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Other Antibacterials...................................................15 1.1.3. Compound Antibacterial Preparations ..............................................................................................70 1.2. Antifungals........................................................................74 1.3. Antiprotozoal Drugs..........................................................77 1.3.1. Anticoccidial drugs....................................................78 1.3.2. Trypanocides and Others............................................82 1.3.3. Combination...............................................................86 1.4. Anthelmintic Drugs...........................................................88 1.4.1. Benzimidazoles.........................................................89 1.4. 2. Imidazothiazole.........................................................95 1.4.3. Microcyclic Lactones.................................................97 1.4.4. Other Anthelmintic Drugs........................................100 1.4.5. Combined Anthelmintics.........................................103 2.Acaricides and Insecticides .................................................107 2.1.Organophosphates and Chlorides.....................................109 2.2. Carbamate........................................................................113 2.3. Pyrethrines and pyrethroids.............................................114 2.4. Others..............................................................................118 3.Gastrointestinal Drugs..........................................................119 3.1. Antidiarrheal Drugs.........................................................119 3.1.1.Adsorbents.................................................................120 3.1.2.Drugs used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea.......121 3.2. Drugs used in the Treatment of Bloat.............................121 i
Veterinary Formulary 3.3. Laxatives.........................................................................124 3.3.1. Lubricant laxatives...................................................124 3.3.2. Bulk-forming Laxatives...........................................125 3.3.3. Osmotic Laxatives....................................................126 4. Cardiovascular Drugs..........................................................127 4.1. Diuretics..........................................................................127 4.1.1. Thiazides..................................................................128 4.1.2. Loop diuretics...........................................................129 4.1.3. Osmotic Diuretics.....................................................131 5. Central Nervous System Drugs........................................132 5.1. Analgesics/Antipyretics..................................................132 5.1.1 Opioid Analgesics ....................................................132 5.1.2. Non-opioid Analgesics.............................................135 5.2. Sedatives.........................................................................140 6. Drugs used in anaesthesia....................................................144 6.1. General Anaesthetics.......................................................144 6.1.1. Antimuscarinic Pre-anaesthetic Medication.............145 6.1.2. Injectable Anaesthetics.............................................147 6.1.3. Inhalational Anaesthetics.........................................150 6.2. Local Anaesthetics..........................................................153 7. Drugs used in Endocrine disorders....................................155 7.1. Drugs used to promote Gonadal function.......................156 7.2. Myometrial Stimulants ...................................................158 7.3 Sex Hormones..................................................................160 7.3.1. Oestrogens................................................................160 7.3.2. Androgens................................................................162 7.3.3. Progestogens............................................................163 7.4. Prostaglandins.................................................................165 8. Blood products and drugs affecting the blood ..................167 8.1. Anticoagulants.................................................................167 8.1.1. Parenteral Anticoagulants........................................168 8.1.2. Oral anticoagulant....................................................169 ii
Veterinary Formulary 8.2. Haemostatics...................................................................170 9.Vitamins.................................................................................170 9.1.Water soluble Vitamins....................................................171 9.2. Fat Soluble Vitamins.......................................................175 10.Anti-inflammatory Drugs ..................................................176 10.1.Corticosteroids...............................................................176 11. Disinfectants and Antiseptics............................................180 12.Antidotes and other substances used in poisoning...........186 13.Immunological Preparations..............................................188
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Acknowledgements
The Drug Administration and Control Authority is grateful to individuals and organizations for their valuable contributions for the preparation of the final version of the formulary for veterinary drugs. The Authority would like to give special acknowledgement to the following professionals and their institions for their contibtions during the consultative workshop held to finalize the draft formulary. Dr.Tadesse Balcha Dr. Emiru Zewdie Dr. Bojia Enderbu Dr. Taye Yirgu Ato Abiy Habtewolde Dr.Tesfu Kassa Dr. H/mariam Lemecha Dr. G/giorgis Ashebir Dr. Temima Nuri Dr.Tsehay Melesse Dr.Martha Yami - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Pharmacologist - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian
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Dr.Asseged Bogale Dr.Tadesse Getahun Dr. Anwar Nuru W/o Lidya Asrat Dr. Mulugeta Yebege-eshet Dr. Zewdu Belay Dr. Ataklti Negash Dr. Kassaye Adugna Dr. Tesfu Kassa - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian -Pharmacologist -Veterinarian -Veterinarian -Veterinarian -Veterinarian -Veterinarian
Veterinary Formulary
Introduction
Ethiopia is a leading country in the number of animal population in the African continent. However, the output in terms of contributions to the improvement of the livelihood of animal owners and for the growth of the national economy is at a lower stage compared to the vast resource on hand. Poor Animal health service and inadequate supply of drugs are among the main contributing factors for the poor utilization of the resources. The provision of quality animal health-care necessitates the availability of safe, effective and affordable drugs of the required quality, in adequate quantity at all times, and presented, dispensed and used rationally. Subject to many underlying factors the widely spread irrational use of veterinary drugs needs to be tackled through various interventions, including the introduction of guidances on the use of drugs. Formulary for veterinary drugs is believed to be one of the key guiding instruments for the facilitation of the promotion of rational use. In line with this the formulary for veterinary drugs has been prepared based upon guiding principles, including emphasis on major Animal diseases in Ethiopia, the veterinary drugs list and the level of animal health services in Ethiopia.
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Veterinary Formulary
In process of the development of the formulary an effort has been made to incorporate uptodate information on each drug, extracted from standard reference books, manuals and other sources. Contributions of competent professionals have also been sought through facilitation of their participation in the process in various ways, including seeking comments on the drafts. The comments given during the consultative workshop have also been included in this final version of the formulary. The formulary is envisaged to serve as a quick reference in understanding the properties of drugs and detailed information regarding each drug for the professionals involved in animal health care, prescribing and dispensing of veterinary drugs. The formulary is designed based on pharmaco-therapeutic classification of drugs so as to help users relate the pharmacological action of a drug to the condition/s it is recommended for. The formulary contains comprehensive information for every pharmaco-therapeutic class of drugs and an insight on indication, contraindication, side-effects, dose and administration, withdrawal period and storage conditions of each drug. The general guidance portion of the formulary provides information on the safe and appropriate use of drugs. Details of more than 235 drugs in their 350 dosages forms are included in this edition.
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The Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia will constantly review the formulary and shall make efforts to follow the progress in the field as well as the approval of new veterinary drugs to be used in Ethiopia, to regulary update the formulary.
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General Guidance
The general principle of prescribing for animals is that no medicinal product should be administered to a patient unless specifically indicated. In all cases the benefit of administering the drugs should be considered in relation to the risks involved, particularly in foodproducing animals. The choice of drug to treat a specific condition is dependent on the sensitivity of the micro-organisms requiring treatment in the case of infectious conditions, the influence of secondary infections, management factors, consideration of any possible drug interactions, and available routes of administration.
Preparations available for direct oral administration consist of tablets (including oval boluses used for cattle), capsules, oral ix
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paste, oral solution (drench), and modified release (sustained-release) ruminal boluses. Ruminal boluses should not be given to ruminants less than 100 kg body-weight or those that do not have a functional rumen. It is important that drug dosage calculations are carefully checked for treatment administered via the drinking water or feed. It is advisable to establish if other drugs are included in the diet before medicating the drinking water or feed to avoid the possibility of adverse drug interactions. Doses. The doses stated in The Veterinary Formulary are intended for general guidance only and represent, unless otherwise stated, the usual range of doses that are generally regarded as suitable for the species indicated. Doses are given in amounts per kilogram body-weight wherever possible. Doses of drugs to be administered in the drinking water or feed are usually expressed as amount per 100 litres of drinking water or per tonne of feed. All doses are for administration by mouth, unless otherwise stated. For the purposes of The Veterinary formulary 'small animals' are considered to be dogs and cats; 'large animals' to be horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Withdrawal periods. The withdrawal period is the time interval after cessation of treatment and before the animal or any of its products can be used as human food. With increasing human public awareness of the use of drugs such as hormones and antimicrobials in animals that may enter in the human food chain, it is essential that veterinarian play an
Veterinary Formulary
their directions and that withdrawal periods are strictly followed. In the The Veterinary Formulary withdrawal periods are given in days wherever possible.
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release of a drug over a prolonged period have been developed for use in cattle and sheep for the delivery of anthelmintics and trace elements. There is wide variation in drug absorption and metabolism among these species. Absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract in ruminant species is influenced by the volume and pH of the ruminal contents and whether the drug is subject to metabolism by ruminal microorganisms. Pigs are monogastric animals and absorption takes place mainly from the small intestine. In horses, an orally administered drug may be partly absorbed from the small intestine with further absorption occurring 8 to 12 hours later from the large intestine. Absorption of some drugs administered in the feed or after feeding can be delayed for several hours because unabsorbed drug may be conveyed to the large intestine where further absorption takes place. Drugs that are extensively metabolised by hepatic microsomal oxidative reactions are, in general, metabolised more rapidly in ruminant animals and horses than in pigs. Phenylbutazone is a notable exception in that the half-life of this drug in cattle is many times longer than in horses. The dose of xylazine administered to cattle is one-fifth of that used in horses. The half-life of some drugs that are eliminated mainly by hepatic metabolism is shorter, by about 2-fold, in goats than in sheep. In pigs, the defect in sulphate conjugation is compensated for by alternative metabolic pathways such as glucuronide synthesis.
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Orally administered penicillins or broad-spectrum antimicrobials may disturb bacterial fermentation in the caecum and colon in adult horses, and in the rumen in animals with a functional rumen resulting in severe digestive disturbances or drug inactivation. Following oral antibacterial administration in ruminants, the ruminal microflora should be reestablished by cud transfer or administration of a proprietary preparation. An alternative is to ensure that drugs are delivered directly into the abomasum via the oesophageal groove mechanism. This can be achieved by adding the medicant to the milk of pre-weaned ruminants. In adult sheep, prior administration of copper sulphate produces groove closure. In cattle, oral administration of 60 ml of sodium bicarbonate 10% is effective in achieving groove closure. Oesophageal groove closure may however be counterproductive. Spontaneous closure in some individuals given oral benzimidazoles can result in a proportion of the drug being transferred into the abomasum, thus reducing the efficacy of the drug. Tetracyclines may cause severe enterocolitis in horses exposed to stress. In cattle, rapid intravenous injection of tetracyclines may cause cardiovascular collaps due to chelation of calcium in heart muscle, with consequent vasodilatation and myocardial depression. With the exception of oral administration of erythromycin estolate in conjunction with rifampicin for the treatment of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals, the use of lincosamide and macrolide antibacterials should be avoided in horses.
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Phenothiazines such as acepromazine should be used with caution in male horses because these drugs may cause paralysis of the retractor penis muscle. The hypotensive effect of acepromazine makes its use in horses with colic questionable. Acepromazine causes reduction in packed cell volume, which is attributed to splenic sequestration of red blood cells. This may lead to misinterpretation of laboratory diagnostic data.
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Renal excretion of drugs is similar in dogs and cats. Drugs that are eliminated unchanged in the urine may be administered at the same dose per kilogram body-weight for both species. There are many dog breeds and, as a general rule, for larger breeds calculation of the total dose should be based at the lower end of the recommended range. In dogs, the acetylation process for aromatic amines such as sulphonamides is absent. This does not decrease the overall rate of drug elimination because alternative metabolic pathways compensate; acidic urine favours sulphonamide reabsorption and increase half-life. NSAIDs such as aspirin and flunixin may cause gastric ulceration, particularly at high doses. These are potent drugs and patients may show individual susceptibilities to toxic effects. Tetracycline antibacterials may cause staining of the teeth in offspring if given in pregnancy. A similar effect may occur if tetracyclines are administered potentiated to puppies. Sulphonamides may cause and an sulphasalazine, immune-mediated administered systemically, may cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca and sulphonamides polyarthritis particularly in Dobermanns. Phenothiazines such as acepromazine should be used with caution in brachycephalic breeds because spontaneous fainting may be precipitated. The unusual sensitivity of the blood-brain barrier, the release of gammaaminobutyric acid in the CNS, or both. Barbiturates such as thiopentone may have prolonged action in coursing hounds due to limited
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redistribution of the drug into fatty tissue or decreased plasma-protein binding. There are specific problems related to drug use in cats. The cat has a relative deficiency in hepatic microsomal glucuronyl transferase activity and therefore drugs that are metabolised by this pathway will usually be eliminated at a slower rate. Organophosphorus compounds, aspirin, chloramphenicol, paracetamol, phenytoin, and griseofulvin may be toxic unless the appropriate dosage regimen is applied and should be used with caution. Antiseptics and disinfectants such as iodine and its derivatives, benzyl benzoate, and phenols and cresol and particularly toxic to cats due to increased drug ingestion because of the animals grooming habits together with slow drug metabolism. Opioid analgesics including morphine, butorphanol, pethidine, and pethidine derivatives such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride may cause violent excitatory activity with overdose. Phenothiazine such as acepromazine may cause paradoxical excitement in some cats. Xylazine may cause emesis in dogs and cats and may be used therapeutically for this purpose. High dose of aminoglycoside antibacterials such as gentamicin, streptomycin, and neomycin are particularly toxic in cats, causing ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, or both.
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sanitised before drug incorporation, and should be cleaned regularly as part of the routine terminal house disinfection. Alternatively, the feed may be medicated. This is convenient for the farmer but it may take time getting feed mixed at the mill and mills may find making special mixes uneconomical. Absorption of the drug may be unpredictable because of binding to feed ingredients. Some birds may have a reduced feed intake and may require adjustment of the drug concentration in their feed. Treatment by injection is the most predictable method of drug administration but is only practicable where there are sufficient staffs available and the birds are of high monetary value. Intramuscular injection is usually given into thigh or breast muscle in adult birds. Intramuscular vaccinations are given into the thigh or neck muscle in day-old chicks. Aseptic procedures must be strictly adhered to. Many antibacterials are licensed for use in poultry for the treatment of enteric and respiratory disease. Coccidiosis, mainly caused by Eimeria spp., is a common infection in poultry flocks and medication is usually administered prophylactically to control the disease. Erythromycin and sulphonamides have also been reported to cause toxic effects when administered with monensin. Some drugs, such as clopidol, should not be used in layer hens because of possible drug residues in eggs intended for human consumption.
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Infection with gapeworm, Syngamus trachea, and intestinal nematodes such as Capillaria, Heterakis, and Ascaridia may be treated with licensed preparations including fenbendazole, flubendazole, and mebendazole. Lice, mites, and fleas may affect poultry and preparations licensed for treatment include cypermethrin .
Bacterial Infections
The majority of bacterial infections affecting fish are caused by Gramnegative organisms such as Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas Spp., which cause furunculosis, septicaemia, and ulcer disease. Yersinia ruckeri infection causes enteric redmouth disease. Bacteria resistance to
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antibacterials is becoming a common problem in the fish industry. Vaccines are available for the control of some fish diseases.
Farmed Fish
Antibacterials are usually formulated as in feed medications for farmed fish. The drugs are combined with food by admixture with fish oil, corn oil, or gelatin, or dusted onto the pelleted feed. Fish should be starved for 12 to 24 hours before treatment because in-feed medication may be unpalatable. Adequate oxygenation should always be provided in treatment tanks. Antibacterial preparations that are licensed for use in fish include amoxycillin, co-trimazene, oxolinic acid, and oxytetracycline. usual treatment course is 7 to 10 days. When administering antibacterial to farmed fish, the appropriate withdrawal periods must be observed. Fish are poikilothermic and their basal metabolic rate varies with water temperature. Therefore withdrawal periods, stated in degree days, vary with ambient water temperature. For example 400 degree day is 20 days at a water temperature of 20o C or 40 days at 10 o C. The standard withdrawal period for fish is 500 o days unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer. In general, treatment with in-water antibacterials or methylene blue should not be carried out in tanks with biological filters. Although some drugs are claimed not to disturb biological filters, may do so The
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according to the dose used. It is preferable to administer the treatment in a quarantine tank without filtration but with appropriate monitoring of water quality or water changes.
Amoxycillin Trihydrate Indications. Amoxycillin-sensitive infections Dose. Fish: by addition to feed, 40-80 mg/kg body-weight daily Withdrawal Periods. Fish: slaughter 50odays Co-trimazine
Preparations of trimethoprim 1 part and sulphadiazine 5 parts
Oxytetracycline Indication. Oxytetracycline-sensitive infections Warning. Chelated hard water (not applicable for in-feed medication) Dose. Fish: by addition to feed, 75 mg/kg body-weight daily Withdrawal Periods. Fish: slaughter 4000 days
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Parasitic and fungal infections affecting farmed and ornamental fish are usually treated by in-water medication. The common protozoa infections include white spot caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, slime disease due to Chilodonella, Costia (Ichthyobodo), and Trichodina, velvet disease caused by Oodinium spp., and fin rot caused by traumatic injury and secondary Epistylis infection. Other ectoparasites causing lesions include flukes such as Gyrodactylus, which attach onto the skin and Dactylogyrus, which affect the gills, and the anchor worm Lernaea. The nematode Camallanus may infect freshwater topical fish. Saprolegnia is a common fungal infection in fish; it is usually a secondary infection. Fish should be starved before any topical treatment because this reduces the metabolic rate of the fish and the organic loading of water from food and faeces, which increases the oxygen demand. Initially only a few fish in a group, as a representative sample, should be treated. After observing these fish for good recovery over a few hours, the remaining fish can be treated similarly. Adequate oxygenation should always be provided in treatment tanks. Temporary treatment tanks may not be available for topical fish and capture and handling may be excessively stressful. Therefore when treating ornamental fish, treatment should always begin at the lower end of a dose range, increasing as necessary. When treating small fish or fish in soft water use low doses. Chemicals or drugs are added to the water, which is used as a bath, a flush, or a dip. To prepare a bath, a low concentration of drug is added
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to the water and the fish are placed in the solution for 30 to 60 minutes, or longer for prolonged immersion. When given as a flush, a higher concentration of drug is added to the water which is then flushed through with fresh incoming water. This usually means the fish remain in contact with the drug for 15 to 20 minutes. In a dip, a very concentrated solution of the drug is prepared and fish are netted into the solution for 30 to 60 seconds and then replaced in their original tank. The organophosphorus pesticide dichlorovos is used for the treatment of salmon infected by the sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, before the stage at which serious skin damage is evident. Vigorous water aeration should be provided when using this drug. Gasping and rolling are signs of toxicity and asphyxiation of the fish. Goldsinney wrasse have been used, as an alternative to chemical treatment, to control sea louse infection on salmon.
