The Japanese Occupation

T PHILIPPINES WAS BELIEVED TO BE OF STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE TO THE US T T. ROOSEVELT TO WOOD IN 1906, SAID THAT JAPAN HAD NO IMMEDIATE INTENTION OF MOVING AGAINST THE US T A YEAR LATER TO ELIHU ROOT, HE MENTIONED THAT HE WAS MORE CONCERNED OVER THAN JAPANESE SITUATION THAN NAY OTHER T HE WROTE AGAIN TO WOOD DIRECTING HIM HOW TO HOLD THE

T ROOSEVELT WROTE TO TAFT (SEC. OF WAR) THAT HE WAS CONSIDERING OF GIVING THE PHILIPPINES IMMEDIATE INDEPENDENCE TO AVOID JAPANESE ATTACK T AFTER THE COMMONWEALTH INAUGURATION, DOUGLAS MACARTHUR BECAME THE FIELD MARSHAL OF THE PHILIPPINE ARMY T MACARTHURS CONCEPT OF DEFENSE WAS TO BUILD UP A FILIPINO ARMY SUFFICIENTLY

JAPANS EXPANSION
T LOOKING FOR TERRITORIES TO ACCOMMODATE THEIR EXCESS POPULATION AND MANUFACTURED GOODS T MANCHURIA WAS OCCUPIED IN 1932 T FIVE YEARS LATER, CHINA PROPER WAS INVADED T IN 1940, NORTHERN PART OF FRENCH INDO-CHINA

T JAPANESE TROOPS WERE CONCENTRATING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA THEREBY MAKING THE PHILIPPINES AS THE NEXT TARGET OF THE EXPANSION T JULY 26, 1941, PHILIPPINE RESERVED AND REGULAR FORCES WERE COMBINED WITH THE AMERICAN ARMY UNDER DOUGLAS MACARTHUR T UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN THE FAR EAST (USAFFE) T US, GREAT BRITAIN AND HOLLAND

ADMIRAL K. NOMURA
T WAS SENT TO WASHINGTON TO DISCUSS AMERICAN-JAPANESE PROBLEMS T HE PRESENTED HIS GOVERNMENTS PEACE PROPOSAL TO SECRETARY OF STATE CORDELL HULL T JAPANESE BOMBERS SURPRISED PEARL HARBOR IN HAWAII, EARLY MORNING OF DECEMBER 7, 1941

ROOSEVEL AND HE WAR

HULL SAID |IN ALL MY FIF Y YEARS IN PUBLIC LIFE I HAVE NEVER SEEN A DOCUMEN MORE CROWDED WI H INFAMOUS FALSEHOODS AND DIS OR IONS ON A SCALE SO HUGE} DECEMBER 8, 1941, US DECLARED WAR AGAINS JAPAN

T THE ADMIRALS WANTED TO BYPASS THE PHILIPPINES, DRIVE THE JAPANESE FROM FORMOSA (NOW TAIWAN) AND ATTACK MAINLAND JAPAN FROM THERE (TO AVOID AMERICAN CASUALTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES). T GEN. MACARTHUR APPEALED TO PRES. ROOSEVELT. THE GENERAL SAID: "TO BYPASS THE PHILIPPINES WOULD ADMIT THE TRUTH THAT WE HAD ABANDONED THE FILIPINOS AND WOULD NOT SHED AMERICAN BLOOD TO REDEEM THEM."

| WE ARE NOW IN HE MIDS OF WAR, NO FOR CONQUES , NO FOR VENGEANCE, BU FOR A WORLD IN WHICH HIS NA ION, AND ALL HA HIS NA ION REPRESEN S, WILL BE SAFE FOR OUR CHILDREN.}

| WI H HE FULL APPROVAL OF HE NA ION AND OF HE EMPIRE, I PLEDGED HE WORD OF GREA BRI AIN ABOU A MON H AGO HA SHOULD HE UNI ED S A ES BE INVOLVED IN A WAR WI H JAPAN A BRI ISH DECLARA ION OF WAR WOULD FOLLOW WI HIN HE HOUR.}

JAPANESE OFFENSIVE
T TO STRIKE IMMEDIATELY AT THE RICH DUTCH AND BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (MALAYA AND DUTCH EAST INDIES) T HAD TO DESTROY AMERICAN PACIFIC FLEET AT PEARL HARBOR IN ORDER TO NEUTRALIZE IT T ATTACK PHILIPPINES TO CUT AMERICAS LINE OF COMMUNICATION IN THE PACIFIC

