2010 09 Muslim Profile Burmese

jzpf&yfwdkif;.
zufoHk;zuftjrif
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf
'kuQonfpcef;rsm; twGif;&Sd
rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;. Tajctae
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif;}uD; (TBBC)

2010 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv
1
,ck tpD&ifcHpm acgif;pOfESifh ywfoufI rSwfcsuf? ? “zufoHk;zuftjrif” qdkonfrSm pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvifvlr_ todkuft0ef;u
olwdk@udk,fwdkif pcef;wGif; aexdkifae&onfh ta=umif;&if;tay: tajccHI cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;onfh tkyfpk (3) ckudk
qdkvdk&if;jzpfygonf? (rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uHaexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;§vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_§rdrdbmom
jyXmef;azmfjycsuf tcef;u¾udk =unfhyg?)
tzHk; 'DZdkif;? ? Cover design: http://library.wustl.edu/subjects/islamic/MihrabIsfahan.jpg
2
jzpf&yfwdkif;. zufoHk;zuftjrif
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf
'kuQonfpcef;rsm;twGif;&Sd
rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;. tajctae
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif;}uD; (TBBC)

2010 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv
3
rmwdum
pmrsufESm
tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf 7
bmomudk;uG,fr_§pcef;tvdkuf pm&if;azmfjycsuf tusOf;csKyf 11
trSmpum; 17
aemufcHa=umif;&m
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tpPvrfrsm;ta=umif; rdwfqufazmfjycsuf 21
xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ ajymif;a&$@vm=u&onfh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifrsm; 21

• e,fpyfwckvHk; tajctae
• pcef;tvdkuf tajctae
• tjcm; 0ifa&mufvmaer_rsm;
vuf&Sdtajctae
'kuQ
onfpcef;rsm;twGif;ESifh teD;0ef;usif&Sd rlpvifvlr_ todkif;t0dkif;rsm; wnf&SdaeyHk 26
• pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;
• pcef;0ef;usif&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;
• pcef;vHkðcHa&;tay: oufa&mufr_
rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uHaexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;

• vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m 28
 tjrif oHk;zuf
 bmomudk;uG,f ,Hk=unfr_
 vdifuGJjym;r_qdkif&mt& tajctae
 cspfjcif;arwW m/ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;jcif;
 vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; yg0ifEdkifr_
• tpm;taomufESifh trdk;tum &&Sdr_ 42

 &duQmcGJwrf; &,ljcif;ESifh pm;oHk;r_
 &duQmcGJwrf;§tm[m& jznfhpGuf&&Sdr_
 pm;aomufyHk rwljcm;em;r_rsm;
 rdcifEdk@wdkufau|;r_ tavhtxrsm;
 tjcm; tydkvdktyfcsufrsm;
• usef;rma&; 49
• ynma&; 52
 ausmif;xm;onfh ausmif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;
 tcGifhtvrf;ESifh 0ifqHhr_
 ausmif;om; taqmifrsm;
 (ausmif;raeaom) yHkrSef r[kwfaom ynma&;pepf
4
• toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_rsm; 59
 ukefoG,fr_ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;
 wd&dp>mef arG;jrLa&;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;
 vltrsm;vkyfavh&Sdaom tjcm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;
• udk,fpm;ðyr_ 65
 pcef; tkyfcsKyfa&;
 rlpvifwdk@. t&yfzufvlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
• umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ 70
 “topf”a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;ESifh rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m
 w&m;r#wr_ -- w&m;r#wr_ &&SdydkifcGifhESifh toHk;csEdkifr_
 a&&SnfwnfwHhonfh tajz
ed*Hk; 78
t=uHðycsufrsm; 79
aemufqufwGJ
twdkaumuftrnfrsm; 82
usrf;udk;pm&if; 84
5
bmomudk;uG,fr_t& Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyr_ yHkum;csyfrsm;
pmrsufESm
tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf
pm&if;tif;rsm; azmfjycsuf tusOf;csKyf
rJv 11
tkef;zsH 13
Edkzdk; 15
vuf&Sdtajctae
'kuQ
onfpcef;rsm;twGif;ESifh teD;0ef;usif&Sd rlpvifvlr_ todkif;t0dkif;rsm; wnf&SdaeyHk
• pcef;wGif;&Sd vlOD;a& 26
tpm;taomufESifh trdk;tum&&Sdr_
• pcef;vlOD;a&tm;vHk;ESifh apmifh=unfhavhvma&;- ukefodkavSmif&Hk 0efxrf; tcsKd;jyZ,m; 44
• 6-v w}udrf tusKd;cHpm;cGifh &Sdol &duQmpm;rsm; qufoG,f ar;jref;r_rsm; 45
• (CMP) . aemufxyfvdktyfcsufrsm;udk cGJa0owfrSwfay;yHk 48
usef;rma&;
• emwm&Snf§tjyif;pm; tm[m& csKd@wJha&m*g jzpfyGm;ol touf (5) ESpfatmuf uav;i,frsm; 50
• (Right To Play) tpDtpOf. vkyfief;rsm; 51
ynma&;
• (2009§10) ynmoifESpf/ ausmif;om;/ q&mOD;a& 54
• ausmif;om;taqmifrSmaeaom ausmif;om;rsm; 55
• ausmif;om; taqmifrSmaeaom wudk,fwnf;ausmif;om;rsm; 56
• (NFE) ausmif;om;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm; 57
• (SVA) tpDtpOf xdawG@aqmif&Gufr_ 57
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;
• (TBBC CAN) . pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm; 64
udk,fpm;jyKjcif;
• pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm; 67
• (CBOs) 0efxrf;rsm; 69
• TBBC CBO pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; oifwef;rsm; 70
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;
• rSwfyHkrwif&ao;aom vlOD;a& 71
• óudwifpDppfjcif; vkyf+yD;aom vlOD;a& 71
• Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme (LAC) . tr_onfrsm; 73
• tajccsaexdkifaom vlOD;a& 77
6
tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#mufwGif wnf&Sdaeaom 'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;&Sd vlr_qufqHa&; jzpfwnfaer_ tajctaersm;onf

vGefcJhonfh ESpfrsm;twGif; ododomom ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygonf? ,cktcgwGif odomxif&Sm;pGmyif vlrsKd;wdkif;&if;om;t&/
bmom ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_t&/ ,Ofaus;r_xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;t& rwluGJjym;pGm wnf&Sdae=u+yD jzpfonf?
,ckuJhodk@ ajymif;vJaeonfh jzpfpOfa&G@vsm;r_rsm;udk aumif;pGm od&SdEdkif&ef/ 2009 ckESpfwGif (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@u okawoe
ðyvkyfaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ ,ckuJhodk@ ajymif;vJaeonfh taetxm;rS odomuGJjym;onfh tkyfpkrsm;t=um;rS tkyfpk wckjzpfonfh
rlpvifvlr_ todkuft0ef;udk avhvmcJhygonf? ,ck tpD&ifcHpmonf Tvkyfief;pOfrS xGufay:vmonfh &v'fwckjzpf+yD;/ pdppfoHk;oyf
aumufcsufcsr_rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifum/ rdrdwdk@ vkyfief;rsm;taeESifh xdkolrsm;. usifhxHk;rsm;ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;tay: tuJqwfonfh
tajctaersm;udk xif[yfaqmif&GufEdkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGEdkifcJhygonf?
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf 'kuQ onfrsm;teuf rlpvifrsm;. tcef;u¾onf odomxif&Sm;pGm wnf&Sdaeonfh vlenf;pk

tkyfpkwck jzpf+yD;/ txl;ojzifh wufcfc&dkif&Sd pcef;rsm;jzpf=uonfh rJvpcef;/ tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;/ Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;ESifh rJa&mfrlpcef;wGif
vlenf;pk tkyfpkwcktjzpf wnf&Sdae=uygonf? TrlpvifvlOD;a&wGif tkyfpki,f 3-cktjzpf xyfrHydkif; jcm;Edkif+yD;/ usef'kuQ onf
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;uGJjym;pGm &yfwnfqufqHae=uygonf? TuGJjym;r_rSm rlvvm&m yx0Da'o uGJjym;r_t&
aomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&; ,Hk=unfr_t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlr_a&;t& yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifr_ t&aomfvnf;aumif; uGJjym;aejcif;
jzpfygonf?
xdkolrsm; 'kuQ onfpcef;wGif; 0ifa&mufvm&jcif; ta=umif;t&if;tay: rlva&aomufjrpf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh

aphaqmfcsufrsm;udk tkyfpkwckwnf;tjzpf owfrSwfazmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? xdkolrsm;taeESifh cdkv_HcGifh&vdkonfh ppfrSefonfh
ta=umif;tcsuf &Sdolrsm;rSaeI pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf; &Sm=uHvdk=uolrsm;txd rwluGJjym;pGm wnf&Sdae=uyg onf? odk@aomfvnf;
xdkolrsm; usifh=uHaexdkifyHkESifh b0 a&G;cs,fr_rsm;tay:wGifrl tESpfcsKyfI wckwnf;azmfjyv#ifrl ydkI jzpfEdkifzG,f &Sdygonf? wdwdusus
qdk&v#if rwlaoma'o toD;oD;&Sd rlpvif todkuft0ef;rsm;wGif wlnDcsuf trsm;tjym;vnf; &Sdae=uygonf?
vlr_a&;- ,Ofaus;r_ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;

'kuQ onf pcef;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvm&onfh aphaqmfr_ ta=umif;t&if;rsm;tay: rlwnfI rlpvif vlr_ todkuf
t0ef;twGif;Yyif odomonfh tuef@tvdkuf uGJjym;aer_rsm; &Sdygonf? pcef;wGif; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif yg0if
raqmif&Gufonfh tkyfpkrsm;vnf; &Sdae=u+yD;/ Ttaetxm;a=umifh vlenf;pktkyfpkrsm;. vlr_a&;t& yg0ifaqmif &Gufr_ESifh
usefvlxkrsm;ESifh em;vnfr_ &&SdEdkifonfh tajctaetwGuf uGm[r_ }uD;rm;ae&jcif; jzpfygonf? Todk@ tajctae&Sdaeaomfvnf;
pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;onf pkaygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ vlr_a&;t& pnf;aESmif xm;r_/ tjyeftvSef rSDcdkae=ujcif;ponfh
tajccHusonfh vuQ %mrsm;udk wif;usyfonfh usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mESifh bmoma&; Oya'rsm;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Gufae=u&if;
tvGefw&mrS zGJ@zGJ@pnf;pnf; wnf&Sdae=uygonf? vdifuGJ jym;r_tay: cGJjcm;t"dy`g,f zGifhqdkcsuf tvGefw&m&Sdae+yD;/
cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;vnf; &Sdae&m tdrfwGif;Yaomfvnf; aumif;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;Yaomfvnf;aumif; tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&
r_rsm;ESifh acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfr_rsm; jzpfay: apEdkifonfh tajctaevnf; &Sdaeygonf?
rlpvif ,Ofaus;r_Y odomxif&Sm;onfh udpPtrsm;tjym;rSm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh txl; ywfoufaeygonf? T odk@qdk&mwGif

vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;Y bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u odomxif&Sm;pGm yg0ifywfoufae=ujcif;/ vuf xyf xdrf;jrm;Edkifaom
touf (trsKd;orD;. udk,fcE<m zGH@òzd;r_ESifh qufpyfxm;+yD;/ ‚ if;trsKd;orD;. ynma&;+yD;ajrmuf r_tay: txl; tav;ay;jcif;
r&SdvSyg?) ESifh owdk@orD;u owkd@om;zufodk@ “r*Fvmvufaqmif” wifawmif;&onfh pepf (dowry system)/ uGm&Sif;EdkifcGifh
tcGifhta&;ESifh tdrfaxmif uGm&Sif;r_ vkyfief;pOfudpPrsm; jzpfygonf?
pcef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;vlxkrsm;uJhodk@yif acwfopf vlaer_b0 yHkpHrsm;ESifh jyifyrS wifoGif;a&muf&Sdvmaom wefzdk;rsm;u rlpvifrsm;.

b0tay:wGifvnf; v$rf;rdk;oufa&mufr_ &Sdaeygonf? toufi,f&G,fol tkyfpkrsm;wGif odomxif&Sm;onfh tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
jrifawG@ae&+yD;/ rlvu eD;pyfpGm wnf&Sdaeonfh rsKd;quft& pnf;aESmifxm;r_rsm;vnf; uGm[vmaeonfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf?
7
tpm;taomufESifh trdk;tum &&Sdr_
ig;ydudk awmif;qdkr_/ pm;oHk;r_ tenf;tusOf;r#om &Sd&m/ tm[m&vHkavmufpGm &&Sdr_twGuf jy\em &Sdygonf?
pm;oHk;qDESifh rD;xdk;avmifpmqD cGJwrf;rsm;wGifrl/ vufcH&&Sdonfh pcef;wGif;vlxk trsm;pku rvHkavmuf[k

xifjrif ,lqxm;ouJhodk@yif rlpviftdrfaxmifpkrsm;uvnf; olwdk@. rwluGJjym;onfh csufðywfyHk tavhtxa=umifh
vdktyfcsuf&Sdaeonf[k vltrsm;u azmfjy=uonf? Ttajctaea=umifh pcef;teD;0ef;usifodk@ xGufcGmI tydkaqmif;
xif;avmifpm &Sm=uonfvnf;&Sd&m/ zrf;qDcH&rnfh ta&;/ rawmfrw&m; ðycH&r_ESifh jyefydk@cH&rnfh tEW
&m,f rsm; ñuHawG@&zG,f
&Sdygonf?
“vufzuf&nfqdkif xdkifonfh tavhtx” a=umifh qefudk t"dutm;xm;pm;onfh/ wae@v#if ESpfeyfpm;oHk;onfh pm;oHk;r_

tavhtxrSm pcef;twGif; ododomom ajymif;vJaponf? ,cif tavhtxrsm;rS ododomom ajymif; vJvmaponf?
usef;rma&;
rlpvifvlxkrsm;taejzifh olwdk@ESifh udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ bmomwl aq;cef;0efxrf;rsm; r&Edkif=ubJ &Sdaeonf? odk@ twGufa=umifh
tuJqwfonfh usef;rma&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;udk vma&mufjyo&mwGif tcuftcJ tenf;i,f ñuHawG@&onf? ESpfpOf tm[m&
&&Sdr_ ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsufwGif rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_tqifhtwef;wGif tenf;i,f edrfhonfudk awG@&Sd&aomfvnf;/ y%mr
cef@rSef;awG@&Sdcsuf azmfjycsufrsm;t& rlpvif uav;i,frsm;onf ,m,DESifh tjyif;txef tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ (acute malnutrition)
'%fudk pcef;&Sd tjcm;aom vltkyfpkrsm;xuf ydkI jrifhrm;aom tcsKd;E_ef;ESifh cHpm;ae onfudk awG@&Sd&onf? TtajctaerSm
jy\emwcktjzpf wnf&Sdae-raeudk twnfðyEdkif&ef aemufxyf qufvuf I avhvmr_rsm; ðyoifhonf? Ttwdkif; awG@&Sdygu
olwdk@. oD;jcm; rwluGJjym;onfh vlr_ vuQ %monf jy\em ta=umif;t&if; jzpfEdkifonf?
ynma&;
rlpvif uav;i,frsm;onf pcef;wGif; yifrausmif;rsm;wGif tajccHoif=um;ay;onfh bmompum;t& tuef@ towf/
oif,lae&onfh bmompum; trsKd;tpm;rsm;/ tu,fI bmoma&;ausmif;wufa&mufonf qdkv#if ae@pOf
ausmif;wufavhvm&onfh tcsdefwdk@ESifh ywfoufI tcuftcJtcsKd@ &Sdaomfvnf;/ twef;ausmif;ESifh bmom a&;ausmif;rsKd;pHkudk
wufa&mufoif=um;EdkifcGifh &&Sd=uonf? pcef;twGif;&Sd rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif rlpvifuav;i,frsm; txl;
enf;yg;onfudk awG@&onfrSmvnf; Tta=umif;tcsufa=umifh jzpfEdkifzG,f &Sdonf? rlpvif trsKd;orD;i,frsm; taeESifh
tqifhjrifhynmausmif;rsm; wufa&muf&mwGif aemufxyfjy\emrsm; ñuHawG@ =u&onf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@udk tjcm;aom
u¾rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wW &m;rsm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef ar#mfvifhxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd pepftwGif;Y
tpPvrfbmom0if ynma&;0efxrf;rsm; enf;yg;aeonfrSmvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkyg0ifEdkifr_ESifh wef;wlnDr#r_twGuf aemufxyf
t[ef@twm;wcktjzpf wnf&Sdaeonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;aeonfh taqmifrsm;wGif rlpvifausmif;om;rsm; wufa&muf toHk;csEdkifr_rSm tenf;i,fr#om &Sd onf?

ta=umif;tcsuf trsKd;rsKd; &SdEdkif+yD; ,Hk=unfr_ bmomudk;uG,fr_t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vufcHonfh vlOD;a& trsKd;tpm;t&
aomfvnf;aumif;a=umifh jzpfEdkifonf? rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;twGif; pnf;aESmifr_&SdpGm aexdkif=u onfhtwGufa=umifhvnf;
Todk@ ausmif;aqmifxm;&ef vdktyfcsuf av#mhenf;&onfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;
rlpviftrsm;pkonf ukefoG,fjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;wGif t"du yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uonf? wd&dp>mef
arG;jrLxdef;ausmif;onfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=uonf? t"du ukefoG,f=uonfh vkyfief;rsm;rSm ukefpHkqdkifzGifhjcif;
ESifh xdkif;EdkifiH òrd@rsm;ESifh pcef;t=um; ukefwifydk@=ujcif; jzpfonf? 0efaqmifr_ay;onfh vkyfief;rsm;Y tdrfoHk; ypPnf;rsm; jyifqifjcif;ESifh
usyef;vkyfom;tjzpf aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf? ukefpHkqdkifa&mif;jcif;ESifh wd&dp>mefarG;jrLjcif; vkyfief; trsm;pkrSm “=um;cHvl”tay:
rlwnfaewwfonf? olwdk@a&mif;cs&rnfh ypPnf;udk taºuG;jzifh jznfhqnf;ay; jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydkI
ºuG,f0aiGa=u;wwfEdkifolrsm;u olwdk@a&mif;csonfh ypPnf;rsm;udk udk,fwdkif 0,f,l jznfhwif;=uonf? wd&dp>mefarG;jrLonfh
vkyfief;rsm;onf pcef;0ef;usifwGif aexdkifolrsm;ESifh qufpyfaewwf onf?
8
pcef;wGif;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tajccHrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh pcef;wGif;odk@ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;udk =unfhI 0ifa&mufvm=u
olrsm;u aqmif&Guf=ujcif; jzpfonf? olwdk@a=umifh pcef;wckvHk;taeESifh vlr_a&;t& aygif;pnf;Edkifr_ESifh pkpnf; Edkifr_ xdcdkufepfem
&onfvnf; &Sdonf? usyef;vkyfom;tjzpf aqmif&Guf=uol trsm;pkrSmrl vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;}uD;xGm;vmaeaom vlwef;pm;
tajccHtay:wGif tajcwnfI jzpfay:vmjcif;ESifh &duQ mcGJwef; r&&Sdao;olrsm;u qif;&JrGJawr_ yaysmufa&;enf;vrf;wcktaeESifh
aqmif&Gufae=ujcif; jzpfonf?
pcef;twGif;ESifh jyifywGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; aqmif&Gufaer_rsm; twkdif;twmrSmrl pcef;wckESifh wck tajctae

tcsuftvufrsm;tay: rlwnfI uGmjcm;r_ &Sdygonf? Ttcsufrsm;wGif ajr,mtoHk;csEdkifcGifhESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh
ywfoufaeaomfvnf;/ tjcm;pcef;wGif;&Sd vlxkrsm;ESifh pmv#ifrl rdrdbmom tdrfwGif; pm;oHk;&ef O,smOfpdkufysKd;r_udk OD;pm;ay;
aqmif&Gufr_enf;ygonf? xdkif;vlrsKd;rsm; ydkifqdkifonfh O,smOfjcHrsm;wGif tcpm; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif=uonf udk yHkrSefqdkovdk
awG@jrif&+yD;/ wufcfc&dkiftwGif;&Sd pD;yGm;jzpf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rJa&mfrlpcef;wGif;&Sd rdrdbmom zlvHka&; pdkufcif;rsm;wGif
vkyfudkifae=uonfudk awG@&Sd&onf?
udk,fpm;ðyr_
vdifuGJjym;r_tay: tajctae wdk;wufap&ef vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfaomfvnf;/ pcef;wGif; aumfrDwDrsm;wGif rlpvifrsm;
udk,fpm;ðy yg0ifr_enf;aeao;onfrSm rJvpcef;ESifh tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;wdk@wGif wef;wlnDr#a&;qdkif&m ta&;}uD; jy\emwck jzpfaeonf?
'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf jzpfaomfvnf;/ rlpvifrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJ rsm;wGif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdkif&ef
odomonfh rjynfhpHk vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdaeao;onf? Ttajctaea=umifh pcef;wGif; Y bmomudk;uG,f ,Hk=unfr_ trsm;t=um;
jy\em yÉdyuQ rsm; ajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;Y pcef;tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@rsm;wGif tcuftcJ &Sdae&onf? rlpvifvlxkrsm;u jyifyrSvma&muf
vkyfudkif=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ar#mfrSef;xm;csuftay:wGif vnf; ar;cGef;xkwfwwf=uonf? tu,fI olwdk@u pcef;udk
vma&muf pDrHcef@cGJ=uygu tvm;wl csnf;uyfaqmif &Gufr_rsKd; ðyygrnfavm[kvnf; ar;cGef;xkwf=uonf?
pcef; tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJr_ 0efxrf;rsm;wGif rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ enf;aeonfh tajctaeonf wnf&Sd aeqJjzpf+yD;/

txl;ojzifh pcef;aumfrDwDESifh &duQ m a0jcrf;a&;0efxrf; tqifhrsm;Y ydkI xif&Sm;ygonf?
rlpvif t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf; (CBO) rSm tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Yom &Sd+yD;/ ‚ if;rSmvnf; “tjyeftvSef xdef;nd‡ppfaq;r_

pepf”aumif;pGm tvkyfrjzpfao;yg? ta=umif;rSm ‚ if;vlr_todkuft0ef;&Sd =oZm}uD;rm;onfh bmoma&;acgif;aqmif rsm;.
tcef;u¾ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;yHka=umifh jzpfygonf? vlr_qufqHa&; tajctaea=umifh ydkI us,fjyef@onfh zGJ@pnf;r_ twGif;
=oZmv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufEdkif&ef aemufxyf tuef@towfrsm; &Sdaeygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ‚ if;wdk@ 0if a&muf aqmif&GufEdkifor#
e,fy,frSm usef;rma&;/ umuG,fr_ ay;a&;ESifh tiftm;jr‡ifhwifjcif; vkyfief;rsm;Yom &Sdae ygonf? tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;wGif &yf&GmtwGif;
yHhydk;ay;a&;qHk&yfXme (Community Support Center) . vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;uGef&uf csdwfqufr_twGif;Y tzGJ@wcktjzpf
wnf&Sdaeum ‚ if;vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Y olwdk@. t&if;tjrpfrsm; a0iSzvS,fjcif;ESifh wOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ pkaygif;
aqmif&Gufaom tcef;u¾rsm;Yaomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf ae=uygonf?
Edkzdk;ESifh rJvpcef;rsm;wGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;ajymif;a&$@tajccsr_a=umifh rlpviftrsKd;orD;ESifh vli,ftzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;yHk ysuf,Gif;

oGm;cJh&ygonf? odomonfh tusKd;quftaeESifh pcef;wGif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_wGif udk,fpm;ðyr_twGuf xdcdkufepfemr_ jzpfay:
apygonf? xdk@tjyif &yf&GmtwGif; tJef*sDtdkrsm; t=uH^m%f&,l wkdifyifr_rsm;Y rlpvifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk vHk;0ab;z,fxm;
r_rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? tpDtpOfrsm; jyifqifa&;qGJcsrSwf&mESifh taumiftxnfazmf &mwGif udk,fpm;ðyr_ jiif;y,fxm;&Hkr#ru/
‚if;wdk@ yg0ifEdkifcGifhESifh tuJqwfonfh jy\emrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef udpPrsm;Yyif wefzdk;&SdvSonfh tcGifhtvrf;wcktjzpf
tusKd;tjrwf r&,lEdkifbJ &Sdaeygonf? xdk@tjyif tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;u toHk;csr_ enf;yg;aeonf? pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm;
pkaqmif;&mwGif rlpvifrsm;udk vlopfpkaqmif;r_ enf; yg;aeygonf?
umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_
tjcm;aomolrsm; uJhodk@yif rSwfyHkrwifxm;aom rlpvifrsm;udk tqifhtwef; todtrSwfðy&ef jiif;y,fxm;+yD;/ 0efaqmifr_rsm;
tjynfht0 cHpm;&&SdcGifhvnf; r&Sdyg?
9
vlenf;pktkyfpkrsm;taeESifh pcef;wGif; w&m;r#wr_ cHpm;ydkifcGifh &&Sda&;twGuf twdkif;tq rwlonfh jy\emrsm; &Sdae +yD;/
pepftay:wGifvnf; ,Hk=unfr_ enf;=uaomfvnf; rlpvifrsm;u Tjy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufI pdk;&drfylyefr_ tenf;i,fom
azmfjy=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm ti,fpm;usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf &SD&m bmoma&;Oya't& qHk;jzwf =um;em&ef pifòydifpepf
&Sdaeaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? rlpvifrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonfh w&m;rr_rsm; twGufvnf; bmoma&;q&m rsm;u
ajz&Sif;ay;avh&Sd=uonf? tjcm;aom tr_rsm;udk oufqdkif&m tm%mydkifrsm; xH v$Jajymif;ay;=uonf?
bmoma&;t& onf;cHEdkifr_r&Sdjcif; tqifh r[kwfaomfvnf;/ bmoma&;t&cGJjcm;r_ pcef;twGif; trSefwu,fyif wnf&Sdaeygonf?

odk@aomfvnf; trsm;pkudpPrsm;rSmrl b0aexdkifr_yHkpH uGmjcm;jcif;tay: todtrSwfðyI jzpfay:aejcif; jzpfonf? “c&l;qdwf
bmoma&;t& ppfyGJtoGif” (crusade) ajymifajymifwif;wif; jzpfay:aejcif; r[kwfyg? a,bk,s tm;jzifh oD;jcm;jzpf&yfrsm;
&Sdaomfvnf; vlrsKd;a&;t& jzpfonf/ odk@r[kwf bmoma&;udk tajccHI jzpfonf[k tvG,f owfrSwfEdkifygonf?
Todk@jzpfay:cJhaomfvnf; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif jzpfay:aeovdk wiful; owfrSwfxm; onfh vlr_a&; qufqHr_ yHkpHrsKd;jzifh ðcHiHkI
tvG,foHk;oyfcsuf rcsapvdka=umif; rlpvifbmoma&; q&mrsm;u jyifyrSvma&mufolyk*~dKvfrsm;udk aumif;pGm t=uHðy
azmfjy=uygonf?
rlpvifrsm;u yk*~Kdvfa&;t& vHkðcHa&;twGuf pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wdk;wufcHpm;ae&ygonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd vli,ftkyfpkrsm; tay: wdk;I

apmifh=unfhvmaer_/ vlr_a&;0ef;usif tajctaetay:wGif oufa&mufr_rsm;a=umifh Todk@pdk;&drfaejcif; jzpfonf? Todk@ jzpfay:
wdk;wufr_wGif rlpvifvli,frsm;u wufºuGpGm v_yf&Sm;aeonfh tcef;u¾u &Sdaeygonf?
a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh tajzrsm;twGuf jyefvnf ae&mcsxm; ydk@aqmif&ef qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;t&a&m/ EdkifiHa&;t& yg

aemufjyefqkwfr_tjzpf &_jrif=uonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;ajymif;a&$@tajccsa&;qdkonfrSmvnf; xdkvufcHrnfh EdkifiHwGif ‚ if;tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;twGuf wnf&Sd+yD; vlr_a&;uGef&ufrsm; &SdaerSom tqifajyrnf jzpfonf? a'otwGif; aygif;pnf;aexdkifap jcif;onfom
toifhavsmfqHk;ESifh tjzpfEdkifqHk; tajzjzpf+yD;/ òrd@jyrsm;wGif wnf&Sdaeonfh ‚
if;wdk@. tquftoG,frsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifh qufoG,fI
aqmif&GufEdkifonf?
10
bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf tcsKyfpm&if; (rJvpcef;)
u¾ !$ef;udef; pHE_ef; ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;

pcef;vlOD;a& pkpkaygif; (µ) 0²4 50²3 37²7 11²6 0²1
udk,fpm;ðyr_ pcef; tkyfcsKyfa&; pcef; aumfrDwD -- 8² 0 92²0 -- --
ZkefaumfrDwD -- 33²3 66²7 -- --
&yfuGufaumfrDwD -- 35²5 53²6 10²9 --
tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rsm; 46²0 42²0 12²0
a0jcrf;a&;0efxrf; -- 23²5 76²5 -- --
vHkðcHa&;0efxrf; -- 27²8 68²7 3²5 --
t=uHay;§w&m;a&; -- 12²5 75²0 12²5 --
&yf&Gmtajcðy CCEG -- 40²0 60²0 -- --
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; IEKNG -- 30²0 70²0 -- --
aumfrDwDrsm; KHWA -- -- 100²0 -- --
KSNG r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd
KWO r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd
KYO -- 22²8 77²2 -- --
MWO -- -- -- 100²0 --
PKLCC -- 94²1 5²9 -- --
TYG -- 100²0 -- -- --
umuG,fay;r_ rSwfyHkwifrwifaom pcef; vlOD;a& 0²0 46²5 40²8 12²7 0²1
jyefI tajccsEdkifaom tr_rsm; -- 20²5 58²4 21²0 0²1
tpm;taomufESifh apmifh=unfha&;ESifh odkavSmif&Hk 0efxrf; 23²5 76²5 -- --
trdk;tum (TBBC) tusKd;cHpm;Edkifol apmifh=unfh 57²2 42²8 -- --
avhvmjcif;
(CMP) qef -- 42²0 50²0 8²0 --
tydk vdktyfcsuf yJ -- 28²5 55²5 16²0 --
cGJa0csxm;jcif; i&kwfoD; -- 36²0 47²0 17²0 --
ig;yd -- 42²0 58²0 -- --
qD -- 35²5 56²5 8²0 --
qm; -- 30²0 53²0 17²0 --
rD;aoG; -- 30²0 60²0 10²0 --
usef;rma&; 1 emwm&Snf- emwm&Snf§ r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 10²4§ r&&Sd
,m,D tm[m& ppfwrf;t& 11²6
csKd@wJhr_ ,m,D§ ppfwrf;t& r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 13²6§ r&&Sd
awG@&Sdaom 11²3
touf 5-ESpf
atmufuav;
aqmhupm;cGifh 0efxrf; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 0²0 r&&Sd
&Sdapa&; xdawG@ apwemh0efxrf; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 0²0 r&&Sd
aqmif&Gufr_ oifwef;q&mrsm;
taqmif q&mrsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 10 ²0 r&&Sd
taqmif r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 8²8 r&&Sd
oifwef;om;rsm;
(PE) q&mrsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 3²2 r&&Sd
(PE) uav;rsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 12²0 r&&Sd
ynma&; 2009-10 ynm rlvwef;ausmif;om; -- 50²0 40²7 8²9 0²4
a&;ESpfwGif tv,fwef; -- 22²4 76²5 1²0 0²1
ausmif;wuf ausmif;om;
ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;0efxrf; -- 17²5 81²0 1²3 0²2
0efxrf; (RTT) -- -- 100²0 -- --
(VT) 0efxrf; -- -- 100²0 -- --
11
(OCEE) 0efxrf; -- 18²7 81²3 -- --
taqmifaeausmif;om; pkpkaygif; 0²1 46²1 52²6 1²4 --
taqmifwGif cGJjcm;aeapaom uav;rsm; 0²7 56²6 41²7 1²0 --
(SVA) xdawG@ pm=unfhwdkuf r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 0²0 r&&Sd
1
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; aumfrDwD
pm=unfhwdkuf r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 1²4 r&&Sd
y&dowf
,Ofaus;r_ r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 10²9 r&&Sd
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
tjcm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 1²7 r&&Sd
oufarG;0rf;ausmif; (CAN) pcef;0efxrf; -- 20²0 80²0 -- --
1
usef;rma&;ESifh tjcm;aomXmersm;. udef;*%ef;rsm;wGif “tpPvrf”ESifh “tjcm;”[lI om cGJjcm;xm;ygonf?
12
bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf tcsKyfpm&if; (tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;)

pcef;vlOD;a& pkpkaygif; (µ) -- 45²6 34²4 20²0 0²1
udk,fpm;ðyr_ pcef; tkyfcsKyfa&; pcef; aumfrDwD -- 40² 0 60²0 -- --
&yfuGufaumfrDwD -- 43²8 30²0 26²3 --
tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd
a0jcrf;a&;0efxrf; -- 14²6 72²9 12²5 --
vHkðcHa&;0efxrf; -- 32²0 48²0 20²0 --
t=uHay;§w&m;a&; -- 16²7 50²0 33²3 --
&yf&Gmtajcðy CCSC -- 6²3 75²0 18²8 --
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; KSNG -- 32²4 67²6 -- --
aumfrDwDrsm; KWO -- 28²1 50²9 21²1 --
KYO -- 20²0 80²0 -- --
MWA -- -- -- 100²0 --
MYA -- -- -- 100²0 --
(CBO) t&nftaoG;jr‡ifh oifwef;om; -- -- -- -- --
rsm;
umuG,fay;r_ rSwfyHkwifrwifaom pcef; vlOD;a& -- 46²4 72²9 12²5 --
jyefI tajccsEdkifaom tr_rsm; okawoeðyaeonfh tcsdefwGif tcsuftvufrsm; r&&Sdyg?
tpm;taomufESifh apmifh=unfha&;ESifh odkavSmif&Hk 0efxrf; 14²6 72²9 12²5 --
trdk;tum (TBBC) tusKd;cHpm;Edkifol apmifh=unfh 40²2 49²8 10²0 --
avhvmjcif;
(CMP) qef -- 37²0 35²0 28²0 --
tydk vdktyfcsuf yJ -- 37²5 37²5 25²0 --
cGJa0csxm;jcif; i&kwfoD; -- 39²0 28²0 33²0 --
ig;yd -- 52²0 48²0 -- --
qD -- 42²0 37²0 21²0 --
qm; -- 33²3 33²3 33²3 --
rD;aoG; -- 33²3 33²3 33²3 --
awG@&Sdaom 20²2
touf 5-ESpf
atmufuav;
taqmif q&mrsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 5²9 r&&Sd
oifwef;om;rsm;
a&;ESpfwGif tv,fwef; -- 52²1 39²5 8²3 --
ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;0efxrf; -- 26²7 65²8 6²8 0²8
0efxrf; (RTT) -- 8²3 91²7 -- --
(VT) 0efxrf; -- 4²5 95²5 -- --
(OCEE) 0efxrf; -- 20²0 80²0 -- --
taqmifaeausmif;om; pkpkaygif; -- 61²7 35²5 2²9 --
13
taqmifwGif cGJjcm;aeapaom uav;rsm; -- 67²2 30²1 2²7 --
2
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; aumfrDwD
y&dowf
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
oufarG;0rf;ausmif; (CAN) pcef;0efxrf; -- -- 100²0 -- --
2
14
bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf tcsKyfpm&if; (Edkzdk;pcef;)

pcef;vlOD;a& pkpkaygif; (µ) -- 43²4 48²5 8²2 0²0
udk,fpm;ðyr_ pcef; tkyfcsKyfa&; pcef; aumfrDwD -- 26² 7 66²7 6 ²7 --
&yfuGufaumfrDwD -- 22²4 63²5 14²1 --
q,ftdrfpkacgif;aqmif -- 22²0 64²0 13²3 --
a0jcrf;a&;0efxrf; -- 16²2 83²8 -- --
vHkðcHa&;0efxrf; -- 27²1 67²1 5²7 --
t=uHay;§w&m;a&; -- 16²7 66²7 16²7 --
(CBO) KSNG -- 15²8 84²2 -- --
aumfrwDrsm; KWO -- 18²9 81²1 -- --
KYO -- 23²3 76²7 -- --
(CBO) t&nftaoG;jr‡ifh oifwef;om; -- 73²3 46²7 -- --
rsm;
umuG,fay;r_ rSwfyHkwifrwifaom pcef; vlOD;a& 0²0 56²8 39²0 4²1 --
jyefI tajccsEdkifaom tr_rsm; okawoeðyaeonfh tcsdefwGif tcsuftvufrsm; r&&Sdyg?
tpm;taomufESifh apmifh=unfha&;ESifh odkavSmif&Hk 0efxrf; 16²2 83²8 -- --
trdk;tum (TBBC) tusKd;cHpm;Edkifol apmifh=unfh 1²7 20²8 74²0 3²0 0²6
avhvmjcif;
(CMP) qef -- 69²0 31²0 -- --
tydk vdktyfcsuf yJ -- 62²0 38²0 -- --
cGJa0csxm;jcif; i&kwfoD; -- 73²0 27²0 -- --
ig;yd -- 77²0 23²0 -- --
qD -- 63²0 37²0 -- --
qm; -- 74²0 26²0 -- --
rD;aoG; -- 69²0 31²0 -- --
awG@&Sdaom 6²8
touf 5-ESpf
atmufuav;
taqmif q&mrsm; r&&Sd r&&Sd r&&Sd 5²3 r&&Sd
oifwef;om;rsm;
a&;ESpfwGif tv,fwef; -- 25²4 73²8 0²5 0²3
ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;0efxrf; -- 31²7 67²8 0²5 --
0efxrf; (RTT) -- -- 100²0 -- --
(VT) 0efxrf; -- 13²6 86²4 -- --
(OCEE) 0efxrf; -- 11²1 88²9 -- --
taqmifaeausmif;om; pkpkaygif; -- 53²6 46²4 -- --
taqmifwGif cGJjcm;aeapaom uav;rsm; -- 63²3 36²7 -- --
15
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; 3 aumfrDwD
y&dowf
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
oufarG;0rf;ausmif; (CAN) pcef;0efxrf; -- -- 100²0 -- --
3
16
trSmpum;
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf&Sd 'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;wGif 'kuQ

onfrsm; pwifa&muf&Sdvmcsdef 1984 ckESpfrSpI rlpvifrsm;vnf; wpdwfwydkif;
taeESifh yg0if&SdaecJh+yD; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; yxrOD;qHk; “w&m;0if” 'kuQ onfpcef;udk xlaxmif onfhtcg &Sdaeaom
vlxktrsm;pkonf ajym&rnfqdkv#if rdrdbmom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;=uonfh wrsKd;wnf;eD;yg; vlr_todkif;t0dkif;
jzpfaecJhygonf? rwluGJjym;r_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; rl&if;vm&mae&m wlaejcif;a=umifh a&maxG;cH&jcif;ESifh wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faejcif;rsm;
&SdcJhygonf? T'kuQ onfvlxkrsm;twGif;wGif Ak'<bmom/ c&pf,mef/ rlpvif ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_ jyif;jyif;xefxef &Sdae=uonfh
a&S;&dk;pGJt,l&Sdol tiftm;pkrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf;/ a,bk,s qdk&v#if pcef;wckvHk;wGif
bmoma&;t& onf;nnf;cHEdkifr_ &Sd=uygonf? tay:,H tjrif[kqdkqdk/ tenf;qHk; Todk@
aexdkifEdkifjcif;a=umifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; o[Zmwjzpfr_udk xdef;odrf; tm;jznfhxm;
Edkif=uygonf? TtcsdefrS pI 25 - ESpf jzwfoef;vmcJhonfh umvwGif pcef;wGif;wGif
vlrsKd;t&aomf vnf;aumif;/ bmomudk;uG,fr_t&aomfvnf; aumif; rwluGJjym;r_rsm;
ododomom &SdvmcJh+yD;/ atmufazmfjyyg jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;a=umifh tenf;ESifh trsm;qdk
ovdk oufa&muf&dkufcwf cH&r_rsm; &SdvmcJhygonf?
• 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif (autJef,l) xdef;csKyfxm;&ma'oodk@ “'Drdkua&pD

ausmif;om;rsm;” a&muf&Sdvm jcif;ESifh olwdk@u wjznf;jznf; e,fpyfpcef;rsm;qDodk@
a&G@vsm;vm=ujcif;?
• (autJef,l) tzGJ@twGif; txuf-atmufESifh tjcm;rauseyfr_rsm;udk ta=umif;ðyI
1994 ckESpfwGif wdk; wufaom Ak'<bmomu&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;t&Hk; ('DaubDat) tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;&Sd rlpvif 'kuQ
onf
udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ rsm;r=umrDwGif (autJef,l) tzGJ@. XmecsKyf rmemyavmpcef; 1995 wOD; (a*sqif arvm? 2002)
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif usqHk;&jcif;?
• u&ifjynfe,f 'l;yvm,mc&dkifESifh zm;tHc&dkifrsm;rSaeI xdkif;EdkifiH wufcfc&dkifwGif;odk@
(1995-97) ckESpfrsm; wGif jrefrmppftpdk;&. xdk;ppfa=umifh tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf xGufajy;vm&jcif;ESifh aemufydkif;wGif
jrefrmppfwyf rsm;u u&ifjynfe,f tv,fydkif;ESifh awmifydkif;a'o trsm;tjym;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifvdkufjcif;?
• (1995-97) ckESpfrsm;aemufydkif;wGif pcef;wGif;Y (yrm% t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ oabmobm0 t&aomf vnf;aumif;)
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; ay:ayguf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;? txl;ojzifh xdkif;EdkifiH. tajccHvrf;yef; aumif;rGefr_a=umifh ESifh
vHkðcHa&;t& pcef;rsm;udk pkpnf;vdkufaoma=umifh vlaersm;onfh pcef;rsm; jzpfvm jcif;?
• 2005 ckESpfrSpI wwd,EdkifiHrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muftajccs&ef 'kuQ onfrsm;twGuf vrf;yGifhvmjcif;ESifhtwl pcef;twGif;odk@
vlr_todkuft0ef; toD;oD;rS 0ifa&mufvmap&ef qGJaqmiftm; jzpfvmapjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?
Tjzpf&yfrSwfwdkifrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@zsm; e,fpyfw&dk;Y jrefrmppfwyf. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ csJ@xGifvmjcif;

ESifh }uD;xGm;vmjcif;wdk@a=umifh/ +yD;cJhonfh 25-ESpfwmumvtwGif; taxGaxGaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; vGJrSm;I pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;
wdk;Iwdk;I jzpfay:aeaoma=umifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ tpHkrS/ tv$mtpHkrS vlxkrsm;onf/ xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyf&Sd 'kuQ onf
pcef;rsm;wGif cdkv_Hr_rsm; ydkrsm;jym;vmcJhygonf?
Todk@ zufpHkoufa&mufr_rsm;a=umifh ,ck tajctaetwdkif; jzpfay:vm&+yD;/ pcef;wGif; cdkv_Haexdkifolrsm;wGif wdkif;&if; om;/

bmom udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm; ododomom uGJjym;vmaoma=umifh/ rlvu &Sdaeonfh “&yf&Gmvlr_ todkif;t0dkif;
o[Zmwjzpfr_” udk jrifompGm xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm; &Sdvm+yD;/ jy\emrsm;rSm ,cifuuJhodk@ zHk;uG,fraeawmhyg?
(tpDtpOf 0efaqmifr_ay;aeonfh vkyfief;rsm;tay: vHk;0ESifh wdkuf&dkuf oufa&mufr_&SdaeonfhtwGuf) Ttcsufrsm; ESifh

vlr_a&;t& ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;udk udkifwG,fEdkif&ef (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@u rwluGJjym;jcm;em;r_udpPrsm; udk avhvmcJh+yD;/
vkyfief;rsm; tpDtpOfcsrSwf taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif rwluGJjym;onfh 'kuQ onfvlxk tkyfpkrsm; twGif; rwluGJjym;onfh
vdktyfcsufrsm; &SdaeyHkudk avhvmcJhygonf?
17
pcef;wGif;&Sd 'kuQ
onfrsm;. vlrsKd;a&;- ,Ofaus;r_zGJ@pnf;yHk rSefuluGufwGif oD;oef@uGJxGuf jcm;em;aeonfh tkyfpkrsm;. ta=umif;udk
avhvmEdkif&ef/ (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@u 2009 ckESpfwGif pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;tay: avhvmr_rsm; ðycJhygonf?
Todk@avhvm&onfh pDrHcsuf. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
1? pcef;wGif; tajcpdkuf aexdkif=uonfh rlpvifvlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;ta=umif; ydkI aumif;pGm od&Sd em;vnf Edkif&ef ESifh
‚if;wdk@u yifr'kuQ
onfvlxk trsm;pkESifh rnfodk@rnfyHk qufqHae=uonfudk od&Sd em;vnfEdkif&ef?
2? vuf&Sd (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. vkyfief;rsm;ESifh aqmif&GufEdkifonfh vkyfief;&v'frsm;onf rwluGJjym;onfh
vufcHusifhoHk;aer_rsm;/ wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rnfodk@rnfyHk oifhavsmf tH0ifrnfudk od&Sdem;vnfEdkif&ef?
3? ydkI oifhavsmfaumif;rGefonfh 0efaqmifr_rsm; ay;tyfEdkifa&;twGuf vkyfief;rsm; ðyjyifrGrf;rHjcif; udpPrsm; ESifh
T0efaqmifr_rsm;udk taumif;qHk; toHk;csEdkifa&;twGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkif&ef?
4? (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif rlpvifvlr_ todkuft0ef; taeESifh wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&; jzifh ydkI
yg0ifywfoufvmEdkifap&ef æ æ jzpfygonf?
TpDrHcsuftwGif rlvu owfrSwfxm;onfh tcsdefZ,m;rSm 12- v jzpfygonf? okawoevkyfief;rsm;udk 2009 ckESpf yxr 9
vwGif aqmif&Guf&ef jzpf+yD;/ ‚ if;ESpf. aemufqHk;ydkif;umvrsm;wGif awG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;jcif; ESifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;jcif;
ðy&ef jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh TpDrHcsuf. tuJqwfr_ jy\emudk nd‡Ed_if;&if;jzifh TpDrHcsufonf v-
20 ausmf tcsdef,lcJh&ygonf? 14-vudk okawoevkyfief;tqifh tjzpf/ (Zefe0g&Dv/ 2009 ckESpfrS azaz:0g&Dv 2010 ckESpftxd)/
ESifh 6-vudk rl=urf;a&;om;&ef/ pdppf tacsmowf&ef aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf?
yxr 4-vudk pm;yGJckaH y: okawoevkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufcJh+yD; &Sdae+yD;om;/ &Edkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif; jcif;/
(CCSDPT) at*sifpDESifh tjcm;aom ta&;ygonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. jzpf&yf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk rSwfwrf;&,l jcif;omru/
avhvm&rnfh e,fy,fudk owfrSwfjcif;/ pHkprf;avhvm&rnfh uGif;qif;rSwfwrf;wif&rnfh enf;emrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;rsm;
aqmif&GufcJhygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. uGif;qif;0efxrf;rsm;udk &Sif;jy wdkifyifjcif;/ tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJjcif;wdk@
yg0ifygonf? uGif;qif;okawoevkyfief;rsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg 11-v twGif; aqmif&GufcJhygonf?
2009 2010
okawoevkyfief;pOf Zef az rwf {+yD ar ZGef Zl =o puf atmuf Edk 'D Zef az
pm;yGJxdkif okawoe
uGif;qif; okawoe
uGif;qif;okawoeðyjcif; tqifhwGif rlpvifbmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &yf&Gmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh qufoG,fI taxGaxGaom

t=uH&,l wdkifyifjcif;rsm;tjyif/ tdrfwdkif,ma&muf vnfywf=unfh&_jcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
onf trsm;tm;jzifh touf}uD;ol a,mufsm;rsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ &yf&Gm udk,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif a,mufsm;rsm;a&m-trsKd;orD;rsm;yg ydkI
pHkvifpGm yg0ifayonf? vli,fa&m vl}uD;yg r#=uygonf? xdkolrsm;udk wdkifyif t=uH&,l&mY owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif;
(vdifydkif;t&- touf twdtustkyfpkrsm;) yg0if awG@qHkcJhonfhtjyif/ pkaygif;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? pkpkaygif;
rlpvifvlr_ todkuft0ef;rS 139 OD; (r 47 ESifh usm; 92) wdk@udk w&m;0if nd‡Ed_if; t=uH&,lcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif vufzuf&nfqdkifESifh
aps;twGif;/ tjcm;aom vlr_a&; xdawG@ qufqHr_rsm;wGif tvGwfoabm aqG;aEG;r_rsm;rS aeI tjcm;tjrifrsm;udkvnf;
&,lpkaqmif;cJhygonf?
TpDrHcsufESifh ywfoufI 0ef;usiftajctaet& tuJqwf txdrcHonfhoabma=umifh pcef;aumfrDwDrsm;udk t&if csOf;uyfI