Dichlorvos Indications. Sea lice infestation Warnings. Care with concurrent treatment with co-trimazine Withdrawal period. Fish: by bath, 2 mg/litre for 30-60 minutes Formaldehyde is a general ectoparsiticide and is also used for fluke
infections due to Gyrodactylus and resistant Chilodonella infections.
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The dose of formaldehyde should be adjusted according to the pH; low doses should be used at low pH and higher doses used at high pH.
Iodine compounds are used for disinfection of fish eggs and also for
direct application to lesions. These compounds are toxic to newly hatched fish. Benzalkonium chloride is used as a general antibacterial. It acts as a surfactant, removing excess mucus and slime containing parasites and bacteria from the fish. Benzalkonium tends to be more toxic in soft water and lower doses should then be used. It is less toxic in hard water.
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Veterinary Formulary Benzalkonium chloride Indication. External bacterial infections, in particular bacterial gill
disease; disinfection
Iodine compounds Indications. Disinfection of fish eggs; cleaning wounds Warnings. Toxic to unfertilised ova and live fish Dose. Eggs: by bath, 10 ml/litre for 10 minutes. Rinse ova thoroughly
in clean water
Warning. See notes above Dose. Treatment. By bath, 5 mg/litre for 1 hour. By dip, 10 mg/litre for
10-40 seconds Emergency aeration. By permanent bath, 2 mg/litre or 3-4 mg/litre if a high organic load present
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1.Anti-infective
1.1.Antibacterial Drugs 1.1.1.Penicillins 1.1.1.1. Narrow-Spectrum penicillins 1.1.1.2. Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins 1.1.1.3. Broad-spectrum penicillins
General Properties
Penicillins are poorly soluble, weak organic acids that are administered parenterally either as suspensions in water or oil, or as water-soluble salts. The trihydrate forms of the semisynthetic penicillins have greater aqueous solubility than the parent compounds and are usually preferred for both parenteral and oral use. The penicillins are somewhat unstable, being sensitive to heat, light, extremes in pH, heavy metals, and oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they often deteriorate in aqueous solution and thus require reconstitution with diluents just before injection.
Veterinary Formulary
Penicillins contain a -lactam nucleus that when cleaved by a lactamase enzyme (penicillinase) produces penicilloic acid derivatives that are inactive but which may act as the antigenic determinants for penicillin hypersensitivity. -Lactamases are produced by gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis), and five of the six types of -lactamases are produced by gram-negative organisms.
Antibacterial Spectra
Penicillin G and its oral congeners (eg, penicillin V) are active against both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria and, with a few exceptions (Haemophilus and Neisseria spp and strains of Bacteroides other than B fragilis), are inactive against gram-negative organisms at usual concentrations. Organisms usually sensitive in vitro to penicillin G include streptococci, penicillin-sensitive staphylococci, Corynebacterium pyogenes , Clostridium spp , Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , Actinomyces ovis , Leptospira canicola , Bacillus anthracis , Fusiformis nodosus , and Nocardia spp . The semisynthetic -lactamresistance penicillins, such as oxacillin, cloxacillin, floxacillin and nafcillin, have spectra similar to those noted but also include many of the -lactam producing strain of staphylococci (especially S. aureus and S. epidermidis).
Veterinary Formulary
Organ toxicity is rare. Hypersensitivity reactions do occur (particularly in cattle) skin reactions, angioedema, drug fever, serum sickness, vasculitis, eosinophilia, and anaphylaxis are common manifestations. Cross-sensitivity between penicillins is well recognized. Intrathecal administration may result in convulsions. Potassium penicillin G should be administered intravenously with some caution, especially if hyperkalemia is present. The sodium salt of penicillin G may also contribute to the sodium load in congestive heart failure.
Drug interactions
Displacement of penicillins from plasma-protein binding sites and delayed tubular secretion occurs when drugs such as salicylates, phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, and other weak acids are administered concurrently. Gut-active penicillins potentiate the action of anticoagulants by depressing vitamin K production by gut flora. Absorption of ampicilin is impaired by the presence of food. Ampicillin and penicilin G are incompatible with many other drugs and solutions and should not be mixed.
Veterinary Formulary
bacteria, but they are susceptiable to -lactamase (penicillinase) hydrolysis.
Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Powder for injection, 4,800 IU
Veterinary Formulary
pyogenes. Bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms in cattle, sheep. Actinomycosis, septic arthritis caused by susceptible bacteria in cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep. Leptospirosis in cattle, dogs, horses, and pigs. Used in malignant edema caused by susceptible Clostridium septicum in cattle. Metritis caused by susceptible organisms in cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep. Pyelonephritis caused by susceptible organisms such as Corynebacterium renale in cattle. Skin and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms, including those associated with calf diphtheria, foot rot, the umbilicus, and wounds. Clostridium tetani in cats, cattle, dogs, horses, and pigs in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin and supportive therapy.
Contraindication.Penicillin
hypersensitivity;
should
not
be
Side- effects. Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.1 Warning. Occasional skin sensitization in operator Dose. Cattle: by intramuscular injection, 12, 500-25,000 units/kg Cats and dogs: Intravenous or intramuscular, 20,000 to 40,000
unit/kg every six to eight hours. Horses: Intravenous or intramuscular, 20,000 units /kg every six to eight hours.
Veterinary Formulary Storage. Prior to reconstitution, store below 40 C (104 F), preferably
between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer.
Indications. Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings.Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.1 and under
benzylpenicillin.
Veterinary Formulary Storage. Store between 2 and 8 C (36 and 46 F). Protect from
freezing.
Indications.Contraindication.Side-effects.Drug-interactions.
See notes under section 1.1.1 and under benzylpenicillin
Veterinary Formulary
resistant gram-positive organisms, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. However, penicillins in this class are not as active against many grampositive bacteria as penicillin G and are inactive against almost all gram-negative bacteria. Acid-stable members of this group (that are used per oral) include oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin.
Cloxacillin
Intra-mammary Suspension, 500mg/dose, 625mg/dose
Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1 and under benzylpenicillin Dose. By intramammary infusion, at last milking of lactation, milk out
cow, Infuse 1 syringe into each quarter every 12 hours for a total of three doses
Cloxacillin Benzathine
Intra -mammary Suspension, 200mg/dose Eye ointment, 835mg/5g
Veterinary Formulary Indication. Bacterial eye infections, bovine mastitis in dry cow due to
Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus
Flucloxacillin
Capsule (as sodium salt) 250mg, 500mg Oral Solution, 25mg/ml
Indication. Penicillin resistant staphylococci Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1 and
under benzylpenicillin
Veterinary Formulary
Antibacterial Spectra
They have activity against penicillin-sensitive gram-positive bacteria as well as some gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin is effective against alpha- and beta-hemolytic streptococci, including Streptococcus equi, nonpenicillinase-producing Staphylococcus species, some Bacillus anthracis, and most strains of Clostridia. Ampicillin is also effective against gram-negative bacteria, including many strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Pasteurella multocida. Amoxicillin has the same spectrum of activity as ampicillin, but has slightly better activity against some gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, and Salmonella species. Most anaerobic bacteria, except betalactamase-producing strains of Bacteroides, are sensitive to amoxicillin. The broad-spectrum penicillins are subject to destruction by betalactamases and therefore are not effective against some bacteria that
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Veterinary Formulary
produce these enzymes. Most strains of Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas are resistant. Clavulanic acid has no significant antibacterial activity, but is a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor. Therefore it's inclusion in the preparations of amoxicillin renders the combination active against most strains of Staph. aureus, some E.coli spp., as well as Bacteroides and Klebsilla spp.
Side-effects
All species; hypersensitivity reactions, specifically acute anaphylaxis. Calves; diarrhea and malabsorption. Horses; diarrhea, injection site reaction (mild to moderate heat, pain, or swelling) with ampicillin trihydrate. Cats and dogs; anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting.
Amoxicillin
Powder, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 20%, 70%, 75% Tablet, 200mg, 400mg Injection, 100mg/ml, 150mg/ml Oral Suspension, 5%, 10%, 15% Ointment, 40mg/5g
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Veterinary Formulary
cystitis and urethritis, pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms in cats and dogs; tonsillitis, tracheobronchitis, and upper respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible organisms and soft tissue infections and wounds caused by susceptible organisms
Injectable suspension, cats and dogs: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 11 to 22 mg/kg every eight, twelve, or twenty-four hours. Cattle: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 6.6 to 22 mg /kg every eight, twelve, or twenty-four hours.
Ampicillin
Injection, 150mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 300mg/ml Powder, 10%, 20%, 75%
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Veterinary Formulary
Capsule, 250mg Tablet, 50mg, 125mg, 500mg
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Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.
section 1.1.1.3 and under benzylpenicillin
See
notes
under
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Veterinary Formulary
Indications. Bovine mastitis Contraindications. Not to be used in lactating cows. Do not use
within 45 days of calving. Do not use in cows known to be hypersensitive to the active ingredients.
Side-effects.
benzylpenicillin
See
notes
under
section
1.1.1.3
and
under
General Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the cephalosporins are similar to those of the penicillins, although the cephalosporins are somewhat
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Veterinary Formulary
more stable to pH and temperature changes. They are used either as the free base form for oral administration (if acid stable) or as sodium salts in aqueous solution for parenteral delivery. Cephalosporins also contain a -lactam nucleus that is susceptible to -lactamase (cephalosporinase) hydrolysis. The cephalosporins are similar to the penicillins in several respects and also share many pharmacologic features as a group.
Classes
The early cephalosporins differed mainly with respect to
pharmacokinetic characteristics; the newer generations have much broader ranges of activity, and the modern classification of the group is based mainly on antibacterial spectra.
First-generation Cephalosporins
This group includes cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephapirin, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, and cefadroxil. Cephalosporins in this group are usually quite active against many gram-positive bacteria but are only moderately active against gram-negative organisms. They are relatively susceptible to -lactamases (cephalosporinases) and are not as effective against anaerobes as are the penicillins.
Second-generation Cephalosporins
16
Veterinary Formulary
This group includes cefamandole, cefoxitin (a cephamycin), cefotiam, cefachlor, cefuroxime, and ceforanide. These agents are generally active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, they are relatively resistant to -lactamase. They are ineffective against enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinobacter spp, and many obligate anaerobes.
Third-generation Cephalosporins
This group includes ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cefsulodin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, moxalactam (not a true cephalosporin), and several others. Typically, these have only moderate activity against grampositive bacteria but are active against a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria, including in certain instances Pseudomonas spp, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter spp, and Citrobacter spp. They are usually highly resistant to -lactamase enzymes. Third-generation cephalosporins are often able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and are frequently indicated in bacterial meningitis caused by susceptible pathogens. Ceftiofur has been specifically approved for use in cattle with bronchopneumonia, especially if caused by Pasteurella haemolytica or P. multocida .
Side-effects
The cephalosporins are relatively nontoxic. Although they may be nephrotoxic in some species . Intramuscular injections can be painful, and repeated intravenous administration may lead to local phlebitis.
17
Veterinary Formulary
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occasionally occur.
Hypersensitivity reactions of several forms have been seen, particularly in animals with a history of acute penicillin allergy. Superinfection may arise with the use of cephalosporins, and Pseudomonas or Candida spp are likely opportunistic pathogens. These drugs should be used with caution in animals with renal disease. Chronic administration may lead to anemia in cats.
Drug-interactions
Potential pharmacokinetic interactions are similar to those of the penicillin group. Aminoglycosides may enhance cephalosporin nephrotoxicity, but there is some doubt about this particular interaction. Furosemide and ethacrynic acid, however, do appear to potentiate the nephrotoxic action of cephalosporin.
Cephapirin
Intrammary suspension, 0.261 g/dose, 0.39 g/dose
Indication. For lactating cow only. For bovine mastitis Side-effects. See notes above Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to cephlosporins or penicillins Dose. By intramammary infusion, at last milking of lactation, milk out
cow, Infuse 1 syringe into each quarter every 12 hours
Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.2.1 Strorage. Store at room temperature; avoid excessive heat
18
Veterinary Formulary
Cephalexin
Powder for injection, 18 %
Indications. Side -effects. See notes above Contraindications. See notes under section 1.1.2.1 and
under cephapirin
Warning. Reduce dose in renal impairment Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.2.1 Dose. Cattle: by intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg once daily
Sheep, pigs: by intramuscular injection, 10mg/kg once daily Dogs, cats: by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, 10 mg/kg once daily
period nil. Sheep: slaughter 3 days. Pigs: slaughter 3 days Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container.
19
Veterinary Formulary
soluble chelates with bivalent and trivalent cations, particularly calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron. Doxycycline is more lipophilic than the older tetracyclines and has a number of advantages. Absorption of orally administered doxycycline is better and is less affected by milk and calcium salts. Doxycycline also penetrates better into several body compartment, notably the brain and cerebrospinal fluid .It enters the gastrointestinal tract through the bile and is particularly liable to produce enterocolitis in the horse.
20
frequently are resistant, as are many pathogenic E coli isolates. Even though there is general crossresistance among tetracyclines and doxycycline usually are more effective against staphylococci.
Therapeutic Indication
The tetracyclines are used to treat both systemic and local infections. General organ infections include bronchopneumonia, bacterial enteritis, urinary tract infections, cholangitis, metritis, mastitis, prostatitis, and pyodermatitis. Specific conditions include infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle (pinkeye), chlamydiosis, heartwater, anaplasmosis, actinomycosis ehrlichiosis, nocardiosis,actinobacillosis, (especially doxycycline), eperythrozoonosis, and haemobartonellosis. Doxycycline is often effective to a somewhat lesser degree against resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
21
Veterinary Formulary
In addition to antimicrboal chemotherpy, the tetracyclines are used for other purpose. As additive in animal feeds, they serve as growth promoters. Because of the affinity of tetracyclines for bones, teeth, and necrotic tissue, they can be used to delineate tumors by florescence.
22
Veterinary Formulary
Tetracyclines chelate calcium in teeth and bones; they become incorporated into these structures, inhibit calcification (eg, hypoplastic dental enamel), and cause yellowish then brownish discoloration. At
contraindicated (except for doxycycline) in renal insufficiency. Fatal renal failure has been reported in septicemic and endotoxemic cattle given high doses of oxytetracycline. The administration of expired tetracycline products may lead to acute tubular nephrosis.
23
Veterinary Formulary
Swelling, necrosis, and yellow discoloration at the injection site almost inevitably occur. Hypersensitivity reactions do occur; for example, cats may show a drug fever reaction often accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea, depression, inappetence, and eosinophilia. The tetracyclines can inhibit white blood cell chemotaxis and phagocytosis when present in high concentrations at sites of infection. This clearly hinders normal host defense mechanisms. The addition of glucocorticoids to the therapeutic regimen would impair immunocompetence even further.
Drug Interactions
The absorption of tetracyclines from the GI tract is decreased by milk and milk products (less so for doxycycline and minocycline), antacids, kaolin, and iron preparations. Tetracyclines gradually lose activity when diluted in infusion fluids and exposed to ultraviolet light. Vitamins of the B-complex group, especially riboflavin, hasten this loss of activity in infusion fluids. Tetracyclines also bind to the calcium ions in Ringer's solution. Methoxyflurane anesthesia combined with tetracycline therapy may be nephrotoxic. Microsomal enzyme inducers such as phenobarbital and phenytoin shorten the plasma half-lives of doxycycline. Except for doxycycline, the presence of food can substantially delay the absorption of tetracyclines from the GI tract. The tetracyclines are less active in
24
Veterinary Formulary
alkaline urine, and urine acidification can increase their antimicrobial efficacy.
Chlortetracycline
Powder, 10%, 20%, Spray, 2.8%, Bolus, 1g
Indications. Drug interactions .See notes under section 1.1.2.2 Contraindications. Renal impairment; last 2-3 weeks of gestation in
pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates
Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 25 days. 350: slaughter 10 days. Poultry: slaughter 3 day Oxytetracycline
Injection, 5 %, 10 %, 12 %, 20 %, 30 %, Powder, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 25 %, 50 %, Bolus, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, Spray 5 %, Intra-uterine solution, 100 mg/ml, Intra-mammary suspension, 500 mg/dose, Pessary, 0.5 g
25
Doxycycline Powder, 10 %, 20 % Indications. Lyme disease, Chlamydia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
and bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. See also notes above
26
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Dogs, cats: oral or parenteral, 5-10mg/kg twice daily Chlortetracycline and Benzocaine
Topical Powder, 2 % + 1 %
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.Drug interactions. .
See notes under section 1.1.2.2
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.Drug-interactions.