TDEC. 8 CLARK FILED WAS BOMBED TAIR ATTACKS WERE CONDUCTED AGAINST DAVAO, BAGUIO, AND APARRI TDEC. 26, MACARTHUR DECLARED MANILA AS AN OPEN CITY TO SPARE FROM BOMBING, GUNS WERE WITHDRAWN TJAPANESE BOMBED MANILA IN

TTO ENSURE AMERICAN HELP, ROOSEVELT SAID ON DEC. 28 |I GIVE TO THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES MY SOLEMN PLEDGE THAT THEIR FREEDOM WILL BE REDEEMED AND THEIR INDEPENDENCE ESTABLISHED AND PROTECTED. THE ENTIRE RESOURCES, IN MEN AND MATERIAL, OF THE UNITED STATES STAND BEHIND THAT PLEDGE.}

TJAPANESE PREPARATION FOR THE WAR, PARTICULARLY ON THE PHILIPPINES, WAS PLANNED CAREFULLY. TTHEY CHOSE TO LAND ON THE AREAS WERE THERE WERE NO SUFFICIENT MEN

TDEC. 24, MACARTHUR INFORMED PRES. QUEZON WERE TO LEAVE FOR CORREGIDOR TQUEZON CALLED THE LAST MEETING OF HIS CABINET TJOSE P. LAUREL, ACTING CHIEF OF JUSTICE, WAS RESTRAINED TO GO |NO, LAUREL, SOMEONE WILL HAVE TO MEET THE JAPANESE. THE PEOPLE MUST BE GIVEN NECESSARY PROTECTION.

TLAUREL ASKED, |HOW FAR CAN I GO IN COOPERATING WITH THEM?} TMACARTHUR ANSWERED, |YOU CA DO ANYTHING, BUT TAKE THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE JAPANESE. IF ANYONE DOES THAT, I WILL SHOOT HIM WHEN I RETURN.} TLAUREL SWORN IN AS SECRETARY OF JUSTICE

TQUEZONS LAST INSTRUCTION: |DO THE BEST YOU CAN. MAKE WHAT BARGAINS YOU HAVE TO WITH THOSE PEOPLE. TRY TO KEEP THE PHILIPPINES TOGETHER WITH ONE PIECE . TRY TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE FROM JAPANS BRUTALITY AND AVARICE. YOU HAVE SOME TOUGH DECISIONS TO MAKE. BUT THE JOB MUST BE DONE. DO IT FOR THE FUTURE OF THE

THE FALL OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR

T HEROIC DEFENSE OF THE FILIPINOAMERICAN IN BATAAN IRRITATED THE JAPANESE T US AND BRITAIN AGREED ON THE EUROPE-FIRST POLICY T LACK OF FOOD AND SCARCITY OF MEDICINE T MACARTHUR WAS ORDERED TO LEAVE FOR AUSTRALIA ON MAR. 11, 1942

TGEN. EDWARD P. KING, COMMANDER IN BATAAN, SURRENDERED, WHICH WAS AN INDIVIDUAL SURRENDER. T THE SURRENDERED FILIPINOAMERICAN TROOPS WERE FORCED TO MARCH FROM BATAAN TO SAN FERNANDO, PAMPANGA T |DEATH MARCH}

REORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT

T JANUARY 3, 1942, COMMANDER-INCHIEF, GEN. MASAHARU HOMMA, PROCLAIMED THE END OF THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION AND THE PURPOSE OF THE JAPANESE EXPEDITION T TO EMANCIPATE THE FILIPINOS FROM THE OPPRESSIVE DOMINATION OF THE USA, LETTING THE PHILIPPINES ESTABLISHED THE ~THE PHILIPPINES FOR THE FILIPINOS AS A MEMBER OF THE

TCENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT TSIX EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS HEADED BY COMMISSIONERS TJAPANESE ADVISER AND ASSISTANT ADVISER

EDUCATIONAL POLICY
T PROPAGATION OF FILIPINO CULTURE T DISSEMINATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE GREATER EAST ASIA COPROSPERITY SPHERE T SPIRITUAL REJUVENATION OF THE FILIPINOS T TEACHING AND PROPAGATION OF NIPONGGO T DIFFUSION OF ELEMENTARY AND

JAPANESE SPONSORED REPUBLIC

T PROCLAIMED ON OCTOBER 14, 1943 T JOSE P. LAUREL AS THE PRESIDENT T HE BELIEVED THAT FILIPINOS COULD STAVE OFF SPIRITUAL DEVASTATION ONLY BY RESORTING NATIONALISM AS A WAY OF LIFE T PROPAGATED TAGALOG AS THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE T TEACHERS HAD TO OBTAIN LICENSE T TEACHING OF TAGALOG, PHIL.

