IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPS) OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA

IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF
NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs)

OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA
A report submitted to
Manaslu Conservation Area Project (MCAP)/
National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)
Gorkha
Submitted by
Khilendra Gurung
Dipesh Pyakurel
2006
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, Member Secretary,

NTNC for facilitating the field work to Manaslu Conservation Area. We are thankful
to Mr. Narendra Lama, Office in Charge and other staffs of MCAP for their support
and cooperation to carry out this work.
We are grateful to Amchis Dorche Thakuri (Prok) and Mingmar Lama (Samagaon) for
providing us the details of their healing practices. Similarly, Jigme Lama (Lama of
Pema Chholing Gompa, Samagaun), Tharpa Ghyaljen (Namrung) and Kalen Chhiring
Lama (Timber and NTFPs trader, Lihi village) for providing us the information on the
trading of NTFPs.
We would also like to thank Mr Chhewang Lama (Prok) for assisting us in the field
trip to Kalche forest and Kalchuman Tal.
Special thank goes to Mr. Megh Nath Bhattarai (Headmaster of Shree Jung Primary
School, Lihi village) and Mr. Rudra Prasad Sapkota (Teacher of Lho Primary School,
Lho village) for the overall information of the area and assisting in accommodation.
Lastly, we would like to thank Mr. Bijaya Gurung (Carpenter, Lho village) and Ms.
Laxmi Lama (Hotel Mount Manaslu, Samagaon) for their kind cooperation during the
field work.
Khilendra Gurung
Dipesh Pyakurel
2
Table of contents
1. BACKGROUND 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Justification of the study 2
1.4 Limitations of the study 3
2. STUDY AREAS 4
3. METHODOLOGY 6
3.1 Primary data collection 6
3.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping 6
3.1.2 Identification of NTFPs 6
3.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs 6
3.1.3a Habitat identification 6
3.1.3b Sampling 7
3.1.4 Documentation of traditional healing system 7
3.2 Secondary data collection 7
3.3 Data processing and analysis 7
3.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency 7
3.3.2 Density and relative density 8
3.3.3 Determination of forest types 8
3.3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs 8
3.3.5 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) 9
4. RESULT 10
4.1 Identification of NTFPs in Nubri valley 10
4.2 Inventory of NTFPs of Nubri valley 13
4.2.1 Prok VDC 13
4.2.2 Lho VDC 16
4.2.3 Samagaon VDC 19
4.3 Prioritization of NTFPs 20
4.3.1 Prok VDC 20
4.3.2 Lho VDC 21
4.4 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) 23
4.4.1 Prok VDC 23
4.4.2 Lho VDC 23
4.5 Trade of NTFPs in Nubri valley 25
4.6 Marketing and value addition of other NTFPs 26
4.7 Potentialities and opportunities for NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley 27
4.8 Potential areas of NTFPs available sites in Nubri valley 29
4.9 Documentation of traditional healing system of Nubri valley 30
4.10 Sustainable harvesting practices of NTFPs 33
4.11 Guidelines for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs 34
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 36
5.1 Conclusion 36
5.2 Recommendations 37
References 38
3
List of pictures
Picture 1: Manaslu Peak as seen from Samagaon 4

Picture 2: The Manaslu Conservation Area 5
Picture 3: Nubri valley 5
List of tables
Table 1: Matrix preference ranking 8

Table 2: Criteria for RVA 9
Table 3: List of NTFP species found in Nubri valley 10
Table 4: Population parameters of NTFPs species in Prok VDC 14
Table 5: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC 17
Table 6: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC 19
Table 7: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC 21
Table 8: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC 21
Table 9: Prioritized NTFP species of Samagaon VDC 22
Table 10: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Prok VDC 23
Table 11: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Lho VDC 24
Table 12: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Samagaon VDC 24
Table 13: Potentialities of NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley 27
Table 14: Potential NTFPs available sites of Nubri valley 29
Table 15: Traditional healing practice using NTFPs 31
Table 16: Recommended sustainable harvesting of NTFPs 34
Flow chart
Flow chart: Trading Channel of NTFPs of Nubri valley 25
4
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AAC Annual Allowable Cut
ACA Annapurna Conservation Area
ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio resources
BDS-MaPS Business Development Services-Marketing, Production and

Service
CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee
DPR Department of Plant Resources
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GDP Gross Domestic Production
gm gram
IUCN The World Conservation Union
kg Kilogram
m Meter
MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plant
MCA Manaslu Conservation Area
ml mili liter
NSCFP Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project
NTFP Non Timber Forest Product
NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation
RVA Rapid Vulnerability Assessment
SADP Special Area Development Program
SNV The Netherlands Development Organization
TISC Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component
VDC Village Development Committee
WWF World Wildlife Fund
5
1. BACKGROUND
Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) consists of goods of biological origin other than
timber or fuelwood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests
(FAO, 1999). NTFPs have been welfare, subsistence or livelihood commodity since
long; these are traditional source of food, fiber, medicine, etc. In some rural hilly
areas, it contributes up to 50 % of total annual family income. NTFPs sub-sector in
Nepal contributes about 5 % of national GDP out of total estimation of about 15 %
from the whole forestry sector (almost 1/3). More than 100 types of plant species are
harvested from wild and traded to international market mostly to India; 95 % of the
NTFPs are collected from the wild and 90 % are exported to India in raw form.
The importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) has increased

progressively over the last two decades. Herbal remedies are increasingly becoming
mainstream consumer products manufactured by multinational companies amongst
other, and sold in super market chains and in a variety of other outlets, globally. Food
supplements, cosmetics, fragrances, traditional cuisine, dyeing and coloring agents are
just a few of the application where medicinal, aromatic and dye plants are finding
increasing use by the day. As a result there is growing demand of Nepalese MAPs and
other NTFPs for these purposes.
The diverse geography and climate of Nepal has rendered it a unique land of NTFPs
along with other natural resources. However, the commercial exploitation without any
conservation measures has threatened many species. The high mountain NTFPs are
highly praised for high potency and organic nature, hence they fetch higher prices. In
spite of all advantages, the government is still not able to harness the full potential of
NTFPs for the welfare of Nepalese people. The major constraints for such situation
are considered to be low capital investments both by the government and private
sectors for the overall promotion of NTFPs including enterprise development and the
perpetual marketing of quality products; government’s unclear investment policy, lack
of proper documentation on species availability (or bio-prospecting) & uses and poor
awareness among public on its values.
Over centuries, local communities have developed their own locality specific
knowledge and practice of medicinal plants resources. These communities
traditionally acquired diversity of knowledge regarding the utilization of plant
resources of the surrounding areas. However, the traditional healing practices in the
area is depleting due to the impact of globalization, migration of people from rural to
urban areas, loss of resources due to over exploitation, underestimation of traditional
healer's knowledge and not willing to transfer their secret knowledge to new
generations.
In this regard, it is important that the knowledge and skills of the traditional
practitioners should be documented and transformed to new generations before they
are disappeared. Documentation should be done in local language and kept within the
community to prove that the resource and knowledge belong to the communities.
6
Translation of healer's knowledge into formal language and its verification with
scientific evidence could open venue for new intervention that can add value on
traditional medicine. This ultimately will be the milestone for registration of
traditional practices to get ownership over their resources for economic benefits.
1.1 Introduction
Manaslu Area of Gorkha district harbors rich source of plant diversity. Among them
NTFPs are important sources of livelihood for the local communities residing in
remote northern part of the district. However, the local communities are not benefited
from the resources due to the lack of knowledge on the resources, their market value
and cross border trade practices by the traders from Tibet. After the declaration of
Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) in 1998, the concept of conservation of the
resources has been introduced in the area. But the proper identification and resource
inventory of NTFPs using scientific parameters has not been carried out in the area.
Therefore, this study endeavors to identify, resource inventory, prioritize and
recommend NTFPs for commercial promotion in three village development
committees (VDCs) viz; Prok, Lho and Samagaon of the conservation area.
1.2 Objectives
Broad objective of the present work was to identify and quantify NTFP resources of
the area. The study covered the following aspects of NTFPs of the area:
 To identify and quantify NTFPs of the study area.

 To assess on the status and distribution of NTFPs.
 To prioritize NTFPs on the basis of trade value and threat.
 To document the traditional healing system existing in the area.
1.3 Justification of the study
NTFPs and MAPs are traditionally associated with the livelihoods of majority of rural
Nepalese population. Their importance regarding economic, environmental and social
potentialities have increased on several fronts in recent years. 10th five year plan and
Government of Nepal has recognized NTFPs/MAPs as one of the most potential
sectors for rural livelihood enhancement and poverty alleviation in the country. The
current study is one of the major manifests of this fact.
Identification and inventory of NTFPs in ACA and other similar habitats adjoining the
MCA had been undertaken and high valued NTFPs have been enlisted so far. Despite
the richness of the resources in MCA, identification and resource inventory of NTFPs
in the area has not been carried out till date. Therefore, this study attempted to
identify and quantify the resources as far as practicable.
7
1.4 Limitations of the study
The field work was conducted in late October-November and thus majority of the
ground vegetation was dried out and also it was difficult to identify deciduous species
as they were defoliated. Apparently the area harbors much more vegetation than what
is listed in the report. Due to this fact, several high valued NTFPs like Nirmasi,
Jatamansi, Kutki, Satuwa, Ban Lasun, Yarsa Gumba etc. were not listed on the report.
Furthermore, regeneration study was not carried out due to the dry season. Field study
during May-July will be more comprehensive in terms of species richness. Annual
Allowable Cut (AAC) was not studied due to the short time frame (3 weeks only).
8
2. STUDY AREAS
The study area comprises of Nubri valley on the basis of ethnicity and natural
settings. It comprises the north western part of the Manaslu region which covers Prok,
Lho and Samagaon VDCs. These three VDCs are bordered by the Tibetan
autonomous region of China to the north, Bihi VDC to the east, middle of Gorkha
district to the south and Manang and Lamjung districts within the Annapurna
Conservation Area (ACA) to the west. The inhabitants are Tibetan immigrants and
they claim to be Lamas. They followed Tibetan Buddhism mostly dominant by
Ngingmapa and Kargyupa Sect. Locally they are termed as Nubripa. The Nubripa
speaks Nubri language much more similar with the Tibetan dialects. Nubri area is
quite rich in biodiversity particularly NTFPs and wildlife. The highest mountain of
this region Mt. Manaslu (8163 m), the beautiful glacier lake Birendra Tal, Kalchuman
Tal and the most ancient monastery Pungyen Gompa lies in Nubri valley. The upper
most village of Samagaon VDC, Samdo village is the entry point of Larke Pass (5106
m) bordered with Thonche VDC of ACA (MCAP, 2005).
The economy of the region lies in agriculture, animal husbandry and seasonal
migration for trade and labor. The major issues of the region are high dependency on
natural resources leading loss of biodiversity, extreme poverty, illiteracy and
inadequate infrastructures to address wide range of conservation and development
issues.
Picture 1: Manaslu Peak as seen from Samagaon
9
Picture 2: The Manaslu Conservation Area
Picture 3: Nubri valley
10
3. METHODOLOGY
Current work was completed in four phases viz primary and secondary data
collection, data analysis and report writing. Primary data was collected from the field
while secondary data was compiled from various other related documents.
3.1 Primary data collection
Primary data collection was done by following methods:
3.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping
Information about the availability, current status and use of NTFPs and MAPs was
collected from conservation area management committee (CAMC) members, elder
person, Aamchis, NTFPs traders and to some extent by fuelwood and fodder
collectors. Tools like PRA and group discussions were used for listing of available
NTFPs and their identification, priority ranking of NTFPs for the inventory and
suitable site selection.
3.1.2 Identification of NTFPs
NTFPs were identified visually on the basis of researcher's knowledge. Unidentified

