SDH Basics

Training Manual Course ID : 50054 228

Mr. S.R.Joshi
Prepared by

Mr. S.R.Joshi
Reviewed by

Mr. S. Ghoshal
Approved by

3rd Dec. 2007

Release Date

RCLC Learning Centre, (ISO 9001-2000 Certified) D-Block, 1st Floor, Wing 6, DAKC, Navi-Mumbai, 400709, India.
RCLC-GEN-042

SDH Basics
Course Code: 50054228

Suitable for Module

L1

L2

L3

L4

FEO

GET

Others

TRANSPORT ENGINEERS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE TRAINING

Doc. No.

Rev. No. Rev dt

D 20-09-2007

RELIANCE INFOCOMM

Date Comments

TECHNICAL TRAINING DEPARTMENT

Location D-Block, 1st Floor, DAKC, N.Mumbai

Prepared by

Shailesh Joshi

Checked by

Kenneth S.Ghoshal

Contact: Shailesh Joshi Ext : 83098 - Ph. 022 303 83098, RIM : 93222 15762

Approved by

Issue No.

Rev No
D

Revision Detail
Addition of slides-addition in explanatory notes for easy understanding Released for Training

Revision Date
03 12 - 07

Revised By S.R.Joshi

Checked By Kenneth

Approved By S. Ghoshal

01

03 12 - 07

Vendor courseware detail : Vendor :

Vendor Category SG / IG / LG / RD Version/ Issue : D Date : Volume : Course code : 50054 228

Best Suited for

L1/L2/L3/L4 /Others (specify) RELEASED FOR TRAINING

Issue No : Rev dt: 03 12 - 2007

Rev No : E Release Dt: 03 12 - 2007

Comments Module Name Course ID

Prepared by

Fundamentals
-

Of
Course Code

S.D.H.
50054 228
Approved by

S. R. Joshi

Reviewed by

S.R.Joshi

S. Ghoshal

RIC-Learning Centre
ISO 9001 2000 Certified

D-block, 1st Floor, Wing 6, DAKC Navi-Mumbai 400709, India

Proprietary & Confidential This document contains valuable trade secrets and confidential information belonging to Reliance Infocomm and its suppliers. The aforementioned shall not be disclosed to any person, organization, or entity, unless such disclosure is subject to the provisions of a written non-disclosure and proprietary rights agreement, or intellectual property license agreement, approved by Reliance Infocomm. The distribution of this document does not grant any license or rights, in whole or in part, to its content, the product(s), the technology(ies), or intellectual property, described herein. Disclaimer THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING TECHNOLOGY OR PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL RELIANCE INFOCOMM OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF RELIANCE INFOCOMM OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Reference Documents:
Sl. No. Vendor, Vendor Doc. Title, Vendor Doc. No., Rev. etc.

Far End

Points to remember!

Keep mike off unless Q&A session Keep Net-meeting ON NetPost offline questions on Chat Ppt. & trainers are seen simultaneously Report discomfort immediately

Near End
Give first chance to far end

Both Ends
Keep courseware ready for reference Raise hand, identify yourself, ask question Keep mobiles off/ silent Avoid leaving/ joining the class in between Stick to break timings ASK QUESTIONS

Learning Objectives
On successful completion of this course the participants would be able to Describe following topics : 1. The role of Transport in telecom network 2. Facets of Transport 3. Media Wireless wire line Copper - OFC 4. OFC Optic pulse propagation by TIR Losses & Computation Dispersion 5. Topology Star & Ring 6. Technology PDH - Analog Digital Conversion - PDH transmission & its limitations - Mapping PDH payload into SDH frame 7. Technology SDH - Multiplexing hierarchy - Concept of Virtual Container - Lower and Higher order Path Overheads & Pointer - STM -1 Transfer Module JKLM Numbering. - Regenerator section & Multiplexer section & Overheads 8. Protection Techniques - Dedicated & Shared 9. Time Synchronization - Quality level Atomic & GPS clocks. 10. Network Management 11. Operation & Management Layered Alarm Surveillance.

REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

( Module 1 )

Model of Telecom - Transport

Operation Support Systems

Services Access Access

Transport Switch Signaling Access Access Switch

Generally all Telecommunication system can be modeled with a few basic blocks: 1. Access A means to connect to users, convert their talk into electronic signals and vice versa. Access equipment would mean how easily and reliably the customer gets a connection. 2. Switch A means to connect A to B while there are a thousands other connections between A to Z possible. Switch would mean how many subscribers can be connected. 3. Transport A means to carry traffic & signals between several switches & also between switch & access equipment. It also means ,what bandwidth he gets (how fast does he download), 4. Services: like Caller ID - SMS Call diverting-Call forwarding voice mail-sms, wake-up call, call debar, Auto answering - R world On line flight / railway ticket booking getting a flight boarding pass -, Operation support system thats what network operators need to operate their networks efficiently and effectively. 5. Signaling: Analog to railway transport - Train has left at this particular time if any problem /path failure-conveying to HQ. In case of link failure, which alternate path to be followed. And finally OSS decides how efficiently you run the network, repair faults, raise correct bills, etc. 7

Reliance Confidential

Challenges of Transport

Voice

Video

More User, more usage More Flexibility More Reliability

More Bandwidth More options

Data

More Uptime

In modern telecommunication, there is an increasing realisation that Transport is as important as building block - as any other like Switch or Services. Transport has traveled its distance from being merely the physical connectivity to being an performance enabler. Why is that so evident today. Because as technology evolves, there is increasing demand for: 1. More & more bandwidth - can we give new connections as & when required no waiting time no limit More users, more frequent use, - availability of unlimited talk time without system getting hunged more frequent use - more information & data to be carried, so more bandwidth. 2. More flexibility: - Can we have voice & data & video on the same line, at the same time, - Can we get more download speed with increasing uploading speed, - Can we provide 100 or 500 number in a sequence (corporate connections) 3. More Quality & Reliability -Mere transmission is not good enough, quality of voice or video is also important, - Reliability of service Uninterrupted continuous service for 24 hrs & 365 days / year. Our MTTR should be measured in minutes & not in hrs.-Availability of Protection path - Can we reduce waiting time to zero i.e operator should not say You are in the Queue for STD or Local calls - i.e. at Hospital or Hotel should not say Come tomorrow - i.e. can we provide the service as & when required?-

Facets of Transport
1. Media
Wireline Wireless Optical Copper , Aluminium RF, W ( Electromagnetic) OFC network element) Mesh - Local Nx(N-1) links 2 Star Bus - for LAN Ring -

2. Topology - (Pattern of connecting

-

3. Technology
- Voice Communication - Modern Transport
PDH

SDH, DWDM

4. Network Management
Network Management Preside

Main Pillars of Transport MEDIA - Electromagnetic Frequency generated & broadcasted by BTS
(870MHz ) is greater than Frequency generated & broadcasted by Mobile unit (825MHz).so it gets synchronized with that of mobile resulting in Wireless transmission.

Technology
Token Ring Ring in which only one circulating Token - Token holder can speak , others are listners only If token holder do not want to use, he has to pass it to next fellow in the ring. Ethernet LAN - Network on smaller scale Commercial complex-e.g.DAKC IMT Integrated mobile terminal e.g. FWT.

Network Management
A ) Local Craft Terminal Local panel through which nearby Mux are controlled - e.g in Lab. we are controlling 4 transport equipment through Laptop / Desk top B) Hyper Terminal - Dumb terminal softwear through which response from the Mux can be received. c) Network management All Mux & CT ( control terminal) in the network ( large scale ) can be controlled by SERVER at NNOC. 9

MEDIA
Module 3

1) Light travels in OFC-multiple Reflections just like rebouncing of a ball. 2) Transmitter-EMW-Elect-Digital , Receiver = digital Elect.- EMW 3) TIR = angle > Critical Angle & n1 > n2

4) OFC Costruction specification = core dia. / cladding dia.- comparisson with hair, 5) Useful Wavelength lie in Infra Red region i. e. 850 ,1310 ,1550 6) Losses : Absorbtion 1/ , Scattering 1/ 4 7) Loss = dB = -10log10 (P2/P1) & bending

POWER = dBm = -10log10 (P /1mw )

8) Types of Cables (a) Material based (b) Mode based (c) refractive index based 9) Dispersion multimode Chromatic At R COM dia. Reduced (SM) & step index reduces Chromatic disp. 10) G 652 - 0 disp. At 1310 used at Access route - DWDM 32 x 2.5 Gb at 1550 11) 12) G-653 - 0 disp. At 1550 G-655 0 disp. above 1550 NLD / Inter circle DWDM 80 x 10Gb at 1550

10

Wireless Media Transmission Systems

W Radio 155Mbps(STM-1) 50km / 500km
Terminal Terminal

Higher order multiplexer

Satellite 400Kbps 3000km

Higher order multiplexer

Satellite dish

Satellite dish

Optical fiber cable

OFC

W & Radio It is necessary that antenna should be visible to each other.e.g. Antenna located at top of the hill &2nd at the ground level. Satellite When antennas are not visible to each other then we require to use Satellite transmission e.g. transmission fro Chennai to Andaman Nicobar Island

11

Features of Microwave transmission

Information can be sent over a difficult terrain Information carrying capacity (band width) of typ. 155 Mbps (STM-1) Each Link can carry signal over typ. 50km Multiple links can carry signal over 500 Km. Susceptible to Noise and Fading Quick Deployment possible ( If license for spectrum is available)

12

Features of Satellite transmission

Information can be sent over a difficult terrain, even across oceans e.g. Chennai to Andaman Nicobar islands Information carrying capacity (band width) of typ. 400Kbps Depends on available Satellite capacity Links can carry signal over 3000 Km. Susceptible to delay in transmission Quick Deployment possible ( If license and satellite BW is available)

13

Guided Media
Copper cables (UTP, STP, Co-ax, )
STP - Shielded Twisted Pair (Data Grade) UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair (Data Grade) Coaxial - Used more with TV / VIDEO / LAN

Simple and easy to use, least in cost

Bandwidth-distance limitation, Attenuation, Interference, Maintenance problems

Optical Fiber Cable - (OFC)

Not so easy to use, costlier than copper cable Very high Bandwidth, very low Attenuation, No Interference, Connecting is a high skill job Maintenance problems

Electrical signal are susceptible to EMI from any strong electrical source like a HT like, a transformer/ contactor/ SMPS or even a P based circuit. Extreme care is required to design and implement the layout of electrical signal, type of cable, shielding, grounding, etc. Copper wires are also susceptible to corrosive atmosphere. They are bulky and rigid.

14

Optic Fiber Cable (OFC)

Module - 4

The advantages of an Optical Fiber are mentioned above. Advantages of Optical Fiber Distance:- The extremely low losses of modern telecom grade fiber enable distances of 50-100Km between repeaters to be routinely achieved. Capacity/Bandwidth:- The information carrying capacity of optical fiber can be enormous. G-652 has capacity 2.5Gbps/fiber/wave length. it/sec can provide the equivalent of 30,000 individual telephone signals of 64kbit/sec and G-655 has capacity 10Gbps/fiber/wavelength (1000Gb/sec is now very close to being achieved). Security:- Optical fiber systems do not radiate any signal, and hence have almost total immunity to wire tapping. It can be done but is very difficult unless access to splices or connectors is possible. Immunity to Noise:- The glass optical fiber is a dielectric rather than a metal and thus does not act as an antenna in the way metal conducting elements do. The fiber will not, therefore suffer from inductive interference such as RFI Radio Interference - EMI Electromagnetic Interference - EMP Electromagnetic Pulse. This effective immunity to interference makes it possible to use fibers alongside or even on power lines. Long Life:- Fiber does not corrode like metal conductors. Light Weight:- Optical fiber is remarkably light in weight. A 10Km stand of telecom grade fiber on a shipping spool weighs less than 2kg whereas a 500m reel of co-ax copper cable weighs 30kg. Environmentally Friendly:- Manufactured from the most abundant material in the earths crust. Comparatively small amounts of raw material are required therefore energy, transport and process costs are reduced. By using fiber for communications the worlds copper reserves are saved for other purposes. Future Proof:- Maybe yes maybe no. It is impossible to know, however the signs are encouraging. It lasts a long time we only use a small amount of its theoretical capacityas a result it is probably fair to say that fiber provides our most future proof transmission medium.

15

Journey through the Optical Tunnel

if we get a optical tunnel where once a light pulse enters at one end can only come out at the other end, would serve our purpose. Well an OFC is just that. Transmission through a OFC is like light ball traveling down a tunnel. It reflects several time time on the wall before reaching the end of the tunnel.

Train Wavelength

travels on railway track travels on OFC

transfers the Passengers transfer the Data / voice / video

Advantages of OFC over other media like Cu wire are: 1. Very low attenuation-Loss depends on length only free from amount of data transmitted 2. No Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 3. No Bandwidth-distance relation, hence enormous large bandwidth available.-10Gbps whereas Capacity of Cu wire is limited i.e. 34 Mbps. 4. OFC are far thinner in diameter.-smaller in size-light in weight. 5. Greater safety as difficult to join-High security. Disadvantages are 1. OFC is costlier than Cu-wire. 2. OFC is fragile. 3. OFC are difficult to join. 4. OFC has its own set of losses dispersion, absorption, etc. 16

Optical
UV Visible IR

Spectrum

850 nm 980 nm 1310 nm Communication wavelengths

850, 1310, 1550 nm Low-loss wavelengths Light Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR)
1 Nena meter = 10 -9 meter

1480 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm

Velocity = c = x Wavelength:

(nanometers) Frequency: (tera hertz)

1 Pica meter = 10 -12 meter

The Optical Spectrum can be divided into three regions. Ultra Violet: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the longest wavelength is just below the visible spectrum, extending from approximately 4 nm to 400 nm. Visible Light: Electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye; wavelengths of 400-700 nm. Infrared (IR): The region of the electromagnetic spectrum bounded by the long-wavelength, extreme of the visible spectrum (about 0.7 m) and the shortest microwaves (about 0.1 m).

17

n1sinA1 = n2sinA2
Medium - 1 A1 n1 n2

Snells

Law

Critical Angle: Sin Critical = n2 / n1

A
A2

n1 > n2

As A1 increases A2 also increases. At particular value A2 becomes 900 . A is called critical angle i.e. No light enters material 2

A,

Medium - 2

At any angle of incidence greater than A all light will be reflected back to material 1.

Snell's law is defined as : n1 sinA1 = n2 sinA2 (Law of Sines - by Descartes ). Where n is the refractive index and A is the corresponding angles as shown. The refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium. Where C = Velocity of light in Vacuum I.e. 3* 108 metrers per second. n1 = C / V V = Velocity of light in a given of that medium So, if the Upper part of the diagram is CORE & n1 is Refractive Index of the Core material and if the Lower part is Cladding , n2 is Refractive Index of the Cladding material. when light passes from one medium to another, the angles & refractive indexes of the media determines the path that light will take. The phenomenon of total internal reflection was discovered by John Tendel in 1854, when he filled a can with water , which had a hole at the lowest level. Obviously water started flowing out of the hole forming a curved projectile path. As Tendell lit a torch at the top of the Can, a portion of that light would come out of the hole at the bottom. These light rays then experience total internal reflection because Refractive Index (n) of water is greater than air. Thus these rays would bend along with the watery projectile path giving rise to the idea that light could travel in a curved path if the phenomenon of TIR is repeated many times.

18

Propagation Of Light In Fiber

When a ray of light is incident at an angle greater than the critical angle, it gets completely reflected back to the same material. This is called TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Communication Through Fiber Uses This Principle.

Total internal reflection: Total internal reflection is the phenomenon by which an optical fiber guides light. If light incident at any angle more than the Critical Angle at the interface between the core and cladding (Refractive index of Core > Refractive index of Cladding ) such that it will be entirely reflected back in the Core (none is transmitted into the cladding where it is lost). The critical angle depends on the material of core and the cladding. It can be summarized that the important concept of fiber optic communication technology is: When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index ( Core) to a medium with lower refractive index ( Cladding )and if it strikes the boundary at an angle more than a critical angle, all light will be reflected back to the incident medium (Core). This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.

19

An optical fiber is made of three sections: The core carries the light signals i.e.Optic Pulse travells in core only The cladding keeps the light in the core serves the purpose of Compound wall The coating protects the glass

Fiber Geometry
Core (7 62.5 m) Cladding
(125 m)

Fiber dimensions are measured in m -6 1 m = 0.000001 meters (10 ) 1 human hair ~ 50 m Refractive Index (n) n=c/v n ~ 1.468 n (core) > n (cladding) c = 3 x 10 8 Meter / second

Coating (245 250 m)

Core: The core of an optical fiber is a glass rod - denotes the central part of the fiber where the majority of the light propagates. Cladding: The cladding of an optical fiber surrounds the core and has a Refractive Index lower than that of core. This difference in refractive index allows total internal reflection to occur within the fiber core. & avoids the entry into the Cladding .Total internal reflection is the phenomenon by which light propagates in optical fiber. Coating is made up of PVC material-available in different colours as per ITU code

20

Optical Fiber

Specifications

21

Attenuation - ( Losses )
Loss is the measure of the reduction in signal magnitude, or loss of power of a optic pulse, along a length of fiber. When the loss is described per km, it is known as Attenuation. Attenuation in fiber optic cabling is usually expressed in decibels per unit per length of cable (i.e. dB/km) at a specified wavelength. Attenuation depends on length of a fiber & also on Link components like splice Joints - connectors etc.