See notes under section 1.1.2.2
Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.2.2 Drug interactions. Penicillines, cephalosporines, quinolones and
cycloserine
27
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Spray one or two times a day from a distance of 15 - 20 cm Caution. Do not spray in or around the eyes. Do not incinerate or
puncture the spray can. Do not expose to temperatures above 50C0
Tetracycline
Tablet, 250 mg Powder for oral solution, 20 %, 25 %, 50 % Bolus, 500 mg
28
Veterinary Formulary
1.1.2.3. Aminoglycosides
Antibacterial Spectra
Aminoglycosides are utilized primarily in the treatment of infections caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms. They are not active against anaerobic organisms. In addition to their strength in the treatment of gram-negative pathogens, aminoglycosides can be effective against some gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus, some mycobacteria some mycoplasma strains, and some spirochetes. They are sometimes administered concurrently with other antibacterials for a possible synergistic effect. However, the use of aminoglycosides in the treatment of infection in animals has been tempered by toxicity considerations in the animal treated. Often, systemic use is limited to the treatment of serious gram-negative infections resistant to less toxic medications. Also, local environment at the therapeutic site can affect the efficacy of these drugs, acidic or purulent conditions can hamper their effect, and the presence of cations (calcium or magnesium ions, for example) can decrease antibacterial effect. Streptomycin is active against mycobacteria, leptospira, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis, but only some mycoplasma, gramnegative organisms, and staphylococcus species. Dihydrostreptomycin is chemically very similar to streptomycin.
29
Veterinary Formulary
Neomycin has been effective against many gram-negative organisms and Staphylococcus aureus. However, the use of neomycin is limited by a relatively high risk of toxicity with systemic use; it is not available for parenteral administration. The spectrum of activity of kanamycin primarily, focuses on gramnegative organisms and a few gram-positive organisms. The prevalence of resistance of some pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, to kanamycin is higher than to gentamicin, and this has limited the use of kanamycin. Gentamicin has been widely used in the treatment of gram-negative organisms and some gram-positive organisms. As with other aminoglycosides, its use is limited by risk of toxicity. In vitro tests have shown gentamicin to be active against Salmonella arizonae (Arizona hinshawii), Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, Klebsiella species, Neisseria, most indole-positive and some indole-negative Proteus species, some Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Serratia marcescens, Shigella, Staphylococcus species, including Staphylococcus intermedius, and some Streptococcus species.
30
31
Streptomycin Sulphate
Injection, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 72 g/100 g
Indication. Contraindications. Side-effect. See notes above Dose. Horses, cattle, sheep, goats: by intramuscular injection, 10
mg/kg daily. Dogs, cats: by intramuscular injection, 25 mg/kg daily
32
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2 days. Sheep,
goats: slaughter 21 days, should not be used in sheep, goats producing milk for human consumption
Gentamicin Sulfate
Injection, 40 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, Powder, 10% Intra-mammary suspension, 100 mg/dose, 170 mg/dose
33
Veterinary Formulary
Dogs: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 4.4 mg /kg every eight hours. Once daily dosing: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 10 to 15 mg / kg every twenty-four hours Piglets, 1 to 3 day old: intramuscular, 5 mg as a single total dose Chickens, 1 day old: Subcutaneous, 0.2 mg as a total single dose Horses: Intrauterine, 2 to 2.5 g a day for three to five days during estrus. Gentamicin powder for oral solution: Piglets: oral, 25 mg per gallon of water (approximately 1.1 mg/kg), administered as the sole source of drinking water for three consecutive days. pigs: oral, 50 mg per gallon of water (approximately 2.2 mg /kg), administered as the sole source of drinking water for three consecutive days .
Kanamycin
Spray, 2.4 mg/ml
34
Dose.Powder for oral solution: cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep:
oral, 22 mg /kg a day for fourteen days, administered in the only source of drinking water. Chicken: 11 mg/kg; 12.5g/100 liter drinking water Dogs, cat: 11 mg/kg daily in divided doses Bacterial eye infections: dogs: apply 2-4 times daily
Note: For many of these products, individual animal treatment is also possible by dividing the daily dose and administering as a drench with milk or water or by mixing in an individual animals only water supply. Consult manufacturers product labeling for specific dosing directions.
Drug interactions. Phenylmethyl penicillin, warfarin Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer.
35
Veterinary Formulary
bacteria; their bactericidal action is described as time-dependent. The antimicrobial action of some macrolides is enhanced by a high pH and suppressed by low pH, making them less effective in abscesses, necrotic tissue, or acidic urine. Erythromycin is an antibiotic with activity primarily against grampositive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, including many that are resistant to penicillins by means of betalactamase production. Erythromycin is also active against mycoplasma and some gram-negative bacteria, including Campylobacter and Pasteurella species. It has activity against some anaerobes, but Bacteroides fragilis is usually resistant. Some strains of Actinomyces and Chlamydia are inhibited by erythromycin. Most Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella strains are resistant to erythromycin. Cross-resistance to the other macrolides can also occur. Tylosin has a spectrum of activity similar to that of erythromycin but is more active than erythromycin against certain mycoplasmas. Lincomycin is effective against grampositive bacteria, anaerobs, and Mycoplasma but has little activity against gram-negative oraganisms.
36
Veterinary Formulary
erythromycin. Cattle, diarrhea associated with oral erythromycin dosage forms. Horses; diarrhea, severe with erythromycin; considered more likely in adult horses. Pigs; diarrhea, erythema, and pruritis with tylosin. Edema, rectal, and partial anal prolapse with erythromycin and tylosin
Drug interactions
Theophillin, warfarin, Beta-adrenergic antagonists, such as propranolol, chloramphenicol or lincosamides or macrolide antibiotics, epinephrine, phenobarbital
Erythromycin
Powder, 5%, 20%, 30% Intra-mammary suspension, 300 mg/dose
Withdrawal period. Chickens: slaughter 1 day Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer.
37
Dose. Powder for oral solution; Dysentery; Pigs: oral, 250 mg per
gallon of water, as the only source of drinking water for three to ten days Respiratory disease, chronic; chickens: oral, 2g (base) per gallon (approximately, 110 mg /kg a day) as the only source of drinking water for three to five days Injection; Pigs: Intramuscular, 8.8 mg /kg every twelve hours Cattle: Intramuscular, 17.6 mg / kg every twenty-four hours Cats, dogs: 6.6 to 11 mg /kg every twelve to twenty-four hours
Spiramycin
Injection, 150,000,000 IU
38
Side-effect. Drug interaction. See notes under section 1.1.2.4 Dose. Calves, lambs, kids:(up to 6 weeks of age) 5.50 g/ tone feed;
(16-24 weeks of age) 5-20 g/tone feed, by addition to milk replacer, (up to 12 weeks of age) 5-80 g/tone
Lincomycin Hydrochloride
Powder, 50 % Injection, 113.4 mg/ml
Contraindications. Horses, rabbits, and rodents; hepatic impairment Dose. Pigs: 3.3 g/100 little drinking water; 44-220 g/tone feed; by
intramuscular injection, 4.5-11.0 mg/kg daily Dogs, cats: by intramuscular injection, 22mg/kg daily; by slow intravenous injection, 11-22 mg/kg 1-2 times daily.
39
Therapeutic indications
Chloramphenicol is used to treat both systemic and local
infections.Chronic respiratory infections, bacterial meningoencephalitis, brain abscesses, ophthalmitis and intraocular infections, pododermatitis, dermal infections, and otitis externa are types of bacterial infections that are often responsive to chloramphenicol. Salmonellosis and Bacteroides sepsis are fairly specific indications. Urinary tract infections are often successfully treated with chloramphenicol, notwithstanding the fairly low concentration of active antibiotic present in the urine. Hematogenous delivery of chloramphenicol to the site of infection may play a role in these cases.
40
Drug interaction
The bacteriostatic action of chloramphenicol may inhibit the bactericidal action of beta-lactam antibacterials and these drugs should not therefore be used concurrently. Chloramphenicol may inhibit metabolism of certain barbiturates and hence greatly prolong pentobarbitone anaesthesia.
Chloramphenicol
Oral powder, 25 % Tablet, 100 mg, 250 mg Oral suspension, 25 mg/ml
41
Veterinary Formulary
Injection, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml
Indication. See notes under section 1.1.2.5 Contraindication. Animal with impaired liver function Side-effect. Depression, bone marrow hypoplasia, pancytapenia. See
notes under section 1.1.2.5
tablet: dogs: oral, 45 to 60 mg /kg every eight hours. Cats: oral, 13 to 20 mg /kg every twelve hours Horses: oral, 45 to 60 mg /kg every eight hours Dog: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 11 to 33 mg/kg evey six hours Cats: by subcutaneous, intramuscular injection, 50 mg/kg 1-2 times daily
Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.2.5 Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in
cattle producing milk for human consmption or manufacturing purpose. Pigs: slaughter 10 days
42
43
Side-effect
Quinolones tends to be neurotoxic, and convulsions can occur at high doses. Hemolytic anemia has also been seen. Administering large doses of quinolones for any length of time during pregnancy has resulted in embryonic loss and maternotoxicity. Because high-prolonged dosages in growing dogs have produced cartilaginous erosions leading to permanent lameness, excessive use of quinolones should be avoided in immature animals. Quinolone administration in horses has not yet been extensively studied, but there is some indication that damage to the cartilage in weight-bearing joints may occur.
Interactions
The likelihood of interactions has not yet been clearly established. Antacids probably interfere with the GI absorption of this group of drugs. It also seems that nitrofurantoin impairs the efficacy of quinolones if used concurrently for urinary tract infections. Quinolones do inhibit the biotransformation of theophylline, leading to prolonged and potentially toxic plasma levels. A synergistic effect of quinolones
44
Veterinary Formulary
with the -lactams, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, and metronidazole has been demonstrated in vitro.
Enrofloxacin
Oral solution, 2.5 %, 10 %, 25 %, Tablet, 50 mg, Intra-mammary suspension, 4 g/dose, Injection, 5%, 10%, 20%, Powder, 20%
45
Veterinary Formulary
Dog: oral, 5 to 20 mg /kg a day. The dose may be administered as a single daily dose or divided into two equal doses administered every
Norfloxacin
Oral solution, 100 mg /ml, 200 mg/ml Injection, 50 mg/ml
46
Veterinary Formulary
E. coli, Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp., in calves, goats, poultry, sheep and swine
Flumequin
Oral suspension, 4 mg/ml, 100mg/5ml, 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml,
Contraindications.Hypersensitivityto flumequine.Administration to
animals with a serious impaired liver and/or renal function.
47
Veterinary Formulary Side-effects. Hypersensitivity reactions Dose. For oral administration; chickens: 1 litre per 1500 - 2000 litre
drinking water for 3-5 days Swine: 1 litre per 1000 - 1500 litre drinking water for 3-5 days
48
49
Veterinary Formulary and even tubular obstruction, can occur but is not common in veterinary medicine. Sulfonamides with prolonged plasma halflives and high solubilities tend not to cause crystalluria, particularly if water intake is high and the urine is alkaline. GI disturbances, in addition to nausea and vomiting, may occur when sulfonamide levels are sufficiently high in the tract to disturb normal microfloral balance and vitamin B synthesis. The sodium salts are alkaline hence irritate by intramuscular injection and are often given intravenously. Sulphonamides are well absorbed following oral administration. They diffuse well in to body tissues and partly inactivated in the liver, mainly by acetylation. The acetylated derivatives are relatively insoluble in uric acid and so may precipitate in the renal tubules of carnivores leading to crystalluria and renal failure. Prolonged administration of certain sulphonamides may cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes in dogs).
Drug interactions
Sulfonamide solutions are incompatible with calcium- or other polyionic-containing fluids as well as many other preparations. Sulfonamides may be displaced from their plasma-protein-binding sites by other acidic drugs with higher binding affinities. Antacids tend to inhibit the GI absorption of sulfonamides. Alkalinization of the urine promotes sulfonamide excretion, and urinary acidification increases the
50
Veterinary Formulary
risk of crystalluria. Some sulfonamides act as microsomal enzyme inhibitors, which may lead to toxic manifestations of concurrently administered drugs such as phenytoin.
Sulphadimidine Sodium
Injection, 330 mg/ml, 333 mg/ml, 160 mg/ml, Bolus, 5 g, Powder, 8 %, 10%, 16 %, 20 %, 25%, 30%,
Indication.See notes under section 1.1.2.6 Contraindications.Renal or hepatic impairment Side-effect. Transient irritation at injection site. See notes under
section 1.1.2.6
51
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, should not be used
in cattle milk for human consumption. Sheep, pigs, calves: slaughter 7 days.
Sulphamethoxypyridazine
Injection, 250 mg/ml
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.See
section 1.1.2.6 and sulphadimidine
notes
under
Drug interaction. See notes under section 1.1.2.6 and sulphadimidine Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2 days. Sheep:
slaughter 7 days.
Sulphaclozan sodium
Powder, 30 %, 60%
52
Sulphachlorpyridazine
Powder, 30 %
Drug interaction. See notes under section Withdrawal period. Calves: slaughter 7 days. Pigs: slaughter 4 days Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer
Sulphadimethoxine
Injection, 33.3g/100 ml, Powder, 25 %
53
Veterinary Formulary
Coccidiosis or fowl cholera; chickens, broiler and replacement: oral, 1892 mg per gallon of water (0.05%), administered as the only source of drinking water for six days Injection; Bacterial respiratory infections, cystitis, skin and soft tissue infections: cats and dogs: by Intravenous or subcutaneous injection, 55mg /kg as an initial dose, followed by 27.5 mg /kg of every twentyfour hours Enteritis associated with Coccidiosis or Salmonella dogs: Intravenous or subcutaneous, 55mg/kg as an initial dose, followed by 27.5 mg /kg every twenty-four hours.
Note: Intramuscular injection can cause local pain and inflammation and result in lower serum concentrations of sulphadimethoxine
Drug interaction. See notes above and under sulpadimidin Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 5 days; milk 60 hours Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
(59 and 86F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Protect from light. Protect from freezing
Sulphamerazine
Powder, 16 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %
54
Indications.Side-effect.
See
notes
under
section
1.1.2.6
Contraindication. Don't give to egg laying hens Dose. Calf diphtheria or necrotic pododermatitis; cattle: oral, 237.6
mg/kg as an initial dose, followed by 118.8 mg/kg every twenty-four hours for three days administered as an individual animal drench or in the only source of drinking water. Coccidiosis; chickens: oral, 128 to 187 mg / kg a day for two days, followed by 64 to 93.5 mg /kg for four days, administered in the only source of drinking water. Enteritis, bacterial: or pneumonia, bacterial; cattle and pigs: oral, 237.6 mg /kg as an initial dose, followed by 118.8 mg /kg every twenty four hours for three days, administered as an individual animal drench or in the only source of drinking water. Fowl cholera, acute: or Pullorum disease; chickens: oral, 128 to 187 mg /kg a day for six days, administered in the only source of drinking water. Infectious coryza; chickens: oral, 128 to 187mg/kg of body weight a day for two days, administered in the only source of drinking water
Drug interaction. See notes under sulphadimidine Withdrawal period. Calves, cattle, chickens: slaughter 10 days.
Pigs: slaughter 15 days
55
Antibacterial Spectrum
Potentiated sulphonamides are active against gram-negative and grampositive organisms, including Actinomyces, Bordetella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter spp, as well as Escherichia coli, streptococci, and staphylococci. Some streptococcal strains are only moderately sensitive, as are Brucella, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia, and Moraxella spp. The antibacterial spectrum does not include Pseudomonas or Mycobacterium spp.
56
57
58
Indications. See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects.See notes above and under sulphonamide Dose. Expressed as sulphaquinoxaline + trimethoprim
Poultry: by addition to drinking water or feed 30 mg/kg body-weights
59
Dose. Oral or subcutaneous injection, 30 mg/kg Drug interactions. Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under
sulphonamide
Indications.Contraindications.See
sulphonamides
60
Veterinary Formulary
intramuscular or intravenous injection, (all ages) 10 mg/kg daily; (up to 200 kg body weight) 20 mg/kg on alternate days. Pigs: by intramuscular injection, (all ages) 10 mg/kg daily; (up to 100 kg body-weight) 20 mg/kg on alternate days.
Dose. Oral paste; respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue
infections, strangles, urogenital infections or (Perioperative infections);
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Veterinary Formulary
horses: oral, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twenty-four hours Oral powder; horses: oral, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twenty-four hours Oral suspension; colibacillosis or enteritis, bacterial: piglets: Oral, 22.8 mg of sulfadiazine and 4.6 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twenty-four hours Tablets; gastrointestinal tract infections, respiratory tract infections; or skin and soft tissue infections; dogs and cats: oral, 12.5 mg of sulfadiazine and 2.5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twelve hours or, less commonly, 25mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twenty-four hours.
Note: Only intact tablets should be administered to cats, to avoid excessive salivation caused by contact of the medication with oral mucosa.
Urinary tract infections; dogs: oral, 12.5 mg of sulfadiazine and 2.5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twelve hours or, less commonly, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twenty-four hours Injection; Respiratory tract infections; or Skin and soft tissue infections; gastrointestinal tract infections; cats and dogs: Subcutaneous, 12.5 mg of sulfadiazine and 2.5mg of trimethoprim/kg every twelve hours or, less commonly, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim /kg every twenty-four hours. Horses: strangles; or urogenital tract infections; Intramuscular or intravenous, 20 mg of sulfadiazine and 4 mg of trimethoprim / kg, every twenty-four hours.
62
Veterinary Formulary Drug interaction. Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under
sulphonamide
63
Indications. See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects. See notes above and under
sulphonamides
64
Drug interaction. See under sulphachlopyridazine and trimethoprim Withdrawal periods. Chickens: slaughter 4 days. Storage. Store below 230C, unless otherwise specified by the
manufacturer. Protect from freezing.