species were identified consulting with Aamchis and cross compiling with the
reference literatures (Stainton & Polunin, 1984; Stainton, 1988; Yoshida, 1994; Lama
et al. 2001; IUCN, 2004; Bista and Bista, 2005). Documentation of all available
NTFPs were carried out according to Shrestha, 1998 & Press et al., 2000.
3.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs
Inventory methods include three different steps; habitat identification, sampling and
regeneration study.
3.1.3a Habitat identification
The sampling was conducted in defined habitats. The identification of NTFPs habitats
was done systematically by observing at each of the following characteristics.
 Altitude
 Forest type
 Aspect
 Slope
 Plant abundance
11
3.1.3b Sampling
Following procedures were applied for the inventory of NTFPs resources by sampling
techniques:
 At least one vertical elevation line was taken from top to bottom of the habitat.
The number of elevation line depends on the habitat width, plant density, aspect
and topography. At some instances, steep and rugged terrain caused the transect
line to deviate from the original direction.
 For every elevation line, horizontal sampling lines were set up at 100 m
elevation intervals.
 The sampling plots were set up along the horizontal line.
 The plots were determined as 1m ×1m for herbs, 5m×5m for shrubs and
10m×10m for trees (Raunkiaer, 1934).
 An inventory form was filled for every sampling plot.
3.1.4 Documentation of traditional healing system
Traditional healers (Aamchis) were identified in the respective villages. Interaction

programs were held with Aamchis regarding the use of plants, parts used, mode of
use, dose and diseases cured. Traditional healing practices were observed in the health
centers. Documentation of the healing practices was done according to the interview
with Aamchis and consultation with the literatures published by Special Area
Development Program (SADP) and Pohle, 1998.
3.2 Secondary data collection
Secondary data were collected from all the possible documents, reports, articles,
maps, official records, and other published and unpublished materials from NTNC,
DPR, IUCN, WWF etc.
3.3 Data processing and analysis
Data obtained from the field was processed and analyzed manually to find out
frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, Matrix Preference Ranking,
Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA), potential for value addition and market
linkage, etc.
3.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency
Frequency is the number of sampling units in which the particular species occur, thus
express the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of
dispersion in terms of percentage occurrence (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al. 1987).
No. of quadrats in which species occured
Frequency = × 100
Total Number of quadrats studied
Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.
12
Frequency of a species
Relative Frequency % = × 100
Total frequency of all species
3.3.2 Density and relative density
Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It

is the number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare
(Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al. 1987).
Total number of plant of any spcies

Density Pl/ha = × 10000
Total number of quadrat studied × area of quadrat
Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all
species.
Density of individual species