Attenuation describes how energy is lost or dissipated. Loss is the cost of moving something, like charges or particles or light pulses. Attenuation / Losses are due to - Impure- non uniform material , joints i.e. Splicing Attenuation in fiber optic cabling is usually expressed in decibels per unit length of cable (i.e. dB/km) at a specified wavelength. Attenuation = 10log10(Iout / Iin) Where, I out = outgoing intensity (intensity is measured in Watt/.m-2 ) I in = ingoing intensity (Watt/.m-2 ) Research & Developement 1980 100dB / km 1990 6dB / km 2005 0.18 dB / km

22

Sources of Attenuation in Fibers

Absorption
Caused by impurities in the glass, and any atomic defects in the glass increases dramatically above 1700 nm. The peak absorption occurs at approx.1400nm - proportional to 1 /

Scattering
Scattering is caused by small variations in the density of glass . Loss of optical energy due to imperfections / in homogeneities (localized density variations). And therefore act as scattering objects. - proportional to 1 / 4

Geometric Effects -

proportional to

Bending losses increases with increase in Wavelength. Effects of 2 cm radius bend at three wavelengths - 1310 nm = < 0.1 dB loss 1550 nm = 2 dB loss 1625 nm = 6 dB loss

23

Attenuation due to

- Scattering

Scattering is caused by small variations in the density of glass as it cools. Loss of optical energy due to imperfections / inhomogeneities (localized density variations). And therefore act as scattering objects. Light scatters in different directions - and thus energy is lost .
It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wave length. Blue colour of the sky is due to Scattering of particular visible wave length

24

Graph of Loss v / s Wavelength

Attenuation varies with the wave length of light.
5 4 3
The fiber exhibits minimum attenuation at wavelength slots 1310nm, and 1550nm . (nm = 1/ 1000,000,000 Meters) These are called second window and third window. First window 850 nm was used earlier days when laser diodes were available only at that wavelength

Loss in db/km

1400 nm
2 1

800

850

1000 Wave length

1310

1550 1600

Scattering and Absorption decides suitability of optical fiber for transmission at specific frequencies only. If a graph of Loss in dB/km is plotted against the wavelength then we observe that, Attenuation varies with the wave length of light. The fiber exhibits minimum attenuation at wavelength slots, 1310nm, and 1550nm . These are called, second window and third window. Note: The second and the third windows are in practical use today. We don't use the 850 nm any more except for some restricted applications. The 850 nm was in use in the past when the Laser Diodes available were of 850 nm only. 1550 Optical Equipment Attenuation dB/Km
Chromatic Dispersion ( C.D.) ps/nm/km

1310 cheap 0.3 to 0.5 Less then 3.5

If G 652 is used for long dist,then we shall require to use more Regenerators-it will degrade the clock more. resulting in bit error

Costly 0.18 to 0.3 More then 16 Ps/nm/km

By using NZDSF-C.D. 1525 to 1565 1565 To 1630 4 to 6 ps/nm/km 6 to 10 ps

25

Losses - Attenuation in Optical Fiber - dB

Pout/Pin in mw) 1 2 3 4 = 2x2 5 = 10/2 6 = 3x2 7 = 49* = (10x5)* 8 = 2x2x2 9 = 3x3 10

(P

dB

Pout/Pin (P in mw) 1.1

1. 25 =(5/10)x(5/10)x 5

dB

0 3 4.7 3+3 = 6 10-3 = 7 4.7+3 = 7.7 (10+7) = 8.5 3+3+3 = 9 4.7+4.7 = 9.4 10

0.4
7-10+7-10+7 = 1 9 -10 + 3 =

1.6 = (8/10)x2 0.5

-3

0.66 = o.25 AxB A/B A1/2 A 1/3

-2 -6 a+b a-b a/2 A/3

26

Power in Optical Fiber- in - dBm

RF and Optical powers are measured in dBm.
1 mW is taken as a reference power All other powers are expressed as ratios relative to 1mW When the power is less then 1 mw its dBm value will be Negative

dBm = 10log 10 ( P in mW / 1mW)

To find dBm value for 5mw power (i.e. ratio = 2) dBm = 10log10 ( P in mW / 1mW) = 10log10 (2 mW / 1mW) = 10 log10 ( 2) = 10 x 0.3010 = 3.010 = Say 3 If Power = 2 mW If Power = 5 mW If Power = 7 mW If Power = 10 mW If Power = 500W If Power = 200W If Power = 100W If Power = 80W then it is expressed as then it is expressed as then it is expressed as then it is expressed as then it is expressed as then it is expressed as then it is expressed as then it is expressed as 3 dBm 7 dBm 8.5 dBm 10 dBm -3 dBm -7 dBm -10 dBm -11 dBm

In the RF Industry and in optical transmission power is measured relative to 1 mW and expressed as dBm 0dBm is taken as the reference power to which all power in field situations is compared. In The Broad casting industry 1KW is taken as the reference power If you work with voltages in the audio field 1V line voltage is taken as the reference voltage and 1v is referred to as 0dBV

27

dbm (Power) & db (Attenuation) computation Exercise -1

For the above please calculate the following: Receiver Power in dB = Transmitter power - Losses =

Pout/Pin (P in mw)
1 2 3 4 = 2x2 5 = 10/2 6 = 3x2 7 = 49* = (10x5)* 8 = 2x2x2 9 = 3x3 10

dB
0 3 4.7 3+3 = 6 10-3 = 7 4.7+3 = 7.7 (10+7) = 8.5 3+3+3 = 9 4.7+4.7 = 9.4 10

Pout/Pin (P in mw)
1.1
1. 25 =(5/10)x(5/10)x 5

dB
0.4
7-10+7-10+7 = 1 9 -10 + 3 =

1.6 = (8/10)x2 0.5

-3

0.66 = o.25 AxB A/B A1/2 A 1/3

-2 -6 a+b a-b a/2 A/3

28

Ex. 2 :

Attenuation in Optical Fiber

For the fiber link shown below. (1) Input Power = 2 mw (2) Link Loss = 13 dB (3) Link Length = 50 Km

Input power (P1) = 2

MW

Fiber link loss = 13dB

50 Km

Output Power (P2)= ?

Find: (a) Link Losses = (b) Attenuation per Km.= (c) Output Power in dBm =

29

Classification

Of

Fibers

Refractive Index Classification Mode Classification

.
.

30

Refractive Index classification - Step Index Fiber

Core Has Uniform Refractive Index. A Sharp Step In Core And Cladding Junction.(n1 to n2) Used for minimising Chromatic Dispersion

31

Refractive Index classification - Graded Index Fiber

Ref. Index Of Core Is Not Uniform rather Gradually Decreases Radially Outwards . Used for minimising MODAL Dispersion

To compensate for the dispersion drawback of step-index multimode fiber, gradedindex fiber was invented. Graded-index refers to the fact that the refractive index of the core is gradedit gradually decreases from the center of the core outward. The higher refraction at the center of the core slows the speed of some light rays, allowing all the rays to reach their destination at about the same time and reducing modal dispersion.

32

Mode of the Fiber

The Core is limited between 7-9 m for Single Mode Fiber This would allow only 1 mode to pass (for 1310nm/ 1550 nm) A part of the light energy would even spill over into the cladding! The Core is limited between 50-62.5 m for Multi Mode Fiber

50 m

7-9 m

125 m

125 m

The most effective means of limiting the number of modes is to reduce the core diameter. While a core with 50 m dia is sure to be Multimode, a core of 7-9 m would allow only 1 mode. The number of modes however depends on the wavelength, so while 7-9 m is Single mode for 1310 nm or higher wavelengths, it maybe allowing more than one mode at lower wavelengths.

33

B - Mode Classification
Multimode fiber (MM)
Light travels in diff. Path Core diameter varies - 50 to 62.5 -meter Mode Depends on - Wave length ( ) -

n2

Cladding

Core dia. ( ) - Refractive Index n1 & n2. Modes do not depend on Length of Fiber. n1 Primarily used for intra-office application Equipments & cables are less expensive than single mode .

Single mode fiber (SM)

Only one mode (ray) propagates Light travells in Only one Path / mode. Core diameter is about 7-9 micro-Meter. Primarily used for long dist.. applications. Equipments & Cables required are costly

n2
n1

Cladding

Core

Mode Classification: Multimode fiber: Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate along its length at various angles and orientations to the central axis. Conventional sizes of multimode fiber are 62.5/125m or 50/125m. e.g. G-652- SM for city network - of various make - like Corning (Germany) Sterlite-RPG Finolex Tamilnadu Telecom Ltd (TTL) BEOL (Birla Erricson Optical Ltd.) Conventionally, the size of a fiber is denoted by writing its core diameter and then writing the cladding diameter (Both in m) with a slash between them. For example: 50/125m fibers describe a fiber with a 50m core and 125m cladding diameter. Single mode fiber: A single mode fiber has a small core. Only one ray of light is expected to pass through. This highly parallel beam is incident along the axis of the fiber. Single mode fiber allows a single mode of light to propagate along its core efficiently. Conventional sizes of single mode fiber are 8/125m, 8.3/125m or 9/125m.(core dia. / cladding dia). Single mode fiber allows very high-speed transmission. e.g. G 655 SM for NLD of various make like Corning (Germany)Tyco ( USA) OCC ( Farukowa-Japan) OFS (USA)

34

Dispersion eats your BW

Dispersion for G.655 - at 1550 nm 18 pico seconds/ nm / km) - 18 ps / nm / km

Dispersion is the phenomenon of scattering of light due to tiny obstacles in the path of propagation. In OFC dispersion could occur due to impurity, heterogeneity of refractive index, etc. Dispersion causes light pulses to spread and thereby lose the binary status at some stage. Simply put higher dispersion could mean greater chance of losing information. Only means of negating that effect is to increase the pulse width. So we can conclude higher the dispersion lower would be the bandwidth.

35

What

is

Dispersion ?

Dispersion is the spreading or broadening (distortion)of light pulses as they propagate through the fiber. Dispersion is the change in shape of a propagating wavelet causing distortion Too much dispersion gives rise to bit-errors at the receiver (i.e., the inability to distinguish a 0 from a 1).

1 0 1

1 ? 1

Not recognizable

Dispersion is due to diff. Packets of light arriving at time,hence takes round shapecausing distortion i.e.Dispersion. Bandwidth of fiber is limited by dispersion. Dispersion increases in direct proportion to the square root of fiber length. NOTE: Bit rate (say data rate) is the number of bits that can be transmitted per second over a channel. It is measured in bit per second. It is the direct measure of informationcarrying capacity of a communication link or network for digital transmission. This is why it is also called information transmission rate. Bandwidth is the frequency range within which a digital signal can be transmitted without significant distortion. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). It is information carrying capacity characteristic of a communication channel used for analog transmission. These then are the two characteristics but obviously quite different. Bandwidth of fiber system is also limited modulation speed i.e. by the electronics. Ps/nmkm is the unit of dispersion. It is the slope of graph travel time in 1 km of fiber. versus wave length of light
Time to Travel 1 km of fiber

1310 nm
36

Modal Dispersion
A. Modal Dispersion

Dispersion caused due to different paths the light rays take to travel from one end to the other. This is prominent in Multi Mode Fibers.

Optical Paths Modal

MMF (Step Index)

Difference Difference in arrival in arrival times times

Less zig zag rays (lower order modes) travel a shorter distance. These correspond to rays traveling almost parallel to the center line of the fiber and reach the end of fiber sooner. The more zig-zag rays (higher order modes) take a longer route as they pass along the fiber and so reach the end of the fiber later. Chromatic Dispersion: Each wavelength of light travels through the same material at its own particular speed which is different from that of other wavelengths. For example, when white light passes through a prism some wavelengths of light bend more because their refractive index is higher, i.e. they travel slower. This is what gives us the "Spectrum" of white light. The "red' and "orange" light travel slowest and so are bent most while the "violet" and "blue" travel fastest and so are bent less. All the other colors lie in between. This means that different wavelengths traveling through an optical fiber also travel at different speeds. This phenomenon is called "Chromatic Dispersion". Now:- Total dispersion = Chromatic dispersion + Multimode dispersion Or put simply: for various reasons some components of a pulse of light traveling along an optical fiber move faster and other components move slower. So, a pulse which starts off as a narrow burst of light gets wider because some components race ahead while other components lag behind, rather like the runners in a marathon race. This spreads the wave and causes dispersion.

37

Chromatic Dispersion
B. Chromatic Dispersion
Dispersion caused due to the variation in velocities of different wavelength w.r.t the refractive index of the material. This is prominent in Single Mode Fibers.

Wavelengths Chromatic

SMF
2

Difference Difference in arrival in arrival times times

The difference in arrival times of the different components, would cause the broadening of the signal at the receiving end, the result being dispersion.

The Modal and Chromatic Dispersions can be visualized here. The difference in arrival times of the different components of the center wavelength (example: 1550 nm), would cause the broadening of the signal at the receiving end, the result being dispersion.

38

Optical Fiber Standards

Designs of single-mode fiber have evolved over several decades. The three principle types and their ITU-T specifications are: Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), G.652
Minimum dispersion at 1310 nm Attenuation Between 0.35 dB /km to 0.4 dB/km

Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF), G.653

Minimum dispersion at 1550 nm Non-linear amplification for various wavelengths - without DWDM

Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), G.655

Optimum dispersion at 1550 nm 18 Pico second / (nm.km) Attenuation Between 0. 18 dB /km to 0.21 dB/km. Linear amplification for various wavelengths - DWDM

As optical fiber use became more common and the needs for greater bandwidth and distance increased, a third window, near 1550 nm, was exploited for single-mode transmission. The third window, or C band, offered two advantages: it had much lower attenuation (0.18 dB/km to 0.25dB.km.), and its operating frequency was the same as that of the new Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs- Amplifies the pulse in optical state only doesnt need to convert in elect. pulse.-Direct amplification). However, its dispersion characteristics were severely limiting. This was overcome to a certain extent by using narrower linewidth and higher power lasers. But because the third window had lower attenuation than the 1310-nm window, manufacturers came up with the dispersion-shifted fiber design, which moved the zero-dispersion point to the 1550-nm region.

Although this solution now meant that the lowest optical attenuation and the zero-dispersion points coincided in the 1550-nm window, it turned out that there are destructive nonlinearities in optical fiber near the zero-dispersion point for which there is no effective compensation. Because of this limitation, these fibers are not suitable for DWDM applications.

The third type, non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, is designed specifically to meet the needs of DWDM applications. The aim of this design is to make the dispersion low in the 1550-nm region, but not zero. This strategy effectively introduces a controlled amount of dispersion, which counters nonlinear effects such as four-wave mixing (see the Other Nonlinear Effects section on page 2-11) that can hinder the performance of DWDM systems.

39

G. 652
Standard Single Mode Fiber-Step Indexed. At Reliance 1310nm & 1550nm. band is implemented

FIBER

1550 nm can support up to 32 Lambda wave lengths for DWDM i.e. Dense Wave Division Multiplexing The bandwidth per lambda are limited to 2.5Gbps. Total bit rate for 32 Lambdas is 2.5 X 32Gbps. = 80 Gbps. Good for Short haul applications up to 350 - 400Km and Metro regions. This fiber is used for - City network Access / SDCA routes

G.652: This is the original single mode fiber with a simple step-index structure. It has zero chromatic dispersion near 1310 nm and works very well at that wavelength. While this is fine for applications over moderate distances (up to 50 km), the fiber's lowest-loss wavelengths are around 1550 nm for long-reach systems - which complicates things somewhat. Incidentally, the current version of the ITU recommendation has three different grades of performance specified for different applications. e.g. G-652- MM for city network - of various make - like Corning (Germany) Sterlite-RPG Finolex Tamilnadu Telecom Ltd (TTL) BEOL (Birla Erricson Optical Ltd.) The ITU-T initially standardized G-652 SMF which counts more than 80 million km of fibers installed in the world. e.g. G-652- MM for city network - of various make - like Corning (Germany) Sterlite-RPG Finolex Tamilnadu Telecom Ltd (TTL) BEOL (Birla Erricson Optical Ltd.)

40

NZDSF

FIBER

G 655

Non Zero Dispersion Shifted fiber (NZDSF) Optimized to operate in the third window. : 1550nm 10 Gbps can be supported per wave length. For DWDM total number of wave length supported is 80 Lambda. DWDM - 1530 to 1563 = C band , 1570 to 1603 = L band

Good for Long haul applications - more then 500km. i.e. on NBB routes.)

G.655: This was developed as a fiber type that's optimized for long-haul DWDM (Dense wave Division Multiplexing) transmission at wavelengths of around 1550 nm. It has a small, controlled amount of chromatic dispersion in the C-band (1530-1560 nm), where amplifiers work best, and has a larger core area than G.653 fiber. These characteristics combat the problems associated with fourwave mixing and other nonlinear effects. This fiber type is known as non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF). Armoured Unitube black in colour - Corning (Germany) Armoured Unitube Tyco ( USA) Unarmourered Loose tube -OCC ( Farukowa-Japan) Outer tube Green / Inner sheath Black Unarmourered Loose tube OFS (USA)

NOTE: Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF): An optical fiber, developed by Corning, designed to have a large area in the core, which carries the light. Lucent has developed True Wave Fiber for the same.

41

WAVE LENGTH
MULTIPLE FIBER

MULTIPLEXING

OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS

SINGLE FIBER

Large increase in Bandwidth can be achieved by using a technique called Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM). Suppose you had a one lane HW, only one vehicle can run at a time. If you needed more vehicles to run simultaneously you will have to add more lanes. Say 4 or 6 lane or you can construct multistory Highway In the above sketch , each lane is equated with diff. colour of light (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, etc.) .When seven colours are passed through Trigular prism ,it becomes one ( Multiplexure theory) &when it will come out it becomes 7 colour again DWDM uses the above phenomenon, but uses Laser and IR light instead of visible light. The result is the same, only that we can multiplex many more wavelengths and demultiplex them at the receiving end. Normally we can achieve BW 10 Gbps with one wavelength, As per DWDM technology ,we can go up to 800 Gbps by using 80 Wave length! That too in a single fiber of OFC. And we have 48 cores in one cable and 6 such cables that can be laid in our NBB!! How much bandwidth ???? WDM (Wave length Division multiplexing) &FDM ( Frequency Division Multiplexing) is the same thing. WDM is measurable whereas FDM is not CWDM Core Wave Division Multiplexing = less wavelength multiplexing. DWDM - Dense = more wave length multiplexing

DWDM - 1530 to 1563 = C band = Conventional 1570 to 1620 = L band = Long

42

ITU-T

WAVE LENGTH GRID - C Band

DWDM - 1530 to 1563 = C band = Conventional 1570 to 1620 = L band = Long

43

Module Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Exercise - 4

Fours facets of Transport are , ., .. and Number of modes in MM fiber depends on ...., ...., .. & ... Single Mode have core diameter of to .. Micrometer. For Multimode fiber core dia. varies from _ _ _ _ to _ _ _ _ _micrometer. G652 is SM / MM, Step I / Graded I. used in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ route. G655 is _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ used in .route.

Attenuation in OFC depends on ... The important wavelength 850 , 1310 , 1550 lies in _ _ _ _ region of the spectrum. For Multimode fiber, the Optic Pulse travels in _ _ _ _ _ .

10. The Cladding serves the purpose of _ _ _ _ _. 11. The fiber dimension can be represented as ratio of _ _ _ _ _ _ . 12. The Scattering losses are proportional to _ _ _ ___ _ . 13. The fiber used for RCOM network is _ _ _ _ mode & _ _ _ _index. 14. The Wavelength used for NLD route is _ _ _& for Access route cable is _ _ _ _

44

TOPOLOGY
Module 5

45

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

46

Exercise - 3 : Star vs Ring Topology

Lets consider a location with 16 Access nodes, equidistant from a Switch located at the center.
1 16

1. What would be the total distance of media in Star Topology:

2. What would be the total media distance in Ring Topology with two rings as shown:
9 8

1) 16 R = 8D 2) II D + 2D = 5.14 D

47

Exercise 3 :

Star vs Ring Topology

1 8

In a similar location lets consider 8 Access nodes with a Switch located at the center. Now:

1. What would be the total distance of media in Star Topology:

2. What would be the total media distance in Ring Topology with two rings as shown:
4 5

1) Star - 8 R 2) Ring - 3.14 x2R + 4R = 10.28 R

48

Star vs Ring Topology

Total media distance is not necessary more/ less for Star/ Ring topology. It should be examined on a case to case basis. In Star- transmission remains point to point between each node.
In Star - link failure results in - isolation of that node.

In Ring a Add-drop function/ technique is needed at each node. In Ring link failure can be overcome by reverse route and protection technique.

In Ring topology- Data keeps on adding till it reaches switch / destination

Hence needs more Band width.

Although a major advantage, the Ring topology doesnt necessarily reduce the amount of media used in the network. In this example the length of media used in the Star topology is 16r (r= radius of the circle, where the Access nodes are located, the Switch is located at the centre). The length of the two Rings (not necessarily the only solution, you can think of using just one ring as well) work out to 2*( 2r+ r) ~10r. That is certainly less than 16r used in the Star topology. But if the number of nodes were say 6 or 8 (anything less than 10) the media required in Star would have reduced to 6r or 8r, less than the Ring topology. The planners still prefer to go for the Ring, keep the future needs in mind. The obvious advantage, it seems, is the availability of protection. But this needs examination. In a Star topology if a link fails only one node is cut-off from the network, thereby isolating the problem. In a Ring if a link fails, all the nodes which are beyond this link would get cutoff thereby precipitating the problem. However, if you have the necessary technique you can approach the cut-off nodes from the other side and continue to communicate. As you can see the advantage of protection is only available if you have the suitable technology to provide you the same and not by topology alone. But the ring topology brings in its own complexity. The transmission is no more point-to-point as in star. Information from the Switch to a Node x, has to travel to many other nodes before reaching its destination. It also means each such set of info actually moves on the ring with several other sets of info. How these information are picked up, added to the collection and than segregated and delivered at the right node is the technology what we will study in this course.

49

THE LEGACY TECHNOLOGY PDH

Module - 6
Type in 'MIT Open University' in Google and find a large amount of PDF documents from MIT electrical eng department and from Sloan business School

50

ANALOG - DIGITAL CONVERSION

Human Voice ranges from 300 - 3300 Hz, --- - -Maximum 4000 Hz Nyquist Principle.- to be sampled at least at double that rate for recreation So 8000 samples are taken per second for each voice signal.