Tvkyfief;pOfwGif yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sdatmif/ TpDrHcsuf. &nf&G,fcsuftay: twlem;vnf oabmayguf ap&ef aqmif&GufcJhygonf?
pcef; pDrHcef@cGJa&; Xmersm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; ,ckaqG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifapI rlpvifrsm;.
usifh=uHaexdkifyHktay: ydkIus,fjyef@aom tjrifrsm;&&Sdatmif/ pcef;twGif; olwdk@. tcef; ae&mudk od&Sd&atmif owif;
tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;EdkifcJhygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm; taxmuftulðyr_a=umifh okaw oeðyaeoltay: em;vnfvufcHvm=u+yD;/
avhvmpl;prf;r_ ESifh pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ e,fy,fydkI us,fjyef@vmcJhygonf? wdkifyift=uH&,lcJhr_rsm;wGif w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a&m/
tvGwfoabm aqG;aEG;ajymqdkr_rsm;rSyg pkaqmif;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf? ody`Henf;us ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;/ ar;cGef;v$mrsm;
ajzqdkapjcif;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;cJhonf r[kwfyg?
18
wdkifyift=uH&,ljcif; enf;em 2009 2010
{+yD ar ZGef Zl =o puf atmuf Edk 'D Zef az
rJa&mfrl- bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm; √
ESifh tkyfpk aqG;aEG;yGJ
rJa&mfrl- &yf&Gm udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh √
tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ
rJa&mfrl-pcef;aumfrDwDESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ √
rJa&mfrl- &yf&Gm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh √
aqG;aEG;yGJ
rJv- bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh √ √ √
tkyfpk aqG;aEG;yGJ
rJv- &yf&Gm udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh √ √
tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ
rJv- tdrfvnfywfjcif; √
rJv- pcef;aumfrDwDESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ √ √
tkef;zsHrdkif - bmoma&; √ √ √
acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh tkyfpk aqG;aEG;yGJ
tkef;zsHrdkif - &yf&Gm udk,fpm;vS,f √ √
rsm;ESifh tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ
tkef;zsHrdkif - tdrfvnfywfjcif; √ √
tkef;zsHrdkif- pcef;aumfrDwDESifh √
aqG;aEG;yGJ
tkef;zsHrdkif- &yf&Gm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh √
aqG;aEG;yGJ
Edkzdk;- bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh √ √ √ √
tkyfpk aqG;aEG;yGJ
Edkzdk;- &yf&Gm udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;ESifh √ √
tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ
Edkzdk;- tdrfvnfywfjcif; √
Edkzdk;- pcef;aumfrDwDESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ √
Edkzdk;- &yf&Gm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh √

aqG;aEG;yGJ
TtpD&ifcHpmudk aemufqHk;tqifh rl=urf;ðypk&mY/ jyefvnf wdkufqdkifppfaq;+yD; t+yD;owfaqmif&Guf&mY rlvu pDpOf

xm;onfxuf =umjrifhcJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm rar#mfvifhxm;onfh ydkI csJ@xGif&aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;a=umifh jzpf+yD;/ &yf&GmzufrSa&m
ynm&Sifrsm;zufrSyg TawG@&Sdcsufrsm;tay: a0zeft=uHay;r_rsm;ESifh olwdk@qDrS twnfðycsufrsm; &,lcJh&ygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ tpPvrfbmom a&muf&SdvmyHkjzifh pwifrdwfqufI jrefrmrlpvifrsm; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ xGufajy;a&muf&Sd vmyHk

a,bk,soHk;oyfcsufwdk@jzifh pwifcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif;u¾rsm;wGif rlpvif'kuQ onfrsm; aexdkufv#uf&Sdonfh pcef;rsm;twGif;
aqmif&GufcJhaom Tokawoevkyfief;. awG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk qufvufwifjyxm;ygonf? txl; ojzifh rJv/ tkef;zsHrdkif/ Edkzdk;ESifh
rJa&mfrlpcef;rsm;wGif vkyfaqmifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh pcef;wGif; t"du aexdkif =uonfh 'kuQ onfvlxkrsm;ESifh
oD;jcm;uGJjym;aeonfh olwdk@. ðyrlusifh=uHaexdkifyHk ESifh vdkvm;csufrsm;udk ar;jref; okawoeðyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm.
t"dupmudk,fydkif;wGif vuf&Sd (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. vkyfief; tpD tpOf 0efaqmifay;r_rsm;Y ydkIoifhavsmfpGm wdk;wufaqmif&Gufr_
ðyEdkifrnfh ed*Hk;ESifh t=uHðycsufrsm;udkvnf; xnfh oGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl
19
yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdapa&;udpPrsm;udkvnf; azmfjycJhygonf? tjcm;xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu zwf&_Edkifonfh pmtkyfusrf;udk;pm&if;udkvnf;
TtpD&ifcHpm wGif yl;wGJazmfjyxm;ygonf?
“awG@omjrifomr_enf;onfh xdcdkufepfemzG,f ta=umif;&Sdaom tkyfpkrsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh c&pf,mef odk@r[kwf Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;

t"duaexdkif&m pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpvifrsm;ta=umif;udk ppfaq;avhvmxm;onf rSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;[k qdk&rnf jzpfygonf?” tD'pfof
abmif0,fvfpf (Edith Bowels) (1997) 4
4
Edith Bowles, ‘Assistance, Protection, and Policy in Refugee Camps on the Thailand-Burma Border: An Overview’, Refugee
Studies Programme, Oxford University, 1997, at http://www.burmafund.org/Pathfinders/Research_Library/EdithBowlespaper.htm.
20
aemufcHa=umif;&m
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tpPvrfrsm;ta=umif; rdwfqufazmfjycsuf
jrefrmESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;r[kwfonfh owif;&if;jrpf azmfjycsufrsm;t& tpPvrfbmomonf &cdkif urf;&dk;wef;a'oodk@ at'D 712

ckESpfuyif apmpD;pGm yifv,fjzwful;vmonfh ukefonfrsm;rSwqifh a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf? a&muf&Sdvm pOfu qlzpfZif0g' (Sufism)
taeESifh a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf? a'ocHvlxkrsm; tpPvrf0g'odk@ ul;ajymif;cH,lr_ onf twif;tusyfðyjcif;a=umifh r[kwfbJ
olwdk@bmom pdwfqENtavsmuf ul;ajymif;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? tvm; wl bmomul;ajymif;cJh=uonfh yHkpHudk tjcm;aom
ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiH rsm;wGifvnf; awG@&Sd=u&ygonf? jyifyrS rlpvifrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHudk
wdkufcdkufusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJh=ujcif; r&Sdovdk/ jynfwGif;rS bmomul;ajymif;&ef oGwfoGif;cJhr_udkvnf; rawG@&Sd=u&yg?
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifbmom udk;uG,f,Hk=unfol trsm;pkrSm qGefeD bmom0ifrsm; jzpf=uI/ [memzD bmoma&; *dk%f;
tEG,fawmfrS jzpfygonf? ta&twGuf tenf;i,fESifh xyfrHI ta&twGuf usqif;vmaeaom &SD&dkufbmom udk;
uG,f,Hk=unfolrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? ,ae@umvwGif rlpvifbmom udk;uG,f,Hk=unfolrsm;rSm vlOD;a&. 13µ txd &SdEdkif+yD;/
tcsKd@aom jrefrmha&;&m u|rf;usifolrsm;url jrefrmEdkifiH oef;acgifp&if;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; 4µ odk@ r[kwf xdkxufydkI
enf;Edkifonf[k ,lq=uygonf? jrefrm rlpvifrsm; udk,fYurl ta&twGuftm;jzifh 8-oef;cef@ &Sdrnf[k wGufqxm;=uygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifrsm;udk (tcsKd@aom vlenf;pk tkyfpk0ifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufv#if) tkyfpk 4-ck cGJjcm;Edkifygonf?

• yef;ao; rSm t}uD;qHk;tkyfpkjzpf+yD; ‚ if;wdk@wGif &cdkifjynfe,frS &dk[if*smrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? olwdk@. vlOD;a& udk
EdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif wpfoef;cef@&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;=uonf?
• Armbk&ifrsm; vufxufuyif tpPvrfbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;cJhonfh Armrsm;? olwdk@udk,folwdk@ “Armrlpvif ppfppf”[k
ac:=uonf?
• jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tdENd,rdb ESpfyg;rS arG;zGm;onfh tdENd,EG,fzGm; rlpvifrsm;?
• aZbm'Drsm;? tdENd,rlpvif tazESifh jrefrmrdcifwdk@rS arG;zGm;onfh ujym; uav;rsm; [lI jzpf=uonf? 5
xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ ajymif;a&$@vm=u&onfh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifrsm;

Ttcef;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh jrefrmrlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm; ñuHawG@&aom tajctaersm;ESifh xdkol rsm;
xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&$@ajymif;0ifa&mufvmyHkudk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;ygonf? Todk@ pm&if;ðypk rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; onf jynfhpHkonf[k
rqdkvdkyg? odk@aomfvnf; tcsdefydkif;tvdkuf jzpfysufr_rsm;/ xdkolrsm; tajcrJh a&$@ajymif;&onfh t&if;cH ta=umif;t&if;wdk@udk
azmfjyEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfayonf?
e,fpyfwckvHk; tajctae
1980 ckESpfrsm;-90 ckESpfrsm;? ? jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m rlpvif tpnf;t&Hk; (All Burma Muslim Union- ABMU) udk 1983
ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;onf? TtzGJ@wGif udk,fydkif vufeufudkifwyf&if;rsm;&Sd+yD;/ u&ifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (KNLA) ESifhtwl
yl;aygif;wdkufcdkufcJhonf? rkwWrESifh jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif; a'o&Sd òrd@rsm;wGif rlpvifqef@usifa&; t"du&k%f; ay:ayguf+yD;onfhtcg
jrefrmEdkifiH rlpvifvGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@ (Muslim Liberation Organization of Burma--MLOB) udk xlaxmifcJh=uonf?
TESpfzGJ@pvHk;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwfrsm; tzGJ@csKyf (DAB) . wufºuGv_yf&Sm;aeaom tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? 6
5
Adapted from ‘Islamic education in Myanmar: a case study’, Mohammed Mohiyuddin Mohammed Sulaiman, from ‘Dictatorship, Disorder
and Decline in Myanmar’, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (editors), The Australian National University, 2008.
6
Rianne ten Veen, ‘Myanmar’s Muslims: The Oppressed of the Oppressed’, Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC), Wembley, UK,
October 2005, at www.ihrc.org.uk.
21
1995-1998? ? txl;ojzifh aps;uGufESifh eD;onfh rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;onf
jrefrmppfwyfESifh ‚
if;wdk@. vufa0cHwyfrsm;u e,fpyfjzwfausmf wdkufcdkufr_udk txl;ojzifh
ypfrSwfxm; cH=u&onf?
1997? ? jrefrmEdkifiHrS rlpvif 10˜ 000 ausmfonf xdkif;EdkifiHwGif 'kuQ

onftjzpf
7
cdkv_Hae=uonf?
1997 ckESpf rwfv? ? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh rEW

av;ESifh tjcm;aom a'orsm;wGif rlpvif
qef@usifa&; t"du&k%f; jzpfyGm; onf?
1998? ? +Adwdo# vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;wckrS tzGJ@0ifwOD;onf ,ckESpfqef;ydkif;wGif

'kuQ
onfpcef; trsm; tjym;odk@ oGm;a&mufavhvmcJh+yD;/ ,cktcg “jrefrmEdkifiH w0Srf;rS
rlpvif 'kuQonf 10˜ 000 onf e,fpyf'kuQ onf pcef;rsm;wGif aexdkifae=uonf” [k
8
tpD&ifcH azmfjycJhonf?
1998? ? vl@tcGifhta&; avhvmapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (HRW) u tpD&ifcHpmwapmif

xkwfjyefcJh&mwGif “tcsKd; tqtm;jzifh rwefwq rsm;jym;onfh rlpvifrsm;onf
wdkif;&if;om;u&if'kuo Qnfrsm;ESifh &Sdae=uonf? ” xdkolrsm; onf 1997 ckESpfwGif zmyGefESifh
'l;yvm,mc&dkifrsm;rS xGufajy;vm=uolrsm; jzpf+yD;/ “rlpvif 'kuQ onfrsm;u azmfjy
=u&mwGif jrefrmppfom;rsm;u olwdk@.AvDrsm;? ausmif;rsm;udk zsufqD;=ua=umif;/ olwdk@udk 1995 rSonf 1997 ckESpftxd?
Ak'<bmom ul;ajymif; v#if ul;ajymif;/ r[kwfv#if EdkifiHtwGif; raexdkif&ef =um;cHZkef òydusjcif; (wDbDbDpD)
trdef@ay;cJha=umif;” ajymqdk=uonf? 9
1998 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv? ? rJoa&&Sd rlpvift"duaexdkifaom aps; (xdkif;EdkifiH ykwfaygx u&ifaus;&Gm. wzufurf;
arSmifcdkaps;) udk wdkufcdkufcH&onf? 2001 ckESpfwGif ‚
if;aps;onf “,cifu &SdcJhzl;onf[k t&dyfta,mifr#om usef&Sdawmhonf? qdkif
3-4 qdkifom usef&Sdawmhonf”? “,cktcg rJoa&wGif rlpvif 20 OD;cef@om aexdkifawmh onf”? 10 ykwfaygxaps;rS
rlpviftrsm;pkrSm ,cktcg rJvpcef;odk@ a&$@ajymif;cJh=u+yD jzpfonf? 11
2001 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv? ? rlpvif 'kuQ onf 2˜000 cef@wdk@u rJvpcef;wGif ZGef-ZlvdkifvY cdkv_H=uonf? xdktcsdefu
0ifa&mufvm=uolrsm; ta&twGufE_ef;rSm wpfae@v#if vl 200 cef@ &Sdonf? ,ck 0ifa&mufcdkv_Hvmolrsm;rSm e,fpyf
'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;wGif aqGrsKd;rsm; &Sdae+yD; jzpfonfh/ u&if jynfe,f e,fpyfaus;&Gm;rsm;rS r[kwfbJ/ jynfwGif; ydka0;onfh
òrd@}uD;rsm;jzpfaom &efukef/ rEW
av;òrd@rsm; xJrSyif yg0ifonf? trsm;pkrSm awmifilwGif vwfwavmjzpfyGm;onfh rlpvif qef@usifa&;
t"du&k%f;a=umifh ajymif;a&Smifvm=ujcif;vnf; jzpfonf? 12
2002 ckESpf? ? u&if 'kuQ

onfpcef;rsm;twGif; ppfwrf;aumuf,l avhvmr_wckt& aexdkifol 11µ onf rlpvif bmom0ifrsm;
jzpfonf? 13
7
‘Burma Says No to Return of Muslims’, Bangkok Post, 11 August 1997.
8
‘Burma: The Great Betrayal – and Another Tragedy is Waiting to Happen’, Jubilee Campaign, 24 February 1998, at
http://www.jubileecampaign.co.uk/world/bur3.htm.
9
Human Rights Watch, ‘Human Rights Watch Report 1998: Burma’, at http://www.hrw.org/worldreport/Asia-01.htm.
10
Interviews, Mae Salit, Tha Song Yang district, Tak province, 19 October 2006.
11
Christian Goodden, ‘Three Pagodas: A Journey Down the Thai-Burmese Border’, (Jungle Books, Halesworth, Suffolk, Second edition, 2002),
p. 276.
12
‘Muslims Fleeing Religious Riots Swell Numbers at Thai Border’, DVB News, 4 July 2001.
13
‘Crisis Education Project Profile: Education Assistance to Refugees From Burma’, March 2005, at:
http://pdf.dec.org/pdf_docs/PDACF424.pdf.
22
2002 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv? ? &efukef/ rEW av;/ jynf/ armfvòrdif uJhodk@aom t"duusonfh òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif rlpvif todkuft0ef;
tawmfrsm;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm;twGif;
tpOfojzifh wnf&Sdaeonfh vlr_a&;t& wif;rmr_rsm; jzpfonf? 2001 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv urBmhukefoG,fa&; pifwm
taqmuftODudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif wdkufcdkufcH&+yD;aemufydkif;/ rlpvifrsm;tay: wdkufcdkufr_ ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmcJhonf?
Twdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;/ odk@r[kwf Ak'<bmom0if tpGef;a&muf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u a'owGif;&Sd
rauseyfr_rsm;udk tajccH wdkufcdkuf=ujcif; jzpfonf? 14
2003 ckESpf/ {+yDv? ? vd_if;bGJ@òrd@e,f/ uarmf u&SL;aus;&GmrS rlpvif'kuQ

onfrsm; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ xGufajy;vm=u onf? u&if
bkef;awmf}uD;ESifh 'DaubDat ppfom;rsm;u tdrf 60 cef@&Sdrnfh/ AvD tygt0if aus;&Gmw&GmvHk;udk rD;&_d@ vdkuf=u&m vl 200 cef@
xGufajy;vm=u&onf? 'DaubDat ppfom;rsm;u &Gmom;rsm; rD;+idrf;owfrnfudk wm;qD; xm;=u+yD;/ ypPnf;rsm; r&,lEdkif&efvnf;
wm;jrpfydwfqdk@=uonf? 15
2004 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv? ? u&if'kuQ onf acgif;aqmifu ukvor*~ 'kuQ onfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; (UNHCR)
udk,fpm;vS,fxH apm'uwuf ajymqdk&mwGif “pcef;rsm;twGif; rvdkvm;tyfaom pD;yGm;a&; aqmif&Gufr_rsm; &Sdae a=umif;”/
txl;ojzifh rJvpcef;wGif jzpfa=umif; ajymqdkonf? “jr0wDw0dkufrSaeI 'kuQ
onfopfrsm;/ trsm;pkrSm rlpvif pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;
a&muf&Sdvm +yD;csdefrSpI aygrsm;vma=umif;/ aiGa=u;twGuf ukefoG,f=uonfh pD;yGm; a&;'kuQ
onfrsm;jzifh xif&Sm;ol b*FgvDrsm;
16
&Sdvma=umif;” ajymqdkonf?
pcef;tvdkuf tajctae
rJa&mfrlpcef;
1995? ? u&ifjynfe,f Zmwdjzpfaom rlpvif todkuft0ef;rsm;onf jrefrmppfwyfu (autJef,ltzGJ@. Xme csKyf pcef;a[mif;)
onf trsm;ESifhtwl pcef;wGif; 0ifa&mufvm=uonf? 17
rme,fyavmpcef;ESifh 0ef;usifa'orsm;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf tjcm;'kuQ
1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv ? ? aqmharG;c&dkif/ bef@rJprfvyf pcef;wGifaexkdifol rlpvif'kuQ

onf 1˜ 401 OD;udk rJa&mfrl pcef;odk@
18
v$Jajymif;aponf? 1998 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv p&if;t& xdkrlpvifrsm;onf rJa&mfrlpcef;wGif pkpkaygif;aexdkifol 'kuQ
onf 7˜ 356 OD;
teuf 19 µ &Sdonf? rlvu pcef;wGif; aexdkifae+yD;om; rlpvifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;a&wGufxm; jcif; r[kwfao;yg?
2010 ckESpf? ? rlvu vd_if;bGJ@òrd@wGif aexdkifol tDrif rlpvifbmoma&; acgif;aqmif (Head Imam) pcef;twGif;odk@
a&muf&Sdvmonf? olu jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;wGif bmoma&;oifwef;rsm; wufa&mufcJhonfhtwGufa=umifh u&ifpum;
ajymwwfjcif; r&Sdyg? 19
rJvpcef;
1997 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv? ? aumhu&dwfòrd@e,f/ ebl;aus;&GmrS rlpvif'kuQ onf 200 cef@ rJvpcef;odk@ 0ifa&muf cdkv_H vm=uonf?
rlpvif ODa& 1˜000 cef@rSm olwdk@tdrfrsm;rS pGef@cGm&ef aoewfjzifh axmufI trdef@ay;cH&onf? (etz) ppfom;rsm;u olwdk@.
AvDudkvnf; òzdcsvdkuf=uonf? 20
2001 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv? ? rJvpcef;wGif ZGefv 15 U fae@rS Zlvdkifv 2 &uftwGif;Y rlpvif 'kuQ onf 2˜000 cef@ ajy; 0if
cdkv_Hvm=u+yD;/ xdktcsdefu 0ifa&mufvmol rlpvif wae@v#if 200 OD;txd &SdEdkifonf? Tajy;0if cdkv_Hvmolrsm; onf ydkI
twGif;usaom &efukef/ rEW av; ponfh òrd@}uD;rsm;rS vm=ujcif; jzpf+yD;/ rlvuwnf;u pcef;rsm;twGif; aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;
14
Human Rights Watch, ‘Crackdown on Burmese Muslims’. New York, Human Rights Watch: 12, 2002.
15
‘Muslim Village Torched in Karen State’, The Irrawaddy, 30 April 2003.
16
Hugo Rami, ‘Mission Report: Mae Sot, ML Camp, NP Camp, Umpiem Camp, 19-24 July 2004’, United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, Regional Office for Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, Bangkok, 28 July 2004, p. 3.
17
Interviews with Muslim community representatives, 12th January 2010.
18
Cheewin Satha, ‘Relocation: Tougher Measures to Control Refugees’, Bangkok Post, 15 July 1998, p. 2.
19
Interviews with Muslim community representatives, 12th January 2010.
20
‘Burmese Muslims Say forced to Flee Homes’, Reuters, 22 January 1997; and ‘Muslims Forced to Flee Homes’, Burma Alert, (Vol. 8, No. 3),
March 1997.
23
&Sdaeonfh u&ifjynfe,f aus;&Gmrsm;rS ajy;vmjcif; r[kwfyg? trsm;pkonf vwfwavm awmifil òrd@wGif jzpfyGm;onfh
rlpvifqef@usifa&; t"du&k%f;a=umifh ajy;vm=ujcif; jzpfonf? 21
2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv? ? rJvpcef;wGif topfcdkv_Hvmol 3 OD;teuf wOD;rSm rlpvif jzpfonf? 22
2006 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv? ? pcef;rsm;twGif; aexdkifol rlpvif 8˜000 cef@&Sdonf (vlOD;a& -16µ cef@ &Sdonf?) 23
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& vl 4˜000- 5˜000 cef@rSm 1999 ckESpf uwnf;u 0ifa&muf cdkv_Haexdkif=uonf? aemufydkif; a&muf&Sdvmol 33˜
000 OD;teuf rlpvifOD;a&rSm 12 &mcdkifE_ef;rS 15 &mcdkifE_ef;cef@ &Sdonf? 24
a[G;uvkwfpcef;
1997 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv? ? jrefrmppfwyfrsm;ESifh 'DaubDat wyfzGJ@wdk@ e,fpyfw&dk;wGif
Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufae@Y ypfcwfwdkufcdkufr_rsm; ðycJhonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd AvD
rD;avmifjymuscJhonf? 25
1998 ckESpf/ rwfv? ? rwfv 11 &ufae@wGif aemufxyfw}udrf jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESifh

'DaubDat ppfom;rsm; yl;aygif; 200 cef@wdk@u wdkufcdkufr_rsm; usL;vGefcJhjyef+yD;/
pcef;wGif;&Sd AvDrD;avmifjymuscJhonf?
a[G;uvkwfpcef;&Sd
rlpvif'kuQ
onf wOD; (1998)
c/o ???
armfupJ cef;
1997 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv? ? xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u rlpvif'kuQ onf 280 OD;yg 'kuQ onf 499 OD;udk w&m;r0if xdkif; EdkifiHtwGif;
cdk;0ifr_jzifh zrf;qD;cJhonf? ‚ if;wdk@trsm;pkrSm e,fpyf&Sd zkwfz&c&dkifwGif tvkyfvkyfudkifae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESifh
'DaubDat wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u 'kuQ onf 219 OD;udk jyefvnf vufcH&ef oabmwlnDaomfvnf;/ rlpvifrsm;rSm “EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHom; r[kwf” [k jiif;qdkcJh=uonf? rlpvifrsm;udk armfuJpcef; odk@ ac:aqmifoGm;+yD; aemufxyftjcm; pDpOfr_rsm;
rðy&ao;rD jyefydk@&ef qdkif;iHhxm;rnf[k qdkonf? 26
1998 ckESpf/ rwfv? ? 'DaubDat wyfzGJ@0if 40-50 cef@u rwfv 23 &ufae@wGif wdkufcdkufr_ ðycJhonf? &yfuGuf-6 ESifh 7 wGif
onf 200 ausmfrSm tdk;tdrfrJh jzpfusefcJh&onf? 27 wdkufcdkufolrsm; u pcef;&Sdaps;udkvnf;
tdrf 50 ausmf rD;&d_@zsufqD;cH&+yD;/ 'kuQ
rD;r&d_@rD vk,ufzsufqD;cJh=uonf? 'kuQ onf trsm;u ajymqdk=u&mwGif “pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif &yfuGuf rnfonfhae&mwGif &Sdonfudk
(wdkufcdkufol 'DaubDat) wdk@u ar;jref;cJh=ua=umif;” ajymqdk=uonf? 28
rSwfcsuf? ? a[G;cvkwfESifh armfuJpcef;rsm;onf trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&; tpDtrHa=umifh a&$@ajymif;cH&onf? tkef;zsHrdkif&Sd

'kuQonfpcef;opfodk@ 1999 wGif yl;aygif;apcJhonf?
Edkzdk;pcef;
1997 ckESpf/ rwfv? ? Tpcef;udk jrefrmrlpvif 'kuQ
onf 2˜000 ESifh u&if'kuQ
onf 8˜000 cef@ESifh tkef;zsH c&dkiftwGif;
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif jzpfovdk aqmufxm;onfh pcef;rsm;rS 'kuQ onfrsm;udk pkaygif;I pwif
wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? jrefrmwyfrsm;u usKduf'Hka'owGif azaz:0g&Dv 13 &ufae@u
21
‘Muslims Fleeing Religious Riots Swell Numbers at Thai Border’, DVB News, 4 July 2001.
22
Edward Blair and Aung Zaw, ‘A Seat at the Table’, The Irrawaddy, January 2006.
23
‘Forced Conversion Order Drives Muslims From Karen State’.
24
Interview with NGO worker, Mae Sot, Tak province, February 2006.
25
‘Burma Urged to Probe Raids on Karen Camps’, The Nation, 5 February 1997; and ‘Burning Down of Karen Camps’, Asia Human Rights, 8
a&$@ajymif1997.
February
26
;xGufajy;&aom
‘Burma Says No to Return of Muslims’, Bangkok Post, 11 August 1997.
rlpvif rdom;pk wck (1997)
27
‘DKBA Incursion: Army Told to Protect Border at All Costs’, Bangkok Post, 24 March 1998.
28
‘A Question of Security: A Retrospective on Cross-border Attacks on Thailand’s Refugee and Civilian Communities Along the Burmese
Border Since 1995’, Images Asia and Borderline Video, Chiang Mai, May 1998, p. 8.
24
rlpvifAvDrsm;/ rlpvif bmoma&; pmoif ausmif;trsm;udk rD;&_d@zsufqD;cJh+yD;aemuf tkef;zsHc&dkiftwGif;odk@ e,fpyfjzwfausmf
xGufajy;vm=ujcif; jzpfonf? usKduf'HkESifh teD;&Sd &Gm 3-ckrS rlpvif 'kuQ onf 4000 cef@ twif;tusyf
z,f&Sm;cHcJh&+yD;aemuf/ ,cktcg aomufoHk;a& uJhodk@aom tajccH vdktyfcsufrsm;vnf; 'kuQ onfpcef;opfwGif jywfvyfr_rsm;
29
awG@ñuHae&onf?
1997 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv? ? tJef*sDtdktzGJ@wck. tajctae tpD&ifcHpmt& pcef;. taemufawmifzuf t&yf&Sd &yfuGuf 12
onf rlpviftrsm;pk aexdkif&m jzpfonf? xdktcsdefu Edkzdk;pcef;wGif rlpvif AvDwck &Sd+yD;/ &yfuGuf -12 Yyif
wnf&Sdonf? 30 ,cktcg rlpviftrsm;pkonf &yfuGuf 11/ 12 ESifh teD;csKyfpyfjzpfaom &yfuGuf 14 wGif t"du aexdkif=uonf?
tjcm; 0ifa&mufvmaer_rsm;
&dk[if*sm avSpD;ajy; 'kuQ onfrsm; 31
+yD;cJhonfh ajcmufaoG@&moD (aEG&moD) 3-ckwGif xdkif;EdkifiH taemufawmifzuf&Sd tuf'refyifv,furf;ajcodk@ &dk[if*sm vlrsKd;rsm;
avSrsm;jzifh a&muf&Sdvmaer_ jy\em wdk;wufjzpfay:vmcJhonf? trsm;pkrSm &cdkifjynfe,frS
vli,fvl&G,f rsm; jzpf+yD; qif;&JrGJawr_'%frS tvGwf&Hk; xGufajy; vm=ujcif; jzpfonf?
‚ if;wdk@rSm jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHom;Oya't& EdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfðy cH&jcif;vnf; r&Sday?
xdkr#ru tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm; jzpfonfh c&D;oGm;vmcGifh/ tvkyf vkyfcGifh/ ynmoif=um;cGifh/
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifhESifh uav;&,lcGifhudkvnf; jiif;y,fcHae=u&onf? olwdk@u xdkif;EdkifiH
odk@r[kwf rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif tvkyftudkif &&Sdrnf[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh yGJpm;rsm;udk
aiGay;I qufoG,f=uonf? xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u Todk@ cdk;0ifvmaer_udk ydwfqdk@wif;usyf&ef
aqmif&GufvmonfESifh tnD Todk@ avSpD;ajy;'kuQonfrsm;tay: xdkif;EdkifiHwGif qufqHyHkESifh xdkolwdk@ vlarSmifcdk ukeful;yHk
pepfrsm;rSmvnf; ESpfpOfESifhtr# ajymif;vJvmcJh onf?
Tjy\emu 2008 ckESpfwGif txGÉftxdyf a&mufvmcJhonf? xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd tm%mydkifrsm;u &dk[if*smrsm;udk pufrygonfh

avSrsm;ay: jyefwifI yifv,fwGif; wGef;cscJhonf? tpm;tpmESifh a&vnf; tvHktavmuf axmufyHhay;jcif; r&SdbJ
jyefwGef;xkwfcJhonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufrsm; xGufay:vmcJhonf? xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u TpGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk jiif;y,faomfvnf;
vl&maygif;rsm;pGm aysmufqHk;aecJh&onf?
tmqD,H tzGJ@0if EdkifiHtrsm;wGif Tjy\em oufa&mufr_udk cHpm;vm=u&onfh

tcsdefwGif/ &dk[if*sm jy\emonf a'owGif; pdk;&drfylyefzG,fta&; jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ “bmvD
vkyfief;pOf tpnf;ta0;” tygt0if tmqD,HtzGJ@ tpnf;ta0; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
aqG;aEG;p&m ta=umif; jzpfvmcJhonf? vufcH&&Sdxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmtpdk;&udk
olwkd@. EdkifiHom;rsm;udk jyefvnfvufcH&ef wdkufwGef;cJh=u+yD;/ xGufajy;vm=u&onfh
a&aomufjrpfta=umif;t&if; jzpfonfh qif;&JrGJawr_udk av#mhyg;apa&; ulnD&ef
qENðycJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmppftpdk;& xdkolrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ae xdkif&ef
tcGifhta&;udk jiif;y,fcJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aexdkifcJhygonf[k taxmuftxm; jyEdkifolrsm;udkom jyefvnf vufcHrnf[k qdkcJhonf?
TtajctaerSm vufcHEdkifp&m r&SdbJ/ olwdk@twGuf tumtuG,fay;r_udk tmrcHcsuf r&Sd aoma=umifh xdkolrsm;twGuf
tEW&m,fvnf; &Sdaeayonf?
Tjy\emtay: EdkifiHwum tm&Hkpdkufr_ &vmaomtcg 2009 ckESpftukefwGif/ avSrsm;jzifh xGufajy;r_ &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf?

odk@aomfvnf; aemufydkif;owif;rsm;t& vlarSmifcdk cdk;xkwfolrsm;u a&vrf;tpm;/ ukef;vrf;ESifh ava=umif; c&D;rsm;udk
tpm;xdk;oHk;vm=uonf[k qdkonf?
29
Supamart Kasem, ‘Cleric Says Mosques and Schools Torched; Forced Relocation of Villagers Reported’, Bangkok Post, 10 March 1977.
30
‘Situation Report on Noh Poe Camp’, 26 November 1997.
31
Adapted from “TBBC 6-monthly report, July-Dec 2009”.
25
vuf&Sdtajctae
'kuo
Qnfpcef;rsm;twGif;ESifh teD;0ef;usif&Sd rlpvifvlr_ todkif;t0dkif;rsm; wnf&SdaeyHk
pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;
rlpvif trsm;pkudk vufcHxm;onfh 'kuQ onf pcef; 3-ck &Sdygonf? ‚
if;wdk@rSm rJv/ tkef;zsHESifh Edkzdk;pcef;rsm; jzpfonf? pcef;wGif;
aexdkif=uonfh tjcm;aom&yfuGufrsm; uJhodk@yif rlpvifrsm;uvnf; olwdk@bmompkpnf;I pcef;twGif; &yfuGufzGJ@um
aexdkif=uonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tus,ftjyef@aom pcef;vlOD;a&twGif;Y olwdk@. vlr_ todkuf t0ef;udk zefwD;xm;Edkif=uonf?
rJa&mfrlpcef;wGifvnf; rlpviftcsKd@ aexdkif=uonf? odk@aomf tjcm;aompcef; 3-ck ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if vlOD;a&enf;ygonf?
pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;. wnfae&m

rJv t"dutm;jzifh Zkef pD-2 ESifh pD- 4/ xdk@tjyif Zkef bD-3 ESifh bD-1 wGifvnf; ta&twGuf tawmfrsm;rsm; aexdkifonf?
tkef;zsH &yfuGuf 6/ 7 ESifh 8?
Edkzdk; &yfuGuf 11/ 12 ESifh 14?
rJa&mfrl &yfuGuf -2 (pcef;&Sd rlpvif rdom;pk 13 ckteuf 11 ckaexdkifonf?)
atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;rsm;onf pcef;rsm;twGif; vuf&Sdaexdkif&m vlOD;a& tcsKd;ESifh bmoma&; tkyfpktvdkuf wGufI

azmfjyxm;onf? azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; pcef;twGif; rlpvif vlOD;a&trsm;pkonf wcfc&dkiftwGif;&Sd pcef;rsm; wGif aexdkif=uonf?
(pkpkaygif; vlOD;a& 10˜ 000 ausmf &Sdonf?)
pcef;vlOD;a& (bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf) (wDbDbDpD/ 2010 azaz:0g&Dv)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm; ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;
tkef;zsHrdkif Edkzdk;
26
100
100
80
80
60
60
%
%
40
40
20
20
0 0
rJa&mfrlpcef;&Sd AvD (2009) Edkzdk;pcef;&Sd yifrAvD (2009)
pcef;0ef;usif&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;

tjcm;aom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;enf;wl xdkif;EdkifiHwGifvnf; bk&ifhEdkifiH w0Srf; odomxif&Sm;aom rlpvif vlOD;a& tawmfrsm;rsm;
aexdkif=uygonf? txl;ojzifh ajrmufydkif;ESifh awmifydkif;a'orsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifae=uygonf? txl;ojzifh zdqefElvkufcfòrd@onf
xdkif;EdkifiH ajrmufydkif;wGif rlpvifvlOD;a& trsm;qHk;ESifh txl;twufºuGqHk; òrd@jzpf a=umif; od&onf? 32 xdk@tjyif pcef;rsm;ESifh
teD;csKyfpyfwGif rlpvifrsm; pka0;aexdkif&m a'orsm;udkvnf; atmufyg òrd@rsm;wGif awG@&Sd=u&onf? txl;ojzifh ‚ if;òrd@rsm;rSm-
• rJa[mifaqmif
• cGef,Gef;
• rJp&d,ef;
• rJprfvyf
• rJpvpf
• xaqmif,ef;
• rJaqmuf
rJaqmufòrd@&Sd yifr AvD
• zkwfz& (a';Apf rDoDqif? 2005)
• tkef;zsH
• uefcseyl&DESifh
• pHc&yl&D òrd@rsm;wGif jzpfonf?
32
Interview with intelligence source attached to the RTA’s Third Army, October 2007
27
pcef;vHkðcHa&;tay: oufa&mufr_
r=umao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; xdkif;EdkifiH wckvHk;wGif tajcpdkuf rlpvifrsm;ESifh rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef; wckvHk; EdkifiHa&;t&
ñuHawG@vm&onfh acwfòydifjy\em 2-ck &Sdaeonf? txl;ojzifh xdkif;EdkifiH awmifzuftusqHk; c&dkifrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;aeonfh
jyif;tm;tedrfhpm; aomif;usef;r_ ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHudk jzwfI &dk[if*smrsm;udk rav;&Sm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;a'o rsm;wGif
a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;tjzpf vlukeful;wifydk@aejcif; jzpfonf? +yD;cJhonfh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwGif jzpfysufaecJhonfh Tjy\emu ydkI
vlodrsm;vmcJh+yD;/ wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd tpPvrf vlr_todkuft0ef;twGufvnf; ta&;xm;p&m ta=umif; jzpfvmcJhonf?
Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;wGifvnf; oufa&muf&dkuf cwf cH&onf? txl;ojzifh
wufcfc&dkiftwGif;&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;&Sd rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;twGufvnf; enf; aygif;pHkjzifh &dkufcwfr_ cH&onf?
• +yD;cJhonfh ESpfrsm;wGif xdkif; wwd, wyfrawmfESifh trsKd;om; vHkðcHa&;aumifpDatmuf yl;wGJ&Sdaeonfh axmufvSrf;a&;
Xmersm;u xdkif;EdkifiH awmifydkif; tpGef c&dkifrsm;rS rlpvifrsm;u tkef;zsHrdkifESifh rJvpcef; rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufcdkv_H vmrnfudk
apmifh=unfhaecJh=uonf? odk@twGufa=umifh Tpcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif todkuft0ef;rsm;udk ydkI apmifh=unfhr_rsm;
wdk;vmcJhonf? vlopfpkaqmif;&m A[dkXmersm; jzpfrvmap&ef/ wdk;I pnf;&Hk;r_rsm; ðyvmrnfudk pdk;&drf
apmifh=unfhae=uonf? awmf0if xdkif;tpdk;&url Todk@ tajctaersm; r&Sda=umif; qHk;jzwfcJh+yD; jzpfonf?
• TtcsufESifh ywfoufI xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif vlr_ todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udk 0ifa&muf pD;eif;r_rsm;vnf;
ðycJhonf? txif&Sm;qHk;rSm 2007 ckESpf tqef;ydkif;wGif rJvpcef;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? noef;acgifwGif óudwif
today;xm;jcif; r&SdbJ xdkif;ppfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u tdrfrsm;udk twif;tusyf 0ifa&muf+yD; rlpviftdrfrsm;rS tDvufx&Gefepf
qufoG,fa&; ypPnf;rsKd;pHkudk odrf;,lcJh=uonf? odrf;qnf;cH&onfhypPnf; rsm;wGif rdkbdkif;zkef;rsm;/ 'pf*spfw,f uifr&mrsm;/
uGefjyLwmrsm;ESifh trfyD-3 yav;,mrsm; yg0ifonf? Todk@ pD;eif;0ifa&mufr_onf xdkif;EdkifiH taemufawmifydkif;
urf;ajcwGif a&muf&Sdvmaom &dk[if*smrsm;udk rw&m; ðyrlonf[laom owif;rsm; xGufay:cJh+yD;onfh tajctaeESifhvnf;
wdkuf&dkuf oufqdkifaeonf? odk@twGuf a=umifhvnf; xdkif;tpdk;&u zdtm;rsm; ñuHawG@ae&csdef jzpfonf? Todk@
qufoG,fa&;ypPnfrsm; tus,f tjyef@ odrf;,ljcif;onf &dk[if*smrsm;ESifh pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif todkuft0ef;rsm;t=um;/
EdkifiHjcm; owif;Xme rsm;t=um;/ qufoG,fa&; jzwfawmufypf&ef &nf&G,fonf[kvnf; qdk=uonf? 33
• &dk[if*sm avSpD;ajy;'kuQ onfrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ rJaqmufrSwqifh 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif jyefvnf ESif xkwfjcif;vnf;
jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdkolrsm;udk (rJvpcef;teD;&Sd) 'DaubDatwyfzGJ@. a&$ukuU dKpcef;wGif csKyf aESmifxm;cJhonf? xdkolrsm;udk
vlarSmifcdkukeful;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rwefwqa=u;rsm;vnf; awmif;qdkcJh onf? tcsKd@aom olrsm;u
rJvpcef;wGif ,m,Dcdkv_Haexdkif=uonfh twGufa=umifhvnf;/ EdkifiHa&;t& ta&; pdkufp&m jzpfcJh&onf?
rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uHaexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;?

vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m
“oHk;zuftjrif”
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfonf tkyfpkrsKd;pHkaom rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;wdk@. aetdrfjzpfovdk/ rSDcdk cdkv_Hae=u&mvnf; jzpf ygonf? olwdk@.
rlvwnfae&mudkvdkufI yx0Dtaetxm;t& 3 rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? ‚ if;wdk@rSm u&ifjynfe,f/ jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;-
taemufydkif; (b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@ESifh a&aomufjrpf qufpyfr_ cdkifrmpGm&Sdae=uyg onf?) ESifh xdkif;EdkifiH. tjcm;aom
a'orsm; (jrefrm/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ tdENd,tjyif rav;&Sm;ajrmufydkif;ESifh w&kwf EdkifiH ,leefjynfe,fwdk@ESifhvnf; a&aomufjrpf
rsKd;&if;t& qufpyfr_ &Sd=uygonf?) [lI jzpfygonf? Todk@ rl&if;a'o uGJjym;aer_tay: xif[yfI pcef;wGif; aexdkif=uol rlpvif
vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;udk cGJjcm;Edkif+yD;/ rlpvifrsm; udk,fY ua&m/ rlpvif r[kwfol pcef;acgif;aqmifrsm;uyg todtrSwfðy
xm;=uygonf? pcef;wGif; vma&mufcdkv_Haexdkif =uonfh ta=umif;t&if;rSmrl uGJjym;pGm &Sdygonf?
33
Interview with intelligence source attached to the RTA’s Third Army, June 2007
28
tkyfpk (1)? u&if rlpvifrsm; jrifhjrwfaom udef;*%ef; (786)
Ttkyfpki,fudk u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; arG;zGm;/ }uD;jyif;ol rlpvifrsm;[k owfrSwfEdkifygonf? (786) udef;*%ef;onf rlpvif
jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@zsm; a'o&Sd wdkif;&if;om; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh todkuft0ef;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm pGJjrJae+yD;/
wdkif;&if;om; &yf&Gm vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udk &nf&G,fI xdk;ppfrsm; qifvmaoma=umifh/ rlpvifwdk@. xkwfukefrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;
pepfwus zdESdyfr_rsm; usL;vGef aqmif&Gufaeaoma=umifh/ Todk@jzifh qufpyf+yD; vk yfief;rsm;wGif tus,ftjyef@awG@&rnf
jzpfonf? aemufqHk; ,mOfeHygwfrsm;udkyif
vl@tcGifhta&; usL;vGefcsKd;azmufcH&aoma=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif; xGufajy;vm&olrsm; &atmif &SmazGwyfqif=uonf?
jzpfygonf? t"du tkyfpkrsm; jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ “u&if rlpvifrsm;”
(u&ifbmomjzifh uanmol;) [k cH,l=uygonf? olwdk@u u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;. tcGifhta&; ‚ if;onf tma&As
todtrSwfðycH&a&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_twGuf wdkufyGJESifhvnf; eD;pyfpGm cH,lxm;=uol rsm; bmompmvH k;rsm;udk !$ef;+yD;/
jzpfygonf? Todk@ rdrdbmom qufpyfxm;r_udk u&if rlpvif trsm;tjym;wGif wrmef a wmf rdk[mrufodk@
awG@jrif=u&+yD;/ ukvor*~ 'kuQ onfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; (UNHCR) . qk awmif;&nf!$ef;aom t"dy`g,f
jzpfonf? (Bis mee lah hi rah mah
ppfwrf;rsm;wGifvnf; Ttwdkif; awG@jrif&ygonf? “pcef;wGif; aexdkifol rlpvif trsm;pku nih rat hee")
olwdk@. wdkif;&if;om;jzpfr_udk azmfjy&mY ‘rlpvif’ [k azmfjy=u+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ tjcm;
vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygu u&if [k azmfjy=uygonf? ” 34 a,bk,stm;jzifh Todk@ cdk0ifvmol 'kuQ onf
trsm;pkonf 1980 ckESpfrsm; aESmif;ydkif;rSonf 2000 ckESpfrsm; tqef;ydkif;wGif pcef;wGif;odk@ a&muf&Sdvm=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
tkyfpk (2)? jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;-taemufydkif;rS cdkv_Hvmol rlpvifrsm;

Ttkyfpki,fwGif jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;-taemufydkif;rS rlpvifrsm; yg0if+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& uef@owfcsKyfcs,fjcif;rSonf
vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm; yl;wGJcHpm;=u&jcif; ta=umif;rsKd;pHka=umifh xGufajy;cdkv_Hvm&jcif; jzpfygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh
xdkolrsm;onf pcef;wGif;odk@ a&muf&SdrvmrDu xdkif;EdkifiHwGif vHk;0aexdkifzl;jcif; r&Sd=uovdk/ tcsKd@rSm acwW ,m,Dr#om
aexdkifzl;ygonf? pcef;jyifywGif wnf+idrfvHkðcHonfh &yfwnfaexdkifa&; tajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;EdkifpGrf; r&Sd=uolrsm; jzpfygonf?
trsm;tm;jzifh Tolrsm;onf ukefa&mif;0,fjcif;/ vufum;a&mif;0,fjcif;/ 'kuQ onfpcef;twGif; tjcm;0efaqmifr_ ay;jcif;rsm;
ðyI toufarG;=uygonf? xdkolrsm;u olwdk@. tEdNd,/ b*FgvD tquftEG,fudk ydkI pGJ+yD; azmfjyavh &Sd=uygonf?
a,bk,stm;jzifh Ttkyfpk&Sd rlpvifrsm;onf pcef;rsm;twGif;odk@ 1990 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 2000 ckESpfrsm; tqef;ydkif;wGif
ajy;0ifcdkv_Hvm=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
tkyfpk (3)? xdkif;EdkifiH tajcpdkuf rlpvifrsm;

Ttkyfpk&Sd rlpvifrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;a=umifh pcef;wGif;vma&muf aiG&SmazG=uolrsm; jzpfygonf?
olwdk@u xdkif;EdkifiH tv,fydkif;rS rlpvif tkyfpkrsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_ &Sd=uygonf? rsKd;&dk;qif;ouf&mwGifvnf; tus,ftjyef@rS
qif;oufvm=uygonf? (txl;ojzifh jrefrm/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ w&kwfEdkifiH taemufawmifydkif;/ rav;&Sm; ajrmufydkif; pojzifhrS
qif;oufvm=uygonf?) olwdk@ pcef;wGif; 0ifa&mufvm&onfh &nf&G,fcsufrSmvnf; &Sd+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&; oufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_udk
csJ@xGif&ef jzpfygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh Ttkyfpkrsm;onf pcef;wGif; aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. tajccHausm&dk;jzpf+yD;/ ydkI
us,fjyef@aom e,fpyfpD;yGm;a&;ESifh qufpyfr_ &Sdae=uonfh =um;cH rsm; jzpfygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh xdktkyfpkrsm;onf
pcef;rsm;twGif;odk@ 1990 ckESpfrsm; aESmif;ydkif;§2000 ckESpfrsm; wGif a&muf&Sdvm=uygonf? TtajctaerSm pcef;rsm;twGif;
twefaom wnf+idrfr_/ vHkðcHr_ &vmcsdefvnf; jzpfyg onf? rsm;r=umrDyif a&&Snf pGJI aexdkif&ef ta=umif;jzpfvmapygonf?
rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm; pcef;rsm;twGif; t"du 0ifa&muftajccsvmr_udk azmfjyonfh tcsdefZ,m; tusOf;
rlpvif tkyfpkuGJrsm; 1980 1990 2000

u&ifrlpvifrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;§ taemufydkif;rS 'kuQ
onfrsm;
xdkif;tajcpdkuf rlpvifrsm;
34
“Survey of Unregistered Residents of Mae La Camp”, draft, UNHCR, March 2008
29
Todk@ rwluGJjym;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzihf 0ifa&mufvm=u+yD; ,cktcg pcef;twGif; twl,SOfwGJI aexdkifae=u&+yD jzpfonf?
‚if;tkyfpkrsm;twGif; wpHkw&m oD;jcm;uGJjym;r_&Sdaomfvnf;/ ajym&v#if tawmfnD!Gwfaom vlr_todkuf t0ef;tjzpf aexdkifv#uf
&Sdonf?
Ttkyfpk 3-ck. t&G,ftpm;udk w&m;0if cGJjcm;azmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvifESifh rlpvif r[kwfolrsm;.
ajymqdkcef@rSef;csuft& atmufygtcsKd;tpm;twdkif; &SdEdkifygonf? (pcef;tvdkuf uGmjcm;r_ &SdEdkifyg onf?)
• u&ifrlpvifrsm; rSef;ajc 60-70 µ
• jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;§ taemufydkif;rS 'kuQ
onfrsm; rSef;ajc 20-30µ
• xdkif;tajcpdkuf rlpvifrsm; rSef;ajc 10-20µ jzpfonf?
bmomudk;uG,f ,Hk=unfr_
tjiif;yGm;p&m r&SdonfhtcsufrSm rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;wGif tpPvrfbmomu tajccH w&m; rdk[mrufqdkonfrSm ,Hk
jzpf+yD;/ vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;udk armif;ESifaeonfh tcef;u¾rS &Sdaejcif; jzpfonf? Tbmomw&m;uyif =unfudk;uG,ftyf aom
vlwdk@. wefzdk;xm;r_ rsm;/ ,Hk=unfr_rsm;ESifh vkyfudkifyHk usifhxHk;rsm;udk aygufyGm;aponf? t&m jzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (ul&ftefusrf;pmudk avhvmoif,laom) [mzpf (Hafiz) rsm;/ odk@r[kwf armfv0Drsm; (zpf (Fique) [k ac:onfh
tpPvrfw&m;usifhxHk; Oya' ESifh tma&Asbmom pum;udk qufvufoif,lol) rsm;udk yHkrSefqdkovdk rlpvif rdom;pkwdkif;vdkvdkY
awG@&wwfonf? TonfrSm rdom;pktwGuf *k%ftxGÉftjrwfudpPwck tjzpfvnf; rSwf,l=u onf? xdkr#ru jrefrm
rlpvifrsm;u ,Hk=unfxm;=uonfrSm tpD&ifcHpmwcku azmfjyxm;onfh twdkif; qdkv#if urBmysufrnfh tcsdefwGif rdom;pktwGif;Y
jrifhjrwfonfh ul&ftefusrf;udk tm*Hkaqmifxm;Edkifol &Sdygu/ rdom;pk0if 10-OD;udk u,fwifEdkifonf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf[k qdkonf?
odk@twGufa=umifh rdom;pk0if 10 OD;teufrS wOD;onf rm'&mpm ausmif;qif;jzpf+yD;/ rdom;pkudk urBmhi&JrD;rS u,fwifEdkifrnf[k
trSefozG,f ,Hk=unfae=u
onf? 35
ae@pOf 0wfðy&Sdcdk;r_
aom=umae@onf &ufowW ywftwGuf jrifhjrwfonfhae@ jzpfaomfvnf;/ 0wfðy &Sdcdk;r_qdkonfrSm ae@pOf aqmif&Guftyfonfh
=unfndKr_ jzpfonf? 0wfðyqkawmif;olrsm;u wae@v#if (5) }udrf 0wfðyqkawmif;=uonf? t&k%f rwuf rD (zm[m)/ ae@rGef;wnfh
(Zm[dk)/ rGef;vGJydkif; (tufp0g)/ naeapmydkif; (rm*&pfbf) ESifh naeydkif; (tufpf&Sm) wdk@yif jzpfonf? a,mufsm;rsm;u Todk@
0wfðy&Sdcdk;r_udk a,bk,stm;jzifh AvDrsm;wGif vkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;u tdrf wGifyif 0wfðyqkawmif;=uonf? tu,fI
tvkyfrsm; rtm;vyfvGef;ygu omrmefvlrsm;tzdk@ 0wfðyqkawmif;jcif; udk tcsdefa&$@qdkif;Edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; [mzpf/ odk@r[kwf
armfv0D uJhodk@aom olrsm;u ae@pOf 0wfðyqkawmif;jcif; udk &dk;&mpOfvmt& OD;aqmif=u&onf?
rlpvifrsm;. ESpfpOf jrifhjrwfaom tcgor,

1? “&mrm'ef” &uf 30-=um Oykofumvonf 3-ESpfumvwdkif;wGif v t0if- bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm;ESifh
yGJvrf;obifrsm;
txGuftay: rlwnfI tajymif; tvJ&Sdonf? o=uFefa&upm;jcif;udk tm; ray;ay?
• &mrm'efumv. 27-&ufajrmufae@udk “&Smab;-ul-'l-&,f” [kac:qdk+yD;/ ta=umif;rSm udk&rf usrf;pmt&
TumvwGif txl; qnf;uyfylaZmfr_udk aqmif&Gufonf? vltrsm;udk csKd;jcHqifjcif&ef
oif=um;xm;aom a=umifh jzpfonf?
• Tumv. aemufqHk;&ufudk “tpf'f-t,fvf-zmwm&D” [kac:qdk+yD;/
odk@aomf vnf; yGJawmfrsm;onf
aetvif;a&mif &SdaepOfumvwGif pm;oHk;r_rsm;udk a&SmifusOf+yD;/ vl. udk,fcE<m rlpvifwdk@. oabmobm0ESifh
tm&Hk 5-yg; jzpfonfh em;/ ESmacgif;/ rsufaph/ ESvHk;/ OD;a%Smuf wdk@wGif rnDaoma=umifh rdrdbmom
raumif;aom =oZm oufa&muf&jcif; r&Sd&avatmif ðyrlusifh=uHaexdkifonf? z,fusOfxm;ouJhodk@ &Sdaponf?
(em;&GufESifh ywf oufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ txdtawG@ESifh ywfoufI
35
Adapted from ‘Islamic education in Myanmar: a case study’, Mohammed Mohiyuddin Mohammed Sulaiman, from ‘Dictatorship, Disorder
and Decline in Myanmar’, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (editors), The Australian National University, 2008.
30
vnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?)
2? “&mrm'ef” umv rwdkifrDwGif 15-&uf=umumvudk “&Smab;-bm&uf” [kac:+yD; ntcsdefwGif apmifhxdef;&onf?
TumvtwGif;wGif rlpvif 0wfðyqkawmif;olrsm;u qkawmif;&Sdcdk;onfh tcrf;tem;rsm; wufa&muf&onf? a&S; bdk;bGm;rsm;.
ocFsKdif;*lrsm;udk oGm;a&mufum *g&0ðy=u&onf?
3? “&mrm'ef” ausmfvGef+yD;aemuf 2 v ESifh 10 &uft=umwGif/ 3-&uf=umumv “aum- tbmeD-tpf'f-t,fvf- tm'dk[m”
umvjzpfonf? udk,fusKd;rzufaom tvSLtwef;ay;jcif; (txl;ojzifh tom;rsm;udk ºuG,f0 csrf;omr_udkvdkufI) ðy=uonf?
TumvwGif vlrsm;u qdwfom;/ odk;om;/ trJESifh u|Jom;rsm;udk rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;csif;rsm;xH a0iS=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-
=uuf/ bJ ESifh ig;wdk@rSm oifhawmfjcif; r&Sdyg? yx0Dtaetxm; uGJjym; r_tvdkuf yGJvrf;usif;y&mY rwluGJjym;aom tom;rsm;
vSL'gef;=uonf? (Oyrm-aqmf'D tma&AswGif ukvm;tkyfom; vSL'gef;jcif;udk wefzdk;xm;=uonf?)
omoemðy vkyfief;rsm;
rlpvif bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh ‚ if;bmomtay: ouf0if,Hk=unfolrsm;u yHkrSefqdkovdk olwdk@. vlr_ todkuft0ef;
tcsif;csif; awG@ qHkr_ ðy=uonf/ tjyeftvSef vnfywf/ {nfhcH=u+yD; tvSnfhusqdkovdk jyefI vnfywfawG@qHk onfvnf; &Sdonf?
rJa&mfrlpcef;&Sd rlpvif tpkta0;onf vpOfqdkovdk rJpHvufyf&Sd rlpvif todkif;t0dkif;ESifh awG@qHk pka0;=uonf? xdk@tjyif 2010
ckESpfwGif rJp&D,ef;ESifh csif;rdkifòrd@rS rlpvif todkuft0ef;rsm;ESifhvnf; csJ@xGifI awG@qHk pka0;&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? rJv/ tkef;zsHrdkifESifh
Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;onfvnf;/ rJaqmufrS rlpvif todkuft0ef;0ifrsm;ESifhtwl tvm;wl awG@
qHkpka0;r_rsm; ðy=uonf? xdk@tjyif a'ocH ydkI ao;i,fonfh todkuft0ef;rS rlpvifrsm;vnf; wufa&muf=uonf? tao;pdwf
twdtusudk avhvmEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg?
pcef;rsm;twGif;&Sd AvDrsm;
rJa&mfrl AvD 1-ck/ (&yfuGuf 2)
rJv AvD 6-ck/ (Zkef pD-2/ pD-4 (AvD 3-ck&Sd)/ bD-1 ESifh bD-3)
tkef;zsHrdkif AvD 8-ck/ (aps;wGif (2) ck/ &yfuGuf 6/ 7 (AvD 2-ckpD)/ &yfuGuf 8/ 9 ESifh 16?)
Edkzdk; AvD 2-ck/ (&yfuGuf 12 ESifh 14)
pcef;tvdkuf AvDta&twGufESifh rlpvifvlOD;a& E_ef;xm; (TBBC TPD Feb/ Mar 2010)

pcef; AvD ta&twGuf rlpvif vlOD;a& vlOD;a&ESifh AvDtcsKd;
rJa&mfrl 1 59 1§59
rJv 6 4˜369 1§728
tkef;zsHrdkif 8 3˜555 1§444
Edkzdk; 2 1˜265 1§633
0wfðyjrJ y&dowfvlxkESifh tvSLay;jcif;

tjcm;aom bmom,Hk=unf udk;uG,fr_rsm;uJhodk@ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m A[dkXmersm;uJhodk@/ AvDrsm;wGif yHkrSef aiGtvSL aumufcHjcif;rsKd;
aqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdovdk/ rdrdwdk@ vlr_ todkuft0ef;&Sd ydkI qif;&Jonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf tajccH toHk;taqmifrsm; axmufyHh&ef
tvSLcH=ujcif;vnf; r&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf; tdrfaxmifwckcsif;u vdktyfvmonfh tcsdefwGif olwdk@bmom axmufyHhr_rsm; &Sdygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; Todk@ ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsKd;onf bmom,Hk=unfr_ tvdkuf cGJjcm;jcif; r&SdbJ tdrfeD;csif;tm;vHk;odk@ ay;vSLr_rsKd;
jzpfygonf? (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udpP qdkif&m t=uH&,ljcif; tkyfpkvdkuf oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yGJ (2009 ckESpf/
atmufwdkbmvwGif Edkzdk;pcef;wGif usif;ycJh+yD; a,mufsm;rsm; wufa&mufcJhonf?) wGifvnf; tvm;wlyif azmfjyajymqdk=uygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aom rlpvifr[kwfolrsm;u Ttcsufudk jiif;y,f=uygonf? olwdk@u ajymqdk&mwGif “tu,fI rlpvif
r[kwfol tdrf eD;csif;u rlpvifwOD;xHrS tultnDawmif;cHygu &aumif; &&Sdrnf? tu,fI rawmif;ygu rlpvif vlr_ todkuf
t0ef;u ol@bmomay;I ulnDavhr&Sd” [k ajymqdk=uonf? tcsKd@u Ttcsufxufyif ydkI ajym=uonf? rlpvifrsm;.
tvSLay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf “olwdk@. vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tqifhqifhYom jzpfaeonf” [k qdk=uonf? odk@twGufa=umifh
pcef;aumfrDwD taeESifh “&duQ m &m&Sif r&Edkifonfh rlpvifrsm;twGufyif tuef@towf&Sdaeonfh &duQ mrsm;xJrS cGJa0I
31
au|;arG;ae&onf? rlpvif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwwfEdkifoavmuf tul tnDay;I rdrdbmom zlvHka&;
tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef wdkufwGef;oifhonf” [k qdk=uonf? 36
vdifuGJjym;r_qdkif&mt& tajctae
udk&rfusrf;pmu trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;. tcef;u¾/ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wW &m;rsm;udk twdtvif;
jyXmef;xm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; rlpvif trsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifrsm;u 0efcHajymqdk=u&mwGif tpPvrf vlr_todkuft0ef;wGif
tz}uD;pdk;a&;0g' cdkifcdkifrmrm &Sdaeao;onfhtwGufa=umifh rsm;aomtm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. wm0ef 0wW &m;rsm;tay: olwdk@.
tcGifhta&;rsm;xuf ydkI !$ef;qdkazmfjycH&+yD;/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh rlpvif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk TtajctaeatmufY olwdk@
vdifuGJjym;r_t& ae&mcscHxm;&onfudk qENrygaomfvnf; vufcHae=u&ygonf? Todk@vlr_a&;t& emcH&r_/ a,mufsm;om;rsm;u
&Edkifor#aom EdkifiHa&; tcGifhtvrf; ae&mtm;vHk;udk &,lxm;r_ wdk@a=umifh usm;-r vdifuGJjym;r_t& wm0ef&Sdr_ tcef;u¾udk ydkI
w&m;r#wap&ef jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef qEN [ef@wm; aeonfomru/ ul&ftefusrf;pm vrf;!$efcsufudk jyefI zGifhqdk&efvnf;
tcuftcJ/ tuef@towfrsm; &Sdaeapygonf? xdk@tjyif tqifhjrifh ausmif;ynmwef;rsm;Y ynmoif=um;&ef wef;wltcGifh
r&&Sdr_a=umifhvnf; Ttuef@towfrsm; udk ydkI }uD;apygonf? Todk@jzifh rdrdbmom zefwD;xm;onfh &kef;rxGufEdkifonfh oHo&m
tusOf;usae&onfhES,f &Sdapygonf? rlpviftrsKd;orD; toif;rsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tajymif;tvJtwGuf
óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufae=u aomfvnf; olwdk@udk qef@usif[ef@wm;aeonfh tajctaeatmufY &kef;uefae=u&+yD;/ vlr_ zGJ@pnf;yHkt&
ckcH[ef@wm; r_rsm;udk &ifqdkifae=u&ygonf?
jyifyrS avhvmoHk;oyfolrsm;taeESifh tdrfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd/ vlr_ todkuft0ef; twGif;&Sd vdifuGJjym;r_tay: tcGifh ta&; uGJjym;r_
tcef;u¾udk tav;xm;ajymqdkae=ua=umif; rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfðy=uygonf? TtajctaerSmvnf;
pcef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;bmom udk;uG,f,Hk=unfonfh tkyfpkrsm;xuf ydkI xif&Sm;aeonfudk olwdk@u todtrSwfðy=uygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; TtpktzGJ@twGif; tm%mzGJ@wnfaeyHkrSm tvGefrnDrr# jzpfaeonf[k jrif=uygonf? trsKd;om;rsm;udk ydkI
OD;pm;ay;r_rsm; &Sdae+yD;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk csKd;ESdrfI TtcGifhtm%mudk &,lae onf [k jrif=uygonf? txufwGifazmfjyonfhtwdkif;
trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD; rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;u wm0ef tvkyfydkif;t& uGmjcm;r_rsm; &Sdvmonfudk todtrSwfðy=uygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; jyifyu vufcH,lqxm;=uonfh Tvlr_ todkuft0ef;Y rnDrr#r_rsm; &Sdaeonfqdkonfh tcsufudkrl tm;vHk;u
jiif;qdk=uygonf?
pepftay: ckcHumuG,fr_
tHh=ozG,f&m vGwfvyf&if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;ajymqdkr_wGif rlpvif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;u vdifuGJjym;r_ tcef;u¾udk

“pepf” tay: ckcHumuG,f ajymqdk=uygonf? olwdk@. jiif;qdkcsufudk tjcm;aom 'kuQ onf &Sif;vif;jcif;
&yfuGufrsm;wGif r=umc% =um;&wwf ovdk csKyfI azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if/ “a,mufsm;u OD;acgif;yg? “[kwfygw,f? a,mufsm;u
'gayr,fhvnf; trsKd;orD;u vnfyif; jzpfygonf?” [k rdom;pk zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif wifpm;I ajymqdkavh OD;acgif;yg? 'gayr,fhvnf;
&Sdygonf? Todk@ wifpm;ajymqdkr_t& a,mufsm;u rdom;pk. rsufESmtjzpf ,lqEdkif+yD;/ trsKd;orD;u trsKd;orD;u vnfyif;
vdktyfonfh yHhydk;r_udkay;onf[k qdk=uygonf? (ydkI xufjrufonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;url jzpfygw,f?”
t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&mY OD;acgif;udk trSefwu,fwGif vnfyif;u xdef;csKyfxm;onf[kyif ajymqdk=uygonf?) wef;wl ta&;}uD;onfrSm
Tazmfjycsufu tjyeftvSefrSDcdkae&onfh oabmudk azmfjy+yD;/ rlpvif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om; rsm;u olwdk@vdifuGJjym;r_t&
wm0efae&mudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf? pkaygif;vkyfudkifr_oabm rlpvifbmom. tus,ftjyef@ wefzdk; xm;r_rsm;udk vlyHkpHjzifh
Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyjcif;yif jzpfonf?
rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef; tm;vHk;u vnfywfaqmif&Gufaeonfh Todk@ pkaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ ESifh tjyeftvSef rSDcdkr_ oabmudk
em;rvnf=ubJ &Sdaeonf[k rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;u qdkonf? jyifyrS t"dy`g,fvGJrSm;pGm zGifhqdkr_rsm;/ vdifuGJjym;r_tay: wm0ef
tcef;u¾ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_tay: tom;ay;ajymqdkaer_rsm; &Sdonf[k ajymqdkonf? T t,ltqrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh
36
Zuwf (Zakat) ac: tvSLay;jcif;rSm tpPvrft,l0g'. axmufwdkif 5-ckteufrS wckjzpfonf? rlpvif bmom0ifr[kwfolrsm;xH odk@
Zuwfay;vSLjcif; ðyEdkif-rðyEdkif tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; &Sdonf? bmoma&;*dk%f;tvdkuf t,ltquGJjym;onf? odk@aomfvnf; a,bk,s tm;jzifh Zuwfudk
rlpvifbm0if rdom;pkrsm;/ tvSLXmersm;/ &yf&GmtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ a'o&Sd AvDrsm;odk@om ay;vSLonf?
32
*sK;-c&pf,mef todkuft0ef;rS zGifhqdkI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif; jzpf+yD;/ xdkolrsm;url vlwOD;csif; woD;yk*~v0g' ESifh vGwfvyfr_rsm;tay:
tom;ay;=uonf? rwluGJjym;aom vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm; twGuf TtcsufrSm tajccHusus wefzdk;xm;r_ uGJjym;aejcif;
jzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh Todk@em;vnfr_uGJjym; jcif;onf twGif;rSmyif pI udef;atmif;aeonf[k rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;u
zGifhqdk=uonf?
Todk@ pdwfESvHk;xJ&Sd t,l0g'a&;&m uGJjym;r_udk “0efaqmifr_” vufawG@vkyf&yfjzifh ydkI xif&Sm;apa=umif; rlpvif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh
trsKd;orD;rsm;u Tokawoe vkyfief;aqmif&GufpOfwGif tjrJvdkvdk &nf!$ef;ajymqdk=uonf? 0efaqmifr_ay;jcif;qdkonfrSmrlpvif
vlr_ todkuft0ef;wGif tvGefrGefjrwfonfh vkyf&yf[k cH,lxm;=u+yD;/ vltrsm; u tvGef*k%f,lonfh udpPvnf; jzpfonf? Todk@
0efaqmifr_ ay;&onfvnf; auseyfyDwdjzpf=uonf? rlpvifacgif; aqmifrsm;u TudpPtay: ajymqdk=u&mwGifvnf; TudpPonf
rlpvifwOD;. b0tzdk@ A[dkcsufr tESpfom&jzpf a=umif;/ jyifyu rnfodk@ ,lqonfjzpfap ta&;rygvSa=umif;/ tvm;wl rlpvif
vlr_todkuft0ef;twGif; vdifuGJjym; r_tay: tcef;u¾ESifh ywfoufI oHk;oyfa0zefr_rsm;rSm tav;xm;p&m r[kwfa=umif;
ajymqdkonf?
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk todtrSwfðyjcif;
AdkvfaejrJ-usm;aejrJ tajctaeudk usKd;a=umif;jy qifajcay; ajymqdkae=uaomfvnf;/ rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;u “pepf” twGif;
xifay:pGm &Sdaeonfh tm;enf;csufrsm;udk todtrSwfðy=uygonf? Ttaetxm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_
jzpfyGm;usL;vGefap&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay;ae+yD;/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm; zdESdrfxm;jcif;/ vl@*k%foduQ mudk
usqif;apjcif;ESifh tdrfwGif; t=urf;zufr_rsm; jzpfay:apEdkifygonf?
rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;twGif; vdifuGJjym;r_tay: rwluGJjym;onfh t"dy`g,f

wrmefawmfu a[m=um;&mY vlwdkif;onf
wef;wlnDr# jzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om; rwl zGifhqdkcsufrsm;a=umifh tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rsm;u rdom;pk nD!Gwfa&;ESifh vnfywf
uGJjym;onf jzpfap/ aemufcHrwlonf jzpfap/ vkyfudkifEdkifa&;twGuf ydkI}uD;onfh/ wzufowf tcGifhta&; (wenf;tm%m)
u|efjzpfap/ vGwf vyfonfhvl jzpfap/ a,mufsm; &Sd=uygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh a,mufsm;rsm;taeESifh olwdk@. ae&m/
jzpfap/ rdef;rjzpfap wef;wlnDr# jzpfonf? tcGifhta&;udk tdrfaxmifpktwGif;Y toHk;cs&ef jzpfapygonf? Ttajctaea=umifh
xdktcsdefu tvGef&J&ifhaom vGwfajrmufa&; vlwOD;wnf;u pdk;rdk;+yD; wm0ef,l wm0efcHr_ r&SdEdkifonfh tae txm;rsKd; ydkI
twGuf v_H@aqmfaom owif;pum; jzpfcJhonf?
jzpfapygonf? xdk@tjyif vdifuGJjym;r_t& cGJjcm;xm;onfh taetxm;a=umifhvnf;
a&S;&dk;tm&yf vlaer_ pepf&Sd vlr_a&; tcef; u¾
rsm;udk pdefac:qef@usifcJhonfh a[m=um;csuf trsKd;orD;rsm; taeESifh tdrfaxmifpktwGif;wGifa&m/ vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;yg ydkI
jzpfonf? usKd;EGHemcH&onfh taetxm; a&mufaponf[k ar#mfvifhxm;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif
“wdwfwdwfemcHonfh ,Ofaus;r_ zefwD;vkyf=uHxm;r_” udk zefwD;&m a&mufapyg
onf?
TtajctaeatmufwGif rdom;pktwGif; ta&;udpPrsm;/ uGJjym;r_rsm;udk a,mufsm;jzpfolu tðyoabmjzifh v$rf;rdk; OD;aqmifEdkifpGrf;

r&Sdonfhtcg/ tysufoabmjzifh wenf;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk ydkI uef@owfzdESdyf csKyfcs,fr_rsm;/ tdrfwGif;
t=urf;zufr_rsm; ydkI jzpfyGm;vmzG,f ta=umif; &Sdygonf?
Todk@ aqG;aEG;r_rsm;a=umifh rlpvifr[kwfol tjcm;vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; vdifuGJjym;r_tvdkuf tcef;u¾udk jyefI

Ed_if;,SOfavhvmp&m jzpfapygonf? txl;ojzifh vdifr_ydkif;qdkif&m wef;wltcGifhta&; &&Sdonf[laom vlr_todkif; t0dkif;rsm;udk
=unfh&ef jzpfygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcef;u¾wGif “wdk;wufr_rsm;” [kqdkEdkifonfh udpPrsm;udk vufcH usifhoHk;jcif;tay: olwdk@.
tjrifu vufcHajymqdkvdkjcif; r&SdbJ/ jiif;y,f=uygonf? rlvtwdkif;/ AdkvfaejrJ usm;aejrJ taetxm;twdkif;
qufvufusifh=uHvdk=uolrsm;u wOD;csif;taetxm;wGifa&m/ rdom;pk taetxm;/ &yf&Gm todkif;t0dkif; taetxm;wGifyg
Ttwdkif; axmufcHajymqdk=uygonf? rlpvifr[kwfonfh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: olwdk@u azmfjy=uonfh pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;onf
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
• vli,frsm;. tðytrl xdef;odrf;r_ r&Sd jzpfaejcif; (&mZ0wfr_rsm;/ rl;,pfaq; pGJr_rsm;/ vlr_a&;t& onf;nnf; rcHEdkifr_ rsm;
tygt0if)
33
• vdifydkif;qdkif&m vGwfvyfyGifhvif;r_ESifh ayGvD azmufjyefr_ (xdrf;jrm;r_qdkif&m pepf zGJ@pnf;r_udk ypfy,fjcif;/ vdifwl qufqHjcif;/
udk,fcHtm;us a&m*g (HIV/AIDS) ul;pufjcif; tygt0if jzpf+yD;/ TtusKd;qufrsm; a=umifh rdrdwOD;csif;. udk,fhudk,fudk
av;pm;r_ usqif;aponf? rdom;pk *k%foduQ m usqif;aponf? TtajccH tm;vHk; jzpfaponf?)
• woD;yk*~v wudk,fawmf0g' xGef;um;vmjcif; (rdom;pkESifh tus,ftjyef@taetxm;wGif vlr_ nD!Gwfr_ udkyg
xdcdkufoufa&mufaponf?) [k jrif=uygonf?
csifjcif;arwW
m/ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;jcif;
(umuG,fr_ay;jcif;§w&m;r#wr_ -- &&SdydkifcGifhESifh toHk;csr_ tcef;wGifvnf; =unfhyg&ef?)
cspfjcif;arwWm
tpPvrfbmomwGif a&S;&dk;pGJt,l&SdyHk&aomfvnf; i,f&G,faom rlpvifvlysKdrsm;onf olwdk@ óudufESpfoufol rdef;rysKdrsm;xHodk@
jrefrmEdkifiH tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif csOf;uyf=uonfhtwdkif; csOf;uyfydk;yef;=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydk;yef;yHkenf;emrSm
acwfumvESifhtr# ajymif;vJaeygonf? tpOftvm;tm;jzifh vlysKdu arwW mpmudk rdef;rysKdxHodk@ ay;ygonf? wkH@jyefr_awmif;ygonf?
rdef;rysKdu yxrOD;qHk;pmudk wkH@jyefcJygonf? ta=umif;rSm av;eufr_udk apmifh=unfhvdkI jzpf+yD;/ a,mufsm;av;u aemufxyf
pmwapmifudk xyfay;zG,f &Sdygonf? odk@aomfvnf; wwd,t}udrf óud;yrf;+yD;I ratmifjrifv#if yHkrSeftm;jzifh
vufav#mhwwf=uygonf? ('kwd,pmwGif Trvdkvm;tyfonfh tajctaeudk &Sif;jyr_ rsKd; ðywwf=uyg onf?) odk@r[kwfygu
ol.zcifudk rdef;rysKd. zcifxH em;azmufay;&ef awmif;qdkwwf=uygonf?
TaemufqHk;tydkif;onf usefjrefrm vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif usifhoHk;yHkESifh uGJjym;r_ &Sdygonf?

ul&ftefusrf;pmt&qdkv#if
usefjrefrm todkif;t0dkif;wGif a,mufsm;av;u rdef;rysKd. zcifxHodk@ udk,fwdkifcsOf;uyf
rapmifhtyfaom t&m 3-yg;
&Sdonf? 0wfðyqkawmif;r_/ ajymqdkonfvnf; &SdEdkifonf? (wdkuf&dkufjzpfap/ =um;cH yk*~dKvfrSwqifhoG,f0dkufI jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_ESifh aojcif; =um;cHyk*~dKvfESifhtwl oGm;a&mufI jzpfap ajymqdkEdkifonf?) odk@aomfvnf; rlpvif
wdk@ jzpfonf? a,mufsm;av;rSmrl ol@zcif. tultnDudk awmif;cHrnfjzpf+yD;/ vlr_ todkuft0ef;twGif; ydkI
nD!Gwfpnf; vHk;r_udk jyojcif;vnf; jzpfonf?
(rSwfcsuf? ? ToHk;oyfcsufonf yxr cspfjcif;arwW m ouf0ifpOfumv vli,fwdk@t=um; ðyrlyHkudk txl;wifjy xm;jcif;
jzpfygonf? vli,f/ rdef;rysKd ponfh toHk;tE_ef;rsm;rSm Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;apvdkI wrif&nf&G,fxnfhoGif; xm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; touft&G,f ydk}uD;I t&G,fa&mufolrsm;url T"avhxHk;pHrsKd; vdkufemr_ rðy =uyg?)
“ajymif;vJaeaom vlaer_b0 yHkpHrsm;” [lonfh atmufazmfjyyg tcef;wGif aqG;aEG;xm;onfhtwdkif; "avhxHk;pHrsm;onf

taemufwdkif;. wefzdk;xm;r_twdkif; rsm;pGm=oZm oufa&mufajymif;vJae=uygonf? =um;od&onfh owif;rsm;t&
trsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf &nf;pm;xm;r_omru/ vufrxyfcif twlaexdkifjcif;/ yHkrSef vdifqufqHjcif;rsm; ,cktcg ydkI
ðyvm=ua=umif; od&Sd&ygonf?
Tvlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;. tjcm;wzuftpGef;wGif “vl}uD;rsm;u pDpOfay;onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_”

&Sdae+yD;/ pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;wGif usifhoHk;aeqJ[k od&ygonf? Todk@ oabmwl cGifhðyEdkifonfh touf
usifhoHk;r_ oabmobm0ESifh ta&twGuf tenf;tusOf;om &SdonfhtwGufa=umifh rlpviftrsKd;orD;rsm;onf
"rRwm pwifvmonfhtcsdefwGif
owif;tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fr#om pkaqmif;Edkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyifyrSvlrsm; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;Edkifonfhtouf
odxm;=uonfh wif;usyfaom/ ravsmfuefaom azmfjyyHkrsm;twdkif; r[kwf[k qdk=uygonf? a&muf+yDjzpf+yD;/ “bmvD”
odk@aomf vnf; rdrdqENtavsmuf vufxyfonf[kvnf; azmfjy ajymqdk&ef cufygonf? [kac:onf?
ta=umif;rSm tdrfaxmifzufESpfOD;wGif wenf;r[kwfwenf; pDpOfolrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_
&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_
bmomudk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_rsm; atmufwGif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;=uonfhtwdkif; rlpvif armifESHpHkwGJrsm;onf bmoma&; acgif;aqmif.
&Hk;uEMm;udk toHk;ðyI vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; tcrf;tem;udk pDpOf/ usif;y=uygonf? rlpvifarmifESHwdk@ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;wGif
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bmoma&;acgif;aqmif. tcef;u¾rSm ydkI xif&Sm;ygonf? vufxyf xdrf;jrm;jcif;rðyrD óudwifjyifqifjcif;ESifh xdrf;jrm;+yD;aemuf
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;wGifyg yg0ifywfoufygonf?
vufxyf rxdrf;jrm;rDwGif cifyGef;a,mufsm;jzpfrnfholu trsKd;orD;xHodk@ wifawmif;aiG (a'gif&D) (mahr) ay;&rnf[k

ar#mfvifhxm;ygonf? a&$xnfjzpfap/ aiGa=u;jzpfap/ ESpfckpvHk; jzpfap wifawmif;Edkifygonf? pcef;twGif;Yrl a,bk,s tm;jzifh
tedrfhqHk; a&$wbwfom; (15 *&rfcef@) odk@r[kwf xdkif;bwfaiG 1˜000-2˜000/ rSonf a&$ 2-3 bwfom;/ xdkif; bwfaiG 20˜000-
30˜000 txd wifawmif;avh &Sd=uygonf? tu,fI a,mufsm;ysKdu r*FvmraqmifcifwGif Twifawmif;aiG tukefjzpfap/
wpdwfwydkif;jzpfap ray;aqmifEdkifv#if rdef;uav; rdbrsm;u t&if vufxyfxdrf;jrm; &ef cGifhðy=uygonf? aemufydkif;rS
ay;aqmifap&ef cGifhðycsufjzifh xdrf;jrm;apjcif; jzpfonf? (Todk@ wifusefaeaomaiG udk vufxyfpmcsKyfwGif xnfhI azmfjy=uonf?)
vufxyfr*Fvm tcrf;tem;wGif AvDwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh usif;yonf? wcgw&H tdrfwGifvnf; usif;yonf? rnf onfhae&mwGif
usif;yonfjzpfap/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifu r*Fvmtcrf;tem;udk OD;aqmifusif;yay;&onf? tu,fI r*Fvmtcrf;tem;onf
AvDwGif usif;yygu owdk@orD;u tdrfwGif aeusef&pf+yD;/ owdk@om;u AvDodk@ oGm;&onf? olu ol. vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkonfh
&nf&G,fcsufudk bmoma&;acgif;aqmifxH zGifh[wifjy&+yD;/ pmcsKyf vufrSwfxdk;ay;&ef awmif;cH&onf? (pmcsKyfudk
azmfjyxm;ygonf?) ‚if;. rdbrsm;onfvnf; twl vufrSwfa&;xdk; &ef vdktyfygonf?
pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;onfhtcg owdk@om;. a,mufsm;udk,fpm;vS,f (3)

OD;onf owdk@orD; tdrfodk@oGm;I pmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfxdk;ay;&ef ajymonf?
tu,fI owdk@orD;u oabmwlnDygu udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&S@arSmufwGif
tmrcHolESihftwl (a,bk,stm;jzifh owdk@orD;. rdbrsm; jzpfonf?) vufrSwf
a&;xdk;&onf? xdk@aemuf bmoma&;acgif;aqmifu pmcsKyfudk twnfðyay;onf?
TpmcsKyfrdwW Lwckudk bmoma&;acgif;aqmifu AvDwGif zdkif wGJodrf;qnf; xm;+yD;/
rl&if;udk ZeD;jzpfoltm;ay;onf? (cifyGef;a,mufsm;jzpfoludk ray;yg) (odk@aomfvnf;
tcsKd@ okawoe azmfjycsufrsm;wGif AvDu rl&if;udk odrf;qnf;xm;+yD;/ ZeD;jzpfola&m
cifyGef;a,mufsm;udkyg rdwW
Ludk ay; onf[kvnf; qdk=uonf?) r*Fvmtcrf;tem;udk
a,bk,stm;jzifh tau|;tarG;rsm;/ yGJvrf;rsm;jzifh {nfhcHusif;y =uonf?
r*Fvmtcrf;tem; tqifhtwef;onf owdk@om;rdom;pk. "eºuG,f0r_tay:wGif
rlwnfonf?
tpPvrfbmom vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; pmcsKyf (yHkwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?) onf vlr_

todkuft0ef;wckESifhwck t=um;/ EdkifiHwckESifh wckt=um; uGmjcm;r_ &Sdygonf?
tpPvrfbmom vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; pmcsKyf odk@aomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh urBmwv$m;&Sd tpPvrf omoemydkifrsm;url
(atmufwGif bmomjyefudk TpmcsKyfrsm;udk todtrSwfðy=uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrS rlpvifwOD;u
azmfjyxm;ygonf?)
tjcm; EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGifh cH,lonfhtcg tdrf&Siftjzpf vufcHonfh
EdkifiHtm%mydkifrsm;u TpmcsKyfudk todtrSwfrðybJ aeonf &SdEdkifaomfvnf;/ olwdk@. vufxyfpmcsKyfudk ‚ if;EdkifiH&Sd bmoma&;
todkuft0ef;=um;Yrl todtrSwfðyr_ &Sd ygonf? TpmcsKyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;ESifh wm0ef0wW &m;rsm;onf
olwdk@. rl&if;EdkifiHrSmuJhodk@ yif wef;wlnDr# tusKH;0ifygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; tjcm;bmom ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_rsm;rSm uJhodk@yif/ i,f&G,folrsm;u rwluGJjym;onfh enf;emrsm; toHk; ðy=uygonf?

pHkwGJ armifESHrsm; cdk;&mvdkufajy;jcif;onf xl;jcm;onfh jzpfpOf r[kwfyg? Todk@ jzpfpOf wdk;yGm;vmaer_ vnf; &Sdygonf? Todk@aom
tajctaersm;wGif tpPvrfbmomu vufxyfxdrf;jrm;xm;jcif; r&Sdonfh pHkwGJrsm;udk twlaexdkifjcif;rS wm;jrpfxm;ygonf?
odk@twGufa=umifh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@. rdbrsm;udk vufxyfcGifh&&ef wdkifyifem;csaeqJY pHkwGJrsm;udk cGJI
oD;jcm;aexdkif&ef awmif;qdkr_rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? rdbrsm;u oabmwlnD onfh tr_rsm;wGif bmoma&;acgif;aqmifu ‚ if;pHkwGJudk
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ay;rnf jzpfygonf? yxrwGif aphpyfa=umif; vrf;jcif;udk OD;aqmifay;rnf jzpfygonf?
ta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh ynma&;wGif &dk;&mpOfvmt& vdifuGJjym;r_tvdkuf tcef;u¾ jcm;em;

xm;jcif;onf vli,frsm;tay: rsm;pGm oufa&mufxdcdkufr_ &Sdygonf? trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk olwdk@xrf;aqmif&rnfh
35
wm0ef0wW &m;rsm; udk OD;pm;ay;xrf;aqmif&ef ar#mfvifhxm;r_a=umifh/ tqifhjrifh ynma&; oif=um;Edkifonfh tajctae r&SdawmhbJ
apmpD;pGm tdrfaxmifðy=u&onfh taetxm; &Sdygonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd tus,ftjyef@aom vlr_ todkuft0ef;wGifrl usm;-r
tm;vHk;twGuf ynma&;udk t"du OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufae=uygonf? (odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aom usm;-r rnDr#r_rsm;
&Sdaeygao;onf?) odk@twGufa=umifh vli,frsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;t=um; ynma&; tcGifhtvrf;r+yD;qHk;bJ i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh
tdrfaxmifðyavh r&Sd=uyg?
tpPvrfbmom vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; pmcsKyf bmomjyef
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t&G,fa&muf+yD;I pGrf;Edkifoltm;vHk; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;oifhonf? (wrmefawmf)
tzdk;tc aps;r}uD;onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_onf usufoa&&Sdonfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_ jzpfonf? (wrmefawmf)
eDcg (Nikah) vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; pmcsKyf

tpPvrfrpf [D*sD&D (Hijiri) ESpf 14æ æ æ/ æ æ æ v/ æ æ æ ( § § ) æ æ æ &uf/ æ æ æ em&D?
æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ òrd@e,f/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vrf;/ tdrftrSwf æ æ æ wGif aexdkifol tz æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ

æ .om; touf æ æ æ &Sd+yDjzpfol owdk@om;ESifh
æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ òrd@e,f/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vrf;/ tdrftrSwf æ æ æ wGif aexdkifol tz æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ

æ .orD; touf æ æ æ &Sd+yDjzpfol owdk@orD;wdk@onf
tpPvrfbmom ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_twdkif; oufaovl}uD;rif;rsm; pHknD a&S@arSmufwGif wifa=u; (mahr) (a'gif&D) æ æ æ æ æ æ

æ æ æ usyf/ (,cktcg æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ usyf ESifh aemiftcgwGif æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ usyf) ESifh æ æ æ æ æ æ æ
æ æ òrd@/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vrf;/ tdrftrSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ wGif vufxyf xdrf;jrm; =uygonf?
atmufazmfjyyg tajctaew&yf&yfwGif ZeD;r,m;jzpfolu tdrfaxmifrS uGm&Sif;cGifh &Sdygonf?