Relative Density % = × 100
Total density of all species
3.3.3 Determination of forest types
Forest types of respective VDCs under the study area were determined by visual
observation and consulting with document published by TISC, 2002.
3.3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs
Matrix Preference Ranking was used to find out most preferred NTFPs. By using this
tool, the most preferred NTFP species was identified from each VDCs for the detail
study. The criteria of preference were made by the users, availability of the resources
and potential for value addition.
Moreover, the prioritization criteria of other development organizations like NSCFP,
SNV, ANSAB, BDS-MaPS and Matrix Ranking Criteria have been thoroughly
examined to attain the set objectives with proper justification.
S.N. Criteria Scale and value
1 Market demand High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
2 Margin \ Profit High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
3 Availability ( in time ) Almost always(3), Occasionally(2), Seasonal rare (1)
4 Geographical distribution Widespread (3), Moderate (2) ,Low(1)
5 Conservation status Minimum (3), Moderate (2) , Low (1)
6 Potential for cultivation High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
7 Regenerative potential High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
8 Contribution to income High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
9 Gender impact Only women (3), Both men and women (2) , only men
(1)
10 Potential for value addition High (3), Moderate (2), Low (1)
11 Processing technology Manual\ local technology (3), Mechanical \ expertise
required (2), Sophisticated \ foreign technology(1)
12 Ethnobotanical value Diverse use(3), medium uses(2) , single use(1)
Table 1: Matrix preference ranking
13
3.3.5 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA)
RVA method collects information to identify species, resources or sites that may be at
risk of over exploitation. It was developed as a quick way of collecting both scientific
and indigenous information about species and has been used to recommend whether
or not that resource species is suitable for harvest.
Potential for sustainable use
Criteria
Low High
Low abundance (1) High abundance (2)
Slow growth (1) Fast growth (2)
Slow reproduction (1) Fast reproduction (2)
Ecology Sexual reproduction only (1) Both sexual & vegetative reproduction (2)
Habitat – specific (1) Habitat- non specific (2)
High habitat diversity (1) Low habitat diversity (2)
High life form diversity (1) Low life form diversity (2)
Life form Tree and shrub (1) & grasses (2)
Parts used Roots , rhizomes & bulbs ( 1) and leaf, flower, bark , fruit (2)
Harvesting Size/age classes not selected for harvesting (2), Particular size/age classes
method selected for harvesting (1)
Table 2: Criteria for RVA
Wong & Jenifer, 2001; Cunningham, 1994, 1996 a, 2001; Watts et al., 1996
14
4. RESULT
4.1 Identification of NTFPs in Nubri valley
A total of 147 species were identified from the Nubri valley. Among them, 112
species were recorded from Prok VDC, 91 species from Lho VDC and 50 species
from Samagaon VDC. Due to dry season, majority of herbs and some deciduous trees
and shrubs were not identified. Therefore, those species are not enlisted in the present
study. List of all the identified NTFP species of Nubri valley is shown in Table 3 and
the list of species found in respective VDC is shown in table 4, 5 and 6.
SN Botanical Name Local Name Family
1 Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb. Talis Patra Pinaceae
2 Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis Firfire Aceraceae
3 Aconogonum campanulatum (Hook. f.) Hara Thotne Polygonaceae
4 Aconogonum molle (D. Don) Hara Thotne Polygonaceae
5 Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch. Bip. Sahadeva-Sahadevi Compositae
6 Alnus nepalensis D. Don Utis Betulaceae
7 Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC. Buki Phul Compositae
8 Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke Buki Phul Compositae
9 Anisodus luridus Link & Otto Jangali Jaringo Solanaceae
10 Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Schott Sarpa Makai Araceae
11 Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst Boraginaceae
12 Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser Titepati Compositae
13 Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Ban Kurilo Liliaceae
14 Aster sp. Compositae
15 Aster sp. Compositae
16 Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Thulo Okhati Saxifragaceae
17 Berberis aristata DC. Chutro Berberidaceae
18 Berberis asiatica Roxb.ex DC. Chutro Berberidaceae
19 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Pakhan Ved Saxifragaceae
20 Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Saur Betulaceae
21 Betula utilis D. Don Bhoj Patra Betulaceae
22 Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene Raktaryaulo Polygonaceae
23 Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don Gargalo Urticaceae
24 Boeninghausenia albifolia (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn. Ankuri Rutaceae
25 Campylotropis speciosa (Royle ex Schindl.) Schindl. Leguminosae
26 Cannabis sativa L. Ganja Cannabaceae
27 Caragana gerardiana Royle Leguminosae
28 Caragina brevispina Royle Leguminosae
29 Carum carvi L. Jangali Jeera Umbelliferae
30 Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D. Don Phursan Ericaceae
31 Chesneya sp. Cyali Leguminosae
32 Cirsium falconeri (Hook. F.) Petr. Sungure Kanda Compositae
33 Clematis alternata Kitam. & Tamura Junge Lahero Ranunculaceae
34 Clematis buchananina DC. Junge Lahero Ranunculaceae
35 Clematis tibetana Kuntze Junge Lahero Ranunculaceae
36 Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt Goli Kakro Cucurbitaceae
37 Colquhaunia coccinea Wall. Sano Tusare Labiatae
38 Cotoneaster frigidus Wall.ex Lindl. Ruis Rosaceae
39 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall.ex Lindl. Kause Phul Rosaceae
15
40 Cyathula capitata Moq. Kapase Kuro Amaranthaceae
41 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Thunb. Ex Lehm. Bhede Kuro Boraginaceae
42 Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo Panch Aule Orchidaceae
43 Daphne papyracea Wall.ex Steud. Lokhta Thymelaeaceae
44 Desmodium multiflorum DC. Bakhre Ghas Leguminosae
45 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.ex Griseb. Bhyakur Dioscoreaceae
46 Dipsacus inermis Wall. Banmula Dipsacaceae
47 Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f. Nigalo Gramineae
48 Drymeria cordata (L.) Willd.ex Roem. & Schult. Abhijalo Caryophyllaceae
49 Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall.ex Royle Gunyeli Elaeagnaceae
50 Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Render Ban Silam Labiatae
51 Elsholtzia sp. Vicks Jhar Labiatae
52 Ephedra gerardiana Wall.ex Stapf Somlata Ephedraceae
53 Fragaria nubicola Lindl.ex Lacaita Bhuin Kafal Rosaceae
54 Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Dhasingre Ericaceae
55 Gentiana urnula H. Sm Gangachhung Gentianaceae
56 Gnaphalium affine D. Don Buki Phul Compositae
57 Gynura cusimbua (D. Don) S. Moore Compositae
58 Hedera nepalensis K. Koch Kathe Lahero Araliaceae
59 Heracleum candicans Wall.ex DC. Umbelliferae
60 Hippophae salicifolia D. Don Dale Chuk Elaeagnaceae
61 Hippophae tibetana Schlecht Tare Chuk Elaeagnaceae
62 Ilex dipyrena Wall. Seto Khasru Aquifoliaceae
63 Jasminum humile L. Ban Jai Oleaceae
64 Juniperus communis L. Dhupi Cupressaceae
65 Juniperus indica Bertol. Dhupi Cupressaceae
66 Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don Dhupi Cupressaceae
67 Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. Dhup Jadi Compositae
68 Larix himalaica W. C. Cheng & L.K. Fu Langtang Salla Pinaceae
69 Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Compositae
70 Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd Compositae
71 Lilium nepalense D. Don Ban Lasun Liliaceae
72 Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz Sil Timur Lauraceae
73 Litsea sp. Lauraceae
74 Lonicera sp. Caprifoliaceae
75 Lyona ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Angeri Ericaceae
76 Morina longifolia Wall.ex DC. Dipsacaceae
77 Myricaria rosea W. W. Sm. Orima Tamaricaceae
78 Neolitsea pallens (D. Don) Mamiy Lauraceae
79 Osyris wightiana Wall. ex Weight Nun Dhiki Santalaceae
80 Parmelia sp. Jhyau Parmeliaceae
81 Persea clarkeana (King ex Hook. f.) Kasterm. Bhosi Lauraceae
82 Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss Jhule Salla Pinaceae
83 Pieris Formosa (Wall.) D. Don Timalo Ericaceae
84 Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks Gobre Salla Pinaceae
85 Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D. Don Leguminosae
86 Plantago erosa Wall. Isabgol Plantaginaceae
87 Plantago sp. Isabgol Plantaginaceae
88 Pleurospermum hookeri C. B. Clarke Gandraino Umbelliferae
89 Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Khiraule Liliaceae
90 Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Khiraule Liliaceae
16
91 Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle Bhote Pipal Salicaceae
92 Potentilla fruticosa Lindl.ex Lehm. Bajra Danti Rosaceae
93 Primula denticulata Sm. Primulaceae
94 Primula sp. Primulaceae
95 Prinsepia utilis Royle Dhatelo Rosaceae
96 Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Mayal Rosaceae
97 Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus Moru Fagaceae
98 Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. Khasru Fagaceae
99 Rabdosia rugosa (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Hara Labiatae
10
0 Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn Ranunculaceae
10
1 Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don Sunpati Ericaceae
10
2 Rhododendron arboretum Sm. Lali Guras Ericaceae
10
3 Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G. Don Chimal Ericaceae
10
4 Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G.Don Ericaceae
10
5 Rhododendron setosum D. Don Bhale Sunpati Ericaceae
10
6 Rhus javanica L. Bhaki Amilo Anacardiaceae
10
7 Rhus wallichi Hook. f. Bhalayo Anacardiaceae
10
8 Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. Grossulariaceae
10
9 Rosa macrophylla Lindl. Jangali Gulab Rosaceae
110 Rosa sericea Lindl. Jangali Gulab Rosaceae
111 Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming Majitho Rubiaceae
112 Rubia wallichiana Decne. Majitho Rubiaceae
113 Rubus ellipticus Sm. Ainselu Rosaceae
114 Rubus hoffmeisterianus Kunth & Bouche Ban Ainselu Rosaceae
115 Rubus paniculatus Sm. Ban Ainselu Rosaceae
116 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Halhale Polygonaceae
117 Salvia hians Royle ex Benth. Aape Labiatae
118 Sarcococca hookeriana Baill. Telparo Buxaceae
119 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Compositae
12
0 Saxifraga hemisphaerica Hook. f. & Thomson Saxifragaceae
12
1 Schefflera impressa (C.B. Clarke) Harms Kuth Simal Araliaceae
12
2 Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex C. B. Clarke Bhutkesh Umbelliferae
12
3 Senecio cappa Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Bakhre Kane Compositae
12
4 Smilax aspera L. Kukur Daino Liliaceae
12
5 Smilax ferox Wall. ex Kunth Kukur Daino Liliaceae
17
12
6 Smilax sp. Kukur Daino Liliaceae
12
7 Solanum nigrum L. Kalo Bihi Solanaceae
12
8 Sorbus cuspidata (Spach) Hedl. Rosaceae
12
9 Sorbus foliolosa (Wall.) Spach Rosaceae
13
0 Sorbus microphylla Wenzig Rosaceae
13
1 Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Bhale Chiraito Gentianaceae
13
2 Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt Bhale Chiraito Gentianaceae
13
3 Swertia racemosa (Griseb.) C. B. Clarke Bhale Chiraito Gentianaceae
13
4 Tanacetum nubigenum Wall.ex DC. Compositae
13
5 Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. Tuki Phul Compositae
13
6 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Lauth Salla Taxaceae
13
7 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Dampate Ranunculaceae
13
8 Thymus sp. Ghode Machha Labiatae
13
9 Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eicher Thingure Salla Pinaceae
14
0 Urtica dioica L. Sisnu Urticaceae
14
1 Usnea sp. Jhyau Usneaceae
14
2 Viburnum erubescens Wall.ex DC. Titekath Sambucaceae
14
3 Viburnum grandiflorum Wall.ex DC. Sambucaceae
14
4 Viscum album L. Hadchur Loranthaceae
14
5 Wikstroemia canescens Meisn. Kagaj Pate Thymelaeaceae
14
6 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Timur Rutaceae
14
7 Zanthoxylum sp. Timur Rutaceae
Table 3: List of NTFP species found in Nubri valley
4.2 Inventory of NTFPs of Nubri valley
18
Frequency, Relative Frequency, Density and Relative Density of each NTFP species
were calculated and analyzed in respective VDCs.
4.2.1 Prok VDC
Study area starts from the gorge of Budi Gandaki River (2200 m) to the hills
surrounding the Kalchuman Tal (3600 m). Above this altitude, the hills were covered
by snow. Temperate Blue Pine forest, Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest, Mixed
Rhododendron-Maple Forest, Fir-Blue Pine forest, Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest, Fir-Oak-
Rhododendron Forest, Fir Forest and Birch-Rhododendron Forest were determined as
the forest type of Prok VDC.
During the study, Quercus semecarpifolia (Khasru), Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla)
and Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Guras) were dominant tree species. Similarly,
Pieris Formosa (Timalo), Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nigalo), Gaultheria
fragrantissima (Dhasingre), Wikstroemia canescens (Kagaj Pate) and Berberis
asiatica (Chutro) were dominant shrub species. Whereas, Dipsacus inermis (Ban
Mula) and Thalictrum foliolosum (Dampate) were recorded as dominant herb species
in Prok VDC.
Details of all the four population parameters were shown in table 4.
SN Botanical Name Freq1 R. Freq2 Den3 R. Den4

