Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei

STUDIUL MODALITILOR DE
TRANSPUNERE A CONDUCTOARELOR
LINIILOR ELECTRICE DE TRANSPORT

Masterand:
Cucu Ruslan
Conductor:
prof.univ.,dr Stratan Ion

Chiinu 2011
1

Ministerul Educaiei al Republicii Moldova

Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei
Programul de masterat Electroenergetic

Admis la susinere
ef de catedr: conf.univ.,dr. Pogora Victor

17

ianuarie

2011

STUDIUL MODALITILOR DE TRANSPUNERE A

CONDUCTOARELOR LINIILOR ELECTRICE DE
TRANSPORT
Tez de master

Masterand:
Conductor:

Chiinu 2011

_ (Cucu Ruslan)
__

(Stratan Ion)


........

1 ..

2
4

1.1 ..... 4
1.2 .....

2 .....

2.1

2.2 ...

2.2.1 .

2.2.2 .....

2.3

9
20
20

23
23
25

.. 26

2.4 .

3 .......

29
38

3.1 38

3.2

3.4 ...

3.5 ......

3.4 ....

42
48
54
55
58

... 64

, .

) , , .

,
.

. . . ,
, .

, , ,

, ,
,
.

.

, .

( ) (58)
. ,
, .

,
.

, , , ,

,
.
4

.
, .

, ,
.

.
.

500 ,

, ,
.

( ,
):

- 330 - ( , 955 MVA, 121,5 );

- 400 - (1715 MVA, 115 )

- 400 - (1715 MVA, 100 ).

UCTE,

16 2006
UCTE.

1
1.1
:

, , t,

i(x,t) u(x,t)

,
[1].

,
.
(. 1.1) :

dU
= ZL ,
dx

dl
= YU ,
dx

(1.1)

1.1

Z = r + j L ,
Y = g + j C ,

(1.2)

 r - ; L =

0 D3
ln
; g
2
R

; C = a-1 ; a =

1
2H
ln
; R
2 0

-
f

; D3 660

f; ,
(10 100) , 1000 ;
0 = 4 10

- ;

0 =

10 6

36

; R - .

(1.1)

d 2U
ZYU = 0
dx 2
d 2I
YZI = 0
dx 2

(1.3)

U ( x ) = U ch x + I n Z sh x ,

I (x ) = U

sh x

+ I n ch x,

(1.4)

Z
Un, In - ; U(x), I()
x ; =

; Z w =

ZY

Z
.
Y

= a + j ,
7

= LC

= 0 .5
+ gZ w ,
Zw

(1.5)

Zw - .
:

Z w = Z we j 0 ,
Z w =

1
2

(1.6)

L
- ;
C

gZ w

Zw

,
c kv

Z w = 60 k v ln

D3
,
R

(1.7)

2H
v
R
- ; k v = =
c ln D3 -
R
ln

.
,

U ( x ) = A( x )U n + B ( x )I n
I ( x ) = C ( x )U n + D ( x )I n ,
8

(1.8)

 A( x ) = ch x ; B ( x ) = Z w sh x; ; C ( x ) =

shyx

Zw

; D ( x ) = chx

U
U (x )
= M (x ) n ,
In
I (x )

(1.9)

U (x ) U n
,
-
I (x ) I n

; M ( x ) =

A( x )

B (x )

C (x ) D (x )

(. 1.2), ,
,

U0
I0

U0
I0

=M

Un
In

- ;

A
M =
C

B ch l
=
D shl
Zw

Z w sh l
ch l

(1.10)

 1.2
(. 1.3)

1.3 -
- ,

Mn =

1
Y0

01
10

Z 1
1 Yn

0
1

1 + Yn Z

Y0 + Yn + Y0Yn Z

1 + Y0 Z

Z = B , Y0 =

D 1
A 1
, Yn =
.
B
B

10

(1.11)

1.2
,

(. 1.4)\

. 1.4

U a Z aa
d

U b = Z ba
dx
Uc
Z ca

Z ab
Z bb
Z cb

Z ac I a
Z bc I b ,
Z cc I c

Ia
Yaa
d

I b = Yba
dx
Ic
Yca

Yab

Yac U a

Ybb
Ycb

Ybc U b ,
Ycc U c

(1.12)

Zii= ri+ r3 +jLii - - ; Zij = r3 + jLij -

- j- ; Yii = gi+jCii -co - ;
Yij = gij + jCij - j- ; r3 -
.