(1) tu,fI ZeD;jzpfolu awmif;qdkvm+yD;/ cifyGef;a,mufsm;jzpfolu (mahr) (xdrf;jrm;jcif; vufaqmif) udk cdkifvHk onfh
ta=umif;jycsuf r&SdbJ ay;aqmif&ef ysufuGufv#if jzpfap/
(2) cifyGef;a,mufsm;u rawmfrw&m; aqmif&Gufv#if/ ZeD;udk &kyfydkif;qdkif&m emusOfapv#if
(3) cifyGef;a,mufsm;u ZeD;jzpfoludk 6-vausmf qufwdkuf cdkifvHkonfh ta=umif;jycsuf r&SdbJ pGef@ypfxm;v#if jzpfonf?
ZeD;jzpfolu ol.tajctaeudk tenf;qHk; tmvifrf (Aalim) (oif=um;wwfajrmuf+yD;onfh yk*~dKvf) wOD;ESifh

bmoma&;acgif;aqmif 2-OD; a&S@arSmufwGif wifjyEdkif+yD;/ xdkolwdk@u Ttr_udk oabmwlnDv#if ZeD;jzpfolu
xdktcsdefwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf ZeD;u vdkcsifonfh tcsdefwGif (Talaq ba-in) (jyefI r&kyfodrf;Edkifonfh
uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;) udk oabmwlnD todtrSwfðyay;&rnf?
bmom ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_t& ZeD;r,m;wGifvnf; wm0ef0wW &m;rsm; vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sd+yD;/ cifyGef;a,mufsm;ESifh oifhjrwfpGm

aexdkif&rnf?
owdk@om;. vufrSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ

owdk@orD;. vufrSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ rSwfyHkwif trSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ
yxroufao æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ (æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ .om;)
tdrfvdyfpm? tdrftrSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vrf;/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ òrd@?
'kwd,oufao æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ (æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ .om;)
tdrfvdyfpm? tdrftrSwf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vrf;/ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ òrd@?
tjcm;axmufcHolrsm;
(1) æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vdyfpm æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ
(2) æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ vdyfpm æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ
vufxyfr*Fvmudk usufoa&&Sdatmif }uD;=uyfOD;aqmifonfhol. trnf æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ

bGJ@xl; æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ
tvm&Sifjrwf. aumif;csD;ay;r_atmufY aysmf&$ifpGm xm0&aexdkifEdkifapownf;? (tvm&Sifjrwfodk@ *k%fawmf wrf;csif;)

tdkvmrm tpPvrfrpf bmoma&;toif;/ trSwf (18)/ 28-vrf;/ &efukefòrd@/ zkef; 77447 rS jzef@jzL;onf?
37
r*Fvmaqmif+yD;aemuf tajctae
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;+yD;aemufwGif armifESHpHkwGJopfonf a,mufsm;zufrS rdbrsm;tdrfodk@ (80µaom jzpf&yfrsm;wGif) a&$@ajymif;
aexdkif=uonf? odk@r[kwfygu olwkd@. tdrfopf/ odk@r[kwf wcgw&HwGif ZeD;. rdbrsm;jzpfol tdrfodk@ ajymif;a&$@ aexdkif=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; rdbrsm;ESihf aexdkifonfrSm ,m,Dom jzpfonf? (yHkrSeftm;jzifh 1-ESpfatmufom twl aexdkif=uonf?)
yxrOD;qHk;uav;arG;onfESifh ‚if;tdrfaxmifu tdrfcGJqif;onf?
udk&rfusrf;u twdtvif;azmfjyxm;&mY uav;onf rdbrsm;ESifhtwl touf 7-ESpf ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mrSwfpk

wdkif twltdyf&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? Ttoufaemufydkif;wGif oD;jcm;cGJI orD; 2-OD;&Sdonfh/ odk@r[kwf xdkxufydkonfh
tdyf&rnf? tu,fI rdom;pkwckwGif touf 7-ESpfatmuf uav; 3 a,muf rdom;pkrsm;wGif wa,mufu
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;onfhtcg olwdk@orD; onf
&Sdaeygu olwkd@tm;vHk; twlwuG tdyfoifhonf? Tuav;rsm;tm;vHk;
vufrxyf&ao;onfh nDr-tpfrjzpfolESifh
rdbESpfOD;=um;wGif tdyfEdkifatmif pDpOfay;&rnf? ta&mifqifwl r0wfqifoifhay? cifyGef;u
vlvGJrSm;Edkifonfh twGufa=umifh jzpfonf?
uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;
(umuG,fr_ay;jcif;§w&m;r#wr_ -- &&SdydkifcGifhESifh toHk;csr_ tcef;wGifvnf; =unfhyg&ef?)
txufwGif &Sif;vif;jyxm;onfhtwdkif; udk&rfusrf;pmwGif a,mufsm;/ rdef;rwdk@. tcef;u¾/ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
wm0ef0wW &m;rsm;udk twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf? tvm;wlyif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; ESifh uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif; wdk@
tay:wGifvnf; twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpPvrf vlr_todkuft0ef;&Sd cdkifrmvGef;onfh
tz }uD;pdk;a&;0g'a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk olwdk@. wm0efESifh 0wW &m;rsm; jznfhqnf;a&;udkom OD;pm;ay;ajymqdk+yD;/ olwdk@.
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrwfxkwfz,fcsefxm;=uonf? ajymif;vJypf=uonf? Ttcsuftay: ynma&; uGm[r_a=umifhvnf;
Todk@tiftm;rr#r_ ydkI tm;aumif;cdkifrmap+yD;/ trsKd;orD;i,frsm;tzdk@ ydkI epfem=u&onf? rlpvif trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
Tepfemcsufrsm;udk ynmay;jcif;/ tjrifaqG;aEG; zvS,fjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=uygonf? (udk,fpm;ðyr_§ rlpvif
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tcef;wGif =unfhyg?)
Todk@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_rsm;a=umifh trsKd;om;a&m/ trsKd;orD;yg rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;taeESifh oabmwl vufcHvm=uonfh

tcsufrSm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_twGif;Y trsKd;orD; trsm;tjym;onf olwdk@&ydkifcGifh &Sdonfh tcGifh ta&;udk owdrrlrd=ua=umif;
ajymqdkvm=uygonf? tu,fI olwdk@od&Sdonfhwdkif rusifhoHk;vdk=uonfh tcuftcJ vnf; &Sdonf[k qdkygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh
trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh olwdk@. cifyGef;a,mufsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;I rjzpfEdkifa=umif; ,Hk=unfae=uonfhwdkif/
udk&rfusrf;wGifa&m/ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;onfh pmcsKyfwGifyg trsKd;orD;rsm; taeESifh tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;Edkifonfh tajctae
twdtusudk azmfjyxm;ygonf?
Tazmfjyyg pmom; 2-ckvHk;wGif trsKd;orD; ZeD;onfu cifyGef;a,mufsm;ESifh uGm&Sif;jywfpJEdkifonfh tajctaeudk twdtvif;

azmfjyxm;ygonf? (vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_pmcsKyfwGif a,mufsm;rsm;twGuf uGm&Sif;jywfpJEdkifonfh tajc taeudk
twdtvif;azmfjyxm;r_ r&Sdyg?) ‚ if;wdk@rSm -
(1) tu,fI ZeD;jzpfolu awmif;qdkvm+yD;/ cifyGef;a,mufsm;jzpfolu (mahr) (xdrf;jrm;jcif; vufaqmif) udk cdkifvHk onfh
ta=umif;jycsuf r&SdbJ ay;aqmif&ef ysufuGufv#if jzpfap/ (vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_twGuf vufaqmifaiG (a'gif&D) yrm%/ odk@r[kwf
usef&Sdaeonfh aiGyrm%udk vufxyfpmcsKyfwGif rSwfwrf;wif azmfjyxm;onf?)
(2) cifyGef;a,mufsm;u rawmfrw&m; aqmif&Gufv#if/ ZeD;udk &kyfydkif;qdkif&m emusOfapv#if
(3) cifyGef;a,mufsm;u ZeD;jzpfoludk 6-vausmf qufwdkuf cdkifvHkonfh ta=umif;jycsuf r&SdbJ pGef@ypfxm;v#if jzpfonf?
rlpvif bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ajymqdk=u&mwGif Tazmfjyyg tajctae 3-&yfESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;onfh pmcsKyfonf

urBmw0Srf; ae&mwdkif;u vufcHonfh/ vlyk*~dKvfESifh oD;jcm;cGJcGmI r&Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;jzpf+yD;/ urBmw0Srf;&Sd rlpvif
vlr_todkuft0ef; tm;vHk;twGuf tusKH;0ifonf[k ajymqdk=uygonf? (erlemtjzpf azmfjyxm;onfh pmcsKyfonf
jrefrmbmomjzifhjzpf+yD;/ bmomjyefqdk&rnfh udpP/twktppf pojzifh cGJjcm;&rnfhudpPrsm;ESifhvnf; jy\em &SdEdkifygao;onf?)
“t0gu'f æ teDu'f”
tjcm;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm uJhodk@yif rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;Y tdrfaxmifjywfpJjcif;onf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;xm;onfh
tdrfaxmift=um; jyefvnfaphpyfI r&Edik fawmhonfh tajctaerSom aemufqHk; wkH@jyefajz&Sif;r_ jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;pOfudk
38
pwifraqmif&GufrD rdbrsm;ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m vl}uD;rsm;u ESpfodrfhem;cs t=uHay;r_rsm; ðy=uygonf? olwdk@. jy\emrsm;udk
ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm; t=uHðy=uygonf? Todk@ t=uHðycsufrsm;wGif tjcm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk toHk;cs=unfh&ef/ olwdk@.
tajctaeudk oifhavsmf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfonfh 0ef;usifwckY jyefvnfqifjcif oHk;oyfEdkif&ef tcsdefumvwck wdk;ay;jcif;rsKd;
jzpfEdkifygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; txufazmfjyyg t=uHay;csufrsm;ðyaomfvnf; ajymif;vJwdk;wufvmjcif; r&Sdygu/ ZeD;jzpfolu uGm&Sif;&efom

vdkvm;aeygu/ ol. awmif;qdkcsufudk bmoma&;qdkif&m vl}uD;rsm;u vufcH=um;em&ef tcGifhta&; &Sdygonf? bmoma&;
acgif;aqmifvl}uD; wOD;yg0ifonfh vl 3-OD;yg0ifaom =um;emr_tzGJ@u wifjycsufrsm;udk ppfaq;I
ZeD;. uGm&Sif;&ef awmif;qdkcsufudk qHk;jzwfay;jcif; ðy&ygonf? (rlpvif bmoma&;
acgif;aqmifrsm; (tDrrf) (Imams) rsm;onf Todk@aom tr_rsKd;wGif &Sm&dtmOya'udk
toHk;ðy&eftwGuf aocsmavhusifhay;xm;olrsm; jzpfygonf?) trsKd;orD;. wifjycsufrsm;
rSefuefa=umif;awG@&Sdygu csufcsif;qdkovdkyif uGm&Sif;cGifh &Sdygonf? odk@r[kwf jzpf&yfudk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;cGifh &Sdygonf? aemiftem*wfwGif tvm;wl xyfrHjzpfyGm;ygu uGm&Sif;r_
ouf0ifxajrmufaprnf jzpfygonf? =um;emolrsm;wGif vdifuGJjym;r_t& wef;wl&nfwl yg0ifcGifh
&S-d r&Sd qdkonfrSm aocsm &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm; jcif; r&Sdyg?
a,mufsm;rsm;wGifvnf; uGm&Sif;cGifh&Sdygonf? odk@aomfvnf; E_wftm;jzifh 3-}udrf owd

ay;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rsufjrifouf aorsm;a&S@wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;
rJa&mfrl 'kuQonfpcef;&Sd a&S@wGifaomfvnf;aumif; wdkuf&dkufwifjyjcif; rðy&yg? Todk@ 3-}udrf owday;+yD;rSom
AvDt0if0yHk (2009) uGm&Sif;jcif;udk Oya'a=umif;t& aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? rJvpcef;&Sd bmoma&;acgif; aqmifu
ul&ftefusrf;pmudk &nf!$ef;I Towday;ajymqdk&mwGif ayghayghwefwef ajymqdkjcif; rðy&m/
tcsdefumv “ESpf ESpfxuf renf;aomumv” wGif owday;ajymqdkjcif; jzpf&rnf[k ajymqdkygonf? owday;r_ 3-}udrf +yD;qHk;
onfh tcg 3-OD; yg0ifaom =um;emonfh tzGJ@u vtenf;i,f cGJjcm;Iaeaprnf jzpfonf? wdwdusus qkd&v#if Tumvonf
"rRwm&moD 3-ywfvnfonfh tcsdef/ wenf; 3 vESifh 10 &uf jzpf+yD;/ Todk@ apmifh=unfhumv r+yD;qHk;rnfwGif rnfolur#
qufqHa&;ESifh ywfoufonfhudpPudk qHk;jzwfcGifh r&Sdyg? TumvwGif bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u ‚ if; pHkwGJudk apmifh=unfhrnf
jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@. trltusifhrsm;t& jyefvnfaygif;pnf;aexdkif&ef jzpfEdkif-rjzpfEdkifudk qHk;jzwf rnf jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom jzpf&yfrsm;wGif
wOD;udk wOD; jyefvnfoifhjrwfI aygif;pnf; aexdkifonfvnf; &Sdygonf? Tumv ausmfvGefI vifcef; r,m;cef;
jywfpJvdkaeao;ygu/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmif rsm;u uGm&Sif;jywfpJcGifh cGifhðyrnf jzpfygonf?
vufawG@wGifrl a,mufsm;rsm;u txufazmfjyyg vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif; tcsdeftwdtusjzifh owday;ajymqdkr_ ðy&ef

ysufuGufonfh udpPudk bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm; jy\emwdk;I ñuHawG@ae&ygonf? wcgw&HwGif owday;r_ 3-}udrfudk
wòydifeufwnf;ðyIaomfvnf;aumif;/ wckESifh wck qufwdkuf owday;r_ðyonfvnf;aumif; ñuH&ygonf? T onfrSm
jrifhjrwfonfhudk&rfusrf;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk vGJrSm;I t"dy`g,f zGifhqdkaejcif; jzpfygonf? odk@twGuf a=umifh jy\emrsm;
ñuHawG@&Edkifygonf? Oyrm qdk&v#if- rSDcdkuav;rsm; &Sdygu/ uav;rsm;udk axmufyHha=u;ay;&ef &Sdygu jy\emrkcs &Sdvmrnf
jzpfonf? udk&rfusrf;pmu Todk@ owday;r_ ajymqdk&eftwGuf vrf;!$efcsufvnf; &Sdyg onf? Oyrm- 'kwd,t}udrf
owday;ajymqdkcsufonf yxrt}udrfuxuf ydkI tenf;i,f jyif;xef&rnfjzpf+yD;/ om "u tm;jzifh ZeD;udk cyfazsmhazsmh
&dkufykwfEdkifonf? rsufESmudk r&dkuf&yg? vuf odk@r[kwf ajcudk &dkufykwf&rnf? olwdk@ . tajctae jyif;xefwif;rmvma=umif;
jyo&ef jzpfonf? tu,fI trltusifh rjyifygu aemufaemif tusKd;qufrsm; ñuHawG@&Edkifa=umif; owday;jcif;yif jzpfonf?
Todk@ &dk;&mtpOftvmt& t=uHay;csufudk vGJrSm;t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif;tm;jzifh tdrfwGif; t=urf;zufr_tjzpf
pGyfpGJajymqdk=uonfvnf; &Sdygonf?
a=u;rsm; qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;jcif;

ZeD;u ponfjzpfap/ a,mufsm;cifyGef;u ponfh tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;r_yif jzpfap/ vl}uD; 3-OD; yg0ifonfh bmoma&; t&
=um;emr_tzGJ@odk@ wifjy&+yD;/ Ttr_udk qHk;jzwfay;&ygonf? =um;em pHkprf; ppfaq;+yD;aemuf a,mufsm;jzpfolu uav; touf
18-ESpf &Sdonfhwdkif axmufyHha=u;twGuf wvv#if rnfr#ay;aqmif&rnfudk qHk;jzwfay;ygonf? tu,fI xdktdrfaxmifwGif
uav;r&Sdygu a,mufsm;jzpfolu wcsDwnf; ay;aqmif&rnfh a&$yrm%udk qHk;jzwfay; ygonf? trsKd;orD; ZeD;jzpfolu
tdrfaxmifðypOfu wifawmif;xm;onfh r*Fvma=u; (a'gif&D) udk rdrdoabmqEN tavsmuf (ol@wGif &Sdaeao;v#if)
39
jyefay;v#ifvnf; ay;Edkifonf? ‚ if; trsKd;orD;taeESifh xdkol. tdrfaxmifZeD; r,m; r[kwfawmha=umif;/ &Sif;vif;a=umif;
oauFwjyor_ tjzpf jyefay;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; TonfrSm aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfay;onfhudpPwGif rdrdbmom
vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfcGifh &Sdonfh udpPom jzpfonf?
vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; yg0ifEdkifr_

(umuG,fr_ay;jcif;ESifh bmoma&;t& onf;onf;cHEdkifr_§rcHEdkifr_ tcef;udkvnf; =unfhyg)
zuf 3-zuft&[k cGJjcm;&_jrifr_ &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ rlpviftrsm;pku olwdk@onf “rwluGJjym;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;.

wef;wlnDr#aom tzGJ@0if”tjzpf cH,l=uygonf? olwdk@ordkif;wav#muf vlenf;pktjzpf
jzwfoef;cJh&onfh taetxm; jzpfay:vmonfh tjrifudk xif[yfjcif; jzpfEdkifovdk/
rwluGJjym;pGm &Sdaeaom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif ñuHawG@jzwfoef; cJh&r_/
vufcHr_wdk@tay:wGifvnf; rlwnfygonf? (Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& qdkv#if pcef;wGif;&Sd
'kuQ onfrsm; pwifjzpfay:vm =uonfrSm a&S;&dk;pOfvm u&ifvlr_todkuft0ef; jzpf+yD;/
trsm;pkrSm vlrsKd;t& wckwnf;eD;yg;[k qdkEdkifygonf? olwdk@u olwkd@. wdkif;&if;om;qdkif&m
trsKd;om;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; vdkvm;csufrsm;twGuf qufvuf pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;ae=uyg onf?)
TuJhodk@ uGJjym;aom vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;udk ñuHawG@jzwfoef;&onfh tay:
xif[yfazmfjycsufvnf; jzpfEdkif onf?
b0 qufvuf&Sifoefae=uqJ (Edkzdk;pcef;&Sd
AvD/ 2009)
tus,ftjyef@aom vlxktodkif;t0dkif;rSrl olwdk@udk jyefvSef&_jrif&mY rlpvifrsm;tay: rwluGJjym;aom &kyfydkif;qdkif&m oGifjyif/
"avhxHk;pHwdk@tay: tajcðyI olwdk@udk &_jrif=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; pcef;twGif; &Sdae=uonfh “u&if rlpvifrsm;” udk
todtrSwfðyr_ESifh vufcHr_wGif ododomom uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ &Sdaeygonf? olwdk@udk pD;yGm;a&;&nf &G,fcsufa=umifh
a&mufvmolrsm;[k ,lqae=u+yD;/ yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifr_Yrl wae&mESifh wae&m a'otvdkuf rlwnf I uGJjym;r_ &Sdygonf?
aemufydkif;rS a&mufvmolrsm;udk pcef;ESifh 'kuQ onfjzpfr_ tcGifhaumif; &,lvdkI a&mufvmolrsm;[k jrif=uygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh
“urBmESpfzufjcrf;rS taumif;qHk;rsm;udk vufvSrf;rSDolrsm;” [k ,lq=uygonf? pcef;&Sd ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m rSwfcsuf
tjcm;olrsm; ESifh tvm;wl &duQ mcGJwrf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk tcrJh&,lEdkif=u&Hkomru/ vltrsm; qHkqnf;&mae&mwGif
vGwfvyfcGifhESifh ukefoG,f&ef c&D;oGm;vmcGifh &&Sdae=uolrsm;[k xifjrif=uonf? c&D;oGm; yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;u
vmEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;rSm r=umao;rDu a&$@ajymif;tvkyform; rsm; rSwfyHkwifcGifh tdrfomoGm;vdkv#if olwdk@.
vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uovdk/ xdkolrsm;taejzifh ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;udk nmvufudk jiifompGm
ajr‡mufjy=uonf? vufoD;qkyfxm;+yD;
ausmfjzwf oGm;vmEdkifonfh c&D;oGm;vufrSwfrsm; &&Sdvmygonf? odk@aomfvnf; “u&if vufoef;udk axmifxm;I
rlpvifrsm;” vufvDaps;a&mif;onfh vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGif cGifhawmif;onf? rnfonfh pum;rS
yg0ifywfoufaejcif;onf/ =um;umv &Sifoef&yfwnfa&; twGuf aqmif &Gufae=uonfh ajymqdkp&m rvdkay? E_wfjzifh ajymv#if
r[mAsL[mom jzpfygonf? wzufwGifvnf; olwdk@. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;tay: &dkif;onf/ odk@r[kwf taESmuft,Suf
qufvufcsKd; azmuf cHae&r_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;ESifh cdkv_HcGifh &&Sda&; óud;yrf;ae=uygonf? jzpfaponf[k cH,l=uonf?
pcef;wGif;&Sd “u&if rlpvif”trsm;udk usefpcef;wGif;&Sd vlxkrsm;u/ yx0Da'owckwnf;wGif aexdkifcJh=uonfhwdkif/ tjyeftvSef

av;pm;onfh b0aexdkifr_ yHkpHrsm; &Sd=uonfhwdkif/ udpPrsm;pGmwGif twlwuG jzwfoef;cJh=uonfh ordkif; jzpf&yfrsm; &Sd=uonfhwdkif/
rwluGJjym;olrsm;[k ,lqaeqJ &Sdygonf? (Oyrm- 1980 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif rlpvifrsm;onf u&iftrsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (KNLA) ESifh/ ‚ if;wyfwGif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ (MLOB) tzGJ@ odk@r[kwf (ABMU) tzGJ@rsm;wGif
yl;wGJI twlwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uzl;ygonf?)
pcef;wckvHk; aqmif&Gufonfh ,Ofaus;r_yGJ/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (Oyrm- yGJawmfrsm;/ u&iftrsKd;om; tcrf;tem;rsm;/ pojzifh) wGif
rlpvifrsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_onf “u&ifrlpvifrsm;” u t"du yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uygonf? ta=umif; rSm olwdk@u t"dutm;jzifh
yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh &Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? TuJhodk@aom trsKd;om;a&;/ odk@r[kwf ,Of aus;r_ yGJvrf;rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm;.
40
yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_onf wcgw&H olwdk@udk,folwdk@ owfrSwfjyXmef;r_ t&aomf vnf;aumif;/ TyGJawmfwGif olwdk@udk,folwdk@
“,lqowfrSwfxm;onfh ae&m” a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSonfhtcsufrSm/ zuf-3 zuf jzpfaeonfh rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm; onf
jy\emtrsm;tjym;twGuf r=umc% qdkovdk/ pcef;wGif;&Sd vlrsm;pk -a&S;&dk;pGJqefonfh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;u +cdrf;ajcmufr_[k
jrifae=uonfh jy\emtrsm;tjym;twGuf vG,fulpGm "m;pmcH vkyfcHae=u&qJ jzpfonf? odyfr}uD; xGm;vSbJ
tuef@towf&Sdaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSonf/ tdrfwGif; t=urf;zufr_rsm;txd jy\emaygif;pHkwGif Todk@ "m;pmcH
vkyfcHae=u&jcif; jzpfygonf?
ajymif;vJvmaeaom b0aexdkifr_ yHkpHrsm;

rlpvifrsm;twGuf jrifomonfh/ cGJjcm;odomEdkifonfh xl;jcm;csufrSm olwdk@ &dk;&mpOfvmt& 0wfqifyHk jzpfygonf? udk&rf
usrf;pmt& trsKd;orD;rsm;onf touf 7-ESpf t&G,frSpI olwdk@. OD;acgif;rSonf ajcrsufaphtxd zHk;um xm;&ef vdktyfygonf?
a,mufsm;rsm; qdkv#ifvnf; touf 10-ESpft&G,frSpI ajcovHk; w0uftxd zHk;tkyfxm; &ef vdktyfonf? Todk@ 0wfqifyHkrSm
olwkd@ qef@usifzuf vdifESpfckvHk;. oduQmudk xdef;odrf;&ef jzpf+yD;/ vlwOD;ESifh wOD; t=um; rvdktyfbJ cHpm;r_Ed_;qGjcif;udk
a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&efvnf; jzpfygonf?
Todk@ pHowfrSwfcsuft& ar#mfrSef;xm;aomfvnf; pcef;rsm;twGif;wGif vdktyfygu tdrfY

aexdkifpOfwGif wpHkw&m av#mhaygh+yD; usifhoHk;=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; rdom;pk0ifr[kwfolrsm;
r&SdaerS/ vljrifuGif; r[kwfv#ifrS Todk@ aexdkif jcif; jzpfygonf? Todk@ wif;usyfpGm
aexdkifvdkufemjcif;udk rdom;pkt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlwOD;csif; t&aomfvnf; aumif;/
rdrdwdk@tóuduf t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkr_rsm;ESifhvnf; oufqdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; rlv trdef@awmfrS
aoGzDjcif;udkrl bmoma&;pnf;urf; avsmh&Jr_ [k ,lq=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,ae@umvwGifrl bmoma&;t& Oykofapmifhxdef;
aepOfumv r[kwfv#if/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf wudk,fvHk; v$rf;ðcHonfh bmum (burqa) r0wfqifawmhbJ/ acgif;pD; yk0g (Hijab)
udkom 0wfqif=uygonf? a,mufsm;rsm;uvnf; acgif;ay:xdyf OD;xkyf (kapiyoh or tagiyah) udkom 0wf qif=uygonf? &Hzef&Hcg
&SyftusFDvufwdkudkvnf; 0wfqif=uygonf? pcef;wGif; aexdkifol rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef; rsm;Y a&S;&dk;pOfvm usifhoHk;r_rS aeI
Todk@ av#mhenf;usqif;vmjcif;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh rsKd;quft& uGm[vmjcif; ESifh taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_. =oZmtay: rsm;pGm
rlwnfygonf? xdk@twl taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_. wefzdk;xm;r_ rsm; jzpfonfh wudk,fawmf woD;yk*~v0g'rSm i,f&G,fol
rsKd;qufopfrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? “olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ &SmazGpl;prf;&ef” twGuf pdwftm;xufoefae=uonf?
Ttajymif;tvJrsm;onf tjcm;aom vlaer_b0 yHkpHrsm;wGif ydkI odomxif&Sm;ygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- rJvpcef; &Sd vl}uD;rsm;
(trsKd;orD;rsm; tygt0if) u ajymqdk&mwGif rlpvif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGif; t&ufaopm aomufpm;r_ wdk; wufvmaeonf?
vli,fxkrsm;t=um; rl;,pfaq;pGJr_ wdk;wufvmaeonf[k qdkonf? vltrsm;a&S@wGif i,f&G,fol pHkwGJrsm;u cspfcifpHkrufr_udk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfjyae=u+yD;/ oD;oef@ae&mwGif tdrfaxmifrðyrD vdifqufqHjcif;/ yHkrSef qufqHjcif; aqmif&Gufae=uonf[k
qdkonf? vGefcJhonfhESpfrsm; tenf;i,fuqdkv#if TtjzpfrsKd; r=um;cJh&zl;yg? Todk@ “taemufwkdif;,Ofaus;r_” .
=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ }uD;vmjcif;udk &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh AD'D,dkrsm; ysH@ESH@vmjcif;/ tdrfeD; csif; xdkif;òrd@rsm;rS twkjrif twwfoifjcif;[k
tjypfqdk=uygonf? Todk@ ,Ofaus;r_t& a&$@avsmvmjcif;a=umifh touf tkyfpkrwlolrsm;t=um;wGif ododomom uGm[r_rsm;
&Sdvmygonf? ,cifu rsKd;qufrsm;t=um; eD;pyfpGm &SdaecJhonfh csnfaESmifr_pnf;óud;rsm;vnf; òydysufukefygonf? TudpPrsm;wGif
touft&G,f }uD;&ifholrsm;.ae&m ESifh tcef;u¾/ tpOfvmt& acgif;aqmifr_ ponfwdk@ yg0if+yD; ydkI
av;pm;r_enf;vm=uygonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif todkuft0ef;twGif; aexdkifol touft&G,f i,f&G,folrsm;u
txufazmfjyygudpPrsm;tay: ydkI pdefac:qef@usifr_ rsm; ðyvm=uygonf?
41
tpm;taomufESifh trdk;tum &&Sdr_
&duQ
mcGJwrf; &,ljcif;ESifh pm;oHk;r_
ig;yd
[memzD*dk%f; ,Hk=unfr_. t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft& ig;ydonf [mvrf (Haraam) jzpfonf?
ig;ydudk v$Jajymif;toHk;csjcif;
[mvm (Halal) vkyfxm;onf r[kwfaoma=umifh bmomudk;uG,f,Hk=unfolrsm;taejzifh [mzDeD 0g' (Hafini)
pm;oHk;cGifh r&Sdovdk/ ‚ if;rS &vmonfh tusKd;tjrwf udkvnf; cHpm;cGifh r&Sdyg? ouf0ifolrsm;taejzifh [mvrf
ypPnf;csif;zvS,fonfh aiG/ odk@r[kwf ypPnf;udkyif oHk;cGifh r&Sdyg? 37 jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvif (Haraam) qdkonfrSm ig;ydudk
bmom0if trsm;pkrSm T,Hk=unfr_*dk%f;rS jzpf+yD;/ rJvpcef;wGif tdrfaxmifpktenf;i,f (20µ zvS,fa&mif;csI aiGom; odk@r[kwf
xufenf;aom tkyfpk) rsm;u olwdk@&&Sdonfh ig;ydudk xkwf,l=uaomfvnf;/ tkef;zsHrdkifESifh ypPnf;wckckudk vufcHv#ifyif
rJa&mfrlpcef;rsm;wGif Ttavhtx usifhoHk;r_ ydkrsm; us,fjyef@ygonf? bmoma&; bmom,Hk=unfr_udk qef@usif&m
a&mufonf?
acgif;aqmifrsm;. ajymqdkcsuft& &duQ m&m&Sif trsm;pkudk xkwf,l=u+yD;/ jyefa&mif;jcif;
(wpfuDvdkv#if 1-2 bwfjzifh)/ odk@r[kwf vltrsm;u tjcm;aom vloHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;jzifh jyefI
vJvS,f=uygonf? txl;ojzifh yJ0gav;/ odk@r[kwf rD;aoG;ESifh vJvS,f=uonf? odk@r[kwf tdrfodk@&duQ m jyefo,fvmolrsm;ESifh
ypPnf;csif; vJvS,f=uonf? &Hzef&Hcg &duQ mvdktyfaeonfh rdom;pkrsm;xH jyefvSLonf[lonfh owif;vnf; =um;&wwfonf?
odk@aomf }udrfa&rnfr#jzpfonfudkrl rcef@rSef;Edkifyg? rJvESifh tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;rS &&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t&rl qif;&Jonfh
p&if;r0ifao;onfh rlpvifrdom;pkrsm;u qif;&JvGef;onfh tajctaea=umifh xkwfay;onfh &duQ mudk pm;oHk;=uonf[kvnf;
=um;od&onf? Edkzdk;pcef;wGif &duQ
mxkwf,lr_tajctaeudk oHk;oyfEdkifavmufatmif owif;&&Sd jcif; r&Sdyg?
(wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. axmufyHhr_ tpDtpOft& &v'fwGif txif&Sm;qHk; tcuftcJrSm rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;xHodk@

ig;ydaxmufyHhay;&jcif; jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@. vdktyfcsufESifh tóudufudk cGJjcm;r&EdkifbJ &Sdonf? Tpm;oHk;ukefudk tu,fI olwdk@u
(&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;) pm;oHk;ygu vufcH&&Sdolrsm;. tajccHtm[m& &&Sdr_udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifonf[k qdkEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif
vma&mufxkwf,lr_E_ef;uvnf; enf;ao;onfhtwGuf/ TypPnf;udk olwdk@ESpfouf&m pm;
aomufzG,fESifh vJvS,fEdkifonfh tajctae/ “aiG” udkvnf; avsmhenf;aponf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh aocsmwGufcsuf Edkifjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ vmxkwfr,laom ypPnf;rsm;vnf;
&Sdaeonf? (&dumQcGJwrf;pmtkyfrsm;wGifrl jzef@a0+yD;[k azmfjyxm; onfudk trsm;tm;jzifh
awG@&onf?) odk@twGufa=umifh r&dk;om;onfh 'kuQ onfacgif;aqmifrsm;u Ttajctaeudk
tvGJoHk;pm; ðyEdkifonf? odk@twGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@ óud;yrf;jr‡ifhwif aqmif&Gufaeonfh
&duQmjzef@jzL;onfh ae&mwGif vkyfief;qdkif&mESifh b¾ma&; qdkif&m udpPrsm;/ ydkI wm0ef,l wm0efcHr_ &Sdapa&;udpPrsm;udkvnf;
vufcHaeonfh rlpvif trsKd;orD;rsm;yHk
t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufoufa&mufaponf?
(*|ef [l;vfrf/ rJvpcef;)
rlpviftrsm;pku TypPnf;ESifh xdawG@&rnfudkyif wrifoufouf a&Smifz,f=uonf? odk@twGufa=umifh &mrm'ef

Oykofumvrsm;wGif &duQ mrxkwf,lr_E_ef;u wdk;wufvmwwfonf? ukefcsif;zvS,fr_rsm; usqif;oGm;wwfonf? Todk@ xkwf,lr_
r&Sdaomfvnf; &m&Sif &duQ mcGJwrf;pmtkyfrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyr_rsm; &Sdae+yD;/ vmrxkwf,laom ypPnf;rsm;udk &yfuGuf
vl}uD;rsm;u pcef;wGif; apwemvkyftm;ay;0efxrf;rsm;odk@ axmufyHhay;wwfonf? (ukefonf csay;onfh tzGJ@rsm;odk@
vkyftm;ctjzpf jyefay;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf?)
&duQ
mvufcH&&Sdrnfh olrsm; vGwfvyfpGm rdrd&duQ
m pDrHcef@cGJcGifh tay: (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@u aysmhajymif;pGm xnfhoGif;pOf; pm;onfudk
aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rlpvif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u azmfjyajymqdk=uaomfvnf;/ ukef&duQ m ypPnf;wckudk vltrsm;pku vHk;0
rpm;oHk;onfh taetxm;wGif ajyvnfapaom enf;vrf;awmh r[kwfvSyg? ig;ydtpm; tjcm;wckck tpm;xdk;zvS,fay;a&;twGuf
ueOD;aqG;aEG; ajymqdkr_rsm;wGif olwdk@bmom vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fcGifhay;a&; udkom ajymqdk=uygonf? usefaom pcef;&Sd
37
[memzD*dk%f;wGif c&k (shellfish) udk [m&rf ðyxm;onf[k ,lqonf? odk@aomfvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm rav;pum; ajymonfh
xdkif;EdkifiHawmifydkif;&Sd vl 90 &mcdkifE_ef;cef@ udk;uG,f,Hk=unfaom &SmzD*dk%f; (Shafi'i jurisprudence school) wGifrl Todk@ r,lq=uyg? yifv,fpm/
ykZGefESifh ig;ydrsm;onf Ta'owGif ta&;ygonfh tm[m&ypPnf;rsm; jzpfae=uygonf?
42
vlr_todkuft0ef;ESifh cGJjcm; oD;jcm;rjrifvdk[k oabmayguf&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,cktcg tjcm;aom wkdifyift=uH&,lcsufrsm;
t& Tjy\emudk ajz&Sif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkr_rsm; ydkrsm; vm+yD jzpfygonf? jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfh tpm;xkd;ay;&ef &duQ
mrSm ig;aowW
m
jzpfEdkifonf?
ig;ydtpm; ig;aowW
mudkrl rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u [if;csuf&mwGif qD/ qm;/ i&kwfoD;/ =uufoGefrsm;ESifh a&maESmI [if;tjzpf
csufpm;=uygonf?
at;&Sm;rpf (uf)
at;&Sm;rpf (uf) udk rlpvifrsm; pm;oHk;=uonfh tD=umauG;/ yvm wm/ &dkwD/ eHjym; ponfh aygifrkef@tjzpf ðyvkyf&ef
roifhavsmfvSaomfvnf;/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u olwkd@&&Sd=uonfh at;&Sm;rpf (uf) udk tdrfwGif;pm;oHk;&ef &yf&mG twGif; a&mif;cs&ef
oGm;a&pmrkef@tjzpf ðyvkyf=uygonf?
rJa&mfrlpcef;wGif at;&Sm;rpf (uf) &&Sdonfh tdrfaxmifpk trsm;pku ‚ if;udk iSufaysmoD;udwfrkef@ tjzpf vkyfpm;=uygonf?
rkef@qDa=umf [k ac:=uonf? tkef;zsHrdkifwGifvnf; tvm;wl tavhtxrsKd; jrifawG@&+yD;/ rdom;pkrsm;u tdrfwGif; oGm;a&pmtjzpf
vkyfpm;=uonf? odk@r[kwf at;&Sm;rpf (uf) udk tpdrf;twdkif; wuDvdkv#if 10 bwfjzifh a&mif;pm;=uonf? tjcm;aom
csufðywfp&m a&mif;csouJhodk@ pcef;wGif; yHkrSefozG,fa&mif;csaeonfudk awG@&Sd&onf?
odk@aomf rJvpcef;wGifrl rlpvif vlxkrsm;. oHk;yHkwyHkcef@om (trsm;tm;jzifh touf 5-ESpfrS 9 ESpft=um; uav; rsm;)
at;&Sm;rpf (uf) udk pm;oHk;=uonf? 'dkaq;ac: udwfrkef@ozG,f/ &dkwD/ rkef@qDa=umf/ [mvAmtjzpf vkyfpm;=u jcif; jzpfonf?
tenf;pkuom [if;twGif; xnfhcsufI (qefðywftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;) pm;oHk;=uonf? trsm;pk rSm vHk;0pm;oHk;jcif;
r&Sdoavmuf[k =um;od&onf? &duQ mjzef@jzL;ay;onfh ae&mrS xkwf,l=u+yD; ‚ if;ae&mwGifyif rkef@ vkyfolrsm;xHodk@ wuDvdkv#if 5-6
bwfjzifh a&mif;csvdkuf=uonf?
Edkzdk;pcef;wGifrl 90 µcef@aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u olwdk@. &duQ

mcGJwrf; tcsKd@udk tdrfarG;wd&dp>mefrsm; (u|J/ qdwf ESifh =uufrsm;) udk
au|;arG;=uonf? tb,fa=umifh tus,ftjyef@ rpm;oHk;&oenf;[laom ta=umif;jycsufwGif &dk;&m pm;aeus tpm;tpm
r[kwfjcif;ESifh rnfodk@ rnfyHk csufðywfpm;aomuf&rnfudk rodjcif;a=umifh[k qdk=uonf? olwdk@ óudufESpfoufaom csufðywfyHk
enf;vrf;qdkv#if avmifpmqDrsm;pGm ukefygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh avmifpmqDudk tvGeftrif;awmif; qdk=uygonf? (atmufwGif
azmfjyxm;onf?) xdk@tjyif o=um;ESifh =uufOrsm;vnf; vdktyfyg onf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tcsufrSm at;&Sm;rpf (uf) udk
aomufoHk;p&m tylazsmf&nftjzpf aomufoHk;r_ r=um;&jcif;yif jzpfonf? tjcm;aom pcef;rsm;wGifrl Todk@ pm;oHk;r_
tus,ftjyef@ awG@ae&ygonf?
i&kwfoD;
pcef;toD;oD;&Sd rlpvifrsm;u ajymqdk=u&mY u&ifrsm; i&kwfoD; t}uD;tus,f pm;oHk;ouJhodk@ olwdk@ rlpvifrsm;wGif pm;oHk;r_
r&Sd[k qdk=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; i&kwfoD; tawmftwefudkrl pm;oHk;=uygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh i&kwfoD; cGJwrf;av#mhcsr_tay:
vufcH&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ csdefnd‡&aom taetxm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm; aom todkuft0ef;rsm;uJhodk@ jy\em
r}uD;vSyg? csufðywfa&; jy\emrsm;
rlvpif rdom;pkrsm;onf
rD;xdk;qDESifh avmifpm rsm;aomtm;jzifh olwdk@.
rlpvifrsm;u olwdk@. csufðywfpm;oHk;yHkESifh qdkv#if rD;xdk;qDESifh avmifpm rvHkavmuf tpm;tpmudk ausmfavSmfI
a=umif; ajymqdk=uonf? rlpvifrdom;pkrsm;onf pm;oHk;or#udk a=umfavSmfpm;oHk;=u+yD;/ pm;oHk;=uonf? oef@&Sif;pif=u,fr_
tpm;taomuf rSefor#udkvnf; oef@&Sif;pif=u,fr_ aocsmap&eftwGuf usufatmif csuf aocsmap&ef tpm;tpmudk
usufaeatmif csufðywfI
ðywfpm;oHk;=uonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tdrfaxmifpk &duQ mcGJwrf;tay: rvHk avmuf pm;oHk;=uonf?
jzpfap+yD;/ yHkrSef jznfhpGufaxmufyHhay;&ef vdktyfaewwfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tdrfaxmifpku
&&Sdonfh &duQ
mcGJwrf; &m&Sifudk
csufðywfpm;aomuf&mwGif ravmufiS
apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; jzpf=u&onf?
tpm;taomuf &duQ mrsm; jzef@a0ay;jcif;ESifh toHk;csr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmr_ ydkI
43
tm;aumif;vmap&ef pcef;A[dk tkyfcsKyfr_ zGJ@pnf;yHk tjyifzufwGif/ pcef;aevlxk tzGJ@rsm;ESifh (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@u qufoG,f
aqmif&Gufaeygonf? apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tzGJ@i,frsm;jzifh Tpepfudk yHhydk;ay;&ef jzpfygonf? Tenf;vrf;jzifh pcef;aumfrDwDESifh
&yfuGuf aumfrDwDrsm;udk ulnDay;Edkif+yD;/ vpOf &dumQpm;ol vlOD;a& tajymif;tvJrsm;udk twnfðy ay;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif
ukefodkavSmif&Hk 0efxrf;rsm;udkvnf; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif &duQ mcHpm;xkwf,lcGifh &Sdol OD;a&udk &Sdaeonfh owfrSwfcsuf rsm;ESifh tnD
twnfðyay;Edkifygonf? atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;wGif Todk@aom apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@i,frsm; bmomudk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_
uGJjym;r_tvdkuf &SdaeyHkudk pcef;vlOD;a& tm;vHk;ESifh,SOfI azmfjyxm;ygonf?
pcef;vlOD;a&tm;vHk;ESifh apmifh=unfhavhvma&;- ukefodkavSmif&Hk 0efxrf; tcsKd;jyZ,m; (bmomudk;uG,fr_ tvdkuf) (wDbDbDpD-

