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DSOLFDFLRQHV
Mxqh Dploor
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Frqwhqlgr
4 Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr 5
414 Frqglflöq Qhfhvduld gh Pä{lpr r Pðqlpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
415 Whruhpd gh Urooh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
416 Whruhpdv gho Ydoru Phglr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
4
4 Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr
Ho fäofxor glihuhqfldo wlhqh judq qýphur gh dsolfdflrqhv1 Hq odv vhfflrqhv
dqwhulruhv khprv ylvwr grv gh hoodv= Hvwlpdflöq gh pdjqlwxghv phgldqwh glih0
uhqfldohv | dqäolvlv gh sureohpdv gh fdpelrv uhodflrqdgrv phgldqwh od uhjod gh
fdghqd1 Dkrud yhuhprv od dsolfdflöq gho fäofxor glihuhqfldo do hvwxglr gh odv
surslhgdghv gh xqd ixqflöq= Dqäolvlv gh juäfdv/ sureohpdv gh rswlpl}dflöq
| uhvroxflöq gh irupdv lqghwhuplqdgdv1
Sulphudphqwh/ suhvhqwduhprv wuhv whruhpdv hq orv txh vh edvdq glfkdv
dsolfdflrqhv1
s ES ' f
{s ' s ES n sES f
s ES n s ES
f vl f o
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s ES n sES
f vl o f
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Frpr s hv glihuhqfldeoh hq Sc h{lvwh ho oðplwh gho frflhqwh lqfuhphqwdo
fxdqgr wlhqgh kdfld f | glfkr oðplwh hv s ES Vhjýq or dqwhulru/ vh wlhqh
sES n s ES
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Sru frqvljxlhqwh/ s ES ' f1
Hq uhodflöq frq hvwh whruhpd vrq qhfhvduldv dojxqdv revhuydflrqhv=
41 Od frqglflöq dqwhulru qr hv vxflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ od ixqflöq s E% '
% srvhh ghulydgd fhur hq % ' f | hq fdpelr qr srvhh ql pä{lpr ql
pðqlpr hq glfkr sxqwr1 Vhuä sru wdqwr qhfhvdulr xq hvwxglru srvwhulru
gh hvwrv sxqwrv sdud ghwhuplqdu vl fruuhvsrqghq d xq pä{lpr/ d xq
pðqlpr r d qlqjxqd gh orv grv frvdv1
51 Od frqglflöq slhugh vhqwlgr hq orv sxqwrv hq txh s qr vhd glihuhqfldeoh1
Sru hmhpsor/ od ixqflöq sE% ' m%m srvhh xq pðqlpr hq % ' f | hq
fdpelr od ghulydgd qr hv fhur |d txh ql wdq vltxlhud h{lvwh1
61 Od frqglflöq qr vh yhulfd hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor vl od ixqflöq
hvwxylhud ghqlgd hq glfkrv sxqwrv1 Sru hmhpsor/ od ixqflöq s E% ' %
frq grplqlr olplwdgr do lqwhuydor dfc o srvhh xq pä{lpr hq % ' | xq
pðqlpr hq % ' f Hq fdpelr od ghulydgd qr vh dqxod hq qlqjxqr gh orv
grv sxqwrv1
Ghqlflöq 5 Vhd s xqd ixqflöq uhdo ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr E@c K
Xq sxqwr S 5 E@c K hv xq sxqwr fuðwlfr gh s vð | vror vð
s ES ' f
r s ES qr h{lvwh
6
415 Whruhpd gh Urooh
Vxsrqjdprv xqd ixqflöq ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr txh wrpd orv plv0
prv ydoruhv hq orv h{wuhprv/ hv ghflu orv sxqwrv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv gh od juäfd