1 Pieris formosa 60 2.707 802.36 6.62
2 Quercus semecarpifolia 73.33 3.308 645.73 5.328
3 Drepanostachyum falcatum 63.33 2.857 650.51 5.368
4 Gaultheria fragrantissima 30 1.353 802.91 6.625
5 Pinus wallichiana 70 3.158 476.18 3.929
6 Wikstroemia canescens 46.67 2.105 562.16 4.638
7 Dipsacus inermis 46.67 2.105 464.18 3.83
8 Rhododendron arboreum 60 2.707 357.07 2.946
9 Thalictrum foliolosum 50 2.256 405.72 3.348
10 Berberis asiatica 63.33 2.857 301.22 2.485
11 Sarcococca hookeriana 30 1.353 473.52 3.907
12 Abies spectabilis 36.67 1.654 422.89 3.489
13 Piptanthus nepalensis 40 1.805 287.86 2.375
14 Anaphalis busua 26.67 1.203 345.41 2.85
15 Rhododendron lepidotum 40 1.805 232.74 1.92
16 Usnea 30 1.353 257.95 2.128
17 Bergenia ciliata 16.67 0.752 315.26 2.601
18 Daphne papyracea 36.67 1.654 193.11 1.593
19 Rhododendron barbatum 26.67 1.203 236.5 1.951
20 Elsholtzia fruticosa 40 1.805 139.14 1.148
21 Senecio cappa 40 1.805 125.28 1.034
1
Freq= Frequency
2
R. Freq= Relative Frequency
3
Den= Density
4
R. Den= Relative Density
19
SN Botanical Name Freq R. Freq Den R. Den
22 Smilax ferox 43.33 1.955 106.3 0.877
23 Jasminum humile 40 1.805 123.57 1.02
24 Picea smithiana 36.67 1.654 137.12 1.131
25 Tsuga dumosa 43.33 1.955 96.87 0.799
26 Prinsepia utilis 40 1.805 105.28 0.869
27 Berberis aristata 16.67 0.752 213.95 1.765
28 Parmelia 36.67 1.654 101.02 0.834
29 Ilex dipyrena 43.33 1.955 54.26 0.448
30 Rosa macrophylla 40 1.805 71.59 0.591
31 Artemisia dubia 40 1.805 57.25 0.472
32 Lyona ovalifolia 40 1.805 47.73 0.394
33 Urtica dioica 30 1.353 84.8 0.7
34 Morina longifolia 6.67 0.301 197.57 1.63
35 Caragina brevispina 23.33 1.053 96.55 0.797
36 Neolitsea pallens 23.33 1.053 96.29 0.795
37 Campylotropis speciosa 20 0.902 97.44 0.804
38 Betula alnoides 30 1.353 29.98 0.247
39 Rosa sericea 20 0.902 77.91 0.643
40 Rhus wallichi 26.67 1.203 38.83 0.32
41 Acer caesium 23.33 1.053 55.98 0.462
42 Potentilla fruticosa 10 0.451 119.74 0.988
43 Larix himalaica 20 0.902 64.71 0.534
44 Rhododendron setosum 10 0.451 117.39 0.969
45 Hedera nepalensis 23.33 1.053 43.84 0.362
46 Astilbe rivularis 16.67 0.752 80.05 0.661
47 Juniperus recurva 13.33 0.602 91 0.751
48 Thymus sp. 13.33 0.602 85.51 0.706
49 Sorbus foliolosa 13.33 0.602 77.43 0.639
50 Rubia manjith 16.67 0.752 53.62 0.442
51 Rubia wallichiana 20 0.902 29.64 0.245
52 Coccinea grandis 20 0.902 25.74 0.212
53 Taxus wallichiana 23.33 1.053 4.99 0.041
54 Pyrus pashia 20 0.902 22.64 0.187
55 Cotoneaster microphyllus 20 0.902 13.7 0.113
56 Elaeagnus parvifolia 20 0.902 10.81 0.089
57 Heracleum candicans 20 0.902 10.2 0.084
58 Cyathula capitata 13.33 0.602 45.95 0.379
59 Swertia ciliata 10 0.451 62.39 0.515
60 Polygonatum cirrhifolium 10 0.451 61.47 0.507
61 Populus ciliata 16.67 0.752 23.66 0.195
62 Fragaria nubicola 10 0.451 59.88 0.494
63 Desmodium multiflorum 13.33 0.602 26.57 0.219
64 Rubus paniculatus 16.67 0.752 6.28 0.052
65 Unidetified (Compd leaf, 5 foliate) 10 0.451 42.41 0.35
66 Viburnum grandiflorum 13.33 0.602 23.68 0.195
67 Ribes himalense 13.33 0.602 13.43 0.111
20
68 Rabdosia rugosa 6.67 0.301 48.25 0.398
69 Sorbus cuspidate 13.33 0.602 7.69 0.063
70 Persea clarkeana 10 0.451 25.05 0.207
71 Rhus javanica 10 0.451 21.37 0.176
72 Swertia angustifolia 10 0.451 17.53 0.145
73 Hippophae salicifolia 6.67 0.301 33.53 0.277
74 Dioscorea deltoidea 10 0.451 15.16 0.125
75 Smilax aspera 10 0.451 12.38 0.102
76 Betula utilis 6.67 0.301 29.8 0.246
77 Quercus floribunda 6.67 0.301 25.99 0.214
78 Gnaphalium affine 3.33 0.15 44.08 0.364
79 Elsholtzia sp. 6.67 0.301 21.45 0.177
80 Viburnum erubescens 10 0.451 2.94 0.024
81 Aconogonum molle 6.67 0.301 21.08 0.174
82 Cynoglossum zeylanicum 6.67 0.301 19.66 0.162
83 Clematis alternata 10 0.451 0.85 0.007
84 Ainsliaea latifolia 3.33 0.15 34.5 0.285
85 Osyris wightiana 6.67 0.301 11.64 0.096
86 Rumex nepalensis 6.67 0.301 9.58 0.079
87 Arisaema costatum 6.67 0.301 8.63 0.071
88 Alnus nepalensis 6.67 0.301 7.8 0.064
89 Rubus ellipticus 6.67 0.301 5.66 0.047
90 Solanum nigrum 6.67 0.301 3.87 0.032
91 Boeninghausenia albifolia 6.67 0.301 3.12 0.026
92 Schefflera impressa 6.67 0.301 0.34 0.003
93 Clematis buchananina 6.67 0.301 0.17 0.001
94 Selinum tenuifolium 3.33 0.15 16.34 0.135
95 Taraxacum officinale 3.33 0.15 15.2 0.125
96 Zanthoxylum armatum 3.33 0.15 10.39 0.086
97 Litsea 3.33 0.15 7.42 0.061
98 Lindera neesiana 3.33 0.15 5.37 0.044
99 Leontopodium jacotianum 3.33 0.15 4.93 0.041
100 Primula sp. 3.33 0.15 4.75 0.039
101 Zanthoxylum sp. 3.33 0.15 4.24 0.035
102 Gynura cusimbua 3.33 0.15 3.5 0.029
103 Boehmeria platyphylla 3.33 0.15 2.95 0.024
104 Smilax sp. 3.33 0.15 2.37 0.02
105 Aster sp. 3.33 0.15 1.61 0.013
106 Cannabis sativa 3.33 0.15 1.03 0.008
107 Bistorta amplexicaulis 3.33 0.15 0.83 0.007
108 Polygonatum verticillatum 3.33 0.15 0.56 0.005
109 Ranunculus sp. 3.33 0.15 0.56 0.005
110 Lonicera sp. 3.33 0.15 0.41 0.003
111 Viscum album 3.33 0.15 0.08 0.001
112 Orchid 3.33 0.15 0.12 0.001
21
Table 4: Population parameters of NTFPs species in Prok VDC
4.2.2 Lho VDC
VDC starts from 2600 m altitude to 3600 m on the forest above Lho village.
Temperate Blue Pine Forest, Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest, Spruce Forest, Temperate
Mountain Oak Forest, Mixed Rhododendron-Maple Forest, Fir-Oak-Rhododendron
Forest, Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest, Fir forest, Larch Forest, Birch-Rhododendron Forest
were determined as forest type of Lho VDC.
Abies spectabilis (Talis Patra) and Pinus wallichiana was found to be the dominant
tree species. Rhododendron lepidotum (Bhale Sunpati) and Drepanostachyum falcatum
were dominant shrub species while Dipsacus inermis, Astilbe rivularis (Thulo Okhati),
Elsholtzia fruticosa (Ban Silam), Thalictrum foliolosum, Fragaria nubicola (Bhuin Kafal),
Saussurea costus and Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Khiraule) were dominant herb species of
Lho VDC.
1 Dipsacus inermis 77.78 2.662 2018.71 10.762
2 Rhododendron lepidotum 61.11 2.091 1008.38 5.376
3 Astilbe rivularis 61.11 2.091 995.333 5.306
4 Elsholtzia fruticosa 77.78 2.662 825.06 4.398
5 Thalictrum foliolosum 61.11 2.091 861.405 4.592
6 Fragaria nubicola 44.44 1.521 915.774 4.882
8 Saussurea costus 38.89 1.331 836.226 4.458
10 Polygonatum cirrhifolium 55.56 1.901 700.845 3.736
11 Rosa sericea 72.22 2.471 586.774 3.128
13 Aconogonum molle 55.56 1.901 596.441 3.18
15 Swertia ciliata 61.11 2.091 525.583 2.802
16 Plantago erosa 27.78 0.951 734.583 3.916
17 Pinus wallichiana 72.22 2.471 445.631 2.376
18 Artemisia dubia 61.11 2.091 397.298 2.118
19 Hippophae salicifolia 72.22 2.471 324.012 1.727
20 Tsuga dumosa 83.33 2.852 211.512 1.128
22 Larix himalaica 72.22 2.471 268.536 1.432
23 Anaphalis busua 27.78 0.951 507.691 2.706
24 Zanthoxylum sp. 61.11 2.091 224.524 1.197
25 Cotoneaster frigidus 66.67 2.281 181.655 0.968
27 Betula utilis 50 1.711 254.071 1.354
28 Heracleum candicans 55.56 1.901 164.476 0.877
29 Berberis asiatica 33.33 1.141 229.5 1.223
30 Piptanthus nepalensis 55.56 1.901 73.5119 0.392
31 Hedera nepalensis 44.44 1.521 129.583 0.691
32 Smilax sp. 44.44 1.521 115.369 0.615
22
33 Usnea sp. 55.56 1.901 42.6548 0.227
34 Clematis alternata 55.56 1.901 23.7024 0.126
35 Juniperus recurva 50 1.711 43.6429 0.233
36 Quercus semecarpifolia 33.33 1.141 150.333 0.801
37 Caragina brevispina 44.44 1.521 68.7857 0.367
39 Cirsium falconeri 44.44 1.521 44.25 0.236
40 Populus ciliata 44.44 1.521 40.3452 0.215
41 Parmelia sp. 38.89 1.331 64.2619 0.343
42 Rosa macrophylla 27.78 0.951 132.155 0.705
43 Cotoneaster microphyllus 44.44 1.521 24.7976 0.132
44 Prinsepia utilis 22.22 0.76 161.06 0.859
45 Tanacetum nubigenum 33.33 1.141 83.4167 0.445
46 Elsholtzia sp. 5.56 0.19 249 1.327
47 Drymeria cordata 5.56 0.19 238.095 1.269
48 Ribes himalense 33.33 1.141 47.4762 0.253
49 Rumex nepalensis 27.78 0.951 77 0.41
50 Rhododendron arboretum 33.33 1.141 24.4405 0.13
51 Taxus wallichiana 33.33 1.141 10.9643 0.058
52 Rubia wallichiana 22.22 0.76 81.7857 0.436
53 Jasminum humile 27.78 0.951 33.1071 0.176
54 Pieris formosa 22.22 0.76 41.5 0.221
55 Smilax ferox 22.22 0.76 35.5238 0.189
56 Boeninghausenia albifolia 16.67 0.57 70.1667 0.374
57 Rubus hoffmeisterianus 16.67 0.57 40.7143 0.217
58 Sorbus microphylla 16.67 0.57 33.3333 0.178
59 Acer caesium 16.67 0.57 32.6905 0.174
60 Urtica dioica 16.67 0.57 28.9286 0.154
61 Picea smithiana 16.67 0.57 13.7143 0.073
62 Asparagus filicinus 16.67 0.57 11.0238 0.059
63 Cyathula capitata 11.11 0.38 17.9524 0.096
64 Ainsliaea latifolia 5.56 0.19 52.5238 0.28
65 Colquhaunia coccinea 11.11 0.38 16.2143 0.086
67 Delphinium grandiflorum 11.11 0.38 9.89286 0.053
68 Daphne papyracea 11.11 0.38 9.52381 0.051
69 Clematis tibetana 11.11 0.38 9 0.048
70 Ephedra gerardiana 11.11 0.38 8.35714 0.045
71 Rubus paniculatus 11.11 0.38 7.72619 0.041
72 Betula alnoides 11.11 0.38 4.21429 0.022
73 Elaeagnus parvifolia 11.11 0.38 3.26191 0.017
75 Leontopodium jacotianum 5.56 0.19 23.25 0.124
76 Thymus sp. 5.56 0.19 21.1071 0.113
77 Rhododendron setosum 5.56 0.19 7.75 0.041
78 Wikstroemia canescens 5.56 0.19 7.2381 0.039
79 Salvia hians 5.56 0.19 6.96429 0.037
80 Lonicera sp. 5.56 0.19 6.75 0.036
81 Unidetified (Compd leaf, 5 foliate) 5.56 0.19 6.35714 0.034
82 Anisodus luridus 5.56 0.19 5.75 0.031
23
83 Juniperus indica 5.56 0.19 3.92857 0.021
84 Juniperus communis 5.56 0.19 3.39286 0.018
85 Taraxacum officinale 5.56 0.19 2.91667 0.016
86 Bistorta amplexicaulis 5.56 0.19 1.47619 0.008
87 Lilium nepalense 5.56 0.19 1.5 0.008
88 Jurinea dolomiaea 5.56 0.19 1.2381 0.007
89 Aster sp. 5.56 0.19 1 0.005
90 Arisaema costatum 5.56 0.19 0.69048 0.004
Table 5: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC
4.2.3 Samagaon VDC
The study area starts from the altitude of 3300 m to 5100 m starting from Samagaon
village to Larke Pass (5106 m). Fir Forest, Larch Forest, Birch-Rhododendron Forest,
Trans-Himalayan Lower Caragana Steppe, Dry Alpine Scrub, Upper Alpine Meadows
and Tras-Himalayan High Alpine Vegetation were determined as the forest types of
Samagaon VDC.
Juniperus indica (Dhupi) and Betula utilis (Bhoj Patra) were found dominant tree
speices during the study. Similarly, Cotoneaster microphyllus (Kause Phul), Berberis
aristata (Chutro), Lonicera sp., Ephedra gerardiana (Somlata), Juniperus communis
(Dhupi) and Rhododendron setosum (Bhale Sunpati) were dominant shrub species
whereas Gentiana urnula (Gangachhung), Swertia racemosa (Bhale Chiraito) and
Anaphalis triplinervis (Buki Phul) were dominant species among herbs in Samagaon
VDC. Details of all population parameters are given in table 6.
1 Cotoneaster microphyllus 90.91 5.494 3732.75 22.008
2 Gentiana urnula 27.27 1.648 3263.23 19.24
4 Juniperus indica 72.73 4.396 908.56 5.357
5 Lonicera sp. 81.82 4.945 610.09 3.597
6 Swertia racemosa 45.45 2.747 965.17 5.691
7 Ephedra gerardiana 81.82 4.945 258.75 1.526
8 Juniperus communis 81.82 4.945 198.82 1.172
9 Anaphalis triplinervis 36.36 2.198 624.44 3.682
10 Rhododendron setosum 63.64 3.846 303.61 1.79
11 Rosa sericea 54.55 3.297 359.82 2.121
12 Betula utilis 54.55 3.297 281.86 1.662
13 Rhododendron anthopogon 27.27 1.648 549.32 3.239
14 Usnea sp. 54.55 3.297 263.06 1.551
15 Rosa macrophylla 54.55 3.297 260.62 1.537
16 Clematis tibetana 63.64 3.846 134.2 0.791
17 Myricaria rosea 54.55 3.297 214.62 1.265
19 Plantago sp. 27.27 1.648 318.54 1.878
24
20 Ranunculus brotherusii 9.09 0.549 396.73 2.339
22 Saussurea costus 36.36 2.198 81.22 0.479
23 Juniperus recurva 36.36 2.198 73.91 0.436
24 Carum carvi 36.36 2.198 67.9 0.4
25 Larix himalaica 36.36 2.198 45.17 0.266
27 Hippophae tibetana 27.27 1.648 64.88 0.383
29 Arnebia benthamii 9.09 0.549 232.5 1.371
31 Aconogonum campanulatum 18.18 1.099 77.52 0.457
32 Caragana gerardiana 18.18 1.099 71.19 0.42
33 Primula denticulata 18.18 1.099 18.58 0.11
34 Gnaphalium affine 18.18 1.099 15.63 0.092
35 Pleurospermum hookeri 18.18 1.099 9.38 0.055
36 Smilax sp. 18.18 1.099 4.53 0.027
37 Cirsium falconeri 9.09 0.549 64.27 0.379
38 Saxifraga hemisphaerica 9.09 0.549 61.15 0.361
39 Cassiope fastigiata 9.09 0.549 30.09 0.177
40 Swertia ciliata 9.09 0.549 18.31 0.108
41 Leontopodium himalayanum 9.09 0.549 11.31 0.067
43 Chesneya sp. 9.09 0.549 3.58 0.021
44 Rhododendron lepidotum 9.09 0.549 2.09 0.012
45 Dactylorhiza hatagirea 9.09 0.549 1.63 0.01
46 Jurinea dolomiaea 9.09 0.549 1.67 0.01
47 Polygonatum cirrhifolium 9.09 0.549 1.54 0.009
48 Pinus wallichiana 9.09 0.549 1.01 0.006
49 Piptanthus nepalensis 9.09 0.549 1.07 0.006
Table 6: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC
4.3 Prioritization of NTFPs
The species were prioritized based on 8 principal criteria viz. (i) highly demanded
commercial species (ii) species having high market price (iii) having potential for
domestic value addition (iv) species available over wide geographical range (v)
species harvestable in short rotation period (vi) land fertility requirement for species
(vii) species importance in ethnobotany and (viii) species conservation status.
4.3.1 Prok VDC
Top five prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC for value addition and marketing
linkage and further study are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Bergenia ciliata,
Gaultheria fragrantissima, Berberis asiatica and Abies spectabilis. Other prioritized
NTFP species are given in table 7.
25
Contribution to income
Gender impact
Total
Regenerative potential
Processing technology
Margin \ Profit
Availability ( in time )
Potential for cultivation