01110010100011101110

So 8000 samples / second for each voice signal. =1 sample / every 125 micro sec. = 8 bit Data capacity reqd. per individual = 8bits/sec. x 8000 samples = 64,000 bits/sec. = 64 kbps = Data Speed Total data transferred per second = 32 channels x (64,000 bits/sec) Band width = 2,048,000 bits / second = 2.048 Mbps = E1
We need to take atleast 8000 samples to faithfully recreate human voice, meaning one sample takes 125 s - to transmit. Each sample time duration of 125 microseconds is called FRAME (e.g. train) As we take a 8 bit / sample - we get 64,000 bits/seconds = 64 kbps - to be transmitted per second. A single channel of Voice needs 64 kbps to communicate.- known as Data Speed i.e. in a secondTalking capacity -Data transfer capacity of each individual is 64kbps. This 64 kbps is called a DS0 (Digital Signal Zero). Data speed of Individual For Video conference we need 60 Mbps.- In Japan each gets 100Mbps,- In USA it is 2Mbps 125 micro sec. FRAME - -can be compared with - - - - - - - TRAIN 32 channels - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -BOGGIE 8 bits = are comparable to - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -Passengers . Time Division Multiplexing - TDM During 125 micro seconds-Each persons talk will be sampled for 3.9 micro seconds only. During rest of the time (121.1 microsecond) we can send 31 more signals each of 8 bits. i.e.125 micro seconds is divided into 32 slots / channels & is called TDM i.e. 32 person can talk one by one - within 125 microseconds i.e. When we bunch 32 DS0 &transmit them at the gap of 125 Microsecond. Each channel is called as Eo. Each frame E1 carries 32 E0 / channels - each channels of 8 bits . Total data transferred per second = 32 x (8bits x 8000 samples/sec.) Band width =2,048,000 bits / second = 2.048 Mbps = E1

51

Digital Signal Time Division Multiplexing - TDM

U1: Framing Alignment
Signal

DS0 (64 kbps)

Time Division Multiplexer

E1 (2.048 Mbps)

U2: Traffic

32:1 Multiplexer

U3: Traffic U4: Traffic

U16: Signaling U32: Traffic

8*32 bits/ 125 s X 8000 (samples/sec.) = 2.048 Mbps

Two person can talk on a same fiber at the same time Multiplexing - may be on diff. Frequency - FDM - May be with diff. Code. (diff. language Gujarati-Hindi-Marathi English - CDM - May be at diff. Time i.e. time division Multiplexing TDM During 125 micro seconds - the person will be talking for 3.9 micro seconds only (Ear to mouth delay is 250 mili seconds) During rest of the time we can send 31 more signals each of 8 bits.i.e.125 micro seconds is divided into 32 slots / channels ( e.g. bogies) & is called TDM i.e. 32 person can talk one by one - within 125 microseconds Out of 32 channels 1st i.e 0th channel is reserved for Isolation / Frame Alignment signal (FAS). It Indicates starting of next frame. 16th channel is reserved for SIGNALING ( about starting of call & End of call) Rest of the 30 channel are for Speech or Data (PAY LOAD).e.g. Fruit hawker with Fruits (Payload) in a basket (Overhead) However, as the golden rule of 125 s remains, when we multiplex 32 channels we get 32*8 bits to be transmitted within the same time. Thus the bandwidth of an E1 signal becomes 32*8*8000/s = 2.048 Mbps and not just 64 kbps. The Multiplexer is a device, which takes one Byte (8 bits) of each of the 32 channels per 125 microsecond, one at a time, and transmits the same. Thus an E1 appear as a bit-stream with 32 words or 256 bits in every 125 s. While DS0 is the least measurement for line (customer connection), E1 is the least / Primary measurement for the trunk (network connection). Multiplexing gives one great advantage you can use one trunk line instead of 32, that saves lot of copper. ERLANG Max. no. of voice that can be transmitted

52

Analog to Digital Conversion

375 250 125 000 Sec

(after each 125 Sec)

255 223 191 159 127 95 63 31 0 01011111 10111111 10110011 00010101

191 179 95 21

10110011 10111111 01011111 00010101

10110011 10111111 01011111 00010101

10110011 10111111 01011111 00010101

1ST VOICE 2nd VOICE 3rd VOICE 4th VOICE

AT AT AT AT

0 Micro seconds 125 Micro seconds 250 Micro seconds 375 Micro seconds

Analog :- Continuous discrete signal e.g. mother says child has a fever.( it does not give any idea about temp). Digital : - Scaling the signal, -Quantifing the value.

53

E1 Multiplexer
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS15 TS16 TS17 TS29 TS30 TS31

Sec
TS29 TS15 TS15 TS31 TS1 TS30 TS0 TS17 TS30 TS16 TS16 TS0 TS15 TS29 TS29 TS2 TS1 TS0 TS17 TS16 TS15 TS16 TS0 TS2 TS1 TS0 TS15 TS15 TS17 TS16 TS0 TS2 TS17 TS1 TS1 TS2 TS2 TS1 TS2 TS1 TS0 TS2 TS0 TS1 TS0

For 125 Microsecond frame- Each channel carries 8 bits-i.e. total 32 channels For our networking each DS0 is 64 kbps If 96 channels are to be accommodated then we need 3 E1 But at Access level / Local level It happens that data speed of 64 kbps-allotted to one customer may be divided among more then one customer by the local network operator to earn more revenue -Ultimately each customer gets the less speed

54

Unipolar and Bipolar Signals

0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 UNIPOLAR SIGNAL

BIPOLAR SIGNAL Every Time return to Zero (RZ)

While signal as converted from analog to digital in the first place, to reduce noise and attenuation issues, research has shown that there can be several ways of transmitting digital signals itself to make further improvement in reliable transmission. Signals transmitted through electrical wires which are susceptible to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Wires behave like antenna and pickup the EMI signals thereby distorting the original signal transmitted through it. There are several methods of minimizing this noise.

1. Unipolar 0 is shown as 0 & 1 is shown as +1 2. Bipolar 0 is shown as -1 & 1 is shown as +1,& Between every 2 pulse it touches zero In case of Bipolar signals there are two signal carrying wires, each one is equally susceptible to noise. Thereby the noise pick-up in both the wires cancel each other as the signal is the voltage difference between the two wires. So every time it returns to Zero.- Consumes more power. Gets heated up. Another issue is that of synchronization, when one node tries to synchronize with respect to the other using the incoming bit stream. A PLL (Phase Local loop ) at the receiver keeps tracking the rising/ falling edges to generate a local clock. However, if the bit stream have continuous 0s or 1s, then the PLL losses track. To avoid this happening, signals are continuously returned to zero voltage level.

55

CODING METHODS - Automatic Mark Inversion (AMI)

Alternate 1s are made (+V) and (-V), 0s are kept as 0. Only half pulse-width is used to transmit +/-V. Prevents droop in the line because maximum time spent at +/-V is 1/2 pulse.

+V

time

-V

: Transmitted data

Having arrived at the Bi-polar Return to Zero technique, the next obvious effort was to reduce the total number of switching at the transmitter. As number of switching proportionately increases the heat dissipation, it was essential to reduce this for faster transmission. To achieve lesser number of switching a novel coding technique was evolved. Only the 1s were transmitted as +V/-V and 0s were transmitted as zero-volt. Thus number of switching was reduced to the number of 1s transmitted (on average you can expect 50% of bits are 1s and rest are 0s, thus switching losses is reduced to half). With AMI therefore alternate 1s were transmitted as +V and V, and 0s are transmitted as 0v. Droop Drop in Voltage (signal attenuation),if the width of the pulse is more (say 3 number of 1 in a sequence) -in that case after the 3rd 1 , voltage value will be some what less than 1. But in this case voltage is built up for the time of pulse only hence chances of drop in voltage is avoided.

56

CODING METHODS - High Density Bi-polar-Three-zero (HDB3)

1s & 0s are transmitted like AMI, until four 0s are encountered. But set of four 0s are substituted by 0s and B (balance) & V (violation) pulses. If odd number of 1s precede four 0s - transmit three 0s followed by V-pulse (0 0 0 V) If even number of 1s precede four 0s - transmit B-pulse, two 0s, V-pulse ( B 0 0 V) Polarity of B & V-pulses would be depend on the last pulse.

+V 1 0 1 V 1 1 B V B V 1
Time

-V

0 : Data

V-pulse

B-pulse V-pulse

B-pulse V-pulse

AMI would bring back the old problem of synchronisation, in case of a long string of 0s the receiver PLL will lose track.i.e. receiver always looks for change i.e. 0 or 1 but if there are more then 3 consecutive zero-then receiver gets confused - Hence HDB3 To overcome this - a variant of AMI was proposed called HDB3. In this normal 1s and 0s are transmitted like AMI.

If after cont. odd number of 1 when 4 0s are found in a row, the last 0 (I.e. 4th 0 in a row ) is transmitted as 1( Violating Pulse ) on them same side of last 1 pulse. The polarity of this V- pulse would be same as that of the last pulse (corresponding to the last 1) transmitted. .(Generally all 1 will be alternate but in this case , after 3 0 there is 1 but on the same side , There by there would be a violation of AMI code, hence Receiver will identify as V-pulse & will is decoded as a 0 at the receiver. If there are contineous 4 0s,after contineous even no. of 1 - then both a Violation pulse (for 4th 0) and a Balancing pulse (for 1st 0 in the row of 4 0s) are transmitted. These B & V pulse are on the same side There by there would be a violation of AMI code, hence Receiver will identify as B Pulse & V-pulse & will is decoded as a 0 at the receiver. If there are 12 Zero i.e. Zero number of 1 i.e EVEN no of 1 - between 1st set of 4 zero & 2nd set of 4 zero, i.e B00V but with changed polarity & so on i.e +(BOOV) , - (BOOV), +(BO0V) Odd no. os 1 - Even no. of 1 1, 3, 5, 7, 0, 2, 4, 6,

HDB3 & AMI is done at the transmitter-precisely at tributary card level in ADM. Known as line coding & Encoding 2Mb / 34Mb HDB3 , = 45 Mb Bipolar Triple Zero substitution B3ZS 140 Mb Coded Mark Inversion (CMI)

57

Scrambling & De-Scrambling Optic Signal

Optic Signal has no +/- value. To Avoid continuous - more then three 0 or 1 Manchester coding technique is followed i.e. Data is Scrambled at Transmitter . Uniform distribution of 1& 0 Avoiding continuous - more then three 0 or 1 De- scrambled at Receiver end so as to have the same format as it was before Scrambling.

58

Error Checking Parity Bit

Error Checking
Tools

that enables the RECEIVER to check if error has occurred in transmission.

Is applied over a collection of transmitted bits called PAYLOAD. In case of error, the entire Payload is identified to have error, specific error bit is not detected. Error codes are added on top of payload and hence form part of OVERHEAD.

Parity bit/ flag

One bit flag indicating, the number of 1s in a payload is odd or even.

Receiver can check the same upon receiving the payload and detect if any bit has changed. Parity check would fail if two bits change (0 to 1 or vise-versa) To minimise the chance of two bit error, parity is applied to small payloads.

Rather than counting number of 1 , can we count number of Zeros? Yes ,but in order to have standardization, As per ITU-T, Everybody has to count number of 1s to find Bit Error

59

Error Checking Parity Bit

Payload
010100100111010101110010101010100101010100001110101011110101

1+1+1+1+1+1+1+ .. +1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 = 119

Even parity is set, so Parity Fag (bit) is set to 0 010100100111010101110010101010101101010100001110101011110101 0

Payload
Parity check fails in case of even number of bit errors. We ll not come to know which bit is faulty. Suitable for small loads like 5000 to 10,000 bits
Error Checking

Overhead

Parity can check for errors, but cant tell which bit is erred

Tools that enables the RECEIVER to check if error has occurred in transmission Is applied over a collection of transmitted bits called PAYLOAD In case of error, the entire Payload is identified to have error, specific error bit is not detected Error codes are added on top of payload and hence form part of OVERHEAD Parity bit/ flag One bit flag indicating, the number of 1s in a payload is odd or even. Receiver can check the same upon receiving the payload and detect if any bit has changed Parity check would fail if two bits change (0 to 1 or vise-versa) To minimise the chance of two bit error, parity is applied to small payloads.

60

Cyclic Redundancy Code for - PDH

Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) is generated by mathematical calculation on a block of data so as to return a code which uniquely represents the content & organization of the block. Its like a fingerprint. Like fingerprint, CRC is used to check the integrity of data transmitted on any medium. The Transmitting party (A) calculates CRC for 8 frames- (adds the CRC with the block of data)-& transmits immediately after those 8 Frames. This CRC is transmitted after each 8 frames. The Receiving party (B) calculates the CRC on the block of data, as received, and cross-checks with the CRC received. If both of them match the data received is taken to be authentic.

These CRC is for PDH only

61

Cyclic Redundancy Code - CRC

1. For Larger load, instead of bits we consider Payload as a collection of bytes:
01010010 01110101 01110010 10101010 01010101 00001110 10101111 01011100

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

Bn-1

Bn

2. Sum total of payload bytes is divided by CRC polynomial

Bi = Q, Reminder

x:

3. Reminder is transmitted along with the payload:

0101001001110101011100101010101001010101000011101010111101011100 rrrrrrrr B1 B2 B3 B4 B4 . Bn-1 Bn

4. In case of Error (1 bit or more) reminder value will change, Q may remains the same :

Bi + = Q, R

Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) is generated by mathematical calculation on a block of data so as to return a code which uniquely represents the content & organization of the block. Its like a fingerprint. Like fingerprint, CRC is used to check the integrity of data transmitted on any medium. The Transmitting party (A) calculates and adds the CRC with the block of data, which it transmits. The Receiving party (B) calculates the CRC on the block of data, as received, and cross-checks with the CRC received. If both of them match the data received is taken to be authentic

62

Digital Signal (DSn) Multiplexing - P D H

E1 E2
32 DS0 Time Multiplexed

E3
4 E1 + 4 DS0
4X 2.048 + 4 X o.o64

2.048 Mbps

E4
4 E2 + 9 DS0 Bit Interleaved 4 E3 + 28 DS0 Bit Interleaved

Bit Interleaved

8.448 Mbps

34.368 Mbps

139.264 Mbps

Obviously E1 is not good enough, as in urban locations and now even in rural areas, 30-32 DS0s mean very little. Take a small housing complex in any small city. A 7 storied building with 2 wings, 4 flats per wing per floor would have more than 30 lines. Take 16 such buildings, you would need 16 E1s. Do we lay 16 trunk lines for 16 E1s. No we further multiplex. The Multiplexing of 4 E1s to give an E2 is called Bit Interleaving, where other than the four E1s, four DS0 signal channels are also added and multiplexing is done bit by bit with stuffing bits added to take care of real time differences. Similarly four E2s and another 9 DS0 signaling channels are multiplexed to give an E3. Stuffing bits are required as different E1s coming from different multiplexers are expected to be out of sync by a few bits.

Non availability of E2:

To make the standard more efficient-as per market requirement-Not considered for Transportation

63

Digital Multiplexing - Standards - PDH

PDH comprises of E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 - Used by the Customer E3 = 34.368 Mbps say 35 Mbps. For North American standard the 3rd level is known as DS3 = 44.736 Mbps say 45 Mbps. Where as SDH comprises of STM-1 , STM 4 , STM 16 ,STM 64 , PDH clock accuracy = +/- 50ppm SDH clock accuracy = 0.00 001 ppm = 0.00001 / 106 = 10-11

Another shortcoming with PDH is that while the same technology is used world-over, manufacturers follow different versions of the same. While the Europeans follow the E1, E2, E3, E4 as we have discussed before, the North American have different set of multiplexed signals: DS1, DS2, DS3, DS4. And as you can see DS2 is not equivalent of E1, neither is DS2 that of E2 or for that purpose not a single NA signal matches with the European signal. This could be a huge concern if any Operator chooses to use equipment of different make, some European, some NA or Japanese.

64

Limitations of the media

Bandwidth: BW

Distance: d

BW * d = k Bandwidth Distance

Distance

Bandwidth

Electrical Media, like Copper wires, exhibits a BW distance relationship given by: BW * d = K (constant) The value of constant K will change for different types of Cables, but the relationship is true for all. It is not that the signal gets completely attenuated (that is yet another factor) the effect of high bandwidth is on the shape-factor of the pulses. As the cable act as a low pass filter, the attenuation for higher frequencies are more. Thereby in case of high bandwidth, after the stipulated distance the pulses would lose more of its high frequency components and become un-comprehensible. Such pulse are liable to produce higher bit errors than acceptable.

65

PDH Limited Capacity with Copper

E1 E3

E4

Digital Signal Bit Rate (Mbps) DS0 E1 E2 E3 E4 .064 2.048 8.448 34.368 Mbps 139.264

Eqv. DS0 1 30+2 120+8+4 480+32+25

Media Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair

1920+128+100 Optical Fiber

Now consider this: PDH, which was essentially designed to use copper as the media, runs into a roadblock at the higher bandwidths. Electrical cables have this characteristic that the product of bandwidth carried in a cable and the distance to which it can be transmitted reliably is constant.

Band width x distance = Constant

Which means if we transmit higher bandwidth, we can do so over a shorter distance only.As the Band width increases, the dist (to which it can be transmitted ) reduces Beyond which we have to regenerate the signal. Now consider this: in practical implementation we require E1s in the local loop (1-2 km), E3s in the LE to TAX (5-200 km) and E4s in TAX to ILD GW (100 1000 km). i.e. we use lower bandwidth at short distances and higher bandwidths over long distances. While for an E3, we may use regenerators. For E4 it becomes commercially impractical to use electric media any more. The obvious choice is OFC.

66

Exercise 3: Plesionchronous Slip

PDH allows +50 ppm inaccuracy in the timings of the E1 Trans-receivers. Consider a E1 Transmitter transmits frame in 125 s - and the Receiver receives in 125 s + ( corresponds to the +50 ppm inaccuracy). Thereby how many bits slip would occur over a period of 1s. Please calculate for yourself: 1. An E1 Trans-receiver transmits/ receives @ 2,048,000 bits per second. 2. Transmitter is transmitting for 50 s less over 1s (50 ppm of 1s is 50 s). 3. The Receiver receives for 50 s more time. 4. Total slip duration is 100 s. 5. Total slip = 2,048,000 *100 /1000,000 = 204.8 bits

You may have observed that the maximum slip would be about 205 bits over 1s for a E1 line. As 8000 frames are transmitted over 1s, you would not get to see a bit mismatch in every frame. However, over 40 frames (in the extreme case as in this example) 1 bit slip might occur.

67

PDH Add Drop System - Cumbersome

As would be evident from the illustration below, extraction/ addition of individual channel (E1) from/ to a higher level signal (say E4) is very complicated, needing dedicated Multiplexers and Demultiplexers.
E3
34 140 34 140 M

E4

140 M

140

E4

E2
8 34 8 34

E1
2 8 2 8

Customer

In legacy Plesionchronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), while E1s are multiplexed to give E2, E2s to give E3 and so on, the method used is that of Bit interleaving. This is done to take care of mismatch in timings of various E1s. As you can see E1s coming from various concentrators could have a large tolerance in their timing. Meaning thereby when you receive all the 32 bits of one E1 you may have received only 31 or even 33 bits of another E1. Only way out was to do bit stuffing. The problem is same when we multiplex E2s or E3s. So further bit stuffing is applied. In turn we keep losing the identity of individual E1s. If we consider each E1 as an envelope with 30 lines of message from 30 voice channels, then while we bit interleave and bit stuff, the envelope losses its identity and 30 lines of this one E1 gets mixed with 30 others and more lines. In the entire system if an E4 is routed from point A to B and an E1 out of this E4 is to be dropped or added at an intermittent point C, then the entire E4 needs to be demultiplexed to give away one E1 and re-multiplexed to add an E1. This made Ring topology unviable with PDH.

