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Communication Systems

Dr. S. Bucaille
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

ECE 4221 Lecture #2

Fourier Series
Consider a function f that has the following property
f ( t ) = f ( t + nT ) for some T and for n = 0,1, 2...

f (t ) T

f is called a periodic function of period T

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 2

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Fourier Series
If the periodic function f satisfies
∫ f (t ) dt
T
< +∞ ( Dirichlet's condition )
Then f can be decomposed into Fourier series:
∞
f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ⎡⎣ an cos ( nω ot ) + bn sin ( nω ot ) ⎤⎦
n =1

⎧ ω o = 2π f0 = 2π T
⎪
Where ⎨ f0 is called the fundamental frequency
⎪ ω is called the fundamental angular frequency
⎩ 0
1
f ( t ) dt
T T∫
and a0 =
2 2
an = ∫ f ( t ) cos ( nω ot ) dt , bn = ∫ f (t ) sin ( nω t ) dt
o , n = 1, 2,...
TT T T

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 3

Fourier Series
The Fourier series of a periodic function can be also expressed in two other
alternative ways
∞
Form #2: f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ⎡⎣ an cos ( nω ot ) + bn sin ( nω ot ) ⎤⎦
n =1
∞
⎛ b ⎞
= a0 + ∑ an2 + bn2 cos ⎜ nω ot − atan n ⎟
n =1 ⎝ an ⎠
∞
= c0 + ∑ cn cos ( nω ot + θ n )
n =1

⎧ co = a0
⎪
⎪ c = an2 + bn2
Where ⎨ n
⎪ bn
⎪ θ n = −atan a
⎩ n

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 4

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Fourier Series
The form #3 is the complex form of the Fourier series
It uses the following identities:
1
cos ( nω ot ) = ⎡⎣ e jnω o t + e− jnω o t ⎤⎦
2
1 jnω o t
sin ( nω ot ) = ⎡e − e− jnω o t ⎤⎦
2j ⎣
The Fourier series can be rewritten as
∞
⎡ e jnω o t + e− jnω o t e jnω o t − e− jnω o t ⎤
f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ⎢ an + bn ⎥
n =1 ⎣ 2 2j ⎦
1 ∞ 1 ∞
= a0 + ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω o t + ∑ ( an + jbn ) e− jnω o t
2 n =1 2 n =1

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 5

Fourier Series
∞
1 1 ∞
f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω ot + ∑ ( an + jbn ) e− jnω ot
2 n =1 2 n =1
If n is allowed to take values from the range ( −∞, +∞ )
⎧⎪ a− n = an
and if we define ⎨
b = −bn
⎩⎪ − n
It follows that
1 ∞ 1 −1
∑ ( an + jbn ) e− jnω ot = ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω ot
2 n =1 2 n = −∞
Thus
1 ∞ 1 −1
f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω ot + ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω ot
2 n =1 2 n = −∞

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 6

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Fourier Series
1 ∞ 1 −1
f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω ot + ∑ ( an − jbn ) e jnω ot
2 n =1 2 n = −∞
∞
= ∑Xe n
jnω o t

n = −∞

⎧ X0 = a0
⎪
Where ⎨ an − jbn
⎪ Xn = 2
, n≠0
⎩
How to compute Xn directly?
a − jbn 1⎡2 2 ⎤
Xn = n = ⎢ ∫ f ( t ) cos ( nω ot ) dt − j ∫ f ( t ) sin ( nω ot ) dt ⎥
2 2 ⎣T T TT ⎦
1
= ∫ f ( t ) ⎡⎣ cos ( nω ot ) − j sin ( nω ot ) ⎤⎦ dt
TT
1
= ∫ f ( t ) e− jnω o t dt
TT
Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 7

Fourier Series - Summary

3 forms of Fourier series
∞
Form #1: f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ⎡⎣ an cos ( nω ot ) + bn sin ( nω ot ) ⎤⎦
n =1
1
a0 = ∫ f ( t ) dt
TT
2 2
an = ∫ f ( t ) cos ( nω ot ) dt , bn = ∫ f (t ) sin ( nω t ) dt
o , n = 1, 2,...
TT T T
∞
Form #2: f ( t ) = c0 + ∑ cn cos ( nω ot + θ n )
n =1
bn
co = a0 , cn = an2 + bn2 , θ n = −atan , n = 1, 2,...
an
∞
Form #3: f ( t ) = ∑Xe n
jnω o t

n = −∞
1
∫ f (t ) e
− jnω o t
Xn = dt
T T

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 8

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Example

Consider the periodic signal given in the figure.