Lii =

D
0
D
ln 3 , Lij = 0 ln 3 ,
2 Dij
2 Ri
11

(1.13)

 Ri = R pi n

di
ni Ri
R
=

pi
i- ;

R pi
2 sin
ni

i- ; d- i- ; ni-

- ; Ri- - ; Dij - j- .

C aa

C ab

Cba

Cbb

C ca

C cb

C ac

aaa

aab

aac

Cbc = aba

abb

abc .

acb

acc

C cc

aca

(1.14)

[8]

aii =

1
H
ln ii ,
2 0
Ri

aij =

H
1
ln ij ,
2 0
Dij

(1.15)

Hii - i- ;

Hij - - j- .

(1.11)

, .
, , ,

, .

, (1.11) ,
(1.1),

(1.4). , ,

Z aa

Z ab

Z ac

Z ba

Z bb

Z bc = Z

Z ,

Z ca

Z cb

Z cc

12

 Z = r + r3 + j L ; Z = r3 + j L .

D =

Dab

L =

Laa + Lbb + Lcc

D

= 0 ln 3 ,
3
2 D

L =

Lab + Lbc + Lac 0

D
=
ln 3 ,
3
2 D

Dac

(1.16)

Dbc , - .

Yaa

Yab

Yba

Ybb

Yca

Ycb

Yac

Y ,

Ybc = Y
Y

Ycc

Y = g + j C ; Y = g + j C .

+ 2 )( )

, =

+ 2 )( )

(1.17)

H
+ bb + acc
1
=
ln ,
3
2 0
R

H
ab + abc + aac
1
=
ln . ,
3
2 0
D

13

(1.18)

= 3

bb

H cc -
H . = 3 ab

H ac

H bc

, , (1.11)

Ua
Z
d
U b = Z

dx
U c Z
Ia
Y
d
I b = Y
x
I c Y

Z I a

Z I b ,

Z Ic

Y U a

Y U b .

Y U c

-
,
,

I a + I b + I c = 0.
Ua + Ub + Uc = 0

(1.19)

. ,
:

dU a
= Z I a + Z (I b + I c ),
dx

dI a
= YU a Y (U b + U c ).
dx

(1.18), ,

dU a
= (Z Z )I a ,
dx

dI a
(Y + Y )U a .
dx
14

 b c. , ,

dU
= ZI ,
dx

dI
= YU ,
dx

Z=Z Z , Y=Y+Y -
.
,

Z w = 60 k v ln
=

1
2

D
R

,=

,
kv

gZ
,
a
=
0
,
5
+
gZ
w
w .

Zw

Zw

(1.20)

kv

ln

H .

kv = 1
ln

,
D

(1.21)

H- - ;

. - - j-
(ij).

,
,
. (1.11)

[3-11]. ,

15

 , .
(1.11) .

Ua

dU
= ZI ,
dx

dI
= ZU ,
dx

(1.22)

Ia

U = U b , I = I b , - ;

Uc

Ic

Z aa

Z ab

Z ac

Z = Z ba

Z bb

Z ca

Z cb

Z bc Z cc

Yaa
Y = Yba
Yca

Yab
Ybb
Ycb

Yac
Ybc - .
Ycc

d 2U
d 2I
ZYU 2 YZI = 0
dx 2
dx

(1.23)

ZY ,

2
aa

2
ab

ac2

2 = ZY = ba2

bb2

bc2

2
ba

2
cb

(1.24)

2
cc

YZ , Y Z , ZY:
YZ=(ZY)t=2t

[19-20]

S = eigenvecs (ZY),
16

(1.25)

 ZY.

2 = S 1 2 S = S t t2 S t1 ,
12

= 0
0

0
32

2
2

(1.26)

1,2 3; St

S.

U = S 1U ,
I = St I ,
U1

(1.27)

I1

U = U 2 , I = I 2 - .