68

Limitation of Plesiochronous Transmission

1. Ideally suited to star topology - Point to point connection - not for Ring network. 2. Clock information derived from Incoming data.No Central Clock. Clock Accuracy +/- 50 ppm (SDH clock accuracy = 0.000 01 ppm)

3. Dropping or adding E1s or any trunk in between is cumbersome and costly. Ideal till the medium is Copper Capacity constraint 34 Mbps. 4. Limited to sub- Gigabit transmission on copper. Capacity improvement difficult & costly 5. Not easily scaleable (expandable to higher capacity) 5. In-compatibility between variants (Europe, NA, etc.)

Limitation of PDH arises from the bit interleaving which makes extracting or adding a lower order trunk between two points very cumbersome (Equipment for the same are costly). Thus it was ideal for point to point transmission, where all the DS0s and E1s are multiplexed at one point (normally at customer locations) and demultiplexed at the switch and vice versa. Similar multiplexing of E1s and E2s are done at class 5 switches and carried to a class 4 switch, where they are demultiplexed. Adding further capacity was also difficult requiring addition of large multiplexers, thus increasing demand for bandwidth PDH became less viable. PDH ideal for a star like configuration. Also it was ideal as long as the medium was copper. But as the demand for bandwidth increased it was evident that OFC would be the medium of choice ITU has not approved / standardized OFC as a media for PDH, because commercially not viable. .Also for high Bandwidth Ring configuration would be more viable whereas PDH is Ideally suited to star topology -not for Ring network. Finally PDH was limited to sub-Gigi bit per second transmission making it unrealistic for modern day needs. Thus a new standard was born. PDH clock accuracy = +/- 50ppm SDH clock accuracy = 10-11 i.e.= 0.00 001 ppm

Why to Use PDH ? PDH technology is old & past dated but we can not ignore ,because still we use certain equipment at Access / BTS operating at Lower range based on PDH Technology & Need has not arised to go at higher range (SDH) at this level. Hence continued.

69

Module Review - Exercises - 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Sampling frequency rate for human voice is samples/ second. E1 comprises .. DS0s and E2 comprises . E1 + .. DS0s In SDH E1 trans-receivers are allowed to have clocks with .. ppm inaccuracy In PDH E1 trans-receivers are allowed to have clocks with .. ppm inaccuracy E1, E2, E3 are ..... variant of PDH and T1, T2, T3 are ..... variant Media recommended for E1 to E3 is ., while it is . for E4 PDH is ideal for .. to transmission and topology. How many bits / channel / 125 micro sec. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ What is channel (DS0) bit rate (data speed). _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ What is time duration of each Frame _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ How many channels (slots) / Frame _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

Number of bits per Frame _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ Process of dividing Frame in to 32 channels is known as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ What is the Band width (bit rate) of E1 . __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _

Find the Odd member 1) 8000 2) 32 , 4E1+ 4 (3 ) +/- 0.00001 ppm 4 ) +/- 50 ppm (6) Copper , OFC (7) Point to Point , ring Add the missing link -Find the correct member (5) European , North American (x)_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Find the odd man out (8) 8 (9) 64 kbps (10) 125 micro second (11) 32 Find the odd man out-Add the missing link (12) 256 (13) TDM (_XX) _ _ _ _ _ _ (14) 2 Mbps

70

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HEIRARCHY

(S D H)

Module - 7

71

Synchronous
North American Optical
(OFC)

Digital
European SDH STM-0 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256

Hierarchy
Line Rate (Mbps) 51,84 155.52 622.08 2,488.32 9,953.28 39,813.12 2 Gbps 10 Gbps Signal Designation VC 3

SONET STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192 STS-768

OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192 OC-768

STM = Synchronous Transport Module STS = Synchronous Transport Schedule SONET = Synchronous Optical Network OC = Optical Carrier = Interphase

European std.s Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and its North American counterpart SONET proposes a transport system with highly synchronised network elements and OFC as the physical media. Thereby the concept of bit-interleaving is replaced by a Byte interleaved system. Also the bandwidths are defined upto much higher range making it suitable for modern data & broadband communication. SDH/ SONET defines to types of packaging one for the electrical network called Synchronous Transmission Module/ Schedule (STM-n/ STS-n) and another for the optical network called Transport Unit (TU-n)/ Optical Carrier (OC-n). STM-n has now been defined from STM-1 (63 E1s) to STM-64 (4032 E1s). Proposal for STM-256 is under examination for standardising. That would take us to an amazing 40 Gbps. Technically there are small differences between SDH and SONET. Some terms differ and some details in Overhead definitions differ but that doesnt come in the way of making these to standards compatible to each other. Technically there is no difference between SDH and SONET. Some terms differ and some details in Overhead definitions defer but that doesnt come in the way of making these to standards compatible to each other.

Traffic intensity can be

Access User to Access point i.e. BTS MA / BA ring BTS to Switch Core / NLD / NBB - Switch to switch STM - 1 to STM 4 STM - 1 to STM 16 STM - 1 to STM 64 72

Synchronous Transfer Module - Overheads

E1 32 - Bytes Information + 2 Bytes Stuffing + 1 Bytes Path Over Head + 1 Bytes Pointer

Container C12

Virtual Container VC12

Tributory Unit TU- 12

TUG 2

Tributory Unit TU- 12 3 nos.

SDH technique is like that of a courier company. It takes E1s and puts them neatly into small boxes called Virtual Containers (VC-12) complete with details like where it come from and where it should go (Path Overhead). These VC-12S are then packed into bigger boxes called VC-2 or VC-3. Finally they are put in a Container called TU and put on a Carrier. The Carrier have all details like Path OH, Section OH and Line OH. These OHs not only conveys where these goods are to be delivered but also all such information like faults and alarms of the transport highway.

73

SDH Multiplexing Structure

+2 E1 32 Bytes C12 34 +1 T1 24 Bytes C11 25 +1 POH VC12 35 +1 POH VC11 26 +1 Pointer TU12 36 +1 Pointer TU11 27 108 POH T2 C2 VC2 Pointer TU2

36X3 TUG2 108 27X4 TUG2

Legend
C - Container VC - Virtual Container SDH Mapping TU - Tributary Unit - Aligning TUG - Tributary Unit Group AU - Administrative Unit AUG - AU Group STM - Synchronous Transport Module E1 - has 30 Bytes known as Pay Load for which customer pays & the company earn the revenue for the same

VC12 - European standard 2 Mbps VC3 VC4 - 34 Mbps - 140 Mbps

VC11 - N. American standard -1.5 Mbps VC 2 - N . American 6 Mbps VC 3 - 45 Mbps

Before we look at the big and the jumbo boxes, lets see how your small E1 is packed in a TU12. Stuffing / Justification : 32 Eo makes E1. The 32 bytes of an E1 (in a time frame of 125 s) is called the Payload. In PDH data of each E1 is varying in speed / size. Therefore may or may not provide exactly 32 bytes within 125 micro second slot. We may receive slightly more or less bytes i.e.E1 = 2.048Mbps +/- 50 ppm = 2,048,000bps+/-100bits . Now if we want to pack it in a container (C12) , The size of a container should be some what bigger to accommodate this variation. Hence the the container C12 is so selected that it can accommodate additional 2 bytes i.e. total 34 Bytes.i.e. when E1 is packed in a container 2 Bytes are added to it (Cushioning) & is known as C12 (A Synchronous container) These 2 bytes are known as Justification / stuffing Bytes .It may contain Data, It may not contain data ,it can be dummy / redundant. These take care of any disparity in the Real Time Clock of the E1 sources and the SDH equipment. Whenever it is + , Additional 2 bytes can accommodate it ,But when LESS ,We need some packing i.e. these two will be used as dummy bites to maintain the packet size . It is shown as S1 & S2 & is indicated by C1-C2. If E1> 2.048Mbps then S1/ S2 will be Data .Then C1/C2 =1 If E1< 2.048Mbps then S1/ S2 will be Packing .Then C1/C2 = 0 From the value of C1&C2 , Receiver will come to know whether S1,S2 is to be retained or to be thrown out. Then we add One byte which carry the Path Overhead. POH carry the information about sender and destination addresses-along with other details. These details are added at starting point (Transmitter end) & checked at Receiver end. Now it is known as VC12 Then we add One byte which carry the Pointer & is known as Tributary 12-TU12 TU 12 = 32 (E1) +2 stuffing +1 Path over head + 1 Pointer =36 Bytes & time permitted is 125 Micro sec .

74

Virtual Container (VC12) Multiframe & POH

K4

VC-12 Path Overhead

R J2 R V5 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

R N2 R R R R

32 Bytes Payload (256 bits)

R R R R R R

32 Bytes Payload (256 bits) R

R R R R R

32 Bytes Payload (256 bits)

R R R R

32 Bytes Payload (256 bits)

R R R R R R

R R

Stuffing Bits

Before we look at the big and the jumbo boxes, lets see how your small E1 is packed in a VC-12. The 32 bytes of an E1 (in a time frame of 125 s) is called the Payload. They are safely cushioned by two bytes of Stuffing bits. These take care of any disparity in the Real Time Clock of the E1 sources and the SDH equipment. Then we add a byte which carry the Path Overhead. POH amongst other things carry the source and destination addresses. This is your small box, ready to be shipped, time allowed 125 s. The next 32 bytes of the next 125 s gets similarly packed and thus the process goes on. Only observe that the POH of the four boxes in four consecutive time slots are named as V5, J2, N2 and K4. Why see next slide. VC-12 Multi frame - It is combination of 4 E1 frame, each of 125 Micro sec .i.e. A Multi frame takes 500 micro sec. for transmitting. PAY LOAD Customer is paying for e.g. Fruits in the basket of a fruit seller OVERHEADS required for managing the system no revenue earned e.g. basket of a fruit seller. V5, J2, N2 and K4 together carry 4 byte (1- POH Byte of each frame) . 4 such VC-12s form a VC-12 Multi frame. A Multi frame takes 0.5 micro second for transmitting. Path Over Head: A Circuit joining joining two Main station (node) that passes through number of intermediate nodes. The extra information related with the path is generated at originating point remains throughout-& processed at Terminating Point is called as Path Over Head In SDH some capacity is reserved for carring / monitoring &Management information related with the path.This extra information like where it come from & where it should go is called POH (Path over head) It allows checking of a) The quality of overall end to end transmission. b)The existance of a path between two terminating points. c) It allows remote end (Receiver) to communicate to the transmitter end that there is trouble with the signal received. When received by Receiver it gives a complete POH with Starting point & End point address along with other other information.

75

VC-12 Multiframe &

VC-12 Path Overhead
V5 R R R R R R R R

Path Overhead
125 s Provision for Justification bits is kept to take care of 2 Mbps + 50PPM frames 500 s

V5 RRRRRRRR 32 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 1 RRRRRRRR J2 C1 C2 OOOO RR 32 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 2 RRRRRRRR N2 C1 C2 OOOO RR

32 Bytes Payload (256 bits)

R R R R R R R R

32 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 3 RRRRRRRR K4 C1 C2 OOOO RS1 S2 31 7/8 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 4 RRRRRRRR

Stuffing Bits

Justification Bits

V5, J2, N2 and K4 together carry a 4 byte meaningful POH so one VC-12 is incomplete in itself. 4 such VC-12s form a VC-12 Multiframe. A Multiframe takes 0.5 ms to be transmitted. When received it gives a complete POH with source & destination address amongst other information.

VC-12 Multi frame - It is combination of 4 E1 frame, each of 125 Micro sec .i.e. A Multi frame takes 500 micro sec. for transmitting. V5, J2, N2 and K4 together carry 4 byte (1- POH Byte of each frame) . 4 such VC-12s form a VC-12 Multi frame. A Multi frame takes 0.5 micro second for transmitting.

76

LOWER ORDER PATH OVERHEAD

BIP: Bit Interleaved Parity REI: Remote Error Indication

to check parity at the remote end to indicate parity error from remote end

RDI: Remote Defect Indication to indicate other failures from remote end RFI: Remote Failure Indication to indicate loss of signal from remote end Signal Label: Type of payload to indicate type of payload to remote end

V5 contains the following information:

1&2
1
st

BIP2

2 bits

Bit Interleaved Parity

Error monitoring

indicates whether the sum of all odd bits is Even (or Odd as per standard) 1 bit Remote Error Indication Indicate BIP error

2nd indicates whether the sum of all Even bits is Even .

3 - REI

If the bits received are Odd, It is Error then Receiver will transmit REI as 1 to transmitter If the bits received are EVEN ok-then Receiver will transmit REI as 0 to transmitter. NNOC will come to know about REI through Network Mgt. System (NMS)

4 - RFI

1 bit

Remote Failure Indication.

If the Error continues for more than Pre set time , Then receiver end will transmits Remote Failure Indication ( RFI )- value 1 - to transmitter end.-Not used at Reliance

5-6-7 Signal Label

3 bits Indicates type of Pay load

Unequipped - no load Tributary not connected Whether it is E1 ,Ethernet frame ,ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) ,Bit Synchronous, ,Byte Synchronous ,Test signal, Reserved signal or Asynchronous (at R COM) indicated by 010 ( refer pg no. 86 to 91 of ITU-T G707/Y.1322 for more details)

8 RDI 1 bit - Remote Defect Indication Indicates error other then Parity Error e.g. Signal
level mismatch or Path label mismatch

77

Lower Order Path Overhead: J2

1st Byte: CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check
applicable to 32 bytes *4 *16 = 2048 bytes

2nd 16th Byte: Path Trace predefined string

attached by transmitter and checked by receiver
CRC

N.

Mum_A21_s4_1

Pune_A07_s11_12

Each J2 is for Path Tracing Indication (Path Over head) It is having 16 bytes (Character) i.e one byte per 0ne multi frame i.e Each J2 is valid for following 16 multi frames = 16 x (125 microseconds x 4frames ) = 8000micro seconds = 8 mili seconds data . J2 is used for lower order Path Trace. Each J2 is described in 16 Characters 1st J2 byte carry CRC value for path details described in remaining 15 characters. Rest 15 bytes carries path details of starting point to End point. Transmitter will insert / send J2 . & receiver ( Path End point / Terminating ADM ) will Check / Process /start reading it after CRC e.g.

If there is no change in path trace

78

Lower Order Path Overhead: N2

Network 2 Network 2 (Operator B) (Operator B)

Network 1 Network 1 (Operator A) (Operator A)

N2: Tandem Connection

N2 Bytes carry Error & Performance parameters which can be used for quality assurance when two different networks are connected to each other through a POI.

N2 is used to monitor Tandem connections. When two network Operators (e.g.BSNL & RIC) connects their networks, they would like to know the quality of signal they are exchanging. N2 offers such facilities.
e.g. If we are sending Mangoes to Dubai side ,we have to mention the suitable temp. say 24 to 26 degree temp. otherwise it will get spoiled. Similarly when we are importing electronic equipment from USA ,they will mention the Power supply details because their equipment meant for 120 volt will get damaged if we operate here at 230 volts.

K4 - was reserved for future use in 1998 but after 2003 started using it for Automatic protection Switching. - APS Automatic Path Switching will occur within 50 mili seconds. .( it can be 40 ms also
or 45 ms also)

79

Synchronizing VC-12 with TU12 - POINTER

Pointer (V3) Pointer (V2) Pointer (V1)

VC12
125 s

VC12
125 s

VC12
125 s

VC12

Synchronous Frame Plesiochronous Frame

VC Size Offset

V1 NNNN XX

ID

V2 I D I D I D I D
10 bit Pointer

TU12 has 1 Byte as a Pointer . It identifies starting point of VC12 w.r.t. Frame It gives details about Off set & becomes Tributory. Multi frame is a combination of such 4 frames. Hence it has 4 Bytes as Pointer & is known as V1 , V2, V3, & V4. V1 & V2 act as Pointer = 16 Bytes, V3 = Pointer Justification , V4 = not used. 1st 4 Bites of V1 is used for indicating the status of Pointer-Known as NDF i.e. New Data Flag. 1st 4 Bytes of V1 is used for indicating the status of Pointer. a) If it is a new / Fresh Payload Then valued as 1001 0110 B) If is a conitinuation of old Payload - Then valued as

Pointer value can be changed only after 40 frames .The old pointer continues till it is changed. 5th & 6th bytes i.e. 2 Bytes - indicates type of Load i.e. Standard European - TU 12 - Value 10 - Used at Reliance Rest of the 10 Bytes will indicate (In Binary Form) position of Starting Point of of VC12 ( Path lable J2 ) from pointer.

80

Synchronizing
K4 34 BYTE

VC 12 with TU12
Synchronous Frames

125 s
V3 V5 34 BYTES

V5 34 BYTE

J2 34 BYTE

500 s

V4 J2 34 BYTES V1 N2 34 BYTE V2 K4 34 BYTE

VC12s
N2 34 BYTE

TU12s

Position of a VC12s within TU12s is known only after receiving POINTER i.e.both V1 & V2

Plesiochronous Frames

To understand Pointer e.g. where you have two watches in your house one a perfect clock and another one which keep getting fast or slow. Once in a while you match these with a time signal (lets say from NTP or GPS). The first one keep perfect time, so if you tally its time after a few days with the time signal again, you would see no difference. But the second one keeps drifting back or forward (depends on whether it is slow or fast). Now instead of trying to resetting the 2nd watch every now and then, you normally keep in your memory a time diff. which tells you how fast/ slow is this second watch. The same thing -happens with the SDH equipment, which have a perfect clock (1st) aligned with some Primary Reference Clock, because the payload they receive , are from PDH equipment, which are allowed their own clock (2nd - inaccuracies). To take care of this SDH forms - a synchronous frame (Tributary Unit) and allows the Virtual Container to float freely in this frame. To keep a reference the VC is pointed by a POINTER, which is put inside the TU along with the VC. In case of TU-12, one byte (name V1, V2, V3 in successive frames) is added on top of the 35 Bytes of VC-12. However, V1 and V2 jointly provides a 16 bit pointer, which as a standard is used for all VCs upto VC-3 (AU-3). Each count of the Pointer means an offset of 1byte (in case of AU-4, 1 count = 3 byte)

81

Over Head Summary

Details
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

L-POH
V5 - 1&2nd V5 3rd V5 4th V5 5-6-7 V5 8th J2 N2 K4 V1,V2

H-POH 9 RSOH-27

MSOH-45

Bip Error REI RFI Signal Label RDILOS, TIM,LOP Path Trace Tandem Connection APS POINTER Equipment Vendor Multi frame no. Sevice Provider Maint. Frame Alignment - LOF Engg. Order Wire Data comm Sync. Status

82

SDH
+2 +1 POH VC12 35

Multiplexing
+1 Pointer 36X3

Structure

E1
32 Bytes

C12 34

TU12
36

TUG21
108 7 C3

108X7 756 +9 POH VC3

+18 Stuffing

TUG3
774 +3+6 Pointer TU3

T2 T3/E3

C2

POH VC2

Pointer TU2

TUG3 TUG3 TUG3 E4 C4

774X3=2322 +18 +9 POH

VC4
2340

+9 Pointer AU4 2358

+72 SOH AUG1 STM1 2430 Bytes

Legend
C VC TU TUG AU AUG STM Container Virtual Container Tributary Unit Tributary Unit Group Administrative Unit AU Group Synchronous Transport Module

Bit rate of STM 1 = 2430 Bytes X 8 X 000samples/sec. = 155.52 Mbps

When AU4 is kept in a container, it is known as AUG1 If AU4 has STM-1 only then AU-4 & AUG1 is the same but If n AU4 are combined & put in a box then it becomes AUG n

Section Over Head will speak about entire STM Load

e.g. comparison with Train Transport (1) When the train had left starting point (2) If there is a path failure Which are the alternate route available? APS e.g. For a train from CST to Pune if de-railment occurs at Ghatkoper Alternate routing Thane will decide for Alternate path - i.e to divert the train from Kurla on Harbour line. - Kurla Vashi Thana route. (3) J0 Path Trace details- For Mumbai to Delhi Train At Junction station - to see that it is properly diverted for desired destination. e.g. - at Surat to see that train is not diverted to Bhushaval Route - at Ahmadabad to see that train is not diverted to Gandhidham Route At other stations like Vulsad/Bharuch / Vadodara (like regenerators)-we need not check path trace as there is no branching. (4) Quality level of service - Express train like Shatabdi / Rajdhani Express / local train Stoppage at which stations?. - Where Stock of mineral water bottles to be checked ! - Whether all the facilities are working O.K. e.g.Fan - At junction station (like multiplexure) To check for the availabilty of water at Bathrooms & wash basins to fill the tanks if necessary.