65
Veterinary Formulary
Contraindications.Side-effects.See
sulphonamides
notes
above
and
under
1.1.2.7. Nitrofurans
Nitrofurans may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on concentration and which particular nitrofuran. Nitrofurans have a broad gram-positive and gram-negative spectrum and also high concentration in the urine, making them useful as a urinary antiseptic in small animals. They are active against Salmonella spp., Coliforms, Mycoplasma spp., Coccidial spp., and some other protozoa.
66
Veterinary Formulary
Furazolidone is too toxic for systemic use but is normally poorly absorbed following oral administration and may be given by this route for the treatment of intestinal colibacillosis and salmonellosis. In calves, sufficient drug may be absorbed to cause encephalitis manifesting as hyperaesthesia. It is active against Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli. It is also active against Eimeria and Histomonas spp.
Furazolidone
Powder 20 %, 25 %, 98 %, 99 % Indications. See notes under section 1.1.2.7
Nitrofurazone 67
Veterinary Formulary
Oral solution 0.2 % Indications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.2.7
68
Indications.Infections
encephalopathy
caused
by
anaerobic
bacteria;
hepatic
Drug interactions. Imetidine, phenobarbitone,phenytoin, warfarin Withdrawal period. There are no established withdrawal times since
metronidazole is not approved for use in food-producing animals.
69
Veterinary Formulary 1.1.3. Compound Antibacterial Preparations Chlortetracycline and Neomycin Sulphate
Pessaries, 1g+0.5g
70
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2.5 days. Sheep:
slaughter 35 days. Pigs: slaughter 21 days
streptococcus, and treponema spp., in calves, cats, dogs, goats, poultry, sheep, swine and turkeys
Dose. Poultry: 150g/120-180 litre drinking water Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 2 days, should not be used in
egg layer hens
71
Penicillin
Procaine,
Penicillin
Benzathin
and
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulphate
Injection, 15MIU +15MIU+20g/100ml
Penicillin
Injection,
G
750000
Sodium,
IU
Penicillin
IU
Procain
1800000
and
IU
Dihydrostreptomycin
+750000 +1g/10ml, +1200000IU+2.5g/10ml, 3600000 IU+2400000 IU+5g/20ml
72
73
1.2. Antifungals
Antifungal drugs are used for the treatment of systemic infections such as aspergillosis, yeast infections including candidiasis and cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis (ring worm). Topical antifungal drugs are used for the treatment of fungal infections of the skin, ear, and eye. Griseofulvin is deposited in keratin precursor cells and concentrated in the stratum corneum of skin, hair, and nails thus preventing fungal invasion of newly formed cell. In the dog and cat, absorption of griseofulvin is enhanced by administration with fatty meal. Griseofulvin is active against Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton spp. It has no effect on bacteria, including Actinomyces and Nocardia spp, other fungi, or yeasts. Griseofulvin may be teratogenic and therefore should not be administered to pregnant animals. Ketoconazole, an imidazole compound, is active against fungi and yeasts and also against some gram-positive bacteria. Administration of ketoconazole with food may reduce the nausea associated with the drug.
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Veterinary Formulary
Prolonged administration of ketoconazole may cause liver damage and the drug may be teratogenic.
Natamycin
Topical ointment, 10 %
Indication. Ringworm Warnings. Treated animals should not be exposed to sunlight for
several hours; use galvanized or plastic containers because natamycin reacts with heavy metals such as copper.
Dose. Horses, cattle: local application 0.01 % solution, repeat after 45 days and again after 14 days if required
Griseofulvin
Tablet, 125 mg
Indications. Dermatophyte infections Contraindications. Hepatic impairment; pregnant animals Side-effects. Leukopenia, hypoplasia, high doses may cause
hepatotoxicity, particularly in cats
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Ketoconazole
Tablet, 200 mg Oral Suspension, 20 mg/ml
Indications. Systemic candidiasis, dermatophyte infections Contraindications. In patients with known hypersensitivity to it. It
should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease or thrombocytopenia. Pregnant animal and lactating animals Side-effects. Hepatotoxicity : anorexia ,particularly in cats Drug interactions. There is an increased risk of hepatotoxicity if ketoconazole and griseofulvin are administered together. Antacid, antimuscarinic drugs, cimetidine, ranitidine, phenytoin and warfarin
Copper Sulfate
Powder 95 %
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Zinc sulphate
Powder (dip concentration), 99%
Indications. Control of foot rot in cattle and sheep Dose. Footbath. Cattle: zinc sulphate 10 % solution daily
Sheep. Zinc sulphate 10 % solution after each trimming
1.3. Antiprotozoal Drugs 1.3.1. Anticoccidial drugs 1.3.2. Trypanocides and others 1.3.3. Combination
Protozoal diseases cause serious economic losses in livestock production in Africa, Asia and tropical Latin America. The significant protozoal diseases that hamper livestock production are trypanosomiasis, babesiosis and coccidiosis. The first two diseases,
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Veterinary Formulary
transmitted by insects (flies and ticks) are the main concern in large and small animals while coccidosis caused by Eimeria is very significant in poultry production.
78
Dose.
Dogs: for coccidiosis: 100-200-mg/kg, per oral in food or water for 710 days. Prophylaxis: 30 ml of 9.6% solution in one gallon (3.8 L) of drinking water or (not both) 1.25 grams of 20% powder in food to feed 4 pups daily. Give as sole source of food or water for 7 days prior to shipping. Bitches may be given medicated water (as above) as the sole source of water for 10 days prior to shipping. Prophylaxis: 0.075% solution as drinking water
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Veterinary Formulary
Cattle: for coccidiosis: 10 mg/kg, per oral for 5 days; 5 mg/kg for 21 days for prophylaxis.
Clopidol
Powder, 25%
Side-effect. Overdose may cause in appetence Dose. By addition to feed or drinking water, 0.0125 % in feed, 125 g/
tonne feed, premixes 250 g/kg
Decoquinate
Powder, 6%
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Veterinary Formulary
not approved for use in animals producing milk for food or in laying chickens.
Lasalocid
Powder, 15%
Dose. 75-125 g/tonne feed Side-effect.Contraindication. Refer to clopidol Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 5 days
Monensin
Powder, 20%
Dose. Oral, Poultry: 200 g/kg, premix, 50-100 g/kg Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 3 days
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Indication. Prophylaxis of coccidiosis Side- effect. Contraindication. See notes under clopidol Dose. Poultry, 33-g/tonne feeds, Premix, 66 g/kg Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 5 days Toltrazuril
Oral solution, 2.5%
Dose. For oral administration. Poultry: 1 litre per 500 litre drinking
water for 2 days
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Veterinary Formulary
of the trypanocidal agents. The widely used compounds are: quinapramine, homidium, pyrithidium, isometamidium, diminazene, and suramin. To overcome or reduce resistance, these compounds are often used in sequence and in combination. Quinapramine sulfate remains the most effective drug for treatment of Trypanosoma brucei and T evansi in horses, even though it is poorly tolerated. Infection of T. brucei in cattle are often mild, and may be treated effectively with either quinapramine or diminazene; T Vivax and T. congolense infections can be treated successfully with isometamidium or diminazene, and often with both. When trypanosomes are encountered, herd treatment should be considered since the infection probably is not limited to sick animals, nor to those with positive blood smears. In high-exposure, alternate treatments with isometamidium and diminazene are preferred, with the latter drug being used for strategic therapy.Infections that relapse after treatment should always be treated with a drug different from the one used initially.
Diminazene Aceturate
Powder/Granule for injection, 1.1g, 1.05g, 495mg and 444mg Injection solution (diaceturate), 35mg/ml
Side-effect. Reaction may occur at the site of injection. Dose. By intramuscular or subcutaneous injection as a single dose for
the treatment of Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosome vivax, Trypanosome congolense. Babesiosis and Piroplasmosis in cattle, sheep, horse and dog: 3.5 mg/kg (0.05 ml/kg). In Trypanosome brucei, Trypanosome evensi and resistant cases double dose is required. It has got a limited prophylactic effect of one month in low risk areas.
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Side-effect.Local swelling at injection site and transient lameness Dose. By intramuscular injection, 1mg/kg once a day for 1 month
depending upon the challenge
Isomethamidium chloride
Powder for injection, 125mg and 1g.
Sid -effect. Local transient reaction at the injection site Dose. By intramuscular injection, as a single dose, Curative: 0.5
mg/kg. Resistant case: 1-2 mg/kg. Prophylaxis: 2 mg/kg
Quinapramin sulfate
Powder for injection, 1g
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Veterinary Formulary
Trypanosome equinum. Trypanosome brucei is less susceptible. See notes above
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Veterinary Formulary
Amprolium, Furazolidone, Vitamin K and Vitamin A Powder, 0.2%+10%+2.5%+2% Indication. Prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry, claves,
and lambs
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88
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Veterinary Formulary
sick, debilitated or young animals. At higher dose, they are teratogenic and embryotoxic when administered at early gestation period. Milk should not be consumed during treatment and meat during the first few days. They should not be given to animals during their early gestation period.
Albendazole
Bolus, 120mg, 150mg, 200mg, 250mg, 300mg, 500mg, 600mg, 1000mg, 1125mg, 1500mg, 1875mg and 2500mg, Oral powder, 20% and 30%, Paste, 15g, Oral suspension, 1.5%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 12.5%
Side-effect. Hypersensitivity and also see notes above Contraindication. The drug is not approved for use in lactating dairy
cattle. The manufacturer recommends not administering to female cattle during the first 45 days of pregnancy or for 45 days after removal of bulls. Albendazole has been associated with teratogenic and embryotoxic effects in rats, rabbits and sheep when given early in pregnancy.
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Veterinary Formulary
Roundworms: cattle, 7.5 mg/kg; sheep and horse, 5 mg/kg Tapeworm and liver flukes: cattle, 10 mg/kg; sheep and goat, 7.5 mg/kg.
Fenbendazole
Bolus, 250mg and 750mg Granule/ Powder, 4%, 20%, 22% and 25% Paste, 20g Oral suspension 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 12.5%
91
Contraindication . Side-effect. See notes above Dose. Oral route, pigs: 5 mg /kg or 30g/tonne feed
Poultry: feedbroiler roundworms, 30g/tonne feed. Tapeworms, 20g/tonne
Mebendazole
Tablet, 100mg. Oral granule, Powder 4% and 10%. Paste, 4g/40g, 200mg/ g Suspension, 33.3mg/ml and 166.7mg/ml.
Side-effect. Occasional mild diarrhoea Dose. Per oral: sheep 10-19 mg /kg
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Veterinary Formulary
Horses, donkey: roundworms, 5-10mg/kg, dictyocaulus arnfiledi in donkeys, 15-20 mg/kg daily for 5 days Poultry, 60 g/tonne feed and pets, 25-60 mg/kg three times daily for 5 days.
Oxfendazole
Oral suspension, 22.65mg/ml, 90.6mg/ml
Dose. As a single dose; cattle: oral, 4.5 mg/kg. Sheep: oral, 5 mg/kg.
Horse: oral, 10 mg /kg. Pets: oral 10 mg/kg daily for 3 days
Oxibendazole
Bolus 400mg, 2000mg Powder 5%
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Veterinary Formulary
Oral suspension, 22.65mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 90.6mg/ml
Indication. Gastrointestinal roundworms and lungworms Contraindication.Hypersensitivity and early gestation Dose. As single dose,
Cattle and sheep: oral, 5-10 mg/ kg. Pigs: oral, 15 mg /kg. Horses: 10 mg/kg, Strongyloides westeri, 15mg/kg
Triclabendazole
Bolus 200mg, 250mg, 300mg, 900mg and 1800mg Oral suspension, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %,
Indication. Immature and adult liver fluke Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes above. Dose. As a single dose,
Cattle, horses: oral, 12mg/ kg Sheep: oral, 10mg/ kg
Febantel
Paste 7.5%
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Veterinary Formulary
Oral suspension, 25mg/ml and 100mg/ml.
Indication. Gastro-intestinal roundworms, lungworms, tapeworm Contraindication. See notes above Side-effect. Horse: mouth irritation with resultant salivation,
occasional diarrhea and colic. Cats and dogs: salivation, anorexia, and diarrhea
1.4. 2. Imidazothiazole
Imidazothiazole is a group of anthelmitic drug effective against roundworms. The group acts by interfering with parasitic nerve transmission causing muscular paralysis that result in to rapid expulsion of the worm. It is effective against adult and larval gastro-intestinal roundworm and lungworm infection including Protostrongylus infection. Most worms expelled with in 24 hours of administration. Levamisole when given for prolonged period of time may improves depressed cell mediated immune system of the body by restoring depressed T-cell function, and also stimulates monocytes and phagocytes. It also has antiviral and antifungal activity.
95
96
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:
slaughter 28 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption
Tetramisole
Bolus, 0.15g, 0.6g, 1g, 1.2g, 1.5g, 2g Powder, 10%, 20%, 30% Injection, 30 mg/ml, 100mg/ml
Dose. Cattle, sheep, goat, pig, 15 mg/kg. Dog and cat :5 mg/kg for 6
days
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Veterinary Formulary
compound do not readily cross BBB. This provides the product a wide safety margin. Ivermectine is active against many parasites including arrested and developing larvae and adults of the important cattle and sheep nematodes. Abamectin, a closely related compound, has a similar spectrum of activity. Ivermectin displays no activity against cestodes or trematodes, presumably because these parasites do not utilize GABA as a neurotransmitter. In dogs, ivermectin should not be used at doses greater than those recommended for heartworm prophylaxis because it may cause toxicity in certain blood-lines, for example rough-haired Collies. The clinical signs of toxicity are ataxia, depression, tremors, recumbency, and mydriasis. Horse carrying heavy infections of Onchocerca may develope transiet oedema and pruritus following treatment. This may be due to the sudden death of large number of microfilariae.
Ivermectine
Injection, 10mg/ml, Oral powder, 0.2% Capsule, 10mg, Bolus, 1.72g and 5mg
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Veterinary Formulary
Oral solution, 800mcg/ml, Pastes, 1.876%, 0.2% and 8%, Solution, Pour-on; 5mg/ml.
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Abamectine
Injection, 10mg/ml, Capsule, 10mg, Tablet, 5mg, Oral powder, 2mg/g, Oral solution, 20mg/ml, Paste, 20mg/g, Pour-on, 5mg/ml
Indication. Mainly active against adult Fasciola in ruminants. Dose. Cattle: Oral, 10 mg/kg. Sheep, goat, oral, 15 mg/kg Side-effect. Occasional increased defaecation and inappetance in cattle Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 3 days
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Veterinary Formulary
Sheep: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption
Praziquantel
Bolus, 3125mg, Tablet, 50mg, Injection, 56.8mg/ml
Piperazine
Tablet, 50mg and 500mg, Powder, 65%, Syrup, 100mg/ml
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Veterinary Formulary Contraindication. Renal impairment Side-effects. Occasional emesis and diarrhea Dose. Horses: parascaris, up to 160 mg/kg. Pigs: Ascaris, up to 160
mg/kg. Dogs, cats: Toxocara, Toxascaris, 80 mg/kg; Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, 120-240 mg/kg. Poultry: Ascaridia, 200 mg/bird; Capillaria, 400 mg/bird
Closantel
Liquid, 50mg/ml, 150mg/ml
Dose. Sheep: 10 mg/kg Withdrawal period. Sheep: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in
sheep producing milk for human consumption or manufacturing purpose
Pyrantel pamoate
Paste, 9.5%
diethylcarbamazine, piperazine
Dose.Horse: 6.6 mg (as base)/kg; 13.2 mg (as base)/kg for cestodes Storage.Store at room temprature
Indication. For roundworm and flukes in cattle and sheep Contraindications. Impaired liver function Dose.Oral suspension, levamisole hydrochloride 75mg, triclabendazole
120mg/ml, for roundworm and flukes in cattle: 0.1 ml/kg Oral suspension, levamisole hydrochloride 37.5mg, triclabendazole 50mg/ml, for roundworm and flukes in Sheep:0.2ml/kg
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Cattle, sheep: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in cattle and sheep producing milk for human consumption
Indication.Prophylaxis
and
treatment
of
gastrointestinal
and
lungworm infections in cattle, calves, sheep and goats like: Trichostrongylus,Cooperia,Ostertagia,Haemonchus, Nematodirus,Chabertia,Bunostomum and Dictyocaulus spp.
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Veterinary Formulary
Indication. Roundworm and trematodes
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Veterinary Formulary
Note: Tablets may be given directly oral or offered in a small amount of food. Do not withhold food from the cat prior to or after treatment.
