugal pump to lift 80lps of water against a total head of 225m. Assume
speed=1500Rpm, approximate specific speed=600 peripheral Coefficient=0.96 and
overall efficiency=80% what is the shaft input required
N Q
Soln: specific speed N s = 3
H m4
4
1500 x 80 3
∴H m =  =63 m ( head per stage )
 600 
225
number of stages = = 3.57 or 4
63
85
Diameter of each impeller = Ku H m
N
85
= x 0.96 x 63 = 0.432 m
1500
rQHm 9.81 x0.08 x 225
shaft input = = 220 .7 KW
n0 0.8
Specific speed (Ns)
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically
similar pump which would deliver unit quantity (1m 3/s) against a unit head (1m). It is
denoted by Ns.
Specific speed is a characterstic of pumps which can be used as a basis for comparing the
performance of different pumps.
Expression for specific speed(Ns)
From continuity equation Q=Area x velocity of flow =πDBxV f i.e ,
Where, D & B are diameter and width of pump impeller.
but Bα D
∴QαD 2Vf (ii )
Tangential velocity u is given by
πDN
u= or uαDN (iii )
60
also V f = K 2 gHm or Vf α Hm --(iv)
Comparing eq (iii) and (iv) ∴uαVf α H m (v )
Hm
or DN α Hm Dα (vi )
N

49
 2
 Hm 
Substituting the value of D from eq (vi) in eq (ii) Qα  x Hm
 N 
3 3
Hm 2
Hm 2
i.e Qα 2
or Q = K (vii )
N N2
In order to eliminate the value of K substitute Q=1m 3/s, H=1m and N=Ns in eq(vii)
3
12
∴1 = Kx 2 or K = N s2 (viii )
Ns
Substituting K = N s2 in eq(vii)
3
Hm2 N Q
Q = N s2 or N s =   (ix)
3 
N  
 Hm4 
The range of specific speeds Ns for different types of pumps are:
Radial flow = 10 to 30(slow speed)
Radial flow = 30 to 50 (Medium speed)
Radial flow = 50 to 80 (high speed)
Mixed flow = 80 to 160 (screw type)
Propeller type = 160 to 500 (or axial flow)

Problems:
1.Calculate the specific speed of a centrifugal pump running at 1000 Rpm. The diameter
of the impeller is 30 cm and its width 6cm. The pump delivers 120lps with a manometric
efficiency of 85%. The effective outlet blade angle is 30. neglect the thickness of blades.
πD2 N πx0.3x1000
Soln: u 2 = = = 15.7 m / s
60 60
Q 0.12
Vf 1 = = = 2.12 m / s
area of flow πx0.3x0.06
From the outlet velocity triangle
 Vf   2.12 
Vw2 = u 2 − 2  = 15.7 −  = 12.03m / s
 tan φ   tan 300 
gHm 9.81 xHm
From the definition of manometric efficiency nmano = = = 0.85
Vw 2u 2 12 .03 x15 .7
∴Hm =16 .36 m / s
 
N Q 1000 x 0.12 
Specific speed N s = 3
= 3  = 42 .6
Hm 4  (16 .36 ) 4 
 
Performance of centrifugal pumps:

Generally a centrifugal pump is worked under its maximum efficiency conditions,

however when the pump is run at conditions other than this it performs differently. In
order to predict the behaviour of the pump under varying conditions of speed, discharge
and head, full scale tests are usually performed. The results of these tests are plotted in
the form of characteristic curves. These curves are very useful for predicting the
performance of pumps under different conditions of speed, discharge and head.

50
Following four types of characteristic curves are usually prepared for a centrifugal pump.

a. Main characteristic.
b. Operating characteristics
c. Constant efficiency or Muschel characteristic.
d. Constant head an constant discharge curves.
Main Characteristic: the pump is operated a particular constant speed, discharge is
varied by adjusting the delivery valve. Manometric head Hm and the shaft power P are
measured for each discharge. The overall efficiency is then calculated. The curves are
plotted between Hm & Q, P & Q, & Q. A set of similar curves are plotted by running
the pump at different speeds. They will be as shown.
b. Operating characteristic: The curves are obtained by running the pump at the design
speed, which is also the driving speed of the motor. The design discharge and head are
obtained from the corresponding Curves, where the efficiency is maximum as shown.
c. Constant efficiency curves: The constant efficiency curves are obtained from the
main characteristic curves. The line of maximum efficiency is obtained by joining the
points of the maximum curvature of the constant efficiency lines. These curves are useful
in Determining the range of operation of a pump.
d. Constant head and constant discharge curves: If the pump has a variable speed, the
plots between Q and N and that between Hm and N may be obtained by varying the
speed. In the first case Hm is kept constant & in the second Q is kept contant.