Conservation status
Potential for value addition
Ethnobotanical value
Market demand
Geographical distribution
SN Criteria⇒
NTFP species
⇓
1 Drepanostachyum 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 29
falcatum
2 Bergenia ciliata 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 29
3 Gaultheria fragrantissima 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 28
4 Berberis asiatica 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 26
5 Abies spectabilis 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 26
6 Zanthoxylum armatum 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 26
7 Daphne papyracea 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 25
8 Wikstroemia canescens 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 23
9 Prinsepia utilis 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 23
10 Berberis aristata 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 23
11 Artemisia dubia 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 23
12 Hippophae salicifolia 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 23
13 Dipsacus inermis 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 22
14 Taxus wallichiana 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 22
15 Elsholtzia fruticosa 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 21
Table 7: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC
4.3.2 Lho VDC
Top five prioritized NTFP species analyzed from Lho VDC were Drepanostachyum
falcatum, Abies spectabilis, Hippophae salicifolia, Heracleum candicans and
Berberis aristata. Other prioritized NTFPs were tabulated in table 8.
Gender impact
Total
Margin \ Profit

Conservation status
Market demand
SN Criteria⇒
NTFP species
⇓
Drepanostachyum 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3
1 falcatum 29
3 Hippophae salicifolia 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 25
4 Heracleum candicans 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 25
26
6 Rosa sericea 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 23
7 Zanthoxylum sp. 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 23
8 Juniperus indica 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 23
9 Juniperus communis 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 23
10 Dipsacus inermis 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 22
11 Artemisia dubia 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 22
12 Astilbe rivularis 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 21
13 Elsholtzia fruticosa 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 21
14 Selinum tenuifolium 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 21
15 Prinsepia utilis 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 21
Table 8: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC
4.3.3 Samagaon VDC
Top five NTFPs prioritized from matrix preference ranking were Juniperus indica,
Juniperus communis, Berberis aristata, Rhododendron anthopogon and
Drepanostachyum falcatum. Other NTFP species set for prioritization from Samagaon
VDC is given in table 9.
Market demand
Gender impact
Conservation status
Margin \ Profit
Criteria⇒
Total
NTFP species
⇓
1 Juniperus indica 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 29
2 Juniperus communis 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 28
4 Rhododendron anthopogon 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 25
5 Drepanostachyum falcatum 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 25
6 Carum carvi 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 25
7 Ephedra gerardiana 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 23
8 Rosa sericea 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 22
9 Hippophae tibetana 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 22
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 22
11 Selinum tenuifolium 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 21
13 Juniperus recurva 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 20
14 Swertia racemosa 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 19
15 Rhododendron setosum 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 19
Table 9: Prioritized NTFP species of Samagaon VDC
27
4.4 Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA)
RVA analysis was carried out for the prioritized NTFP species of respective VDCs of
Nubri valley. RVA was conducted on the basis of the following criteria: 1. Ecology, 2.
Life form, 3. Parts used and 4. Harvesting method.
4.4.1 Prok VDC
The most vulnerable NTFP species of Prok VDC are Taxus wallichiana (Lauth Salla),
Berberis asiatica, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Abies spectabilis and Daphne
papyracea (Lokhta). Other prioritized vulnerable species are shown in table 10.
Abundance
Habit
Harvesting method
Life form diversity
Parts used
Rate of reproduction
Mode of reproduction
Habitat
Habitat diversity
Score
Growth
Criteria⇒
SN
NTFPs
⇓
1 Taxus wallichiana 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 12
2 Berberis aristata 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 13
3 Gaultheria fragrantissima 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 14
4 Abies spectabilis 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 14
5 Daphne papyracea 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 14
6 Hippophae salicifolia 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 14
7 Berberis asiatica 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 15
8 Wikstroemia canescens. 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 15
9 Dipsacus inermis 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 15
10 Bergenia ciliata 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 16
11 Zanthoxylum armatum 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 16
12 Prinsepia utilis 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16
13 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16
14 Elsholtzia fruticosa 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 16
15 Drepanostachyum 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 17
falcatum
Table 10: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Prok VDC
4.4.2 Lho VDC
On the basis of RVA analysis, the most vulnerable NTFP species of Lho VDC was
Juniperus indica, Juniperus communis, Berberis aristata, Abies spectabilis and Hippophae
salicifolia (Dale Chuk). RVA of other prioritized NTFP species are given in table 11.
28
Parts used
Score
Abundance
Life form diversity