106
Indication.For roundworm, tapeworm, and flukes in cattle and sheep Dose. Cattle and sheep :0. 2ml/kg Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 5 days. Sheep:
slaughter 28 days
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Veterinary Formulary
External parasites cause high economic losses through weight loss, reduced milk yield, skin damage by injury or blood sucking or annoying the animal. Some are still responsible to transmit economically significant diseases such as Trypanosomiasis; Babesiosis and heart water, African horse sickness. The control of external parasitic infestation needs the use of different preparations of ectoparasiticides. They are available for application by various methods including dip, spray, pour-on, spot-on aerosol, collar, tag, shampoo and parenteral. prepared to indicate for different parasites. Typically, formulations used are, liquid concentrations requiring dilution with water to produce an emulsion for application. However, depending on individual circumstances such as availability of animal, handling facilities and operation system, the more convenient ready-foruse preparation such as spot-on pour-on, collar and tags provide the user with a broad choice of application system. Systemic acting preparations are available in the form of injection. Ivermectin, pour-on solution is poured along the dorsal midline of animal or spot-on method, applied to a smaller area on head or back. Ectoparasiticids are toxic to animals and operators. They are also harmful to the environment. As a result, care should be taken with dosage handling, storage, disposal of unused materials and containers. Different formulations are
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Veterinary Formulary
neuromuscular transmission in the ectoparasites. In animal over dosage cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, salivation, tremor, pupil constriction and death may occur from respiratory failure. Toxicity of organophosphorus is combated with competitive antagonists such as atropine. Although most organophosphorus compounds are not persistent in the environment they may be toxic to livestock, human and wild life an adequate precaution should be taken to avoid environmental contamination. Aquatic animals, bees and bird are susceptible to the compounds. The common organophosphorus compounds in use are:
chlorfenvinphos, diazinone, dichlorovos, fenthion and phosmet. Organophosphoruses are indicated for, ticks, keds lice, biting flies warble fly, oestrus ovis, gasterophylus larva, manges, keds, glossina species and other biting flies.
Chlorfenvinphos
Liquid, 10%w/v
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. Blowfly larvae, keds lice and tick on sheep Dose. Dip concentrate, chlorfenvinphos 10%, phenols 30.5 %, for
sheep; 4.5 litres, 11.25 litres, 22.5 litres to be diluted before use
Warnings. Not approved for sheep scab control Withdrawal period. Sheep: slaughter 14 days, should not be used on
sheep producing milk for human consumption
Diazinon
Liquid 15%w/v, 16.2%, 20% and 60% w/v Collar, 15%w/v
110
Dichlorovos
Liquid, 76% w/v
Indication.For control fleas, gnats and mosquito Drug interactions. Combination of two or more organophosphorus
compounds or drugs with anticholinestrase activity
Fenthion
Liquid, 20mg/ml, 200mg/ml
Indication. Warble-fly larvae and lice in cattle, fleas on dog and cats Contraindication. Calves less than 3 months of age, dogs less than 6
months of age; cats less than 1 year of age; dogs less than 3 kg body weight, cats less than 2 kg body weight; pregnant animals before 1 months of delivery
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Veterinary Formulary Warning. Dogs and cats should not be handled within 8 hours of
application. Milk producing animals should be treated immediately after milking
Phosmet
Liquid, 200mg/ml
Side- effect. All are toxic to animals and human by the virtue of
cholinesterase blocking activity. It is harmful to birds, bees, fishes and other aquatic animals
Dose. Cattle: by' pour-on' application. Lice, 10mg/kg repeat after 1014 days. Mites and warble-fly larvae, 20 mg/kg as a single dose Pigs: by 'pour -on' application, 20 mg/kg as a single dose.
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Veterinary Formulary
be washed off immediately. Empty containers should be carefully disposed to avoid environmental contamination
2.2. Carbamate
Carbaryl and propoxur are carbamates. These drugs cause inhibition of cholinesterase at the parasite nerve synapses but unlike organophosphorus compounds spontaneous reversible. Carbaryl and propoxur are used mainly for flea control.
Carbaryl Collar, 5% Indication. Fleas and ticks on dogs and cats Contraindication. Use of other ectoparasiticides concurrently or
within 7 days of removal of collar; kittens less than 6 months of age
Side effect. Occasional skin irritationand alopecia Drug interactions. Combination of two or more compounds or
compounds with anticholinestrase activity such as organophosphorous compounds
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Veterinary Formulary Warning. Children should not be allowed to play with collar
Propoxur
Spray, 0.25% Collar, 10%
Indication. Fleas and ticks on dogs and cats Contraindication. Concurrent use with other insecticides, puppies
and kittens less than 12 weeks, nursing bitches or queens.
Side-effect.Occasional skin irritation and alopecia Drug interactions. Combination of two or more compounds or
compounds with anticholinestrase activity such as organophosphorous compounds
Cypermethrin
Emulsifiable liquid, 5%, 10%w/v Powder, 25% Pour-on solution, 1%, 1.25%, 2%
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Veterinary Formulary
Collar, 8.5%
Indication. Flies on horses and cattle; lice on horses, cattle and goats,
blowfly larvae, biting lice, tick, head flies on sheep; red mites on poultry
115
Fenvalerate
Emulsified liquid, 10%, 20%
Indication. Flies, lice on cattle, tick and ticks on dogs and cats Contraindication. Puppies less than 12 weeks of age, nursing
bitches; cats less than 6 months of age, pregnant and nursing queens
Dose. Cattle: by spray, 250-500ml of 0.1% solution Warning.Avoid direct contamination of milk and milking machine Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 1 days, milk withdrawal nil
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Contraindication. Puppies or kittens less than 12 weeks of age nursing bitch or queens Side-effect. Cats may show signs of hyperaesthesia with excitability
twitching and collapse if over dosage occurs
Flumethrine
Emulsifiable liquid, 1%, 6%
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Veterinary Formulary Dose. Sheep: dip concentrate, flumethrin 6%, 1 litre. To be diluted
before use
2.4. Others
Amitraz
Powder/Granule, 12.5%, 25% Pour-on, 2%w/v Liquid, 12.5%
Indication. Lice, ticks, keds on sheep; lice, mite, and ticks on cattle;
lice and mites on pigs; Demodex on dogs Dose. Liquid or dip concentrate, amitrazin 12.5%, for cattle, sheep, pigs; 1 litre, 5 litres. To be diluted before use
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Veterinary Formulary
3.Gastrointestinal Drugs
3.1. Antidiarrheal drugs 3.2. Drugs used in the treatment of bloat 3.3. Laxatives
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Veterinary Formulary
water or milk. Severly dehyderated animals may require parenteral fluid by intravenous infusion in addition to oral soultion.
3.1.1.Adsorbents
Adsorbents, given oral, adsorb toxins from gastro-intestinal tract, which may prevent irritation and erosion of the mucosa. Bismuth salts, charcoal, zinc oxide and kaolin are available in compound preparations with antacids and electrolyte for the treatment of non-specific diarrhea. Kaolin does not adsorb E -coli enterotoxins and therefore has limited use in neonatal diarrhea and may even be contraindicated. Bismuth salts and activated charcoal may adsorb these toxins. Some absorption of salicylate will occur from administration of bismuth salicylate; care should be taken with administration to cats.
Indication. For the treatment of unspecific diarrhea Drug interactions. Lincomycine, tetracycline
Indication. For the treatment of unspecific diarrhea Dose. Calves, dogs; 1-2 ml/kg 2-3 times daily 120
Veterinary Formulary Drug interactions. Lincomycine, tetracycline Withdrawal period. Calves: slaughter withdrawal period nil 3.1.2.Drugs used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea may be caused by dietary imbalance, small intestinal disease, parasitism, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, colitis, or occur as a result of other systemic disease.
Sulphasalazine
Tablets, 500 mg of 100, 500 Oral suspension 50 mg/ml of 500
Indication.Treatment of Chronic colitis and maintenance of remission Side-effects. Anorexia, vomiting, prolonged administration may cause
keratoconjunctivitis sicca
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Veterinary Formulary
either the eruction reflex is inhibited, or the gas is for other reasons unable to escape; the gas accumulates in a stable foam form or as free gas. Treatment of free gas bloat includes ruminal intubation or trocharisation to allow the release of gas. Medication treatment of frothy bloat requires the administration of an antifoaming agent to break down the stable foam. Poloxalene is a nonionic surfactant used for the treatment and prevention of frothy bloat. Silicones such as dimethicone reduce the surface tension of gas bubble causing them to coalesce. The prevention and control of bloat includes limited pasture access, avoiding finely milled feeds, and maintaining high fibre content in the diet. Antifoaming substances may be included in the feed, drinking water, or sprayed on the crops.
Dimeticone
Oral suspension, 1 %, 2%
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Veterinary Formulary
Premix, 530mg/g
Indications. Treatment and prevention of frothy bloat Dose. Oral liquid, poloxalene 830mg /ml, for cattle;(up to 227kg body
weight) 30ml diluted in 500 ml water;(more than 227kg body-weight) 60ml diluted in 500ml water Premix, poloxalene 530 mg /g, for cattle; 22 mg of poloxalene /kg body weight daily. May be increased to 44mg of poloxalene/kg
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 3 days, milk withdrawal periods nil Docusate
Oral suspension, 240 mg
Indications. Treatment and prevention of frothy bloat Contraindications. Use with caution in patients with pre-existing
fluid or electrolyte abnormalities; monitor.
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Veterinary Formulary
use of these agents together in dogs or cats cannot be recommended. If it is deemed necessary to use both docusate and mineral oil in small animals, separate doses by at least two hours.
3.3. Laxatives
3.3.1.Lubricant laxatives 3.3.2. Bulk-forming laxatives 3.3.3. Osmotic diuretics
124
Indications. Constipation Contraindications. Prolonged use especially in young animals Side-effects. Reduced absorption of nutrients; granulomatous lesions
may develop with prolonged use
Ispaghula husk
Oral powder, 49 %; 200 g Oral granule, 90%; 200g
125
Veterinary Formulary Indications. Constipation Contraindications.Abdominal pain, vomiting; intestinal obstruction Warnings. Water must be available all times Dose. Oral granules, ispaghula husk: 90 %; 200 g
Dogs: by addition to food, one-three 5 ml spoonful 1-2 times daily Cats: by addition to food, one 5ml spoonful 1-2 times daily Oral powder, ispaghula husk 49 %; 200 g Dogs: by addition to food, one-three 5-ml spoonfuls 1-2 times daily Cats: by addition to food, one 5ml spoonful 1-2 times daily
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Dogs: 5-10ml Cats: 2-6ml Drug interactions. Muscle relaxant
4. Cardiovascular Drugs
4.1. Diuretics 4.1.1 Thiazides 4.1.2. Loop Diuretics 4.1.3. Osmotic Diuretics Diuretics are mainly used in veterinary medicine to reduce oedema in cases of heart failure, hepatic disease, cerebral oedema, hypoproteinaemia, inflammation, and trauma.They act by promoting sodium excretion, thus reducing the volume of extracellular fluid.They
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Veterinary Formulary
also have vascular effects. Diuretics reduce hypertension and have been claimed to aid therapy of Horse epistaxis. With prolonged therapy, there may be excessive loss of potassium and magnesium in urine. Hypokalaemia increases the animals susceptibility to toxicity from cardiac glycosides and to cardiac dysrythmiasand may impair carbohydrate metabolism. The risk of hypokalaemia is increased by anorexia. Diuretics are usually classified according to their site of action because this affects their likely side-effects.
4.1.1. Thiazides
The thiazides inhibit sodium reabsorption in the early distal tubule. These drugs act proximal to the site of aldosterone stimulated sodium and potassium exchange. The delivery of increased amounts of sodium to this area causes greater potassium loss and potassium supplementation may be necessary when using thiazides for diuresis. Thiazides reduce urinary calcium excretion. Thiazides are used to treat cardiac or hypoproteinaemic oedema and may also be used as an adjunct to hormonal therapy in pseudopregnancy. Thiazides have also been used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus.
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Veterinary Formulary
Hydrochlorothiazide remains effective for up to 12 hours and is thus given in divided doses.
Chlorothiazide
Tablet, 500 mg
Indications. Oedema Contraindications. Renal failure with anuria Side-effects.Hypokalaemia (may require potassium supplementation) Dose. Dogs, cats: 10-20 mg/kg daily Drug-interaction.Acetazolamide, antidiabetic drugs, beta-blockers,
corticosteroids, lignocaine, quinidine
Hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet, 25mg
Contraindications. Side-effects .See under chlorothiazide Dose. Dogs, cats: 1-2 mg/kg daily Drug interaction. See under chlorothiazide
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Veterinary Formulary
reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Loop diuretics increase magnesium excretion and, as with thiazides, may cause severe potassium loss. Loop diuretics may potentiate the ototoxic effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Frusemide is used to decrease oedema in conditions such as cardiovascular and pulmonary oedema, hepatic and renal dysfunction, hydrothorax, ascites, and non-specific oedema.
Frusemide
Tablet, 40 mg Injection, 50 mg/ml Syrup, 1 %
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Veterinary Formulary
Pigs: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 5 mg/kg Dogs, cats: oral, 5 mg/kg 1-2 times daily, may be reduced to 1.2 mg/kg twice daily for maintenance; by intravenous or intramuscular injection, 2.5- 5 mg/kg 1-2 times daily
Administration of mannitol causes water retention with in the nephron, which dilutes urinary sodium and opposes its reabsorption especially in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Mannitol is used to promote urine output, as in acute renal failure, or to reduce cellular oedema in cerebral oedema. It is not suitable for the mobilization of general or local oedema because it may lead to cardiac overload. Excessive administration of mannitol can produce severe hypovolaemia and maintenance of extarcellular fulid volume may require administration of an electrolyte solution such as compound of sodium lactate intravenous infusion.
Mannitol
Injection, 10%, 20%, 25%
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Veterinary Formulary Indications. Cerebral oedema, forced osmotic diuresis Contraindications. Congestive heart failure, pulmonary oedema Warnings.Extravasation causes inflammation and thrombophlebitis. Dose. Dogs: by intravenous injection, 250-500 mg/kg test dose. Repeat
as necessary if diuresis occurs
Methenamine
Powder, 10 %
5.1. Analgesics/Antipyretics
5.1.1 Opioid analgesics 5.1.2. Non-opioid analgesics
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(delta). Stimulation of receptor provides analgesic (mainly at supraspinal sites), respiratory depression, miosis, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and euphoria. K receptors stimulation gives analgesia(mainly in the spinal cord) and less intense miosis and respiratory depression.Stimulation of receptors probably provides analgesia. In the CNS, opioid analgesics modify pain perception and behavioural reaction to pain. They also relieve anxiety and distress but may induce drowsiness from which the animal can usually be aroused. Opioids are contraindicated in head injury because they induce an increase in cerebrospinal fluid and raise intracranial pressure, which or may interfer with neurological examination. Morphine remains the drug of choice for severe pain as in injury sustained in road traffic accidents. Side-effects of morphine include, constriction of pupils, peripheral vasodilatation, respiratory depression, vomiting, exaggerated spinal-cord reflexes, initially defaecation followed by constipation, transient hypotension, urinary retention, sweating in horses, bradycardia but high dose can cause tachycardia in horses and dogs, and respiratory depression in neonates if used in pregnant animals before birth. Pethidine is a synthetic opioid analgesic that is structurally unlike morphine. It produces a prompt but short -acting analgesia. Side effect
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and contra-indications are similar to that morphine, although it is less likely to cause vomiting; it also causes less respiratory depression, which makes it more suitable for pregnant animal prior to birth. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist with similar side-effects and contraindications to morphine, although it causes less respiratory depression, only mild sedation, and does not cause constipation, excitment, or vomiting.
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride
Injection, 0.3 mg/ml
Warnings. Repeated doses may cause over-dosage Dose. Dogs: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 10- 40
mcg/kg Cats: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 5 -10 mcg/kg
Morphine Chloride
Injection, 10 mg/ml, 15 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. Severe pain Contraindications. Head injury and raised intracranial pressure Side-effects. See notes above Dose.Dogs: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 200 mcg/kg
Cats: by subcutaneous injection, 100 mcg/kg
Pethidine Hydrochloride
Injection, 50 mg/ml
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oxygenase leading to reduced synthesis of prostaglandins and related compounds. NSAIDs have been used for their analgesic and anti oedematous action in acute inflammatory conditions including the control of pain following surgery. Drugs such as flunixin seem to provide pain control in recovery period compare to and even better than that achieved with opioid analgesic. Analgesics may be more effective if administered before recovery from anaesthesia. Flunixin can very occasionally precipitate acute renal failure. Flunixin therefore cannot be recommended for use until the patient has regained consciousness. NSAIDs have also been used to control joint pain in various arthritides; particularly osteoarthritis and they may ameliorate symptoms of endotoxaemic shock, for example, in peracute mastitis. Flunixin has been used to reduce morbidity and mortality in calf pneumonias by suppressing pulmonary oedema. NSAIDs are also used to reduce pain in Horse colic. The principal side-effect of NSAIDs is gastro-intestinal irritation and ulceration. Lesions may occur throughout the gastro-intestinal tract and may lead to a life-threatening plasma protein-losing enteropathy in the horse. Other side-effects include vomiting, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity due to cholestatic and parenchymal cell damage, renal papillary necrosis, and occasionally skin rashes. Some NSAIDs, such as aspirin, have been shown to be teratogenic in animal studies.
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Paracetamol is an analgesic but has no demonstrable anti-inflammatory activity. It should not be administered to cats. Cats have a reduced capacity for glucuronide conjugation and the drug is converted to a reactive electrophilic metabolite in this species.
Indications. Inflammation and pain, thromboembolic disorders Contraindications. Pregnant animals, gastro-intestinal ulceration and
haemorrhage
Side-effects. Prolonged use may cause gastro-intestinal lesions Dose. Horses: 15-100 mg/kg twice daily. Dogs: 10-25 mg/kg 3 times
daily. Cats: 10-25 mg/kg once daily or every 2 days. Cattle: 100 mg/kg twice daily. Pigs: 10 mg/kg three or four times a day
Phenylbutazone
Tablet, 25 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg Injection, 200 mg/ml
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Veterinary Formulary Contraindications. Cardiac, hepatic, or renal impairment, anemia Side-effects. See under aspirin, occasional oedema of limbs. Dose. Horses: oral, 4.4 mg/kg twice daily on day one then 4.4 mg/kg
once daily for 4 days; by slow intravenous injection, 2.2 - 4.4 mg/kg for up to 5 days Dogs: oral or by slow intravenous injection, 2g/kg daily (maximum 800 mg) parenteral treatment should only be given for up to 3 days Cats: 25 mg twice daily for up to 5 days. Reduce dose to 25 mg daily or on alternate days
Paracetamol
Tablet, 150 mg
Side-effects. Damage to kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract Dose. For dogs, 5 to 10 mg per pound (10 to 20 mg/kg), two to three
times daily.