U3

I3

(1.4)

U ov = U nv ch v l + I nv Z wv sh v l,

I ov = U nv

sh v l

+ I nv ch v l,

(1.28)

Z wv

v = 1, 2, - ; Uov, Unv, Iov, Inv

v- ; v,

Zwv -

v- .

v-

Z wv =

Zv
,
v

Zv - v- ,

17

Z1
Z = 0
0

0
Z2
0

0
0 = S 1ZS t1
Z3

(1.29)

(1.27), (. 1.5)

U ov = AvU nv + Bv I nv ,
I ov = C vU nv + Dv I nv ,

Av = ch v l; Bv = Z wv sh v l; C v =

sh v l

(1.30)

; Dv = ch v l.

Z wv

A1
A = 0
0

0
A2
0

0
B1
0 , B = 0
A3
0

0
B2
0

0
0,
B3

C1
C = 0
0

0
C2
0

0
D1
0 , D = 0
C3
0

0
D2
0

0
0 ,
D3

v, Bv, Cv, Dv v= 1,2,3 (1.29).

) 1-

18

(1.31)

) 2-

) 3-
1.5
, ,

U = U n + I ,
I = U + D I

(1.32)

U 01
A1
U 02 = 0
U 03
0

0
A2
0

0 U n1 B1
0 U n2 + 0
A3 U n 3
0

19

0
B2
0

0 I n1
0 In2 ,
B3 I n 3

I 01 C1
I 02 = 0
0
I 03

0
C2
0

0 U n1 D1
0 U n2 + 0
0
C3 U n 3

Av = ch v l; Bv = Z wv sh v l; C v =

sh v l

0
D2
0

0 I n1
0 In2 ,
D3 I n 3

(1.33)

; Dv = ch v l.

Z wv

(1.26), (1.31)

U = AU + B + I ,

I = U + D I ,

(1.34)

= SA S ; = SB S t ; C = S t C S ; D = S t D S t .
1

(1.33) ( 1.6)

U oa

Aaa

Aab

Aac U na

Baa

Bab

Bac I na

U ob = Aba

Abb

Abc U nb + Bba

Bbb

Bbc I nb ,

Aca

Acb

Acc U nc

Bca

Bcb

Bcc I nc

C aa

C ab

C ac U na

Daa

Dab

Dac I na

I ob = Cba

Cbb

Cbc U nb + Dba

Dbb

Dbc I nb .

C ca

C cb

Ccc U nc

Dcb

Dcc I nc

U oc
I oa
I oc

Dca

(1.35)

1.6 BJI 8-

20

 (1.34), ,
,
, .

21

2
2.1

.
, ,

.

, ,

, [12].
.

,
500-1000 . 500-1150

, , .
,

. , ..

,
.

, .. .

,
( 2.1).

2.1

, ( 2.2),
22

 ,
, .. .

(,

, .

. ( 2.1).

, ..
.

2.1 1101150

,
,

,
-

0,9 /2

( = 0,9)

110

70-240

30

11-37

80

25

150

150-300

60

31-63

250

20

220

240-400

135

74-123

400

100

330

2x240-2x400

360

221-368

700

130

500

3x330-3x500

900

630-1064

1200

280

750

5x300-5x400

2100

1500-2000

2200

300

1150

8x300-8x500

5200

4000-6000

3000

2.2

23

 .
:

k12 =

Ir2
,
I r1

k10 =

Ir0
,
I r1

(2.1)

r1, 2, Ir0 - ,

kU 0 =

U PY 0
,
U PY 1

kU 2 =

U PY 2
,
U PY 1

(2.2)

UPY1, UPY2, UPY0 -

, .

[13]

I=SI
U=SU
I1

U1

(2.3)

Ua

I = I 2 , U = U 2 , I = I b , U = U b , - -
I0
U0
Ic
Uc

= e

2
3

1 a
= 1 a2
1 1

- .
24

a2
a ,
1

(2.4)

.
,
, :

ZT1=ZT2=ZT0
Z1=Z2, Z0 ,

Z 1 = jxd , Z 2 jxd , Z 0

(2.5)

Z r1
Z r . = 0

0
Zr2

0
0 ,

Z 1

Z 2

Z 0

Z 1

Z . =

Z . = 0
0

Zr0
0
0 ,

Z 2
0

0 ,

(2.6)

Z 0

Z,

Z=Z-1ZZ.