Habitat
Habit
Harvesting method
Habitat diversity
Growth
SN Criteria⇒
NTFPs
⇓
1 Juniperus indica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 12
2 Juniperus communis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 12
5 Hippophae salicifolia 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 14
6 Selinum tenuifolium 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 14
7 Dipsacus inermis 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 15
8 Heracleum candicans 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 16
9 Rosa sericea 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 16
10 Artemisia dubia 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16
11 Elsholtzia fruticosa 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 16
12 Prinsepia utilis 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 16
13 Drepanostachyum 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 17
falcatum
14 Zanthoxylum sp. 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 17
15 Astilbe rivularis 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 17
Table 11: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Lho VDC
4.4.3 Samagaon VDC
RVA analysis showed that the prioritized vulnerable NTFP species of Samagaon VDC
are Juniperus recurva, Rhododendron anthopogon (Sunpati), Ephedra gerardiana,
Selinum tenuifolium (Bhutkesh) and Abies spectabilis. List of other prioritized
vulnerable species of Samagaon VDC are given in table 13.
Score
Habitat
Abundance
Habitat diversity
Growth
Parts used
Life form diversity
Habit
Harvesting method
SN
Criteria⇒
NTFPs
⇓
1 Juniperus recurva 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 12
2 Rhododendron anthopogon 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 13
3 Ephedra gerardiana 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 13
4 Selinum tenuifolium 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 13
29
6 Rhododendron setosum 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 13
7 Juniperus indica 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 14
8 Juniperus communis 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 14
9 Dactylorhiza hatagirea 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 14
11 Drepanostachyum 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
falcatum 15
12 Rosa sericea 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 15
13 Hippophae tibetana 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 15
14 Carum carvi 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 16
15 Swertia racemosa 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 16
Table 12: RVA of prioritized NTFPs of Samagaon VDC
4.5 Trade of NTFPs in Nubri valley
The inhabitants of Nubri valley depend on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry

and seasonal migration for trade and labour for their livelihood support. There is no
trade of NTFPs from Prok VDC. Whereas few villagers of Lho and Samagaon VDCs
collect NTFPs as an additional source of income in the harvesting season. The major
traded NTFPs from Lho VDC are Cordyceps sinensis (Yarsa Gomba), Fritillaria
cirrhosa (Ban Lasun), Delphinium denudatum (Nirmasi), Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora
(Kutki), Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Panch Aunle) and Nardostachys grandiflora
(Jatamansi). These traded NTFPs are collected from the forest of Hinang, Himalchuli
base camp, Lho and Syala.
Similarly, NTFPs traded from Samagaon are Cordyceps sinensis (Yarsa Gomba),
Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Kutki), Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Panch Aunle) and
Nardostachys grandiflora (Jatamansi). These NTFPs are harvested from forest around
Pungyen Gomba, forest above Samagaon and scrubland nearby Samdo village.
Tibetan traders would come to the respective villages demanding NTFPs each year
and accordingly the villagers collect the demanded NTFPs. Sometimes the collectors
sell those NTFPs directly to the Tibetan traders in their villages but mostly they sell
those NTFPs in Tibet. The major route for the trade of NTFPs to Tibet is through
Gyala Pass. Few collectors sell the NTFPs, mainly Panch Aunle, Kutki and Jatamansi
to the traders of Kathmandu.
Collectors
Traders of Traders
Kathmandu from Tibet
30
Flow chart: Trading Channel of NTFPs of Nubri valley
4.6 Marketing and value addition of other NTFPs
All the NTFPs harvested from Nubri valley are traded in crude form. Value addition
of these NTFPs in local level could provide the collectors with premium price thereby
creating local level employment.
Some prioritized NTFPs potential for marketing and value addition of Prok VDC are
Drepanostachyum falcatum, Bergenia ciliata, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Berberis
asiatica, Abies spectabilis, Zanthoxylum armatum, Daphne papyracea, Wikstroemia
canescens, Prinsepia utilis, Hippophae salicifolia and Artemisia dubia.
Similarly, few prioritized NTFPs other than that are in current trade potential for
marketing and value addition of Lho VDC are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Abies
spectabilis, Hippophae salicifolia, Berberis aristata, Rosa sericea, Zanthoxylum sp.,
Artemisia dubia, Selinum tenuifolium and Prinsepia utilis.
Likewise, potential NTFP species for marketing and value addition other than that are
in trade from Samagaon VDC are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Juniperus indica,
Juniperus communis, Berberis aristata, Rhododendron anthopogon, Ephedra
gerardiana, Rosa sericea and Selinum tenuifolium.
Small scale enterprises that can be set up for value addition of NTFPs in Nubri valley
are as follows:
i. Instillation of portable/ prototype distillation unit system for distillation of

essential oils: Wintergreen oil (from leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima), Abies
oil (From leaves of Abies spectabilis), Zanthoxylum oil (from fruits of
Zanthoxylum armatum), Artemisia oil (from leaves of Artemisia dubia)
Anthopogon oil (from leaves of Rhododendron anthopogon) and Juniper oil (from
the leaves and berries of Juniperus indica and J. communis). The current market
values of these essential oils are: Wintergreen oil (Rs 900-1000 per kg), Abies oil
(Rs 3800-4000 per kg), Zanthoxylum oil (Rs 3500-4000 per kg), Artemisia oil (Rs
1800-2000 per kg), Anthopogon oil (Rs 4000-4500 per kg), Juniper needle oil (Rs
2200-2500 per kg) and Juniper berry oil (Rs 5500-6000 per kg).
ii. Micro level handmade paper enterprise establishment for making handmade
papers from bark of Daphne papyracea and Wikstroemia canescens. The market
price of sheet paper (size: 20" X 30", 20 gm) in Kathmandu is Rs 1200-1400/ kori
(1 Kori =200 sheets)
iii. Juice making enterprise from berries of Hippophae salicifolia, the market price
of which is Rs 150 to Rs 180 per bottle (650 ml).
iv. Jam making enterprise from the berries of H. salicifolia, Rosa sericea and R.
macrophylla. The market price of jam from H. salicifolia is Rs 130-150 per bottle
(500 gm) and that of Rosa species is Rs 100-120 per bottle (500 gm).
31
v. Alcohol brewed from Berberis asiatica and B. aristata. Local market price per
bottle (650 ml) ranges from Rs 35/- to 50/-.
vi. Edible oil can be extracted from the seeds of Dhatelo (Princepia utilis) that can
be consumed locally.
vii. Handicrafts making from Drepanostachyum falcatum.
viii. Pakhan ved (Bergenia ciliata at Rs 12-15/kg), Bhutkesh (Selinum tenuifolium
at Rs 50-60/kg) and Somlata (Ephedra gerardiana at Rs 50-60/kg), sold in the
market of Kathmandu.
4.7 Potentialities and opportunities for NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley

Large areas of lands; both private owned and lying within the forests remain fallow in
the territories of Prok, Lho and Samagaun VDCs. While there is emense potentiality
for NTFPs cultivation having market assurance in those areas. The cultivation would
be initiated in household level in the private lands as well as in user group level in
forest lands. Possibilities of cultivation of few NTFPs are presented in the table
below:
a. Prok VDC
S Name of NTFPs Parts used Time frame for Potential areas for
N for cultivation cultivation
cultivation
1. Hippophae Seeds Seeds collection in Around Namrung
salicifolia August -September; village along side of
(Dalechuk) seeds sowing in the river system
April-May. A nursery
is required before it
is planted in the field
2. Lindera neesiana Seeds Seeds collection in In marginal lands
(Siltimur) July-August; seeds above Prok village,
sowing in April-May around Unga Gompa,
around Gap village and
marginal lands around
Namrung village
3. Selinum tenuifolium Seeds/ Seeds collection in In marginal lands of
(Bhutkesh) underground October-November Namrung village
rhizomes and sowing during
April-May/ Part of
rhizomes collection
during April-May
and immediately
cultivate in the
specified field
4. Swertia chirayita Seeds Seeds collection in In and around Prok and
(Chirayito) November-December Gap villages
and sowing during
March-April in
vertical slopes of the
agricultural fields
and marginal lands
5. Taxus wallichiana Seeds Seeds collection Around Unga Gompa
(Lauth salla) during October- and marginal lands of
32
November. A nursery Namrung village
is required before the
saplings are planted
in the field
6. Zanthoxylum Hardwood Hardwood cutting As a fence around the
armatum (Timur) cutting plantation during cultivated lands of
May-June Prok and Namrung
villages and in the
marginal lands of the
respective villages
b. Lho VDC
cultivation
1. Asparagus filicinus Seeds / Seeds collection In marginal lands
(Ban Kurilo) rhizomes during September- around Benzam village
October. Seeds
sowing during April-
May. Rhizomes
collection during
May-June at the time
of cultivation in the
field
2. Hippophae Seeds Seeds collection in Around Benzam,
salicifolia August -September; below Lihi, Shyo and
(Dalechuk) seeds sowing in Lho villages around
April-May. A nursery Budhi Gandaki river
is required before and along side of the
cultivation Hinang river
3. Lilium nepalense Seeds / Seeds collection In marginal lands
(Ban lasun) rhizomes during September- around Benzam village
October. Seeds
sowing during April-
May. Rhizomes
collection during
May-June at the time
of cultivation in the
field
4. Selinum tenuifolium Seeds/ Seeds collection in In the marginal lands
(Bhutkesh) underground October-November of Benzam, Lihi,
rhizomes and sowing during Hinang, Shyo and Lho
April-May/ Part of villages
rhizomes collection
during April-May
and immediately
cultivate in the
specified field
5. Taxus wallichiana Seeds Seeds collection In the marginal lands
(Lauth salla) during October- of Benzam, Lihi,
November. A nursery Hinang, Shyo and Lho
is required before the villages
saplings are planted
in the field
33
6. Zanthoxylum Hardwood Hardwood cutting As a fence around the
armatum (Timur) cutting plantation during cultivated lands of
May-June Benzam village
c. Samagaon VDC
cultivation
1. Hippophae tibetana Seeds Seeds collection in Alongside of the rivers
(Bhuichuk) August -September; of Samdo village
seeds sowing in
April-May. A nursery
is required before
cultivation
2. Selinum tenuifolium Seeds/ Seeds collection in In the marginal lands
(Bhutkesh) underground October-November of Samagaon village
rhizomes and sowing during
April-May/ Part of
rhizomes collection
during April-May
and immediately
cultivate in the
specified field
Table 13: Potentialities of NTFPs cultivation in Nubri valley
4.8 Potential areas of NTFPs available sites in Nubri valley
For sustainable management of NTFPs in Nubri valley, NTFPs available sites are
identified as according to the following table below:
SN Prok VDC Lho VDC Samagaon VDC
1 In between Prok village and Around and above In Forest around and above
Budhi Gandaki river Benzam village Pemachholing Gompa
2 In between Peru Gompa, Forest between Benzam In forest and scrubland
Unga Gompa and Prok village and Lihi village alongside of the river
village below Samagaon village
3 In Kalchho forest In Lihi forest; above Lihi In forest above Samagaon
village village
4 Around Kalchhuman Tal Forest between Lihi In Juniper forests above
village and Hinang village Gompa and on the way to
Birendra Tal
5 Forest between Prok and Forest around and above In Birch-Juniper forests
Gap village Hinang village and scrubland along side of
the river and forest above
main trail to Samdo village
6 Forest between Gap and In forest between Lihi In scrubland on the way to
Namrung village to Shyo village Lajyung pass
7 In Namla forest above Forest above Shyo village In scrubland alongside of
Namrung village the rivers below Samdo
village
8 Forest and marginal lands Forest between Shyo In the scrublands between
34
around cultivated areas of village to Lho village Samdo village and Larke
Namrung pass
9 In forest of Lho; above
Lho village
10 Around Budhi Gandaki
below Lihi, Shyo and Lho
village
11 In forest between Lho
village and Shyala village
12 In Shyala forest; around
and above Shyala village
Table 14: Potential NTFPs available sites of Nubri valley
4.9 Documentation of traditional healing system of Nubri valley
Traditional healing system exists only in Prok and Samagaon VDCs of Nubri valley.
Aamchis have been curing patients of the locality for decades. They acquire healing
knowledge from their elder generations and from various trainings offered by Special
Area Development Program, SEEDS and Himalayan Aamchi Association. They
prepare medication in their own and treatment takes place either in Health Posts or in
their respective home.
During the study, a total of 48 NTFP species used by Aamchis for treating different
ailments were recorded. Among them, 35 NTFP species are locally available and
harvested by them while rest 13 species are bought from different localities of Nepal
and Tibet. Altogether 36 different diseases were cured by them, the common diseases
being bodyache, stomachache, cold and cough, rheumatism and joint pain.
Plant parts used for treating diseases are Root (12 NTFP species), Whole Plant (9),
Seeds, Fruit and Flower (5), Leaf (4), Aerial part (3), Stem and Bulb (2) and Bark and
Heartwood (1).
Among the plants, Carum carvi, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Gentianopsis