THE REPUBLIC
T JAPANESE DID EVERYTHING IN THEIR POWER TO CONVINCE THE FILIPINOS T KALIBAPI, LAUREL AS PRES., AQUINO SR. AND AVANCEA AS VICE-PRES T LAUREL: |uDEMOLISHING ALL BARRIERS IN THE WAY OF OUR SINGLE PURPOSE AND COMMON DETERMINATION TO MAKE OUR INDEPENDENCE STABLE, LASTING

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
T MASSIVE LOOTING T FILIPINOS LOST THEIR SOCIAL AND MORAL BALANCE T MANY FILIPINO SOLDIERS DIED T SCARCITY OF FOOD T LAUREL APPEALED TO THE PEOPLE TO PLANT EVERY INCH OF GROUND TO VEGETABLES T HE CREATED THE NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION CORPORATION

LAURELS GOVERNMENT
T LOYAL TO THE PEOPLE AND WORKED HARD TO SOFTEN THE IMPACT OF THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION ON THE MORAL AND PHYSICAL NERVES OF THE FILIPINOS T THOSE WHO SUFFERED AND FACED DEATH, AND SURVIVED WERE AND ARE GRATEFUL TO LAUREL AND HIS COLLEAGUES T MEN WHO HAD A FALSE SENSE OF

TA MAN WHO ENJOYED THE LUXURY OF THE AMERICAN MAINLAND DURING THE WAR BOASTED THAT THOSE WHO COLLABORATED WITH THE JAPANESE WOULD BE JAILED. T AN OLD MAN HEARD HIM SAID | AMANG, HAD YOU BEEN HERE DURING THE ENEMY OCCUPATION, YOU WOULD HAVE BEEN THE EDITOR OF THE

SOCIAL CONDITIONS
T INHUMAN TORTURES T WOMEN WERE RAPED T SUSPECTED THAT ALMOST ALL FILIPINOS WERE GUERILLAS T CRIMES AGAINST PERSON AND PROPERTIES MULTIPLIED

CULTURAL ASPECTS
T ENGLISH PLAYS WERE ADAPTED INTO TAGALOG T JAPANESE DISCOURAGED THE FILIPINOS FROM WRITING IN ENGLISH T LIWAYWAY, ONLY TAGALOG WEEKLY PUBLICATION T NO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION T HOWEVER, JAPANESE ENCOURAGED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAGALOG MORE THAN THE

The Liberation

GUERILLA WARFARE
T JAPANESE THREATENED THOSE WHO REFUSED TO COOPERATE WITH THEM T USAFFE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS ORGANIZED GUERILLA UNITS T HUKBALAHAP, LED BY LUIS TARUC T GUERILLAS COMMITTED HORRIBLE CRIMES BUT CAN BE FORGIVEN T DIFFICULT TO BEHAVE LIKE HUMAN BEINGS IN A MATTER OF LIFE AND

GUERILLAS FUNCTIONS
TTO AMBUSH OR KILL ENEMY SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS TTO RELAY IMPORTANT INTELLIGENCE REPORTS TO MACARTHUR IN AUSTRALIA TTO LIQUIDATE SPIES AND JAPANESE SYMPATHIZERS

GOVERNMENT-IN-EXILE
T QUEZONS TERM WOULD END ON NOV. 15,1943 T OSMEA SUBMITTED A RESOLUTION TO THE AMERICAN CONGRESS ASKING THAT THE PROVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION REGARDING THE SUCCESSION BE WAIVED T IN LESS A YEAR, AUG. 1 19944, QUEZON DIED AND OSMEA SUCCEEDED THE PRESIDENCY

BATTLE OF THE PHILIPPINE SEA

T ON JUNE 19, THE BATTLE OF THE PHILIPPINE SEA BEGAN T ADMIRAL WILLIAM HALSEY SUGGESTED THAT THE INVASION MUST BEGIN IN LEYTE AND NOT IN MINDANAO AND THAT THE DATE MUST BE ACCELERATED T CENTRAL PHILIPPINE ATTACK FORCE (NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN) T THE BATTLE FOR LEYTE GULF, GREATEST NAVAL BATTLE IN