(2.7)

, ,
-

Z =

2 Z1 + Z 0
,
3

Z =

Z 0 Z1
.
3

, .
25

2.2
2.2.1
1 , ( 2.3)

8- ( 2.4),

I = U + D I ,

U = U + I ,
U

(2.8)

U
I
U
I oa
= U b , I = I b , U = U b , I = I ob , -
U oc
I
U c
I oc

aa

= SA S 1 = Aba
Aca

C aa
1
t

C = S C S

Aab

Aac

Baa

Bab

Bac

Abb

Abc , B = SB S t = Bba

Bbb

Bbc ,

Acb

Acc

Bcb

Bcc

Bca

C ab

C ac

Daa

Dab

Dac

= C ba

C bb

C bc , D = S D S t = Dba

Dbb

C ca

C cb

C cc

Dcb

Dbc -
Dcc

1
t

Dca

8-.

2.3

26

 2.4 8-

= 0

= 0

0 , D = 0

D2

0 ,

D3

sh l

Z w

= 0

0 =

Z w = 0

0 ,

Z w1

D1

0 , = 0

= h l; = Z w sh l; C =

(2.9)

; D = h l; v=1,2,3.

S 1 ZYS ,

Z w2
0

0 = 1 S 1 ZS t1 ,

(2.10)

Z w3

Z, Y - ;

S=eigenvecs(ZY) - .

27

2.2.2
2.5

. ,
8-,
2.3.1.

=1

0 1
0 0,

0 1

(2.11)

( 2.6).
=

( 2.7)

=
=

= ,
D

(2.12)

2.5

2.6

28

 2.7 8-
2.3

, 2.7,

, 8 ( 2.8).

2.8
(, )

, 2.9,

Zr 1

1 0

Z
1

1
D 0

Z
1

2.9 8-
29

(2.13)

= + I ,
I = C + D I ,

(2.14)

I = I b , I = I ob , = , = , - -

I c

I oc

; 0, - , .

I = + D 1 1 .

(2.15)

U . = Z r I .

(2.16)

(2.14) (2.15)

2.4

, , .

400 ,

. . ,
.

, .
,

. ,
.
30

, ,

,
, . ,

(), .

.
,

,
.

,

.

, .

,
. ,
,
, .

35220

35220

4050 .
,

, ,

.
31

 - . 1954

.
.
. . .

, ,

, ,
.

, 400 1 000 , ,

. . ,

, 1 100 , 52 /,
27 ,
70 2 3 ( ).

10 . * .

220 360 350 -

380 , 1,8
. -.

. 2.10

32

. 0.6
(-) 6
.

. ,
.

Ip,

50 .. . :

E = j 0.145 I p lg

p =1

D pt
D3

(2.17)

D ; D3

; I

Ia = a Ib = a Ic .

, . . . 1 ( 2.10)

(2.18)

D
D
E = j 0.145 I a a& 2 lg b + & lg

D
D c

D
D

E = j 0.145 I a a& 2 lg b + lg

D
Dc

(2.19)

(2.20)

I a; D- ; Db

, b; D , .

. . . ,
, .
33

& &
I& =
,
2 z&

( 2.21)

z& = r + j 0,145 lg

D
;
p

( 2.22)

D ;

1 :

D
P = Re E E I& = 1,5 0,145 I a lg
D

g ,

(2.23)

g=

D
r2 + 0,145 lg
D

A = 2 P l ,

(2.24)

, ; l

, .

D
3 0,145 I lg r l
D a
=
,
2

D
r2 + 0,145 lg
p

I , .

34

(2.25)

 2.11
( 1 2.11)

. ,

1,8 .

(
, 0,5 ),
- .

. . .

& + &
& = & I& z& . = & + I& z& . =
2

(2.26)

z& . =

D
r
+ 0,05 + j 0,145 lg 3 ,
2
p3

35

(2.27)

p =

p D .