paludosa each cures 4 different diseases. Likewise, Ephedra gerardiana,
Cremanthodium sp., Hippophae salicifolia, Lepisorus waltonii, Mirabilis himalaica,
Nardostachys jatamansi and Tinospora cordifolia is being used to cure three different
diseases.
These NTFPs are used for treatment by four different modes of medication. 38
different species were used in powder form, 9 different species in decoction and 2
species each is applied externally and immersed in water.
S Local /
Parts
N Botanical Name Common Mode of Application / Dose Disease Cured
Used
Name
1 Abies spectabilis Talis Patra Leaf 1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a Asthma
35
day
2 2-4 gm powder with
Aconitum Antidote and
Mongar (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a
naviculare Fever
day
Adiantum
Reral (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a Antidote
pedatum
day
Agremonia Dhumbu Whole
lukewarm water / Once a Haemorrhage
pilosa Thakchye (T) Plant
day
5 1 tsp powder fried in Ghee /
Allium cepa Pyaz Bulb Whooping Cough
2 times a day
6 4-5 pcs with lukewarm
Allium sativum Lasun Bulb Rheumatism
water / Bed time
7 1 tsp powder fried in Ghee /
Allium sativum Lasun Bulb Whooping Cough
2 times a day
8 Ban Kurilo,
Asparagus 1 tsp decoction / 2 times a
Nhersingh Root Acidity
filicinus day
(T)
9 1-2 gm powder with Appetizer, Eye
Ghonyodh
Carum carvi Seed lukewarm water / Once a Tonic, Gastric and
Du (T)
day Heart Problem
10 1 tsp powder with lukewarm
Cassia fistula Raj Brikshya Seed Constipation
water / Bed time
Cassia tora Chakramandi Seed Rheumatism
water / 3 times a day
Chrysanthemum Serjum Flowe Bodyache &
lukewarm water / Once a
tatsienense Mettok (T) r Fracture
day
Cremanthodium Whole Appetizer, Fever
Ngoga (T) lukewarm water / Once a
sp Plant & Headache
day
Dracocephalum Aerial Liver tonic &
Tango (T) lukewarm water / Once a
tanguticum parts Stomachache
day
15 Ephedra Somlata, Aerial 1 tsp decoction / 3 times a
Asthma
gerardiana Chhedum (T) parts day
16 Ephedra Somlata, Aerial 2-3 gm powder with Ease menstruation
gerardiana Chhedum (T) parts lukewarm water / once a day & Haemorrhage
Gangachhung Cough, Diarrhoea
Gentiana urnula Root lukewarm water / Once a
(T) & Ulcer
day
Gentiana Pangyan Whole Fever & Throat
vetichiorum Mettak (T) Plant trouble
day
19 3-5 gm powder with Appetizer, Fever,
Gentianopsis Whole
Chyaktik (T) lukewarm water / Once a Hypertension &
paludosa Plant
day Nausea
20 Glycyrhiza 1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a
Jethi Madhu Root Acidity
glabra day
21 Glycyrhiza 3 tsp Decoction / 6 hrs
Jethi Madhu Root Whooping Cough
glabra duration
Heterospermum Serki Metok Gall bladder
caurigerum (T) trouble
day
36
23 2-5 gm powder with Cough and Cold,
Hippophae
Tarbu (T) Fruit lukewarm water / Once a Gastric and Eases
salicifolia
day Menstruation
24 Holarrhena
Indrajau Bark 1 tsp powder / 3 times a day Stomach problem
pubescens
Incarvillea Ukchhyomar Whole Constipation and
younghusbandii po (T) Plant Ear Pain
day
26 1/2 tsp decoction / 2 times a
Juniper sp Dhup Leaf Gout
day
27 Leaf Apply externally / 2 times a
Juniper sp Dhup Rheumatism
oil day
28 Juniper sp Dhup Seed 1 tsp powder / 2 times a day Rheumatism
29 Justicia 1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a
Asuro Leaf Asthma
adhatoda day
30 3-5 gm powder with Kidney and Lungs
Lepisorus
Dakpyo (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a problem & Sore
waltonii
day Throat
Malva
Chamdu (T) Fruit lukewarm water / Once a Kidney problem
verticillata
day
Utpal Flowe
Meconopsis sp lukewarm water / Once a Liver tonic
Ngompo (T) r
day
33 3-5 gm powder with Joint Pain, Kidney
Miribilis
Bhatru (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a and Stomach
himalaica
day problem
34 3-5 gm powder with Antidote, Cough
Nardostachys
Pampyoi (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a and cold &
grandiflora
day Hypertension
Whole Cough and
Onosma hookeri Demok (T) lukewarm water / Once a
Plant Hypertension
day
Pedicularis Lugrumukpo Flowe Antidote, Ulcer &
oliveriana (T) r Diarrhoea
day
Picrorhiza Cough, Dysentery
Houglan (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a
scrophulariiflora & Hypertension
day
38 Picrorhiza 1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a
Kutki Root Fever
scrophulariiflora day
Plantago Whole Diarrhoea &
Tharam (T) lukewarm water / Once a
depressa Plant Kidney Problem
day
Podophyllum Ease menstruation
Holmose (T) Fruit lukewarm water / Once a
emodi & Uterus tonic
day
41 Polygonum Aerial 3-5 gm powder with
Pangram (T) Diarrhoea
sphaerostachyum parts lukewarm water / Morning
42 1 glass water consumed after
Pterocarpus Heart
Bijaysal wood immersed overnight / Diabetes
marsupium wood
Morning
Rheum australe Padamchal Root Constipation
water / Once in Bed time
44 Rubus idaeopsis Kantakari Stem 3-5 gm powder with Cold and Cough &
37
Fever
day
Saxiraga Whole
Sumdik (T) lukewarm water / Once a Fever
pasumensis Plant
day
Schisandra Cold and Cough &
Dhatik (T) Fruit lukewarm water / Once a
sphaerandra Diarrhoea
day
47 Serpo Gudyu Flowe 4-6 gm paste / Apply
Senecio scandens Cure wounds
(T) r, Root externally
48 4-6 gm power with
Serpo Gudyu Flowe
Senecio scandens lukewarm water / once Eye infection
(T) r, Root
regularly
Spiranthes
Wanglag (T) Root lukewarm water / Once a Lungs Tonic
sinensis
day
50 1/2 glass water consumed
Whole
Swertia chirayita Tikta after plant immersed Diabetes
Plant
overnight / 2 times a day
51 Whole 1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a
Swertia chirayita Tikta Fever
Plant day
52 Terminalia 1 tsp powder with lukewarm
Harro Fruit Constipation
chebula water / Bed time
53 Tinospora 1 tsp Decoction / 3 times a Acidity, Fever and
Gurjo Stem
cordifolia day Diabetes
54 Trigonella
Methi Seed 1 tsp powder / 2 times a day Diabetes
foenum-graecum
Table 15: Traditional healing practice using NTFPs
T=Tibetan
4.10 Sustainable harvesting practices of NTFPs

To determine the long term impact of harvesting on population dynamics, permanent
plots must be established. Trials that measure the effect of different harvesting levels
and methods are also helpful.
Sampling areas must be monitored for years twice at a minimum, to learn how
harvesting effects overall biodiversity.
Sampling areas help to:
- establish rotational harvesting schedules
- identify optimal harvesting times and methods
- get community members involved in hands on biological monitoring
- devise more accurate community resource management plans
Optimal harvesting practices for sustainable NTFPs use

Species/ Harvesting Optimal Optimal % of Optimal harvesting
Parts season rotational plants not methods
harvested interval harvested
Rhizomes with July-October 3-5 years At least 20% Whole plants pulled from
roots plants bushy areas and dug out
undisturbed carefully with the tool,
kuto, from open
grasslands
Fruits July- 1-2 years At least 20% Fruits/fruits with stalks
September fruits are detached from stem
38
undisturbed using sickles or bare
hands
Leaves/needles July-October 1 year At least 30% of Leaves hand picked or
leaves left on cut with scissors
plant
Flowers May-August 1-2 years At least 30% of Flowers hand picked or
flowers left cut with scissors
undisturbed
Barks May-August 3 years At least 75% Bark pulled from plants
bark left with the help of sickles
undisturbed/ for or knife/khukuri
lokta bark cut
the stem at least
15 cm above
the ground
Aerial parts July- October 2-3 years At least 40% Aerial parts cut with
plant left scissor or khukuri
undisturbed
Table 16: Recommended sustainable harvesting of NTFPs
4.11 Guidelines for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs
A few rules of thumb have been formulated relating to biological characteristics and
technical harvesting practices of NTFPs. Some guidelines for sustainable use are as
follows.
1. In the absence of thorough knowledge on NTFPs, the principle of precaution

