Mt vi php th - t n ph - i bin chng minh bt ng

thc
VD 1: Chng minh
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

0 , , > c b a
Li gii: t

'

+
+
+
z b a
y a c
x c b
suy ra

'

2
2
2
z y x
c
y z x
b
x z y
a
, khi bt ng thc cn
chng minh tr thnh:
2
3
2 2 2

+
+
+
+
+
z
z y x
y
y x z
x
x z y
dng bt ng
thc C-si chng minh bt ng thc ny
VD 2: Cho a, b, c dng v
1 + + c b a
chng minh rng
9
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2

+
+
+
+
+ ab c ac b bc a
Li gii: t

'

+
+
+
z a b c
y c a b
x b c a
2
2
2
2
2
2
suy ra
( ) 1
2
+ + + + c b a z y x
v bt ng thc
cn chng minh tr thnh
9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
, vi iu kin
1 + + z y x
th
khng kh chng minh bt ng thc ny
VD3: (Prance Pre MO 2005) Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z tho mn:
2 2 2
3 x y z + +
. Ch
3
xy yz zx
z x y
+ +
Li gii: t
xy
a
z
yz
b
x
zx
c
y

'

vi , , 0 a b c > t gi thit
2 2 2
3 x y z + +
3 ab bc ca + + V Bt ng thc cn chng minh

3 + + c b a
,
mt khc ta c BT sau:
2 2 2
3( ) 3 a b c ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca + + + + + + + + (dpcm)
Du = xy ra
1 x y z
VD4: Cho x, y, z >0 tho
1 x y z + +
. CMR
1 4 9
36
x y z
+ +
(*)
Li gii: T gi thit ta c th t:
a
x
a b c
b
y
a b c
c
z
a b c

+ +

'
+ +

+ +

vi a,b,c >0
Nn BT (*)

4. 9. 36
a b c a b c a b c
a b c
+ + + + + +
+ +
4. 4. 9. 9. 22
b c a c a b
a a b b c c
+ + + + +
22
9
.
4
2
9
. 2
4
. 2
9 4 9 4
+ +

,
`

.
|
+ +

,
`

.
|
+ +

,
`

.
|
+
c
b
b
c
c
a
a
c
b
a
a
b
c
b
b
c
c
a
a
c
b
a
a
b
Du = xy ra

'

'

'

2
1
3
1
6
1
3 2
3
2
9 4
9
4
z
y
x
a c
a c
a b
c
b
b
c
c
a
a
c
b
a
a
b
VD4: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
( )( )( ) xyz x y z y z x z x y + + +
(*)

Li gii: Ta t

'

+
+
+
b a z
a c y
c b x
vi
, , 0 a b c >

nn BT (*)

CM BT
( )( )( ) abc a c c b b a 8 + + +
(**)
Mt khc ta c (**) ng (p dng C-si), suy ra dpcm
Du = xy ra
x y z
VD5: (IMO 2000) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn
abc=1 .
Chng minh rng
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 a b c
b c a
| `| `| `
+ + +

. ,. ,. ,
Li gii: Do 1 abc nn ta c th t
x
a
y
y
b
z
z
c
x

'

vi
, , 0 x y z >
Nn BT c th vit li
1 1 1 1
x z y x z y
y y z z x x
| `
| `| `
+ + +

. ,. ,
. ,


( )( )( ) xyz x y z y z x z x y + + +
( CM VD4)
Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra 1 a b c
VD6:(IMO 1995) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn 1 abc
Chng minh rng
3 3 3
1 1 1 3
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + +
(*)
Li gii: Ta t
1
1
1
a
x
b
y
c
z

'

vi
, , 0 x y z >
v do 1 abc nn
1 xyz
Nn BT (*)
2 2 2
3
2
x y z
y z z x x y
+ +
+ + +
Mt khc theo Bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 x y z
y z z x x y x y z
y z z x x y
| `
] + + + + + + + + +

]
+ + +
. ,
2 2 2
3
3 3
2 2 2
xyz x y z x y z
y z z x x y
| ` + +
+ +

+ + +
. ,
Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra 1 a b c

VD7: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn:
2 xyz x y z + + +

Chng minh rng
3
2
x y z xyz + +
Li gii: T
1 1 1
2 1
1 1 1
xyz x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
+ + +
Ta t
1 1 1
, ,
1 1 1
a b c
x y z