&
&I = .

z& .
1

Pn = Re E I&

Db
I
= 2 l = 2 0,145 lg
2 D D

(0,5r + 0,5 )l

(0,5r + 0,5)2 + 0,145 lg D3

p

(2.28)

(2.29)

D
A = 2 0,145 I lg
D

(r + 0,05 )l

(r + 0,05 )

D
+ 0,145 lg 3
p

(2.30)

, ,

2, .

.

,

.

, . . +1 ,

R,
36

Z& . = z& . l ,

(2.31)

l .

, .

k k+1

E&
& k n + A& k
&I
&
&

1
k , k +1 = I n k 1, n k =
z&
1 B&
& =

(2.32)

z& 2
RZ&

(2.33)

&
& 2

Z
Z

Z& =
+ + Z& R
2
2

(2.34)

Z& &
B& =
1 &
&
Z

(2.35)

P = Pk ,k +1
n 1

k =0

n 1

A& k n

1
= E 2 Re
n 2 B& k = 0
&

Z
1 B

1
= E Re
&
Z
2

(
(

)
)

2 B& 1 A& n
n
(1 B& ) 1 A& 1 A& .

A& = 2 P N = 2 E2N Re

37

(2.36)

)
)

1
2 B& 1 A& n
n
Z&
(1 B& ) 1 A& 1 A& ,

N .

(2.37)

N=

l
,
la

(2.38)

1 ,

20 . .
.

. 2.2 , 2.2

(
)

,
,

,

, . -

400

1 000

3,1

10,2

400

1 000

1,75

5,8

0,65

2,15

10

1,10

3,62

20

1,18

3,90

400

1000

2.2

, (. 2.12).
,
.

38

 2.12
,

, 5 -

. ,

.
.

,
.

39

3
3.1

()

. ,
: (), , [14-20].

(1891.).
, , , ( 3.1).

3.1 V-

,
: ,

, , [17,19].
:

= k P ,

U 2
P =
,
Zw

(3.1)

- ; - ; k

, .
40

 (3.1)

. -

, .. .
-

. ,
, - [21-25].

( 3.1)

3.1
U,

500

750

1150

ZW,

270

260

250

900

2100

5300

500-1150 , ,

[26].
3.1 3.2.

3.2
3.2

41

 3.2
,

500

750

1150

(D),M

12

17

24

(),

22

24

30

(nF0)

3x330

5x330

8x330

(d),

40

40

40

. (~ 1,5 )
.

,
, [27-31].
,

,
,

.

.

1,5-2

500, 750

.
( 3.3),
( 3.4), (3.5).

, ,

. 3.3 .
42

 3.3

,
500

750

1150

(D),M

15

(),

22

24

30

6x240

8x240

12x240

60

60

60

(n*F0)
(d),

3.3

3.4
43

 3.5
3.2
3.2.1.

3.4

750 ,

D =17 5-330/43,

. , 400-600

4,2-5,4%,
- 1,9-2,5%.

3.5,

,
.

44

 3.4

750

l,

100

200

400

600

800

1000

kU2,%

0,64

1,1

1,9

2,5

2,9

3,3

kU0,%

0,09

0,12

0,15

0,17

0,20

0,23

k12,%

1,4

2,5

4,2

5,4

6,5

7,3

k10,%

0,8

1,1

1,3

1,5

1,8

2,0

3.5

l=500

UH,KB

500

750

1150

kU2,%

2,0

2,2

2,4

kuo,%

0,14

0,16

0,18

k,2,%

4,7

4,9

5,0

,%

1,4

1,4

1,5

, 750
, . 3.6 .3.7.

3.6 750

(D=9M, 8-240/56)

100

200

400

600

800

1000

kU2,%

0,9

1,7

2,9

4,0

5,0

6,1

kuo,%

0,12

0,16

0,21

0,25

0,3

0,37

. kI2,%

1,5

2,7

4,8

6,6

8,2

9,9

kro,%

0,8

1,1

1,4

1,7

2,0

2,4

45

 3.7 750

(D=6M, =6, 8-240/56)

1,

100

200

400

600

800

1000

kU2,%

0,48

0,88

1,6

2,2

2,7

3,3

kuo,%

0,06

0,09

0,15

0,21

0,28

0,38

ki2,%

0,74

1,4

2,5

3,4

4,3

5,2

,%

0,4

0,6

0,92

1,3

1,8

2,4

. ,

,
,
.