{+yDv/ 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100
100
80
80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
apmifh=unfh-odkavSmif&HktzGJ@ pcef;wckvHk; apmifh=unfh-odkavSmif&HktzGJ@ pcef;wckvHk;
100
100
80
80
60
60
%
%
40
40
20 20
0 0
apmifh=unfh-odkavSmif&HktzGJ@ pcef;wckvHk; apmifh=unfh-odkavSmif&HktzGJ@ pcef;wckvHk;
jzef@a0a&;pepf ydkxda&mufaprnfh Tpepfrsm;tjyif (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@rsm;. uGif;qif;0efxrf;rsm;u vpOf &duQ m jzef@jzL; +yD;aemuf
apmifh=unfhavhvmr_rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Guf=uygonf? cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm; olwdk@. &duQ m &&Sd jcif; &Sd-r&SdESifh olwdk@.
&duQ m toHk;csyHk owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;Edkif&ef jzpfygonf? atmufazmfjyyg Z,m; rsm;wGif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk
(bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf cGJjcm;xm;+yD;) 2009 ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0uf umvwGif wdkifyif t=uH&,lcJhr_udk vlOD;a&wpHkvHk;
twdkif;twmESifh ,SOfjyxm;ygonf? rlpvifvlxkrsm;ESifh wef;wlnDwl xdawG@Edkifr_ r&Sd onfudk azmfjyaeygonf?
44
6-v w}udrf tusKd;cHpm;cGifh &Sdol &duQ
mpm;rsm; qufoG,f ar;jref;r_rsm; ESifh pcef;wckvHk; vlOD;a& tcsKd;jyZ,m; (bmomudk;uG,fr_
tvdkuf) (wDbDbDpD- azaz:0g&Dv/ 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
awG@qHkar;jref;ol &duQ
mpm;rsm; pcef;wckvHk; awG@qHkar;jref;ol &duQ
mpm;rsm; pcef;wckvHk;
100
100
80 80
60 60
%
%
40 40
20 20
0 0
awG@qHkar;jref;ol &duQ
mpm;rsm; pcef;wckvHk; awG@qHkar;jref;ol &duQ
mpm;rsm; pcef;wckvHk;
&duQ
m§tpm;tpm jznhfpGufjcif;
(“toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;”udkvnf; =unfhyg?)
i&kwfoD;
rlpviftpm;tpmrsm;onf i&kwfoD;udk odyftm;xm;jcif; r&Sd[k txufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrsm;&SdcJhonfhwdkif/ pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;udk
t"duvkyfief;taeESifh tm;xm;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh rlpviftdrfaxmifpk tm;vHk;eD;yg;avmufonf aps;qdkifrsm;rS vnf;aumif;/
vdktyfygu e,fcH&Gmom;rsm;xHrS vnf;aumif; 0,f,ljcif;tm;jzifh i&kwfoD;&duQ mudk jznfhpGufae=u&a=umif; od&ygonf?
tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Y omreftdrfaxmifpkwpktzdk@ i&kwfoD;udk vpOf (1) uDvdkrS (2) uDvdk txd 0,fae&jcif;onf rqef;aomudpP
jzpfonf? TtwGuf vpOf xdkif;bwfaiG (120) cef@ ukefus ygonf?
opfoD;ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;
rlpviftdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh trsm;wum tdrfaxmifpkrsm;t=um;wGif óudufESpfoufaom opfoD;rsm; ododomom uGmjcm;yHkESifh
ywfoufI Tavhvmcsufu az:xkwf rjycJhaomfvnf; rSwfom;oifhonfrSm rlpvif rdom;pkrsm;xJrSm opfoD;udk pm;oifhaom
tpm;tpmtjzpf tvGefwefzdk;xm;avh r&Sd=u[laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf? (odk@&mwGif udk,f0efaqmifcsdefY rsm;rsm;
pm;oHk;=ua=umif; od&Sd&onf)?
csufðywfa&;avmifpm
trsm;ESifhrwlaom csufðywfenf;ESifh tpm;tpm "avhwdk@a=umifh csufðywfa&;avmifpm oHk;pGJr_E_ef;onf trsm;ESifh pmv#if
ydkIjrifhygonf? odk@jzpf&m rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf pcef;teD;tem;0ef;usifrSm opfajcmufrsm;udk vdkufvH &SmazGavh &Sd=uonf?
45
tu,fI Todk@&Sm&ef vHkðcHa&; tajctaet& jzpfap/ rdom;pk tajctaejzpfap raumif;ygu pcef;xJu rD;aoG;udk 0,f,l
oHk;pGJ=uonf? (trsm;tm;jzifh &duQ
ma0csdefrSm aiGtoHk; vdkaom rdom;pkrsm;xHrS 0,f,l avh&Sdonf?)
aetdrf
rlpvifrdom;pkrsm;onf (wDbDbDpD) tzGJY. wESpfwmtwGuf axmufyHhaom tcsKd;usypPnf;rsm;udk jznfpGufa&; twGuf
tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;/ xkwfvkyfjcif; udpPwGif tvGeftm;pdkuf=uonf? tkef;zHrdkifpcef;Y rlpvif
tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk@onf oufi,fyspfrsm; yspf&eftwGuf oufi,fjrufrsm; vdkuf&Sm=uonf? T&ufrsm;Y awmifzuf&Sd
oufi,f&dyf&rnfhae&modk@ (2-3) em&D vrf;av#mufoGm;&onf? tkef;zHsrdkifpcef;Y
rlpviftdrfaxmif pkrsm;. 15-20 µ cef@onf (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@xH ypPnf;ay;oGif;olESifh
oabmwlxm;onfhtwdkif; a&mif;cs&ef wvvHk;vHk; pcef;tjyifxGuf+yD;/
tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; &Sm=uonf[k pcef;vl}uD;rsm; ajymjy=uonf?
aetdrfyHkpHESifhywfoufI bef@csfrmhuf t=uHay;tzGJ@ (Benchmark Consulting) u
ðypkcJhaom “oufi,ftrdk; atmufrSm (25) ESpfwm - Tae&mrS b,f0,fb,fqD”
trnf&Sd (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. (2009) ckESpf aetdrftpD&ifcH pmu vlrsKd;pkqdkif&m§
bmoma&;qdkif&m tkyfpk trsKd;rsKd;wdk@. rwl xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk az:xkwfjycJhonf? rlpviftodkif;t0dkif;xJu tdrfwdk@onf
“aetdrf. t&G,ftpm;ESifh trsKd;tpm;wdk@tay: vlrsKd;pkqdkif&mESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m &dk;&Sif;aomfvnf; aexdkif&ef
&dk;&mtpOftvmrsm;u =oZmoufa&mufonf? wzef T&dk;&mtpOftvmrsm;udk tqifajyonf? (NP 2009)
arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;&m e,fajra'o. avmavmq,f tajctaersm;uvnf;
ay:vGifapygonf? tpD&ifcHpm ðypka&;tzGJ@u avhvmcJh+yD;/ tawG@tñuH&Sdol rsm;u ajymjycJhaom rwljcm;em;csuf tcsKd@rSm -
• u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@u rdrdwdk@. aetdrfrsm;udk }uD;Edkifor# }uD;}uD; aqmufavh&Sdonf? aemufxyf ajrESifh tdrfaqmuf
ypPnf;&Edkifrnfqdkygu onfxuf }uD;}uD;aqmufrnf?
• u&ifeDvlrsKd;wdk@u rdom;pkt&G,ftpm;udk ao;ao;xm;avh&Sdonf? tdrfaxmifusaom om;orD; rsm;onf rdbtdrfrS aeI
ajymif;a&$@oGm;wwf=uonf? odk@jzpfI aetdrfrsm;udk ao;ao;aqmuf=uonf?
• rGefvlrsKd;wdk@onfvnf; tdrfrsm;udk ao;ao;aqmufavh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif tdrfaqmufaom enf;em/ tdrf.
wm&SnfcHEdkifr_wdk@ESifh ywfoufI txl;*&kpdkufwwfonf?
• eDayg§ jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@onf trsm;tm;jzifh &efukefrSvmolrsm; jzpfa=umif; od&onf? tjcm;aom òrd@rSm
aecJhzl;olrsm;enf;wlyif pcef;odk@a&mufvmpOfu olwdk@rSm aus;vufywf0ef;usifY 0g;jzifhtdrfaqmufaom
u|rf;usifr_rsKd;enf;yg;onf/ odk@r[kwf r&Sd=uacs?
• &dk[if*sm§ rlpvifwdk@onf tpDtpOfcsI wm&SnfaeoGm;rnfhyHkrsKd; r&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif tdrfrsm;udk trsm;wum xufydkI
tvSqifxm;a=umif; awG@&onf? tdrfaqmuf&mY aphpyfaocsmonf? trsm;wumxuf tdrfudk ydkIcdkifcdkifaqmufavh
&Sdonf?
pm;aomufyHk rwljcm;em;r_rsm;
vufzuf&nfqdkif ,Ofaus;r_
pcef;xJrsm;&Sd trsm;wumenf;wlyif rlpvifwdk@onfvnf; wae@ (3) }udrfpm;avh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif xrif;udkrl ae@vnfpmESifh
naepm pm;csdefrsm;rSmom pm;avh&Sdonf? (eHufcif;pm;jcif;onf a,mufsm;om;rsm;tzdk@om jzpf
onf? “vufzuf&nfqdkifoGm;I eHeufpmpm;jcif; ,Ofaus;r_”aywnf;?)
rlpvif a,mufsm;om;rsm;. b0rSm Tta&;ygvSaom tavhtxudk wwfcfc&dkif&Sd

'kuQ onfpcef;rsm; tm;vHk;rSm awG@&Sd&onf? (rJa&mfrlpcef;xJrSm rlpvif vufzuf&nfqdkifrsm;
r&Sdaomfvnf;/ Tta=umif; ajymqdkr_rsm;&Sdaeonf)? vlysKdayguf t&G,fodk@a&mufvmonfESifh
T,Ofaus;r_xJodk@ 0ifa&mufpðyonf? tpm;vnf;pm;/ taygif;o[m rsm;ESifhvnf;
pka0;aom ,Ofaus;r_ jzpfonf? aumfzD/ vufzuf&nf/ rkef@rsm; (tD=umauG;/ y&mwm/ &dkwD/ eHjym;)/
prlqm/ tom;[if;/ 'g;vf ponfwdk@udk pm;aomuf&if; pum;pjrnf ajymvdkuf/ jiif;cHkvdkufESifh
&Sd=uonf? rsm;r=um ao;rDuyif/ jrefrm&kyf&Sifum;rsm; odk@r[kwf um&mtdkau oDcsif; rsm;
46
qDa=umfrkef@rsm;onf
“vufzuf&nfqdkif ,Ofaus;r_”
rSm rygrjzpf ta&;}uD;onf?
("mwfyHk Zpfjrpf rod)
jyoaom w,fvDAGD;&Sif;rsm;u jrefrm/ odk@r[kwf b*FgvDoDcsif;rsm;udk wdk;onfxuf wdk;I jyovm+yD;/ vufzuf&nfqdkifrsm;rSm
acwfpm;vmcJhonf?
tdrfaxmifpktm;vHk; eD;yg;onf ae@pOfae@wdkif;yif T,Ofaus;r_tavhtxxJrSm a,mufsm;om;rsm;u vufzuf &nfqdkifrSm

pm;aomuf+yD;/ odk@r[kwf rdom;pktwGuf 0,fp&m&Sdonfwdk@udk 0,f+yD; tdrfjyef/ rdom;pkESifhtwl xrif; pm;onf? rJa&mfrlpcef;rSm
vufzuf&nfqdkif r&Sdojzifh/ rlpvifrdom;pkrsm;onf vufzuf&nf/ aumfzDESifh rkef@rsm;udk rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh odk@r[kwf
rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhtwl pm;aomuf=uonf? T"avhudk rusifhoHk;Edkif=uonfh qif;&J aom rdom;pkrsm;url xrif;usef/ [if;usefwdk@udk
a=umfpm;&kHom a=umfpm;avh &Sdonf?
tjcm;aom wae@wmtpm;tpm ESpfrsKd; (ae@vnfpmESifh npm) rSm xrif;jzpf+yD;/ taumif;qHk; xrif;0dkif;onf qDjyef
tom;[if;ESifh (wcgw&H) =uufOa=umfygaom xrif;0dkif;jzpfonf? tom;onf rlpvif[if;vsmrSm t"du jzpfonf?
odk@jzpfonfhwdkif rlpvifrdom;pk tawmfrsm;rsm;onf qif;&J=uojzifh/ tom;[if;udk tjrJpm; Edkif=uonf r[kwfacs? trsm;tm;jzifh/
oDwif;wywfrS- 2 cgom/ wvrSm (2) }udrf (3) }udrftxdom tom;[if; pm;Edkif=uonf? rlpvif r[kwfaom
tjcm;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. [if;rsKd;ESifh qifqifwl [if;rsKd; pm;aomufolu ydkrsm;onf? ‚ if;[if;wdk@rSm trsm;tm;jzifh yJa=umf
(wcgw&H =uuf&dk;ygonf)/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf[if; odk@r[kwf [if;oD;[if;&Gufa=umfESifh (ig; aowW mAl;xJrS xkwf,laom)
i&kwfoD;a=umfwdk@ jzpfonf?
rdcifedk@wdkufau|;r_ tavhtxrsm;
arG;uif;p rdef;uav;rsm;udk touf (14) vorD; t&G,ftxd/ a,mufsm;av;rsm;udkrl (18) vom;t&G,f txd rdcif
Edk@wdkuf&rnf[k ul&ftef (Qur’an) usrf;u qdkxm;onf? odk@aomf udk,f0efaqmif odk@r[kwf Edk@wdkufrdcif tae ESifh rnfonfh
tpm;tpmudk pm;&rnf/ a&Smif&rnfqdkonfESifh ywfoufI wdwdusus !$ef=um;xm;jcif; arG;uif;p rdef;uav;rsm;udk
r&Sdacs? touf (14) vorD; t&G,ftxd/
a,mufsm;av;rsm;udkrl (18)
'kuQ onf pcef;&Sd trsm;wumenf;wlyif rlpvifrdcifrsm;onfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh Tt&G,f vom;t&G,f txd rdcif
uav;i,frsm;udk xrif;au|;avh &Sdonf? (oGm;raygufcifrSm xrif;oufouf au|;+yD;/ Edk@wdkuf&rnf[k ul&ftef
oGm;aygufvmonfESifh [if;udkyg xnfhau|; onf)? tcsKd@u Edk@r_ef@/ odk@r[kwf Edk@qDESifh (Qur’an) usrf;u qdkxm;onf?
ysm;&nfwdk@udkvnf; wdkufonf? txl;ojzifh rdcifEdk@aumif;pGmrxGuf aom rdcifrsm; jzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh uav;udk (2) ESpft&G,ftxd rdcifEdk@wdkufavh+yD;/ (2) ESpf ausmfvmonfESifh Edk@jzwfa=umif;/
trsm;tm;jzifh (3 -4) vt&G,frSpI qefðywfwdkufa=umif;/ (oGm;rsm;ayguf +yD;aom) (2) ESpft&G,frSm “[if;”udkyg pwifI
xnfhau|;a=umif; rJa&mfrlpcef;&Sd rlpviftrsKd;orD;rsm;u ajymjy =uonf?
Edk@wdkufrdcifrsm;ESifh Edk@pdk@t&G,fuav;rsm;onf i&kwfoD;/ 'nif;oD;/ a&$z&HkoD;/ tcsKd@ig;rsm; ponfh tpm;tpmrsm; ( Adkufem/

acgif;udkuf jzpfapwwfaom “wuf”pmrsm;) udk a&SmifusOf=uonf? rdcifrsm;onf ‚ if;tpmwdk@udk rpm;&bJ trsm;tm;jzifh
[if;oD;[if;&GufESifh opfoD;rsm;rSaeI ADwmrif &&Sda&;udk ydkrdk tav;xm;=uonf? trsm;wum enf;wlyif rlpvifrdcifwdk@uvnf;
iSufaysmzl;udk pm;jcif;tm;jzifh Edk@&nfaumif;+yD;/ Edk@xGufvnf; ydkaumif;onf[k ,Hk =unf=uonf?
aemufxyfvdktyfcsufrsm;
'kuQonftjzpfowfrSwfolrsm;tm; a0iSay;aom ypPnf;rsm;tjyif/ (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@onf tjcm;ypPnf;rsm; tpkudkvnf; tydkaqmif;
axmufyHhypPnf;rsm;tjzpf 'kuQ
onfaumfrDwDrsm;rSwqifh pcef; aumfrDwDodk@ay;onf? yGJawmfrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;/
vlr_qufqHa&;twGufvnf;aumif; vdktyfaom ypPnf;rsm;udk tydkaqmif; taxmuf tyHhtjzpf awmif;cHvmaom tcgrsKd;rSm
ay;Edkif&ef jzpfonf?
atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;wGif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;tvdkuf (bmoma&;tkyfpktvdkuf) yHkrSefwvwGif axmufyHhay;onfh yrm%

(Tudef;*%ef;rsm;udk (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. a'wmabhpf p&if;Z,m;rsm; ðypkonfhtcsdefwGif aumuf,lxm;jcif; jzpfaoma=umifh
r=umao;rDu pcef;wckvHk; pm&if;Z,m;ESifh csdefxdk;=unfhEdkifygonf?) qdkvdk onfrSm rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef; taeESifh olwdk@.
47
vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twGuf (Edkzdk;pcef;rSvGJI) ypPnf;rsm; aumif;pGm vufcH&,lEdkif=uygonf? tcsKd@aom pcef;rsm;wGif
r=umao;rDu &duQ mjzwfawmufrI &Sdaoma=umifh ypPnf;rsm; &&SdEdkifr_tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufEdkifygonf?)
(CMP) . aemufxyfvdktyfcsufrsm;udk cGJa0owfrSwfay;yHkESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf)

(CMSP, July 2009 vs TBBC, Feb 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
qef yJ qD qm; ig;yd rD;aoG; i&kwf pcef;wckvHk; qef yJ qD qm; ig;yd rD;aoG; i&kwf pcef;wckvHk;
ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;

tkef;zHsrdkif Edkzdk;
100
100
80
80
60
60
%
%
40 40
20 20
0 0
qef yJ qD qm; ig;yd rD;aoG; i&kwf pcef;wckvHk; qef yJ qD qm; ig;yd rD;aoG; i&kwf pcef;wckvHk;
100
80
60
%
40
20
qef yJ qD qm; ig;yd rD;aoG; i&kwf pcef;wckvHk;
48
usef;rma&;
vlrsKd;pktvdkuf ouf}uD; yk*~dKvfrsm;/ bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;/ trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ vli,fudk,fpm; vS,frsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;=unfhjcif;tjyif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ðy&mY rlpviftkyfpk ESifh pcef;xJ &Sd t"dutkyfpkrsm;t=um;wGif
usef;rma&; uGmjcm;r_ &Sd- r&Sd ESifhywfoufI tcsuftvufrsm; r,fr,f&& r&&SdcJhacs? (odk@&mwGif TtpD&ifcHpm.
tjcm;tcef;rsm;wGif Tta=umif;udk tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyf v$rf;ðcHum az:jyxm;ygonf)?
xkwfaz:jycJhaom ta=umif;t&mrsm; bmom t,l0g'wlaom

usefrma&;vkyfom;rsm;
• “&dk;&m"avh” aq;rsm;ESifh “taemufwdkif;aq;rsm;”udk (,Hk=unfr_/
onfhxufrsm;rsm; ydk&Sdygu rlpvif
tavhtxESifh oHk;pGJaom aq;rsm;t&) oHk;pGJyHkrsm;?
vlemrsm;tzdk@ oifhavsmfaom
• twGif;vlemtjzpf aq;ukcHjcif;/ tjyifvlemtjzpf aq;ukcHjcif;ESifh ywf0ef;usif w&yfrSm rdrdwdk@
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aq;uk cHjcif;? rajym&J rqdk&Jaom
• jznfhqnf;ay;aom aq;0g;ukor_rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfr_? usef;rma&;jy\emrsm; udk ydkI
ajym&Jqdk&J &Sdvmvdrfhrnf
odk@jzpfonfhwdkif az:jycJh=uaom a,bk,stjrifw&yfrSm - usef;rma&;Xmersm;wGif rlpvif,Ofaus;r_ESifh roifh avsmf[k ,lq&aom

tavhtxrsm; r&Sdonf omru/ aq;cef;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfaom rlpvifrsm; r&Sd oavmuf &Sm;yg;ygonf? xdk@tjyif bmom
t,l0g'wlaom usefrma&;vkyfom;rsm; onfhxufrsm;rsm; ydk&Sdygu rlpvif vlemrsm;tzdk@ oifhavsmfaom ywf0ef;usif w&yfrSm
rdrdwdk@ rajym&J rqdk&Jaom usef;rma&;jy\emrsm; udk ydkI ajym&Jqdk&J &Sdvmvdrfhrnf [lI jzpfygonf?
“ynma&;”u¾atmufrSm az:jyxm;onfh twdkif;yif Todk@jzpf&onfhta=umif;&if;onf tJef*sDtdktzGJ@rsm;. pcef;twGif;

0efxrf;rsm; cef@xm;&mY bmoma&;t& wef;wlnDr# r&Sdr_ESifh qufpyfaea=umif; awG@&ygonf? (t"dutm;jzifh rlpvif
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. owfrSwfxm;aom ynmt&nftcsif;rsKd;/ txl;ojzifh u&ifbmompum;ESifh
t*Fvdyfbmom pum; u|rf;usifr_ r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf?)? odk@jzpf&m Tjy\emonf txl;ojzifh bmompum;u|rf;usifr_ESifh
ywfoufaom tvkyfcef@xm;jcif; jy\emjzpfonf?
touf (6) vrS (5) ESpft&G,f uav;rsm;ESifhywfoufI usef;rma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhaomESpfpOf tm[m&

ppfwrf;rsm;udk udk;um;vsuf/ tm[m& csKd@wJhr_tqifhrsm;udk E_dif;,SOfjyaom udef;*%ef;rsm;udk atmuf rSm az:jyxm;ygonf?
odk@&mwGif ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif yg0ifaom vlOD;a&enf;jcif;a=umifh Tudef;*%ef;rsm; onf “,Hk=unf&avmufaom tqifh”
edrfhaeygonf? om"utaeESifh az:jy&v#if/ urBm@ emwm&Snf tm[m& csKd@wJha&m*g (Global Chronic Malnutrition- CGM)
twGuf ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; cH&aom e,fpyfwav#muf&Sd uav;i,f pkpkaygif; (4˜ 822)OD;teuf/ (215) OD;omv#if rdrdwdk@onf
rlpvifrsm; jzpfonf[k az:jycJh=u+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@teufrS (60) OD;onf (CGM) a&m*g&Sda=umif; (27² 9µ + /- 6 µ) awG@&Sd&onf?
tvm;wlyif urBm@ tjyif;pm; tm[m& csKd@wJhr_ a&m*g (Global Acute Malnutrition- GAM) twGuf
ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;cH&ol uav;i,f (4˜ 957) OD;teuf (220) OD;omv#if rlpvifrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚ if;wdk@teufrS (10) OD;omv#if
(GAM) a&m*g &Sda=umif; (4² 5 µ + /- 2-3 µ) awG@&Sd&onf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif/ Tudef;*%ef;rsm;u jyqdkaeonfrSm touf (5)
ESpfatmuf rlpvifuav;i,f rsm;onf tjyif;pm; tm[m&csKd@wJh a&m*gjzpfyGm;r_E_ef;wGif oufwl &G,fwl tjcm; uav;rsm;xuf
ydkI jrifhrm;ae a=umif;yif jzpfygonf?
49
emwm&Snf§tjyif;pm; tm[m& csKd@wJha&m*g jzpfyGm;ol touf (5) ESpfatmuf uav;i,frsm;ESifh vlOD;a&
(udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (TBBC, Feb 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100
100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
emwm&Snf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ tjyif;pm; ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ emwm&Snf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ tjyif;pm; ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_
tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk; tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk; tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk; tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk;
rlpvifrsm; rlpvifr[kwfolrsm; rlpvifrsm; rlpvifr[kwfolrsm;
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
emwm&Snf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ tjyif;pm; ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ emwm&Snf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ tjyif;pm; ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_
tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk; tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk; tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk; tm[m&csKd@wJhr_ wckvHk;
pcef;rsm;Y a&m*góudwifumuG,fa&;ESifhqdkifaom usef;rma&; pDrHcsufvkyfief;rsm;vnf;

tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdygonf? uav;rsm; aqmhupm;cGifh &&Sdapa&; (Right To Play) tzGJ@.
yHkrSefvkyfay;aom “tm;upm; tpDtpOfrsm;jzifh uav;ESifh vli,frsm;.
usef;usef;rmrm zGH@jzdK;}uD;xGm;aa&;udk tm;ay;&ef”&nf&G,fonfh tm;upm; tajccH pDrH
csufvkyfief; uJhodk@aom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf?)
atmufaz:jyyg udef;*%ef;rsm;onf (Right To Play) tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif

'kuQ onfrsm;. yg0ifr_udk udk;uG,fonfhbmomtvdkuf az:jyxm;aom udef;*%ef;rsm;
jzpfygonf? (Ttpd&ifcHpmudk ðypkcsdefY (Right To Play) tzGJ@u rJa&mfrlpcef;rSm AvD - vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;.
vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaejcif;r&Sdyg?) vlr_a&; A[dkcsufrae&m (NP, 2009)
50
100
20
40
60
80
0
rJv
%
0efxrf;
%
apwemh0efxrf;
oifwef;q&mrsm;
100
20
40
60
80
0
ausmif;aqmif
oifwef;q&mrsm;
tpPvrf
0efxrf;
ausmif;aqmif
oifwef;om;rsm;
apwemh0efxrf;
(Right To Play) tpDtpOf.
oifwef;q&mrsm;
Edkzdk;
yDtD;q&mrsm;
ausmif;aqmif
tpPvrf
tjcm;
oifwef;q&mrsm;
yDtD;uav;rsm;
ausmif;aqmif
oifwef;om;rsm;
pcef;wckvHk;
yDtD;q&mrsm;
tjcm;
yDtD;uav;rsm;
51
100
20
40
60
80
pcef;wckvHk;
%
0efxrf;
apwemh0efxrf;
oifwef;q&mrsm;
ausmif;aqmif
tkef;zsHrdkif
oifwef;q&mrsm;
tpPvrf
ausmif;aqmif
oifwef;om;rsm;
yDtD;q&mrsm;
tjcm;
yDtD;uav;rsm;
pcef;wckvHk;
vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (RTP/TBBC, Feb 2010)
ynma&;
ausmif;xm;onfh ausmif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;
rlpvifuav;rsm;wufaom ausmif;trsKd;tpm; (4) rsKd; &Sdygonf?
• t"du ausmif;rsm;jzpfaom bmoma&;ESifh roufqdkifonfh &yf&Gmausmif;rsm;
(u&if'kuQ onfaumfrDwD. ynma&;u¾ - (KRCEE) .
vufatmufwGif zGifhvSpfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?)
• rlpviftkyfpkrsm;u wnfaxmifxm;+yD;/ yHkrSef bmom&yfrsm;a&m/ bmoma&;
oifcef;pmrsm;udkyg oif=um;ay;aom oif&dk;!$ef;wrf; a&mpyfausmif;rsm;?
Tausmif;rsm;onf bmoma&;udk OD;pm;ay;+yD;/ oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;xJrSm
zgpDESifh tma&As bmompum; (Farsi and Arabic) oifwef;rsm;udk tDrrf . “rufwuf (Maktab)”oifwef;rS
xnfhoGif;xm; onf? tDrrf (Immam) bmoma&;q&m wa,muftjzpf ausmif;om;rsm; (NP, 2009)
t&nftcsif;jynfhrDatmif ausmif;rSm (10) ESpf ynmoif&ef vdktyfonf?
• “yGefa'gh (Pondok)” - &dk;&m tpPvrf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;ausmif; jzpfonf? Tausmif;rSm a,mufsm; av;rsm;udkom
touf (7) ESpft&G,fY ausmif;tyfavh &Sd+yD;/ (10) ESpfcef@ ausmif;wuf=u&onf? ausmif;+yD;v#if pcef;jyifyrSm
bmoma&;oifcef;pmrsm;udk qufvuf oif,lwwf=u onf? tcsKd@u ul&ftef (Qur’an) usrf; (xdkae&mY ‘Hafiz’ [k
od=uonf) . tcef; (30) udk tm*Hkaqmif&ef ESpf tenf;i,fcef@ om ausmif;wuf=uonf? tcsKd@ausmif;om;rsm;u
qufvufI armfv0D bmom&yf (Mawlawi) udk avhvm=uonf? Tbmom&yfY Fique (tpPvrfw&m;Oya')/
tma&As bmompum; ESifh o'Ng/ (Qur’an) ul&ftefusrf;. teufjyefqdkcsufwdk@ yg0ifonf?
• “rufwuf (Maktab)”oifwef;rsm; - (Qur’an) ul&tefusrf;pm avhvmr_ESifh &Gwfzwfr_wdk@ay:tajccHaom
bmoma&;oifcef;pmrsm; ay;onf? Toifwef;rsm;udk eHeufapmapmESifh naecif;tcsdefrsm;rSm ay;onf?
tcdsefjynfhausmif;rsm;rSm wufaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tydkoifwef;rsm; jzpfonf?
tDrrf (Immam) ac: tpPvrfbmoma&;ynm&Siftjzpf toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyfvkyfvdkaom rlqvifvli,f rsm;onf

ausmif;rsm;rSm oif=um;aya;aom bmoma&; oifcef;pmrsm;tjyif/ tvkyf0ifjcif;twGuf vdktyfaom (4) v oifwef;udkyg
wuf=u&onf? (pcef;xJrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;tm;jzifh pcef;jyify&Sd rlpvif vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;xJrSm aomfvnf;aumif;
ausmif;wuf&jcif; jzpfonf)? Toifwef;onf tao;pm;tcsif;yGm; r_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf &Sm&D,mOya' (Sha’ria)
vufawG@usifhoHk;enf;udk avhusifhay;onfhtjyif pcef;rsm;xJrSm AvDpnf;&Hk;a&; aumfrDwD0ifjzpfa&;twGuf tajccH
owfrSwfcsufvnf; jzpfonf? TtwGuf bmoma&; oifwef;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiH. tjcm;ae&ma'orsm;Yvnf;aumif;/
jrefrmEdkifiHYvnf;aumif; wuf=u&+yD;/ vufawG@ uGif;qif; avhvmr_rsm;vnf; vkyf=u&a=umif; ajymjy=uonf?
tcGifhtvrf;ESifh 0ifqHhr_
rlpvifvifrsm; ñuHawG&aom tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf t"du &yf&Gmpmoifausmif;rsm;rSm jzpfyGm;jcif;
jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. ololigig ñuHawG@&rsm;aom tcuftcJrsm;&Sdyg.? Ttcufrsm;udk vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_ qdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;ESifh
toif;tyif; tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;rsm;[lI (2) rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifygonf?
vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_ qdkif&m tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;rsm;

TtaESmifht,Suf tcuftcJrsm;udk e,fy,ftrsKd;rsKd;rSm awG@&ygonf?
• txufu “vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m xdrfjrm;vufxyfr_” tcef;rSm &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif;yif rlpvifvlr_todkuft0ef;wGif
a,mufsm;/ rdef;rwdk@. tcef;u¾udk jywfjywfom;om; owfrSwfxm;jcif;a=umifh/ rdef;uav;rsm;. wm0ef0wW &m;rsm;ESifh
tdrfaxmifpk wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifa&;ESifh ywfoufaom owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf txufwef; ynmoifa&;xuf ta&;}uD;
aeygonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh rlpvif rdef;uav;rsm;xJrSm ausmif;aeonfh &mcdkifE_ef; enf;&onf? txl;ojzifh
txufwef;qifh ESifh wuUodkvf tqifhodk@ ausmif;qufwufonfhE_ef; enf;yg;ae&onf?
• &yf&Gm pmoifausmif;rSm ausmif;0wfpHk 0wf&mY tawmftwef ayghav#mhcGifhðyxm;onfhtwGufa=umifh rlpvif rdef;uav;rsm;
url “tHudkuf”0wfjyvdka=umif; awG@&onf? Todk@jzifh t0wftpm; qif,ifr_ESifh ywfoufaom ul&ftef (Qur’an) usrf;pm.
52
jyXmef;csufudk wif;wif;usyfusyfvdkufemr_ avsmhoGm;&onf? bmoma&; oGefoifcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&mY rdrdwdk@. uav;rsm;udk
ajcqHk;txd&Snfaom puwfrsm; abmif;bDrsm; ESifh &SyftuFsDvuf&Snfrsm;om 0wfap&aoma=umifh rlpviftdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@
aiGa=u;vnf; ydkIukefus&onf?
• t"du &yf&Gmpmoifausmif;udkvnf; wuf&/ “rufwuf ( Maktab)”ausmif;rSmvnf; oifwef;rsm; wuf&ojzifh w&ufrSm
pmoifcsdefpkpkaygif; (10) em&Dtxd &Sdaeonf[k rlpvifuav;i,f trsm;tjym;u ajymjy=uonf? TudpPonf tcuftcJ}uD;
w&yfjzpfonf[k a&a&&m&m xkwfrajym=uonfhwkdif/ uav;rsm;tzdk@ atmifrSwf&atmif yifyef;}uD;pGm tm;pdkuf&onfuawmh
xif&Sm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHwum ynma&;. pHxm;csufrsm;ESifh zDvmqef@usif jzpfaeygonf?
• ausmif;om;rsm; t"du ae@vnf 0wfðyyGJodk@wuf=uaom aom=umae@wGif
ausmif;ae@0uf ysufuGuf& onf? (11; 00 em&DrS 2; 00 em&Dtxd cGifhawmif;&rnf
jzpfonf)? odk@&mwGif cGifhawmif;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom jy\emudkrl az:jy=ujcif; r&Sdacs?)
• rlpvifuav;rsm;onf ‚ if;wdk@. wrlxl;jcm;aom t0wftqifESifh bmom
t,l0g'a=umifh ausmif;rSm tEdkif usifhcH=u&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh E_wftm;jzifh
&efp=uonfh yHkpHrsKd; jzpfonf?
tpPvrfausmif; ("mwfyHk Zpfjrpfrod)
toif;tyif; tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tcuftcJt[ef@twm;rsm;

Tae&mY t"duusaom t[ef@twm;onf yifra&pD;a=umif;wGif &Sdaeaom ausmif;rsm;. yifr oif=um;r_ bmompum; (core
language of instruction) yif jzpfygonf? q&m/ q&mrrsm;u pmoifcef;xJrSm bmom pum;rsKd;pHk a&mI toHk;ðyaomfvnf;/
xda&mufaom oif,lr_ jzpfapa&;rSm rao;vSaom twm;tqD;wck jzpfaea=umif;/ txl;jzifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rSm 0ifqHhr_
enf;olrsm;ESifh pcef;xJodk@ topfa&mufvmolrsm; tzdk@ rao;vSaom twm;tqD;wck jzpfaea=umif; az:jy=uonf?
tusKd;quftjzpf u&ifbmompum;udk yxr bmompum;tjzpf oHk;pGJjcif;r&Sdaom rlpvifESifh tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
ydkIpmar;yGJuswwfjcif;onf pcef;xJrSm tpOfjzpfaeaom udpPjzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m/ bkwfppf pmar;yGJrsm; (touf 9-10 ESpfESifh 13-
14 ESpf ausmif;om; rsm;twGuf pmar;yGJrsm;) rSm us&_H;+yD;v#if ausmif;rSxGufoGm;zdk@ ydkrsm;wwfonf? TtcsufrSm (autJef,l)
tzGJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@zsm;a'o ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; jzpfay:aea=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; &Sdae onf? 38
pcef;xJrSm “umvwm&Snf”aevmcJhaom rlpvifuav;rsm; (txl;ojzifh rdrdwdk@udk,f rdrdwdk@ “u&ifrlpvif rsm;”[k az:jyaom

uav;rsm;) tzdk@ oif=um;r_ bmompum;jy\emonf tcuftcJ t[ef@twm; odyf rjzpfacs? odk@&mwGif bmompum; (5) rsKd;
(jrefrm/ t*Fvdyf/ u&if/ xdkif;ESifh tl&'l) udk toHk;csEdkifavmufaom u|rf;usifr_ &&Sda&; 0efxkyf0efydk;}uD;u
rlpvifausmif;om;tm;vHk;. ynma&;wdk;wufr_ESifh ywfoufI pdwfzdpD;r_ wdk;apygonf? zgpDESifh tma&As bmompum; (Farsi and
Arabic) udkvnf;oifavh&Sdaom oif&dk;!$ef;wrf; a&mpyfausmif;rsm; (Mixed curriculum schools) udk wufaomtcgY
jy\emu ydkI}uD;ygonf? (qdkvdkonfrSm pkpkaygif; bmompum; 7-rsKd; oif,lae&jcif; jzpfonf)?
ausmif;rSwfyHkwifa=u; tcuftcJESifh rdrdwdk@. uav;rsm;udk ynmvdkvm;pdwf&Sdatmif oGefoifjcif;r&Sdaom ynmrwwfol

rdbrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcuftcJrsm;udk rlpvif tzGJ@tpnf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ajymjy=uygonf? odk@&mwGif
Tjy\emrsm;onf pcef;xJ&Sd trsm;olig ñuHawG@ae&aom jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf?
xdk@jyif rSwfom;&efta&;}uD;aom tcsufrSm - ynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;/ 0ifqHhr_wdk@ESifh ywfoufaom tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh

pcef;tm;vHk;&Sd rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vlom;csifpmemr_qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf 0efxrf;rsm;cef@tyf&mY bmoma&;
wef;wlnDr#cGifhudk odyftav;rxm;a=umif;/ xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ynmt&nftcsif; owfrSwfcsufrsm; (txl;ojzifh
u&ifbmompum;ESifh t*Fvdyfbmompum; u|rf;usifr_) udk rlpviftrsm;pku vdkufrrSDjcif;a=umifhvnf; wef;wlrnDr#r_onf
ydkIqdk;oGm;a=umif; ajymjy=uonf?
38
(ABMU) rlpviftzGJ@udk,fpm;vS,fu ajym=um;&mwGif “æ rlpvifuav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;wGif u&ifbmom pum;
xnfhoGif;jcif;onf taxmuftul jzpfapa=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; uav;rsm; em;vnf&ef cufcJa=umif;/ rvdkvm;tyfaom tusKd;quftaeESifh
uav;rsm;u pmar;yGJ us&_H;+yD;aemuf ausmif;qufrwufvdk jzpf&a=umif;” ajymjyonf? Thein Lwin, Barnabas and Nan Lung, ‘Children’s
Opportunity to Learn in the Ethnic Nationality Areas in Burma’, April 2001, at
http://www.educationburma.org/Paper%203%20Children%20to%20Learn.htm.
53
atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;rsm;onf bmoma&;ESifh rqdkifonfh t"du &yf&Gmausmif;rsm;rSm (2009-10) ckESpf twGif;u
ausmif;wufaom ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;q&mwdk@udk udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf az:jyxm;&m/ ausmif;rsm;rSm
rlpvifuav;rsm; twufenf;a=umif;/ txufwef;tqifh (secondary level) wGif ydkIyifenf;oGm;a=umif; awG@&ygonf?
odk@&mwGif pcef;wGif; bmoma&;tkyfpk toD;oD;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;. touft&G,f tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf+yD;/ tcdkiftrm ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm; cs&ef vdktyfaeygao; onf?
(2009§10) ynmoifESpf/ ausmif;om;/ q&mOD;a&ESifh pcef;&Sd vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (KRCEE, Feb 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40 % %
20
20
0
tdkpDtD;tD; 0efxrf;rsm;
ausmif;0efxrf;
pcef;wckvHk;
ADGwD 0efxrf;rsm;
tmwDwD
0
rlvwef;ausmif;om;
txufwef;ausmif;om;
ausmif;0efxrf;
pcef;wckvHk;
ADGwD 0efxrf;rsm;
tmwDwD
rlvwef;ausmif;om;
txufwef;ausmif;om;
Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;
100
80 100
60 80
%
40 60
40 %
20
20
0
pcef;wckvHk;
ADGwD 0efxrf;rsm;
tmwDwD
ausmif;0efxrf;
txufwef;ausmif;om;
rlvwef;ausmif;om;
0
pcef;wckvHk;
ADGwD 0efxrf;rsm;
tmwDwD
ausmif;0efxrf;
txufwef;ausmif;om;
rlvwef;ausmif;om;
Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;

ausmif;om;taqmifrsm;
pcef;rsm;xJrSm ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;tdyf/ ausmif;pm;xm;yHk (2) rsKd; &Sdygonf? pcef;wGif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk xm;jcif;
(t"dutm;jzifh txufwef;vGef/ odk@r[kwf bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf?) ESifh pcef;jyifyrS ausmif;om;rsm;udk
(jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif; txl;ojzifh aus;vufe,fajrrsm;rSm aiGa=u;tcuftcJa=umifah omfvnf;aumif;/ ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;
csKd@wJhjcif;a=umifh aomfvnf;aumif;) xm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? (T “jynfwGif;'kuQ onf (IDP) ausmif;om;”tjzpfodk@
54
a&mufapaom jynfywGef;ydk@ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvmr_vkyf&efrSm TtpD&ifcHpm. e,fy,f
tus,ft0ef;xuf ausmfvGefaeygonf?)
'kwd,trsKd;tpm; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; taqmifaeausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIqdk&v#if/ rdrd. rdom;pkrSm pcef;om;rsm;ESifh

tquftoG,f&Sdygu trsm;tm;jzifh xdkausmif;om;udk vufcHygonf? atmufyg *&yf (2) ckpD ygaom yHkrsm;u taqmifae
ausmif;om; rsm;udk udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf az:jyxm;ygonf? yxr*&yfonf ausmif;om;tvHk;pHkESifhywfoufI
az:jyxm;jcif; jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,*&yfonf taz:ryg wudk,fwnf;vmaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI (COEER) tzGJ@u
az:jyaom *&yfjzpfygonf? *&yf (2) ckpvHk;u az:jyaeonfrSm rlpvif uav;rsm; pcef;xJu taqmifrsm;rSm aeaom
tcsKd;tpm;onf ododomom enf;aeonf[lI jzpfygonf? Todk@ taqmifrsm;rSm taeenf;&jcif;ESifh ywfoufI ta=umif;
tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf?
•ausmif;om;taqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh rlpviftodkif;t0dkif;rSvmolrsm; r[kwfaom “jynfwGif;'kuQ onf
(IDP) ausmif;om;”rsm; twGuf wnfaxmifxm;onf jzpfjcif;?
•ausmif;om;taqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf bmoma&;oabmvnf; aqmifjcif;/ txl;ojzifh c&pf,mefbmom
oabmaqmifjcif;?
•ausmif;om;taqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf bHkcsufðywfpm;aomufjcif;a=umifh ‚ if;tcsufonf rlpvifwdk@. pm;aomufa&;
vdktyfcsufrsm;twGuf tcuftcJ t[e@ftwm; jzpfaejcif;?
•pcef;xJrSm ynmoifrnhf taz:ryg wudk,fwnf;jzpfaeaom uav;rsm;onf bmoma&; ausmif;rsm;rSm ae=ujcif;ESifh
‚ if;wdk@udk “ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; pepf”. jyifyrSm odk@r[kwf AvDrSm aeEdkifatmif bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u
pDpOfay;jcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm; jzpfonf?
ausmif;om;taqmifrSmaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh pcef; vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (TBBC, Feb/ Mar 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100
100
80
80
60
60
%
%
40
40
20
20
0 0
taqmifaeausmif;om; pcef;wckvHk; taqmifaeausmif;om; pcef;wckvHk;
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
taqmifaeausmif;om; pcef;wckvHk; taqmifaeausmif;om; pcef;wckvHk;
55
rSwfcsuf? ? rJv/ tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;wGif rlpvif ausmif;om;vlaeaqmifrsm; &Sd=uygonf? Edkzdk;pcef;wGifrl ‚
if;vlaeaqmifwckonf yifrAvDESifh
wGJv#uf xm;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttaqmifonf (wDbDbDpD) ESifh (COERR) tzGJ@. p&if;Z,m;rsm;wGif ryg&Sdyg? ta=umif;rSm
bmoma&;oifcef;pm avhvm&ef a&muf&Sdvmaom uav;rsm;udk ,m,Dxm;&ef pDpOfxm;onfhtwGufvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? rJvpcef;. tpPvrfrpf
rdbrJhuav;ausmif; ESifh tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;&Sd 'g&l; tl vGrf; (Darool U Loom) taqmifrsm;onf (wDbDbDpD) ESifh (COERR) tzGJ@. apmifh =unfhavhvmr_
p&if;Z,m;rsm;wGif yg0ifygonf?
ausmif;om; taqmifrSmaeaom wudk,fwnf;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf)

(COERR/TBBC, Feb 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
taqmifae pcef;wckvHk; taqmifae pcef;wckvHk;

wudk,fwnf;ausmif;om; wudk,fwnf;ausmif;om;

100
100
80
80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
taqmifae wudk,fwnf;ausmif;om; pcef;wckvHk; taqmifae wudk,fwnf;ausmif;om; pcef;wckvHk;
ausmif;raeaom (yHkrSef r[kwfaom) ynma&;
yHkrSef ausmif;aeaom ynma&;tjyif/ a&G;cs,fp&mESifh odk@r[kwf jznfhpGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ay;&ef/ ausmif;raeaom

yHkrSefr[kwfonfh ynma&; (non-formal reducation-NFE) vkyfief; tpDtpOf trsKd;rsKd;udk csrSwfxm;onf rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;teuf trsm;pkjzpfaom u&if'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;xJrSm Tvkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh
az:aqmifaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;onf Zdktm 'kuQ onfrsm; apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@ (ZOA Refugee Care) jzpfygonf? atmufyg
udef;*%ef;rsm;wGif rlpviftkyfpkrsm;r&Sdaom pcef;rsm;rS udef;*%ef;rsm; yg0ifaeygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif Tvkyfief;tpDtpOfrSm
tusKH;0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk udk;uG,fonfh bmom tvdkuf cGJjcm;jy+yD;/ vlOD;a&tm;vHk;ESifh E_dif;,SOf az:jyxm;ygonf?
56
(NFE) ausmif;om;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh u&if 'kuo
Qnfpcef; (7) ck. vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmom tvdkuf) (ZOA,
KRC-EE, Feb 2010)
u&if 'kuQ
onfpcef;rsm; tm;vHk;
100
80
60
%
40
20
0
tefiftufzftD;ausmif;om; tefiftufzftD;q&m pcef; 7-ckvHk;
vkyfief;tpDtpOf aemufwckrSm (SVA) . vkyfief;tpDtpOf jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;tpDtpOf. &nf&G,fcsufrSm “ynma&;

ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpfqdkif&m tcGifhta&;wdk@tay: tajccHvsuf/ uav;oli,frsm;. wefzdk;xm;r_/ oabmxm;/ todtjrifwdk@
zGH@òzd;wdk;wufap&ef jzpf+yD;/ pmzwfjcif; (tavhtusifh) wdk;wufa&; vkyfief;tpDtpOf jzifh tcuftcJawG@aeaom uav;rsm;udk
ypfrSwfxm; aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf”? atmufygyHkrsm;u tpDtpOf. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJrSm yg0ifaom uav;oli,frsm;udk
udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf cGJjcm;jyxm;ygonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&maumif;onfrSm ,Ofaus;r_ vkyfief;rsm;wGif rlpvifuav;rsm;.
yg0ifr_E_ef; jrifhrm;aejcif;yif jzpfygonf?
(SVA) tpDtpOf xdawG@aqmif&Gufr_ ESifh u&if 'kuQ

onfpcef;tm;vHk;. vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmom tvdkuf) (SVA/ TBBC,
Feb 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60
%60
%
40
40
20
20
0
0
pm=unfhwdkuf pm=unfhwdkuf ,Ofaus;r_ tjcm; pcef;wckvHk;
pm=unfhwdkuf pm=unfhwdkuf ,Ofaus;r_ tjcm; pcef;wckvHk;
aumfrDwD y&dowf vkyfief;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
aumfrDwD y&dowf vkyfief;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
rlpvifrsm; rlpvifr[kwfolrsm;
rlpvifrsm; rlpvifr[kwfolrsm;
57
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
pm=unfhwdkuf pm=unfhwdkuf ,Ofaus;r_ tjcm; pcef;wckvHk; pm=unfhwdkuf pm=unfhwdkuf ,Ofaus;r_ tjcm; pcef;wckvHk;
aumfrDwD y&dowf vkyfief;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aumfrDwD y&dowf vkyfief;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
58
pcef;rsm;xJ&Sd rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;u ‚ if;wdk@ trsm;qHk;vkyfudkif=uaom t"du pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; (2) ckudk az:jy=uygonf?
‚if;wdk@rSm ta&mif;t0,fvkyfjcif;/ 0efaqmifr_ay;jcif; ESifh wd&dp>mefarG;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? tdrfaxmifpk. &duQ
mvHkðcHr_ ydk&Sdvma&;
twGuf (xdk@tjyif tm[m& ydkrdk&&Sda&;twGufvnf; jzpfonf?) at*sifpD tzGJ@tpnf; trsKd;rsKd;u pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;
udk csrSwfaqmif&Gufonfjzpf&m/ Tta=umif;t&mudk wd&dp>mef arG;jrLa&; tcef;wGif xnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;ygrnf?
ta&mif;t0,fvkyfjcif;/ 0efaqmifr_ay;jcif;
ta&mif;t0,fvkyfjcif;onf pcef;xJrSm rlpvifwdk@. tjrifomqHk; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; jzpfonf? aps;rsm;xJY vnf;aumif;/ c&D;oGm;
a&mif;csjcif;tvkyfYvnf;aumif; rlpvifwdk@ trsm;qHk; yg0ifvkyfaqmifavh&Sdjcif;ESifh òrd@rsm;ESifh pcef;rsm;t=um;wGif ukefypPnf;rsm;udk
r=umr=um o,f,lydk@aqmifaejcif;wdk@u Ttcsufudk az:jyaeygonf? 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;qdkonfrSm txl;ojzifh em&Djyifjcif;/
xD;jyifjcif;/ pufbD;jyifjcif;uJhodk@aom 0efaqmifr_rsKd;ESifh t"dy`g,f twlwljzpfaomfvnf; 0efaqmifr_ Tvkyfief;rsm;udk rlpvifwdk@csnf;
vkyfudkifonfawmh r[kwfacs?
rlpvif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. tkyfpk (3) pk (zuf 3-zuf) udk jyef=unfhvdkufv#if (txufu

tcef; rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uH aexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;- vlr_a&; ,Ofaus;r_
udk =unfhyg) pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif t"dutm;jzifh vkyfaeolrsm;onf 'kwd,tkyfpkESifh
wwd,tkyfpk ESpfpkaygif; (jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;§ taemufydkif;ae rlpvifrsm; tkyfpkESifh
xdkif;tajcpdkuf rlpvifrsm; tkyfpk) rS vlrsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&ygonf?
rlpvifwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif pdwf"mwfudk tm;ay;aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGm

&Sdygonf? ‚ if;wdk@rSm xdkif; EdkifiH. òrd@jyt&yfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f&Sdjcif;/ jynfEdkifiHwGif;
pcef;wGif;&Sd aumufI&aom trd_ufrsm;udk a&$@ajymif;tajccsEdkifaom tvkyform;tpDtpOft& ukefonfrsm;tjzpf r=umao;rDu
pkxm;&mtdrf (NP, 2009) rSwfyHkwifI&+yD;/ tvG,fwul c&D;oGm;vmEdkifjcif;/ oGm;vma&;wGif wdk;Iwdk;I uef@owf
csKyfcs,fjcif; cHae&aom jrefrm twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aeolrsm;jzpf+yD;/
EdkifiHa&;uif;onfh &yfwnf csuf,lxm;jcif; ponfta=umif;tcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufonf pcef;wGif; tiftm;pkrsm;xJrSm tawmf*,uf &dkufapygonf? om"utaeESifh az:jy&rnfqdkv#if/
(2004) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif;Y 'kuQ onf acgif;aqmifrsm;u “pcef;rsm;xJrSm rvdkvm;tyfaom pD;yGm;a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
a=umifh jzpfyGm;&aom jy\emrsm;”ta=umif;udk ukvor*~'kuQ onfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; (UNHCR) udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
xHodk@ wdkifpm ydk@cJhonf? “jr0wDzufrS 'kuQ onfopfrsm; (rlpvif pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;) a&muf&SdvmcJhcsdefupI ta&mif;t0,f
vkyfief;jzifh pD;yGm;&Smaom 'kuQ onfqdkolrsm;a=umifh ‘b*Fvm;ukvm;rsm;’xºuGaeonf” 39 [kaz:jycJhonf? odk@&mwGif
Ttjcif;t&monf pcef;rsm;rSm t}uD;tus,f ESifh tm;aumif;aom pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay: wdk;wufa&;twGuf rsm;pGm
tusKd;ðyaeygonf? odk@r[kwfygu tcuftcJ rsm;wdk;I wdk;I ñuHawG@ae&aom tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh tdrf&SifEdkifiH. tm%mydkifrsm;u
tajymif;tvJ wpHkw&mr&Sd[k xifrSwfp&m ta=umif; &Sdaeayonf?
aiGa&;a=u;a&;ESifhywfoufI trSefwu,f jzpfay:aeaom tajctae

xdkif;EdkifiH. vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; aumif;rGefr_a=umifh qdkifrsm;rSm ypPnf;rsm;pHkvif+yD;/
qdkif&Sifrsm; csrf;omae=uonf[k xifp&m&Sdaomfvnf;/ wu,fhtjzpfrSefu
Todk@r[kwfacs? (t&if;tESD;udk t"dutm;jzifh tjcm;vlrsm;u ydkifjcif; jzpfygonf)?
qdkvdkonfrSm xdkif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u ukefypPnf;rsm;udk óudwifI xkwfay;xm;+yD;/ wv
twGif;rSm a&mif;&aom ypPnf;rsm;. rlvwefzdk;udk aemufypPnf;rsm; rydk@ay;rDrSm
aiGacs&jcif; jzpfonf? qdkif tao;rsm;onf vnf; tvm;wl oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
vnfywfvkyfudkif ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif t"dutm;jzifh qdkif}uD;rsm; ESifh
oabmwlnDcsuf vkyf=ujcif; jzpfonf?
tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;&Sd ukefajcmufqdkif
("mwfyHk Zpfjrpfrod)
39
Hugo Rami, ‘Mission Report: Mae Sot, ML Camp, NP Camp, Umpiem Camp, 19-24 July 2004’, United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Regional Office for Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, Bangkok, 28 July 2004, p. 3.
59
rJa&mfrlpcef; tdrfaxmifpk0ifaiG trsm;pkudk vufvDa&mif;jcif;rS &jcif;jzpfonf? qdkif&Sifrsm;onf rJqrfvufyf ESifh rJq&D;,ef;òrd@rsm;rS
ukefonfrsm; taºuG;ay;onfudk ,l=uonf? rJv/ tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;&Sd aps;qdkifrsm;onf rJaqmufòrd@&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
tay: tm;xm;=uonf? odk@&mwGif tqifhedrfhaom qdkifrsm;url eD;&mòrd@&Sd tquftoG,frsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ pcef;wGif;&Sd
tquftoG,frsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; vnfywfvkyfudkif=u onf? rJvpcef;Y rJ&rwf ESifh xaqmif;,ef; òrd@rS tquftoG,frsm;/
tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Y azghz&rS tquftoG,frsm;/ Edkzdk;pcef;Y tkef;zHòrd@rS tquftoG,frsm;jzifh vkyfudkifae=uonf)?
T”=um;vl”rsm;a=umifh tjrwf&EdkifpGrf; enf;onf?
a&mif;aom ukefypPnf;ay:rlwnfvsuf tjrwfE_ef; uGmjcm;ygonf? odk@&mwGif qdkif&Siftrsm;pku t0,ftvdkufqHk; ypPnf;rsm;udk

wifa&mif;=uonf? om"utm;jzifh -
• puf&Hkxkwf tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh tvSukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI jrefrmEdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdk@. aus;vuf a'orsm;rSm
xHk;pHjzpfaeaom “10 cktwGuf 12 ck ydkIay;jcif;” vufum;pepfudk usifhoHk;onf?
•(ypPnf; 12 tdwfudk vufvD 10 tdwfaps;jzifh &&Sd&m/ vufvDa&mif;oltzdk@ tjrwfE_ef;onf 20µ jzpfonf?
• t0wftxnfESifh tdrfaxmifoHk;ypPnf;rsm; a&mif;v#if trsm;tm;jzifh 25 µ tjrwf usefavh&Sdonf?
òrd@ay:rS taºuG;a&mif;olwdk@onf ypPnf;rsm;udk pcef;ta&muf ydk@ay;=uonf? odk@&mwGif ydk@aqmifa&;p&dwfudk ypPnf;.

usoifhaiGxJrSm xnfhoGif;wGufcsufonf? pcef;xJrS aiGa=u; ydkIwwfEdkif+yD;/ odk@r[kwf “tav;teuf” pOf;pm;wwfaom
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u o,faqmifp&m um;rsm;udk (taºuG;) 0,f,lI/ odk@r[kwf iSm;,l+yD; òrd@ay:rS ukefypPnf;rsm;udk vufum;
0,f,l=uonf? Todk@jzifh ydkIcsKdomaom aps;E_ef;jzifh pcef;wGifa&mif;Edkifonf? pcef;ae pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; &Sifrsm;onf òrd@odk@oGm;&mY
o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; (pcef;xJrSm jyifIr&aom ypPnf;rsm;udk òrd@rSm jyif&ef ydk@ay;jcif;/ avmifpmqDyHk;rsm;udk wifaqmifay;jcif;/
c&D;onfrsm;udk wifaqmifjcif; ponfwdk@) vkyfudkifjcif; tm;jzifh toGm;ukef-tjyefukef&Edkifor#&atmif óud;pm;um
p&dwfausaponf? rSmaomukefypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; òrd@rSm 0,fay;+yD;/ tjrwfwifI
jyefa&mif;csonf?
pcef;xJ&Sd rlpvif vufvDaps;qdkif&Sifwdk@onf pcef;xJodk@a&mufrvmrDu pD;yGm;a&;

tqifajya&;twGuf òrd@ay:&Sd ‚ if;wdk@. bmoma&; tquftoG,frsm;udk toHk;cscJhonf?
onfhaemufydkif;/ pcef;xJ r0ifrDrSm taºuG;rsm;udk jyefrqyfEdkifbJ/ ysufuGufr_rsm;
ododomom }uD;rsm;vmcJhonf? ,cktcgY xdkif;EdkifiHxJ&Sd rlpvifukefonfrsm;u
taºuG;ay;vdkpdwf r&Sdawmhacs? rSwfom;zG,ftcsufrSm rJaqmuf&Sd xdkif;-w&kwf
a&G@vsm;oGm;vmI &aom “&dkwD” yvmwm vkyfief;&Sif todkif;t0dkif;u pcef; wGif; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tajctaeudk a&&Snftjrifjzifh
a&mif;csa&; vkyfief; (NP, 2009) =unfhum/ TuGufvyfwGif/ txl;ojzifh rJvpcef;wGif 0ifjznfh aevsuf&Sdonf?
“tenf;tusOf;r# qHk;&_H;cH”+yD;/ T “ay:xGef;p aps;uGuf”rSm tcsuftcsmvnf;us/
wm&Snfvnf; cHaom tcef;u¾ ae&mudk wnfaqmufvdk=uonf?
qufqHa&;wnfwhHaea&;twGuf e,fjrxdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;tm; w&m;r0ifaom “ay;acsr_”vkyfay;aeonfhwdkif (Todk@

vkyfay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u pcef;rsm;. tvGef&_yfaxG;vSaom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_udk tqifajyatmif
vkyfay;aeonf) pD;yGm;&Smjcif;ESifh ywfoufI rjrif&aom aysmhuGufwuGufonf tcsKd@aom pcef;rsm;Y aumif;pGm
tjrpfwG,faeygonf? TaysmhuGufonf rlpvif pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0dkif;ESifhom oufqdkifonf r[kwfacs? (xdk@a=umifh
Tavhvmcsuf. ,ck tpD&ifcHpm. avhvmr_ e,fy,fjyifyodk@ a&mufoGm;ygonf)? odk@jzpfaomfvnf; rlpvifwdk@onf Tpcef;rsm;.
pcef;wGif; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rSm tcsuftcsm tqifhae&m &xm;onfjzpf&m Txl;jcm;aom aiGa&;a=u;a&;udpPonf
rlpviftodkif; t0dkif;udk tcsKd;tpm; }uD;rm; pGm xdcdkufapygonf? pcef;jyifodk@ tvkyfxGufvkyfjcif; tygt0if tjcm;aom
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm; udpPwGifvnf; Ttcsufudk xnfhwGufoifhygonf? tzrf;cH&jcif;/ rdrdwdkif;jynfodk@ jyefydk@cH&jcif;
tEW &m,f enf;oGm; atmif pcef;ol pcef;om;rsm;onf xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;qDrSm c&D;oGm;vufrSwfrsm;udk &,l Edkifygonf? ( 3 &uf
rS 7 &ufumvtwGuf bwf 100-150 ay;&onf? rSwfyHkwif tqifhtwef;ay:rlwnfyg onf)? TumvwdktwGif;rSm
tvkyfvkyfI &&Sdrnfh ae@pOfvkyfcESifh vufrSwftwGuf ukefusaiG/ c&D; p&dwf ukefusaiGwdk@udk wGuf=unfhygu pcef;wGif; ay;acsr_pepf
(Tta=umif;udk atmufrSm tao;pdwfaz: jyxm;ygonf) ESifh ‚ if;. &dkufcwfcsufonf tjcm;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpmv#if pcef;wGif; toufarG;0rf; ausmif;vkyfief;ESifh tjrwftpGef; &&SdEdkifr_wdk@ tay: jcdrf;ajcmufr_ enf;ygonf?
60
rJvpcef;wGif TuJhodk@aom pepfrsKd;&Sdaeygonf? Tpepft& 'kuQ onftm%mydkifrsm;onf óudwifowfrSwfxm; aom vpOfaiGudk
pcef;xJ&Sd aps;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; qDrS aumuf,l+yD;/ e,fajr xdkif; tm%m ydkifrsm;udk ay;onf? aumufcHaom
aiGyrm%onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;. t&G,ftpm;ESifh trsKd;tpm;ay:rSm rlwnf ygonf? (tao;qHk; tdrfwGif;vkyfief;udk vpOf 10-
30 bwf owfrSwf+yD;/ tawmftwef }uD;aom pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udkrl bwf 500 avmuftxd aumufcHonf)? tqifrajy
jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tzdk@ ay;&rnfh aiGudk qdkif;iHhxm;Edkifaomfvnf; 'kuQ onf vl}uD;rsm;tzdk@ ay;acsaiGyrm%udk vpOf
worwfwnf;ay;=u&onf? Edkzdk;pcef; wGifrl TuJhodk@aom tavhtxrsKd; r&Sdyg[k pcef;ae rlpvifrsm;u ajymjy=uygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqdkifaom TudpPonf rnfr#=umcJh+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;tay: rnfr#&dkufcwfa=umif;
wdk@udk od&Sd&a&; twGuf qufvuf pHkprf;avhvmoGm;&ef vdktyfaeygonf?
rlpvifrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifonfr[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfrsm;ta=umif; az:jy&rnfqdkv#if

armfawmf,mOfrsm;udk “rSwfyHkwif”&jcif;yif jzpfygonf (rJvpcef;wGif armfawmfqdkufu,fwpD; twGuf ESpfpOf rSwfyHkwifa=u;onf
avmavmq,frSm bwf 500 jzpfonf)? pcef;odk@ay;aom v#yfppf "mwftm;conf (1) ,lepfv#if (5² 7) bwf jzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif rDwm&Sdaom tdrfrsm;u tjcm;tdrfrsm;odk@ v#yfppfrD;oG,fay;&m Y (1) ,lepfv#if (10 -12) bwf aumuf,l=uonf?
wd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;…
aocsmwyftyf rajymEdkifaomfvnf; wd&dp>mefarG;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;
onfvnf; wwfcfc&dkif&Sd pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpviftkyfpkrsm;ESifh wom;wnf;uJhodk@ aps;E_ef;rsm; (Edkzdk;pcef;)
EGm; - EGm;ayguf waumifv#if (1˜ 500) bwf/
qufpyfaeygonf? txl;ojzifh u|J/ EGm;ESifh qdwfarG;jrLa&; jzpfonf? (pcef;xJ&Sd
r'ef;t&G,f waumifv#if (5-6˜ 000)bwf/
trsm;wumwdk@u 0uf/ =uuf/ bJ wdk@udk t"duxm;I arG;jrL=uonf)? vufa&G;pif - (8˜ 000) bwf?
aemufuG,fuaeI aiGxkwfay;xm;+yD;/ tjyifyef;rSm “usef;rm/ csrf;om”yHk qdwf - qdwfayguf waumifv#if (3-400)
aygufaeaom vufvDa&mif; pD;yGm;a&;enf;wlyif wd&dp>mef arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;. bwf/ r'ef;t&G,fwumifv#if (7-800) bwf/
tcsKd;tpm;tawmfrsm;onfvnf; aemufuae aiGa=u;xkwfay;aeolESifh vufa&G;pif- (1˜ 200) bwf?
0,folt=um; rSm “=um;vl” (yGJpm;) vkyfae=uaom pcef;aevlxkrsm; tay:rSm
tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
om"u aqmifjy&ygv#if/ rJvpcef;. rlpvif&yfuGufrsm;xJESifh teD;tem;0ef;usifrSm rsm;vSpGmaom EGm;ESifh qdwfrsm;
&Sdaejcif;udk=unfhygu Twd&dp>meftrsm;pkudk rlpvif”tvkyform;rsm;” ydkifjcif; r&Sda=umif; =umv#ifod&yg vdrfhrnf? trsm;tm;jzifh
Twd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf e,fcH xdkif;-u&if aus;&Gmom;rsm;. vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf (xdkif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;.
taxmuftyHhjzifh vkyfonfrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfonf)? xdkvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u pcef; tjyifrSaeI =uyfrwfonf? trJay:cgeD;rSyif
wd&dp>mefudk pcef;xJ/ odk@r[kwf pcef; teD;odk@ qGJac:oGm;+yD;/ trJom; a&mif;+yD;+yD;csif; ydkufqHjyefqyf&rnf[laom oabmwlcsufjzifh
tdrfaxmifpk wpkodk@ taºuG;a&mif;csonf?
e,fajrpD;yGm;a&;tajctaetawmftwef wnf+idrfpGmjzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD; aemufwGif tcsKd@rlpvif wdk@onf Tvkyfief;rSaeI

wd&dp>mef arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;. t&G,fyrm% aiGpkrd=u+yD;/ udk,fydkifwd&dp>mefrsm;udk arG;jrLEdkifvmcJh=uonf? Ttajctaeodk@
tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;&Sd rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. a&mufaom olwdk@onf teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;rS wd&dp>mefrsm;udk aps;csKdcsKdjzifh
10 µonf EGm;/ odk@r[kwf qdwfarG;jrL=u+yD;/ 0,f,l=uonf? TwGif tom;xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf pawmhonf? (trJay:vdku ay:rnf/
pcef;rSm wd&dp>mef aumif a& (100-150) odk@wnf;r[kwf 0atmif au|;arG;+yD;rS trJay: vdku ay:rnf/ odk@wnf;r[kwf arG;jrLzdk@
&Sdonf[k cef@rSef;&onf? xm;vdkuxm;rnf? jr‡KyfESHvdkaom odk@r[kwf jr‡KyfESHEdkifaom t&if;tESD; yrm%ay:rSm
rlwnfonf? u|JEGm;rsm;udk pcef;ydkifeufxJrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ pcef;teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifrSm aomfvnf;aumif; awG@&wwfaomf
vnf;/ narSmifvmv#if ‚ if;wdk@udk pcef;tjyifrSm rxm;wwf=uacs? u|J EGm;cdk;r_rsm; tvGefjzpfyGm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
pcef;rsm;. wbuf/ txl;ojzifh wwfcfc&dkif. wzuf jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;e,fajrrsm;rS a&mufvmaom u|J/ EGm;rsm;udkvnf;
0,f,lygonf? odk@&mwGif u|J EGm;rsm;a&mufvmaom ae&mrSm trJay:onfawmh r[kwfacs? xdkae&mrsm;rSm tajctae
raumif;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? (autJef,l) tzGJ@ xdef;csKyfaom e,fajrrsm;ESifh/ ukefonf vrf;a=umif;wdk@udk ('DaubDat) tzGJ@u
odrf;,lcJh+yD;aemuf/ vGefcJhaomESpfupI e,fajr tajctaeonf ododomom}uD; ydkI qdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf? txl;ojzifh rJvpcef;.
wzuf e,fajrrSm jzpfonf?
61
æ ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;
rlpviftkyfpkrsm; vkyfudkif=uaom t"du pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; (3) ckrSm [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysKd;jcif;/ pcef;tjyif ajruGufrsm;rSm
pdkufysKd;jcif;ESifh pdkufcif;tvkyform; tjzpf tvkyfvkyfjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf[k rlpviftkyfpk udk,fpm; vS,frsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u
ajymjy=uygonf?
tjcm;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;udk pHkprf;avhvmpOfuESifh rwlbJ/ rlpviftkyfpkrsm;ESifh pcef;xJ&Sd trsm;wumwdk@

vkyfudkif=uaom yxr vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; (2) ckESifh tcsKd@aom pcef;rsm;wGif usef'kuQ onfvlxk rsm; vkyfudkif=uaom yxr
vkyfief; trsKd;tpm; (2) ckwdk@. E_dif;,SOfcsufESifh rwljcm;em;csufwdk@udk a,bk,s csKyfqdkazmfjy&mY tcuftcJ tawmfawG@cJh&ygonf?
tdrfywf0ef;usif&Sd ajruGufusOf;usOf;rSm [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkuf ysKd;olrsm;onf (pcef;xJ&Sd trsm;wumenf;wl) tcsKd@aom
pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u az:jy=uaomfvnf;/ tcsKd@pcef;rsm;Yrl Todk@pdkufysKd;ol enf;onfvnf;&Sd/
rsm;onfvnf; &Sdonf? ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGmtay:rSm rlwnfygonf? ‚ if;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;rSm pcef;xJ&Sd tdrfwnf&m ae&m/
vlr_-pD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef;/ aexdkifr_b0 yHkpHwdk@jzpfonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh qdk&v#if/ rlpviftkyfpkrsm;xJu udk,fwdkif pm;oHk;a&;
twGuf [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysKd;ol OD;a&onf pcef;xJ&Sd tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;ESifhpmv#if enf;yg;yHk&ygonf? pcef;jyify ajruGufrsm;udk
rlpvifrsm; toHk;cspdkufysKd;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI a,bk,scsKyfqdk azmfjy&mYvnf; tvm;wl jzpf&yfcsif;rnD!Gwfr_rsm;ESifh
ñuHawG@&ygonf? pcef;tm;vHk;u az:jyonfh wnDw!Gwf wnf;aomjzpf&yfum; ywf0ef;usife,fajr&Sd xdkif;vlrsKd;ydkif
pdkufcif;rsm;wGif rlpvifwdk@ tvkyf0ifvkyfaom jzpf&yfyif jzpfygonf? (odk@aomf tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;ESifhvnf; rsm;pGmjcm;em;jcif; &SdyHk
r&acs?)
tdrfaemufaz; [if;oD;[if;&GufpdkufysKd;jcif;
tdrfaemufwGif [if;pm;[if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysKd;jcif;ESifhywfoufI pcef;wckESifhwck jzpf&yfcsif; rnD!Gwf&onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk
az:jy=uygonf? ‚ if;wdk@rSm rlpvif&yfuGuf trsKd;rsKd;onf tdrftpdyftusJcsif; rwl=ujcif;/ rlpviftrsm;pku tom;[if;udk
ydkóudufjcif;/ xdk@a=umifh [if;&Gufpdkufolrsm;wGif qif;&Jaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u ydkIrsm;jcif;/ rlpviftdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf
pdkufysKd;p&majr &&Sda&;xuf tjcm;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkI óudufESpfouf=ujcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
om"utjzpfaz:jyygrnf? rJvpcef;Y tdrfjcHrsm;xJrSm [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysKd;jcif; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf[k ouf}uD;0g}uD;

yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;u ajymjy=uonf? t"duta=umif;&if;rSm [if;oD;[if;&Gufudk rlpvif tpm;tpm. ta&;}uD;
tpdwftydkif;tjzpf oabmrxm;=ujcif; jzpfonf[k qdkygonf? (pcef;xJY oDwif;ywf wywfv#if [if;oD;[if;&Gufudk 3-4 eyfom
pm;oHk;=uonf[k ajymolrsm;ygonf?) odk@&mwGif tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;/ rJa&mfrlpcef;wdk@Yrl tdrfaxmifpk (60-80µ) cef@rSm [if;&Gufcif;
&Sd=uonf? (trsm;pkonf tdrfrSmpm;&ef odk@r[kwf pcef;xJrSm a&mif;cs&ef jzpfonf? tcsKd@u wd&dp>mefpmtwGuf jzpfonf?) [k
rlpvif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ajymjy =uonf? xdk@tjyif rlpvifwdk@onf wd&dp>mefarG;jrLjcif;udk pdwfoef=uonfjzpf&m pcef;&Sd
trsm;oligrsm;ESifh pmv#if ajraqG;twGuf EGm;acs;udk ydkIoHk;=uonf?
pcef;tjyif ajruGufrsm;rSm pdkufysKd;jcif;

pcef;tjyif ajruGufrsm;rSm rlpvifwdk@ pdkufysKd;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI pcef;wckESifhwck yrm%csif; rnD!Gwf&onfh ta=umif;&if;
rsm;onf wnfqJ ajr,mtoHk;csr_ pepftay:rSm t}uD;tus,f wnfrSDaeygonf?
odk@jzpfI ‚
if; onf ajruGuf&&SdEdkifr_tay:rSm wnfrSDygonf?
om"uaqmifjyygrnf? tkef;zsHrdkifpcef; ywf0ef;usif&Sd ajrrsm;udk t}uD;pm;

pD;yGm;jzpfpdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;}uD; wckwnf;vdkvdku ydkifxm;ygonf? (tyifwrsKd;wnf;udk
t}uD;tus,fpdkufysKd;onfudk awG@&onf)? rJvpcef; ywf0ef;usifYrl pD;yGm;jzpfpdkufysKd;a&;
vkyfief;}uD;uyif ajr,mtrsm;pkudk ydkifxm;aomfvnf; e,fcH&Gmom;rsm;u pm; avmuf&Hk
pdkufysKd;aom ajruGuftcsKd@ &Sdaeygonf? ‚ if;wdk@ESifh rwlbJ/ Edkzdk;pcef;onf
uef@owfxm;aom opfawmóud;0dkif; e,fajrxJrSm wnf&Sdaeygonf? teD;tem;e,fajrrSm u|J-EGm; wd&dp>mefarG;&mY pcef;tjyifxGuf+yD;/
pD;yGm;jzpf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; rvkyf&[k ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; pD;yGm;jzpf EGm;pm&Sm&ef vdktyfonf? (NP, 2009)
pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wcku pcef;teD;tem; ywf0ef;usifrSm t}uD;tus,f pdkufysKd;aeyg
62
onf? txD;wnf;wnf&Sdaeaom Edkzdk;pcef;. ywf0ef;usif&Sd pdkufysKd;e,fajronf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;. pufuGif; ESifh
uif;vGwfaeum/ ajrtm;vHk;eD;yg;avmufudk v,form;ti,fpm;av;rsm;u cGJa0vkyfudkifae=u+yD; jzpfaeyg onf?
rJvESifh tkef;zsHrdkifY pcef;jyifyrSm [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysKd;aom tdrfaxmifpkOD;a&onf 5µ yif rjynfhwwf[k rlpvif tkyfpk
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ajymjy=uygonf? (trsm;tm;jzifh pm;&efESifh pcef;xJrSm a&mif;cs&ef jzpfonf? tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Y e,fcH
ajrmifvlrsKd;wdk@. ajrrSm pdkufysKd;jcif; jzpfonf)? odk@&mwGif Edkzdk;pcef;Yrl pcef;jyifyrSm pdkufysKd;olOD;a&onf onfhxuf ydkrsm;+yD;/
pcef;rSmarG;xm;aom u|-J EGm;wd&p>mefrsm;twGuf tpmudk pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; rSaeI t"dutm;jzifh &&Sdonf[k od&ygonf?
(tcsKd@rlpvifwdk@onf 1-&dkif (1˜ 600 pwk&ef; rDwm) r#txdus,faom ajruGufrsm;udk pdkufysKd;ae=uonf?) rlpvif
vlOD;a&enf;aom rJa&mfrlY pcef;jyify pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk vkyf udkifaom rlpvifOD;a&[lI r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf?
pdkufcif; tvkyform;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfjcif;

[if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysKd;jcif;/ pcef;tjyif ajruGufrsm;rSm pdkufysKd;jcif;wdk@ESifh ywfoufI pcef;wckESifhwck jzpf&yfcsif;
rnD!Gwfaomfvnf; pdkufcif;tvkyform;tjzpf rlpvifwdk@ tvkyfvkyfaom jzpf&yfudkrl pcef;tm;vHk;u tvm;wlyif
az:jy=uygonf? (Tjzpf&yfwGif t"du jzpfaom rwljcm;em;csufrSm wufcfc&dkif&Sd pcef;rsm;. ywf0ef;usifrSm vkyf&aom
tvkyfonf pD;yGm;jzpf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rSm tajccHaom tvkyfjzpf+yD;/ rJa&mfrlpcef;rS vlrsm;udk pm;avmuf&Hk xkwfvkyfaom
v,form;rsm;u iSm;&rf;=uonfu ydkrsm;ygonf? (trsm;tm;jzifh pyg;pdkuf odk@r[kwf i&kwfoD; cl;&+yD;/ ae@v#if bwf 50 &onf)?
pcef;xJ&Sd tjcm;olrsm;onfvnf; Ttvkyfudk vkyf=uonfhwdkif/ Tvkyfief;wGif rlpvif tawmfrsm;rsm; vkyf=ua=umif;
az:jy=uonf? (tjcm;olrsm;xuf ododomom}uD; ydkrsm;EdkifzG,f &Sdygonf?
Ttvkyfonf &moDtvdkuf vkyf&onfhtvkyf (pdkufysKd;csdef/ &dyfodrf;csdefrsm;jzpfaom ESpfqef;ydkif;ESifh ESpfukefydkif; umvrsm;wGif

vkyftm; tvdktyfqHk; jzpfonf) jzpfaomfvnf; tcsKd@rlpvifrdom;pkrsm;onf Tvkyfief;wGif (txl;ojzifh oD;ESHwrsKd;wnf;udk
w&moD+yD;/ w&moD qufum qufum pdkufaom pdkufcif;rsm;wGif jzpfonf) wESpfywfvHk;vdk tvkyf&=uonf? om"utm;jzifh/
tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;rSm awG@qHkar;jref;cH&aom rlpvifrdb trsm;pkwdk@u ‚
if;wdk@ESifh ‚
if;wdk@. om;orD; tcsKd@onf aumfzDxkyfcif;/
odk@r[kwf ajymif;zl;cif;rsm;rSm wvv#if (10 - 12) &uf tvkyfvkyf &a=umif;/ w}udrftvkyf vkyfv#if (2-3) &uf vkyf&a=umif;/
pdkufysKd;&moDESifh &dyfodrf;&moD umvrsm;Y rjywfwrf; vkyf&a=umif; (wvv#if w&uf/ ESpf&uf=umom tdrfjyef=ua=umif;)
az:jy=uonf? rSwfom;p&m aumif;aom tcsufrSm ausmif;rS olwdk@ac:xkwfoGm;aom uav;rsm;onf a,mufsm;av;rsm;om
jzpf+yD;/ rdef;uav;rsm;udk ausmif;qufwufapa=umif;yif jzpfonf? (TqHk;jzwfcsufonf vlyk*~dKvf vHkðcHa&;jy\emay:rSm
tajccHygonf)?
vkyfconf wae@v#if bwf (80-120) jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;&Sd rlpvifwdk@. ajymjycsuft& a,mufsm; ESifh rdef;r
uav;rsm; tvkyfrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfay;avh&Sd+yD;/ rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;. wae@vkyfc udk bwf (10-20) av#mhI ay;onf?
wenf;qdk&aomf wae@vkyfc. (80-90µ) om &&Sd=ujcif; jzpfonf?
vltrsm;vkyfavh&Sdaom tjcm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;
pcef;wGif; usyrf;vkyfief;rsm;
pcef;&Sd vlxkrsm;ay;aom pcef;wGif;0efaqmifr_ trsKd;tpm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? tcsKd@aom0efaqmifr_rsm;u rlpvifwdk@ESifh
cGJjcm;r&atmif qufpyfaeygonf? ‚ if;wdk@rSm -
• ypPnf; xrf;ydk;jcif;(txl;ojzifh &duQ ma0aom tcgrSm jzpfonf)
• t0wfav#mfjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom tdrfaxmif xdef;odrf;a&;tvkyfrsm;
• tr_dufaumufjcif; (tvGef0ifaiG aumif;onf? txl;ojzifh zefuGJ rSefuGJrsm;ESifh 'efowW
Ktprsm; jzpfonf)
• xdkif;ukefonfrsm;udk 0dkif;uljcif;(ypPnf;wifjcif;§csjcif;)
pcef;pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmjcif;/ ‚
if;. tusKd;quftjzpf vlr_pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wdk;rsm;vmjcif; ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
uGm[r_rsm; &Sdvmjcif;/ xdkrSwzef vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vlwef;pm;tajccH }uD;xGm;vmjcif;wdk@ESifh 'GefwGJum Tpcef;wGif;
63
tvkyfrsm;onf r=umao;cifESpfrsm;twGif;uyif rd_vdk aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? TtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;
wdk;rsm;vmjcif;. aemufta=umif;&if;wckrSm Tvlr_pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufvmjcif;udk ta=umif; ðyI 0ifvmaom 'kuQ onf p&if;r0if
rlpvifrsm; (ESifh tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;) trsm;tjym; wdk;vmjcif;a=umifh jzpf onf? xdkolwdk@onf wwfcfc&dkif&Sd pcef;rsm;Y &duQ
ma0pk
cHpm;cGifhvnf; &SdyHkr&acs? Todk@tcGifhtvrf;enf;jcif; a=umifh pm;0wfaea&;twGuf touf&SLayguf&atmif Tusyrf;tvkyfrsm;udk
vkyfudkif &Sifoefae=ujcif;jzpfonf?
(NGO) rsm;. pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm;

tJef*sDtdkrsm; cef@xm;aom (pcef;wGif;&Sd) axmufyHha=u;&0efxrf;rsm;onf pcef;rsm;rSm rdom;pk0ifaiGyHkrSef&atmif
t&Smay;EdkifqHk;olrsm;xJrSm ygygonf? (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. 2009 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif xkwfa0onfh “xdkif;EdkifiH
'kuQonfpcef;rsm;&Sd jrefrm'kuQ onfrsm;. toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;qdkif&m xdcdkufepfemzG,f tajctaersm; tuJjzwf oHk;oyfcsuf”
(TBBC “Livelihood Vulnerability Analysis in Burmese Refugee Camps in Thailand”, October 2009) tpD&ifcHpmudk
=unfhyg? vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm;udk tvkyfcef@&mY bmoma&; wef;wlnDr#cGifhudk
rsufuG,fðya=umif;ESifh/ TtwGufa=umifh rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&; tcGifh tvrf;ESifh ywfoufI wyef;&H_;ae&a=umif;
pcef;tm;vHk;&Sd rlpvifrsm;u az:jy=uygonf? T tcsufonf (TtpD &ifcHpmtwGuf) pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI
tJef*sDtdkrsm;ay;aom udef;*%ef;rsm; udk xif[yf az:jyaeyg onf?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;teuf &yf&Gm pdkufysKd;a&; ESifh tm[m&&&Sda&;

vkyfief;tpDtpOf (Community Agriculture and Nutrition –CAN) onf pcef;rsm;wGif rdom;pk pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk
wdk;jr‡ifhay;jcif;ESifh axmufyHhjcif; ðyygonf? atmufyg Z,m;rsm;onf pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm;wGif bmoma&;tkyfpk trsKd;rsKd;.
yg0ifaer_udk az:jyxm;ygonf?
(TBBC CAN) . pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a&(udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (TBBC, Feb 2010)

rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
pcef; tajcpdkuf pDattefif0efxrf; pcef;wckvHk; pcef; tajcpdkuf pDattefif0efxrf; pcef;wckvHk;
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
pcef; tajcpdkuf pDattefif0efxrf; pcef;wckvHk; pcef; tajcpdkuf pDattefif0efxrf; pcef;wckvHk;
64
udk,fpm;ðyjcif;
pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&;
pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif wef;wlnDr#pGm udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifcGifhonf ðyjyif&efvdktyfcsuf w&yfjzpfa=umif; (pcef;wGif;
rSma&m/ pcef;jyifyrSmyg) xkwfaz:ajymqdk vmcJhonfrSm =umcJh+yD jzpfygonf? TudpPudk
ajz&Sif;&mY OD;pGmtm;jzifh a,mufsm;/ rdef;r wef;wlnDr#a&;udk óud;yrf;aqmif&GufcJh&m/
ododomom wdk;wufr_&vmcJhonf? odk@&m wGif jy\em &Sdaeygao;onf? (1990) ck
vGefESpfrsm;twGif;u pcef;rsm;xJodk@ rlpvifESifh tjcm;vlr_a&;tkyfpkrsm; tpkvdkuf tðyHvdkuf
a&mufvmcJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGif wef;wlnDr#pGm udk,fpm;ðycGifhESifhywfoufI wdk;wufaumif;rGef
atmif ðyjyifa&;onf bmoma&;ESifh vlrsKd;pk udprPsm;txd wdk;csJ@&ef vdktyfvmcJhonf?
rsm;pGmr=umao;rD ESpfrsm; twGif;upI txl;ojzifh xdkif;tpdk;&u 'kuQ onfrsm;twGuf
tajccs aexdkifa&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zGifhay;cJh+yD;/ ydkI trsKd;pHkaom e,fajrrsm;ESifh
vlr_a&;aemufcHrsm;rS vltrsm;tjym;vSdrfh0ifvmcJhonfh tcsdefupI wef;wlnDr#pGm a&G;aumufyGJ &v'frsm;udk
udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifcGifh wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf vlrsKd;pkudpPudk OD;pm;ay; a=unmaepOf (Nu Po, Feb 2010)
aqmif&GufvmcJhygonf?
rJvpcef;- ta&;}uD;aomae&m
rJvpcef;&Sd rlpviftkyfpk. acgif;aqmifrsm;u vuf&Sd pcef;wGif; a&G;aumufyGJpepf. tm;enf;csuf}uD; wckudk az:xkwfjycJhonf?

pcef;Y rlpvifOD;a&onf renf;vSaomfvnf; (vlOD;a&. 10µ ausmf &Sdonf) olwdk@tzdk@ &yfuGuf acgif;aqmiftqifhxuf
jrifhaomae&mrsm;odk@ rdrdwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&muf&Sdatmif rJay;/ wifajr‡muf&ef cufcJonf? (ZHke,fajrtqifhr# txdyif
a&muf&efcufcJonf? rlpviftrsm;pkonf ZHk (*) rSm aexdkif=u+yD;/ &yf uGufrsm;xJYrl tenf;pk uav;rsm; jzpfae=u&m/ ZHke,fajr
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;Y &yfuGuf udk,fpm;vS,f rlpvif OD;a&u tjywftowf enf;aeygonf)? pcef;aumfrDwD tqifhtxd ta&G;cH&a&;
tcGifhtvrf;onf ydkIyif a0;yg ao;onf? (odk@&mwGif Edkzdk;pcef;u rlpvif “tkyfpk 3 pk”teuf wpkjzpfaom “u&ifrlpvif
tkyfpk”xJrS &yfuGuf acgif;aqmif rlpvifwOD;udk pcef;aumfrDwD0ifwOD; tjzpf r=umao;rDu wifajr‡mufcJhonf)?
pcef;aumfrDwDrsm;wGif rlpvifudk,fpm;ðyr_ Ttcsufa=umifh rJvpcef;. rlpviftodkif;t0dkif;u pcef;aumfrDwDrSm

“'Denf;twdkif;ygyJ/ Armjynfu rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk xnfhoGif;oifha=umif; pdwftm;xufoefpGm ajymqdk=uonf?
u&ifawGtaeeJ@vnf; ArmawG}uD;pdk;wJh cGJwrf;pepfudk usifhoHk;apvdk=uonf (pcef;aumfrDwDu aumfrDwDrSm udk,fpm;ðyyHkESifh
pepfatmufrSm w&m;r#wr_udk b,fvdk vkyf ywfoufI ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm=uHaevsuf&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif
&EdkifrSmwJhvJ?” aemufvmrnfh 2003 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDtxd rnfonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJr_r#
&SdvmEdkif[ef rwlacs)? vuf&SdtajctaeY rlpvif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifjcif;r&Sd&m/
pcef; pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_udk u&ifcsnf;oufouf aqmif &Gufae+yD;/ pcef;aumfrDwDtae ESifhvnf; rlpvif todkif;t0dkif;. tjrifrsm;/
odk@r[kwf t&if;tjrpfrsm;qDudk tusKd;&Sd&Sd toHk;csEdkifjcif; r&Sd[k rlpvif todkif;t0dkif;u pdwfroufrom jzpfaeygonf?
Ttcsufonf bmoma&;yÉdyuQ rsm; odk@r[kwf ,kH=unf udk;uG,fr_ESifhqdkifaom pcef;wGif;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mY tcuftcJ

t[ef@twm;}uD;wck jzpfaea=umif; jrif=uonf? rJvpcef;rS bmoma&;acgif;aqmif wOD;u Todk@ ajymjycJhygonf? rlpvifrsm;ESifh
u&ifrsm; yÉdyuQ wck jzpfyGm;aomtcgY u&ifcsnf;oufoufygaom pcef;acgif;aqmifr_onf r#waom pdwf"mwf tawmfjrifh
aomfvnf; wm0eft&SdqHk; tm%mydkiftzGJ@ jzpfae&m ‚ if;wdk@. =um;0ifr_/ jzefajzr_udk bufvdkufjcif;tjzpf jrif=uonf? ‚
if;wdk@onf
tcsif;rsm;aom tkyfpk ESpfpkxJteuf wpkudkom udk,fpm;ðy az:jyaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf)? TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif
rlpvifrsm;taeESifh rdrdwdk@zufrSm udk,f pm;ðyay;rnfhol r&Sd[k cHpm;rdjcif;onf obm0usygonf? (Tta=umif;ESifhywfoufI
jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeESifh Todk@ E_dif;,SOf ajymjyygonf? æ “'Denf;twdkif;ygyJ/ Armjynfu u&ifawGtaeeJ@vnf;
ArmawG }uD;pdk;wJh pepf atmufrSm w&m;r#wr_ukd b,fvdkvdkvkyf &EdkifrSmwJhvJ?” [k ajymqdkcJhonf? “w&m;r#wr_ -- w&m;r#wr_
&&Sdydkif cGifhESifh toHk;csEdkifr_” tcef; udk =unfhyg?)
65
(2010) ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm u&if'kuQ
onf aumfrDwD (KRC) ESifh rJvpcef;aumfrDwD wdk@u Tjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;twGuf
jyefvnf xdef;odrf;a&; tpDtpOfwckudk az:aqmifaomtm;jzifh/ tzGJ@0if (5) OD;yg pcef; t=uHay;aumfrDwD (CAC) udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
TaumfrDwDY rlpvif tygt0if bmoma&; trsKd;rsKd;ESifh vlrsKd;pk (5) pkudk udk,fpm;ðyaom (vlrsKd;pkrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;
aumfrDwD-Collaboration Committee for Ethnic Groups) udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif vlr_zlvHka&;axmufyHhr_ ,EW ,m;tjzpf
aqmif&Gufay;a&;xuf rydkacs?
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;aom tcsufrSm pcef;aumfrDwDrSm rlpvifrsm;yg0ifvmygu “u&if}uD;pdk;aom”qHk;jzwfcsuf csjcif;vkyfief;ESifh

bmoma&; yÉduQajz&Sif;csufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI rlpvifwdk@rSm rausreyf ajymcGifh&Sdvmawmhrnf [k jrifvmjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
(udk,fpm;ðyr_. ta&;ygr_udk tav;xm;vm=ujcif;ESifh bmoma&;t& ydkrdk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;/ jzefajzjcif;
enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;&ef awmif;qkdvm=ujcif;)?
tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;pcef;&Sd rlpviftkyfpk todkuft0ef; acgif;aqmifrsm;u pcef;tkyfcsKyfr_rSm