should be adopted.
2. Sustainable amounts may be determined on the basis of the size of plant's
population, its population dynamics and reproductive biology.
3. Some NTFPs may be rare in some areas and abundant in others. Care should be
taken not to collect in areas where NTFPs are rare.
4. Use of substitutes for vulnerable species should be promoted if they are known to
be safe and have good level of activity.
5. It is not sustainable to harvest all the plants of a same population. Small amounts
of different population should be harvested.
6. For perennial herbs, collection of whole plants, roots or rhizomes are destructive
unless a very small proportion is collected from one sub population. This
proportion should be estimated on the basis of the growth rate and size of the plant
collected, population dynamics and size of the plant population. Care should be
taken to collect only some parts of the root or rhizome in order to allow the plants
to regeneration. Therefore a good knowledge of plant's morphology is needed to
decide which part may be collected without affecting plant's ability for
regeneration.
39
7. For monocarpic species, care should be taken not to collect the flowers before the
plant has set seeds and to collect only a small proportion of flowers. Collection of
roots is highly destructive and the proportion of plants that may be uprooted
should depend on the size of the population.
8. For annual herbs, it is more sustainable to collect whole plants once the plants
have set seeds.
9. Collection of fruits and seeds should have a large proportion of seeds to allow the
population to regenerate.
10. For trees, shrubs and perennial climbers, collection of large amount of roots and
barks is unsustainable. Collection of some proportion of leaves, flowers and seeds
may be sustainable if care is taken to leave material for plants to reproduce.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
Assessment of forest types, population density, frequency, RVA, Matrix Preference
Ranking, documentation of traditional healing system and trade and value addition of
NTFP species were analyzed in the Nubri valley.
40
A total of 147 species were identified in 16 forest types. Fir Forest and Birch-
Rhododendron Forest were most dominant and found in all three VDCs followed by
Temperate Blue Pine forest, Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest, Mixed Rhododendron-
Maple Forest, Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest, Fir-Oak-Rhododendron Forest and Larch
forest.
The present study showed that Quercus semecarpifolia, Pinus wallichiana, Abies
spectabilis, Rhododendron arboreum, Betula utilis and Juniperus indica were
dominant trees. Similarly Pieris Formosa, Drepanostachyum falcatum, Gaultheria
fragrantissima, Wikstroemia canescens, Berberis asiatica, Berberis aristata,
Rhododendron lepidotum, Rhododendron setosum Cotoneaster microphyllus,
Lonicera sp., Ephedra gerardiana, and Juniperus communis were dominant shrubs.
Whereas Dipsacus inermis, Thalictrum foliolosum, Astilbe rivularis, Elsholtzia
fruticosa, Fragaria nubicola, Saussurea costus, Gentiana urnula, Swertia racemosa,
Anaphalis triplinervis and Polygonatum cirrhifolium were recorded as dominant herbs
of the study area.
Top prioritized NTFP species are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Abies spectabilis,
Gaultheria fragrantissima, Bergenia ciliata, Berberis asiatica, B. aristata, Hippophae
salicifolia, Juniperus indica, J. communis, Rhododendron anthopogon and
Heracleum candicans.
RVA analysis showed that among the prioritized NTFPs, most vulnerable species of
the study area are Abies spectabilis, Taxus wallichiana, Gaultheria fragrantissima,
Juniperus indica, J. communis J. recurva, Daphne papyracea, Hippophae salicifolia,
Rhododendron anthopogon, Selinum tenuifolium, Ephedra gerardiana, Berberis
asiatica and B. aristata.
Harvesting and trading of NTFPs is highest in Samdo, followed by Samagaon and
Lho. The traded NTFPs of Lho and Samagaun VDCs are Cordyceps sinensis,
Fritillaria cirrhosa, Delphinium denudatum, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora,
Dactylorhiza hatagirea and Nardostachys grandiflora. There is no trade of NTFPs
from Prok VDC.
Some prioritized NTFPs potential for marketing and value addition from Nubri valley
are Drepanostachyum falcatum, Bergenia ciliata, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Berberis
asiatica, B. aristata, Abies spectabilis, Zanthoxylum armatum, Daphne papyracea,
Wikstroemia canescens, Prinsepia utilis, Hippophae salicifolia, Artemisia dubia, Rosa
sericea, Selinum tenuifolium and Prinsepia utilis, Juniperus indica, J. communis,
Rhododendron anthopogon and Ephedra gerardiana.
Traditional healing system exists in Prok and Samagaon VDCs of Nubri valley and is
supported by various organizations. A total of 48 NTFP species used by Aamchis for
treating different ailments were recorded. Among the NTFPs, Carum carvi,
Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Gentianopsis paludosa were used to cure most
diseases.
5.2 Recommendations
41
Long term management and conservation plan of NTFPs should be prepared for the
sustainable utilization of the resources, participating the local community.
Opportunity for income generation from NTFPs could change the attitude of people
towards sustainable management practices of the resources. Conservation and
sustainable management are the ever raised issues, but why and how to conserve and
manage are the big questions challenging ever.
In this scenario, following are few recommendations regarding the overall

management of NTFPs of Nubri valley:
1. Set up of NTFP management committee including Amchis, women, VDC

representatives, CAMC members for conservation and sustainable harvesting.
2. Consolidated training package on management and sustainable harvesting of
NTFPs should be conducted.
3. Sustainable harvesting guidelines should be prepared and distributed to the NTFPs
collectors of the area.
4. Marketing information Center should be established for the promotion of NTFPs
of the region.
5. A collective marketing centre (Jadibuti Mandi) should be established in Samdo
village so that the collectors could bargain for the better price.
6. NTFP based community enterprise should be established for processing NTFPs of
the area for premium price.
7. High altitude pastureland management should be done for conserving NTFPs
especially herbs of the area.
8. Emphasis should be given to promote the knowledge and build up of the capacity
of Amchis in order to ensure the continuation of healing system in the respective
villages.
9. Alternative source of livelihood for the people of Lho and Samagaon villages
should be addressed so that the deforestation and illegal trading of Timber and
NTFPs would be minimized.
42
References
• Bista, T. and Bista, G., 2005. Himalayan Doctors and Healing Herbs: The Amchi
Tradition and Medicinal Plants of Mustang. Lo-Kunphen Mensikhang,
Kathmandu.
• Cunningham, A. B., 1994. Integrating Local Plant Resources and Habitat
Management. Biodiversity and Conservation. 3. pp 104-115
• Cunningham, A. B., 1996 a. People, Park and Plant Use: Recommendations for
Multiple Use Zones and Development Alternatives Around Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park, Uganda. People and Plants Working Paper no 4. UNESCO, Paris.
pp 58.
• Cunningham, A. B., 2001. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant use and
Conservation. People and Plants Conservation Manual. Earthscan.
• FAO, 1999. Towards a Harmonized Definition of Non Wood Forest Products.
Unasylva. 50 (198). pp 63-64.
• IUCN, 2004. National Register of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. IUCN Nepal.
• Lama, Y. C., Ghimire, S. K. and Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., 2001. Medicinal Plants
of Dolpo: Amchis Knowledge and Conservation. WWF-Nepal Program,
Kathmandu.
• MCAP, 2005. Summary of Achievement: 8 Years Progress Report.
KMTNC/MCAP.
• Pohle, P., 1990. Useful Plants of Manang District. Franz Steiner Verlag
Wiesbaden GMBH, Stuttgart.
• Polunin, O. and Stainton, A., 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University
Press. New Delhi.
• Press, J. R., Shrestha, K. K. and Sutton, D. A., 2000. Annotated Checklist of the
Flowering Plants of Nepal. The Natural History Museum, London.
• Raunkair, C. 1934. The life forms of Plants and Statistical plant geography.
Oxford.
• Shrestha, K., 1998. Dictionary of Nepalese Plant. Mandala Book Point, Nepal.
• Stainton, A., 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya, A Supplement. Oxford University
Press. New Delhi.
• TISC, 2002. Forest and Vegetation Types of Nepal. Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation, HMG/N, Natural Resource management Sector Assistance
Programme (NARMSAP).
• Watts, J., Scott, P. and Mutebi, J., 1996. Forest Assessment and Monitoring for
Conservation and Local use: Experience in three Ugandan National Parks. pp 212-
243. In; Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment. Rural
Development Forestry Study Guide 2. Carter, J. (ed). ODI, London.
• Wong, W. and Jenifer, L.G. 2001. Resources Assessments of Non- Wood Forest
Products: Experience and Biometric Principles. Non-Wood Forests Products
Series-13. FAO
• Yoshida, T., 1994. Portraits of Himalayan Flowers. Heibonsha Limited, Tokyo.
43
• Zobel, D. B., Jha, P.K., Behan, M. J. & Yadav, U. K. R. 1987. A Practical Manual
for Ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Kathmandu, Nepal.
44

IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPS) OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPS) OF MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

IDENTIFICATION AND INVENTORY OF

NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs)

We would like to acknowledge Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, Member Secretary,

Picture 1: Manaslu Peak as seen from Samagaon 4

Table 1: Matrix preference ranking 8

AAC Annual Allowable Cut

ACA Annapurna Conservation Area

ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio resources

BDS-MaPS Business Development Services-Marketing, Production and

CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee

DPR Department of Plant Resources

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP Gross Domestic Production

IUCN The World Conservation Union

MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plant

MCA Manaslu Conservation Area

NSCFP Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project

NTFP Non Timber Forest Product

NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation

RVA Rapid Vulnerability Assessment

SADP Special Area Development Program

SNV The Netherlands Development Organization

TISC Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component

VDC Village Development Committee

WWF World Wildlife Fund

The importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) has increased

 To identify and quantify NTFPs of the study area.

1.3 Justification of the study

Picture 1: Manaslu Peak as seen from Samagaon

Picture 3: Nubri valley

3.1 Primary data collection

Primary data collection was done by following methods:

3.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping

3.1.2 Identification of NTFPs

NTFPs were identified visually on the basis of researcher's knowledge. Unidentified

3.1.3 Inventory of NTFPs

3.1.3a Habitat identification

3.1.4 Documentation of traditional healing system

Traditional healers (Aamchis) were identified in the respective villages. Interaction

Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.

3.3.2 Density and relative density

Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It

Total number of plant of any spcies

Density of individual species

Table 1: Matrix preference ranking

Table 2: Criteria for RVA

4.1 Identification of NTFPs in Nubri valley

Table 3: List of NTFP species found in Nubri valley

4.2 Inventory of NTFPs of Nubri valley

4.2.1 Prok VDC

Details of all the four population parameters were shown in table 4.

SN Botanical Name Freq1 R. Freq2 Den3 R. Den4

4.2.2 Lho VDC

Table 5: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC

4.2.3 Samagaon VDC

Table 6: Population parameters of NTFPs in Lho VDC

4.3 Prioritization of NTFPs

4.3.1 Prok VDC

Potential for cultivation

Potential for value addition

Table 7: Prioritized NTFP species of Prok VDC

4.3.2 Lho VDC

Potential for cultivation