138
Flunixin meglumine
Injection 50mg/ml
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inject intra-arterially as it may cause CNS stimulation (hysteria), ataxia, hyperventilation, and muscle weakness.
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 7 days, milk 1.5 days Diclophenac sodium
Injection, 5g/100ml
5.2. Sedatives
Sedatives produce calmness, drowsiness, and in difference to the surroundings. Generally, sedatives are used for restraint, to facilitate handling and transport of animals, and to modify behaviours, for
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example to prevent fighting amongst pigs. They are also used to facilitate minor surgery and x-ray examination. There is continuous gradation of levels of sedation from light sedation to a depth approaching anaesthesia .the level of sedation is determined by the drug, dosage, route of administration, the interacting effect of any other drugs that are being used to treat the animal at the time of administration, and the initial degree of excitement of the animal .In general sedatives should be administered before an animal become exited. Once upset the animal may require a much higher dose of sedatives or the sedative may not have an appreciable calming effect.
Phenothiazines
Phenothiazine derivatives are effective sedatives widely used in veterinary practice. Acepromazine is the most commonly used representative of the group. It produces mild to moderate sedation, but has no analgesic properties .Its effect is variable and may be unpredictable, with some excitable animals failing to show an observable response. Oral administration particularly produces unreliable results, especially in dogs and cats. While some effect may be seen after 15 minutes, maximum effect generally only achieved after one hour following administration. Likewise absorption following subcutaneous is variable and hence intramuscular or intravenous administration is preferred.
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Contraindication for the use of phenothiazine derivatives include premedication for procedures that may promote epileptiform seizures, such as myelograph, premedicaton of known epileptic animals, and treatment of status epilepticus because these drugs decrease the seizure threshold. Sedation of post-trauma patients is also contra-indicated because acepromazine causes hypotension, which may be fatal in hypovolaemic animal. In the male horse the drug can cause priapism, paraphimosis and paralysis of the retractor penis muscle.
Alpha2-adrenoceptor Stimulants
Xylazine is alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulant, with marked sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic properties. Sedation is dose dependant for all drugs, but at higher doses there is an increased incidence of sideeffects. Characteristics of the group is the marked bradycardia produced at even moderate doses. There is a subsequent moderate hypotension, hyperglycaemia and polyuria with all drugs in this groups. Xylazine is used in cats, dogs, horses, and cattle as a sedative to allow minor procedure (with local anesthesia) and to facilitate handling .In dogs and cats, vomiting frequently occurs after administration of xylazine. Therefore, it is contra-indicated in animals with gastrointestinal obstruction.
Acepromazine maleate
Tablet, 10 mg, 25 mg
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Veterinary Formulary
Injection, 2 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml
Oral paste, 8.9 mg/ml Indications. Pre-anesthetic medication; sedation; motion sickness Contraindications. Manufacturer does not recommend use in male
horses, pregnant female animals, epileptics, concurrent use with organophosphorus compounds or procaine hydrochloride in horses; horses should not be ridden within 36 hours of treatment.
Side-effects.Hypotension,thrombocytopenia;
platelet
dysfunction,
Xylazine
Injection 20mg/ml, 100mg/ml
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Veterinary Formulary
profound alteration in the function of vital body systems, in particular the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Careful techinique with attention to basic principle such as airway management, constant patient monitoring, and the use of properly maintained equipment, all contribute to good anaesthetic practice with minimal complications. Most anaesthetic drugs have a narrow therapeutic index and careful attention to dose rates is required. Anaesthetic drugs cause respiratory depression and, in general, during anesthesia the inspired oxygen concentration should not be less than 30 %, which necessitates supplemental oxygen in all cases. Pre-anesthetic medication is appropriate in most patients. The main aims are to calm the patient, provide analgesia if needed, reduce the dose of anaesthetic agent, reduce or counteract the side-effects of anaesthetic drugs, and to provide a smooth anaesthetic induction and recovery. These aims are generally achieved by using sedatives, opioid analgesics, and antimuscarinic drugs either alone or in combination.
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Atropine is not recommended as premedicants in horses because the central excitation and mydriasis that these drugs produce can be unpleasant, and gastro-intestinal motility will be reduced. Administration of antimuscarinic drugs to ruminants does not inhibit salivation but results in production of more viscid saliva and is therefore generally contraindicated in these species.
Atropine sulphate
Injection, 600 mcg/ml, 1 mg/ml
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Ketamine may be given intramuscularly or intravenously, although intramuscular injection is painful. Pentobarbital is mainly used for the treatment of status epilepticus control of muscle rigidity and convulsions as a result of poisoning, and euthanasia. As an anaesthetic, excitment may occur during induction because pentobarbital is slow to cross the blood-brain barrier. Respiratory and cardiovascular depressions are marked and hypothermia is common as a result of the long recovery period. In the majority of species, onset of action, and recovery from pentobarbitone are protracted and as an anaesthetic it has been superseded by other agents such as thiopentone.
Methohexitone sodium
Powder for injection, 500 mg (25 mg/ml)
Ketamine hydrochloride
Injection, 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml
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Pentobarbitone sodium
Injection, 60mg/ml, 200mg/ml
Indications.General aneasthesia; convulsions and muscular rigidity Contraindications.Hepatic impairment Warning.Respiratory depression may be enhanced; extravasation may
cause local irritation and slough
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Veterinary Formulary Quinalbarbitone sodium Injection, 400mg/ml Indications.Induction of general anaesthesia Drug interactions. Antacids, corticosteroids ,chloramphenicol,
warfarin
Thiopentone sodium
Powder for injection, 2.5g/5g
Indications.Induction of general anaesthesia Contraindication. Animal less than 3 month of age; condition
causing diminished cardiac output
Dose.
General
anaesthetic
induction
(without
pre-anaesthetic
medication). Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs: by intravenous injection, 10mg/kg; calves: by intravenous injection, 15 mg/ml of 5% solution
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Veterinary Formulary
following induction with an injectable anaesthetic. Halogenated inhalational anaesthetics such as halothane and isoflurane are the most commonly used agents. Human should not be exposed to inhalational anaesthetics for long periods, even in small doses, and some form of waste gas scavenging is essential when these agents are used. Halothane is the most commonly used halogenated inhalational anaesthetic. It is a potent agent and the vapour is non-irritant. Adverse effects associated with the use of halothane include vasodilatation, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and shivering and tremor on recovery; malignant hyperthermia has been reported in pigs, horses and dogs. Halothane and isoflurane are much less soluble in blood than ether and the concentration in the brain and myocardium can rise quickly if high inspired concentration are given, producing severe cardio-respiratory depression. These adverse effects caused by halothane are dose dependent and the horse is particularly susceptible. Induction with halothane is accelerated if it is vaporised in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane has similar physical properties to halothane, but is slightly less soluble in blood. So induction and recovery are more rapid than with halothane.
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Veterinary Formulary
Ether is largely obsolete because it forms explosive mixtures with oxygen and full anti-static precautions must be taken if it is used. Induction and recovery are slow with ether. It irritates the airways and antimuscarinic premedication is advisable.
Halothane
Inhalation, 250 ml, 0.05 %
Indications. Inhalational anaesthesia Side-effects. See under halothane and notes above Dose. Maintenance of anaesthesia, inspired concentration of 1.0 -2.5 % Drug interactions. Sympathomimetics
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Indications. Inhalational anaesthesia Dose. Fish: 10-15mg /l water for anaesthesia Drug interactions. Aminoglycosides
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Lidocaine is widely used for most applications. It diffuses readily through the tissues and has a rapid onset of action. Its duration of action is about 45 minute without adrenaline and 90 minute with adrenaline at concetration of 1 in 200,000(5 microgram/ml).
Lidocaine hydrochloride
Injection, 20mg/ml
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Veterinary Formulary
Cats: by epidural injection, 0 .2 ml/kg; by field block injection, 5-20 ml.
Indication.Field block and perineural anaesthesia, see notes above Contraindications. Intra-articular, intravenous, epidural, or intradigital administration Dose.Lidocaine hydrochloride 20 mg, adrenaline 10 microgram/ml, for horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats; 100 ml for field block and perineural injection, including cornual injection
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use as donors in embryo transfer programmes. In males, serum gonadotrophin promotes spermatogenesis. Individual may show a variable response to serum gonadotrophin. Before hormonal treatment is administered the status of the reproductive tract should be ascertained by rectal papilation or milkprogestrone assays. The efficacy of therapy will depend on both the presence and responsiveness of the target tissue. Both chorionic gonadotrophin and serum gonadotrophin may become ineffective after repeated doses due to antibody formation.
Serum gonadotrophin
Powder for Injection, 500 units, 1000units
Indications. See notes above and under dose Warnings.Immune-mediated decreased effect after repeated doses
;occasional anaphylactic reactions.
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Veterinary Formulary
Males: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 10003000 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Sheep, goats. Females: anoestrus, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 1000 units, followed by 750 units after 1 day is required Male: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 500-750 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Pigs. Females: anoestrus, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 1000 units. Note. Fertile oestrus usually follows in 3-7 days Males: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 500-750 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Dogs. Females: to induce oestrus, subnormal oestrus with non acceptance, by subcutaneous injection, 50-200 units daily for up to 3 weeks (usually 8-10 days)
Males: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 400-800 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks 7.2. Myometrial Stimulants
This group includes extracts of mammalian posterior pituitary gland or the synthetic equivalents, and preparation of oxytocin. They stimulate contraction of the oestrogen-sensitised uterine myometrium and mammary myoepithelial cells. This activity may be benefit in dystocia due to secondary uterine inertia. Myometrial stimulant should not be used when dystocia is due to malpresentation or obstruction.
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Veterinary Formulary
Myometrial stimulants are also used in the control of postpartum hemorrhage in all species and to remove retained placenta in mares, sow, bitches, and queens. Oxytocics are also used to reduce the size of a uterine prolapse after replacement in cattle and occasionally mares. Myometrial stimulants are used for milk "let down" in all species.
Oxytocin
Injection, 10 IU/ml
Indication. See notes above Contraindications. Dystocia due to obstruction Side-effects.Occasionally swelling and sloughing at site of injection Dose.Horses, cattle: uterine inertia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular
injection, 10-40 units; by slow intravenous injection, 2.5-10 units of diluted solution
Agalactia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 20-80 units; by slow intravenous injection, 5-20 units of diluted solution
Sheep, goats, pigs, dogs: uterine inertia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 2-10 units; by slow intravenous injection, 0.52.5 units of diluted solution Agalactia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 4-20 units; by slow intravenous injection, 0.5-1.25 units of diluted solution Cat: uterine inertia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 2-5 units; by slow intravenous injection, 0.5-1.25 units of diluted solution.
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Veterinary Formulary
Agalactia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 4-10 units; by slow intravenous injection, 1.0-2.5 units of diluted solution
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In males, oestrogens are used in the treatment of excess libido, anal adenoma, and prostate hyperplasia. Oestrogens may cause aplastic anaemia in dogs and cats and endometrial hyperplasia in bitches, and overdose can cause severe inhibition of piutitary function and cystic ovaries particularly in cattle and pigs.
Oestradiol Benzoate Injection, 5mg/ml Indications.See notes above and under dose; urinary incontinence Contraindications. Misalliance in cats Warnings. Overdosage may cause severe inhibition of pituitary
function; aplastic anaemia in dogs
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Prostatic hyperplasia, 5 mg weekly
7.3.2. Androgens
Testosterone esters and methyl testosterone promote and maintain primary and secondary anatomical, physical, and psychological male sexual characteristics. Androgens are used in the treatment of hypogonadism and deficient libido in males. They are administered in the treatment of hormonal alopecia in dogs and cats and for mammary tumours and psuedopregnancy with lactation in bitch. These drugs may be used for suppression of oestrus. Care should be taken to avoid inducing excess virilism. Androgen therapy should not be given to animals suffering from conditions known to be aggravated by testosterone such as prostatic hypertrophy in dogs. The effect of testosterone phenylpropionate last for 14 days.
162
Warnings.Use with caution in female animals intended for breeding Dose. Dogs, cats: by subcutaneous injection, 0.5-1.0mg/kg. Repeat
after 7-10 days
7.3.3. Progestogens
Progestogens are steroids that mimic the effect of progesterone and thus prepare and maintain the female reproductive tract for implantation and pregnancy. They cause development of the mammary glands to the point of lactation. Progestogens inhibit oestrus and ovulation by depressing the production of hormones from the anterior pitutary gland, and consequently, the development of ovarian follicles. In male animals, progestogens reduce testosterone production. Progesterone is administered to cattle by using a progesterone -releasing intravaginal device.
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In dogs and cats, progestogens are used to suppress oestrus. They are used for the treatment of psuedopregnancy, oestrogen-dependent mammary tumours in bitches, and prostatic hyperplasia in dogs. In cats, eosinophilic granuloma and 'miliary dermatitis' (crusting dermatosis) are responsive to progestogens. Progestogens should be used with caution. All synthetic progestogen differ in their pharmacological profile and their capacity to produce side-effects in different animal species. Progestogen stimulate the proliferative and secretory activity of the uterine endometrium leading to cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, or pyometra. Therefore, progestogen should not be administered the animal with the history of vaginal discharge or reproductive abnormalities, sexually immatured animals, or dogs and cats intended for breeding. When used for suppression of oestrus in dogs and, cats animal should be allowed to have a normal cycle every 18 to 24 months. Progestogens antagonise the hypoglycaemic effects of insulin and therefore should not be given to diabetic animals. The possibilty of preexsisting disease should not be considered when treating patients requiring long-term progestogen therapy. Progestogen may induce acromegaly in entire bitches. Subcutaneous injection of progestogen may cause hair discoloration and localised alopecia.
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Preparations containing progestogens should be handled with care, particularly by women of child-bearing age. Impervious gloves and suitable protective overalls should be worn when in cotact with such preparations.
Progesterone
Injection, 25mg/ml of 50ml
Indications. See notes above Contraindication. Side-effect.See notes above Caution. Preparation containing progesterone should be handled with
care, particularly by women of child-bearing age Dose. By subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Dogs: 1-3 mg/kg. Cats: 0.2-2.0mg/kg
7.4. Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins cause functional and morphological regression of the corpus luteum, associated with either the oestrus cycle or pregnancy. In veterinary practice, they may be used to terminate pregnancy.
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Prostaglandins are effective in causing abortion from early pregnancy until about day 150 of gestation in cattle. They are used to advance parturation if administered within one week of full term in cattle or 3 days in pigs. Prostaglandins cause luteolysis of a persistent corpus luteum associated with retained mummified fetus, pyometra and luteal cysts in cattle or psuedopregnancy in horses. Prostaglandins are also used to synchronize oestrus in groups of animals. Side-effects such as transient sweating and mild colic with or without diarrhea frequently follow the use of prostaglandins in mare. On occasion some prostaglandins may produce severe reactions at the site of intramuscular injections, severe cellulitis, and sometimes even death. Prostaglandin can be absorbed through the skin and care should be taken when handling them and their preparations.
Cloprestenol sodium
Injection, 250mcg/ml, 0.075mg/ml
Indications. See notes above Contraindications. Concurrent treatment with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs; pregnant animals unless termination required
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Veterinary Formulary Warnings. Operators should wear protective clothing and wash hands
after use. Prostaglandins should be handled with care by women of child -bearing age and by asthmatics
8.1. Anticoagulants
Anticoagulant drugs are much less frequently used in veterinary medicine than in human patient because atherosclerotic disease and prolonged postoperative recumbency are not common veterinary problems. Anticoagulants are part of the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation but are most commonly used to maintain patency of vascular catheters.
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Veterinary Formulary
The main use of anticoagulants is to prevent thrombus or the extension of an existing thrombus. These drugs act by affecting the clotting mechanisms.
Heparin sodium
Injection, 1000,5000 units/ml Solution, 10 units/ml
Indications.
Venous
thrombosis,
disseminated
intravascular
Contraindications. Hepatic impairment; haemorrhage Side-effects. Haemorrhage Dose. Dogs: by subcutaneous injection, 40-80 units/kg 3 times daily:
by intravenous injection, initial dose 10-20 units/kg then 5 units/kg every 3 hours
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Veterinary Formulary
Cats: by subcutaneous injection, 200 units /kg 3 times daily
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, 1mg, 3mg, 5mg
Indication. Venous thrombosis; navicular disease Contra-indications. Purpura malnutrition; haemorrhage Side-effects. Haemorrhage Warnings. Monitor effects of warfarin therapy Dose.Horses: 70-160microgram/kg increasing gradually to desired
effect (usual dose range: 16-170 micrograms/kg)
Drug-interactions.
idazole,miconazole,nalidixic
Aspirin, acid,
barbiturates,
anabolic
steroids,chloramphenicol,cimetidine,erythromycin,ketoconazole,metron neomycin,paracetamol,
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Veterinary Formulary
quinidine,sulphonamides,tetracyclines,thyroxine,phenylbu-tazone,and possibly other NSAIDS
8.2. Haemostatics
The use of vitamine k1 in the treatment of anticoagulant poisoning is described in section 9.2.