83

The STM-1 Coach- vc-4 EXPERIMENTAL

Imagine the STM-1 as a coach as shown below:

K=1
VC-3

K=2
VC-3 L=1 VC-2 L=2 VC-2 L= 3 VC-2 L= 4 VC-2 L= 5 VC-2 L= 6 VC-2

K=3
VC-3
VC-12- m=1 VC-12-1 VC-12-2 VC-12-3 VC-12- m=2 VC-12- m=3

VC-2

2 3

O O

L= 7 VC-2

84

STM 1 - Transfer module J K L M numbering

Pay Load
Pay Load = 126 Mbps

K=1
E3 VC 3

L= 1 (TUG-2) L= 2 (TUG-2) L= 3 (TUG-2) L= 4 (TUG-2) L= 5 (TUG-2) L= 6 (TUG-2) L=7 (TUG-2)

21
Over Heads = 29 Mbps

M=1 M=2 M=3

E1-1
E1-2 E1-3

63 E1 =21 Tug-2 = 21 VC 2/E2 = 3Tug-3 =3VC3/E3 = 126 Mbps STM 1 = 63 E1 + Over heads = 126 Mbps + 29 Mbps = 155 Mbps
STM 1 = E4 = 3 E3 E3 = 7 E2 E2 = 3 E3 STM 1 = E4 = 3 E3 = 21 E2 = 63 E1 E4 is identified as E3 is identified as E2 is identified as E1 is identified as J k L Mcan vary from can vary from can vary from can vary from 1 to 64 1 to 3 1 to 7 1 to 3

O O

STM 1 = E4 + 29 Mbps Overheads = 63 E1 + 29 Mbps Overheads = 2x63 Mbps + 29 Mbps Overheads = 155 Mbps If KLM number is 373 i.e, 3rd E3 7th E2 - 3rd E1 - shown by Red J1 K321 & J 1 k300 can not go together An STM-1 can be equated with a container carrier, which can carry various combinations of containers. It can carry 3 TU-3, or 2 TU-3 and 7 TU-2, or 63 TU-12, etc. The drivers cabin comprise of Path Overhead, a Pointer, Regenerator Section OH and Multiplexer Section OH. As we go up the ladder the container section just get bigger and bigger, the driver cabin remains the same.

85

Pack a STM - 1 - Exercise - 6

Given a STM-1 work out the combinations of E3 and E1s which you can pack in it:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.

0*E3 + ... E1 1*E3 + E1 2*E3 + E1 3*E3 + E1 E3 + 43*E1 E3 + 24*E1 E3 + 3*E1 On the same Multiplexer section of STM-4 ring along with J1K321 Can we carry? - J1K300. J2K321,J1K322,J1K373,J1k320,J1K330, J2K300
Which load we can carry On the same Multiplexer section of STM 4 ring _ _ _ _ 12 4 , 321, 3 83, 411,

Different Container/packets for diff. load VC12 = E1 VC2 = E2 VC3 = E3 Vc4 = E4 = 63E1

86

Add Drop Through -Configuring Circuits

Add Drop:
Add-drop is a Tributary port Aggregate port association.
Add-drop E1 = J1 K111 E3 = J1 K200 E1 = J1 K112

Through:
Through is a Aggregate port Aggregate port association.

4*VC-4

A -Drop E1 = J1 K111 Add-D E1 = J1 K311 Thru

add-Drop E1 = J1 K112 E1 = J1 K311 E3 = J2 K100

E1 = J1 K112 E3 = J1 K200

4*VC-4

Add-drop E3 = J2 K100 add-Drop E3 = J1 K200 Thru E1 = J1 K112 E1 = J1 K311

A circuit is configured by allocating the Payload a VC (KLM number) and making Add-drop or Trough connections at relevant ADMs. At both the terminating ADMs, Add-drop connection is made by associating the VC to a relevant Tributary port and Aggregate port. Through connection is made by associating the VC to two Aggregate ports (of EastWest modules).

87

Higher Order Path Over Head - For VC4 9 Bytes

Path TraceBit Interval Parity BIP-8 Signal Label

Path Terminating Status-Performance Info.-Error report REI

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

, RFI , RDI

User Channel - Equipment Vendors use Multiframe Indicator - frame number

User Channel- Path Elements-Service Provider-Maint. F3 Automatic Protection Switching - A P S K3 Tandem Connection

N1

A STM-1 frame structure is much the same as STM-0, but for the following: Total Number of Columns is 270, 9 for RSOH/ MSOH, 1 for POH and 280 for Payload RSOH and MSOH have a few additional information bytes Out of the 81 SOH bytes, 9 are for RSOH, 3 for Pointer and 15 for MSOH. These OHs carry various section related information for Network Management, Synchronisation, Fault management, etc. The POH comprises the following bytes: J1: Path Trace Used to transmit a Path details- like starting point & End Points-so that END POINT (Receiver) can varify .It indicates path across the diff. nodes & final destination. J1( like J2 in LPOH) is used for carrying CRC and Path Trace (string of 15 user-defined characters).-VC4 Path Trace B3: Path BIP-8: B2 carries 8-bits of Parity. BIP of previous frames for Error monitoring In the whole A4-Value of each 8th bit is sumed up CRC (add.)is calculated & is transmitted with J1 1st Block Sum of value of 1st,9th,17th bits & so on sum of all bits as shown above should be Even (or Odd as per standard) If not Even transmits 1,If Even Tranmits o 2nd block Sum of value of 2nd,10th,18th bits & so on 3rd block Sum of value of 3rd , 11th, 19th bits & so on C2: Signal Label Indicates composition of the payload . Unequipped - no load connected Whether it is TUG structure ,ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) ,Bit Synchronous ,Byte Synchronous ,Test signal, Reserved signal - (refer pg no. 86 to 91 of ITU-T G707/Y.1322)

88

SDH - STM-1 Frame Structure Higher Order Path Over heads

9 BYTES 261 BYTES

9 BYTES

REGENERATOR SECTION OVERHEAD

PATH OVERHEAD

OFFSET

AU4 POINTER
MULTIPLEXER SECTION OVERHEAD

POH

VC4 = 9 x 260 bytes + 9 (POH)=2349 2340 +9 = 2349

G1: Path Status- Path terminating status & Performance info.-Error report REI, RFI, RDI F2: Path User Channel: Communication between path elements / nodes For Equipment Vendors use-like Nortel Marconi,Lucent H4: Multi frame Indicator A Multi frame & sequence indicator for VC3/VC4 -It is generalised position indicates for Payload (ref. page 89 of ITU-T 707) F3: Path User Channel - Communication between path elements-Service Provider uses it for maintenance. K3: Spare - was reserved for future use in 1998 but after 2003 started using it for Automatic protection Switching. 4 bits of K3 are used for APS (along with K1 & K2 of MSOH) and rest are for future use. ( APS occurs within 50 mili seconds) N1: Network Operator Byte-Inter operator inter Carrier Reliance & BSNL N1,(like N2 in LPOH), It is used to monitor Tandem connections. When two network Operators (e.g.BSNL & RIC) connects their networks, they would like to know the quality of signal they are exchanging. N2 offers such facilities.

89

Over Head Summary

Details
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

L-POH V5 - 1&2nd V5 3rd V5 4th V5 5-6-7 V5 8th J2 N2 K4 V1,V2

H-POH 9 Bytes
B3 G1 G1 C2 G1 J1 N1 K3 H1 , H2 F2 H4 F3

Bip Error REI RFI Signal Label RDILOS, TIM,LOP Path Trace Tandem Connection APS POINTER Equipment Vendor, lucent,Nortel Multi frame no. Sevice Provider Maint. Frame Alignment - LOF Engg. Order Wire Data comm Sync. Status

90

AU - 3 POINTER

It identifies starting point of Payload -Position of J1 - w.r.t. Frame-From the pointer. The pointer is placed by PLM when it collects the data from several tributary & loads it in a Aggregate frame. Pointer will indicate data VC4 starts from which byte behind that Pointer AU4 pointer- 9 Bytes - but 2 are used i.e.H1 &H2 as shown above. H1 & H2 act as Pointer = 16 Bytes, 1st 4 Bites of H1 is used for indicating the New Data - Known as NDF i.e. New Data Flaga) If it is a new / Fresh Payload Then valued as b) If is a continuation of old Payload - Then valued as 1001 0110

Pointer value can be changed only after 40 frames .The old pointer continues till it is changed. 5th & 6th bytes i.e. 2 Bytes - indicates type of Load - i.e. Standard adopted European Value 10 - Used at Reliance. Rest of the 10 Bytes will indicate (In Binary Form) Starting Point of of VC4 ( Pay load ) from the pointer. H3 is used for +/- justification. VC4 can be found only if we know Pointer-may be with / without +/- justification. Hence justification is required at this stage. H4 is used as a counter for extraction of V1,V2, V3,----Pointer always jumps in multiple of 3 because maxm. Value it can have is 783 only 91

PAYLOAD SPANNING OVER 2 FRAMES

1 2 34 5 6 789 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

270 First Frame

VC 4

Second Frame

Path Overhead

Pay load can be placed anywhere. Pointer will tell the location of Pointer.

92

PAYLOAD
1 2 34567 89 1 2 3 4 H1 y 5 6 7 8 9 Path Overhead
y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

POINTER
270

99

Displacement

Floating VC 4

0
H1

1
H2

Pointer = 1/3 (270-9)+1/3 (99-9) = 117

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2

N N N N S S I

D I

D I

D I

D I

VC4 is combination of 3 TUG-3,Henc e pointer always moves in steps of 3 Pointer always moves in steps of 3 .i.e. (2430 81) / 3 = 783 Maximum value that a pointer can have is 783 Justification also in steps of +/- 3 Bytes

93

Positive Justification
1 2 34567 89 1 2 3 4 H1 y 5 6 7 8 9 Frame N-1 Frame N 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Frame N Floating VC 4 Frame N
y H2 1

99

270

Frame N-1 Displacement

1 H3 H3 H3 Stuff

Frame N-1 102

1 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

1 0 1

0 0 1

Frame N+1 0

Here from pointer value of ( N-1) & N it is seen that Incremental value is changing. Pointer value is increasing. - Pointer shifting to higher value. i.e. Rate of data (VC4) delivery by PLM to Aggregate frame is Slower i.e. Aggregate frame receives less data in 125 microsecond frame .some space remains unoccupied. Vacant space to be filled up by Stuffing bytes to maintain the size. Accordingly pointer also gets shifted .i.e.From Position 117 (351/3 ) to 118 (1/3(270-9) + 1/3(102-9) = (354 / 3) = 118 The Receiver will come to know this by seeing the value of Incremental bytes. This value are flipping. And that will be adjusted in frame (N+1) It gets new value 118

Pointer change indication will be in 2nd frame through flipping of values of I or D Pointer change will be reflected in 3rd frame

94

NEGATIVE
1 2 34567 89 1 2 3 4 H1 y 5 6 7 8 9 Frame N-1 Frame N Frame N+1 Frame N
y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

JUSTIFICATION
102 270 Frame N-1

Frame N-1 99 Displacement

Frame N Floating VC 4

0 0 0

1 1 1

1 1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

1 0 0

In case of Negative justification Data speed is high Here from the pointer value of ( N-1) & N, it is seen that Decremental value is changing. Pointer value is decreasing. - Pointer shifting to lower value. i.e.Rate of data (VC4) delivery from PLM to Aggregate frame is Faster i.e. Aggregate frame receives more data in 125 microsecond frame . Excess data will be accomodated in H3 - to maintain the size. Accordingly pointer also gets shifted .i.e.From Position 118 to 117 Old Value = (1/3(270-9) + 1/3(102-9) = (354 / 3) = 118 New value = 1/3(270-9) + 1/3(99-9) = (351 / 3) = 117

The Receiver will come to know this by seeing the flipping value of Decreamental bytes. And that will be adjusted in frame (N+1) It gets new value 117

95

NEW DATA FLAG

1 2 34567 89 1 2 3 4 H1 y 5 6 7 8 9 New Data Floating VC 4
y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

69

99

270

Displacement

1
H1

H2 Pointer = 20

In both the case Data becomes new its NDF value will be 1001

96

SDH - STM-1 Frame Structure - Section Over

Heads

9 BYTES

261 BYTES

9 BYTES

REGENERATOR SECTION OVERHEAD

PATH OVERHEAD

OFFSET J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

AU4 POINTER
MULTIPLEXER SECTION OVERHEAD

VC4 = 9 x 260 bytes + 9 (POH)=2349 2340 +9 = 2349

Section Over Heads ( SOH )

A section can be considered as one stage of end to end. It is defined as node to node transmission. A path may be made up of number of sections. One section may also be a Path. SDH reserves some extra capacity within the defined bit rate to carry information relating to section. The extra information associated with a section ( generated at one node & processed at the next node) is called Section Over heads (SOH). The section Over head allows control of node to node Transmission e.g Quality. It allows two adjacent node to talk with each other& to take action in case of Section Failure. The SOH also provides extra information channels-e.g. .ECC Embedded used for network Management Data Communication Channel. SOH information is further classified into RSOH & MSOH Total 72 Bytes It is terminated at Regenerator function - 27 Bytes - (9x3) Raw 1 to 3 of STM 1 Frame MSOH - Multiplexer Section Over Head 45 bytes-9x5 - (Raw 5 to 9 of STM-1 frame) MS can access both Multiplexure & Regenerators - but not simultaneously. MS & RSOH will not be active simultaneously. RSOH can access only Regenerators.

These OHs carry various section related information for Network Management, Synchronisation, Fault management, etc.

97

Management
Path
End to end connection

Hierarchy

Multiplexer Section (MS)

A section of the path between two ADMs

Regenerator Section (RS)

A section of the path between two Regenerators or between a Regen and a ADM

C
A circuit is configured by allocating the Payload a VC (KLM number) and making Add-drop or Trough connections at relevant ADMs. At both the terminating ADMs, Add-drop connection is made by associating the VC to a relevant Tributary port and Aggregate port. Through connection is made by associating the VC to two Aggregate ports (of East-West modules). AD Short path , ABCD Long Path

Section Over Head will speak about entire STM Load

e.g. comparison with Train Transport (1) When the train had left starting point (2) If there is a path failure Which are the alternate route available? APS e.g. For a train from CST to Pune if de-railment occurs at Ghatkoper Alternate routing Thane will decide for Alternate path - i.e to divert the train from Kurla on Harbour line. - Kurla Vashi Thana route. (3) J0 Path Trace details- For Mumbai to Delhi Train At Junction station - to see that it is properly diverted for desired destination. e.g. - at Surat to see that train is not diverted to Bhushaval Route - at Ahmadabad to see that train is not diverted to Gandhidham Route At other stations like Vulsad/Bharuch / Vadodara (like regenerators)-we need not check path trace as there is no branching. (4) Quality level of service - Express train like Shatabdi / Rajdhani Express / local train Stoppage at which stations?. - Where Stock of mineral water bottles to be checked ! - Whether all the facilities are working O.K. e.g.Fan - At junction station (like multiplexure) To check for the availabilty of water for Bathrooms & wash basins to fill the tanks if necessary.

98

Management Hierarchy
Path Mumbai to Jaipur Multiplexer Section (MS)
Ahmadabad to Jaipur M-2 - M-3

C M-3 M-2

Mumbai - SuratM1 M2

Jaipur

Regenerator Section (RS)

Mumbai to Surat - M1 - G Surat to Ahmadabad G - M2

Ahmadabad SURAT Mumbai

E1 V5-N2-J2-K2-

M-1

99

Regenerative Section Over head RSOH 27 Bytes

PATH OVERHEAD REGENERATOR SECTION OVERHEAD AU4 POINTER MULTIPLEXER SECTION OVERHEAD

PAYLOAD

A1
Framing Byte 1

A1
Framing Byte 1

A1
Framing Byte 1

A2
Framing Byte 2

A2
Framing Byte 2

A2
Framing Byte 2

B1 BIP

Reserved for Media-OFC 00 Reserved for Media-W-00 e.g Error Checking

E1 EOW

X Reserved for National / F1 Govt./ Channel for Emergency Service use

RS Path Trace provider use

J0

D1 DCC

D2 DCC

D3 DCC

Section (as referred in NA)/ Regenerator Section (as referred in Europe) refers to a portion between a Multiplexer & a Regenerator or between two Regenerators. A AU-3 - RSOH - Regenerator Section Over Head comprises: A1&A2: Used for checking Frame alignment of incoming frame Starting point of the Frame -sending data frame by frame (11110110, 00101000) Frame alignment of of STM-1 is A1 Bytes followed by one A2 Byte Frame alignment of of STM-1 is composed of 3xA1 Bytes followed by 3 A2 Byte. J0: RS Path Trace for Entire STM -1 This byte is used to transmit repetitively , a section access point identifier, so that a section receiver can verify its continuity with the indented transmitter. B1: Bit Interleaved Parity 8 (BIP 8)-The BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the prevoius frame & is placed in the B1 byte of the current frame.Used for Error Monitoring. E1 Order Wire : ( Engg. Order wire ) Can be used as a hot line Voice communication within the all Ring Network Element . Enables Node to Node verbal talk.i.e BTS to BTS / MCN F1: User Channel : -Reserved for User to define for special maintenance by Service Provider D1-D3: Data Communication Channel Managemnt Channel-Mux to Mux & Mux to NNOC - Used for Element Control Communication For checking status of all NE by NNOC. Link CPU-1 to CPU- 2 will be through it. It give idea about - neighboring Mux. (i.e. on LHS & RHS). location of near by Gateway Mux & Router for communication control with NNOC-can communicate alarm details also. X Reserved for Hot line for Govt. use Emergency like Train blast , Riot , -Calamity like Flooding ,Earthquake ,tsunami - National Security Agency like RAW ,Army

100

Multiplexer Section Over head - MSOH-45 Bytes

B2 BIP D4 DCC D7 DCC D10 DCC S1 Sync
REGENERATOR SECTION OVERHEAD AU4 POINTER MULTIPLEXER SECTION OVERHEAD

B2 BIP -

B2 BIP -

K1 APS D5 DCC D8 DCC D11 DCC -

M1

K2 APS D6 DCC D9 DCC D12 DCC E2 EOW

PATH OVERHEAD

PAYLOAD

Line (as referred in NA)/ Multiplxer Section (as referred in Europe) refers to a portion between two Multiplexers. A AU-3 MSOH comprises: B2: BIP24 Used for Error Monitoring (Within 50 mili sec.)