vh hqfxhqwudq d od plvpd dowxud1 Sxhgh sduhfhu txh qhfhvduldphqwh od juä0
fd kd gh vhu krul}rqwdo hq dojýq sxqwr gho lqwhuydor1 Hvwr hv flhuwr edmr
klsöwhvlv gh frqwlqxlgdg | glihuhqfldelolgdg1
Whruhpd 6 +gh Urooh, Vhd s xqd ixqflöq uhdo frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhu0
udgr d@c Ko | glihuhqfldeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr E@c K1 Vl sE@ ' s EK h{lvwh
xq S 5 E@c K wdo txh s ES ' f1
s ES ' f
Sru or txh hq fxdotxlhu fdvr h{lvwh S 5 E@c K wdo txh s ES ' f
Whruhpd 7 +gho ydoru phglr, Vhd s xqd ixqflöq uhdo frqwlqxd hq ho lq0
whuydor fhuudgr d@c Ko | glihuhqfldeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr E@c K1 Hqwrqfhv/
h{lvwh xq S 5 E@c K wdo txh
s EK sE@
s ES '
K@
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Ho remhwlyr gh hvwh whruhpd qr hv ho gh kdoodu ho sxqwr S vlqr ho gh xwlol}duor
hq frqvlghudflrqhv whöulfdv r sdud rewhqhu hvwlpdflrqhv gh odv yduldflrqhv gh
od ixqflöq1 Hq ìvwrv fdvrv hv suhihuleoh hvfulelu od iöupxod dqwhulru hq od irupd
EK @
Ghp1= Vhd
gh grqgh vh vljxh
8
5 Frqvhfxhqfldv gho Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr
Hq odv vljxlhqwhv vhfflrqhv hvwxglduhprv glihuhqwhv frqvhfxhqfldv gluhfwdv gho
whruhpd gho ydoru phglr1
61 Vl s E% ' f sdud wrgr % 5 E@c K/ hqwrqfhv s hv frqvwdqwh hq E@c K1
s E%2 sE% : f
9
41 Vl s E% : f hq S o % S | s E% f hq S % S n o/ hqwrqfhv
pðqlpr1
E@c K1
:
Orv sxqwrv hq orv txh kdelhqgr wdqjhqwh fdpelh ho frpsruwdplhqwr gh
od juäfd hq ho vhqwlgr gh sdvdu gh vhu föqfdyd kdfld dedmr d föqfdyd kdfld
duuled r ylfhyhuvd vh oodpdq sxqwrv gh lq h{löq1
Vl S hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{löq gh s | s ES h{lvwh/ phgldqwh xq dujxphqwr
s ES ' f
Qr revwdqwh/ qr wrgrv orv sxqwrv txh vdwlvidfhq glfkd frqglflöq vrq sxqwrv
gh lq h{löq/ s1h1 s E% ' %e qr srvhh xq sxqwr gh lq h{löq hq % ' f | hq
fdpelr s Ef ' f1
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Whruhpd 44 +Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo, Vhdq s | } ixqflrqhv glihuhqfldeohv
hq ( Vxsrqjdprv txh ( frqwlhqh xq lqwhuydor gh od irupd ESc S n o | txh
} E% 9' f hq glfkr lqwhuydor1 Vl
s E%
*4n ' uc
%3< S } E%
hqwrqfhv/
s E%
*4n ' u
%3< S }E%
Frpr } E% 9' f sdud wrgr % 5 ESc S n o wdpelìq }E% }ES 9' f | srghprv
hvfulelu
s E% s E% s ES s E1 %
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}E% }E% }ES } E1 %
Fxdqgr % $ Sn / 1 % $ Sn / oxhjr
sE% s E1 %
wlsr % $ S
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51 Wdpelìq hv yäolgd sdud oðplwhv lqqlwrv % $ n4 r % $ 4 Edvwd
hihfwxdu ho fdpelr % ' *| sdud uhgxfluod do fdvr % $ fn r % $ f 3
Sru hmhpsor/
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61 Ho oðplwh gho frflhqwh s*} sxhgh h{lvwlu dxqtxh qr h{lvwd ho oðplwh gho
frflhqwh s *} 1 Sru hmhpsor/ vhdq
s E% ' %2 t?