9.Vitamins
9.1.Water Soluble Vitamins 9.2. Fat-soluble Vitamins
Vitamins are a group of organic substances, which are present in very small quantities in natural feed. They are essential to the well being of animal, and usually called as accessory feed factors. The deficiency of vitamins is very common in animals kept in intensive farms where the animals are reared on synthetic or semi-synthetic feeds. Though certain animal species do not require some vitamins, it does not mean vitamin deficiency does not occur. For instance, Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in ruminants especially on cobalt free feed. Because ruminant flora only synthesise in the presence of cobalt. On the other hand, the presence of a vitamin in feed doesnt guarantee its deficiency, for other factors may prevent the assimilation. For
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Veterinary Formulary
example, liquid paraffin prevents the assimilation of vitamin A, while luck of bile salt and pancreatic enzyme prevent the absorption of fatsoluble vitamins. Traditionally, vitamins are classified as water-soluble such as vitamins B and Vitamin C, and fat- soluble including vitamins A, E, K and D.
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Veterinary Formulary
may occur as a result of inadequate absorption of the vitamin from the gastro-intestinal tract or increased body requirements. In all species vitamin B12 is required for maintenance of tissues, protien synthesis, and haematopoiesis. Clinical signs of deficiency include anorexia, unthriftiness, anaemia, and incoordination. Thiamine deficiency may occur as a result of inadequate dietary intake or destruction of the vitamin by thiaminases, which may either be present in or contaminate the diet. A nutritional deficiency is unlikely in herbivores but may occur in carnivores when vitamins in feed are destroyed by excessive heating during processing. Secondary thiamine deficiency may occur in carnivores, because of the thiaminase present in raw fish, and in horses because of the thiaminase present in bracken. Secondary thiamine deficiency can be treated successfully with thiamine supplements if the therapy is started shortly after the onset of clinical signs. Thiamine may be used in the treatment of cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle and sheep.
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Veterinary Formulary
Dog :0. 22 mg/ kg body weight daily. Poultry: 12-20 gm per tonne feed
Folic Acid
It is a yellow or orange yellow odorless crystalline powder, insoluble in water and organic solvent but soluble in alkaline or acid.
Nutritional requirement. 10-20 mg per tonne feed, by intramuscular injection 10mg. Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in ruminants when kept on cobalt deficient feed.
Indication. Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency Dose. By intramuscular injection, Cattle and Horse: 1-3 mg 1-2 times
weekly. Calves and foals :0. 5 -1.5 mg 1 -2 times weekly Sheep and pigs: 250-750 microgram 1-2 times weekly Dogs, cats: 250-500 microgram1-2 times weekly
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Veterinary Formulary
Indications. Muscular disorder, especially in claves and lambs, stiff lamb disease of lamb. The muscles most affected are skeletal (locomotors a supporting), thoracic (intercostals and diaphragm) and cardiac. It is also indicated for infertility, edema in cattle and sheep.
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Veterinary Formulary
Administration of glucocorticoids. Acceptable doses of
glucocorticoids vary widely depending upon the potency of the drug employed, its formulation, rate and route of administration; the nature and severity of the condition being managed; and the goal of the therapy. Betamethasone, dexamethasone, methylprednisonole, predisolone, are commonly used for their anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of a corticosteroid parallels its gluconeogenic potency. Side-effects of glucocorticoids, prolonged corticosteroid treatment with both rapidly eliminated formulations and dept preparations may have suppressive effects on the HPA axis and lead to adrenal atrophy. Unnecessarily prolonged therapy should be avoided in order to minimize the possibility of precipitating signs of adrenal insufficiency during superimposed stress or when glucocorticoid treatment is finally with drawn. Corticosteroids should be used with caution in pregnant animals because they may cause abortion. Catabolic effects of glucocorticoids include muscle wasting, cutaneous atrophy, telogen arrest of hair follicies, and delayed wound healing. Diabetes mellitus may be unmasked by glucocorticoid therapy and alteration of insulin requirements in established diabetics may occur. Gastric and colonic ulceration, sometimes with perforation, may occur in patients given glucocorticoid treatment.
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Veterinary Formulary
Immunosuppressive effects and modification of inflammatory reactions by glucocorticoids may facilitate the spread of concurrent infectious disease. In pre-existing infections, an appropriate antimicrobial drug should be administered at the same time if glucocorticoids are used. Corticosteroids should not be administered on conjunction with a vaccine.
Betamethosone
Injection, 2mg/ml Tablet, 0.25mg
Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings. See note above Dose. Horses: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20-200
microgram/kg. Cattle: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20200 microgram/kg Induction of parturition, by intramuscular injection, 20-30 mg and repeat after 3 days if required. Sheep, goats, pigs: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20- 200 micrograms/kg
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Veterinary Formulary
Dogs, cats: oral, 25 micrograms/kg daily. Adjust dose for each individual animal; by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 40 -80 micrograms/kg.
Dexamethasone
Tablet, 250mcg Injection, 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 5mg/ml
Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings. See notes above Dose. Horses: oral, 10-30 mg, repeat after 2 days if required; by
intramuscular and intravenous injection, 20-200 micrograms/kg shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeat after 3-6 hours if required Cattle: oral, 10-30 mg; repeat after 1-2 days if required; by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20- 200 micrograms/kg Shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeats after 3-6 hours if required Sheep: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20-200 micrograms/kg shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeat after 3 -6 hours if required Dogs, Cats: oral, 50 micrograms/kg in divided doses; by subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection, 20-200 microgram/kg
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Veterinary Formulary
Shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeats after 3-6 hours if required
Prednisolone Acetate
Injection, 10mg/ml, 25mg/ml
Indications.
Shock;
inflammatory
and
allergic
disorders
adrenocortical insufficiency.
Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings. See notes above Dose. Dogs, cats: 0.1-2.0 mg/kg daily Drug Interactions. Acetazolamide, antidiabetic drugs, barbiturates,
phenylbutazone, phenytoin, diuretics
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compounds usually applied to inanimate surfaces. Sometimes the same compound may act as an antiseptic or as a disinfectant, depending on the drug concentration, conditions of exposure, number of organisms, etc. To achieve maximum efficiency, it is essential to use the proper concentration of the drug for the purpose intended. Topical anti-infective agents are extensively used in surgery for antisepsis of the surgical area and surgeon's hands and to disinfect surgical instruments, apparatus, and hospital premises. Other common uses are as disinfectants for home and farm premises, in water treatment, in public health sanitation, etc, and as antiseptics in soaps, teat dips, dairy sanitizers, etc. Antiseptics also have been used for treating local infections. However, in most cases, systemic chemotherapeutic agents are preferred because they often penetrate better into the foci of infection and are less likely than the topical antiinfectives to lose their potency when in contact with body fluids and debris in the infected area. Ideally, antiseptics and disinfectants should have a broad spectrum and potent germicidal activity, with rapid onset and long-lasting effect. They should withstand environmental factors (eg, pH, temperature, humidity, etc) and must retain activity even in the presence of pus, necrotic tissue, and other organic material. High lipid solubility and good dispersibility increase their effectiveness. Antiseptic preparations should not be toxic to the host tissues and should not impair healing.
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Disinfectants should be nondestructive to applied surfaces. Offensive odor, color, and staining properties should be absent or minimal. Antimicrobial activity may be diminished through interaction,
adsorption on to rubber or plastics, or by combination with organic matter, and may be depend upon pH; the extent to which the different groups of disinfectants are affected varies. disinfectants, particularly quaternary Aqueous solutions of compounds, ammonium
chlorhexidine, and phenols, may be susceptible to contamination with microorganisms. To reduce this risk many preparations are provided for clinical use, in sterile form for single use.
Alcohol
Alcohol is a bactericidal antiseptic and disinfectant with little activity against bacterial spores. It is used as a disinfectant for skin and hard surfaces, as a solvent, and as a pharmaceutical preservative. Alcohol 70 % is commonly used for its solvent properties for the removal of superficial contamination. Alcohol should not be used to disinfect instruments because of its low efficacy against spores.
Crystal Violet
Crystal violet is a triphenylmethane antiseptic dye effective against some Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococus spp. And some pathogenic yeast such as candida spp. It is much less active against
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Gram-negative bacteria and ineffective against acid-fast bacteria and bacterial spores. Its activity increases as PH increases. Crystal violet has been applied topically as a 0.5 % or 1 % aqueous solution or a 1.2 to 1.6 % cream for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, but in the UK its use is not restricted to application to unbroken skin because of concern at animal carcinogenicity. However, it may be used as a 0.5 % solution with brilliant green 0.5 % (Bonneys blue) for skin marking prior to surgery.
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium permanganate possesses oxidizing properties which in turn confer disinfectant and deodorizing properties. It is also a stringent. Though bactericidal in vitro its clinical value as a bactericide is minimized by its rapid reduction in the presence of body fluids. Solutions are used as cleansing applications to wounds, ulcer, or abscesses and as wet dressings and in baths in eczematous conditions and acute dermatatitis.
Phenol
Phenol is commonly used in mouthwashes, scrub soaps and surface disinfectants, and is the main disinfectant found in household disinfectants. Phenols are effective against bacteria (especially Grampositive bacteria) and enveloped viruses. Phenols are not effective
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against non-enveloped viruses and spores. Enveloped viruses include BRs, BVP, corona virus, IBR, Leukemia, PI3, pox, Rabies and stomatitis virus. Non-enveloped viruses include Bluetongue, papilloma, parvo and Rota virus. Common spore forming bacteria of cattle include all the clostridias (such as tetanus, and bacillus (such as anthrax)phenols maintain their activity in the presence of organic material and therefore are more useful in footbaths and areas which organic material cannot be completely removed. Phenolic disinfectants (including cresols and pine oil) are generally safe, but prolonged exposure to the skin may cause irritation. It is contradicted to cats.
Iodine Compounds
Iodine compounds are bactericidal, sporicidal, virucidal and fungicidal. Iodine is inactivated in the presence of organic material and they must be applied multiple times in order to thoroughly disinfect. Iodine tinctures can be very irritating to tissues, can stain fabric can be corrosive and concurrent use of other antiseptics or detergents is contraindicated.
Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine, a biguanid, is one of the most widely used disinfectants. Chlorhexidine is relatively non-irritating to tissues. Chlorhexidine,
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while considered bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal, is less effective against these agents than many other disinfectants. Chlorhexidine maintains effectiveness in the presence of some organic material, but cleaning before application is recommended. To be effective chlorhexidine must remain in contact with the surface for at least five minutes. Hard or alkaline water will cause precipitation of the active ingredients necessary for disinfection.
Chlorine Compound
Chlorine eliminates both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Chlorine also is effective against fungi, bacteria, and algae. Chlorine in high concentrations irritates the mucus membranes, eyes and skin. Organic material such as faeces inactivate chlorine disinfectants, therefore, surfaces must be clean before using a chlorine disinfectant in order to obtain maximum results with chlorine disinfectants they must remain in contact with surfaces for several minutes.
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde solution is a disinfectant active against bacteria fungi, and many viruses, with a slow action against bacterial spores.
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formaldehyde fume
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Injection, 2mg/ml
Atropine Sulfate
Injection, 15 mg/ml
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13.Immunological Preparations
Vaccines are preparations of antigenic material, which are administered to induce active immunity in the recipient animal against specific bacteria or viral infection. Vaccines may be based on the nature of organisms; vaccines are usually prepared in different forms, mainly live vaccine, inactivated vaccine and toxoid vaccine. Live vaccines are nonpathogenic forms of the infecting organisms, such as mareks disease, or modified forms of the organisms, like bovine herpes virus. Live vaccines stimulate production of antibodies locally, systemically or both. The degree of protection afforded by live vaccine varies depending up on the antigen and the animal type. They usually produce high and of long duration. Antibodies especially maternal derived, may inhibit the
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replication and the live microorganisms in the vaccine and thus interfere with the process of immunization for several weeks. Therefore, further doses of vaccine may be recommended at suitable interval to allow interfering antibodies to decline. The inactive vaccines contain sufficient antigen to stimulate antibody production but generally requires two doses with an appropriate interval in order to produce a satisfactory immune response and protection. The organisms within inactivated vaccines do not replicate. These vaccines contain adjuvant that enhances the immune reaction. The adjuvant may cause local irritation and swelling at injection site. Therefore, asepsis or administration is very important. Booster doses of inactivated vaccines often administered annually, are usually employed to maintain and enduring immunity. Toxoid vaccines are toxins obtained from microorganisms and heat or chemical treated to destroy their deleterious properties without affecting the ability to stimulate the formation of antibodies.
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When live vaccines derived from bacteria are administered, care should be taken in the use of antibiotics.
In mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animal should be considered.
The full vaccination course as recommend by manufacturer should always be administered. Stressing animals to be vaccinated should be avoided. Accidental Self-injection with oil-based vaccines can cause intense vascular spasm, which may be ever result in loss of limbs. When happened prompt medical attention is essential.
Do not vaccinate through dirty, wet skin. The repeated use of needles and syringes within herd/flock is undesirable.
Containers that have held live vaccines can be potentially hazardous and should be made safe. Injectable vaccines should be stored and reconstituted as recommended by the manufacturer. Liquid preparations should always be adequately shaken before use to insure uniformity of the material to be injected.
Side-effects of Vaccines
Some live vaccines may be able to cross the placenta and cause abortion or fetal abnormalities. In general inactive vaccines are safer than active
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vaccines, but handling and vaccinating animals in late pregnancy is associated with risk.
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Immunity. Develops in 10 days and lasts for one year. Side- effect. Benign reaction, usually in the form of a swelling at the
injection site. It normally disappears in 2-3 days.
Storage. Store the vaccines in a refrigerator at 40C. Bovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine Description.This vaccine is prepared from a whole broth culture of
Pasteurella multocida type B (20 billion germs/ml), killed by formalin (0.3 % final concentration) and precipitated by 1 % aluminum potassium sulphate (final concentration).
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Storage. At room temperature for 6 months; at+ 4oC for 1 year; avoid
light and heat.
Ovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine Description. This product contains a whole broth culture of
Pasterurella multocida type A (10 billion germs/ml), killed by formalin 0.3 % and precipitated by 1% Aluminum potassium sulphate (final concentration)
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Storage. At +20oC for 6 months, at +40oC for 1 year; Avoid light and
heat.
Blackleg Vaccine Description. This product contains a whole broth culture suspension
of Clostridium chauvoe (local isolate) killed by formalin0.5 % (final concentration) and precipitated by 1 % aluminium potassium sulphate (final concentration)
Indication. Control or prevention of black leg disease in cattle Presentation. It is a liquid suspension vaccine available in 100 ml
vials for 50 doses.
Dose. Shake the product vigorously before use and vaccinates Cattle
including calves, 2 ml subcutaneous.
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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine Description. It is a freeze-dried live attenuated bacterial vaccine
produced using T144 and T2SR strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp, mycoides small colony (MmmSC). Each field dose contains at least 107 viable mycoplasma organisms.
Indication. Control or prevention of black leg disease in cattle Presentation.The freeze-dried vaccine contains 100 doses per vial. Dose. Reconstitute the vaccine in100 ml of cold and sterile saline
water. Inject 1 ml of the reconstituted vaccine only subcutaneous. Vaccinate all animals above the age of 6 months.
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For further warning, contraindication and Side-effect see note at the beginning.
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine Description. It is an inactivated bacterial vaccine produced using F-38
Kenyan strain of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumonia (MCCP). Well grown Mycoplasma culture is inactivated by saponin which has also an adjuvant effect. The minimum protein content in each field dose is 0.15 mg/ml.
Indication. To control or prevent CCPP in goat. Presentation. The vaccine is a liquid suspension available in 100 ml
for 100 doses.
Veterinary Formulary Description.Lyophilize virus vaccine PPR strain cultured on verocells Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2.5 TCID50 per field dose
Indication. To control or prevent PPR in goat and sheep Presentation. 20 ml vial of 100 dose of lyophilized vaccine. Dose.The injected 1ml of dilute vaccine subcutaneous is recommended
for all goats and Sheep. Early immunization before 6 months of age can interfere with parental acquired antibodies and inhibit the development of active immunity. Annual vaccination is recommended for the young animals during consecutive years.
Warning.Contraindication.Side-effect. See note at the beginning. Immunity. Eight days after vaccination and may last for life. Storage.Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 20oC Sheep and Goat Pox Vaccine Description. Lyophilized live freeze dried Capripox virus strain,
cultured on Vero-cells Freeze dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2,5 TCID50 per field dose
Indication. To control or prevention of sheep and goat pox. Presentation.20 ml vials of100 doses of Lyophilized vaccine Dose.Reconstitute 20ml of the product in 100ml of cool and sterile saline water and inject 1ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous on the inner face of the thigh
This vaccine can be associated with freeze-dried Anthrax vaccine
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Veterinary Formulary Immunity. Eight days after vaccination and may last for two years Warning.Contraindication.Side-effect. See note at the beginning. Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 20oC Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine Description. Lyophilized live freeze dried Capriopox virus strain,
cultured on Vero-cells Freeze dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 3 TCID50 per filed dose
Presentation.20 ml vials 100 dose of Lyophilize vaccine. Dose. Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of cool and sterile saline
water. Inject 1 ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous on the inner face of the thigh. This vaccine can be associated with freeze-dried Anthrax vaccine.
Immunity.Eight days after vaccination and may last for two years. Warning. Contraindication. Effect. See note at the beginning. Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 20o C Rinderpest Vaccine Description. Lyophilized virus vaccine Kebete -strain cultured on
Vero-cells Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2,5 ml per field dose.
Veterinary Formulary Presentation. 20 ml vials 100 dose of Lyophilized vaccine Dose. Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of cool and sterile saline
water and injection of 1 ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous is recommended for all cattle, regardless of size. Early immunization before 6 months of age can interfere with parental acquired antibodies and inhibit the development of active immunity. Annual vaccination is recommended for the young animals during consecutive years.