K1&K2: APS- Automatic Protection Switching - co-ordination for APS D4-D12: Data Communication Channel Mux to Mux & Mux to NNOC -

Used for Element Control Communication Link CPU-1 to CPU- 2 will be through it. It give idea about - neighboring Mux. (i.e. on LHS & RHS). location of near by Gateway Mux & Router for communication control with NNOC. -can communicate alarm details also

S1: Synchronization Status - Used to transmit the level of synchronization. - Which type of clock is available to Data M1 : Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication ( REI) E2: Engineering Order Wire - can be used as a hot line Voice communication within the Ring elements. N8 2Bytes Tandem Connections Blank boxes means At present not in use kept for future requirement 101

Over Head Summary

Details
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

L-POH
V5 - 1&2nd V5 3rd V5 4th V5 5-6-7 V5 8th J2 N2 K4 V1,V2

H-POH 9 RSOH-27
B3 G1 G1 C2 G1 J1 N1 K3 H1 , H2 F2 H4 F3 F1 1 Byte A1-A2 6 Bytes E1 1 Byte J0 1 Byte B1 - 1 Byte

MSOH-45
M1

Bip Error REI RFI Signal Label RDILOS, TIM,LOP Path Trace Tandem Connection APS POINTER Equipment Vendor Multi frame no. Sevice Provider Maint. Frame Alignment - LOF Engg. Order Wire Data comm Sync. Status

N8 K1,K2

E2 S1

D1-D3 9 Bytes D4 to D12

102

What is a Higher Order Path ?

Higher Order Path
End to end connection from Source Aggregate Card to a Destination Agregate Card

Lower Order Path -

Mumbai A STM-16
C PLM VC12 TC

Ahmadabad

STM-16

Delhi

VC12

Tributary

Tributary

DAKC

Gurugaon

A circuit is configured by allocating the Payload a VC (KLM number) and making Add-drop or Through connections at relevant ADMs. At both the terminating ADMs, Add-drop connection is made by associating the VC to a relevant Tributary port and Aggregate port. Through connection is made by associating the VC of one Aggregate port to the other.

103

Module Review Exercises 7A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. All payload in SDH is carried through a .. Container. VC-12 carry .. Payload bytes , Stuffing bytes & POH bytes consecutive VC-12 frames form a Multi Frame 3 TU-12 form a and TUG-2 form a K300 means a VC-., K213 means a VC-... A VC-4 has X .. bytes, in which .. bytes are POH In India we follow _ _ _ _ _ _ standard. STM-1 is _ _ _ _ bytes per 125 microseconds i.e. _ _ _ _ _ _Mbps. In PDH Capacity with Copper is Limited to _ _ _ Mbps. _ _ _ ppm & SDH is _ _ ppm.

10. Clock Accuracy of PDH system is

11. Lower order POH are inserted by _ _ _ _ _card & Higher order POH are POH inserted by _ _ _ _ _ &Section Overhead are inserted by _ _ _ _ _ card. 12. Information carried by the network is known as _ _ _ _ _

Find the odd man out. (1) Virtual (2) VC12=32 Bytes , 2 , 1 (3) 4 (4) TUG-2 , 7 ,(TUG-3 i.e.VC3) Match the pair (5) K300=VC3 , K213=VC12 (i.e.E1) , (6) 261 x 9 , 9 (7) European Add the missing link - Find the odd man out. (8) (9) 2430,155.52 Mbps (xX) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (9) 34 (10) +/- 50 ppm , 0.00001ppm Find the odd man out.

(11) Tributary , PLM , Aggregate (12) Aggregate

104

Module Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Exercises 7 B

Path is .. to . connection, MS is connection between two . J0 in RSOH is . for the entire . MSOH is .. bytes & RSOH is ..Bytes Sync messages are carried in byte, while .. In M1 byte K1/K2/K3/K4 is used for _ _ _ _ __ _ E1/E2 are for Engg. Order wire i.e. for _ _ _ Engg. __.

STM-1 means _ _ _ E1 = _ _ _ _ Tug-2 = _ _ _ _ _ Tug-3. STMTugTugBIP error is indicated by _ _ _ _ _ _. N1/N2 is used for _ _ _ _ __ __

Match the following (5) APS (6) Voice communication (7) 63E1,21, 3 (8) REI (9) Tandem connections Find the odd man out. Point to point , ADM (2)Path trace , STM (3) 45 , 27 (4)S1 , REI (Error indication)

105

Protection Techniques
Module 8

106

Dedicated Protection - SNCP

Sub Network Connection Protocol A E

B
16 VC4 Forward Paths

STM-16 RING C

16 VC4 Protection Paths

D
In Dedicated ring Switch over at Terminating End Automatic Path Switching will occur within 50 mili seconds.

Two levels of protections 1) Card level 2) Path level It can be 1:1 or 1:n Starting point is referred as Transmitting point. End point is referred as Tail end Receiver point End point PATH LEVEL Protection Dedicated is having 1:1 Protection SNCP Sub network Connection Protocole SPUR connection :- MSP - Multi section Protection For path A-B-C-D Protection Path is Path A-E-F-D B&C & E&F is pass-through Path From A to B to C to D carries 16 VC4 From A to E to F to D carries 16 VC4 But normally D will receive from ABCD side only (i.e. one way valve function) Even though AEFD remains loaded It remains standby - Normally D will not accept any data from that side. Only in case of any failure on ABCD side it will accept from AEFD side.& entry valve for BC side gets closed 107

Dedicated Protection Sub Network Connection Protocol - SNCP

A
Swich over occurs at Terminating ADM -RX

Channel 1-16

STM-16 DP RING C F
Channel 1-16

In Dedicated ring Switch over at Terminating End APS will occur within 50 mili seconds.

Only in case of any failure on ABCD side it will accept from AEFD side.& entry valve for BC side gets closed Dedicated - -----Nortel - PPS ------Marconi SNCP-- Subnet connection Protocol

108

MS PROTECTION

Uni-directional Protection

Bi-directional Protection At R-Com network

Uni directional Protection

One fiber carries Tx & Rx both signal. & 2nd fiber is available as a spare for both Tx & Rx In case of failure ,only failed fiber / channel will change over to spare fiber. Switching for Tx & Rx is independent & to be done manually

Bi-directional Protection
One fiber carries Tx & Rx both signal. & 2nd fiber is available as a spare for both Tx & Rx. In case of failure , Even if one channel fails both Tx & Rx will change over to spare fiber. At R com this technic is used . Switching for Tx & Rx is in pair & will be done automatically.

109

Multiple Section - Shared Protection Ring - S S P RING

Channel 9-16

Channel 1-8

STM-16 SP RING
Ring Capacity = (Capacity / 2) x Nodes
Channel 9-16

Whatever be the mechanism of Transport, all good network need to have some Protection. The scheme RIC uses for its Backbone is called Shared Protection Ring. Take a ring with 6 MCNs. Assuming a STM-16 Ring is established, 1-8 channels (of STM-1 bandwidth) are used in the forward path. Each MCN to the next can be independently operated so we get a total of 6*8 = 96 paths. If there is a fault between MCN B & C (due to Fiber cut, Card Failure, etc.) then Traffic at B is diverted to the reverse path (channel 9-16). If a TU was to travel from A to D, in this case it turns back at B, to A. A passes it on to F, as the TU is on the reverse path. F passes on to E and E onto D. Even D passes it onto C, because its on the reverse path. The TU reached C, where it is diverted to the forward path (Both B & C would know that there has been a failure in the B-C forward path). Thus the TU comes onto the forward path and reaches D, where it is accepted. 1) 50% bandwidth is used. 2) 50% is reserved for Protection 3) Shared protection ring data exchange takes place between each node. 4) No nodes are pass through.

110

Multiple Section Shared Protection Ring - M S S P RING

Channel 9-16

Channel 1-8

STM-16 SP RING
Ring Capacity = (Capacity / 2) x Nodes
Channel 9-16

Shared protection will have one ring path - reserved - remaining inactive normally ,capable of caring half the capacity. It becomes active only when ever fiber breaks. It serves as a connecting link between isolated node & maintain the continuity. This method serves the purpose till 1st break only.
Terminology BLSR Bidirectional line switch ring,-two fiber shared Protection MSSPR Multiple section share protection ring. Whatever be the mechanism of Transport, all good network need to have some Protection. The scheme RIC uses for its Backbone is called Shared Protection Ring. Take a ring with 6 MCNs. Assuming a STM-16 Ring is established, 1-8 channels (of STM-1 bandwidth) are used in the forward path. Each MCN to the next can be independently operated so we get a total of 6*8 = 96 paths. If there is a fault between MCN B & C (due to Fiber cut, Card Failure, etc.) then Traffic at B is diverted to the reverse path (channel 9-16). If a TU was to travel from A to D, in this case it turns back at B, to A. A passes it on to F, as the TU is on the reverse path. F passes on to E and E onto D. Even D passes it onto C, because its on the reverse path. The TU reached C, where it is diverted to the forward path (Both B & C would know that there has been a failure in the B-C forward path). Thus the TU comes onto the forward path and reaches D, where it is accepted. As you can see even if any part of the forward path fails, the Ring is completed by the reverse path. This is called Shared Protection Ring, because in normal course channel 9-16 can be shared with some low priority and high delay tolerant use.

111

Time Synchronization
Module -9

112

Clock
Primary Reference Clocks (PRC)

Types

PRC Type 1 Quality Level 2 ( Hyd Banglore Delhi) - Atomic Clocks - Cesium Clocks Long term accuracy (0.000 01ppm) 10-11 - PRC 1 Master Hyderabad - PRC 2 Hot Standby Banglore - PRC 3 Backup Delhi

GPS Clocks
PRC Type 2 - (Mumbai Kolkatta) - makes use of GPS satellites . - Gets the clock from U S Defence - Out of 24 Satelites 3 will be available any time for synchronization - transmitting in the microwave range (1.5GHz) - GPS 1 & 2 Backup - Mumbai & Kolkatta

Secondary Source Unit SSU 40 nos.

- SSU required after every 20 nodes Maximum NE in such chain should not be more than 60 - There are such Such 40 SSU sites.

Internal Clock
- Own Internal Clock - Quality Level 11 - Q L 15 Do not use. SRC at Pune is Rubadium based.

In case of Atomic clock other clocks are Hydrogen Clocks Very high Accuracy very costly Rubidium clock - Short term Accuracy SSU removes Wonder ( slow variation ) i.e. below 10 Hz & Jitter ( Fast variation ) i.e. Above 10 Hz With SSU - K x n = <_ 60 Where K = no of nodes & Stratum 3 =4.6 ppm All transport Equipment ( TN1x , TN 4x , TN 16x )gets data having clock PRC Type 1 , QL 2 , from Hyderabad Atomic clock. Other Access equipment (voice data , Video ) get the clock from these Transport Equipment. At BTS transport equip. TN-1C can not transmit the clock, Hence Access equipment at BTS uses GPS clock. In each area 1 or 2 BTS is provided with a GPS clock system & those BTS transmits the clock to all other BTS..All Access equipment at BTS uses this clock.

n = 1 for PRC type 1 (Atomic clock ) = 2 for PRC type 2 (GPS clock )

113

SSM - STM-N ring [Single External Source]

Q L 2 = Atomic clock
In the example of Figure 7-2, synchronisation is derived from the Primary Reference Clock (PRC). The PRC is the external (EXT) source with a QL=2 at TN-1X(A). The other TN-1Xs in the ring have their hierarchy set to derive synchronisation from the counter-clockwise TN-1X in preference to the clockwise TN-1X (that is, on their B ports in preference to A). The QL = 2 clock is transmitted on all STM-N ports for the TN-1X, with the exception of the return port of the synchronisation source, on which QL = 15 (do not use for synchronisation) is transmitted. This prevents closed synchronisation loops. Note: Before the PRC signal was introduced, all four TN-1Xs would have used the default QL setting of 11, which indicates the use of an internal oscillator (INT). If a fibre break occurs, the TN-1Xs after the break will send a QL = 11 in the counter-clockwise direction. The last TN-1X in the ring will switch to the higher quality clock (QL = 2) being sent from the TN-1X with the PRC in the clockwise direction. The QL = 2 clock is then available from its clockwise port, so moving in a clockwise direction around the ring each TN-1X will switch to the PRC QL = 2 clock. The ring will then be synchronised to the highest available quality clock. Q L 2 Quality Level Atomic clock at Hyderabad -3 - 8- Atomic Clock at Banglore will be active if Hyd. Clock fails. -GPS Global Positioning System clock-Mumbai,delhi, Kolkatta

114

Simple Ring - 2 Reference Sources

Synchronisation is derived from the Primary Reference Clock (PRC). The PRC is the external (EXT) source with a QL=2 at TN-1X(A). There is also a Secondary Reference Source (SRC) which is also external and has a QL = 3 at TN-1X(B). The other TN-1Xs in the ring have their hierarchy set to derive synchronisation from the counter-clockwise TN-1X in preference to the clockwise TN-1X, that is, on their B ports in preference to A. The QL = 2 clock is transmitted on all STM-N ports for the TN-1X, with the exception of the return port of the synchronisation source, on which QL = 15 (do not use for synchronisation) is transmitted. This prevents closed synchronisation loops. In the event of a failure of the primary reference source the TN-1X with the primary source switches to an internal clock with a QL = 11. This will propagate around the network until it reaches the TN-1X with the secondary reference source which will switch to the SRC and transmit a QL = 3. This will then propagate around the network in a clockwise direction with the other TN-1Xs synchronising to the secondary reference source. Note: The hierarchy on the TN-1Xs with the external sources are set so that one synchronises in a clockwise direction around the ring and the other in a counter-clockwise direction. This is to prevent synchronisation timing loops.

If QL 2 fails QL-3 will be active & will transmit 3 on both side. Generally system follows high level clock If both clock are same Then it will follow Hierarchy table.

115

Network Management
Module - 10

116

Add Drop Multiplexure - Mux - ADM

Higher POH B3-J1-N1-K3

Lower POH V5-J2-N2-K4

Left West Trib Card P L M A

AGGREGATE (Adds MSOH / RSOH) Card AGGREGATE Card

TRIB.

TRIB.

Trib. Card

B Right East

CPU

PDH & Lower bit rate SDH signal can be extracted from or inserted into high speed SDH bit stream (aggregate ) by ADM

In a Ring each node is called a Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM). An ADM have grossly three parts: 1. Tributory Card : interfaces with the non-ring nodes to bring in Traffic Adds Lower order Path Over Head.

2. Pay load Manager: Some intelligence is required to take care of who has entered from where & Where he is getting down.PLM acts as a Manager for such activities . Manages multiplexing & de-multiplexing activities. Adds Higher order POH. 3. Aggregate Card: Total information carried is known as Aggregate. It interfaces with the OFC Ring. Adds as per MSOH/RSOH as per CPU

Network Elements: 4. Amplifier: 5. Switch:4. Cross connects: It amplifies amplitude & time interval of Pulse. Connects caller party with the Called party as & when required. (Call to call basis).

It connects Payload of one ring with Payload of other ring for longer time . Dx: Digital Cross connect Nortel Low capacity 140 Gbps HDx :- High capacity 640 Gbps - Nortel Oxc Optical cross connect OMS 16 84 -Marconi Cross connects enables interconnections of diff. network segments i.e. VC4 of one ring is broken up required E1 (Payload) of that ring is put in VC4 of the other (desired) ring along with other E1. After addition of Overhead it becomes Aggregate

117

Key Concepts : Switching

Network without switching Network with a switch

Switch

Requires n(n-1) / 2 transmission links Requires n transmission links 15 independent links would be required Only 6 independent links would be in this example to allow calling between required when a central switch is used users

Switch not only reduces transmission cost but also reduces the complexity of connecting subscribers. Here subscribers have complete control on information flow to a subscriber. Similar concept is further extended to route subscribers traffic to long distance exchanges by taking calls through exchanges arranged in tandem. R2MFC Registered & Registered Multi Frequency Channel. STP Signal Transferring point All switches are connected to STP SCP Switch Control Panel available at STP for Database-passes data / information ( details of caller & Receiver party ) as & when required by STP . CCS7 Common Channel Signaling version-7 In Dx connections are made for longer time. In switches connections changes from call to call.

118

Regenerators - Amplifiers
It regenerates the time & amplitude relationship of the incoming data signal that have been attenuated& distorted by dispersion. It removes distortion in amplitude as well as in time interval.Its function is Reshaping Retiming - & Retransmitting

119

Ring Elements & Terminologies

ADD DROP MUX
POH

POH

STM-N RING 1
DX - CROSS CONNECT
POH POH

STM-N RING 2
POH

POH

POH POH

DX Required where more then 1 ring exists. It Connects Pay load of one ring with Payload of other Ring

This is how a STM ring function. To start with lets take one of the Nodes, generating all the packets, complete with POH and other details. The container reaches the next station where looking at these information, it is passed on to the next node. There some one the boxes are downloaded and some are uploaded. The container moves on and the process in repeated at the next node(s). Much like a Railway track with several stations. As a Train passes by, some get on board and some alight at each station and the train moves on. These stations/ nodes are called Add-Drop Multiplexers and this railways is called a STM ring. Nortel classification Dx = Digital Cross connect = capacity 140Gbps HDx = high Cross connect = capacity = 640Gbps Macroni it is known as OMS 1684 60 Gbps There could be more than one STM ring and there need to be a node which can exchange containers between these rings. Much like a Railway junction. Such a node is called a Digital Cross-Connect..It connects Pay load of one ring with Payload of second ring. In Dx connections are made for longer time. In switches connections changes from call to call. Oxc = Optical cross connect not commercialized yet

120

SDH Backbone Rings

Jallandhar 6 Delhi Jaipur 1A Bhopal 3A Allahabad Lucknow Ambala

Ahmedabad 5 Jamnagar Surat

3B 1B Nagpur 3C 1C

Kolkata

Mumbai

Bhubaneshwar

Total of 22 DX Add/Drop Locations

2.5G ADM 2.5G SDH Ring

Pune 7

Hyderabad

Vijaywada 2

10G ADM

Bangalore

Chennai

10G SDH Ring

4 Coimbatore Ernakulum Trivendrum Madurai

At the National level RIC has established 7 very high bandwidth Transport Rings, called National BackBone/ Long Distance Rings. Practically there are 11 rings as Ring 1 and 3 comprise 3 rings each (1A, 1B, 1C & 3A, 3B, 3C). These Rings are so designed that all major cities get enough bandwidth and not too many cities come on the same ring. Also having these 11 rings provide enough alternative routes in case of failure in one section. These rings traverse all the 18 circles, touch all major cities and cover about 90% of Indian population. Established (read utilised) Bandwidth of these rings are at 10 Gbps, but thats just tip of the iceberg compared to what we can achieve. What gives these rings such gargantuan bandwidth OFC. How we will see later in this module. As stated earlier, these rings connect 22 Core MCNs with 17 ILTs at this moment. From these rings, at these 22 MCNs, emerges several Metro Access Rings, which connect other small cities and towns to the NBB.

