Functions Graphical Transformations

• In a function every element of • The modulus operator

the domain maps exactly to one
element in the range. always returns a positive
version of the input.
• In a one-to-one function, every
element of the range maps to • y = f (x) will have no parts
one in the domain. below the x axis.
• Functions can be expressed in • y = f ( x ) is the graph of
the form f : x → 3 x , which is y = f ( x) for x ≥ 0 , reflected
equivalent to f ( x) = 3 x in the y axis.
• Composite functions:
gf ( x) = g ( f ( x)) and Trig Functions
fg ( x) = f ( g ( x)) 1
• sec θ =
• To calculate the inverse of a cos θ
function, reverse the subject 1
and re-arrange. The inverse will • cos ecθ =
sin θ
be a reflection in the line y = x 1
• cot θ =
tan θ
Exponentials and Logarithms
• Arc forms the inverse of trig
• Exponentials of the form functions, but is limited to
y = a x all pass through (0, 1) ensure a one-to-one mapping is
• y = e x is a special case such maintained.
that the gradient is equal to the
function. Trig Identities
• The inverse of y = e x is • [See Formula Sheet]
y = ln x
Differentiation
• Growth and decay models are
often based around dy dy du
• Chain Rule: = ×
exponentials. dx du dy
u
Numerical Methods • Quotient Rule: If y = ,
v
• If in an interval f ( x) changes du dv
v −u
sign, then the interval must dy
= dx 2 dx
contain a root of the equation dx v
f ( x) = 0 • Product Rule: If y = uv ,
• f ( x) = 0 can be solved dy du dv
iteratively by rearranging to =v +u
dx dx dx
form x = g ( x) and applying dy
• y = ex , = ex
x n+1 = g ( xn ) , where x0 is close dx
to the root. This method may dy 1
not converge at the root. • y = ln x, =
dx x
• [Trig Rules]