(txl;ojzifh pcef;aumf rDwDtqifhrSm) udk,fpm;ðycGifh ydkrdk&&Sdvdk=ua=umif; az:jy=uonf?
odk@&mwGif rJa&mfrlpcef;&Sd rlpviftodkuft0ef; url vuf&Sd pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
“pcef;wckvHk;tusKd;udk taumif;qHk; jzpfatmif”aqmif&Gufaeojzifh TudpPonf
a&;}uD;cGifus,f udpPr[kwf[k twdtvif;yif ajym=uygonf? (rdrdwdk@. &yfuGufvl}uD;onf
Ak'<bmom0if jzpf+yD;/ &yfuGufol/ &yfuGufom;tm;vHk;udk bmomra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G;
wef;wlnDr#pGm qufqHonf[kvnf; axmufjy=uonf)? rSwfcsuf - Edkzdk;pcef;Y/ (2010)
ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvu &yfuGufvl}uD; rlpvifwa,mufudk pcef; aumfrDwD0if tjzpf a&G;cs,fa&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u
wifajr‡mufcJhonf? udk,pf m;vS,favmif;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fae=uyHk
(Nu Po, Feb 2010)
pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;
pcef;udk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzifh tkyfcsKyf&mY trsm;todtrSwfðyavmufaom t&nftaoG;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm

udk,fpm;ðyr_ jy\emrsm;ESifh tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;rsm; &Sdaeonfudk awG@&ygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif (rnfonfhbmom0ifrsm;
rqdk) 'kuQ onfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. qdkif&mqdkif&m vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;udk jyify tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xufyif aumif;pGm
pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifonf[kawmh qdkEdkifygonf? udk,fpm;ðyr_ jy\emudk ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf
“usaemfwdk@ vdktyfwmu bmomra&G;/ jyifytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vuf&Sdaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tay:,Husonf[k rlpvif
vlwdkif;&J@ vdktyfcsufudk em;vnfoabm acgif;aqmifrsm;u a&m/ rlpvif r[kwfaom acgif;aqmifrsm;uyg jrifae=uygonf?
aygufwJh acgif;aqmifrsKd;yg?” rJvpcef;&Sd tcsKd@acgif;aqmifrsm;u “aumfrDwD rSm udk,fpm;ðycGifh&&if aumif;wmaygh?
“wu,fvdk@ (UNHCR) u pcef;awGudk 'gayr,fh 'DavmufeJ@ rvHkavmufygbl;? usaemfwdk@ vdktyfwmu bmom ra&G;/
tkyfcsKyfr,fqdk&if olwdk@&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0if
awGu bmoma&;t& udk,fpm;ðya&;eJ@ vlwdkif;&J@vdktyfcsufudk em;vnfoabmaygufwJh acgif;aqmifrsKd;yg?” [k qdkygonf?
ywfoufvdk@ t&ifwkef;uvdkyJ wm0ef&Sd yk*~dKvfrsm;xJ wGif udk,fpm;ðyr_ trsKd;rsKd; &Sdae&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ odk@&mwGif
(tay:,Hoabmavmufom) vkyfOD;rSmvm;” acgif;aqmifwdk@onf udk,fhvlrsm;tusKd;twGufom r=unfhoifha=umif; qufvuf
&Sif;jyygonf? xdk@aemuf “wu,fvdk@ (UNHCR) u pcef;awGudk tkyfcsKyfr,fqdk&if
olwdk@&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifawGu bmoma&;t& wef;wlnDr# udk,fpm;ðycGifhudk pdwf0ifpm;a=umif; jyorSmwJhvm;?”[kvnf;
xifjrifcsufay;=uygonf?
pcef;u“udk,fydkif csrSwfxm;aom” pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&; yHkpHwGif yg0ifonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm - pcef; aumfrDwDESifh

&yfuGufaumfrDwDrsm; (tcsKd@pcef;rsm;Y ZHke,fajr acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh q,ftdrfacgif;rsm;vnf; ygonf)/ u,fq,fa&;ypPnf; a0iSa&;
tzGJ@rsm;/ vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&; tzGJ@rsm; jzpfonf? atmufazmfjyyg yHkrsm;u pcef;vlOD;a& toD;oD;rSm bmoma&;tvdkuf
cGJjcm;az:jyxm;onfh tjyif/ pcef;aumfrDwDrsm;rSm rlpvifudk,fpm; vS,frsm; yg0ifr_ r&Sdoavmufjzpfaomfvnf; t=uHay;tzGJ@/
w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@ESifh tjcm;tzGJ@ rsm;wGif auseyf avmufzG,f&m yg&Sdaea=umif; (txl;ojzifh tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;pcef;wdk@wGif
jzpfonf) udk ay:vGifapygonf?
66
pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (CMSP, April 2010/TBBC, Feb/ March 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
%
%
40 40
20 20
0 0
jzef@jzL;a&;0efxrf;
vHkðcHa&; 0efxrf;
pcef;wckvHk;
q,ftdrfacgif;
pcef;aumfrDwD
&yfuGuf aumfrDwD
vHkðcHa&; 0efxrf;
pcef;wckvHk;
jzef@jzL;a&;0efxrf;
&yfuGuf aumfrDwD
pcef;aumfrDwD
ZkefaumfrDwD
t=uHay;ESifh w&m;a&;
100
100
80
80
60
60
% %
40
40
20 20
0 0
vHkðcHa&; 0efxrf;
pcef;wckvHk;
jzef@jzL;a&;0efxrf;
&yfuGuf aumfrDwD
pcef;aumfrDwD
vHkðcHa&; 0efxrf;
pcef;wckvHk;
q,ftdrfacgif;
jzef@jzL;a&;0efxrf;
&yfuGuf aumfrDwD
pcef;aumfrDwD
rlpvif t&yfom; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

pcef;xJ&Sd trsm;wumenf;wlyif rlpvift&yfom; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; w&m;0if pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@tpnf;udk
tm;jznfhay;jcif;/ xdef;nd‡ay;jcif; (vdktyfygu [ef@wm;jcif;) ðyay;rnfh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjcm;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ESifh wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm; tygt0if tiftm;pk trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf? rlpviftkyfpkrsm;. bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
rdrdwdk@. bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSmomrubJ Tt&yfom; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; tcsuftcsm tcef;rSaeI yg0ifygonf?
odk@jzpf&m rlpvifwdk@. t&yfom; tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;xJrSm “jyefvSef xdef;nd‡ay;”rnfh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.
vGwfvyfr_onf ododomom tm;enf;oGm;&ygonf? vlr_a&;tzGJ@tiftm;pkrsm;onf pcef;wckvHk;rSm jyefvSef xdef;nd‡ay;Edkifa&;
twGuf bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_udk uef@owf v#mhcs&ef óud;yrf;aev#uf&Sdygonf?
vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) [laom pum;&yfESifhywfoufI TtpD&ifcHpmu “vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf/

odk@r[kwf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyxm;+yD;/ xdkvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd e,fcHtjzpf
67
owfrSwfxm;cH&aom trsm;jynfol/ odk@r[kwf wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;udk 0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;aom tjrwftpGef;r&Smonfh
udk,fydkiftzGJ@tpnf;w&yf” jzpfonf[laom t"dy`g,fowfrSwfcsufudk ,lyg onf? 40
vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;- pcef;tvdkufwnf&Sdr_/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh/ =oZmoufa&mufr_

rJa&mfrlpcef;- r&Sd
rJv pcef; - rlpviftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@ (Muslim Women’s Organization) (jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;aeqJ/ Zkefe,fajr
(*) 4 wGif &Hk;pdkufonf?)
tkef;zsHrdkif pcef; - rlpvif trsKd;orD;toif; (Muslim Women’s Assiociation) &yfuGuf (7) rlpvif
vli,ftoif; (&yfuGuf (7))
Edkzdk; pcef; - rlpvif trsKd;orD; toif;ESifh vli,ftoif;wdk@udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf
pOf;pm;aeqJ)
pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) onf pcef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;

(CBOs) rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_e,fy,fcsif; twlwlyif jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;avmuf t&G,ftpm; r}uD;acs? rlpvif trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
rdef;uav;i,frsm;. wdk;wufa&;ESifh umuG,f apmifh a&SmuftwGuf (‚ if;wdk@. udk,fum,qdkif&m/ rlpvifvli,ftoif;tvH (UM,
usifh0wfqdkif&mESifh b¾ma&;qdkif&m vkHðcHr_&a&;twGuf ynma&; jzifhvnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh 2009)
vnf;aumif;) aqmif&Gufay;+yD;/ vli,ftzGJ@rsm;url vli,frsm; (udk,fum,tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ rSwfcsuf - tma&Asbmom
usifh0wfpdwf"mwft& vnf;aumif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;t& vnf;aumif;) rSefrSef pum;udk vuf,mbufrS aeI
uefuef }uD;jyif;vmapa&;twGuf (tm;upm;/ bmoma&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh) tav;xm; vuf 0Jbufodk@a&;a=umif;
az:jyonfh taeESifh oauFw udk
aqmif&Gufay;onf? tkef;zsHrdkif pcef;&Sd rlpvif vli,ftoif;onf tdrfwdkif,ma&muf vuf,mbufwGifxm;onf?
vlemðypkapmifa&Smufa&; tpDtpOf (clinic outreach Program) wckudk az: aqmifaev#uf&Sdum/
vlemtm;vHk;xHodk@ csufðywfxm;aom pm;p&mrsm;udk vdkufvHydk@ aqmifulnDay;onf? rlvu rlpvifvlemrsm;xHodk@ [mvm
vkyfxm;aom;pm;p&mrsm; ydk@ay;&efom &nf&G,fcJh aomfvnf;/ cGJjcm;qufqH&mra&mufatmif (cGJjcm;qufqHonf[k
tajymrcH&atmif) vlemtm;vHk;xH ydk@ay;onf txd wdk;csJ@cJhjcif; jzpfonf?
rlpvif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) onf vltiftm;ESifh pGrf;&nfrSm tm;enf;aomfvnf; rlpvif wOD;csif;
yk*~dKvfrsm;taeESifhrl rlpvifr[kwfaom tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJrSm =oZm&Sdonf? rlpviftzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;onf rddrdwdk@.
tqifhae&mudk wdk;jr‡ifhay;onfh t&yfom; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;uGef&ufESifh tm;aumif;+yD;/ tusKd;vnf;&Sdaom qufqHa&;rsm;udk
wnfaqmufxm;onf? (om"utaeESifh az:jy&rnfqdkv#if/ u&iftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&Hk; (KWO) onf rlpvif
trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; yHkrSefvkyfaevsuf&Sd+yD;/ (KWO) . oifwef;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif
rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifavh&Sdonf)?
tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Y vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf &yf&GmtwGif; yHhydk;ay;a&;qHk&yfXme (Community Support Centre-

CSC) udk tajccH+yD;/ uGef&ufwck wnfaqmufxm;onf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf 0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;&mY (vl/
&kyf0wˆ KESifh enf;ynm) t&if;tjrpfrsm; r#a0&efESifh tzGJ@tpnf; . tcef;u¾/ wOD;csif;. tcef;u¾wdk@udk jr‡ifhwifay;&efwdk@
tjyif/ rdrdtzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufIvnf; trsm;odatmif xkwfaz:jy&ef jzpfonf?
uGef&ufwGifyg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm-
• u&ifausmif;om; uGef&uftzGJ@rsm;
• u&iftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&Hk;
• u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;
• rlpviftrsKd;orD;toif;
• rlpvifvli,ftoif;
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; taxmuftulðyXme
(CSC) aumfrDwD (UM, 2009) • (SGBV) aumfrDwD (odk@&mwGif TtzGJ@udk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf
40
Adapted from www.hivportland.org/resources/acronyms.html and www.state.nj.us/njded/grants/glossary.shtml
68
rowfrSwfyg)
tjcm;aom uGef&ufaqG;aEG;yGJwckum; (CCSDPT) ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;. tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf (pDrHudef; a&;qGJa&;

twGuf pcef;. wESpftwGif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&efESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef &nf&G,faom
vwfwavm tpDtpOfjzpfonf)? qdk;oGm;cJhonfrSm TESpfaqG;aEG;yGJonf aom=umae@wae@rSm usif;ycJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ rlpvifwdk@.
bmoma&;ae@ESifh wdkufqdkifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh rlpvif (CBO) udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhacs? +yD;cJhaomESpfu
aqG;aEG;yGJudkrl =umoyaw;ae@rSm usif;y cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ rlpvif todkif;t0dkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; wufa&mufcJhonf?
atmufygyHkrsm;u (CBOs) 0efxrf;rsm;udk pcef;vlOD;a&tvdkuf bmoma&;t& tao;pdwfcGJjyxm;ygonf?
(CBOs) 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (TBBC, Apr 2009)

rJa&mfrl rJv
100
100
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60 %
% 40
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0
0 CCEG IEKNG KHWA KSNG KWO KYO MWO PKLCC TYG Camp-
wide
KSNG KWO KYO Camp-wide
100
80
100
80
60
%
60
40
%
40
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20
0
CCSC KSNG KWO KYO MWA MYA Camp- 0

wide
KSNG KWO KYO Camp-wide
vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf; (CBO) rsm;. pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&;

(CCSDPT) tzGJ@tpnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚ if;wdk@ESifh (CBOs) rsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uaom vkyfief;rsm;wGif pGrf;&nf
wnfaqmufa&; odk@r[kwf t&nftcsif;jr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufygonf? (odk@&mwGif u&iftrsKd;orD;
tpnf;t&Hk;url rdrdudk,fydkif pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;tpDtpOfudk az:aqmifaeygonf)? pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&;. e,fy,f
trsKd;rsKd;rSm ‚
if;wdk@. tusKd;ðyr_rsm;udk todtrSwfðyaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk@. 'kuQ onftkyfpkrsm;udk 0efaqmifr_rsm;
ay;aom pcef;wGi;f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwfðyaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ Todk@aqmif&Guf&mY ‚ if;wdk@. pGrf;&nfrsm;
wdk;wufvma&;twGufvnf;aumif; (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@u (2009) ckESpfwGif tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;&Sd t&yfzuf
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (CBO) rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um prf;oyfpGrf;&nf wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrSwf az:aqmifcJhygonf?
atmufygyHkrsm;onf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf; (CBO) rsm;. pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief; tpDtpOfrsm;udk

bmoma&;t& cGJjcm;az:jyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? pcef;wckESifhwckrSm rlpvifrsm;yg0ifr_ rwljcm;em; jzpfae&jcif;rSm pcef;xJY rlpvif
(CBO) rsm;&Sdjcif;- r&Sdjcif;ESifh wdkuf&dkufoufqdkifaeygonf? (tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Y tzGJ@ (2) zGJ@ &Sd+yD;/ Edkzdk;pcef;Y tzGJ@ vHk;0 r&Sdacs)?
69
TBBC CBO pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; oifwef;rsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf)
(TBBC, Feb 2010)
100
100
80
80
60
60
% %
40
40
20
20
0 0
pDbDtdk t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&; pcef;wckvHk; pDbDtdk t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&; pcef;wckvHk;

oifwef;om;rsm; oifwef;om;rsm;
tpPvrf tjcm; tpPvrf r[kwfol ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ udk,fpm;ðycGifh&a&; jy\emrsm;
rlpviftkyfpkrsm;tzdk@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf; (CBO) rsm;. yifudk,frlvuwnf;u pGrf;&nf csKd@wJhaer_rsm;ESifh pcef;xJ

tajccsaexdkifjcif;. qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;onf ta&;}uD;ouJhodk@yif (NGO) rsm;ESifh tcGifh ta&;qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
rlpvifwdk@twGuf aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; csKd@wJhjcif;onfvnf; xyfwlxyfr# ta&;}uD;ygonf?
Ttcsufonf udk,fpm;ðycGifh&a&;rSm (vkyfief;tpDtpOf a&;qGJjcif;/ taumiftxnf
az:jcif;/ tuJjzwfjcif;wdk@tjyif vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifh oufqdkifolwdk@udk yg0ifapjcif;/ tjrif “(NGO) awGvm;? rawG@zl;ygbl;? olwdk@
wckck tvdk&SdwJh tcgrSomawG@&wmyg?
&Sifoefapjcif;vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@Y jzpfonf) twm;tqD; wckjzpfaeonf[k jrif=uonf? ay:&HkbJ ay:vm=uwm? vla,mifjy&Hk/
TudpPESifhywfoufI pcef;toD;oD;rSm rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; t}udrfaygif; olwdk@ar;wmudk ajz&Hkavmuf yJ?
rsm;pGm ar;=unfh&mY avoHwoHwnf; ajz=um;=uonf? ‚ if;wdk@. ajz=um;csufrsm;udk aemufawmh =uufaysmuf/ iSufaysmuf
Tpum;jzifh tusOf;csKyf,lI &ygonf? “(NGO) awGvm;? rawG@zl;ygbl;? olwdk@ wckck aysmufoGm;=ua&m?
tvdk&SdwJh tcgrSomawG@&wmyg? ay:&HkbJ ay:vm=uwm? vla,mifjy&Hk/ olwdk@ar;wmudk olwdk@ar;cJhwmawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ olwdk@udk
ajz&HkavmufyJ? aemufawmh =uufaysmuf/ iSufaysmuf aysmufoGm;=ua&m? olwdk@ aemuf xyf rawG@&awmhbl;”
ar;cJhwmawGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ olwdk@udk aemufxyf rawG@&awmhbl;”
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;
“topf”a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;ESifh rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m
'kuQ onfrsm;tm; aemufqHk;t}udrf rSwfyHkwifay;jcif;udk jynfxJa&;Xmeu ukvor*~ 'kuQ onfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;
(UNHCR) . taxmuftyHhjzifh (2005) ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvwGif vkyfcJhonf? onfhaemufydkif; (“tajccs aexdkifaomESpfrsm;”twGif;)
wGif 'kuQ onf vlopfrsm; tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf vSdrfh0ifvmaevsuf&Sdonf? ‚ if;wdk@txJrS trsm;pkonf trSefwu,f cdkv_H&m
&Smolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ tcsKd@url wwd,EdkifiHrsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifcGifh&a&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh 0ifvm=ujcif; jzpfEdkifygonf?
odk@&mwGif 'kuQonfrSwfyHkwifjcif;udk tjynfht0 aqmif&Gufay;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs? atmufygyrHk sm;onf pcef;vlOD;a&ESifh Ed_if;,SOfum
“topf” 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;udk vlOD;a&t& cGJjcm;az:jy xm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
70
(udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) rSwfyHkrwif&ao;aom vlOD;a&ESifh pcef;vlOD;a&tm;vHk;aygif; (TBBC, Feb 2010)
rJa&mfrl rJv
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
rSwfyHkrwif&ao;ol pcef;wckvHk; rSwfyHkrwif&ao;ol pcef;wckvHk;
100 100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
rSwfyHkrwif&ao;ol pcef;wckvHk; rSwfyHkrwif&ao;ol pcef;wckvHk;
óudwif pDppfjcif;
(2005) ckESpfaemufydkif;rSm rSwfyHkwifay;jcif;vkyfief; qufvkyfEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhonfudk ta=umif;ðyI rSwfyHkwifrJh 'kuQ onfrsm;
jy\emudk ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf jynfxJa&;Xmeonf ukvor*~ 'kuQ onfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; (UNHCR) .
taxmuftyHhjzifh (2009) ckESpf wGif a&Sajy; pDppfjcif;vkyfief;udk pwifcJhonf? (pcef;rSm aexdkifaeaom cdkvH_cGifhr&xdkuf olrsm;udk
y,fxkwf+yD;aemuf usefolrsm;udk jynfe,f cGifhðya&; bkwftzGJ@ (Provincial Admission Board – PAB) . awG@qHk
ar;jref;cH&rnfholrsm;tjzpf pDppfa&G;cs,fjcif; tpDtpOf jzpfonf)? rlpvifrsm;&Sdaeaom pcef; (4) ck teuf Edkzdk; pcef;rSmom
óudwifpDppfjcif;vkyfief;udk vkyf+yD;ao;onf?
atmufazmfjyygZ,m;wGif Edkzdk;pcef;wGif óudwifpDppfjcif; aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tr_ta&twGufESifh pcef;&Sd vlOD;a& pkpkaygif;udk

Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf? (Tudef;*%ef;rsm;onf wDbDbDpD tzGJ@. pm&if;Z,m;rsm; a'wmabhpf ðypkpOfu pkaqmif;&,lxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh r=umao;rDu tcsdefwGif &&Sdxm;aom bmomudk;uG,fr_ uGJjym;r_tvdkuf vlOD;a&ESifh
Ed_if;,SOf=unfhEdkifygonf?
(udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) óudwifpDppfjcif; vkyf+yD;aom
vlOD;a&ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& tm;vHk;aygif; (UNHCR, June
2009/TBBC, March 2010)
100
Edkzdk;
xdk@tjyif odomxif&Sm;aom vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh us,fjyef@aom
80
tusKd; aus;Zl;cHpm;cGifhrsm; &&Sdapa&;twGuf/ EdkifiHwum tod
60 trSwfðy pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;twdkif; (y,fxkwfypf&rnfh olrsm;ESifhvnf;
%
40
qdkifygonf) tajccHum jynfhjynfhpHkpHkESifh rSwfyHkwifay;a&;
vkyfief;rsm; yHkrSefaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfaeygonf? Ttcsufuvnf;
20
0
71
óudwifpDppf+yD;ol pcef;wckvHk;

TtpD&ifcHpmu cGJjcm; az: xkwfjycJhaom rlpvif (3) rsKd; (3) pm;ta=umif;udk ydkIxif&Sm;aprnf[k ,lqygonf?
w&m;r#wr_ -- w&m;r#wr_ &&SdydkifcGifhESifh toHk;csEdkifr_

tusOf;&Hk; az:jycsuf
(2006§07)ckESpfwGif (IRC) tzGJ@. Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme pDrHcsufvkyfief;u 'kuQ onf pcef; (3) ckwGif w&m;pD&if a&;
udpP&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ðyjyif&ef &Sdonfrsm;tay: 'kuQ onfrsm;. tjrifrsm;udk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk avhvmcJhygonf? ppfwrf;
aumuf,lr_vkyf&m wckwnf;aom pcef;vnf;jzpf/ rlpvif trsm;tjym; aexdkif&mpcef;vnf; jzpfaom tkef;zsHrdkif pcef;Y rlpvif
(153) OD;tygt0if/ pcef;vlxk (1˜ 011) udk awG@qHk ar;jref;cJhonf? atmufyg pmydk'frsm; onf vlrsKd;pktrsKd;rsKd;/ bmoma&;tkyfpk
trsKd;rsKd;wdk@ESifh oufqdkif aom awG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk t=urf;zsif; xif[yfjyae ygonf?
“pcef;pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;usifhoHk;&mY qDavsmfr_ &Sd- r&Sd/ wef;wlnDr#r_ &Sd- r&Sdwdk@ESifhywfoufaom tjrifrsm;onf vlrsKd;pk trsKd;rsKd;/
bmoma&;tkyfpk trsKd;rsKd;xJrSm uGJvGJr_rsm; &Sdaeygonf? vlenf;pk vlrsKd;pkrsm;u w&m;r#wr_&&Sda&;rSm tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;rsm;
&Sdaea=umif; az:jy=uonfhtjyif/ pcef;aumfrDwDtay: ,Hk =unfr_ r&Sda=umif; udkvnf; twdkif;twmtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh az:jy=uygonf?
bmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;teuf rlpviftkyfpkonf TudpEPSifh ywfoufI tajymtenf;qHk;jzpfa=umif; TtpD&ifcHpmu awG@&Sd&ygonf?
Todk@ jzpf&jcif;onf tao;pm; usL;vGefr_rsm;twGuf (w&m;r r_rsm;ESifh rdom;pkwGif; tcsif;rsm;r_rsm;twGuf) tpPvrfbmoma&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;. &Sm&D,mOya' (Sha’ria) usifhoHk;r_jzifh tjcm;aom xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tm;xm;p&m&Sdaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf
[k ,lq&ygonf? odk@&mwGif Ttcsufonf tjcm;aom vlenf;pkrsm;twGuf roufqdkifacs? pcef;wGif; w&m;r#wr_&&Sda&;ESifh
w&m; pD&ifa&;wdk@wGif txift&Sm; jrifawG@ae&aom wef;wl nDr#r_ r&Sdjcif;udk y,f&Sif;ay;Edkifjcif; r&Sdacs?”
“ðcHiHkI oHk;oyf&rnfqdkv#if/ rlpvifrsm;ESifh ewfudk;uG,folrsm;rSty pcef; (3) ckpvHk;&Sd vlenf;pkbmoma&; tkyfpkrsm;onf

pcef;tm%mydkifrsm;tay: tvm;wl tjrif/ w&m;r#wr_&&Sda&;ESifh ywfoufaom tvm;wl rauseyfcsuf rsm;udk az:jy=uonf? ”
“æ rJvpcef;Y ajz=um;ol rlpvifrsm;. 41 µ u vnf;aumif;/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;. w&m;rr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI

56 µ u vnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#wr_ r&&Sdjcif;onf ab;uif;a&;ESifh vHkðcHa&;udk rlpvifwdk@onf pcef;w&m;pD&ifa&;.
+cdrf;ajcmufr_wcktjzpfaz:jy=uonf? æ (xdk@tjyif) ajz=um; ol rlpvifrsm;. 11 µ / tyjzpfaom/ xl;jcm;onfh
Ak'Nbmom0ifrsm;. 27µ / c&pf,ef bmom0ifrsm;. 22 µ wdk@uom pcef;tm%mydkifrsm;. w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf w&yf udk
tm%m tvGJoHk;pm;r_ jy\emudk az:jy=uonf? jy\em&Sda=umif; az:jy&mY tm;xm;Edkif=uonf (&Sm&D,m Oya'
rlpvifwdk@zufrSm tcsKd;tpm; enf;ae &jcif;rSm tcsif;rsm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;a&;twGuf usifhoHk;r_udk ta=umif;ðyI
tm;xm;=ujcif; jzpfonf)?
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tm;xm;Edkif=ujcif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? rJvpcef;Y
tao;pm; tcsif;rsm;r_rsm;udk &Sm&D,mOya' (Sha’ria)jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;a&;twGuf tDrrf
41
(Immam) (ac:) rlpvifbmoma&; acgif;aqmif jzpfajrmufa&; oifwef;rsm; ay;onf?”
w&m;rr_ r[kwfaom tr_tcif;rsm; (&mZ0wfr_t}uD;pm;rsm;) ESifh ywfoufI Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme (LAC) xHrS Oya'
t=uHðycsufrsm;udk awmif;cH&mY vlenf;pk vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh rlpvifrsm;onf vlrsm;pk tkyfpkrsm;xuf ydkI tcsKd;tpm;
rsm;ygonf? pcef;w&m;pD&ifa&;pepftay: ,Hk=unfr_r&Sdonfh oabmjzpfonf? atmufygyHkrsm;onf Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme (LAC)
xHrS Oya't=uHðycsufrsm;udk awmif;cH&mY rlpvifwdk@. tcsKd;tpm; tvGefrsm; aeyHkudk az:jyaeygonf? odk@&mwGif
t=uHðycsufawmif;cHjcif;ESifhywfoufI w&m;r_ESifh &mZ0wfr_[lI cGJjcm;jyxm;jcif; r&Sdonfhtjyif/ tr_ta=umif;t&mESifh
rqdkifaom tultnDrsm; (TtultnDrsKd; awmif;cHol tr_onfrsm;onf tcsKd; tpm; rsm;Edkifygonf) ESifh ywfoufIvnf;
az:jyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif tultnDawmif;cHol tr_onftcsKd; tpm;onf pcef;vlOD;a&ESifhpmv#if tvGefrsm;aea=umif;
odomae+yD;/ txufaz:jyyg avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk taxmuftul ðyay;aeygonf?
41
Edited from IRC’s “LAC Justice Survey Report”, 2007.
72
Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme (LAC) . tr_onfrsm;ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf) (IRC-LAC, April 2010)
rJv (Zef-{+yD 2010) rJv (Zef-'DZifbm2009)
100
100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
t,fvfatpDtr_onf pcef;wckvHk; t,fvfatpDtr_onf pcef;wckvHk;
ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd& ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd&
rJv (Zef-'DZifbm 2008) rJv (Zef-'DZifbm 2007)

100
100
80
80
60
60
%
%
40
40
20 20
LAC CLIENT CASELOAD VS OVERALL CAMP POPULATION IN ML – BY RELIGION/ PERIOD (IRC-LAC, April 2010)
0 0
t,fvfatpDtr_onf pcef;wckvHk; t,fvfatpDtr_onf pcef;wckvHk;
ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd& ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd&
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@. tcef;u¾rsm;
aqG;aEG;ESpfodrfhay;ol tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ t=uHay;oltjzpf vnf;aumif;/ vdktyfygu tqHk;tjzwfay;ol tjzpf vnf;aumif;
bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u trsm;qHk; ajz&Sif;ay;aom tr_tcif;rsm;onf rdom;pkjy\emrsm; ESifh pcef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;aom
vlr_a&;jy\emrsm;jzpfonf?
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm; =um;0ifajz&Sif;ay;aom tr_rsm;onf bmoma&;ESifha&m/ pcef;pnf;rsOf;Oya' wdk@ESifhyg oufqdkifaeaom

tr_rsm; (om"utm;jzifh/ t&ufrl;aom vli,ftcsif;csif; cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;r_) jzpfygu bmom a&; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Zkefe,fajr
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh nd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;=uonf (Zkefe,fajr acgif;aqmifu tr_udk t"dutm;jzifh pD&ifqHk;jzwfol jzpf+yD;/
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifxHrS t=uH^m%frsm;ESifh axmufcHcsufrsm; awmif;cH jcif; jzpfonf)?
“*smvm”(Jala) &mZ0wfr_ wr_udk bmoma&;acgif;aqmifxH wifvmygu bmoma&;acgif;aqmifonf
rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh t&ufaopm xdktr_udk pD&ifqHk;jzwfjcif; rðybJ/ oufqdkif&m pcef;tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@om
jy\emrsm;&Sdaeaom vli,frsm;udk
v$Jajymif;ay;avh&Sdonf?
tpkvdkuftzGJ@vkduf ynmay;a&;
tpDtpOf jzpf+yD;/ vli,frsm;
pcef;tm%mydkifrsm;u rl;,pfaq;0g;/ odk@r[kwf t&ufpGJaeolvli,fwOD;udk awG@&Sdygu
tðytrlajymif;vJa&;twGuf tcsdef,l+yD;/
AvDrsm;Y bmoma&;avhvmr_rsm; xdkvli,fudk “apmifh =unfh”ay;yg&ef bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xH arwW m&yfcH=uonf?
vkyf=u&onf? Todk@ “apmifh=unfh”jcif;onf bmoma&; c&D; “*svm”(Jala) xGufaponfhtjzpftxd
a&mufoGm;wwfygonf? tðytrl ðyjyifa&;twGuf tkyfpkjzifh bmoma&;avhvmap&ef
AvDrsm;odk@ vSnfhvnfoGm;vmapjcif; jzpfonf? AvDwckrSm (3) &ufcef@ ae&avh&Sd onf? (c&D;pOfwckonf (10) &ufrS &uf (40)
73
txd =umwwfonf)? Todk@bmoma&;c&D; xGufapjcif;onf “csDvmh”(Chillah ac: &ufaygif; 40- pepf ) udk wrsKd;wrnf
usifhoHk;jcif; jzpfonf? Tpepfonf jrefrmEdkifiHY ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uwnf;u r'&yfpm (madarasah) ausmif;tcsdK@u
ausmif;xGufvufrSwf& pmar;yGJ atmif+yD; aom ausmif;om;rsm; tpPvrfbmoma&; pdwf"mwf ydkrdk&Sifoefvmapa&;twGuf
wdkif;jynf. ae&mtESH@odk@ c&D; xGufI omoemðyapaom tavhtxwck jzpfonf? ,cktcgYrl Tbmoma&;tavhtxonf
'kuQ onfpcef; ae rlpvifrdbrsm;u rdrdwdk@. qdk;oGrf;aom om;rsm; vlaumif;olaumif; jzpfvma&;twGuf usifhoHk;onfhtavh
42
txw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd Tvkyfaqmifcsufonf pcef;w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk 0efav;aprnfhtpm;/
xda&mufr_vnf;&Sdaom aqG;aEG;ESpfodrfhjcif; enf;vrf;w&yfjzpfonf[k jrif=uonf?
bmoma&;t& onf;cHEdkifr_ (onf;nnf;rcHEdkifr_)

vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;r_? rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uHaexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm; atmuf&Sd vlr_a&;t& yg0ifaygif; pnf;Edkifr_
tcef;udkvnf; =unfhyg?
pcef;rsm;xJrSm rlpvifwdk@ESifh tjcm;bmoma&; tkyfpkrsm;t=um; bmoma&;t&
cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; &Sdaejcif;onf ajz&Sif;&efESifh avhvmpDppf&ef &_yfaxG;cufcJaom jy\emw&yf rlpvifwdk@ESifh tjcm;bmoma&;
tkyfpkrsm; t=um; bmoma&;t&
jzpfonf? (onf=um;xJ/ rlpvif todkuf t0ef;xJrSm “tkyfpk (3) pk” &Sdaejyefao;onf? cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; &Sdaejcif;onf
wu,fwrf;&Sdaeonfum; “rwljcm;em;r_rsm;”udk &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif; todtrSwfðyxm;jcif; &_yfaxG;cufcJ aom jy\emw&yf
(t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifr_b0 yHkpHtay:rSm tajccHI todtrSwfðyxm;jcif;) jzpf+yD;/ jzpf+yD;/ (“u&ifrlpvif” rsm;onf
jzpfay:vmaom cGJjcm;r_rsm;onf Ttay:rSm tajccHxm;jcif;jzpfygonf (“u&ifrlpvif” rlpvifr[kwfolrsm;ESifh ydkI
rsm;onf rlpvif r[kwfolrsm;ESifh ydkI tqifajy=uonfjzpf&m/ TcGJjcm;r_onf rlpvif tqifajy=uonf?
todkuft0ef;xJrS usef (2) tkyfpktay:rSm ydkI odomygonf)?
vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm; wckESifhwck ododomom cGJjcm;xm;jcif;onf tjyeftvSef vkyfaqmifcsufjzpf+yD;/ rlpvifwdk@u rlpvif

r[kwfaom todkuft0ef;rsm; enf;wlyif tkyfpkzGJ@ aexdkif=ujcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdk@. rlpviftjzpfESifh vlr_ a&; aygif;pnf;r_udk
xdef;odrf;xm;vdk=uonf? Tpdwf"mwfonf pcef;. tpdwftydkif; tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm jzpfyGm;aeaom trsm;olig pdwf"mwf
jzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jyygrnf? jyify tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rJvpcef;&Sd &yfuGufrsm;udk (ZHke,fajr *- 1 u/ c- 5 ponfjzifh)
eHygwfwyf+yD;/ &nf!$ef; ajymqdk=uaomfvnf;/ &yfuGufvlxk rsm;url &yfuGuf trnftrsKd;rsKd;udk rdrdwdk@. Zmwd&yf&Gm trnfrsm;jzifh
&nf!$ef;ajymqdk=uonf (odk@jzpf&m/ jyifyrS yk*~dKvfrsm;u &yfuGuf (c-5) [k odxm;=uaom &yfuGufudk “bdk;Edk@”
(rJvpcef;odk@a&mufrvmrDu pcef;om; trsm;pk aexdkifcJh&m t&yf.trnf) [lI &nf!$ef; ajymqdk=uonf)?
Tpdwf"mwfrsKd; &Sdaeojzifh/ bmoma&;tay: tajccHaom cGJjcm;r_rsm; (onf;rcHEdkifjcif;awmh r[kwfyg) onf trsm;tm;jzifh

&Sdaeonfom jzpfygonf? (rwljcm;em;r_rsm;&Sdaom tjcm;udpPrsm;Yvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yif jzpfygonf)? odk@&mwGif
Todk@cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;onf aexdkifr_b0yHkpHudk “tvdkvdk”odae&if;rS trsm;tm;jzifh ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;om jzpfonf?
todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk;udk owfowfrSwfrSwf bmoma&;t& cGJjcm;aom “c&l; qdwfppfyGJ”qifEGJaejcif;awmh r[kwfygacs?
pcef;om;rsm;. pdwfxJu “igwdk@eJ@ olwdk@”[laom tiftm;pkonf trsm;oligrSm &Sdaeygonf? odk@&mwGif T qufqHa&;

oabmonf wdrfjrKyfae+yD;/ taumiftxnfay:jcif;vnf; r&Sdacs? vlr_a&;aygif;pnf;r_ESifh yÉdyuQrjzpfyGm;atmif a&Smifjcif;wdk@.
aumif;usKd;wdk@a=umifh ododomom tcsif;rsm;r_rsm; ray:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
odk@&mwGif rlpvifwdk@taeESifh TqufqHa&; oabmudk ododomom xdawG@cHpm;rdonfuawmh trSefyif jzpfygonf? rlpvif

todkuft0ef; wckvHk;taeESifh cHpm;rdonfxuf/ wOD;csif;taeESifh cHpm;rdjcif;u ydkygonf?
(odk@jzpfonfhwdkif yk*~dKvfa&; yÉduQrsm;onf “igwdk@eJ@ olwdk@”[laom taetxm;odk@
a&mufatmif tus,f tus,f jzpfoGm;cJhonfrsm; &Sdonf)? Tta=umif;udk qdkcJh+yD; jzpfonf?
txufrSm qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;yif “cGJ jcm;qufqHr_”wpHkw&monf rlpvif wdk@csnf; oufoufudk
owfowfrSwfrSwf &nf&G,fonfI jzpfay:aeonf r[kwfacs? ordkif;tpOftqufrSm rsKd;wlpk
owd
42 ðyrdp&m rwljcm;em;aom
Adapted from ‘Islamic education in Myanmar: a case study’, Mohammed Mohiyuddin Mohammed Sulaiman, from
t0wftqif (ML, 2009)
‘Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar’, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (editors), The Australian National
University, 2008.
74
wpktjzpf aumif;pGm pkpnf;rdvmcJh+yD;/ acwfaemufusjcif;vnf;&Sdaom vlr_todkuft0ef;wcku rdrdvl@tzGJ@tpnf; xJrSm
&kwfw&uf ay:aygufvmaom vlrsKd;a&;ESifh bmoma&; uGJjym; jcm;em;r_rsm;udk (jyif;xefaom vlrsKd;a&; pdwf"mwftcHjzifh)
“tvdkvdk”wkH@jyefrdjcif;om jzpfygonf? rEk\aA' avhvmcsufwGif trsm;vufcHxm;aom tcsuf rSm ordkif;t& vlrsKd;wrsKd;wnf;
&Sd+yD;/ woD;wjcm;pDvnf; jzpfae aom ppfòydifwdkufcdkufae=uonfh vlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;onf aemufqHk;rSm oifhjrwfoGm;=u+yD;/
vlr_taqmuftOD opfwck tjzpfodk@ aygif;pyfoGm;=ua=umif;/ rsKd;qufrsm; &Snf=umvmaom tcgY ajymif;vJaeaom
tajctaeudk wu,fwrf; vufcH/ todtrSwfðy=uvma=umif;yif jzpfyg onf?
atmufygjzpf&yfwdk@onf vlyk*~dKvfcsif; &efyGJrsm; (bmoma&; rwljcm;em;r_onf Ttajctaeodk@ a&mufapwwfonf) rSaeI

vltrsm;yg0ifaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;tjzpfodk@ us,fjyef@oGm;wwfonfh om"ursm; jzpfygonf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;onf wyHkpHwnf;
jzpfonf? txdrdqHk; pum;ESifh az:jy&rnfqdkv#if “vlr_a&; ydkifeufe,fajr” jy\em (t&ufrl;&mrSaeI a,mufsm;av;
&nf;pm;§rdef;uav;&nf;pm; udpPtwGuf remvdk o0efwdkjzpfjcif;ESifh ywfoufaeavh&Sdonf) ESifhywfoufI rlpvifwOD;ESifh
rlpvifr[kwfolwOD; wdk@t=um; rajyvnfaom tcsif;rsm;r_rS aeI pwifjcif; jzpfonf? &efjzpfolu rdrd. tiftm;udk jy&efESifh
&efyGJudk ydkI qdk;oGm;ap&ef rdrd. rdwfaqG rsm;udk ac:aqmifvmjcif;tm;jzifh tcsif;rsm;r_udk ydkI }uD;oGm;apygonf? tu,fI
vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;taeESifh vltkyfuGJoGm;atmif xdxda&mufa&mufvnf; rpGrf;aqmifEdkifygu aemufqHk;Y &efyGJonf bmoma&;
tkyfpkcsif; t=urf;zufr_tjzpfodk@ us,fjyef@oGm;Edkifygonf? vlyk*~dKvfcsif; &efyGJudk vlrsKd;a&; odk@r[kwf bmoma&;yÉduQ tjzpf
tvG,fowfrSwfr_rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaeaomfvnf; rlpvifacgif;aqmifwdk@url jyifyrS wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh avhvmolrsm;tm;
‚ if;wdk@ tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSm ñuHawG@cJh&onfh w&m;aoqefaom vlr_a&; qufqHa&;oabmrsm;tay: tajccHum odrf;usHK;
aumufcsufrqGJ=u&ef aumif;pGm owday;cJhygonf?
• rJa&mfrlpcef;Y r=umao;cifESpfrsm;twGif;rSm vli,ftcsif;csif; owfykwfr_ (2) }udrfjzpfyGm;cJha=umif;
rlpvifacgif;aqmifrsm;u az:jycJhonf? (T&efyGJrsm;onf bmoma&;t& jzpfyGm;aom &efyGJrsm;jzpfonf[k
&_jrif=uonf)? tqdk;qHk;&efyGJrSm t&ufrl;aeaom u&ifvli,f (3) OD;ygonfh &efyGJjzpf+yD;/
(2009)ckESpf/ o=uFefyGJawmftwGif;rSm jzpfyGm;cJhonf? u&ifvli,frsm;u vGefcJhaomESpf tenf;i,f avmufu
twef;az:jzpfcJhzl;ol rlpvifvli,fwOD;. tdrfjcH0if;xJodk@ 0ifoGm;+yD;aemuf“qufvuf aysmfyGJqif&ef”twGuf
t&ufzdk;awmif;cJhonf? rlpvif oli,fcsif;u ray;Edkif[k qdk+yD;/ jyefoGm;v#if aumif;rnf[k ajymcJhonf?
bmoma&;t& ykwfcwfajymqdkr_rsm;ESifh udk,fxdvufa&mufðyrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; vkyf&mrSaeI &kwf&kwfoJoJ
jzpfyGm;cJhonf? &efyGJ xdef;rEdkif/ odrf;r&rjzpfyGm; rDrSmyif vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@u tajctaeudk xdfef;odrf;EdkifcJhonf?
• (2004)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (27) &ufae@u rJvpcef;rSm u&if'kuQ onf (300) cef@ESifh rlpvif 'kuo Qnf (200)
cef@wdk@ {&mr &efyGJ}uD;wyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf? t&uftvGeftu|H rl;aeaom q,fausmfouft&G,f u&if
vli,ftkyfpkwpku "g;rsm;ESifh opfom;wkwfrsm; udkifaqmifum rlpvif &yfuGuf (4) uGufudk wdkufcdkuf&mrSaeI &efyGJ
pcJhjcif; jzpfonf? u&ifvlrsKd; pcef;vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@0if rsm;ESifh pcef;a&S@ vrf;wzuf&Sd wyfpcef;rS xdkif;ppfom;rsm;.
tultnDjzifh atmfaqmf (Or Sor) u &efyGJudk tqHk;owf oGm;apcJhonf? xdkif;ppfwyf pcef;rSL;opf twfc&zef
ydk;vfqD&d (Akkharaphan Poolsiri) u xaqmif,ef (Tha Song Yang) &Sd tm%mydkifrsm;udk ta=umif;=um;
today;cJh onf? pcef;xJ&Sd rlpvif aps;qdkifrsm;udk “acwW ,m,D ydwfxm;”cJhonf? 43
xdkif;vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u &efjzpfol taeESifh yÉdyuQtwGif; wdkuf&dkuf yg0ifcJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf?