H =

3
D ..
2

. ,
750 ,

D = 12
8/240/56, 3.6,

46

 kU2, %

,
3.6 750

,
..

, [32].

.
[33],

2%. [32]

, ,
, ,

, .

,
:

kU 2 1,0 %,

k12 1,5%.
47

(3.2)

 3.4 - 3.7 ,

100 ,
.

. , ,

[34],

d = (1 + k d )d ,
d = (1 k d )d ,

d - ; d,d-

; -kd- ()
.

110 100 .

300 .

,
.
100

, ,

. (35
)

, ..

, .

, , -

, .
- .
48

, , ;

,
.

. , :

- ,

, ,
;

( , 35 , , ,
I II . .), .

, ()
.
.

49

3.3

,
.
3.7 [35].

L ()

C
B
A

L/3

L/3

B
A
C

L/3

3.7

L
C

C
L/3

L/3

L/3

3.8 ,

50

 3.9

L ()
C
B
A

L/3

L/3

B
A
C

L/3

3.10
,

.
, 3.8..

, .
.
51

 ( . . . . )
, .

, , [36]

, 3.9

. ,
. 3.7 3.8,
.

, ,
.

, ,
3.10

, .

, 3.10

, .3.7.

, ,

.
, ,

[37].

.
, ,

( 3.10). 3.10
. , 3.7;

, , ,

() ()

() () .

3.7 3.10

3.7 3.10 ,

52

 . -
[38]. :

= 1 . 2 2 ,

(3.3)

i i- [38],

i =

N i
0

N i

(3.4)

1- 2- 3.7,

N i = N 2

0 1 0
= 0 0 1
1

(3.5)

0 0

1- () 2- 3.7,

0 1

0 0

N i = 1 0 0 ; N 2 = 0 0 1
0 0 1
0 1 0

(3.6)

.2 2- ,

. 2 =

11
21

12
;
22

(3.7)

N 1 12 N 2
.
N 1 22 N 2

(3.8)

ik [38]
. (3.3) (3.4) :
. =

N 1 A1 N1 2
N 1 21 N 2

(3.7) :

a11
Aik = a 21
a31

a 21
a 22
a32

a22
a 23 ,
a33

(3.9)

ik .

[38] , 11=33, 21=23,31=13, 32=12.

53

a11
Aik = a 21

a12
a 22

a13
a21 .

a13

a12

a11

(3.10)

(3.8) , (3.5) (3.10) ,

2.16 :

21

ik = N 1 ik N 2 = 11
13

21
22
11

22

21 .
12

(3.11)

(3.8), (3.6) (3.10) ,

. 3.10 (3.11).

, 3.7 3.10 ,
!

3.7 3.10

, . ,

3.7 3.10 .

, 750
3.7 3.10;
2000 . , ,

, [38]
: 132 , 5300 0,4 ,

13,5 , 19,6, 22,9 19,6 ,

x1=x2=113,5 , 0=29 x1=x2=53 , x0=29 . ,

3.7
3.10 .

3.10

3.7

.
750 .

54

 3.8 . 3.6 3.9

U2, %

U0, %

I2, %

I0, %

I2, %

I, %

0,82

0,12

428

0,30

0,10

1639

2,26

1,06

1586

1,92

0,91

418

0,04

0,01

428

0,02

0,01

1638

0,11

0,09

1585

0,12

0,1

0,04

0,01

428

0,02

0,01 1G38 0,11

0,09

1585

0,12

10,1

I1,

U0, %

418

I1,

U2, %

U1,

U1,

. 3.6

418
. 3.9

3.4
, ,

. , ( 3.2) ,
(3.9).

, 3.9 ,
600

3.9 750

100

200

400

600

800

1000

KU2,%

0,02

0,08

0,26

0,49

0,77

ki2,%

0,05

0,17

0,56

1,1

1,7

2,4

, , ,

, .
55

, .