Model testing of centrifugal pumps: Models of centrifugal pumps are usually tested to
predict the performance of prototypes. The discharge (Q) delivered by a centrifugal pump
depends upon the Manometric head (Hm), impeller dia (D), power (P), speed (N),
viscosity ( μ ), density (P) and acceleration due to gravity (g).
Q = φ{ H m , D, P, N , µ, p, g }
 Q    hH m   µ   P 
By dimensions analysis, it can be shown that  = φ 2 2 , , 5 3 
 ND    N D   eND   D N P  
3 2

Hence, for completely dynamic similarly to exist between the pump model and its
prototype, assuming that g,P & µ are the same in the model & the proto type.
 Q   Q   H m   Hm 
 ND3  =  ND3  ; =  N 2 D 2  =  N 2 D 2  m
 P  m    
 1   1   P   P 
 ND 2  =  ND 3  ; =  D 5 N 3  =  D 5 N 3  m
P m P

 1   1 
As long as the flow in the model is turbulent  ND 2  =  ND 2  can be
P

ignored (i.e equality of Reynold’s number). Moreover, the specific speed of the model
N Q  N Q 
should be equal to that of the prototype. i.e.  3 
= 3 
 H m 4  P  H 4 
 m m

51
Problems:
1) A half scale model of a centrifugal pump runs at 7000Rpm and has an impeller of
15cm, diameter. If it delivers 0.04 cumes of water under a head of 40m. Calculate the
speed and the head of the prototype assuming the same efficiency, what is the specific
speed of the pump if the discharge in the prototype is 0.08m3/sec
Soln:
QP Q
3
= 3
N m Dm
NPD P

3
N Q D 
∴ P = P x m 
N m Qm  DP 
3
0.08  1 
or N P = 7000 X x  = 1750 Rpm
0.04  2 
Hm ( Hm )m N D
2 2 2

2 2
= 2 2 ∴( Hm ) P = P 2 x P 2 x( H m ) m =  7000  x( 2 2 ) x( 40 ) =10 m
N P DP N m Dm N m Dm  1750 

N Q 1750X 0.08
Specific Speed N S = 3
= 3
= 88
Hm 4 (10) 4

2. Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed of 1000Rpm. One
pump has an impeller diameter of 300mm and lifts water at the rate of 0.02m3/s against a
head of 15m. Determine the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to deliver half
the discharge.
Solution:
N Q  N Q 
 1 =  
 H 34   H 34 
 m   m 2
1000 x 0.02 1000 x 0.01
i.e. 3
= 3
(15) 4 ( Hm ) 42
∴( H m ) 2 = 9.45 m
 Hm   Hm 
  = 
 DN 
  DN 
1  2
15 9.45
i.e. = ∴D2 = 0.238 M = 238 mm
0.3 x1000 D2 x 1000

CAVITATION IN PUMPS
Cavitation begins to appear in centrifugal pumps when the pressure at the section falls
below the vapour pressure of the liquid. The cavitation in a pump can be noted by a
sudden drop in efficiency head and power requirement.
The harmful effects of cavtation are:

52
 a) Pitting and erosion of surfaceSudden drop in head, efficiency and power delivered
to the fluid.
b) Noise and vibration produced by the collapse of bubbles.
The factors which facilitate outlet of Cavtation are as follows:
a) Restricted section b) High runner speed
b) Too high specific speed for optimum design parameters
c) Too high temperature of the following liquid.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (VTU QUESTION PAPERS)
1.Explain with neat sketch the working of single stage centrifugal pump.
2.Find the power required to drive centrifugal pump which delivers 0.02m3/s of water to
a height of 30m through a 10cm diameter 90m long pipe. The overall
Efficiency of the pump is 70% and friction factor=0.036 (Aug 2000)
3. A centrifugal pump discharges 0.03 cumces to a height of 18.25m through a 100mm
diameter, 90m long pipe overall efficiency is 75% f=0.04. find the power required to
drive the pump (Aug 2001,2002, feb 2006)
4. Explain breifly
(i) Single and multistage pumps
(ii) Priming of pumps
(iii) Manometric head
(iv) Efficiencies of centrifugal (Aug 2001)
(v) 5. What is priming in centrifugal pump? Derive an expression
For the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump. (mar 2001)
6. Explain pumps in series and pumps in parallel (mar 2001,july 2006)
7. A centrifugal pump with 1.2m dia runs at 200 Rpm and pumps 1880lps at an average
lift 6m. The vane angle at exit with the tangent of impeller is 26 and the
Radial flow velocity is 2.5 m/s. determine the manometric efficiency and the least speed
to start the pump against a head of 6m. The inner diameter of impeller is 0.6m (march
2001)
8. Define the terms
(i) Section head
(ii) Delivery head
(iii) Static head
(iv) Manometric head (feb 2002)
9. Show that the pressure rise in the impeller of a centrifugal pump is given by
P2 − P1
r
=
1
2g
{
Vf 12 −V22 −Vf 22 cos ec 2φ}
10. Define
a) Manometric head
b) Manometric efficiency
c) Mechanical efficiency
d) Overall efficiency (Feb 2002, july 2006)
11. Differentiate Manometric efficiency and volumetric efficiency
Static head and manometric head (feb 2003)
12. A centrifugal pump has a outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and
running at 1000 Rpm works against a head of 40m velocity of flow through the impeller
is constant and is equal To 2.5 m/s . The vanes are set back at an angle of 40 at outlet. If
the outer diameter of the impeller is 0.5m and width is 0.05m determine
• Vane angle at inlet

53
 • Work done/see by impeller
• Manometric efficiency (feb2003)
13. What is priming? Why is it necessary? Mention any two Priming devices (feb
2003)
14. Obtain an expression for the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump (feb
2003)
15.A centrifugal pump discharge 0.15 m3/s of water against a head of 12.5m the speed of
the impeller being 600 Rpm. The outer and inner diameter of impeller are 500mm and
250mm respectively. and the vanes are bent back at 35 to the tangent at exit. If area of
flow is 0.07m from inlet to outlet calculate
• Manometric efficiency of the pump
• Vane angle at inlet
• Loss of head at inlet to impeller when the discharge is reduced by 40% without
changing the speed (feb 2004)

16. Explain the losses and efficiencies of centrifugal pump (aug 2004)
Vd 2
17. Derive the expression Hm = hd + hs + hf s + hf d +
2g

For a centrifugal pump where Hm = manometric head hd =delivery head hs

=suction head
Friction loss in section and delivery
Pipes
= velocity in delivery pipe (aug 2004)
18. A centrifugal pump of the radial type delivers 5000lpm against a total head of
38m, when running at a speed of 1450 Rpm. If the outer diameter of the impeller is
30cm & its width at the outer periphery is 1.30cm. Find the vane angle at
Exit. Assume manometric efficiency as 80% (Aug 2004)
19. Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump derive and expression for the same
(aug 2005)
20. A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000
Rpm and lifts 3 m3/s of water to a height of 30m
With an efficiency of 75%. Find the number of stages and diameter of each impeller
of a similar multistage pump to lift 5 m3/s to a height of 200m. When rotating at 1500
Rpm. (aug 2005)
21. Distinguish between pumps in series and parallel (feb 2006)
22. Differentiate the following
a) Pump and turbine
b) Section head and delivery head
c) Manometric and overall efficiency
d) Single stage and multi stage pump (feb 2005)
23. With a neat sketch explain the various components of a centrifugal pump. Why is
it necessary to prime the centrifugal pump (aug 2005, feb 2006 jan 2007)
24. A centrifugal pump delivers 3000lpm of water against a head of 24m. The blades
are curved backwards at 30 to the tangent at exit and the pump runs at 1500 Rpm
assuming a flow velocity of 2.4m/s as constant throughout the machine. A
manometric efficiency of 80% and inner diameter one half of the outer diameter. Find
the blade angle at inlet and power expended by the pump (aug 2005)

54
25. The diameter of centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 30cm and 60cm
respectively. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if it works against
head of 30m.
26. The internal and external diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are
200mm and 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200Rpm . The vane angle
of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20 and 30 respectively. The water enters the
impeller radially and velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the
impeller per unit height of water.
27. A centrifugal pump delivers 30lps to a height of 18m through a 100mm diameter
100m long pipe. If the overall efficiency is 75% find the power required to drive the
FlV 2
pump. Use the expression for hf = & f = 0.01 head loss due to friction in the
2 gd
pipe

*****

55