+ + +
vi , , 0 a b c >

1 1 1
, ,
a b c b a c c a b
x y z
a a b b c c
+ + +

Nn BT cn CM

3
. . .
2
a b b c c a
b c c a c a a b a b b c
+ +
+ + + + + +
D chng minh BT ny bng cch dng C-si, suy ra dpcm

Du = xy ra 2 x y z
VD8: Cho x, y khng m tho mn
1 2 y x
, CMR
5 +y x
Li gii: t

'

0
0
v y
u x

1 2 v u u v 2 1
( )
2 2 2 2
2 1 u u v u y x + + +
, ta s CM
( ) 5 2 1
2 2
+ u u
, phn chng minh xin
nhng cho bn c.
VD9: Cho x, y, z dng. CMR
3
10
3
3

+ +
+
+ +
z y x
xyz
xyz
z y x
(*)
Li gii: t
t
xyz
z y x

+ +
3
(
3 t
)
t z y x
xyz 1
3

+ +

Suy ra (*) tr thnh

3
10 1
+
t
t
(
3 t
), dng k thut chn im ri
lm tip.
VD10: Cho
2 +y x
, chng minh rng
2
5 5
+y x
Li gii: t

'

+
a y
a x
1
1
(
R a
), khi
( ) ( ) 2 10 20 2 1 1
4 2 5 5 5 5
+ + + + + a a a a y x
(dpcm)
Du = xy ra
1 0 y x a
Mt vi bi tp
Bi 1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh
a c c b b a b a c a c b c b a
a
+
+
+
+
+

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
1 1 1
) ( 3 2
4
) ( 3 2
4
) ( 3 2
4
)
b c a b c a b a c a c b c b a
b
2
1
2
1
2
1
3 2
2
3 2
2
3 2
2
)
+
+
+
+
+

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
Bi 2. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn
iu kin
abc ca bc ab + +
th:
96
17
3 2
1
3 2
1
3 2
1
<
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + b a c a c b c b a

Bi 3. Cho x > 0, y > 0 tha mn
1 +y x
. Tm GTNN ca:
xy
xy y x
A 4
2 1
2 2
+ +
+

Bi 4. Cho tam gic ABC c chu vi
k c b a + +
(khng i), BC = a,
CA = b, AB = c. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

b a c
ca
a c b
bc
c b a
ab
T
2 2 2 + +
+
+ +
+
+ +

Bi 5. Cho tam gic ABC c chu vi

p c b a 2 + +
(a,b, c l di 3
cnh). Chng minh rng:

,
`

.
|
+ +

+
c b a c p b p a p
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
Cc cch chng minh ca bt ng thc Nesbitt ph hp vi kin
thc Trung hc c s
Thng 3 nm 1903, trn tp ch Educational Times, A.M.Nesbitt
xut bi ton sau: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng, chng minh
rng
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
, ng thc xy ra
0 > c b a
.
Bt ng thc tng qut ca Nesbitt l bt ng thc Shapiro,
bt ng thc Nesbitt l trng hp vi n = 3 ca Shapiro:
2
3
2 1
3
1 3
2
3 2
1

+
+
+
+
+ a a
a
a a
a
a a
a
. Tuy nhin bt ng thc Shapiro li khng
ng ht vi mi s t nhin n m ch ng n n = 26. (!) n cng
tng th vic chng minh li cng kh. Thi, gc chuyn ny li, b
ngoi ca Nesbitt qu l n gin v p , ngi ta tm kim
cho bt ng thc ny kh nhiu cch chng minh. Cho n hn
c khong hn 45 cch ri (!). Bng kin thc THCS, chng ta cng
c mt vi cch chng minh v by gi ti s gii thiu vi cc
bn nhng cch .
Cch 1: Ta c
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
0
2
1
2
1
2
1

,
`

.
|

+
+

,
`

.
|

+
+

,
`

.
|

b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
2
2
2
2
2

+

+
+

+
+

b a
b a c
a c
c a b
c b
c b a
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 2 2

+

+
+

+
+

b a
b a c
a c
c a b
c b
c b a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
+

+
+

+
+

b a
c b a c
a c
b a c b
c b
a b c a
0

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
+

c b
a c
b a
a c
b a
c b
a c
c b
a c
b a
c b
b a
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
0
2 2 2

+ +

+
+ +

+
+ +

c b b a
a c
b a a c
c b
a c c b
b a
(*)
V
0 ; ; > c b a
nn (*) ng, t ta c dpcm.
Cch 2: Ta c
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
( )( ) ( )( )( ) a c c b b a b a a c a + + + + +