Side-effect. Post vaccination, a light fever may occur in exotic breeds. Warning.Contraindication. See note at the beginning. Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 2000c
African Horse Sickness Description. Lyophilize virus vaccine Neurotropic type 9-strain
cultured on vero-cells. Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2.5ml per field dose
Indication. To control or prevention of African horse sickness Presentation. 20 ml vials of 20 dose of Lyophilized vaccine 199
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Reconstitute the product In 20 ml of cool and sterile saline water
and the injection of 1 ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous is
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccine Description. Bivalent vaccine, O and C strain type propagated on
monolayer cell-culture. This virus is absorbed in to Aluminum Hydroxide gel (Al (OH) 3) concentrated, Inactivated with 0,3 % of formaldehyde and adjuvated with saponin.
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Veterinary Formulary Dose. Shake the bottle before use and inject 4 ml per cattle
subcutaneous, preferably in dewlap region. First vaccination -two injections at 6 months of interval. Then, revaccination - one year after the second injection and every year. Since the season of outbreaks in Ethiopia is generally between November and January, it is advisable to vaccinate animals before this period so as to obtain a sufficient rate of antibodies when the risk of outbreak is maximal.
Immunity. 2-3 weeks after vaccination and may last for one year. Side-effect. Swelling may occur at the place of inoculation and persist
for a few weeks.
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. Control or prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry. Dose. Reconstitute according to the number of chicken to be vaccinated
and dilute the required amount of vaccine.
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Veterinary Formulary Oral drench Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100
ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml. Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird using a clean plastic syringe.
Drinking water the quantity of water generally required per bird for
the drinking water vaccination is as follows: For 10 14 days-old birds For 3 8 week-old birds For other birds 10 15 ml 20 30 ml 40 ml
To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine, multiply the number of doses of the vaccine per vial by the amount of ml required per bird according to the above table. Example: to dilute 500 doses of vaccine for 8 week-old birds multiply 500 by 30 that means you need 15 liters of water to dilute the 500 doses of vaccine per vial.
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infected with virulent virus; in this flock, levels of antibody known to interfere with vaccination until 42 days. In situation of this kind, approx, 60 % of birds will respond at about 21 days, while the remaining 40 % are refractory until approx, 42 days. While vaccination at one day of age may give active protection to chicks with the lowest levels of antibody, vaccination at this age may be largely ineffective in the majority of chicks and hence should be regarded as a preliminary step rather than a recognized protective procedure. For example, in flocks of chicks having high level of maternal antibody, it has been found that approx, 60 % of the chicks will actively respond to vaccination at 18 21 days of age, while at 14 days of age the percentage of chicks that will respond may be under 40 %.
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immune level that will effectively protect the pullets with the minimum of revaccination during the laying period. If the time interval between the primary and secondary vaccination is <21 days, the antibody produced by the first dose of vaccine is more likely to interfere with the multiplication of the second dose of virus. An interval during which no further vaccine is given should be allowed until the final dose of vaccine is administered about two weeks before the birds come into egg production. There fore, the following vaccination program is recommended. Day of vaccination Type of vaccine Route of
Day old HB1 Day 21 Lasota Day 42 Lasota Between 10 and 12 Inactivated weeks of age At point of lay Inactivated
Administration Intraocular Intraocular By the drinking water Intramuscular 0.5 ml/bird Intramuscular 0.5 ml/bird Storage. Vaccine should store at a temperature of +4oC.
Inactivated Oild Emulsion Newcastle Disease Vaccine Description. The vaccine is prepared in embryonated eggs injected
with the lentogenic strain Lasota, containing in at least 108 EID50
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inactivated and suspended in light mineral oil adjuvant. It is selected for its long lasting immunity.
Indication. To control and prevent Newcastle disease in poultry. Dose. The inactivated type vaccine is recommended for flocks of
laying and breeding birds. Shake well before and during use. The vaccine is injected 0.5 ml/bird subcutaneous at the back of the neck or
Vaccination program
First Vaccination 10-12 weeks of age. Second Vaccinations given at point of lay. Best immunity is obtained when birds are vaccinated with live Newcastle vaccines prior to the application of inactivated vaccine.
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Veterinary Formulary Newcastle Thermo-Stable Vaccine Description. It is a live viral vaccine produced in an embryonated
specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using the relatively heat stable variant strain, developed at Queens land University Australia. Each field dose contains at least log 107. ELD50 viral particles
Indication. Control or prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry. Presentation. The vaccine is available in vials of 250, 100 and 50
doses
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Veterinary Formulary Oral drench. Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100
ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml. Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird using a clean plastic syringe.
Drinking water .the quantity of water generally required per bird for
the dinking water vaccination is as follows: For 10-14 day old birds10-15 ml
Vaccination program
First vaccination; Day old and above (preferably up to 10 days); Second vaccination, 4 weeks; third vaccination 3-4 Months; repeat every 3-4 months.
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Indication. To control or prevent fowl typhoid in poultry Presentation. The vaccine is available in vials of 20 ml with 100
doses
Storage. The vaccine can be stored at 4oC for 6 months and at 20oC
for several years.
Fowl-pox Vaccine Description. It is a live freeze dried viral vaccine produced on the
Chicken Fibro blast, cells of embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using modified Fowl pox virus. Each vaccine batch contains 10 3.5 EID50/ dose.
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. To control or prevent fowl-pox infection in poultry Presentation. Each 20 ml vial contains 100 doses of freeze-dried
vaccine
Vaccination program:
1.Healthy environment; Vaccination from the 8th week of life with a yearly boost 2.Contaminated environment; Vaccination from the 3rd week of life Booster 3 months later and then yearly.
Warning.Contraindication.Side-effect.See notes at the beginning Storage. The vaccine can be stored at + 4oC.
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Veterinary Formulary Dosage form. Vial of 1 dose powder for reconstitution. Dose.
Subcutaneous or intramuscularly injection of 1dose.
Contraindication,
puppies under 6 weeks and age is not recommended. For additional information see notes above.
Canine Parvo Virus Vaccine Indication. Against canine parvo virus infection. Dosage form. Vial of 1 dose powder for reconstitution. Dose. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of 1 dose. Puppies are
vaccinated at 2 to 4 weeks intervals from 6 to 8 or 18 weeks of age. Although immunity following modifier live vaccine administration is probably of long duration, annual boaster vaccination is recommended.
Avian Coccidiosis Vaccine Indication .To avoid problems related to drug resistance and the
continuous use of medication to control Eimeria species in domestic bird.
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Storage.
See
notes
Mareks Disease Vaccine Indication. Against Marks disease in poultry Dosage form. Powder for reconstitution Dose. Chickens are ideally vaccinated at day-old in the hatchery, and
also chickens up to 3 weeks of age may be vaccinated. Occasionally revaccination is done at 2 to 4 weeks of age. The vaccine is injected im at 0.2 m/g per chick.
Contraindication.Warning. Side-effect.Storage. See notes above ABAMECTIN + PRAZIQUANTEL 106 ABAMECTINE 100 acepromazine maleate 142 acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 137 ACTIVATED CARBON 186 Adsorbents 120 AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS 199 ALBENDAZOLE 90 ALCOHOL 182 Alpha2-adrenoceptor Stimulants 142 Aminoglycosides 29 AMITRAZ 118 AmoxycilLin 11 Amoxycillin AND CLavulanic acid 14 Ampicillin 12 AMPICILLIN AND CLOXACILLIN 14 AMPICILLIN AND CLOXACILLIN BENZATHINE 15 AMPICILLIN AND DICLOXACILLIN 15 AMPROLIUM AND ETHOPABATE 86 AMPROLIUM AND SULFAQUINOXALINE 87 AMPROLIUM HYDROCHLORIDE 79
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Veterinary Formulary AMPROLIUM HYDROCHLORIDE AND VITAMIN K 87 AMPROLIUM, FURAZOLIDONE, VITAMIN K AND VITAMIN A 87 AMPROLIUM, SULFAQUINOXALINE AND ETHOPABATE 87 AMPROLIUM, SULFAQUINOXALINE, ETHOPABATE AND PYREMETHAMINE 86 AMPROLIUM+ SULFAQUINOXALINE+ VITAMIN K 87 ANTHRAX VACCINE 191 Anticoagulants 167 atropine sulphate 146 AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS VACCINE. 211 Benzathine Penicillin 4 Benzimidazoles 89 Benzyl penicillin 4 Benzyl penicillin, 4 Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins 7 BETAMETHOSONE. 178 BEZANTHINE PENICILLIN G AND PROCAINE PENICILLIN 7 Bismuth salicylate, SODIUM salicylate, Magnesium TRISILICATE AND Kaolin 120 BLACKLEG VACCINE 194 BOVINE PASTEURELLOSIS VACCINE 192 Broad-spectrum penicillin's 10 Bulk-forming laxatives 125 BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE 134 CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINE 210 CANINE PARVO VIRUS VACCINE 211 Carbamate 113 CARBARYL 113 CEPHALEXIN 19 Cephalosporins 15 CEPHAPIRIN 18 Chloramphenicol 40 CHLORAMPHENICOL 41 CHLORFENVINPHOS 109 CHLORHEXIDINE 184 CHLOROTHIAZIDE 129 CHLORTETRACYCLINE 25 CHLORTETRACYCLINE and BENZOCAINE 27
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Veterinary Formulary CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND NEOMYCIN SULPHATE 70 CLOPIDOL 80 cloprestenol sodium 166 CLOSANTEL 102 CLOXACILLIN 8 CLOXACILLIN BENZANTHINE AND NEOMYCIN SULPHATE 70 CLOXACILLIN BENZATHINE 8 CLOXACILLIN SODIUM, NEOMYCIN SULFATE AND PREDINSOLONE 70 Co-trimazine 61 CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA (CBPP) VACCINE 195 CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA (CCPP) VACCINE 196 COPPER SULFATE 76 Corticosteroids 176 CRYSTAL VIOLET 182 CYANOCOBALAMIN 174 CYPERMETHRIN 114 DECOQUINATE 80 DELTAMETHRIN 116 DEXAMETHASONE 179 DIAZINON 110 DICHLOROVOS 111 diclophenac sodium 140 DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCI N AND BENZATHIN PENICILLIN G 70 DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCI N AND STREPTOMYCIN 33 DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCI N SULPHATE AND PROCAINE PENICILLIN G 70 DIMETICONE 122 DIMINAZENE ACETURATE 83 DIMINAZENE ACETURATE AND PHENAZONE 84 Diuretics 127 DOCUSATE 123 Doxycycline 26 ENROFLOXACIN 45 ERYTHROMYCIN 37 ERYTHROMYCIN, SULFADIAZINE AND Trimethoprim 71 ether 153 ETRAMISOLE 97 FEBANTEL 94 FENBENDAZOLE 91 FENTHION 111 FENVALERATE 116 FLUBENDAZOLE 92 Flucloxacillin 9 FLUMEQUIN 47 214
Veterinary Formulary FLUMETHRINE 117 flunixin meglumine 139 FOLIC ACID 174 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) VACCINE 200 FORMALDEHYDE 185 FOWL TYPHOID VACCINE 208 FOWL-POX VACCINE 209 FRUSEMIDE 130 FURAZOLIDONE 67 GENTAMICIN SULFATE 33 GRISEOFULVIN 75 Haemostatics 170 halothane 152 HEPARIN SODIUM 168 HOMIDIUM 85 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZID E 129 Imidazothiazole 95 INACTIVATED OILD EMULSION NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE 205 IODINE COMPOUNDS 184 isoflurane 152 ISOMETHAMIDIUM CHLORIDE 85 ISPAGHULA HUSK 125 IVERMECTIN AND PRAZIQUANTEL 107 IVERMECTINE 98 KANAMYCIN 34 Kanamycine SULPHATE, BENZATHIN penicillin AND ProcainE penicillin G 71 KAOLIN and PECTIN 120 ketamine hydrochloride 148 KETOCONAZOLE 76 LASALOCID 81 LEVAMISOLE 96 LEVAMISOLE and TRICLABENDAZOLE 103 LEVAMISOLE and OXYCLOZANIDE 104 LEVAMISOLE WITH BITHONOLOXIDE 104 LEVAMISOLE WITH NICLOSAMIDE 105 LEVAMISOLE WITH RAFOXANIDE 105 lidocaine and adrenaline 155 lidocaine hydrochloride 154 lidocaine hydrochloride and noradrenaline 155 LINCOMYCIN AND SPECTINOMYCIN 71 LINCOMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE 39 Loop diuretics 129 Lubricant laxatives 124 LUMPY SKIN DISEASE VACCINE 198 Macrolides 35 215
Veterinary Formulary Magnesium hydroxide mixture 126 MAGNESIUM SULFATE (EPSOM SALT) 127 MANNITOL 131 MARKS DISEASE VACCINE. 212 MEBENDAZOLE 92 metamizole sodium 139 METHENAMINE 132 methohexitone sodium 148 Metronidazole 68 METRONIDAZOLE 69 Microcyclic Lactones 97 MONENSIN 81 NATAMYCIN 75 NEOMYCIN SULPHATE35 NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE 201 NEWCASTLE THERMOSTABLE VACCINE 207 NIACIN 173 NICOTINIC ACID 173 Nitrofurans 66 NITROFURAZONE 67 Nitrofurazone +Urea 68 Nitroimidazoles 68 Non-opioid analgesics 135 Norfloxacin 46 oestradiol benzoate 161 Oestrogens 160 Opioid analgesics 132 Oral anticoagulant 169 Organophosphates and chlorides 109 Osmotic diuretics 131 osmotic laxatives 126 OVINE PASTEURELLOSIS VACCINE 193 OXFENDAZOLE 93 OXIBENDAZOLE 93 OXYCLOZANIDE 100 OXYFENDAZOLE AND OXYCLOZANIDE 107 OXYTETRACYCLINE 25 OXYTETRACYCLINE AND FURAZOLIDONE 72 OxYtetracycline And Genitian Violet 27 OxYtetracycline and Lidocain hydrochloride 27 oxytocin 159 paracetamol 138 PARAFFINS 125 Parenteral Anticoagulants 168 PENICILLIN G PROCAIN, DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN SULPHATE AND METHYLHYDROBENZ OATE 72 PENICILLIN G PROCAINE, PENICILLIN G BENZATHIN AND
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Veterinary Formulary DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN SULPHATE 72 PENICILLIN G SODIUM, PENICILLIN G PROCAIN AND DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN 72 PENICILLIN G, FORMOSULPHATHIAZ OL AND STREPTOMYCINE SULPHATE 73 PENICILLIN G, PENICILLIN G PROCAINE AND STREPTOMYCINE SULPHATE 72 penicillin g) 4 penicillins 1 pentobarbitone sodium 149 PERMETHRIN 117 PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) VACCINE 196 PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 135 Phenothiazines 141 phenylbutazone 137 PHOSMET 112 POLOXALENE 122 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 183 PRAZIQUANTEL 101 PRAZIQUANTEL and PYRANTEL EMBONATE + FEBANTEL 106 PREDISOLONE ACETATE 180 Procaine Penicillin 4 procainE penicillin AND Streptomycine sulphate 73 PROCAINE PENICILLIN G 6 PROCAINE PENICILLIN G AND NEOMYCIN 73 PROCAINE PENICILLIN G, DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN AND PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 73 progesterone 165 Progestogens 163 PROPOXUR 114 Prostaglandins 165 PYRANTEL PAMOATE102 quinalbarbitone sodium 150 QUINAPRAMIN SULFATE 85 Quinolones 43 RIBOFLAVIN 173 RINDERPEST VACCINE 198 ROBENDINE 82 Sedatives 140 SHEEP AND GOAT POX VACCINE 197 217
Veterinary Formulary SPIRAMYCIN 38 STREPTOMYCIN SULPHATE 32 SulfaDiazine, tetracycline hydrochloride AND neomycin sulphate 73 Sulfathiazole, PENICILLIN G, Streptomycine sulphate AND Ethinyloestradiole73 SULPHADIAZINE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 61 SULPHADIMETHOXINE 53 SULPHADIMIDINE AND SULPHADIAZINE AND SULPHATHIAZOLE 65 SULPHADIMIDINE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 66 SULPHADIMIDINE SODIUM 51 SULPHADIMIDINE, TRIMETHOPRIM AND ATROPINE SULFATE 64 SULPHAMERAZINE 54 SULPHAMERAZINE, SULFADIAZINE, SULFATHIAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 64 SULPHAMETHAZINE 55 SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 63 SULPHAMETHOXYPYRI DAZINE 52 SULPHAQUINOXALINE AND PYRIMETHAMINE 65 Sulphaquinoxaline And Trimethoprim 59 SULPHASALAZINE 121 Sulphonamides and potentiated sulphonamides 48 testosterone phenylpropionate 163 TETRACYCLINE 28 Tetracyclines 19 TETRAMISOL WITH OXYCLOZANIDE 105 THIAMPHENICOL 43 Thiazides 128 thiopentone sodium 150 TOCOPHEROL 175 TOLTRAZURIL 82 TRICLABENDAZOLE 94 TRICLABENDAZOLE AND RAFOXANIDE 107 TYLOSIN 38 TYLOSINE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL 74 TYLOSINE, CHLORAMPHENICOL AND PREDNISOLONE 73 vitamin B2 173 218
Veterinary Formulary VITAMIN E VITAMIN K vitaminB1 WARFARIN SODIUM 175 175 172 169 xylazine 143 YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE 186 ZINC SULPHATE 77
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