• (2003)ckESpf/ {+yDv (10) &ufae@u rJvpcef;Y atmfaqmf (ac:) vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh &efyGJwyGJ jzpf yGm;cJhonf?
a&ydkufoG,fjcif;ESifh ywfoufI u&if'kuQ onfrsm;ESifh rlpvif'kuQ onfrsm; tcsif;rsm; =u&mY atmfaqmfrsm;u
0ifyg+yD;v#if/ rlpvifwa,mufudk zrf;csKyfxm;cJhonf? ol@udk óud;ESifh wkyf xm;+yD;/ rkwfqdwfarG;rsm;udk "g;jzifh
vSD;jzwfcJhonf? rlpvif (100) cef@ pk=u+yD;/ atmfaqmfwdk@udk 0g;vHk;rsm;jzifh
bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rlpvifrsm; &dkufESuf=uonf? atmfaqmfrsm;u vltkyfxJodk@ aoewfjzifh ypf&m/ u&iftrsKd;orD;
yg0ifywfoufaeaom tr_tcif;rsm; udkom wa,mufESifh rlpvif trsKd;om;wa,mufwdk@ '%f&m&oGm;cJhonf? “'%f&m&ol
ajz&Sif;ay;ygonf? rlpvif r[kwfolrsm; yg0if atmfaqmfonf vJus+yD; OD;acgif;u ausmufwHk;ESifhaqmifhrd&m/ owdvpfoGm;cJhonf?
ywfoufaeygu tr_rsm;udk &yfuGufvl}uD;
odk@r[kwf Zkefe,fajrvl}uD;xHodk@ v$Jajymif;
ay;onf?
43
Shah Paung, ‘Fracas in ML Refugee Camp’, The Irrawaddy Online Edition, 27 October 2004, at http://www.irrawaddy.org/;
'Refugee Camp Raided', Bangkok Post, 28 October 2004, p. 4; and interviews in Mae Sot, Tak province, 15 December 2004.
75
odk@&mwGif owdarhoGm;onf txd vltkyf}uD;. 0dkif;&dkufjcif;cH&onf[k tjcm;wOD;u qdkygonf? olonf rJ&rwf
aq;&HkrSm wv=um wufa&mufukocJh&onf?” 44
Todk@ wdwdusus az:jyI&aom &efyGJrsm;tjyif qufvuf+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; &Sdaeygonf? tkef;zsHrdkifESifh rJvpcef;&Sd

rlpvifacgif;aqmifrsm; ajymjyonfrSm ntcgY AvDudk cJESifh tjrJaygufonf [laom tjzpfrsKd; jzpfonf? Tvkyf&yfrsm;onf
rlpviftkyfpkxJrSm a=umufpdwf0ifaeatmifESifh bmoma&;tcsif;csif; roifhjrwfr_ ydkqdk;vm atmif vkyfaqmifaejcif; jzpfygonf?
wOD;csif; vHkðcHa&;
rlpvift&G,fa&mufol rdef;uav;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;u narSmifvmv#if a,mufsm;om;rsm;. tEW &m,fudk a=umufI
pcef;xJrSm vrf;av#mufroGm;&Jyg[k ajymjy=uonf? TtEW &m,fonf rlpvif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk om +cdrf;ajcmufaeonf r[kwfbJ/
bmomra&G;/ vlrsKd;pkra&G; trsKd;orD;rsm; tm;vHk;udkyg +cdrf;ajcmufaeygonf? odk@jzpfI pcef;wckvHk;ESifh qdkifaom t=urf;zufr_.
oabmobm0onf TtpD&ifcHpm. e,fy,ftjyiftyrSm a&mufaeaomfvnf; az:jyoifhaom ta=umif;t&mwck jzpfygonf?
touft&G,f}uD;aom rlpvifrdef;r}uD; rsm;url trsKd;orD;i,frsm;avmuf ra=umuf&GH@=ua=umif; az:jy=uygonf? wu,fawmh
touf}uD;olrsm;udk &dkaor_ &Sdao;aom tajctaea=umifh &J0Hhr_wpHkw&m&Sda=umif; az:jy=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
r=umao;cif ESpfrsm;twGif;u pcef;tm;vHk;rSm vli,f*dk%f;rsm; zGJ@xm;=u+yD;/ ydkIydkI ay:xif/ =oZm t&Sdeft0g}uD;vmcJhjcif;

(rlpvif vli,frsm;vnf; T*dk%f;rsm;xJrSm tygt0ifjzpfonf) a=umifh trSefwu,fyif vHkðcHr_ r&Sda=umif; cHpm;pdwf
ydkI }uD;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? Todk@ajymif;vJr_onf ydwfavSmifxm;aom pcef;xJrSm a&&Snf aexdkifvmcJh&jcif;a=umifh cHpm;&aom
rauseyfpdwfrsm;udk ta=umif;ðyI jzpfyGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfEdkifonf? (tjcm;pcef;rsm;xuf ydkIat;csrf;onfhtjyif/ vlr_a&;
aygif;pnf;r_vnf; tm;aumif;aom pcef;wcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;jcif; cH&onfh) rJa&mfrlpcef;Yyifv#if T*dk%f;*%rsm;
(&yfuGufxJu odu|rf;ol tcsif;csif;jzifh zGJ@xm;aom vltkyfpk uav;rsm;)onf narSmifvmv#if vrf;ovm;ae wwf=uojzifh
rlpvif trsKd;orD;rsm;u jy\emESifh ywfouf I trSefwu,fyif pdk;&drfruif;a=umif; az: jy=uonf? (txl;ojzifh vGefcJhaom (2)
ESpf (3) ESpftwGif;u) narSmifvm v#if rnfolr# vrf;a0;a0; rav#muf&J=uawmhacs?
pcef;tm;vHk;Y rlpviftkyfpkrsm;onf cdk;r_rsm; (aps;qdkifrsm;ESifh tdrfrsm;rS cdk;jcif;) tjcm; trsKd;orD;i,frsm;enf;wlyif

ododomom}uD; wdk;vmjcif;ESifh ñuHawG@ae&v#uf &Sdonf? (rJa&mfrlpcef;&Sd rlpvif trsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf
rlpvifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdrd awG@qHkcJhaomae@rSmyif vGefcJhaom (2) &ufu tDrrf (Imam) wOD;csif;vHkðcHr_ wdk;Iwdk;I +cdrf;ajcmuf
cHae& ygonf? (t"dutm;jzifh
t}uD;tuJqDu AvD. tvSLaiGtm;vHk; tcdk;cHcJh&a=umif; =um;od&onf)? Todk@ jzpfyGm; rdrdb0udk rauseyfaom
aejcif;udk [ef@wm;&eftwGuf pcef;pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;udk ydkIwif;wif;=uyf=uyf pdwfjzifh }uD;jyif;vmcJhaom pcef;wGif;
tm%mwnfap+yD;/ tjypfusL;vGefa=umif; xif&Sm;olrsm;udk aemifusOfatmif vli,frsm; wdk;rsm;vmcJh jcif;a=umifh
jyif;jyif;xefxef tjypfay;oifhonf[k bmoma&; acgif;aqmif rsm;u t=uHðy =uygonf? jzpfonf)?
a&&SnftwGuf ajz&Sif;csufrsm;
rdrdqENtavsmuf ae&yfodk@ jyefydk@ay;jcif;

ae&yfodk@jyefydk@jcif;ESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh tajctaewdk@udk pOf;pm;wGufcsufjcif;rðybJ rlpvif
trsm;pku ,Hk=unfae=uonfrSm olwdk@onf olwdk@ESifh b0wljzpfaom u&ifwdk@ESifhpmv#if ydkI aumif;aom vHkðcHa&; tajctaejzifh
ae&yfjyefEdkifvdrfhrnf[lI jzpfonf? Todk@,Hk=unf&jcif;rSm t"dutm;jzifh typf tcwf &yfpJr_ vkyfrxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;r_ odyfr&Sdolrsm;tjzpf ‚
if;wdk@udk aus;&Gmrsm;u ydkI vufcHEdkifonf[k xifrSwfxm;aom tjrifa=umifhjzpfonf? rlpvif
todkuft0ef;xJrS “u&ifrlpvif” tkyfpk0ifrsm;url ae&yfodk@jyefydk@cH&&mY jy\emrsm;ydkI &SdEdkifa=umif; az:jy=uonf? ta=umif;rSm
‚ if;wdk@onf (autJef ,l) tjyif/ tjcm; twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; cdkifcdkifjrJjrJ/ =um&SnfpGm yl;aygif;cJhjcif;a=umifh
jzpfonf[k az:jy=uonf?
44
Interviews with NGO workers, Mae Sot, Tak province, 2 May 2003 and 3 May 2003.
76
ae&yfodk@jyefydk@cH&aom tcgY vHkðcHa&;tajctae rnfodk@&Sdrnf[k rdrdwdk@bmom wGufcsufjcif;/ E_dif;,SOfjcif; ðy=u apumrl/ ‚ if;wdk@udk
vufcH&p&m&Sdaom &yf&Gm todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u ‚ if;wdk@xifxm;ovdk óudqdkaezG,fr&Sdacs? 'DaubDattzGJ@. (999) txl;wyf&if;rS
wyf&if;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;cspfolu (rlpvifrsm;udk ol. òrd@rSm vufcHvdrfhrnf r[kwf/ ae&yfjyefydk@aom tpDtpOfjzifh jyefydk@rnfh rnfonfh
rlpvifudkr# vufcHvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k) ol@. oabmxm;udk xkwfaz: a=unmxm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? 45 Adkvfcspfol. XmecsKyf&Sd&m/
“a&$ukuU dK”òrd@onf tv,fydkif; e,fpyf. u&ifjynfe,fzuf tjcrf;wGif t}uD;qHk;ESifh txif&Sm;qHk; ae&mXme wckjzpf+yD;/ rJvpcef;rS
aeI tvHk; t&if;vdkuf ae&yfjyefydk@a&;twGuf tjrifomqHk; ae&mwck jzpfa=umif; pOf;pm;rdaomfvnf;/ pcef;rS rlpvifrsm;
wGufcsufxm;onfhtwdkif; ab;uif;pGm ae&yfjyefEdkifa&;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mrsm; xyfrH pDpOf&rnf jzpfyg onf?
a'ocHrsm;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf aygif;pnf;apjcif;

TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf wdkifyifaqG;EG;cJhaom rlpvif acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpk trsm;pkwdk@u a'ocHvlxkrsm;xJodk@
0ifa&mufaygif;pnf;apjcif;onf vuf&SdtajctaewGif toifhawmfqHk;ESifh jzpfEdkifzG,ft&SdqHk; ajz&Sif; csuf jzpfonf[k az:jy=uygonf?
ae&yfodk@jyefydk@jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif; aemufodk@ ajcwvSrf; jyefqkwfjcif; jzpfonf[k
jrif=u+yD;/ vufcHrnfh tdrf&Sifwdkif;jynfrSm tquftoG,frsm;&Sdaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ qufI aygif;pnf; tajccsaexdkifjcif;onf
toifhawmfqHk;jzpfonf[k jrif=uonf? e,fpyfa'orSmvnf;aumif;/ xdkif;EdkifiH. jynfrxJrSmaomfvnf;aumif; òrd@ESifh
tquftoG,f aumif;aumif;&Sd aeaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ Todk@tajccs aexdkifjcif;onf Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&“tajymif;tvJ
r}uD;aom/ emusOf r_ r&Sdaom ajcvSrf;” jzpfonf[k qdk=uonf?
ajymif;a&$@ tajccsaexdkifjcif;
wwfcf c&dkif&Sd 'kuQ
onfrsm;twGuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm tajccs aexdkifEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm; wyHkwyif }uD;yGifhvmaom
tcgY TudpPESifhywfoufI owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rod&jcif;a=umifh tcsKd@aom rlpvifrsm;u c&pf,mefbmomodk@
onfrsm; qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; (UNHCR) .
ul;ajymif;v#if tcGifhta&; ydkaumif;vmvdrfhrnf[k xifcJh=u+yD;/ ukvor*~'kuQ
uGif;qif; 0efxrf;rsm;. ajymjycsuft&qdkv#if (2005) ckESpf rukefrDtxd rJvpcef;&Sd rlpviftcsKd@u c&pf,mefbmomodk@
ul;ajymif;aeonf[k =um;odcJh&ygonf? odk@&mwGif (UNHCR) . t&m&Sdrsm;udk TudpPESifhywfoufI w&m;0if ar;jref;=unfhaom
tcgYrl Towif;onf rrSefuefyg[k qdk=uonf?
rJa&mfrl pcef;&Sd rlpviftdrfaxmifpk (13) pkteuf trsm;pkonf EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif tajccsaexdkifvdk=ua=umif; pcef;&Sd rlpvifrsm;u
az:jy=uonf? (Todk@ tajccs aexdkifvdk=ujcif;ta=umif;&if;rsm;um; xdktdrfaxmifpk tawmfrsm;rsm;. aqGrsKd;rsm;onf
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh uae'gEdkifiHY tajccs aexdkifv#uf&Sdjcif;/ pcef;rSm txD; wnf; aexdkif&um/ pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
csKd@wJhaejcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf)?
aemufqHk;tajctae udef;*%ef;rsm;udk r&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpvifrsm;udk vufcHaom tcsKd;tpm;onf

rsm;aea=umif;/ (UNHCR) . (2009) ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif; tcsuftvufrsm; (atmufyg *&yfyHkrsm; udk =unfhyg) u n$efjyaeyg onf?
rJa&mfrlpcef;rSaeI tajccsaexdkif&ef ajymif;a&$@oGm;olrsm;ESifh ywf oufI bmoma&;t& cGJjcm;jyaom udef;*%ef;rsm;udk ,ck
tpD&ifcHpma&;om;aecsdeftxd r&&SdcJhacs?
tajccsaexdkifaom vlOD;a&ESifh pcef;vlOD;a& (udk;uG,fonfh bmomtvdkuf)

(UNHCR, Mar 2009/ TBBC TPD Mar 2010)
rJv tkef;zsHrdkif
100
100
80 80
60 60
% %
40 40
20 20
0 0
45 Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd& Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd&
Interviews with xxx, yyy, Mae Sot, Tak Province, June 2007.
pcef;vlOD;a& ajymif;a&$@tajccs pcef;vlOD;a& ajymif;a&$@tajccs
77
Edkzdk;
100
80
60
%
40
20
0
Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;/ rod&Sd&
pcef;vlOD;a& ajymif;a&$@tajccs
ed*Hk;
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf wav#muf&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;rS rlpvifvlr_ todkuft0ef;rsm;onf pcef;xJ&Sd usef'kuQ onf vlxkrsm;ESifh vHk;0
rwljcm;em;aom aexdkifr_b0yHkpHudk xdef;odrf;xm;vsuf&Sdum/ Ttcsufonf pcef;wGif; b0. udpPtawmfrsm;rsm; (vlr_-
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m "avhrsm;rSaeI udk,f pm;ðycGifh qdkif&m/ vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;txd)
rSm ay:vGifaeygonf?
Trwljcm;em;csufrsm;a=umifh pcef;. vlr_todkif;t0dkif;xJodk@ ‚

if;wdk@. 0ifqHhr_ yrm%onfvnf; trsm;ESifh rwl wrlxl;jcm;aeum
pcef;tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh tquftoG,f uGef&ufrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ jyifyrSvma&mufI 0efaqmifr_ay;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfief;tpDtpOf a&;qGJjcif;/ taumiftxnfaz:jcif;wdk@wGif vnf;aumif; udk,fpm;ðycGifh csKd@wJh
tm;enf;ae&ygonf?
rlpvifwdk@. usifhoHk;aexdkifr_ "avhxHk;pHrsm;ESifh b0 a&G;cs,fr_rsm;onf pcef;xJ&Sd trsm;wumwdk@ESifh rwljcm;em;aejcif;/

pcef;tm;vHk;rSm rlpvif vlOD;a&onf (15˜ 000) &Sdonf txdyif rsm;jym;ae+yD;/ wwfcfc&dkif pcef;rsm;&Sd vlOD;a&. (5 yHk 1) yHkudk
udk,fpm;ðyaejcif;wdk@udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;=unfhvdkufaomf Tvlr_todkif;t0dkif;tzdk@ “pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm wae&m”(pcef;aumfrDwD.
aqG;aEG;0dkif;pm;yGJrSmjzpfap/ jyifyrSvma&mufI 0efaqmifr_ay;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. aqG;aEG;0dkif;pm;yGJrSmjzpfap/ tzGJ@tpnf;
tcsif;csif; nd‡E_dif;&m aqG;aEG;0dkif; pm;yGJrSmjzpfap) vdktyfaeonfhtjyif/ trSefwu,fvnf; &&Sdxdkufa=umif; &Sif;aeygonf?
pcef; acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifcGifhESifhywfoufI r=umao;rDu (txl;ojzifh rJvESifh Edkzdk; pcef;rSm)

wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;ESifh (txl;ojzifh tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;rSm) &yf&Gmvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;
wnfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh Tjy\emudk twdkif;twmwcktxd ajz&Sif;aev#uf &Sdygonf? xdk@tjyif jyifyrS vma&mufI
0efaqmifr_ay;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfief;tpDtpOf a&;qGJcsrSwf&mY vnf;aumif;/ taumiftxnfaz:&mY vnf;aumif;/
bmoma&;qdkif&mESifh vlrsKd;pkqdkif&m rwljcm;em;csufrsm;udk ,cifuxuf ydkI cHpm;odjrifvma=umif; awG@&ygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif
rlpvifwdk@. vdktifqENrsm;udk tjynfht0 em;vnfr_&Sd pGmjzifh olwdk@tm; ulnDaxmufyHhoGm;a&;twGuf vkyfp&m vkyfief;rsm;pGm
usef&Sdaeygao;onf?
TudpPrsm;udk qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;a&;twGuf rlpvifwdk@rSm vdktifqENrsm;/ pGrf;tifrsm;ESifh pdwftm;xufoefr_rsm; &Sdygonf?

r=umao;rDESpfrsm; twGif;uyif vlrsKd;a&;t&/ bmoma&;t& wom;wnf; &SdaecJh&mrS aeI &kkwfcsnf; tv#iftjref ajymif;vJr_rsm;
jzpfay:vmcJh&m vuf&Sd pcef;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. wnf aqmufyHkrsm;onf r[mAsL[majrmufpGm/ tcsdefrSDpGm
Tajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifhtnD csdefnd‡jcif;/ todtrSwfðy vufcH jcif; ðy&mY vGJacsmfwdrf;yg;r_rsm; &SdcJhygonf? wef;wlnDr#pGm udk,fpm;ðycGifh
ydkrdk&Sda&; qDodk@ xdxda&mufa&muf ul;ajymif;rnfqdkv#if rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif ydkifqdkif+yD;/ rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif csrSwfcJhaom trsm;yg0ifa&;
vkyfief;/ r[mAsL[m a&;qGJa&; vkyfief;/ tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;wdk@wGif yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm; (vkyfief;. tusKd;udk
cHpm;&olrsm;/ vkyfief;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfolrsm;/ tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ ukvor*~. XmetzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;) tm;vHk; .
tjynfht0 yHhydk;ay;r_/ tm;ay;r_ESifh yg0if tusKd;ðyr_wdk@ vdktyfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
78
t}uHjyKcsufrsm;
atmufygt=uHðycsufrsm;onf rlpvifwdk@. usifhoHk;aexdkifr_ "avhxHk;pHESifh b0 a&G;cs,fr_rsm;tjyif/ ‚ if;wdk@. wef;wl nDr#pGm

yg0ifcGifh ydkrdk&&Sda&;wdk@ESifh pyfvsOf;I (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm; ydkrdk qDavsmfa&;ESifh wdk;wuf xda&mufr_&Sda&;wdk@twGuf
e,fy,frsm; tvkduf wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
taxGaxG
• (txl;ojzifh pHkvifaxGjym;r_vnf;&Sd wef;wlnDr#r_vnf; &Sdoifhaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaeYvnf;aumif;/ vkyfief; tpDtpOfeSifh
wdkuf&dkufoufqdkifaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaeY vnf;aumif;) rlpvifwdk@. usifhoHk;yHk"avhxHk;pHrsm;ESifh b0a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk
0efxrf;rsm; rSefrSefuefuef cHpm;em;vnfapoifhonf?
• vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJjcif;/ taumiftxnfaz:jcif;vkyfief;rsm; (vkyfief;aqmif&GufyHk tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh r[mAsL[m
a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if jzpfonf) wGif rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;tm; wef;wlnDr#pGm yg0ifapoifhonf? xdk@tjyif
Tvkyfief;rsm;ukd taumif txnfaz:aeyHk rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; rlpvifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk tpOf today;aeoifhonf?
• tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&Sdolrsm;tzdk@ vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifh oufqdkifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk wef;wlnDr#pGm
&&Sdapoifhonf?
• pcef;wGif; 0efxrf;rsm; (wDbDbDpDtzGJ@ xJrSma&m/ (CMSP) xJrSmyg) tjzpf tvkyfcef@tyfxm;&mY rlpvifrsm;tm; trsm;ESifhwef;wl
cef@xm;jcif;tm;jzifh tvkyfav#mufxm;vdkpdwf&Sdatmif tm;ay;jcif;/ Todk@ rlpvifrsm;tm; trsm;ESifh wef;wlcef@xm;a&;udk
tav;xm;aqmif&Gufjcif;ðyoifhonf? xdk@tjyif tvkyfcef@xm;a&;wGif yg0ifaom yk*~dKvftm;vHk;. TvdktyfcsuftwGuf
cHpm;em;vnf EdkifpGrf;udk jr‡ifhwifay;oifhonf?
• uGif;qif;0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf tvkyfcef@&mY rlpvifrsm;tm; trsm;ESifhwef;wlcef@xm;jcif;tm;jzifh tvkyfav#mufxm;vdkpdwf &Sdatmif
tm;ay;jcif;/
• vkyfief;tpDtpOfrSefor#. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk rlpviftodkif;t0dkif;rsm;tzdk@ trsm;ESifhwef;wl cHpm;&jcif;&Sdatmif
qufvuf }uD;=uyfay;oifhonf?
vlr_-,Ofaus;r_a&;&m
• 0efxrf;rsm;onf rlpvifwdk@aexdkif&m ae&mrsm;Y tpPvrf "avhxHk;pH/ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@ESifh tyfpyfaom tðytrlrsm;udk vdkufemusifhoHk;
ðyrloifhonf?
tpm;tpmESifh trdk;tum
• pcef;wGif; &duQ ma0jcrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&Gufae&aom e,fajrt&m&Sdrsm;taeESifh ig;yd a0iSay;jcif;/ ig;yd tydkrsm;udk
xdef;odrf;xm;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk enf;vrf;wus pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif; ESifh p&if;tif;xm;&Sdjcif; ðyoifhonf?
• ig;ydudk ydkIoifhawmfaom tjcm;pm;ukefypPnf;wrsKd;jzifh tpm;xkd;a&;twGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; pOf;pm;oifhonf? (wDbDbDpD)
tzGJ@onf pcef;wckxJ&Sd rwlaomtkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;tm; rwlaom pm;ukef trsKd;rsKd;udk axmufyHhavhr&Sdojzifh (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@ taeESifh
vuf&SdaxmufyHha&;tpDtpOf jyefvnfjyifqifa&;twGuf pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyfEdkifygonf? ulyGefpepfodk@ajymif;&ef
jzpfEdkifajcrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
• pcef;rsm;xJrSm axmufyHhaom pm;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk [mezD (Hanifi) t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft& [mvm (Halal) tqifhtwef;
rSDatmif aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?
• rlpvifwdk@. csufðywfa&;avmifpm oHk;pGJr_onf trsm;wum oHk;pGJr_ESifh rwljcm;em;jcif; &Sd- r&Sd qufvuf avhvm+yD;v#if/
tu,fI rwljcm;em;jcif;&Sdygu oifhawmfovdk aqmif&Gufay;&ef pOf;pm;oifhonf?
• &duQ modkavSmif&Hk0efxrf;rsm;ESifh a0jcrf;a&; tzGJ@rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm; wef;wlnDr#pGmudk,fpm;ðy yg0if cGifh&atmif (CMSP) rSwqifh
wdkufwGef;ay;oifhonf?
79
• (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. ypPnf;a0jcrf;ay;a&;ESifh apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm; wef;wlnDr#pGm udk,fpm;ðy yg0ifcGifh&atmif
aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?
• ypPnf;rsm; a0jcrf;ay;t+yD; apmifh=unfha&;wGif rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm; wef;wlnDr#pGmudk,fpm;ðy yg0ifcGifh&atmif &yfuGuftvdkuf
awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm; vkyfapjcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?
• tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; 0,f,lpkaqmif;jcif; xkwfvkyfjcif;wGif rlpvif tkyfpkrsm;. yg0ifr_ta=umif; ESifh ywfoufI qufvufI
okawoeðyoifhonf?
usef;rma&;
• pcef;wGif; tdrfwdkif&ma&mufapmihfa&Smufay;onfh usef;rma&;vkyfom;rsm;tm; rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;odk@ yHkrSef
oGm;a&mufapoifhonf? xdk@tjyif pDppfr_rsm;vkyf+yD;aemuf/ jznfhpGuftm[m&au|;arG;jcif; vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;
(Supplementary/Theraputic Feeding Programmes) xJodk@ jzpfEdkifor# xnfhoGif;ay;oifhonf?
• usef;rma&;at*sifpDtzGJ@rsm;taeESifh aq;cef;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;usef;rma&;vkyfom;tzGJ@rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm; wef;wlnDr#pGm
udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifcGifh&a&; udpPudk pOf;pm;+yD;/ TrlESifhtnD 0efxrf;rsm;udk cef@xm;oifhonf?
• rlpvif trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;um/ tm&S csufðywfenf;aygif;pHk o&kyfjyyGJrsm;wGif rlpvif tkyfpkrsm; tjrJyg0ifEdkifatmif
aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?
• rlpvifuav;i,frsm;onf pcef;xJ&Sd tjcm;uav;i,frsm;xufydkI tjyif;pm; ,m,D tm[m& csKd@wJha&m*gudk cHpm;&jcif; &Sd- r&Sd
ESifh tu,fI&Sdygu ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk az:xkwfa&;twGuf okawoe qufvkyfoGm;oifhonf? jzpfyGm;r_ enf;Edkifor#
enf;oGm;a&;twGuf okawoe awG@&Sdcsuf rsm; tay: tajccHum enf;vrf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;oifhonf?
ynma&;
• ynma&; at*sifpDtzGJ@rsm; taeESifh pcef;wGif;ynma&;0efxrf;rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm;tm; wef;wlnDr#pGm udk,fpm;ðy
yg0ifcGifh&a&;udpPudk pOf;pm;+yD;/ TrlESifhtnD 0efxrf;rsm;udk cef@xm;oifhonf?
• ynma&;ESifhywfoufI rlpvifrsm; az:jycJh=uaom tcuftcJt[ef@twm;rsm;udk ynma&; at*sifpDtzGJ@rsm; tm&Hkpdkufrdatmif
(CCSDPT) rSwqifh aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?
• (CCSDPT) ESifh (UNHCR) wdk@. tultnDjzifh pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpvifrsm;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif;/ òrd@}uD;/ òrd@i,frsm;&Sd
rlpvifrsm;t=um; tquftoG,frsm; wdk;yGm;a&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGoifh onf?
• pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;/ acs;aiGxkwfay;a&;/ aiGpkaqmifa&; vkyfief;tpDtpOf (Business Development, Grant and
Savings Programmes) vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif rlpviftkyfpkxJrS tm;aumif;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; u|rf;usifr_rsm; (txl;ojzifh
ta&mif;t0,f/ 0efaqmifr_ESifh wd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;wdk@ESifh qdkifaom u|rf;usifr_rsm;) udk toHk;csoifhonf? rlpvifwdk@.
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf e,fcH vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;. vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef qufpyfae
onfjzpf&m/ Tvkyfief;rsm;onf tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;ESifh r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufrsm; qufvuf taumiftxnfaz:a&;wGif
ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS aeI yg0ifvmEdkifa=umif; rSwfom;oifhygonf?
• qufvuf okawoeðyjcif;rS &&Sdvmaom awG@&Sdcsufrsm;tay:tajccHum tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; 0,f,lpkaqmif;jcif;/
xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifhqdkifaom vkyfief;wckckwGif rlpvifrsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;&ef pOf;pm;oifhonf?
• udk,fwdkifpm;oHk;a&; xkwfvkyfr_udk pdwf0ifpm;r_enf;onfjzpf&m rlpviftodkif;t0dkif;tm; &yf&Gm pdkufysKd;a&; ESifh tm[m&
vkyfief;tpDtpOf (Community Agriculture and Nutrition --CAN) rSm tjrJwrf; yg0ifatmif tm;ay;oifhonf?
• owfrSwfxm;aom owif;ay;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh rsKd;aphrsm; a0ay;aea=umif; rlpvif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm; today;+yD;/
tvdk&Sdolrsm;tm; &&Sdapoifhonf?
• “wdwfwdwfykef;”tcGefaumufcHr_rsm; &Sd- r&Sd/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;. us,fjyef@r_ESifh aumufcHaom yrm%wdk@udk pHkprf;avhvm+yD;v#if/
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pcef;wckvHk;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm; tay: &dkufcwf oufa&mufr_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfr_ vkyfoifhonf?
udk,fpm;ðycGifh
80
• pcef;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rlpvifrsm; wufºuGpGm yg0ifa&;/ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;tjzpfta&G;cHa&;twGuf (CMSP) . ulnDr_jzifh
aqmf=oay;oifhonf? xdk@jyif pcef;pDrHtkyfcsKya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh pcef;aumfrDwD tqifhwGif rlpvifrsm; wef;wlnDr#pGm
udk,fpm;ðycGifh&a&;twGuf pcef; a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk jyifqif rGrf;rH&ef pOf;pm;oifhonf?
• vuf&SdtcsdefY (rJvpcef;rSmuJhodk@) tkef;zsHrdkifESifh Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;rSm vlrsKd;pkrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfrDwD (Collaboration
Committee for Ethnic Groups) rsm; zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf (CMSP) . ulnDr_jzifh aqmf=o ay;oifhonf? xdk@tjyif pcef;
t=uHay;aumfrDwD (Camp Advisory Committee) rsm;rSm rlpvifrsm; yg0ifapoifhonf?
• rJa&mfrl/ rJvESifh Edkzdk;pcef;rsm;&Sd rlpviftkyfpkrsm;tm; rlpvif trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh vli,ftzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;atmif wdkufwGef;oifhonf?
xdk@jyif vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif rlpvif tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tm;vHk; wef;wlnDr#pGm yg0ifapoifhonf?
• pcef;. tdrfwdkif&ma&muf 0efaqmifr_ay; vkyfief;rsm;wGif rlpviftkyfpkrsm;udk xnfhoGif;um ‚ if;wdk@ ESifhyHkrSefaqG;aEG;
wdkifyifapoifhonf? xdk@tjyif ‚ if;wdk@. vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh vdktifqENrsm;udk vkyfief; tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif; ESifh tuJjzwfjcif;wdk@wGif
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf?
• (CCSDPT) rSwqifh (NGO) rsm;tm; ‚ if;wdk@. wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm;udk wef;wlnDr#pGm
xnfhoGif;onftxd us,fus,fjyef@jyef@wdk;csJ@aqmif&GufoGm;atmif wdkufwGef;oifhonf?
• (CCSDPT) ESifh (PWGs) rsm;rSwqifh pcef;pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif rlpvifrsm; oifhavsmfpGm (trnfcH
oufoufr[kwfbJ) udk,fpm;ðycGifh&a&;udpPtwGuf aqmf=oay;oifhonf?
umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_
• EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy pHcsdefrsm;ay: tajccHum zufpHk ESifh yHkrSef rSwfyHkwifay;a&; tpDtpOfwckudk csrSwfay;yg&ef xdkif;tpdk;&tm;
(UNHCR) ESifh (CCSDPT) wdk@rSwqifh qufvuf aqmf=o oGm;oifhonf?
• rlpvif tkyfpkrsm;xJrSm aexdkifae=uolrsm;tygt0if pcef;rsm;xJrSm aexdkifae=uaom rSwfyHkrwif&ao;oltm;vHk; (UNHCR) ESifh
(CCSDPT) wdk@. tultnDjzifh wef;wlnDr# rSwfyHkwifcGifh&apoifhonf?
• rlpviftkyfpk0ifrsm;u Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme (LAC) . 0efaqmifr_rsm;jzifh Oya'a&;&m t=uH^m%frsm;
awmif;cH&jcif;ta=umif;&if;rsm;/ TtcsufESifh pcef;w&m;a&; aumfrDwDrsm;rSaeI Oya'a&;&m tm;xm;&m&Smjcif;udk
t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhaer_wdk@ tjyeftvSef qufpyfaeyHk/ w&m;pD&ifr_wGif &Sm&Dvm Oya'jzifh =um;emppfaq;jcif;.
tcef;u¾wdk@ESifhywfoufI okawoeðyay;yg&ef?
• (CCSDPT) rSwqifh (IRC) . Oya'tusKd;aqmifXme (LAC) pDrHcsufvkyfief;tm; tm;ay; wdkufwGef;oifhonf?
• jrefrmEdkifiHrS 'kuQonfrsm;tm;vHk; pcef;xJrSm ,ae@txd aeae&ao;aom jy\emESifhywfoufI (e,fajrxJodk@ 0ifa&muf
aygif;pyfjcif; r[mAsL[mudk rlpvifrsm;u vdkvm;onfudk todtrSwfðyaomtm;jzifh) a&&SnfajyvnfoGm;atmif/ oifhawmfaom
ajz&Sif;csufrsm; &Smay;yg&ef xdkif;tpdk;&tm; (UNHCR) ESifh (CCSDPT) wdk@rSwqifh qufvuf aqmf=ooGm;oifhygonf?
81
aemufqufwGJ u - twdkaumuftrnfrsm;
ABMU - All Burma Monk’s Union
ASEAN - Association of South-East Asian Nations
BCM - Beneficiary Contact Monitoring
CAC - Camp Advisory Committee
CAN - Community Agriculture and Nutrition
CBO - Community-Based Organisations
CC - Camp Committee
CCEG - Co-ordination Committee for Ethnic Groups
CCSDPT - Co-ordinating Committee for Services to Displaced Persons in Thailand
CMP - Camp Management Programme
CMSP - Camp Management Support Programme
COERR - Catholic Office for Emergency Relief and Refugees
CSC - Community Support Centre
CSCC - Community Support Centre Committee
DAB - Democratic Alliance of Burma
DKBA - Democratic Karen Buddhist Army
GAM - Global Acute Malnutrition
GCM - Global Chronic Malnutrition
IEKNG - Internal-External Karen Network Group
IRC - International Rescue Committee
KHWA - Karen Handicapped Welfare Association
KNLA - Karen National Liberation Army
KNU - Karen National Union
KRC - Karen Refugee Committee
KRC-EE - Karen Refugee Committee – Education Entity
KSNG - Karen Student’s Network Group
KWO - Karen Women’s Organisation
KYO - Karen Youth Organisation
LAC - Legal Assistance Centre
ML - Mae La
MLOB - Muslim Liberation Organisation of Burma
MoI - Ministry of Interior
MRML - Mae Ra Ma Luang
MWA - Muslim Women’s Association
MWO - Muslim Women’s Organisation
MYA - Muslim Youth Association
NFE - Non-Formal Education
NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation
NP - Nu Po
OCEE - Office of Camp Education Entity
PAB - Provincial Admissions Board
PE - Physical Education
82
PKLCC - Pwo Karen Literacy and Culture Committee
PWG - Protection Working Group
RTG - Royal Thailand Government
RTP - Right To Play
RTT - Residential Teacher Trainer
SVA - Shanti Volunteer Association
TYG - Thirasanda Youth Group
UM - Umpiem Mai
UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
VT - Vocational Trainer
83
aemufqufwGJ- usrf;udk;pm&if;
atmufazmfjyyg pmtkyf-pmapmifrsm;p&if;onf aemufxyf okawoeðyEdkif&efESifh ,ck tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf toHk;ðyaom

t!$ef;pmtkyf pmwef;rsm; jzpfygonf?
Farouk, Omar, “The Muslims of Thailand”, South East Asian Review, 13, 1988: 1-30.
Forbes, Andrew D W., “History of Panglong, 1875-1900: a “Panthay” (Chinese Muslim) settlement in the Burmese
Wa states”, Muslim World, 78, January 1988.: 38-50.
Forbes, Andrew D.W., “The Yunnanese (“Ho”) Muslims of North Thailand”, in Andrew D.W. Forbes (Ed.), “The
Muslims of Thailand. Volume 1. Historical and Cultural Studies”, Bihar: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1988:
87-103.
Forbes, Andrew D.W., “The Haw. Traders of the Golden Triangle”, Chiang Mai: Teak House,
Human Rights Watch, “Crackdown on Burmese Muslims”. New York, Human Rights Watch: 12, 2002.
Karen Human Rights Group, “Easy Targets. The Persecution of Muslims in Burma”, Mae Sot: KHRG #2002-02, May
2002.
Knodel, John, Rossarin Soottipong Gray, Porntip Sriwatcharin, and Sara Peracca, 1999. “Religion and reproduction:
Muslims in Buddhist Thailand”, Population Studies, 53, (2), July 1999: 149-64.
Lambrecht, Curtis W., 2005. “Burma”, in Greg Fealy and (Eds.), etc
Lintner, Bertil, “Muslims in the mountains”, Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 February 1982: 23.
Liow, Joseph Chinyong, “The Security Situation in Southern Thailand: Toward and Understanding of Domestic and
International Relations”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27, (6), November-December 2004: 531-548.
Liulan, Wang, “Yunnanese Muslims along the Northern Thai Border”, School of Asian and African Area Studies,
Kyoto University.
Mote, F.W., “The Rural ‘Haw’ (Yunnanese Chinese) of Northern Thailand”, in Peter Kunstadter (Ed), Southeast
Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1967, Volume II: 487-524.
Muslim Salvation Organization of Burma (MSOB), “Muslim Salvation” newsletter, P.O. Box 70, Chiang Mai 50000.
Scupin, Raymond, “Muslim Accommodation in Thai Society”, Journal of Islamic Studies, 9, (2), 1998: 229-58.
Selth, Andrew, “Burma’s Muslims and the War on Terror”, Studies on Conflict and Terrorism, 27, (2) March-April,
2004: 107-26.
Selth, Andrew, “Burma’s Muslims: Terrorists or Terrorised?”, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,
Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.150, Australian National University, August 2003.
Soonthornpasuch Suthep, “Islamic Identity in Chiengmai City: A Historical and Structural Comparision of Two
Communities”, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1977.
Suhrke, Astri, “Loyalists and Separatists: The Muslims in Southern Thailand”, Asian Survey, 17, (3), March 1977:
237- 250.
Sulaiman, M. M. M., “The History of Muslims and Ulama in Myanmar”, 2003, unpublished mansucript.
Suria Saniwa bin Wan Mahmood, “De-radicalization of Minority Dissent, A Case Study of the Malay-Muslim
Movement in Southern Thailand 1980-1994” in Miriam Coronel Ferrer (ed.) “Sama-Sama: Facets of Ethnic Relations
in South East Asia”, Quezon City: Third World Studies Center, 1999: 115-154.
84
Yegar, Moshe, “The Panthay (Chinese Muslims) of Burma and Yunnan”, Journal of Southeast Asian History, 7, (1),
1966: 73-85.
Yegar, Moshe, “Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern
Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar”, Lanham: Lexington 2002.
Yegar, Moshe, “The Muslims of Burma: A Study of A Minority Group”, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1972.
85
xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfwav#muf&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;. vlr_a&; qufqHr_ yHko¿mef-
tiftm;pkrsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;Y vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m
"avhrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm; ododomom ajymif;vJazmfjyvmcJhjyD jzpfygonf?
ajymif;vJaeaom qufqHa&;- tiftm;pkrsm;. ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI

odjrifvma&;twGuf (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@onf ajymif;vJr_ jrifuGif;xJ&Sd rwljcm;em;aom
tkyfpkrsm;teuf tkyfpkwpk (rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;) ta=umif;udk ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm
em;vnfEdkif&ef okawoeðycJhygonf?
TtpD&ifcHpmonf ‚ if;okawoevkyfief;. &v'fjzpf+yD;/ rlpvifwdk@. usifhoHk;aexdkifyHk

"avhrsm;ESifh b0a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk cHpm;em;vnfa=umif; rdrd. vkyfief;tpDtpOfrSm
xif[yfay:vGifaeapa&; twGuf ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsuf ESifh tajrmftjrifwdk@udk
az:jyay;xm;ygonf?
86

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jzpf&yfwdkif;.

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif;}uD; (TBBC)

tzHk; 'DZdkif;? ? Cover design: http://library.wustl.edu/subjects/islamic/MihrabIsfahan.jpg

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif;}uD; (TBBC)

xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ ajymif;a&$@vm=u&onfh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifrsm; 21

rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uHaexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;

• tpm;taomufESifh trdk;tum &&Sdr_ 42

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#mufwGif wnf&Sdaeaom 'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;&Sd vlr_qufqHa&; jzpfwnfaer_ tajctaersm;onf

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf 'kuQ onfrsm;teuf rlpvifrsm;. tcef;u¾onf odomxif&Sm;pGm wnf&Sdaeonfh vlenf;pk

xdkolrsm; 'kuQ onfpcef;wGif; 0ifa&mufvm&jcif; ta=umif;t&if;tay: rlva&aomufjrpf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh

vlr_a&;- ,Ofaus;r_ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;

rlpvif ,Ofaus;r_Y odomxif&Sm;onfh udpPtrsm;tjym;rSm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESifh txl; ywfoufaeygonf? T odk@qdk&mwGif

pcef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;vlxkrsm;uJhodk@yif acwfopf vlaer_b0 yHkpHrsm;ESifh jyifyrS wifoGif;a&muf&Sdvmaom wefzdk;rsm;u rlpvifrsm;.

pm;oHk;qDESifh rD;xdk;avmifpmqD cGJwrf;rsm;wGifrl/ vufcH&&Sdonfh pcef;wGif;vlxk trsm;pku rvHkavmuf[k

“vufzuf&nfqdkif xdkifonfh tavhtx” a=umifh qefudk t"dutm;xm;pm;onfh/ wae@v#if ESpfeyfpm;oHk;onfh pm;oHk;r_

ausmif;om;rsm;aeonfh taqmifrsm;wGif rlpvifausmif;om;rsm; wufa&muf toHk;csEdkifr_rSm tenf;i,fr#om &Sd onf?

pcef;twGif;ESifh jyifywGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; aqmif&Gufaer_rsm; twkdif;twmrSmrl pcef;wckESifh wck tajctae

pcef; tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJr_ 0efxrf;rsm;wGif rlpvifudk,fpm;vS,frsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ enf;aeonfh tajctaeonf wnf&Sd aeqJjzpf+yD;/

rlpvif t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf; (CBO) rSm tkef;zsHrdkifpcef;Yom &Sd+yD;/ ‚ if;rSmvnf; “tjyeftvSef xdef;nd‡ppfaq;r_

Edkzdk;ESifh rJvpcef;rsm;wGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;ajymif;a&$@tajccsr_a=umifh rlpviftrsKd;orD;ESifh vli,ftzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;yHk ysuf,Gif;

bmoma&;t& onf;cHEdkifr_r&Sdjcif; tqifh r[kwfaomfvnf;/ bmoma&;t&cGJjcm;r_ pcef;twGif; trSefwu,fyif wnf&Sdaeygonf?

rlpvifrsm;u yk*~Kdvfa&;t& vHkðcHa&;twGuf pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wdk;wufcHpm;ae&ygonf? pcef;wGif;&Sd vli,ftkyfpkrsm; tay: wdk;I

a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh tajzrsm;twGuf jyefvnf ae&mcsxm; ydk@aqmif&ef qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;t&a&m/ EdkifiHa&;t& yg

u¾ !$ef;udef; pHE_ef; ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;

u¾ !$ef;udef; pHE_ef; ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;

u¾ !$ef;udef; pHE_ef; ewfudk; Ak'<bmom c&pf,mef tpPvrf tjcm;

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf&Sd 'kuQ onfpcef;rsm;wGif 'kuQ

• 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif (autJef,l) xdef;csKyfxm;&ma'oodk@ “'Drdkua&pD

Tjzpf&yfrSwfwdkifrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@zsm; e,fpyfw&dk;Y jrefrmppfwyf. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ csJ@xGifvmjcif;

Todk@ zufpHkoufa&mufr_rsm;a=umifh ,ck tajctaetwdkif; jzpfay:vm&+yD;/ pcef;wGif; cdkv_Haexdkifolrsm;wGif wdkif;&if; om;/

(tpDtpOf 0efaqmifr_ay;aeonfh vkyfief;rsm;tay: vHk;0ESifh wdkuf&dkuf oufa&mufr_&SdaeonfhtwGuf) Ttcsufrsm; ESifh

uGif;qif;okawoeðyjcif; tqifhwGif rlpvifbmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &yf&Gmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh qufoG,fI taxGaxGaom

TpDrHcsufESifh ywfoufI 0ef;usiftajctaet& tuJqwf txdrcHonfhoabma=umifh pcef;aumfrDwDrsm;udk t&if csOf;uyfI

Edkzdk;- pcef;aumfrDwDESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ √

Edkzdk;- &yf&Gm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh √

TtpD&ifcHpmudk aemufqHk;tqifh rl=urf;ðypk&mY/ jyefvnf wdkufqdkifppfaq;+yD; t+yD;owfaqmif&Guf&mY rlvu pDpOf

jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ tpPvrfbmom a&muf&SdvmyHkjzifh pwifrdwfqufI jrefrmrlpvifrsm; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ xGufajy;a&muf&Sd vmyHk

“awG@omjrifomr_enf;onfh xdcdkufepfemzG,f ta=umif;&Sdaom tkyfpkrsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh c&pf,mef odk@r[kwf Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tpPvrfrsm;ta=umif; rdwfqufazmfjycsuf

jrefrmESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;r[kwfonfh owif;&if;jrpf azmfjycsufrsm;t& tpPvrfbmomonf &cdkif urf;&dk;wef;a'oodk@ at'D 712

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifrsm;udk (tcsKd@aom vlenf;pk tkyfpk0ifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufv#if) tkyfpk 4-ck cGJjcm;Edkifygonf?

xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ ajymif;a&$@vm=u&onfh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rlpvifrsm;

1997? ? jrefrmEdkifiHrS rlpvif 10˜ 000 ausmfonf xdkif;EdkifiHwGif 'kuQ

1997 ckESpf rwfv? ? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh rEW

1998? ? +Adwdo# vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;wckrS tzGJ@0ifwOD;onf ,ckESpfqef;ydkif;wGif

1998? ? vl@tcGifhta&; avhvmapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (HRW) u tpD&ifcHpmwapmif

2002 ckESpf? ? u&if 'kuQ

2003 ckESpf/ {+yDv? ? vd_if;bGJ@òrd@e,f/ uarmf u&SL;aus;&GmrS rlpvif'kuQ

1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv ? ? aqmharG;c&dkif/ bef@rJprfvyf pcef;wGifaexkdifol rlpvif'kuQ

2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv? ? rJvpcef;wGif topfcdkv_Hvmol 3 OD;teuf wOD;rSm rlpvif jzpfonf? 22

1998 ckESpf/ rwfv? ? rwfv 11 &ufae@wGif aemufxyfw}udrf jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESifh

rSwfcsuf? ? a[G;cvkwfESifh armfuJpcef;rsm;onf trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&; tpDtrHa=umifh a&$@ajymif;cH&onf? tkef;zsHrdkif&Sd

Tjy\emu 2008 ckESpfwGif txGÉftxdyf a&mufvmcJhonf? xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd tm%mydkifrsm;u &dk[if*smrsm;udk pufrygonfh

tmqD,H tzGJ@0if EdkifiHtrsm;wGif Tjy\em oufa&mufr_udk cHpm;vm=u&onfh

Tjy\emtay: EdkifiHwum tm&Hkpdkufr_ &vmaomtcg 2009 ckESpftukefwGif/ avSrsm;jzifh xGufajy;r_ &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf?

pcef;wGif;&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;. wnfae&m

atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;rsm;onf pcef;rsm;twGif; vuf&Sdaexdkif&m vlOD;a& tcsKd;ESifh bmoma&; tkyfpktvdkuf wGufI

pcef;vlOD;a& (bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf) (wDbDbDpD/ 2010 azaz:0g&Dv)

rJa&mfrlpcef;&Sd AvD (2009) Edkzdk;pcef;&Sd yifrAvD (2009)

pcef;0ef;usif&Sd rlpvifrsm;. vlr_ todkuft0ef;

rlpvifwdk@. usifh=uHaexdkifr_ b0tajctae ESifh a&G;cs,fr_rsm;?

tkyfpk (2)? jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;-taemufydkif;rS cdkv_Hvmol rlpvifrsm;

tkyfpk (3)? xdkif;EdkifiH tajcpdkuf rlpvifrsm;

rlpvif vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm; pcef;rsm;twGif; t"du 0ifa&muftajccsvmr_udk azmfjyonfh tcsdefZ,m; tusOf;