3 2
( ) ( )( )( ) a c c b b a ab a cb ac a + + + + + +

3 2
2
( )

,
`

.
|
+ + + +

abc b a b a a acb c a
sym
2 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 3 2
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 ca bc ab a c c b b a c b a + + + + + + +
(*)
Khng kh chng minh (*) ng, suy ra dpcm
Cch 3: VD1 phn mt vi php th - t n ph - i bin
Cch 4: p dng bt ng thc C-si ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 9
1 1 1

,
`

.
|
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + +
b a a c c b
a c c b b a
( ) 9
1 1 1
2

,
`

.
|
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
b a a c c b
c b a
2
9

+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

b a
c b a
a c
c b a
c b
c b a
2
9
1 1 1

,
`

.
|
+
+
+

,
`

.
|
+
+
+

,
`

.
|
+
+

b a
a
a c
a
c b
a
2
3

+
+
+
+
+

b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
Cch 5: VD5 phn bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki v C-si S-vc
Cch 6: Ta chng minh c
2
2 2 2
c b a
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a + +

+
+
+
+
+

( ) ( ) c b a
c b a
c b a
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+

2
2 2 2
( )
2
3
2 2 2
c b a
c
b a
c
b
a c
b
a
c b
a + +

,
`

.
|
+
+
+

,
`

.
|
+
+
+

,
`

.
|
+
+

( )
2
3
2 2 2
c b a
b a
cb ca c
a c
ba bc b
c b
ac ab a + +

+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 c b a
b a
c b a c
a c
c b a b
c b
c b a a + +

+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

2
3

+
+
+
+
+

b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
(dpcm)
Cch 7: t

'

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

b a
b
a c
a
c b
c
C
b a
a
a c
c
c b
b
B
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
A
3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
b a
b a
a c
a c
c b
c b
C B
Ta c:

'

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
3
3
b a
c b
a c
b a
c b
a c
A C
b a
a c
a c
c b
c b
b a
A B

6 2 + + C B A
6 3 2 + A
(v
3 +C B
)
2
3
A
(dpcm)
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc hay
Bi ton 1: Chng minh bt ng thc
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
z y x
y xy x
x
y xy x
x
y xy x
x + +

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
0 , , > z y x
Li gii: t

'

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
x z x z
x
z y z y
z
y x y x
y
B
x z x z
z
z y z y
y
y x y x
x
A
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
x zx z
x z
z yz y
z y
y xy x
y x
B A
+ +

+
+ +

+
+ +

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 + + x z z y y x B A

B A
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2
x zx z
x z
z yz y
z y
y xy x
y x
A B A
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
x zx z
x zx z
x z
z yz y
z yz y
z y
y xy x
y xy x
y x A
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
V

'

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +
+
3
1
3
1
3
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x z x z
x z x z
z y z y
z y z y
y x y x
y x y x
nn
3 3 3
2
x z z y y x
A
+
+
+
+
+

( )
3
2
2
z y x
A
+ +


( )
3
z y x
A
+ +

(dpcm)
Bi ton 2: Chng minh
2
2 2 2
c b a
a c
c
c b
b
b a
a + +

+
+
+
+
+
0 , , > c b a
Li gii: t

'

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

a c
a
c b
c
b a
b
B
a c
c
c b
b
b a
a
A
2 2 2
2 2 2

d chng minh
B A B A 0
Ta c:
a c
a c
c b
c b
b a
b a
A B A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
p dng bt ng thc
( )
2
2
2 2
y x
y x
+
+ ta c
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a c c b b a
a c
a c
c b
c b
b a
b a
A
+ + + + +

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

2
A 2
c b a
c b a A
+ +
+ +
(dpcm)
Bi ton 3: Cho x, y, z dng v
1 + + z y x
chng minh rng
4
3
1 1 1

+
+
+
+
+ z
z
y
y
x
x
Li gii: t

'

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

z y x
B
z
z
y
y
x
x
A
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1

3 + B A B A 3
Suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
4
3
3 B
4
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
9

+
+
+
+
+

z y x
B
p dng bt ng thc C-si S-vc ta c
z y x z y x + + +

+
+
+
+
+ 3
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
9
1
1
1
1
1
1

+
+
+
+
+

z y x
(v 1 + + z y x ), suy ra
dpcm