Determine the coefficients for all three forms of Fourier series.

f (t )

−T 4 T 4 3T 4 T t

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 9

f (t )
Example
Form #1: ∞
f ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ⎡⎣ an cos ( nω ot ) + bn sin ( nω ot ) ⎤⎦
−T 4 T 4 3T 4 T t n =1

1 1 A
∫ f (t ) dt = T ∫
T 4
a0 = A dt =
T T
−T 4 2
4A ⎡ sin ( nω ot ) ⎤
T 4
2 2 T4
an = ∫T A cos ( nω ot ) dt =
f ( t ) cos ( nω ot ) dt =
∫ ⎢ ⎥
T T −T 4 T ⎣ nω o ⎦ 0
4A ⎛ 2π T ⎞ 2A ⎛ π ⎞
= sin ⎜ n ⎟ = sin ⎜ n ⎟
nT ( 2π T ) ⎝ T 4 ⎠ nπ ⎝ 2⎠
2 2 T4
bn = ∫ f ( t ) sin ( nω ot ) dt = ∫ Asin ( nω ot ) dt = 0
TT T −T 4
A ∞ ⎡ 2A ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
f (t ) = + ∑⎢ sin ⎜ n ⎟ cos ( nω ot ) ⎥
2 n =1 ⎣ nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
A 2A ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= + ⎢ cos ( nω ot ) − cos ( 3ω ot ) + cos ( 5ω ot ) ...⎥
2 π ⎣ 3 5 ⎦
Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 10

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f (t )
Example
Form #2: ∞
f ( t ) = c0 + ∑ cn cos ( nω ot + θ n )
−T 4 T 4 3T 4 T t n =1

A
co = a0 =
2
2A ⎛ π ⎞
cn = an2 + bn2 = an = sin ⎜ n ⎟
nπ ⎝ 2⎠
bn
θ n = −atan =0
an

A ∞ ⎡ 2A ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
f (t ) = + ∑⎢ sin ⎜ n ⎟ cos ( nω ot ) ⎥
2 n =1 ⎣ nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ Coincidence?

A 2A ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= + ⎢ cos ( nω ot ) − cos ( 3ω ot ) + cos ( 5ω ot ) ...⎥
2 π ⎣ 3 5 ⎦

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 11

f (t )
Example
Form #3:∞
f ( t ) = ∑ Xn e jnω o t
−T 4 T 4 3T 4 T t n = −∞

1 1
∫ f (t ) e
T 4
∫
− jnω o t
Xn = dt = Ae− jnω o t dt
T T T −T 4

−A T 4 −A T 4
= ⎡⎣ e− jnω o t ⎤⎦ −T 4 = ⎡⎣ e− jnω o t ⎤⎦ −T 4
Tjnω o Tjn ( 2π T )
A A ⎛ T⎞ A ⎛ 2π T ⎞
= ⎡⎣ e jnω o T 4 − e− jnω o T 4 ⎤⎦ = sin ⎜ nω o ⎟ = sin ⎜ n
2 jnπ nπ ⎝ 4 ⎠ nπ ⎝ T 4 ⎟⎠

A ⎛ π⎞
= sin ⎜ n ⎟
nπ ⎝ 2⎠
∞
A ⎛ π⎞
f (t ) = ∑ sin ⎜ n ⎟ e jnω o t
n =1 nπ ⎝ 2⎠

Dr. S. Bucaille – Communications Systems ECE 4221 Lecture 2 - Slide 12