, ..

l
l = (1 + k ) ,
3

k
l = 1
2

l
,
3

(3.12)

k - ; l -

(3.3) , k= 0 l = l = l / 3, , ..
, = 2 l = l, l = 0
. 3.8 ,

500

3.12

, ,

,
, ( 3.9).

56

 30% 500

. ,

,
600-1000 k . =0,35-0,45.
, , ,

. , , 3.10

, ,
2 ,
.

, ,

,
( 3.10), .

3.10 750
1,

400

600

800

1000

kU2,%

0,13

0,26

0,41

0,59

ki2,%

0,29

0,57

0,90

1,30

kU2,%

0,02

0,05

0,09

0,14

ki2,%

0,05

0,11

0,20

0,30

3.4
5 2006 UCTE, ,

UCTE.

, , . 16 2006
UCTE .

UCTE (Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity)

UCTE

, , , ,

57

 3.14
, , , , , , -,

, , , , , , ,

, , , .
.

. UCTE
450 , 2300 .

3.15 UCTE IPS/UPS

58

UCTE,
.

3.13 330-750

[40]

):

- 330 - ( , 955 MVA, 121,5 );

- 400 - (1715 MVA, 115 )

- 400 - (1715 MVA, 100 ).

UCTE.
59

,
, , -
, .

, , ,

2%, 3%.
,

, ,
:
1%, 1,5%.

110 100 .
, 300 .

,
. ,

, ,
.
.

,
. 3
.

60

 ()

.
,

,
, .

,
H =

3
D ..
2

, ,

, ,
,
, 20-

30% ,

.
.
500

61


1. .., .., ..

. - .: , 1973.-272 .

2. .. .-.; , 1968,

464.
3. . .

. -. , 1965, ., . 168-184.

4. .., .. ,

, . - , 1967, 4,
. 1-7.

5. .. .

. 1972 ., .23, . 66-74.

6. ..

./.- , 1978, .402.-.-11.

7. Guile .., Paterson W. Electrical Power Systems ( ).

Volume 2. Second Edition, 1977. -p.354.

8. ., ..

. - .: ,1983.-527 .

9. .., .., .

. - .:, 1985.312 .

10. ..

//. 1985, 12.

11. .., .., ...

./, 1986, 10.c.30.

12. ./ .., ..

, .. . . .. ...- 2- . . . .:
, 1980.-296 .

13. .. . - ,-

. , 1964, - 704 .

14. , , ,, , ,3.

. . .. .
. . ., , 1972.-368 .
62

15. .., .., ..

330 500 . . ,
1974.-472.141

16. .. .

. . ,1982, 10.-115.

17. /.. ,

.. , . .; . .. .. ..:, . -, 1983.-366 .

18. .., .. .

. -.: , 1985. -272 .

19. /.., ..

, .. . . .. ., 3- . . . :
, 1985.

20. .., .. 1200 . -

, 1989, 8. - . 60- 63.

21. ., .., .., ..

1150
. 1150 . .1. .: , 1992.-280.

22. . ., .. 1150 -.

, 1982, 10. - . 57-63.

23. 1150 . / ,,

., - ,: , 1984. - 96 ,(.4. , .).

24. .., .., .., .., ..

,
1150 . 1150 . .1.5 .: , 1992. - 280 .

25. .., .., B.C., .., ..

1150 ,
26. .., ..

. - . , 1981, 336 .

27. .., .., .. 330,

500, 750 . . . . 1984,

4. . 3-11.

28. ..

500, 750, 1150 . .. . , 1985, 38.

63

29. ./ .., ..,

.. .; . ..-.. .-.,1991.-240.

30. / .., ..

, .. .; ..//. - 1987.- 228 .

31. .. . 2- . - .:

, 1998, - 271 .
32.

..,

..,.. . ... ...-2- ..

..:,1980.-296 .

33.

. 13109-97.

34. , 750

.., .. , 1974.

35. . . . .

. ..: , 1971

36. . . .

.; .: , 1938.

37. , ., 1 . . .:

, . -, 1967, . 2.

38. . ., . , . .

. .: ,
1973.
39. ., . ,

, 1980, 8, . 59-61.

40. ANRE,

2010 .

64