121

Network
1. Optical Fiber Cable
2. OTDR 3. Fiber Management System 4. SDH Equipment 5. DWDM Equipment 6. Sync Equipment 7. Router 8. Transport
TN1C-TN1X TN 4200

Elements

Siemens, Corning Tectorinx Agilent Nortel, Fibcom Nortel Datum Cisco Juniper Nortel Tejas Nortel Marconi Erricson Lucent

(Small mux equivalent to TN1C) N6110 N6150

1. Cross Connect - Dx -140 Gb/ HDx -640 Gb

OMS 1684

10 Switch - - - - - - - - AXE - 10 Flexent 5ESS

The backbone transport provides for connectivity between different LDCAs, SDCAs and cities. In addition interconnect is extended for other NLD, CSP and FSP networks. The core network comprises fully meshed, 7 primary and 14 secondary nodes. Physical architecture of the Core Network comprises of two-tier ring network Express Ring & Collector Ring. Traffic between major metros and all major node cities is transported on the high capacity transport path The Express Ring. Traffic from the other LDCAs (Long Distance Charging Areas) is transported on The Collector Ring. The ring topology provides necessary protection to traffic in terms of alternate path in case of breakage of the optical fibre or equipment failure thus ensuring smooth undisrupted operation of the network. The functions of the Core-Backbone Network are as follows: Provide connections, either on permanent basis or temporary basis for the transfer of information in a cost effective, reliable and speedy manner Routing which way to send the information Transport how the information is carried

122

Network
Cisco 7507 - Core IP router Cisco 3662 - Aggregation IP router Cisco 3745 - Aggregation IP router Cisco 3631 - Access IP router Cisco 3725 - ILD IP router Cisco 2610 - Access IP router Cisco Routers Cisco 2611 - Access IP router Cisco 2610 LMDS Cisco 2611 LMDS Cisco 2610 Microw ave Cisco 2611 Microw ave Cisco 3662 - Aggregation OSI router Cisco 3631 - Access OSI router Cisco 2611 - Access OSI router Cisco 4507 - Aggregation Sw itch Cisco Sw itches Cisco 4503 - Aggregation Sw itch Cisco 3550 - Agg + Access Sw itch Cisco 2950 ILD Access Sw itch Nortel Allied Telysyn Passport 8600 Sw itch AT 745 - Microw ave

Elements
5 25 19 429 3 2 10 98 239 10 38 22 71 29 10 6 38 3 6 39 1102

Total DCN Elem ents being m onitored

123

Ring Elements & Terminologies

Payload Manager

Payload Manager

In a Ring each node is called a Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM). An ADM have grossly three parts: Tributory Payload Manager Aggregate Interfaces with the non-ring nodes to bring in Traffic Manages multiplexing & de-multiplexing activities. Interfaces with the OFC Ring

124

MCN
ILT Switch

Intra city Network

Payphone ADSL ISDN SHDS L

National Backbone

Metro Access Ring STM 16 / 4

STM 64 / 16

ADM

Building Access Ring

STM 4 / 1

BTSCT
ADM

RTU Fiber To The Building (FTTB) STM - 1 RTU

MCN

MAN

BAN

MAN

BAN
Netman Phone Computer Video (348k)

PBX

MCN

From MCNs on the NBB National Back Bone / NLD National long distance . From MCNs on the NBB, we get Metro Access Rings - like state highways emerging from the National highways. These MAR carry the traffic to over 1100 cities and town of the country. . Bandwidth of these MAR are in the range of 625 Mbps 2.5 Gbps and upgradeable further with little change in the infrastructure. Nodes on MAR are known as MAN (e.g. SRM (Parel) , Andheri MIDC , Chembur ). From MAN ( Metro Access Nodes) on Metro Access Rings , we get Building Access Rings (like Main Roads inside a City or Town.) These BAR connect various Building Access Nodes. At the BAN, we have the Central Terminals (CTs) or the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Modcel, The CTs connect several (14 as of today) Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) which in turn provide Fixed Access. The BTS covers all the Mobile Stations (MS) within its radius of coverage, thus providing Wireless Access. Connection right up to the RTU is - through OFC (this is therefore called Fiber To The Building), thus providing enormous bandwidth. These networks are capable of providing both Narrow Band & Broadband services. Transport element on MAN & BAN is known as ADM Ring capacity FTTB STM-1 , BAR - STM 1 to STM 4 MAR - STM 4 to STM 16 NBB - STM - 64 125

SDH
Ahmedabad Ring-5
D X C

Reliance Backbone (DWDM) 6 Ring Rings

D X C D X Jaipur C

Jallandhar

D X C

D X C

Ambala

Backbone Rings
Lucknow D
X C D X C

Delhi Agra

Ring 1A

Indore
D X C

D X C

D X C

Bhopal

Ring 3A Jabalpur

Allahabad D
X C

Surat

Ring 1B
D X C

D X C

Dhule

D X C

Nagpur Ring 3B
D X C

Kolkotta

D X C

Jamnagar

D X MumbaiC

Pune
D X C X

Ring 1C Ring 7
X

Ratnagiri

D X C

Hyderabad

Ring 3C

Bhuvaneshwar
D X C

Vijaywada Ongole

Manglore

Hasan Ring 7

Anantpur Ring 2
D X C Bangalore D X C D X C D X C D X C

Chennai Pondicheryi

Ring 8 Calicut
X

Mysore

Trichur

D X C

Coimbatore Madurai
D X C D X C

D X C

Salem

D X C

Ring 4

Thanjavur

Ernakulam

Nagercoil

At the National level RIC has established very high bandwidth Transport Rings, called National BackBone/ Long Distance Rings. Practically there are 12 rings as Ring 1 and 3 comprise 3 rings each (1A, 1B, 1C & 3A, 3B, 3C). These Rings are so designed that all major cities get enough bandwidth and not too many cities come on the same ring. Also having these 12 rings provide enough alternative routes in case of failure in one section. ( Self healing criteria) ) These rings traverse all the 18 telecom circles -,227 LDCA,- 565 SDCA, extending wireline connectivity to 138 cities and wireless connectivity in 578 cities. touch all major cities and cover about 90% of Indian population.

Resiliency Links
1) Surat Dhule - Indore Bhopal Jabalpur - Kolkata 2) Jaipur Agra Lucknow 3) Ring-2 - Anantpur Ongole 4) Ring 4 Salem Pondichery 5) Ring 8 to 7 Manglore Hasan 6) Ring 8 to 7 Calicut - Mysore 5) Ring 8 to 4 Trichur (Kerala) - Salem

126

Reliance

Gu d a s p u r r Ba t l a a Pa t a n k o t h

Optical Network - NBB

Ho s h a r u r i p A mr t s a r i T a a n r

Ka p ut a l a r h

T a r a n

Ph a g wa r a Ph i a u r l

J a l a n d h a r l

F i r z p u r o

Z r a i

$
Ko t a p u r a k

Mo g a

F a i d a k o r t

$
Ab o h a r

Ba r n a a l

Ba t i n d a h

Ba ua n a l

Ma a u t l

Da b w a i l R

a ma n

Su n a m

S r Ga n g a n a g a r i

$
Od h a n Sr s a i F a eh a b a d t

Hs s a r i

% $ % % % $ % $ % % % % % % % % $ $ % %
u L d h i a n a C h a d i g a r n h Sa r i n h d Ma l e r o t a k l

%
N a b a h Sa n g r u r

Na wa n s h a h a r

S h i ma l

Ka k a l Ra p u r a j Na r i n g a r a h

S a mr l a a

A mb a l a

Pa t a a i l

De h r d u n a

a Br a r a

Ch h a c h h r u a

J a g a d h r i

Ku r u k s h e t a r

Y a mu n a n a g a r

Sa ar a n p u r h

Ro o r k e - I H e (

a r w d

a ) r

Ro o r k e - I e

Ka i t a l h

o k h e r i l i

Ka r a l n

e o a n d b

Mu z a f f r N a g a a

J n d i

Pa n i p t a

J a n s a t h

Go h a n a

Ha n s i

So n p a t i

Me e r t u

Ro h t a k

Am

o h a r Mo r a d a b d a

Bh i wa n i

Mo d n a g a r i

e wD

e h i l

Ha p u r

h J a j a r j

Gh a z a b a d i

Ba h a d u r g a r h

u g a o n r

F r d a b a d a i

Bu a n d s h a h l r

Re w

a r i

Bi k n e r a

Ko t p u t i l

Pa l wa l

Al wa r

C h h a t ( Ko s k a ) a i

Delhi
Ga r h Al g a r h i

%
Ra m

p r u

Ba r i y e l

Ha t r a s h

Sh a h a h a n p u r j

Ma t h u r a

Jaipur
Am j J o d h p u r

Ag r a

Lucknow
Si t p u r a

A mb e r a J i p u r

L u c k n w o

Mo r e n a

Go r a k h p u r

$
Pa i l Sa n r y a i

e r

Ra b a r i l y i e

Gwa l o r i

Un n a o Ka n p u r

Bea w

a r

F a t e hp u - I r

%
Sh v p u r i i

$
Ko t a Sa n i i

Allahabad
Ar a h Al a ha b a d

Mu z a f a r u r p

a r h a n g a b

Da n p ur a

a Pt n a

Bh a d o h i

Ra s a m j

a n d

Gu n a

Mi r a p u r z I

Na t d wa r a h

Gi r w

a ( U

%
d i p u r a )

Va r a a s i n

h a d a u l i n Du r g a wa t i

$ $ $
Dn a r i a Bi h r S a

a r a u t n

h a r f i

Na w

a d a

N e e m u c h

Ak b a p u r r

Sat n a

Pa a n p u r l Sd h p u r i

Vs n a g a r i

Ma n d s a u r

Ahmedabad
Bh a c h a u

Me h s a n a

G H

I d a r

Bhopal
Sa g a r

Re w

$
Ur w a M o e r Be r a m h p u r

$
Ka t n i

Ba g o d a r

D h a b a d n As a n s o l

Va p u r j i

Ra n c h i

Bo k a r o

ma t n a g a r i M d o a s a

Dur g a p u r

%
Bh u j

Sh i k a p u r r

Ga n d h d h a m i

Sa n a n d

$
%

o r i v

Su r n d r a n a a r e g

$
Sa y a l Bo t d a

L m i

b d i

Ba g od a r a

J a mn a g a r

K h a mb h a i a l

Dh r o l

Ra k o t j

Jamnagar

$ %
Dh o r j i a J u n a g a d h U p e t l a J e p u r t

Bh a d t h a r

L m i

$
Sh o r i

X( Ba r w

% % % $ $ %
Ka o l l n d h i Na g a r a A h me d a b a d M e h md a b a d N D h o k a l a d a d i An a i l Go d h r a An a n d So t r i a j Ha l o l Bo r s a d Va do d a r a Pa d r a Da b h o i a a ) l My a g a m i Bh a r u c h

Ra t a m l Bh o p a l U

$
D

T h a n d a l a

$
Dh a r

%
a i n j De wa s

Se h o r e

a J b a l p u r

Ba d n a g a r

a h d o

I n d o r e Mh o w

As h t a

I a t r s i

T a ma r

Kolkata

Ka t wa

Bo p u r l

Kr s h n a g a i r

Ba r d h a m

a n

a z g a r i

a n g h a t a

Ba n g a o n

$
J a m s h d p u r e

Ha b a r

$
Gh a t i a s l Ca c u t a l Kh a r g p u r a

Ba s r h a t i

Ra u r e l a k Ch h n d wa r a i

Be t l u

Bh a v n a g r a b a d

Po r a n d e r b

A ma r n a g a r

Am

Su a t r

e r l i

Sa y a n

N a y a

Ba r p d a i a

T a m

u k l

Ha d a l i

Bi a s p u r l

An k l e s hwa r

Ke s h o d

Surat
D

Va s a d l

% %
Na v s a i r B i i mo r l a Va p i

Nagpur
Go n d a i

Ba r dw a

a r

Ra g a r i h

Ba e s h wa r l

Dhe k u n a

S a mb a l p u r

$
Ra i p u r

Ku d o p a i l

So r o

Ba r d l i o a J l g a o n D h u e l

N Bh u s a wa l

a g u r p

M a e g a o n l

$Mhasve

h i $Ck hail
Ao l a k

A mr a v t h i a

h $Kamgaon

t $Murji apur
Y e o t ma l

W a r h a d

Bh a n da r a

B a mh a n i

r i d b r i a a

Du r g

a r a h o l i k

Bh a d r k a

$
An u g u l Dh e n k a n a l

$Sngavi a
Np h a d i N a s k i t i c y

Cu t t c k a Bh u b a n e s wa r h

Dh a n m

a n d l a

Kh u r a d

Wa r o r a

Mumbai

a h n u a

Pa g h a r l

$
Bh i wa n d i J u n n a r g I a t u r i p

a Sn g a m

Ch a n d r p u r a Ko p a r a g o n

Au r n g a ba d a

$
Ah m e d n a g a r p u r Ne wa s a

a J l n a

Ad a b a d l i

Ba s s e n ( Va s a ) i i

n er

Sh r Ra m i

Kay a n l T h u r b e

C e B r h a mp u r a J g a p u r Ro a d Na n d e d h h t r a p r a u

Ra h u r i

Mu m

%
%
b a i Pe n Al b a g i

Ra g u r u n a g a r j Kh o p o i l L o n a a l a v

$
Sh i r r u

Bi d

o Bd h a n

r i m

a l

%
L a t r u

Ar m r u

Me t a l i p l

M J a t a l g i

Pune
C h n c h wa d i Pu n e Kh a d a w k a a l a s Sa s wa d

%
W a i

Nz a m i

a Br s i a t i

O s ma n a b a d

K a ma r e d d y

Ba r a m

Pa n d h ap u r r

Ba s a v k a y a n a l Bd ar i So l a u r p

Me d a k

Hyderabad
Pe d d a p a l e a a d b K a r mn a g a r i Sr c l a i i l

a n h e r a l c i

Vishakhapatnam
So m

a J g a p u r T o wn

p e t a

e T k k a i l

Sr k a k u am i l

Hu z u r b a d a

Si d d p e t i

Ch p l u n i

%
Sa t a r a

G u b a r g a l

u mn a b a d

Z a hr a b a i d Sa n g a r d d y e

Ka r a d

$
R a n a g r i t i

s l I a m

Ko l h a pu r

% %
Ka e l pu r Sa n g l i Sh r o l i Ch i k o d i H u k e r i

Vi t a

$
%
R b a g ( u d c h i ) i K i j Ba p u r

Z a a k i l

S h a ms h a b a d ( H y d W

e s t )

%
Ga j w e l Me d c h a l Bh o n g r i Hy d e a b a d r

Vz a n a g a r a m i i

a a n g al r

Ana k a p a e l l Ko t h a g u e m d a s ) t Kh a m Su r y a pe t

Vs a k h a p a t a m i n

Gh a t e s h wa r ( Hy d E k

T u n i J a n g a r d d i g d e m e u

80000 Km OFC

R a ma n n a p e t

T a s g a o n

Na g o n d a l

Mr y a g u d a i l

Ma h a b u b n a g a r

I c a l k r a n i h a j

Wa n a p a r t y h Ra c h u r i

ma m

Ha z u r a g a r n

J a g g a y a p e t

N M

a n i g a ma d

$ $
Go k a k

a n g a a g r i l i Gu n t r u

Ba g a l k t o

Sh a d n a g a r

Na r s a r o p e t a

Ma r g a o

%
Pa n i j Po n d a

Bangalore
Be g a u m l

Ba p t a a l Ku r o o l n

Ba h o n g a l l i

Na r g u n d

Na n d y a l Dr n a c h a a m o l Be l a r y

Ch r a a i l Me d a r me t a l

On g o e l

a d a g - e t g e r b i

Hu b i l

Ho s p e t

Al a g a d a

% % % %
Ra ah m j u n d r y Ko v v r u Nu z v d u i Ma n d a p e t a

Va y w j i

a a d

Vijayawada
Pe d d a p u r m a Ka k n a d a i R a ma c h a n d r p u r a m a Eu r u l Bh m i a d o e l T a n u k u Ka k a u r u i l B h ma v a r a m i A ma l a p u r m a Gu d i v a d a Na r ap u r ( a l a k o u ) s P l B a d a r ( Ma c h i p a t a m) n l n

Vuy y r u u

T e n a i l

Ch a l a p a e l l

Re p al e

Out of 48/24/12 fibers in a cable only 2/4 fibers are used-rest remains unused i.e. Dark Fibers. FMS monitors the health of these Dark Fibers. 20 Gbps bandwidth used 230 Tbps Capacity!

Ca n a c o n a

Ka r w a r

Go o t ( Gu n t a k l ) y a

Ye l a v g i i

T a d p a t i i r

Ka v a i l

Ba s a p u r

Ha r p a n

a h a i l l n Aan t a p u r

Pr o d d at r u

Ko v v u r Cu d d a p a h

Da v a n g e r e

Ne l o e r

Dh a r ma v a r a m

Ch t r d u r g a i a

Bh a t a l k

%
u d r u

Ku n d a p u r

Sh m i

$
Ud e a v Ud u p i Ka r a l a k Ch k m i

o g a

Hn d u p u r a m i

Go wr b d a n u r i i

Pu t u r t

a n g a o r l e

Ba n t a l v

Ernakulum

Ka s a r g o d e

Ka n h a g a d n

$
C

Ve l ur l

%
T a p a r a mb a i l a n an o r e

T e l c h e r y i

Ba d a g a r a

Ko z h k o d e i

% % % % $ $ % % % % % % $ $ % $ $ % % % % $ % % % % % % % $ % % % % %
%
a g a u r l Ar k e r e s i

T p t r i u

u b b T u m i

k u r

Ne a m l

a s a n

Ba n g a l o e r

%
o d a l ap u r b l a n g a a l An e k a l

Sr k a ah a s t i i l h

T r u p a t i i

T r u v l o r e i e l

Su l u r e t p

Pu t u r u Po n n e r i

h k b a l a u r i p

Sr n i a s p u r i v

h t o o r i

T r u t a ni i t

Ko a r l

Mu b a g a l l

Ch e n n a i

Ar k k o n a m a

Chennai

Ho s o t e k

Ba n g a r e t p

Gu d i y a t a m h

Ve o r e l

a n p e t i

Sr p e r u i m

p u d u r

Ka n c h e ep u r a m

Va n y a m i

b a d i

Ar n i Es t t e i a

Ch a n n a p t n a a

Ho s a Ag r a h a r a

Pa n d a v p u r a

a n a n g u d j

%
s y o r e

Ma n d y a

Ka n a k a p u r a

Ho s u r

Ku p p a m

Ch e g a l p a t u n

Ar n i

Kr s h n a g r i i i

T r u p t t r i a u

Ma d u r a t a k a m n

T r u v a n n m i a

a a l

T n d i v na m i a

D h a r a ma p u r i

Ha r u r

Vl u p u r a m i l

Po n d c h e r y i

e t r d a m u

Om

a u r l

a Kl k u r c h i l i

Cud d a l o r e

Ka l p e t a

Sa l e m

At u r

S a t a ma n g a l a m y

Bh a v a n i

Sa n k a g r i i

Vi r d h a c h a a m u l

Ra s p u r a i m

Oo t a c m a

u n d

h d a mb a r a m i

N l a mb u r i

o b c h e t p a a y a m i i l

Me t u p p a a y a m l

Er o d e

T r u c h e n g o d e i N a ma k k a l

P e r a mb a u r l

Ma n j e i r

Av a n a s i h

Pe un d u r a i r

Ko l d a m i l

T r u p u r i

Ve u r l

Ar y a u r i l

Ma y l a d u t u r a i i h

P e r n t a l ma n n i h

o mb a t o r i e

T r r u i

Ka n g a y a m

Ka r u r

T r i

Pa a d u m l

Pa p a n a s a m

u b u v a n a m b a k o n a m

Ku t t p p u a m i r

u Km

Ka r a k a l i

h S o r a n mp u r

Pa l g h a t

Ti c h y r

D h a r a mp u r a m

T h a n a v u r j

T i r v a r u r u

Na g a p a t n a m i

K u n n a mk u l a m

Po a c h i l

l Aat u r h

Ma n n a r g u d i

T r c h u r i

d u m

a p e t l

Ki r n u r a

Ko d u v a y r u

Va d a k k a n c h e r y

Pl an i a

Od d a n c a t r a h m

T h r u r i p o n d i i a

I i n a a k u d a r j l

Dn d i g u l i

Pu d u k k t t i o a

Pa t u k o t a i

Ba t a g u n d u l

T r u p a t ur i h

Er a k u l a m n

u v a t u p u h a z

T h e n i

Ka r i k u d i a

T h o d u p z h a u

a d u r i a

Sv a g a n g a i

De v a k o t i a

Va i k m o

T h r u ma n g a m i l

Sh e r t l a i a l

Pa l a i

u m

b u m

Krishna

o a Kt t y a m

Ka n j r a p a y i l l

Vr u d h u n a a r i g

Aa p p u z h a l

P a r a ma k u d i

T hi r v a l a u l

Ra a p aa y a m j l

Ar u p u k k o t a i

a ma n a t p u r a m h

Ra n n i

Ma v e i k k r a l a

Pa t a n a m h

t t t h i a

Sa n k a r n a

l Ko i

Ad o o r

Ko v l p a t i i

Ka r u ag a p a l y n l

Pu n a u r l

Qu i o n l

T e n k a s i

T u t c o r n i i

At n g a l i

Am

b a a m s

u d r m a

Ti r n e l v e i u l

N e d u ma n d a d

T h r u v a n a n t a p u r a i h m

Na n g u n e r i

T r c h e n d u r u i

Va l y oo r i

Ku z h i t u r i h a

a g r c o l e i

This is our Reliance India Roadmap. Its a mega network of 80.000 km of OFC highway connecting 12 rings,227 LDCA, 565 SDCA, covering 18 telecom circles, extending wireline connectivity to 138 cities and wireless connectivity in 578 cities. Business conducted in these cities constitutes 80% of Indias GDP. It is necessary to monitor the health of such a huge network . This is done by monitoring the health of Dark Fibers by means of Fiber Monitoring System. To the user it means how much competitive rates she/ he pays for a Local or STD call or on internet how fast is the download of an interesting article or favorite song. The core rings connect 22 Core MCNs with 17 ILTs at this moment. These are our Life-lines. The subtended rings interconnect some of these MCNs and function like the Bypasses. Like how healthy you are in indicated by how well your heart is functioning and how good is your blood circulation, similarly the health of a telecom network can be measured by how is the reliability of these transport network is & how much bandwidth these transport network can handle . Like multiple lanes of Highways, Transport network provide bandwidth which decides how much traffic (read how many calls) can be carried. To the user it translates into how much she/ he pays for a short distance or long distance call or how fast is the download of an interesting article or favorite song. This module we will see how we live up to that challenge.