THE LIBERATION OF MANILA

T JAPANESE MARINES BEGAN A SERIES OF ATROCITIES IN MANILA LEADING TO THE DEATH OF THOUSANDS T VENGEANCE FOR NOT COLLABORATING WITH THE JAPANESE T AMERICAN AND ALLIED PRISONERS WERE LIBERATED (UST CAMPUS) T IN THE DARKNESS OF THE NIGHT, THEY SANG GOD BLESS AMERICA AND STAR SPANGLED BANNER

THE RETURN OF THE COMMONWEALTH

T MACARTHUR ORDERED THE ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT T TEMPORARY SEAT OF COMMONWEALTH WAS IN TACLOBAN, LEYTE ON OCT. 23, 1944 T NOV. 15, OSMEA, |THE CAUSE OF DEMOCRACY AND LIBERTY, THE RIGHT OF EVERY PEOPLE TO GOVERN ITSELF AND TO BE SECURE AGAINST AGGRESSION, THE GREAT MORAL ISSUES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND RIGHTEOUSNESS AND HUMAN DIGNITY ARE FOUGHT IN THE PHILIPPINES TODAY.

TON FEB. 27, 1945, GEN. MACARTHUR, WHO HAD TAKEN OVER THE GOVERNMENT AS MILITARY ADMINISTRATOR, TURNED THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO OSMEA T ON JULY 4, PROCLAIMED THE LIBERATION OF THE ENTIRE PHILIPPINES TO THE ENEMY

THE END OF THE WAR

T MACARTHUR CARRIED THE WAR RIGHT AT JAPANS DOOR T JULY 26, TRUMAN AND CHURCHILL, ISSUED THE POTSDAM PROCLAMATION CALLING JAPAN TO SURRENDER UNCONDITIONALLY OR FACE |PROMPT AND UTTER DESTRUCTION} T AUGUST 6, HIROSHIMA WAS BOMBED T AUGUST 9, NAGASAKI WAS ALSO

TAUGUST 15, JAPAN UNCONDITIONALLY ACCEPTED THE DEMAND FOR SURRENDER TSEPTEMBER 2, JAPAN SIGNED THE TERMS OF SURRENDER ON BOARD OF THE BATTLESHIP MISSOURI AT TOKYO BAY.

LITTLE BOY

FAT MAN

Hiroshima before bombing

Hiroshima Today

Nagasaki Today

T ON JULY 4, 1946, REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES SIGNED A TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO GOVERNMENTS. T THE TREATY PROVIDED FOR THE RECOGNITION OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES AS OF JULY 4, 1946, AND THE RELINQUISHMENT OF AMERICAN SOVEREIGNTY OVER

"WHEN I NEXT REALIZED THAT THE PHILIPPINES HAD DROPPED INTO OUR LAPS I CONFESS I DID NOT KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THEM... AND ONE NIGHT LATE IT CAME TO ME THIS WAY... 1) THAT WE COULD NOT GIVE THEM BACK TO SPAINTHAT WOULD BE COWARDLY AND DISHONORABLE; 2) THAT WE COULD NOT TURN THEM OVER TO FRANCE AND GERMANY - OUR COMMERCIAL RIVALS IN THE ORIENT - THAT WOULD BE BAD BUSINESS AND

|3) THAT WE NOT LEAVE THEM TO THEMSELVES - THEY ARE UNFIT FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT - AND THEY WOULD SOON HAVE ANARCHY AND MISRULE OVER THERE WORSE THAN SPAIN'S WARS; AND 4) THAT THERE WAS NOTHING LEFT FOR US TO DO BUT TO TAKE THEM ALL, AND TO EDUCATE THE FILIPINOS, AND UPLIFT AND CIVILIZE AND CHRISTIANIZE THEM, AND BY GOD'S GRACE DO THE VERY BEST WE COULD BY THEM, AS OUR FELLOW-

TGENERAL AGUINALDO DECLARED PHILIPPINE "INDEPENDENCE" OVER THE DEAD BODIES OF THE KATIPUNAN FOUNDER, ANDRES BONIFACIO, HIS BROTHERS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS. AGUINALDO'S GOONS MURDERED THESE FREEDOM FIGHTERS. HISTORY HAS IT THAT AGUINALDO ORDERED ALSO THE ASSASSINATION OF