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Date Band Determining the coldest temperature in the universein a high school classroom Background: One of the gas laws you have been working with relates to how temperature affects the volume of a sample of gas. In today's experiment, you will determine the relationship between temperature and volume. Using this data, you will be able to extrapolate your experimental data to determine a value for absolute zero on the Celsius scale, and more fully comprehend the Kelvin scale. You will write this up on a separate sheet. Using a simple system comprised of a flask, stopper, tube, and clamp, you will experimentally determine the volume of a sample of gas at a high temperature and at a lower temperature for the same sample of gas. Based on this data, you will graph your results, with volume on the Y-axis and the temperature (oC) on the X-axis. After you have graphed these data, you will then extrapolate (extend) the line between these two points to intersect the X-axis. Explain answers in sentences for credit. 1 What is the (expected) value of V (volume of an ideal gas) when this (all motion ceases, kinetic energy is zero) happens? This intersection point will represent the temperature when the volume of gas would extrapolate to zero, and represent the numerical value for absolute zero on the Celsius scale. 2 Which law involves the two parameters that will vary here? 3 What is the relationship between these two parameters (simply stated)? 4 What parameters are assumed to remain constant throughout this modeled system? Material: hot plate Large beaker (800 or 1000 mL) w/water 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask w/ rubber stopper with a piece of latex tubing and a clamp graduated cylinder goggles thermometer cool water bath

Procedure: Step 1 Place a dry 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask with stopper and open, unclamped tubing into your beaker of heated water on the hotplate. Make sure that the tubing is away from the heat source so it doesnt melt and away from the water so it doesnt take in any water. Step 2 Boil gently for about 10 minutes to bring the temperature of the air in the flask system to that of hot water (the volume of gas occupying the flask and tubing is the volume [V1]of gas at boiling temperature. This volume will be determined at the end of the lab). Step 3 Prior to removing the flask from the hot water bath, measure the temperature of the hot water in the hot water bath(T1). You will eventually convert the temperature to Kelvin, but you do not need to so immediately. Step 4 After determining the temperature of the boiling water, clamp the latex tubing, and carefully remove the flask from the boiling water. Step 5 Immediately place your hot and still clamped flask into the cool water bath. Keep the flask as fully immersed as you can. Record: #5 What is happening to the air in the flask during this time? Comment on its velocity (?) and its pressure. Thinking/conceptual question. Step 6 While keeping the clamped end of the hose under water, carefully remove the clamp, and let the cooler water flow into the flask. Keep the flask immersed in the water for at least 5 min (10 is better). #6 What do you notice happening? #7 Why are you letting it sit in this cooling water bath so long? #8 What is happening to the air in the flask during this time? Thinking/conceptual question. Step 7 When you are confident that the temperature of the flask is the same temperature as the surrounding water, you need to do two things to obtain correct data. a. First, measure the temperature of the water bath after the system has been immersed 5-10 minutes: T2: #9 #10 Why? b. Second, keeping the still stoppered flask below the water level, re-clamp the tubing tightly.

CONSIDER ( and explain in your write up): #11 How will you determine the initial volume of your system? #12 How will you determine the initial temperature of your system? #13 How will you determine the final volume of your system? #14 How will you determine the final temperature of your system? Record your initial temperature (T1): Record your final temperature (T2): celsius and Kelvins celsius and Kelvins #15 #16
(keep in mind when you need to determine this)#17

initial volume of system (empty volume of the system, including hose) = V1: volume of water that entered the system: final volume of system: (V1) (volume of water that entered the system) = V2: #18

#19

Construct an accurate graph**. Graph your data with volumes shown on the Y-axis and the temperatures on the X-axis. Initially plot your data using Celsius degrees. #20-29 = 10pts #30 You should be able to extend a line through the two points you created (extrapolate). According to your graph, what is the predicted temperature of absolute zero in oC? According to your graph, what is the predicted Kelvin temperature of absolute zero? #31 How does your predicted value for absolute zero compare to the accepted value of 0 K? #32 Using your graph as a reference, describe how temperature and volumes are related.

#33 Use your initial V and T and a final V of 0.0L to determine theoretical final T and plot this line on your graph (too). EXTRA: How close did you come to the actual value for absolute zero on the Celsius scale? Calculate this using the formula for Charles Law using your data and determine which factor you could adjust to correct any variation from the expected data. **Once again, all responses should be in clearly written, expressed in sentences where appropriate. Graphs must be on graph paper, be large enough to be logically useful, labeled, and otherwise correct; the calculations must be clear and in pencil. If you have forgotten how to make graphs, refer to your orange chemistry workbook, page 207. Ideally, you should repeat the experiment at least once more. Be sure to start with a clean and dry flask for each experiment. You can use a different flask, but you need to determine the volume of the new flask using the procedure described above. TIP: ONE METHOD OF DETERMINING VOLUMES: After you measure the volume of water "sucked" into the cool flask, you will need to determine the total volume that gas could occupy (V1). To determine this volume fill the flask completely with water. Insert the stopper and tubing into the flask. Excess water should flow out the tubing. Then, carefully, remove the stopper assembly allowing any water in the stopper to flow back into the flask. Then, you will need to measure the amount of water remaining in the flask. Since you only have a 100-mL graduated cylinder, you will need to fill this cylinder several times, making certain that you accurately record the volume of water during each addition. The total volume of water will be the volume of gas in the flask at boiling temperature (V1). To obtain the volume of gas at the cool temperature (V2), you will need to subtract the volume of water in the flask (Vwater) from the total volume of the flask (V1). You now have the two volumes necessary for graphing your data. Caution: There are several sources of error that you should be careful to avoid. Make certain that the stopper is firmly inserted into the flask prior to placing it in the sink of water. If the stopper is not firmly inserted, excess water could enter the flask. Make certain that the water level inside the flask, after temperature equilibration, is exactly level with the water on the outside. This adjustment lets the pressure inside the flask to be equal with the pressure on the outside of the flask (remember that pressure affects the volume; Charles's Law is based on pressure being constant). Temperature inside the flask must equal temperature on the outside of the flask. It is essential to know the temperature of the gas inside the flask. You have plenty of time, so make certain you maintain the flask at boiling temperature for 5-10 min, and the cool temperature for 5-10 min as well.

Absolute Zero The absolute scale, also called the Kelvin scale, was invented in 1848 by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). It has, as its low point, a mark called absolute zero, the point at which all matter stops moving and below which the temperature cannot be lowered. Modern calculations place this temperature at-273.18 C. Thomson based his concept of an absolute scale on the theories of French physicist Jacques-Alexandre-Csar Charles. Charles' observations show that a gas at 0 C can be cooled; for every degree the temperature is lowered, the volume decreases by 1/273. What Charles' law seems to indicate is that at-273 C the volume of the gas will be zero. This phenomenon puzzled scientists who could not understand why the volume would reach zero, or just what happened to the gas when it did. After working with cooled gases with James Joule, Thomson proposed the following idea: the temperature of the gas was a reflection of the kinetic energy of its atoms. As the temperature decreased the atoms would be less active, moving less and taking up less room, and, thus, would drop in volume. At-273 C the energy of each of the atoms would reach zero; they would then stop moving and take up virtually no space. Thomson posited that this theory would hold true for all matter. Using this as a springboard, Thomson devised a new temperature scale called the absolute scale; this was actually just a rearrangement of the centigrade scale, placing absolute zero as the zero mark. Thus, the absolute scale has no negative degrees. Temperatures are expressed in degrees Kelvin, the name given to the scale in honor of its inventor.

http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/javalabs/java12/gaslaws/act2/lab.htm

http://www.nclark.net/GasLaws