127

Reliance Optical Network - International

SA

NY

LN, PR, FR AL JD, TH, MU HK

SG TY

International Submarine Cable (Flag Telecom) 22 Countries, 44 PoPs, 180 Carriers connected world over 42,000 km route length India - Presently: 15 STM-1s, Mar. 05: 39 STM-1s Forms a complete ring

FLAG Telecom develops and operates advanced fibre-optic global cable systems over which it offers a growing range of value-added network services. It operates a global network and provides customers with connectivity to most of the major business centres around the world. FLAG Europe-Asia is the world's longest privately funded undersea fibre-optic cable system stretching more than 28,000km from the UK to Japan with landing sites in 13 countries FLAG Atlantic-1 is the world's first multi-terabit transoceanic dual cable system providing a fully protected city-to-city service between London, Paris and New York. FLAG North Asian Loop has been designed to support the strong growth in intra-Asia Internet traffic and provides intra-regional, city-to-city connectivity between Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo and Taipei.

128

Network
Total Network MCN IS Preside Server

Detail RIC Nodes / Plants

: 55,000 km. ( Inter city )
: 80,000 km : 260 out of which 198 are Maintenance Point ( MSC = 90 + 6 , ILT Switches = 22 ) : 206 : At Mumbai & Hyderabad

Inter city NLD - NBB

Backbone Network

Intra - city
Interconnection Network BTS MANS BANS
Wireless

: 25,000 km. ( Intra city) : 7713 : 45 : 670

: 565 Cities

Wireline

: 184 Cities

No. of Ducts in National Backbone: 4/6 HDPE ducts Laying of ducts (20 meters from road center ) take care of all future rearrangements (eg. Road widening, bridge replacement, etc) Cable marker stones placed along the route at every 200 m Warning tape placed below 0.5m from the finished grade Tracer wire for ease of detection of fibre placed above duct Buried at 1.65m below the ground along the route (Protection against Rodent) Standardised location of manholes and handholes Man holes are spaced 4 km apart . Hand holes are spaced 1 km apart . Cable slacks have been kept in every manhole (15 meters) and handhole (10 meters) from maintenance point of view

129

Transport Network An Analogy

Main Intercity Access Points

AIR Mumbai City

Surat

( Pt. to Pt.- Express Ring) )

Delhi City

Ahmdabad Udaypur

Jaipur

Baroda

RAIL ( Collects from Many Pts.-Collector Metro Transport Network

Ring)

High Speed , High Capacity transport between Cities, Slow Low capacity carriers in the Metro Network If collector ring forms a closed loop then it is called as collector closure-to have protection, closing of path is required & is known as collector closure.

130

The Core Backbone Network

Ahmadabad Himatnagar Udaipur Ajmer Jaipur Gurugaon Delhi

A
Baroda

D J
DX Digital Cross-connect LH Optical Amplifier OM4200 SDH ADM AXE10 ILT (Integrated local tandem) Switch

Agra

Bhopal

Surat

OM4100, TN1X/1C SDH ADM Express Ring (DWDM) Collector Ring (SDH)

M
Mumbai

Access Ring (SDH)

Nagpur Hydrabad

Karjat

Lonawala

PUNE

Sholapur

The backbone transport provides for connectivity between different LDCAs, SDCAs and cities. In addition interconnect is extended for other NLD, CSP and FSP networks. The core network comprises fully meshed, 7 primary and 14 secondary nodes. Physical architecture of the Core Network comprises of two-tier ring network Express Ring & Collector Ring. Traffic between major metros and all major node cities is transported on the high capacity transport path The Express Ring. Traffic from the other LDCAs (Long Distance Charging Areas) is transported on The Collector Ring. The ring topology provides necessary protection to traffic in terms of alternate path in case of breakage of the optical fibre or equipment failure thus ensuring smooth undisrupted operation of the network. The functions of the Core-Backbone Network are as follows: Provide connections, either on permanent basis or temporary basis for the transfer of information in a cost effective, reliable and speedy manner Routing which way to send the information Transport how the information is carried

131

RING 1-1: DCN Design

Chomu Mohanpura

Collector Ring 11
242 4

Ghaziabad

Jaipur City NEs: OSI Area: 0007

Dudu
Router

Ring 6 S12

Meerut

Gurgaon

JAIPUR CITY NEs ER11S10

Router

Kotputli

Bawal

Ring 1-1 S4
16

Jaipur
1 631

142 2 111 2 1 171 221 1

1 241 172 2 1 Aligarh 251

Bulandshahar

Router

Kishengarh 1
551

1 581

DX

2 111 OSI

1 171

221

Nokha Mandi

Sri Dungarpur

Jodhpur

Palwal

Pali

Alwar

JhunJhunun

Nagaur

Beawar

1 471

Bikaner

Soyla

484

Router

473

474 475 476 477 478

482

483

Sikar

Delhi City NEs: OSI Area: 0005, 0006, 0020,0021,0022,0023

DELHI CITY NEs ER11S05 ER11S06 ER11S07 ER11S08

Hathras

Ajmer

1 521

222

Rewari

485

New Delhi

Kosi

Area: 0001 Narnaul

Faridabad

Mathura

1 251

281 1 66

331 1

DX

OSI Area: 0002

281 1 331 1 361 1

Agra Dholpur Morena Gwalior Mohana Shivpuri Lukwasa Guna

Router

Bhim

1 441

481

Ratangarh

ER11S01 Primary: Delhi Backup: Jaipur

ER11S04 Primary: Delhi Backup: Bhopal

411 1 441 1 471

Padasali

411

Rajsamand Nathdwara

TN1X / TN-1C TN4XE TN16XE

Jahazpur

Bhilwara

Bundi

Vadiyar

Chittaurgarh

361 1

Mavli
Router

Kota

ER11S02 Primary: Jaipur Backup: Ahmedabad

DX

OPTera Connect DX

ER11S09 Primary: Bhopal Backup: Ahmedabad

521 1 551 1

Rajgarh
634

Udaipur Risavdev Ratanpur

1 331 1 281

581 1 Janjali 633

Thandala(Jhabhua)

251 1

Patan Modasa
118

Neemuch Mandsaur

OSI Area: 0009

Aklera

Palanpur

Jhalawar

OSI Area: 0004

Deesa

641 642 643

638

637

636

635

631 1 Biaora 661 1

Router

Sidhpur Dahod Mehsana Mahuda Kalol Limkheda

Kurawar Mandi

Himatnagar Idar

221 1

644

Router

Sehore

Visnagar

Vijapur

Router 111 2

Godhra

117 171 111 1

Jaora Indore
??? 331 1 2

711 1

DX
281 1 1 251 2 171

Router

Badanwar

Ratlam

Ujjain

Dewas

AHMEDABAD CITY NEs ER11S11 ER11S12

DX Ahmedabad NEs: OSI Area: 0008, 0024 Ahmedabad

OSI Area: 0003

Asta

Chiloda

1 581

1 551

1 521

1 471

441 1

411 1

361 1

Bhopal

Bhopal City NEs: OSI Area: 0025

ER11S03 Primary: Ahmedabad Backup: Bhopal

Router

Mhow

Dhar

Pitampur

Whole network is divided into diff. area & is given the area number by NNOC , Just like Pin code given by postal dept. In each area there will be number of Multiplexer / mux (60 to 100 maximum).Each mux is also given a particular number ( Mac no. ) Just like we give name/number to each house/Bldg.. Every area has a Router. The Mux nearer to the Router is known as Gate way Mux. Each Area has connectivity with 2 to 3 router & accordingly there can be 2 to 3 one Gateway Mux. Every Mux has to deal with the the nearest Gate way mux to give information or to collect instructions from the NNOC. Interface among the NNOC Router & Gate way mux is through Ethernet For Network Management control If NNOC wants some information or wants to pass on some instructions to particular Mux , then will pass on the message to particular Gateway mux through router giving area code & mux no. - Every Mux (except Gateway mux) can not talk outside their area.If they want to talk ,they can do so through Gateway mux only. NNOC controls the network through Preside Server. Can talk inside the area only. Total no. of area can be 60 to 100.

132

Module Review
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Exercise -8

TN1X is an STM- ADM, while TN4Xe is STM- & TN16Xe is STM- ADM Rings are interconnected at the .. MCNs through . - - - - - - - - connects Access to Switch, - - - - - - -- connects Switch to Switch ILD connection is through the .. Nw, Access rings are & .. The collective information carried through a ring is called .. Technology used by collector ring is _ _ _ & by Express ring is _ _ _ Dedicated protection system (SNCP) is used for _ _ _ ring,& Shared protection system (MSSP Ring) is used for _ __ _ _ _ring. SSU are located after every _ _ _ _node & maximum node permitted are _ _ _

10. The clock at Hyd.,Banglore & Delhi is known as _ _ _ clock PRC type _ __ _ . 11. The clock at Mumbai & Kolkata is known as _ _ _ clock PRC type _ __ _ _.

Find the odd man out (1) STM-1 , STM-4 , STM-16 (2) Core , Dx (3) Collector ring , Express ring Add the missing link - Match the following (4) Flag , (5) MAR , BAR (Z) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Find the odd man out (8) Collector , Express (9) 20 , 60 (10) Atomic , 1 (11) GPS , 2 (6) Aggregate (7) SDH , DWDM

A cross-connect connects between ... of ring1 to . of ring2

133

Operation & Management

Module - 11

134

Maintenance: Layered Alarm Surveillance

SDH Description LOS Loss of signal TSE Test sequence error (bit error) LSS Loss of sequence synchronization AIS Alarm indication signal Regenerator section OOF Out of frame LOF Loss of frame A1, A2 B1 Regenerator section error monitoring RS-TIM RS trace identifier mismatch Multiplex section MS-AIS Multiplex section AIS MS-RDI Mux section remote defect indication MS-REI Mux section remote error indication B2 (24 bits) Mux section error monitoring Administrative unit AU-LOP Loss of AU pointer AU-NDF New data flag AU pointer AU-AIS Administrative unit AIS AU-PJE AU pointer justification event High order path HP-UNEQ HO path unequipped HP-RDI HO remote defect indication HP-REI HO remote error indication HP-TIM HO path trace identifier mismatch HP-PLM HO path payload label mismatch B3 HO path error monitoring B3

OH Byte

A1, A2 B1 J0 K2 K2 M1 B2 H1, H2 AU includingH1, H2 H1, H2 C2 G1 G1 J1 C2

135

Maintenance : Layered Alarm Surveillance

Regenerator Section Multiplexer Section
LOS/ LOF (J0) RS-TIM (B1) BIP Err. (K2) (B2) (M1) (K2) MS-AIS MS-BIP Err. MS-REI MS-RDI AU-AIS AU-LOP (C2) (J1) (B3) (G1) (G1) 1 HP-UNEQ JP-TIM HP-BIP Err. HP-REI HP-RDI TU-AIS TU-LOP (H4) (C2) (V5) (J2) (V5) (V5) (V5) (V5) LOM HP-PLM LP-UNEQ LP-TIM LP-BIP Err. LP-REI LP-RDI LP-PLM AIS 1 AIS 1 AIS AIS 1 AIS 1 1 AIS

Higher Order Path

Lower Order Path

PLM = Pay load mismatch LOP = Loss of Pointer LOS Loss of signal LSS Loss of sequence synchronization AIS Alarm indication signal , All ones Regenerator section LOF Loss of frame A1, A2 RS-TIM RS - trace identifier mismatch Multiplex section MS-AIS Multiplex section AIS MS-RDI Mux section remote defect indication MS-REI Mux section remote error indication B2 (24 bits) Mux section error monitoring Administrative unit AU-LOP Loss of AU pointer AU-NDF New data flag AU pointer AU-AIS Administrative unit AIS High order path HP-UNEQ HO path unequipped HP-RDI HO remote defect indication HP-REI HO remote error indication HP-TIM HO path trace identifier mismatch HP-PLM HO path payload label mismatch B3 HO Path error monitoring PLM Pay load mismatch RDI

J0 K2 K2 M1 B2 H1, H2 AU includingH1, H2 C2 G1 G1 J1 C2 B3 G1

136

REMOTE / Far End LOOPBACKS - Outward

TRIB.

TC P L M TC

AGGREGATE

A1 A2

FAR END Loop Back

Outgoing port is Blocked.
-Incoming data received at Receiving port from outside external Mux (node) is sent back to same MUX through that outgoing port. -This will check the continuity of path from outgoing port to External MUX to incoming port -During this time PLM continues to Receive also. STM-1 Aggregate Unit/STM-1 Tributary Unit Remote loopbacks When enabled, the STM-1 input data (after the STM-1 interface and prior to the section overhead termination) is routed to the STM-1 output (after the section overhead insertion and prior to the STM-1 interface), the normal STM-1 output being disabled. This loopbacks the data from the receiver to the transmitter. The STM-1 input data from the receiver is still processed by the rest of the unit. Local loopbacks When enabled, the STM-1 output data (after the section overhead insertion and prior to the STM-1 interface) is routed to the STM-1 input (after the STM-1 interface and prior to the section overhead termination), the normal input from the receiver being disabled. This loopbacks the STM-1 data towards the Payload Manager.

137

INTERNAL / Near End

LOOPBACKS - Inward

TRIB.

TC P L M TC

AGGREGATE

A1 A2

Internal Loop back

Incoming / Receiving Port is blocked. -That port is used for returning outgoing databack to PLM Data going out from PLM (Outgoing data) out going port to is sent to incoming / receiving port to PLM -- to check the inside continuity of MUX -During this time outgoing also continues. 34/45 Mbit/s Tributary Unit (VC-3) Remote loopbacks When enabled, tributary input data (after the line interface but prior to line decoding) is routed to the tributary output (after the line coding but prior to the line interface). The tributary input data is still processed by the rest of the unit unless the Local loopback is enabled. Local loopbacks When enabled, tributary output data (after the line coding but prior to the line interface) is routed to the tributary input (after the line interface but prior to line decoding). The tributary output data is still applied to the line interface and output from the unit unless the Remote loopback is enabled.

138

Module Review
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Exercises - 9

RSOH faults are bundled and escalated as AIS to .. Path protection can be dedicated or . Path protection can be applied to individual MS protection is for the entire . over one . Shared protection reserves . BW for the shared protection path A Sync Source Hierarchy indicates between two equally accurate sources. SQL= if clock is traceable to PRC type I , if traceable to internal clock In a Sync chain there can be max .. NE , . SSU

Match the pair (1) MSOH (2) Shared (3) Pay load (4) STM-N , Multiplexure (MS) (7) 2 , 11 (8) 60 , 10 Add the missing link - Find the odd man out (5) 50% (6) preference (X) _ _ _ _ _ ___ __

139

Type in 'MIT Open University' in Google and find a large amount of PDF documents from MIT electrical eng department and from Sloan business School

140

141

142

THANK YOU

143

Course Name

Category :

Course ID :

(Mr. ) Prepared by

( ) Reviewed by

(Mr. S. Ghoshal) Approved by

( ) Release Date

RCLC Learning Centre, (ISO 9001-2000 Certified) D-Block, 1st Floor, Wing 6, DAKC, Navi-Mumbai, 400709, India.
RCLC-GEN-042

144

Multi Mode Fiber

Multiple wave-lengths enter and propagate through the core. Due to difference in their angle of incidence takes diff. path. Hence different wave-lengths are traversing different distances. Hence Different wave-lengths would take different time to travel through the same length of the core, - results into Modal Dispersion

Net effect is that a sharp square pulse gets distorted and spread out

There are two general categories of optical fiber in use today, multimode fiber and single-mode fiber. Multimode, the first type of fiber to be commercialized, has a larger core than single-mode fiber. It gets its name from the fact that numerous modes, or light rays, can be carried simultaneously through the waveguide. Slide shows an example of light transmitted in the first type of multimode fiber, called step-index. Stepindex refers to the fact that there is a uniform index of refraction throughout the core; thus there is a step in the refractive index where the core and cladding interface. Notice that the two modes must travel different distances to arrive at their destinations. This disparity between the times that the light rays arrive is called modal dispersion. This phenomenon results in poor signal quality at the receiving end and ultimately limits the transmission distance. This is why multimode fiber is not used in wide-area applications.

145

Chromatic
A single pulse would have several wavelengths Each wavelength would travel at different speed Thereby causing Chromatic dispersion

Dispersion

Different frequency/ wavelength have different velocity of propagation

The effect of different RI is that different wavelength will travel at different speed: C, Speed of light in Free Space Speed of light (wavelength 1) = ----------------------------------------RI of the medium for wavelength 1 Thus even in a SMF, if the input pulse comprised different wavelength then it they will travel at different speed and thereby reach the end of the fiber at different times. Effectively there would be a small difference in time (few ps/km), if the input pulse wavelengths are separated by a few nm like in a LASER. Nevertheless this appear as dispersion, which can become significant in case of high BW signals.

146

The Core Backbone Network - NBB - NLD

Collector Ring - SDH Delhi
Agra

Bhopal
G urugao n

Delhi

Express Ring DWDM

Centralized NMS
J aipur J aipur NM S/ OSS/ B SS

Bhopal

B et ul Interconnect SDH Rings

Nagpur Hyderabad

Nagpur

Uda ipur

A hm e da ba d

Mumbai

D ic hpa lli

A hm eda ba d

Pune Baroda Surat

Sholapur

Hyderabad

Mumbai

Lonaw ala

The backbone transport provides for connectivity between different LDCAs, SDCAs and cities. In addition interconnect is extended for other NLD, CSP and FSP networks. The core network comprises fully meshed, 7 primary and 14 secondary nodes. Physical architecture of the Core Network comprises of two-tier ring network Express Ring & Collector Ring. Traffic between major metros and all major node cities is transported on the high capacity transport path The Express Ring. Traffic from the other LDCAs (Long Distance Charging Areas) is transported on The Collector Ring. The ring topology provides necessary protection to traffic in terms of alternate path in case of breakage of the optical fibre or equipment failure thus ensuring smooth undisrupted operation of the network. The functions of the Core-Backbone Network are as follows: Provide connections, either on permanent basis or temporary basis for the transfer of information in a cost effective, reliable and speedy manner Routing which way to send the information Transport how the information is carried

147