%
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sE%
*4 ' *4 % t? ' f
%3< f }E% % f3< %
43
71 D yhfhv ho oðplwh gho frflhqwh gh ghulydgdv vhuä päv iäflo gh hydoxdu shur
qr or vxflhqwhphqwh1 Hq hvwh fdvr/ | vlhpsuh txh vh ghq odv frqglflrqhv
sdud hoor/ srguhprv dsolfdu od uhjod gh O*K÷slwdo uhlwhudgdphqwh kdvwd
rewhqhu xq oðplwh iäflo gh hydoxdu1
Od uhjod dqwhulru hv dsolfdeoh d oðplwhv gh frflhqwhv hq orv txh ho qxphudgru
| ho ghqrplqdgru wlhqgdq vlpxowäqhdphqwh d lqqlwr qr lpsruwd ho vljqr1 Xq
oðplwh dvð vh glfh txh hv xqd irupd lqghwhuplqdgd gho wlsr
4
4
Whruhpd 45 +Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo/ Irupd 4*4, Hq odv frqglflrqhv gho
whruhpd dqwhulru vxsrqjdprv txh
*4 s E% ' 4> *4 }E% ' 4
%3<Sn %3<Sn
|
s E%
*4n ' uc
% S } E%
3<
hqwrqfhv/
s E%
*4n ' u
%3< S }E%
44
6 Dsolfdflrqhv gho Fäofxor Glihuhqfldo
614 Sureohpdv gh Pä{lprv | Pðqlprv
Xq judq qýphur gh sureohpdv gh rswlpl}dflöq hqfrqwudgrv hq rwudv flhqfldv/
hq od lqjhqlhuðd r hq odv sursldv pdwhpäwlfdv vh sxhghq irupxodu hq ho vhqwlgr
gh hqfrqwudu ho sxqwr r orv sxqwrv gh xq lqwhuydor U hq orv fxdohv xqd ixqflöq
s dofdq}d pä{lpr | pðqlpr1
Od uhvroxflöq gh hvwh wlsr gh sureohpdv vh edvd hq od frqglflöq qhfhvduld
gh h{wuhpr ylvwd dqwhulruphqwh= Vhd s xqd ixqflöq ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor
| S xq sxqwr lqwhulru do plvpr Vl s dofdq}d xq pä{lpr r pðqlpr uhodwlyr
hq S | hv glihuhqfldeoh hq glfkr sxqwr/ qhfhvduldphqwh
s ES ' f
s ES ' f
r s ES qr h{lvwh
45
Sureohpd 47 Hqfrqwudu ho pä{lpr | pðqlpr devroxwrv gh xqd ixqflöq frq0
wlqxd sE% hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr U ' d@c Ko
Vroxflöq 48 Vhjxlu ho vljxlhqwh surfhglplhqwr=
41 Ghwhuplqdu orv sxqwrv fuðwlfrv S c S2c c S? gh s hq ho lqwhulru gh U
Hv ghflu/
wdohv txh @ % K( |
+e, Orv sxqwrv gho lqwhuydor E@c K grqgh s qr h{lvwd1
51 Fdofxodu
s E@c s ES c s ES2c c s ES? | sEK
46
61 Vl ho pd|ru r phqru ydoru gh od olvwd dqwhulru ixhud +@ r +K qr h{lv0
wluäq pä{lpr r pðqlpr devroxwrv vhjýq vhd ho fdvr1 Hq fdvr frqwudulr/
h{lvwhq pä{lpr | pðqlpr devroxwrv | hvwrv fruuhvsrqghq do pd|ru |
phqru ydoru gh s hq od olvwd dqwhulru1
47
51 Hq rfdvlrqhv hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu ydoruhv qxpìulfrv suhflvrv gh flhuwdv
fdudfwhuðvwlfdv frpr sxqwrv gh pä{lpr/ pðqlpr/ ydoruhv dvlqwöwlfrv/
hwf1111
61 Orv surfhglplhqwrv dqdoðwlfrv vrq jhqhudol}deohv d glphqvlrqhv vxsh0
ulruhv plhqwudv txh odv frpsxwdgrudv vror sxhghq suhvhqwdu juäfdv hq
grv r wuhv glphqvlrqhv1
41 Grplqlr gh od ixqflöq1
51 Lqwhuvhfflrqhv frq orv hmhv
61 Sdulgdg r Lpsdulgdg
+d, Od ixqflöq hv sdu vð | vror vð s E% ' s E% hq fx|r fdvr od juäfd
hv vlpìwulfd uhvshfwr gho hmh f
+e, Od ixqflöq hv lpsdu vð | vror vð sE% ' s E% hq fx|r fdvr od
juäfd hv vlpìwulfd uhvshfwr gho ruljhq gh frrughqdgdv
+d, Sxqwrv fuðwlfrv/ l1h1 vroxflrqhv gh s E% ' f päv sxqwrv grqgh s
qr h{lvwd
+e, Lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr Es : f | ghfuhflplhqwr +s f1
91 Fdofxodu s | ghwhuplqdu
48
+e, Sxqwrv gh lq h{löq1
49